cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rap music, culture and religion: Concluding thoughts

In this brief essay, I argue that the type of attention to rap music suggested by the various contributors to this special issue requires a rethinking of the shape, content, and proper vocabulary and grammar for marking and describing the religious. That is to say, when critically examined for their take on religion and religious experience, rap artists force theoretical complexity and methodological comfort with tension. They express this desire for a fuller sense of meaning through the felt reality of their bodies, as they take up time and space and force their recognition. It is through this forced recognition – involving a certain hold on the world – that they express the renewal of self that marks religious life. Rap music as a terrain for the articulation of religious struggle and redemption forces a re-examination of the assumed cartography of religious engagement.
Electric system for a nuclear reactor

THE ELECTRIC system for supplying power to a nuclear reactor and its auxiliary equipment in most respects is very similar to that found in the average industrial plant. The main factor that affects the design of such a system is the high degree of reliability necessary to assure reactor safety during all phases of operation, including shut-down periods. The system presented here was recently constructed at the Atomic Energy Commission's Hanford Works and describes one of two identical plants constructed at the site. The General Electric Company is the prime contractor responsible for the engineering and operation of all production facilities at Hanford. C. T. Main, Inc., Boston, Mass., served as engineering contractor on the water plant and its electric system.
Note on Validity and Reliability of the Bannatyne Visuo-Spatial Memory Test

Summary.-A test battery assessing visual-motor and motor abilities and a new, non-motoric visual memory test were administered to 95 first and second grade children. Means, standard deviations, and correlation coefficients for this new test, as well as information on validicy and reliability are reported. Analysis of variance for the number of correct matches of visual memory test indicated significant differences for grade level (fi < .01) but not for sex. A varimax rotation of the correlation matrix resulted in a three-factor solution identified by: visual-motor copy performance, visual memory, and finger tapping. This note reports recent data on validity and reliability for the Bannacyne Visuo-spatial Memory Test (Bannatyne, 1968, 1969). The Bannacyne test was designed to assess year-to-year children's immediate visual memory for designs independently of motor activity. While both the Revised Visual Retention Test (Benton, 1963) and the Memory-for-Designs (Graham & Kendall, 1960) involve motor activity in copying geometric designs from memory, one is unable to determine on the basis of these tests if performance is essentially due to visual perception, motor coordination, or a combination of the two, i.e., visual-motor integration. Similarly, Silverstein ( 1962, 1963) concluded that conventional tests of visual memory were functionally complex and explored alternative ways of assessing visual memory. The question is one of considerable importance, particularly in the context of differential diagnosis and the educational prognosis of children with multiple learning handicaps. Thus, used in conjunction with such tests as the Bender Visuo-mocor Gestalc Test and the Memory-for-Designs, the Bannatyne test may prove complementary and useful in answering this question. The revised Bannatyne test has 15 separate designs which are individually presented in a booklet for 5 sec. each. After the presentation of each design, a blank page is turned, which takes 1 sec. Subsequently, six multiple-choice designs are shown and S is required to select one as the exact equivalent of the original. The six designs, which are randomly placed on the page are, with the exception of the original, slight variants of the original design: Mirror Reversal (literally a mirror-image reversal), Rotation (90' clock-wise rotation), Fragmen
Occam's Razor in science: a case study from biogeography

There is a widespread philosophical presumption – deep-rooted and often unarticulated – that a theory whose ontology exceeds that of its competitors is at a prima facie disadvantage. This presumption that ontologically more parsimonious theories are preferable appears in many guises. Often it remains implicit. Sometimes it is invoked as a primitive, self-evident proposition that cannot be further justified or elaborated upon (for example at the beginning of Goodman and Quine’s 1947 paper, and in Quine’s remarks about his taste for ‘‘clear skies’’ and ‘‘desert landscapes’’). Other times it is elevated to the status of a ‘‘Principle’’ and labeled as such (for example, the ‘‘Principle of Parsimony’’). However, perhaps it is best knownby the name ‘‘Occam’s (orOckham’s)Razor.’’ The question I wish to address in this paper is whether Occam’s Razor is a methodological principle of science. In addition to being a significant issue in its own right, I am also interested in potential connections between attitudes towards parsimony in science and in philosophy. Metaphysicians might once have aimed to justify the use of Occam’s Razor in science by appeal to a priori philosophical principles. The rise of scientific naturalism in the second half of the 20th Century has undercut this style of approach. If anything, the direction of potential justification is reversed. Philosophy of science is conceived of as continuous with science, and not as having some independently privileged status. The perspective of the naturalistic philosopher may be broader, but her concerns and methods are not fundamentally different from those of the scientist. Thus scientific methodology neither needs, nor can legitimately be given, external philosophical justification. It is against this broadly naturalistic background that I am raising the above question: is Occam’s Razor a principle of science? My main case study, presented in Part 2 of the paper, is taken from biogeography. This is a field which has been studied in detail by historians of
Effect of Graphic Input Device and Repetition on Wrist Posture

This study investigated the Wacom Intuos2 pen and tablet and/or standard Microsoft mouse on wrist posture of 20 experienced users. Wrist posture, measured by extension, flexion, ulnar, and radial deviation, was compared across three independent variables: repetition (repetitive or alternative), input device (mouse and/or pen), and session (session 1 and session 2). Devices were used during a graphical computer task, which was repeated or alternated for two 30 minute test sessions. Neutral wrist range was defined within 15 degrees of 0 in any direction. Input device group interacted with session to significantly impact wrist extension, F (3, 16) = 9.42, p<.001 and ulnar deviation, F (3, 16) = 3.23, p<.05. When analyzing repetition while using the mouse, less extension was found than the pen. Both devices required movement outside the defined neutral range for extension. A significant repetition by session interaction effect for wrist flexion was revealed: F (1, 16) = 6.83, p<.05. The repetitive group revea...
Near Field Radiative Heat Transfer Measurement

Using an improved experimental setup, we measured near field radiative heat transfer that may benefit TPV up to a value as small as 0.5 nW/K. The experimental data is compared with modified proximity approximation prediction
An efficient parallel approach for identifying protein families in large-scale metagenomic data sets

Metagenomics is the study of environmental microbial communities using state-of-the-art genomic tools. Recent advancements in high-throughput technologies have enabled the accumulation of large volumes of metagenomic data that was until a couple of years back was deemed impractical for generation. A primary bottleneck, however, is in the lack of scalable algorithms and open source software for large-scale data processing. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a novel parallel approach to identify protein families from large-scale metagenomic data. Given a set of peptide sequences we reduce the problem to one of detecting arbitrarily-sized dense subgraphs from bipartite graphs. Our approach efficiently parallelizes this task on a distributed memory machine through a combination of divide-and-conquer and combinatorial pattern matching heuristic techniques. We present performance and quality results of extensively testing our implementation on 160 K randomly sampled sequences from the CAMERA environmental sequence database using 512 nodes of a BlueGene/L supercomputer.
Adaptive spacetime meshing for discontinuous Galerkin methods

Spacetime-discontinuous Galerkin (SDG) finite element methods are used to solve hyperbolic spacetime partial differential equations (PDEs) to accurately model wave propagation phenomena arising in important applications in science and engineering. Tent Pitcher is a specialized algorithm, invented by Ungor and Sheffer (2000) and extended by Erickson et al. (2005) to construct an unstructured simplicial (d+1)-dimensional spacetime mesh over an arbitrary d-dimensional space domain. Tent Pitcher is an advancing front algorithm that incrementally adds groups of elements to the evolving spacetime mesh. It supports an accurate, local, and parallelizable solution strategy by interleaving mesh generation with an SDG solver. When solving nonlinear PDEs, previous versions of Tent Pitcher must make conservative worst-case assumptions about the physical parameters which limit the duration of spacetime elements. Thus, these algorithms create a mesh with many more elements than necessary. In this paper, we extend Tent Pitcher to give the first spacetime meshing algorithm suitable for efficient simulation of nonlinear phenomena using SDG methods. We adapt the duration of spacetime elements to changing physical parameters due to nonlinear response. Given a triangulated 2-dimensional Euclidean space domain M corresponding to time t=0 and initial and boundary conditions of the underlying hyperbolic spacetime PDE, we construct an unstructured tetrahedral mesh in the spacetime domain E^2xR. For every target time T>=0, our algorithm meshes the spacetime volume Mx[0,T] with a bounded number of non-degenerate tetrahedra. A recent extension of Tent Pitcher due to Abedi et al. (2004) adapts the spatial size of spacetime elements in 2Dxtime to a posteriori estimates of numerical error. Our extension of Tent Pitcher retains the ability to perform adaptive refinement and coarsening of the mesh. We thus obtain the first adaptive nonlinear Tent Pitcher algorithm to build spacetime meshes in 2Dxtime.
Differential Specificities and Simultaneous Occupancy of Human MutSα Nucleotide Binding Sites

Abstract We have examined the permissible nucleotide occupancy states of human MutSα. The MSH2·MSH6 heterodimer binds 1 mol of ADP and 1 mol of adenosine 5′-O-(thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS), with a Kd for each nucleotide of about 1 μm. Anisotropy measurements using BODIPY TR and BODIPY FL fluorescent derivatives of ADP and 5′-adenylyl-β,γ-imidodiphosphate (AMPPNP) also indicate an interaction stoichiometry of 1 mol of ADP and 1 mol of triphosphate analogue per MutSα heterodimer. Di- and triphosphate sites can be simultaneously occupied as judged by sequential filling of the two binding site classes with differentially radiolabeled ADP and ATPγS and by fluorescence resonance energy transfer between BODIPY TR- and BODIPY FL-labeled ADP and AMPPNP. ATP hydrolysis by MutSα is accompanied by a pre-steady-state burst of ADP formation, and analysis of MutSα-bound nucleotide during the first turnover has demonstrated the presence of both ADP and ATP. Simultaneous presence of ADP and a nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue modulates MutSα·heteroduplex interaction in a manner that is distinct from that observed in the presence of ADP or nonhydrolyzable triphosphate alone, and it is unlikely that this effect is due to the presence of a mixed population of binary complexes between MutSα and ADP or a triphosphate analogue. These findings imply that MutSα has two nucleotide binding sites with differential specificities for ADP and ATP and suggest that the ADP·MutSα·ATP ternary complex has an important role in mismatch repair.
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.'s "Middle Way out of Vietnam: The Limits of Technocratic Realism" as the Basis for Foreign Policy Dissent.

Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. became a critic of President Lyndon Johnson's policies regarding U.S. military involvement in Southeast Asia. In an extensive persuasive campaign between 1966 and 1968, Schlesinger attempted to unify dissent against the Vietnam War by proposing what he called a “middle way out of Vietnam.”; This essay explores Schles‐inger's Vietnam alternative by considering it as representative of the mode of foreign policy argument critic Philip Wander calls “technocratic realism.”; While Wander's categorization and analysis of foreign policy argument has focused on the justificatory discourse of Presidential administrations, this essay applies Wander's critical terms to foreign policy dissent. The essay argues that dissent which is grounded in the assumptions of “technocratic realism”; can offer only an incomplete critique of U.S. foreign policy, because such dissent does not question the policy's underlying purposes.
Bottom-Up Symbolic Control: Attractor-Based Planning and Behavior Synthesis

A class of hybrid systems with convergent continuous dynamics is abstracted to a special type of finite automata which operate on an infinite alphabet. The abstraction is predicate-based, enabled by the convergence properties of the continuous dynamics of the hybrid system, and encompasses existing low-level controllers rather than replacing them during synthesis. The abstract models are finite yet capable of storing and manipulating continuous data expressing attributes of the concrete hybrid model. The latter is shown to weakly simulate its discrete abstraction, and thus behaviors planned using the abstraction are always implementable on the concrete system. A case study illustrates how this methodology can be put into practice, orchestrating a temporal sequence of continuous controllers that allows the hybrid system to achieve a performance objective.
Using Enhanced Sampling Molecular Dynamics Techniques to Probe the Thermodynamics of pHLIP Peptide Insertion into a Model Lipid Bilayer

The molecular mechanism of spontaneous polypeptide folding and insertion into a membrane, as well as its exit and unfolding, is of interest from several perspectives, including the action of antimicrobial peptides, the folding and degradation of membrane proteins, and medical applications of pH-triggered insertion peptides. A notable example is pH (Low) Insertion Peptide (pHLIP), which is a water-soluble polypeptide derived from helix C of bacteriorhodopsin that has the ability to insert into a membrane at acidic pH to form a stable transmembrane α-helix. The insertion process takes place in three stages: pHLIP is unstructured and soluble in water at neutral pH(state I), unstructured and bound to the surface of a membrane at neutral pH(state II), and inserted into the membrane as an α-helix at low pH(state III). Our hypothesis is that, there is a connection between the free energy change of binding /insertion and pKa of insertion. To test this hypothesis, we used enhanced sampling molecular dynamics (MD) techniques (steered MD and umbrella sampling) to investigate the molecular interactions of a C-terminal-truncated pHLIP variant, pHLIP-1, with a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) bilayer. The goal is to characterize the free energy of binding from state I to state II and the free energy of insertion from state II to state III (α-helical peptide insertion) and to identify key structural aspects that govern these processes. Our results agree well with the previous experiments, providing the first steps in establishing a direct relationship between the thermodynamics and pKa of pHLIP peptide insertion.
Hilbert coefficients of a Cohen–Macaulay module

Let (A,m) be a d-dimensional Noetherian local ring, M a finite Cohen–Macaulay A-module of dimension r, and let I be an ideal of definition for M. We define the notion of minimal multiplicity of Cohen–Macaulay modules with respect to I and show that if M has minimal multiplicity with respect to I then the associated graded module GI(M) is Cohen–Macaulay. When A is Cohen–Macaulay, M is maximal Cohen–Macaulay, and I is m-primary, we find a relation between the first Hilbert coefficient of M, A, and Syz1A(M).
Vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) Promotes Vacuolar Membrane Permeabilization and Nonapoptotic Death in Stressed Yeast

Stress in the endoplasmic reticulum caused by tunicamycin, dithiothreitol, and azole-class antifungal drugs can induce nonapoptotic cell death in yeasts that can be blocked by the action of calcineurin (Cn), a Ca2+-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase. To identify additional factors that regulate nonapoptotic cell death in yeast, a collection of gene knock-out mutants was screened for mutants exhibiting altered survival rates. The screen revealed an endocytic protein (Ede1) that can function upstream of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (Cmk2) to suppress cell death in parallel to Cn. The screen also revealed the vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), which acidifies the lysosome-like vacuole. The V-ATPase performed its death-promoting functions very soon after imposition of the stress and was not required for later stages of the cell death program. Cn did not inhibit V-ATPase activities but did block vacuole membrane permeabilization (VMP), which occurred at late stages of the cell death program. All of the other nondying mutants identified in the screens blocked steps before VMP. These findings suggest that VMP is the lethal event in dying yeast cells and that fungi may employ a mechanism of cell death similar to the necrosis-like cell death of degenerating neurons.
Induction of ovo-implantation in rats by luteinized and follicle containing ovarian grafts.

The pregnant rat, in which implantation had been delayed by ovariectomy and progesterone administration, was used to determine the structural component of the ovary that may be responsible for the estrogen secretion that presumably causes implantation. Auto-grafts and homografts of luteinized follicular tissue were made to the kidney capsule at the time of ovariectomy. Both types of tissue caused implantation of blastocysts. Follicular grafts induced implantation about one day later than it normally occurs in the intact rat and 2–3 days earlier than luteal grafts. Corpora lutea transplants from 14 day pregnant rats or ovarian grafts from immature rats were as effective in causing implantation as the pregnant host rat’s own ovarian tissue. It is concluded that corpora lutea are able to secrete estrogen and may be the normal source of estrogen at the time of implantation. (Endocrinology 82: 1179, 1968)
Molecular Diversity of the Ribulose-1,5-Diphosphate Carboxylase from Photosynthetic Microorganisms

The ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylases from green and blue-green algae and the purple sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium are proteins with high molecular weights and with sedimentation coefficients of 18 to 21 Svedberg units. The carboxylases of the Athiorhodaceae are smaller, that of Rhodospirillum rubrum being a 6.2S molecule, and those of the two species of Rhodopseudomonas are 12S and 14.5S.
The impact of special requirements on the estimation of electrical demand

Estimating electrical demand in 15-30-minute intervals plays a crucial role in the determination of electric utility rates and the planning functions of utility companies. In order to achieve accurate estimation results, the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 specifies requirements that are unique to this estimation problem. This study investigates the impact of these requirements on estimation effectiveness. The results indicate that these requirements fail to achieve their purpose. The study also notes the importance of addressing the form of the underlying population of electrical demand.
Parovarian borderline malignancy in pregnancy

A patient with a recurrent parovarian papillary serous tumors of low malignant potential diagnosed during pregnancy is presented and the management of these tumors during pregnancy is discussed.
Rhodopsin in Nanodiscs Has Native Membrane-like Photointermediates

Time-dependent studies of membrane protein function are hindered by extensive light scattering that impedes application of fast optical absorbance methods. Detergent solubilization reduces light scattering but strongly perturbs rhodopsin activation kinetics. Nanodiscs may be a better alternative if they can be shown to be free from the serious kinetic perturbations associated with detergent solubilization. To resolve this, we monitored absorbance changes due to photointermediates formed on the microsecond to hundred millisecond time scale after excitation of bovine rhodopsin nanodiscs and compared them to photointermediates that form in hypotonically washed native membranes as well as to those that form in lauryl maltoside suspensions at 15 and 30 °C over a pH range from 6.5 to 8.7. Time-resolved difference spectra were collected from 300 to 700 nm at a series of time delays after photoexcitation and globally fit to a sum of time-decaying exponential terms, and the photointermediates present were determin...
NKp44 and Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors as Damage Associated Molecular Pattern Recognition Receptors

Natural Killer (NK) cells are a key constituent of the innate immune system, protecting against bacteria, virally infected cells, and cancer. Recognition and protective function against such cells is dictated by activating and inhibitory receptors on the surface of the NK cell which bind to specific ligands on the surface of target cells. Among the activating receptors is a small class of specialized receptors termed the Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors (NCRs). Comprised of NKp30, NKp46, and NKp44, the NCRs are key receptors in the recognition and termination of virally infected and tumor cells. Since their discovery over ten years ago, ligands corresponding to the NCRs have largely remained elusive. Recent identification of the cellular ligands for NKp44 and NKp30 as exosomal proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and HLA B associated transcript 3 (BAT3) respectively, implicate that NCRs may function as receptors for Damage Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMP) molecules. In this review, we focus on NKp44, which surprisingly recognizes two distinct ligands resulting in either activation or inhibition of NK cell effector responses in response to tumor cells. The inhibitory function of NKp44 requires further study as it may play a pivotal role in placentation in addition to being exploited by tumors as a mechanism to escape NK cell killing. Finally, we suggest the NCRs are a class of pattern recognition receptors which recognize signals of genomic instability and cellular stress via interaction with the c-terminus of DAMP molecules localized to the surface of target cells by various coligands.
A Method of Teaching German Conversation

Author's summary.— The process of evolution and the method of conducting a course in German Conversation and Advanced Composition. Pictures form the basis for conversational practice. Essays are written on various topics. Original testing devices are employed. The method is equally applicable to other foreign languages.
AACSB 2003 accreditation standards: impact on continuous quality improvement

The strategic goal of accreditation by AACSB International remains continuous quality improvement in the content, in all aspects of the delivery and in the administration of management education. This paper explores the impact of the new AACSB accreditation standards on this goal. These standards, approved in 2003, were intended to reflect a philosophical shift from "mission-centric" to "improvement-centric". Based on our analysis, we conclude that the new standards fall short of their strategic objective of supporting continuous improvement in management education because many are not process-based. In this paper, we propose an "integrated framework of business performance measurement" (IFBPM) approach to better align the 2003 standards with AACSB's goal of continuous quality improvement of management education. We provide a set of IFBPM guidelines for revising the standards so that they are truly process-based, thus supporting ongoing continuous quality improvement of management education.
Structural modeling and optimal control of electrorheological material based adaptive beams

The use of electrorheological (ER) materials in adaptive structures has received much attention. Adaptive structures are based on controlling the pre-yield rheology of ER materials, which is achieved by applying different electrical fields. In this study the dynamic behavior of an ER material based adaptive beam was modeled. The beam was composed to three layers: an ER material controllable damping layer and surrounding upper and lower elastic plates. The structural model of the assembly in a transverse continuous vibration mode subjected to simply-supported boundary conditions and actuation at a single point on the adaptive beam surface was analysed. The model was tested under the conditions of varying forcing frequency from 0-300 Hz, and applied electrical field from 0-35 kV mm-1. The analytical results are compared with experimental results under the same physical conditions. Qualitative agreement between theory and experimentation resulted. In addition an effect was made to reduce the vibration of the structure by selecting the optimum electrical field which yields minimized vibration for each frequency. Continuing efforts towards further understanding the behavior of ER material based adaptive structures are discussed.
Inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis by benzoic acid, p-tert.-butylbenzoic acid, and a structurally related hypolipidemic agent SC-33459.

Abstract Benzoic acid, p-tert. -butylbenzoic acid, and a structurally related hypolipidemic agent SC-33459 were found to inhibit glucose synthesis by hepatocytes isolated from 48-h fasted rats as well as fatty acid synthesis by hepatocytes isolated from meal-fed rats. Glucose synthesis was less sensitive than fatty acid synthesis. Benzoic acid was the least effective inhibitor of both processes; SC-33459 and p-tert. -butylbenzoic acid were very potent inhibitors with similar efficacy. Glycine prevented the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis caused by benzoic acid, but had no effect on that caused by p-tert. -butylbenzoic acid. Octanoate opposed the inhibitory effects of both benzoic acid and p-tert. -butylbenzoic acid. Oxidation of [1- 14 C]oleate to ketone bodies and acid-soluble radioactive products was inhibited by both p-tert. -butylbenzoic acid and SC-33459. Preincubation of hepatocytes with SC-33459 was required for the latter effect, suggesting catabolism of this compound may be involved. SC-33459 is a p-tert. -butylphenyl derivative which should be readily converted to p-tert. -butylbenzoic acid by β oxidation. Both p-tert. -butylbenzoic acid and SC-33459 decreased citrate levels dramatically. All three compounds reduced CoA and acetyl-CoA levels and increased medium-chain acyl-CoA ester levels. p-tert. -Butylbenzoic acid and SC-33459 also increased long-chain acyl-CoA ester levels. The increase in medium-chain acyl-CoA levels presumably reflects benzoyl-CoA formation from benzoic acid and p-tert. -butylbenzoyl-CoA formation from p-tert. -butylbenzoic acid and SC-33459. Inhibition of glucose and fatty acid synthesis by these compounds may be due to effects on specific enzymes or to CoA sequestration.
Analysis of organics in the environment by functional group using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer

Part of a comprehensive scheme for the direct analysis of organics in the environment is described. Liquid and solid chemical wastes and residues from lyophilized aqueous solutions are volatilized directly into the ion source of the triple quadrupole instrument. Allor most wet chemical and chromatographic separation steps are eliminated. Analysis of organics by functional group and molecular weight is accomplished using the technique of collision activated dissociation and a series of 0.5 s neutral loss and parent ion scans under data system control on the triple quadrupole instrument. Results from the analysis of influent to a waste water treatment plant obtained by both GC/MS and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry are compared. In the triple quadrupole method, both knowns and unknowns are characterized, detection limits are at the 10–100 ppb level, and the total analysis time per sample is typically only 25–30 min.
And then they Go Home Schools, Reform, and the Elusive Community of Interest

Intruders - "visitors" -interfere with local problem solving. Influence or authority should be "stakeholders. "
Gluconeogenesis in rat hepatocytes from monomethyl succinate and other esters

Although little glucose is formed from succinate in rat hepatocytes, the rate of gluconeogenesis from monomethyl succinate approaches that from L-lactate. Dimethyl succinate is as good as monomethyl succinate at 5 mM, but not at 20 mM. Monoethyl fumarate and 4-methyl malate are only fair glucogenic substrates, but 1-methyl malate is another good substrate at high concentrations. The esters are apparently taken up either directly through the cell membrane, or by monocarboxylate transporters, and then hydrolyzed intracellularly by some esterase(s). This approach may permit the use of a wider range of substrates and inhibitors for the study of liver cell metabolism.
An analytical model for the epitaxial bipolar transistor

In the n+pn−n+ transistor, high-current effects in the base and collector regions are linked within the current ranges of practical interest. To describe such effects, we have derived an analytical model that is based primarily on five assumptions: (1) the structure is approximately one-dimensional; (2) recombination is negligible in the base and collector quasi-neutral regions, and in the three space-charge regions; (3) high-current effects are negligible in the emitter and n+-substrate regions; (4) the Fletcher boundary conditions (or the Misawa boundary conditions) can be used for the three space-charge regions; and (5) the ambipolar approach can be used for the base and collector quasi-neutral regions. The primary findings predicted by the n+pn−n+ transistor model are: In current ranges of practical interest (usable current gain), the electron concentration profile has a significant “vertical step” located at the collector-base metallurgical junction for all values of collector current. In the limit of extremely-high-current operation, this step tends to vanish. In the current range where the current gain begins to decline rapidly with increasing collector current, the electron concentration at the base boundary of the collector-base space-charge region goes approximately as the square of the hole concentration at the collector boundary of the same region. Because of this relationship, a charge-control calculation is more difficult than a straightforward calculation of carrier concentration for a given degree of accuracy. The n+pn−n+ transistor model (which consists of twelve algebraic equations) is particularly useful for the practically important case of an epitaxial bipolar transistor having a very thin, heavily-doped base region.
The significance of many-body interactions in physical adsorption

The significance of many-body interactions in the physical adsorption of rare gas atoms on solid surfaces has been investigated. A simple model of the system was considered in which the atoms of the solid and the adsorbed atom were represented by interacting isotropic point dipoles. The fullN-body interaction energy between the adsorbed atom and the solid was calculated exactly to lowest order in the expansion parameter [αα0ηπ(ω0/ω)2]/4d 3 (ω, α and ω0, α0 are the solid atom's and adsorbed atom's characteristic frequency and polarizability,d is the distance from the surface of the adsorbed atom, and η is the number of atoms per unit volume in the solid). The interaction was then evaluated for the adsorption of various rare gas atoms on rare gas solids. It was found that the fullN-body interaction deviated at most by only2 1/2% from the interaction obtained by considering only two-body interactions. In addition, it was found that a finite expansion in two-, three-, ... body expressions may lead to erroneous results for the interaction energy since extensive cancellations occur between successive terms of the series.
Characteristics of Cancer Patients Presenting to an Integrative Medicine Practice-Based Research Network:

Objective: To assess psychosocial characteristics, symptoms and reasons for seeking integrative medicine (IM) care in cancer patients presenting to IM clinical practices. Study Design and Methods: A survey of 3940 patients was conducted at 8 IM sites. Patient reported outcome measures were collected and clinicians provided health status data. This analysis compares 353 participants self-identified as cancer patients with the larger noncancer cohort. Results: Mean age of the cancer cohort was 55.0 years. Participants were predominantly white (85.9%), female (76.4%), and well educated (80.5% completed college). For 15.2% of cancer patients, depression scores were consistent with depressive symptoms, and average scores for perceived stress were higher than normal, but neither were significantly different from noncancer patients. The most prevalent comorbid symptoms were chronic pain (39.8%), fatigue (33.5%), and insomnia (23.3%). In the cancer cohort, perceived stress was significantly associated with depres...
Comparison of calculated and observed super- and sub-micrometer aerosol mass concentrations using St. Louis RAPS data base

Abstract A K -theory urban dispersion model has been used with the St. Louis RAPS data base to calculate super- and sub-micrometer aerosol mass concentrations. The model calculations showed relatively good agreement in phase and magnitude with dichotomous sampler data for the time period studied. The calculated sub-micrometer aerosol mass concentrations gave a much better correlation with observed values of optical extinction than did the observational values from the RAPS dichotomous sampler network. It is found that even on the urban scale, the dry deposition velocity is an important parameter for modelling both the sub- and super-micrometer aerosol mass concentrations.
A stable isotope assay for phenprocoumon and its metabolites

A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay for quantifying phenprocoumon and its 4'-, 6-, 7- and 8-hydroxy metabolites in microsomal preparations is described. This assay which uses deuterium-labeled analogs of the phenprocoumon metabolites as internal standards has a lower limit of quantitation of 20 ng ml-1. Diazomethane is used to derivatize both metabolites and parent compound yielding along with the expected 4-methoxy derivative a minor amount of the 2-methoxychromone. Resolution of the methylated metabolites is accomplished by capillary gas chromatography.
Rapid enhancement of transplant-mediated pupilloconstriction after elimination of competing host optic input

Abstract Retinae transplanted over the brainstem, when directly illuminated, cause pupilloconstriction in the host eye. This occurs even when the host eye is maintained in darkness. If the host optic nerve is then severed, the transplant-mediated response is substantially augmented within 1–2 days. It is suggested that this is due to enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio resulting from elimination of dark discharge in the host optic nerve.
The acid mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue.

A systematic study has been made of the types and quantities of acid mucopolysaccharides isolated from a variety of tissues and fluids. Identification of the polysaccharides has been based on the precipitation of the polysaccharides as calcium salts, on analysis, on optical rotation and on digestibility by testicular and bacterial hyaluronidases. On this basis, six distinct mucopolysaccharides have been established: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin, the chondroitin sulfates designated as A, B and C, and keratosulfate. Additional mucopolysaccharides have been demonstrated in amyloid tissue and, in aorta, which are resistant to testicular hyaluronidase and contain D-glucosamine, a uronic acid and varying amounts of sulfate. In addition, incompletely sulfated chondroitin sulfates A or C have been obtained by fractional elution from an ion exchange resin. The tissues have been divided into seven groups on the basis of the mucopolysaccharides isolated from them, as follows: 1. (1) Vitreous humor, synovial fluid, filterable fowl tumors, liposarcoma: hyaluronic acid only. 2. (2) Cartilage, adult bone, chondrosarcoma, chordoma: chondroitin sulfate A and/or C. 3. (3) Umbilical cord, loose connective tissue of electric eel, fibroblasts grown in tissue culture: hyaluronic acid as the major with chondroitin sulfate C as a minor component. 4. (4) Pig skin, ligamentum nuchae (the latter contains chondroitin sulfate A in addition): chondroitin sulfate B and hyaluronic acid as major components. 5. (5) Adult connective tissue, tendon, heart valve: chondroitin sulfate B and C with hyaluronate as minor component. 6. (6) Cornea: keratosulfate, chondroitin and chondroitin sulfate A. 7. (7) Incompletely characterized fractions (amyloid, bovine aorta, calf bone). From calf bone, chondroitin sulfate A and C and a large incompletely sulfated fraction were isolated and, in addition, a minor fraction of keratosulfate. From bovine aorta, a major fraction with the properties of chondroitin sulfate A was isolated, accompanied by hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate B and a variety of glucosamine-containing fractions of varying degrees of sulfation. These latter fractions are believed to be related to heparin. All normal tissues investigated appear to contain two or more mucopolysaccharides in contrast to tumors of mesodermal origin which produce a single type of mucopolysaccharide.
Accessing the Food Systems in Urban and Rural Minnesotan Communities

Abstract Objective Explore how urban and rural Minnesotans access the food system and to investigate whether community infrastructure supports a healthful food system. Design Eight (4 urban and 4 rural) focus groups were conducted. Setting and Participants Eight counties with urban influence codes of 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, and 10. Fifty-nine (urban, n = 27; rural, n = 32) adults. The sample was of mixed race and had a range of incomes. Almost half of the sample was obese. Main Outcome Measure Food systems access and the role of community infrastructure, civic engagement, and reciprocal relationships in food provisioning in counties with different urban influence codes. Analyses Themes and subthemes were identified through emerging concepts. Results Food access varied based on rurality and community infrastructure. Three themes emerged: community infrastructure around the conventional food system and food provisioning, alternative food resources, and perceptions of the effect food and of the influence diet and exercise have on health. Conclusions and Implications Civic engagement and community infrastructure affected food access. Rural residents rely more on retail grocery stores, gardening, hunting, and informal food exchange systems, whereas urban residents rely more on the retail grocery stores and food safety net systems. Hunting and gardening may contribute valuable nutrients to the diet.
An experimental comparison of solution algorithms for the single‐machine tardiness problem

A basic problem in scheduling involves the sequencing of a set of independent tasks at a single facility with the objective of minimizing mean tardiness. Although the problem is relatively simple, the determination of an optimal sequence remains a challenging combinatorial problem. A number of algorithms have been developed for finding solutions, and this paper reports a comparative evaluation of these procedures. Computer programs for five separate algorithms were written and all were run on a data base designed to highlight computational differences. Optimizing algorithms developed by Emmons and by Srinivasan appeared to be particularly efficient in the comparative study.
Rewritable Channels With Data-Dependent Noise

We present some recent results on rewritable channels, that is, storage channels that admit optional reading and rewriting of the content at a given cost. This is a general class of channels that models many nonvolatile memories. We focus on the storage capacity of rewritable channels affected by data-dependent noise. We prove tight upper and lower bounds on the storage capacity of a simple yet significant channel model and suggest some simple capacity-achieving coding techniques. Lower bounds on the storage capacity of Gaussian rewritable channels with data-dependent noise are also shown.
Modelling results for the thermal management sub-system of a combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell system (FCS)

Abstract Although the fuel cells research and development community has traditionally focused the majority of its efforts on improving the fuel cell stack’s voltage (electrical efficiency), combined heat and power (CHP) fuel cell system (FCSs) may achieve a competitive advantage over conventional generators only if the research and development community refocuses its efforts on cultivating other inherent technical qualities of such systems. Based on an analysis of their use within energy markets, these inherent qualities include (1) an ability to vary their electrical load rapidly, (2) an ability to vary their heat to power ratio during operation, and (3) an ability to deliver their waste heat to a useful thermal sink. This article focuses on the last of three design objectives: effectively capturing heat from a CHP FCS. This article (1) delineates the design specifications for a 6 kWe CHP FCS, (2) analyses four possible cooling loop configurations for this system, and (3) concludes which one of these provides the optimal heat recovery performance.
High-order methods for the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations on unstructured grids

Abstract This article reviews several unstructured grid-based high-order methods for the compressible Euler and Navier–Stokes equations. We treat the spatial and temporal discretizations separately, hoping that it is easier to spot the similarities and differences of various types of methods. Our main focus is to present the basic design principles of each method, and highlight its pros and cons when appropriate. Sample computational results are shown to illustrate the capability of selected methods. These high-order methods are expected to be more efficient than low-order methods for problems requiring high accuracy, such as wave propagation problems, vortex-dominated flows including high-lift configuration, helicopter blade vortex interaction, as well as large eddy simulation and direct numerical simulation of turbulence. We conclude the paper with several current challenges in the proliferation of high-order methods in the aerospace community.
Electromagnetic modeling and simulation of a directly-modulated L-band microstrip patch antenna

An electromagnetic simulation model of an L-band microstrip patch antenna with integrated PIN diodes is constructed using Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and is analyzed to explore how the antenna's input impedance, center frequency and carrier wave radiation pattern are impacted by biasing the PIN diodes with a baseband modulation signal. By exploring the radiation characteristics of this specific example of direct antenna modulation, as applied to a patch antenna structure, the first steps are taken towards a general model of the direct antenna modulation technique.
Dynamic commutation voltages in a reciprocating linear inductor alternator

The waveform of the induced voltages in linear inductor alternators is quite different from that of rotary machines. From the study of the waveform, a dynamic commutation problem is identified. A general method for the analysis of this dynamic behavior is presented. Two techniques to handle this problem are discussed and illustrated by means of a simple model. >
NDA Day Strategy and Success for ICI Pharmaceuticals Group's Diprivan® (PROPOFOL)

The NDA Day concept is a unique, new process developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to expedite tertiary review of New Drug Applications (NDAs). NDA Day for DIPRIVAN® (an intravenous anesthetic), designed to facilitate timely NDA review, took the form of a combined NDA Day/Advisory Committee Meeting—the first time an NDA Day was open to the public. Preparation for the NDA Day/Advisory Committee Meeting included writing synopses of over 60 clinical studies and updating reports on safety. To make ICI personnel easily accessible for additional information needed by the FDA and the Advisory Committee during NDA Day, telecommunications and computer links were established between the FDA offices in Rockville, Maryland and ICI Research Centers in both the United States and the United Kingdom. This paper is an account of ICI Pharmaceuticals Group's planning and preparation leading to FDA approval of DIPRIVAN®, which was granted just 32 days after the NDA Day/Advisory Committee Meeting.
PET and MR Imaging: The Odd Couple or a Match Made in Heaven?

PET and MR imaging are modalities routinely used for clinical and research applications. Integrated scanners capable of acquiring PET and MR imaging data in the same session, sequentially or simultaneously, have recently become available for human use. In this article, we describe some of the technical advances that allowed the development of human PET/MR scanners; briefly discuss methodologic challenges and opportunities provided by this novel technology; and present potential oncologic, cardiac, and neuropsychiatric applications. These examples range from studies that might immediately benefit from PET/MR to more advanced applications on which future development might have an even broader impact.
Nerve Injury About the Shoulder in Athletes, Part 2 Long Thoracic Nerve, Spinal Accessory Nerve, Burners/Stingers, Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Nerve injuries about the shoulder in athletes are being recognized with increasing frequency. Prompt and correct diagnosis of these injuries is important to treat the patient and to understand the potential complications and natural history, so as to counsel our athletes appropriately. This 2-part article is a review and an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding some of the more common nerve injuries seen about the shoulder in athletes, including long thoracic nerve, spinal accessory nerve, burners and stingers, and thoracic outlet syndrome. Each of these clinical entities will be discussed independently, reviewing the anatomy, mechanism of injury, patient presentation (history and examination), the role of additional diagnostic studies, differential diagnosis, and management.