cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Dynamic Structural Model of the Impact of Loyalty Programs on Customer Behavior

We develop and estimate a dynamic structural model to determine the impact of frequency reward and customer tier components of a loyalty program on customer behavior. The contribution of this paper is that: (1) we provide an integrated analysis and measurement of the impact of two critical components of a loyalty program; (2) we develop a comprehensive model incorporating customers’ purchase and cash-in decisions, rewarded behavior, state dependence, heterogeneity, and forward-looking behavior; and (3) our research answers questions regarding the strength of response to frequency reward and customer tier programs, level of heterogeneity, and the corresponding policy implications. Using data from an airline’s loyalty program, we find that a twosegment solution fits the data best both in estimation and validation samples, revealing a “customer-tier focused” segment that highly values the customer tier component but attaches a net negative value to the frequency reward, and a “loyalty program enthusiasts” segment that values both frequency reward and customer tier programs. Further, we illustrate points pressure and rewarded behavior effects and find that while both program components increase the number of paid flights, paid no cash-in flights decrease under the frequency reward program.
Factorization of \(\mathbb {C}\)-Valued Functions Induced by Graphs

In this paper, we study certain \(\mathbb {C}\)-valued functions induced by given graphs called graph zeta functions. In particular, we are interested in factorizations of such functions. We show that the factorizations of graph zeta functions are characterized by certain subgraphs of given graphs. Based on this factorization property on graph zeta functions, we define-and-study the non-factorizability of graphs.
A Test of the Judas Technique as a Method for Eradicating Feral Pigs

We conducted a trial of the Judas technique as a tool to eradicate feral pigs (Sus scrofa) from a reserve in Santa Clara County, California, USA. A hog-wire fence was constructed around approximately 1000 ha of the reserve, effectively creating an inland island. Three pigs were captured, radio-collared, and released as Judas pigs in an effort to eradicate a remnant population of an estimated 40 pigs. Trap success was affected by mast crop size and timing and by male dominance at bait piles. Using telemetry, we located pigs in less than 1 hr, compared with >4.1 hr without telemetry. Though our sample size was small, our results suggested that females made the best Judas pigs. We roughly estimated the number of Judas pigs required for the project by estimating home range sizes and dividing by the observed usable habitat within the enclosure. The Judas technique has been used with goats as a single method for eradication. It also works well in less social animals, such as pigs, but we recommend it as an adjunct to other proven eradication methods.
Studies of human pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-GEMM) in vitro

An in vitro clonal assay for a class of human hemopoietic progenitors (CFU-GEMM) with several characteristics of pluripotential stem cells has been previously described. In the presence of medium conditioned by leukocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA-LCM) and erythropoietin (Ep), CFU-GEMM give rise to mixed hemopoietic colonies containing granulocytic, erythroid, monocyte-macrophage, and megakaryocytic elements. In initial studies we found that CFU-GEMM were present in equal but low frequencies in blood (B) and bone marrow (M) mononuclear cell populations. However, when the culture system was modified by the substitution of Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium for alpha-MEM and the addition of mercaptoethanol, a significant enhancement of mixed colony formation occurred, and an approximately 3-4-fold difference in the frequency of CFU-GEMM between B and M emerged. Replating studies showed the formation of secondary differentiated hemopoietic colonies and at least a limited capacity for self-renewal of CFU-GEMM. The in vitro growth of normal CFU-GEMM was highly dependent on hemopoietin(s) present in PHA-LCM. In vitro detection of CFU-GEMM, however, requires only relatively low permissive concentrations of Ep, in contrast to the high Ep requirement for optimal BFU-E growth in vitro. These and other data described demonstrate CFU-GEMM to be a distinct multipotential stem cell class whose assay may prove useful in the study of human blood dyscrasias.
A Model for Single-Molecule Information Storage

As computing elements become smaller and smaller, we must devise ways to encode information in smaller spaces.1 At least as far as strictly spatial encoding is concerned, the two most obvious schemes for nanoscale information storage are (a) continued miniaturization of known microscale elements to approach the nanoscale or (b) tailoring existing nanoscale objects (e.g. molecules) so that they can function as information bearing units (IBUs).
Association of Vascular Access Type with Mortality, Hospitalization, and Transfer to In-Center Hemodialysis in Patients Undergoing Home Hemodialysis

Background and objectives In individuals undergoing in-center hemodialysis (HD), use of central venous catheters (CVCs) is associated with worse clinical outcomes compared with use of arteriovenous access. However, it is unclear whether a similar difference in risk by vascular access type is present in patients undergoing home HD. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Our study examined the associations of vascular access type with all-cause mortality, hospitalization, and transfer to in-center HD in patients who initiated home HD from 2007 to 2011 in 464 facilities in 43 states in the United States. Patients were followed through December 31, 2011. Data were analyzed using competing risks hazards regression, with vascular access type at the start of home HD as the primary exposure in a propensity score–matched cohort (1052 patients; 526 with CVC and 526 with arteriovenous access). Results Over a median follow-up of 312 days, 110 patients died, 604 had at least one hospitalization, and 202 transferred to in-center hemodialysis. Compared with arteriovenous access use, CVC use was associated with higher risk for mortality (hazard ratio, 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.18 to 2.54) and hospitalization (hazard ratio, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.39). CVC use was not associated with increased risk for transfer to in-center HD. The results of analyses in the entire unmatched cohort (2481 patients), with vascular access type modeled as a baseline exposure at start of home HD or a time-varying exposure, were similar. Analyses among a propensity score–matched cohort of patients undergoing in-center HD also showed similar risks for death and hospitalization with use of CVCs. Conclusions In a large cohort of patients on home HD, CVC use was associated with higher risk for mortality and hospitalization. Additional studies are needed to identify interventions which may reduce risk associated with use of CVCs among patients undergoing home HD.
Charles J. Fox

Charles J. Fox, professor of political science at Texas Tech University, died of natural causes Thursday, May 6, at his residence in Lubbock, Texas.
Diverse Sr isotope signatures preserved in mid-oceanic-ridge basalt plagioclase

At mid-ocean ridges, a variety of crustal processes overprint mantle-derived melts and can obscure original mantle compositions. To address the nature of this crustal filter, we report 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios from plagioclase phenocrysts and host glasses in mid-oceanic-ridge basalts from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Blanco Transform Zone, and the Southwest Indian Ridge. Microdrilled isotopic analyses reveal significant inter- and intracrystalline disequilibria within individual samples. These disequilibria suggest that a range of isotopically distinct melt components contribute to individual plagioclase crystals and to the magmas that transport them to the surface. Low Cl/K values both in the host glass and in plagioclase-hosted melt inclusions largely rule out incorporation of seawater-derived material as an explanation for differences in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr. Instead, the observed heterogeneity implies derivation of magmas from isotopically diverse mantle sources. Importantly, the range of Sr isotope values preserved in a single sample is similar to the range of compositions seen at the ridge segment scale. Unlike analyses of host glass compositions, which are the result of extensive crustal processing, isotopic analyses of phenocryst phases record fine-scale aggregation of these distinct mantle-derived melts and are thus an important and underutilized tool in interpreting the nature of the mid-oceanic-ridge basalts.
SY22-5NICOTINE AND COGNITION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

Nicotine binds to presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain and facilitates the release of acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate and other neurotransmitters known to be involved in cognitive processes. Nicotine systems in the brain play an important role in the neural basis of memory and attention. Smoking is highly prevalent in schizophrenia, and there is evidence for beneficial effects on neurocognition. Nicotine exposure to non-smoking schizophrenia patients and nicotine application after abstinence to smoking schizophrenia improved attention deficits. The study analyzing the interactional effects of diagnosis of schizophrenia and smoking history suggested a positive effect of smoking history on divided attention in schizophrenia patients. Clinical studies using transdermal nicotine patches have demonstrated the efficacy of nicotine in improving cognitive performance, particularly sustained attention in nonsmokers with schizophrenia. Mecamylamine, a nAChR antagonist, worsened performance of attention compared to varenicline, a nAChR partial agonist, in schizophrenia. There was a treatment by diagnosis interaction, such that mecamylamine worsened performance of sustained attention compared to placebo and varenicline in schizophrenia patients, effects not observed in controls. These findings support a role for nAChRs in attention and suggest that those with schizophrenia may be particularly sensitive to nAChR blockade.
The life history of a mushroom pest mite, Pediculaster flechtmanni (Wicht) (Acari: Pygmephoroidea), with studies of alternate morph formation

The cosmopolitan pest mite Pediculaster flechtmanni (Wicht) sometimes builds swarming populations in commercial mushroom houses, where it feeds on “weed” fungi. Females are dimorphic, one morph adapted for phoresy. Mites were cultured on Nigrospora oryzae grown on yeast extract agar at 21–28°C ambient and at 24°C constant. Preadult stages are egg, active larva, and quiescent larva, these stages lasting about 41, 7, and 43 h, respectively, at 21–27°C ambient. Female–female cycle is about 125 h at 21–27°C ambient. Females are physogastric, each producing about 200 eggs within one to six oviposition days. Net reproduction rate is approximately 65 females per female per generation. Sex ratios are initially female biased, often becoming male biased as mothers age. Unmated females, if they reproduce, are arrhenotokous. Pronounced sexual dimorphism in morphology and behavior is shown. Phoretic and nonphoretic females also differ from one another in behavior as well as in structure. Experiments suggest that the proportion of phoretomorphs increases as cultures age; this increase is not due to attenuated phoretomorph developmental time or increasing age of the mother; phoretomorph increase probably is related to environmental factors associated with habitat deterioration; and such factors could be pheromonal or nutritive, and they may act upon any stage in the life cycle.
Overcoming telework challenges: Outcomes of successful telework strategies.

Given the prevalence and continued growth of teleworking, future teleworkers and their managers need to be informed about the challenges that may hinder effective teleworking and potential strategies for overcoming those challenges. Quantitative and qualitative survey data were collected from 86 high performing teleworkers and their respective supervisors. Semantic themes representing categories of challenges and strategies emerged from the qualitative data. Some of the identified strategies included the use of advanced technology, communicating with family, task planning, and striving for extra productivity. The strategies were correlated with turnover intentions, work-to-family facilitation, and family-to-work facilitation. Implications for the management of teleworkers and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Ergodic Theory of Chaos

Deterministic chaos arises in a variety of nonlinear dynamical systems in physics, and in particular in optics. One has now gained a reasonable understanding of the onset of chaos in terms of the geometry of bifurcations and strange attractors. This geometric approach does not work for attractors of more than two or three dimensions. For these, however, ergodic theory provides new concepts: characteristic exponents, entropy, information dimension, which are reproducibly estimated from physical experiments. The characteristic exponents measure the rate of divergence of nearby trajectories of a dynamical system, the entropy measures the rate of information creation by the system, and the information dimension is a fractal dimension of particular interest. There are inequalities (or even identities) relating the entropy and information dimension to the characteristic exponents. The experimental measure of these ergodic quantities provides a numerical estimate of the instability of chaotic systems, and of the number of “degrees of freedom” which they possess.
Endopyelotomy for Secondary Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction in Children

Percutaneous endopyelotomy has been shown to be successful in treating ureteropelvic junction obstruction in adults. Little data have been published regarding this procedure in children. We describe 4 patients 6.5 weeks to 5.5 years old who underwent percutaneous endopyelotomy to treat ureteropelvic junction obstruction following failed open dismembered pyeloplasty. Preoperative obstruction was demonstrated by a nephrostogram, diuretic renogram and/or ultrasonography. Percutaneous endopyelotomy was successful in relieving the obstruction in all 4 patients, although 2 required secondary endoscopic procedures. One patient had persistent obstruction 40 days after endopyelotomy at the ureteropelvic junction and, subsequently, required percutaneous resection of a persistent flap of obstructing tissue. In another patient a ureterovesical stricture was noted at the time of stent removal, which was treated by endoscopic incision. All patients have been followed from 1.5 to 3 years postoperatively. Followup diuretic renograms, ultrasound and/or excretory urography demonstrated a patent ureteropelvic junction in all patients and all have remained asymptomatic. Endopyelotomy appears to be safe and effective in treating secondary ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children.
Electric Switching of Fluorescence Decay in Gold-Silica-Dye Nematic Nanocolloids Mediated by Surface Plasmons.

Tunable composite materials with interesting physical behavior can be designed through integrating unique optical properties of solid nanostructures with facile responses of soft matter to weak external stimuli, but this approach remains challenged by their poorly controlled coassembly at the mesoscale. Using scalable wet chemical synthesis procedures, we fabricated anisotropic gold–silica−dye colloidal nanostructures and then organized them into the device-scale (demonstrated for square-inch cells) electrically tunable composites by simultaneously invoking molecular and colloidal self-assembly. We show that the ensuing ordered colloidal dispersions of shape-anisotropic nanostructures exhibit tunable fluorescence decay rates and intensity. We characterize how these properties depend on low-voltage fields and polarization of both the excitation and emission light, demonstrating a great potential for the practical realization of an interesting breed of nanostructured composite materials.
Lipid Biomarkers for Risk Assessment in Acute Coronary Syndromes

Purpose of Review The objective of this review was to summarize evidence gathered for the prognostic value of routine and novel blood lipids and lipoproteins measured in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).
An Adaptive Coach for Invention Activities

A focus in recent AIED research is to create adaptive support for learners in inquiry learning environments. However, only few examples of such support have been demonstrated. Our work focuses on Invention activities, inquiry activities in which students generate representations that explain data presented as contrasting cases. To help teachers implement these activities in their classrooms, we have created and pilot-tested a dedicated adaptive computer coach (the Invention Coach) and are currently evaluating it in a classroom study. The Coach’s pedagogical strategy balances structuring and problematizing, unlike many ITSs, which favor structuring. The Coach is implemented in CTAT as a model-tracing tutor, with a rule-based model that captures its pedagogical coaching strategy, designed in part based on data from human tutors. We describe the Invention Coach and its pedagogical model. We present evidence from our pilot tests that illustrate the tutor’s versatility and provide preliminary evidence of its effectiveness. The contributions of the work are: identifying an adaptive coaching strategy for Invention tasks that balances structuring and problematizing, and an automated coach for a successful instructional method (Invention) for which few tutors have been built.
Practical aspects of wireless medical device coexistence testing

Integrating wireless technology in medical devices has proved beneficial for both patients and caregivers. However, the use of shared, unlicensed spectrum bands by both medical and non-medical wireless devices has raised concerns about wireless coexistence. The challenge of incorporating wireless communication into a medical device is to ensure reasonable medical device effectiveness and patient safety. Consequently, work to develop a standardized process to assess wireless coexistence, primarily for wireless medical devices, was carried by Subcommittee 7 of American National Standards Institute (ANSI)-accredited standards committee (ASC) C63 and the Wireless Working Group (SM-WG06) of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). Both groups have recently released their respective documents. In this article, we discuss practical aspects of wireless coexistence testing—in the realm of ANSI C63.27 and AAMI TIR69—to help answer basic, yet important, questions such as what to test, how to test, and how to present results.
Assessing the Benefits and Increasing the Utility of Addiction Training for Public Child Welfare Workers: A Pilot Study.

Abuse of alcohol or other drugs is at the root of many child welfare problems, yet most workers receive little academic training to cope with these difficulties in their clients. Continuing education is a useful tool to facilitate the adoption of attitudes necessary for effective response to addicted persons. Workers may not approach continuing education with an eye to identifying specific opportunities for changing their practice, however, and impediments in the workplace make implementing change difficult. Continuing education is most effective if supervisors help in setting goals, removing obstacles, and facilitating workers' efforts to incorporate into practice what they learn in the training classroom.
Evidence for Allopolyploid Speciation in Nymphoides (Menyanthaceae)

Abstract The floating-leaved aquatic plant genus Nymphoides includes diploid and polyploid species that are distributed worldwide. Prior studies found widespread incongruence between nuclear and plastid phylogenies, and this has prevented the construction of a unified phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus. In order to examine whether phylogenetic incongruence resulted from ancestral polyploidization events, we obtained DNA sequence data from two nuclear loci, phytoene desaturase (PDS) and transmembrane nine (TMN1), as well as the plastid trnT—trnF region. Multiple divergent copies of the nuclear genes were recovered from several species, and species with the most divergent copies were inferred to have originated through allopolyploidization. Our data support a scenario in which three groups of species descended from allopolyploidization events: a clade of North American species (N. aquatica and N. cordata), a clade of neotropical species (N. fallax, N. grayana, and N. humboldtiana), and the Australian spe...
Sequential Trophic Regulation of Sympathetic Neuroblast Development by NT-3 and NGF

Publisher Summary NT-3 promotes survival of embryonic mitotic as well as non-mitotic sympathetic precursors. Trophic support is critical for neuroblast proliferation. It has long been recognized that growth factors are necessary for mitogenic stimulation and consequent proliferation. Trophic factors are also pivotal, promoting survival of dividing neuroblasts, thereby allowing accumulation of progeny daughter cells. It may be concluded that trophic factors as well as growth factors are required for normal proliferation and neurogenesis. While trophic support may be required throughout the cellular lifetime, different trophic molecules may promote survival at different stages. The striking stage specificity of NT-3 actions on sympathetics supports this contention. NT-3 promoted survival of embryonic mitotic and non-mitotic neuroblasts, but actions on postnatal neurons were markedly decreased. Conversely, nerve growth factor (NGF) exerted well-recognized trophic actions on PI neurons but was ineffective in embryonic neuroblast cultures. It may be concluded that NT-3 and NGF exert sequential trophic actions on the sympathetic lineage, the former acting on embryonic neuroblasts and the latter on postnatal neurons.
A Central Role for Magnesium in the Regulation of Inhibitory Adenosine Receptors

Many adenylate cyclase systems are being recognized to be subject to both stimulation and inhibition of activity, which is mediated by distinct sets of receptors (1,2). Evidence is accumulating that distinct GTP regulatory proteins are associated with both classes of receptor, although it is not clear whether the GTP regulatory proteins are discrete or part of a large complex. The GTP regulatory proteins serve two major functions: firstly, they transmit the signal of receptor occupancy into either an increase or a decrease in catalytic activity; secondly, they regulate binding of effectors to their receptors (3). The ability to measure these two functions separately uncovers anomalies in our understanding of the communication between receptor, GTP regulatory protein and catalytic unit. Discrepancies are generally encountered between the properties of receptors when judged from the regulation of cyclase activity, compared with their properties as judged by guanine nucleotide regulation of receptor binding. This is particularly apparent in the case of receptors which mediate inhibition of adenylate cyclase. The non-hydrolyzable guanine nucleotide analogues are as effective as GTP at regulating receptor binding; these analogues also promote a characteristic transient inhibition of activity, although they are ineffective in the promotion of receptor-mediated inhibition of activity (1,2).
Structure-Activity Relationships

One of the most intriguing developments in the field of narcotic analgesics has been the discovery of the narcotic antagonists.(1–3) These compounds, which reverse or prevent most of the pharmacological actions of the narcotic analgesics, may have analgesic activity themselves. This finding was uncovered serendipitously in the clinic with nalorphine(4) and was unexpected since this compound was essentially devoid of analgesic activity in the common animal test procedures then in use.(5–7) The importance of this finding lies in the fact that the narcotic-antagonist analgesics have a much lessened abuse potential. They do not produce a typical morphine-like physical dependence.(2, 3)
Misdirected Emulation and Paradoxical Zeal: Paul's Redefinition of "The Good" as Object of ζῆλος in Galatians 4:12-20

Paul's personal appeal in Gal 4:12-20 is often read as an emotional excursus from the main argument of Paul's letter to the Galatians, an "argument of the heart"1 nestled between the methodical exegesis concerning inheritance and descent (3:6 4:7) and the famous allegory of Hagar and Sarah (4:21-31). Hans Dieter Betz has insisted that when 4:12-20 is read as an argument from pathos it is "neither incon sistent nor lacking argumentative force," but even Betz's perceptive reading leaves several elements of the passage difficult to integrate with the letter as a whole.2
Interrelationships between symptom burden and health functioning and health care utilization among veterans with persistent physical symptoms

Between 10 and 50% of primary care patients present with persistent physical symptoms (PPS). Patients with PPS tend to utilize excessive or inappropriate health care services, while being stuck in a deleterious cycle of inactivity, deconditioning, and further worsening of symptoms and disability. Since military deployment (relative to non-deployment) is associated with greater likelihood of PPS, we examined the interrelationships of health care utilization, symptom burden and functioning among a sample of recently deployed Veterans with new onset persistent physical symptoms. This study analyzed a cohort of 790 U.S. soldiers who recently returned from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. Data for this analysis were obtained at pre- and post-deployment. We used moderation analyses to evaluate interactions between physical symptom burden and physical and mental health functioning and four types of health care utilization one-year after deployment, after adjusting for key baseline measures. Moderation analyses revealed significant triple interactions between physical symptom burden and health functioning and: primary care (F = 3.63 [2, 303], R2Δ = .02, p = 0.03), specialty care (F = 6.81 [2, 303] R2Δ =0.03, p < .001), allied therapy care (F = 3.76 [2, 302], R2Δ = .02, p = 0.02), but not mental health care (F = 1.82 [1, 303], R2Δ = .01, p = .16), one-year after deployment. Among U.S. Veterans with newly emerging persistent physical symptoms one-year after deployment, increased physical symptom burden coupled with decreased physical and increased mental health functioning was associated with increased medical care use in the year after deployment. These findings support whole health initiatives aimed at improving health function/well-being, rather than merely symptom alleviation.
SwapMyMood: User-Centered Design and Development of a Mobile App to Support Executive Function

This paper describes the research and development of the SwapMyMood smartphone application designed to support use of evidence-based executive function strategies by people with traumatic brain injury. Executive dysfunction is a common sequela of traumatic brain injury (TBI) resulting in diminished cognitive-behavioral functioning. Problem-solving and emotion regulation are cognitive-behavioral functions that are often disrupted by changes in the executive control system. SwapMyMood is an electronic version of the Executive Plus/STEP program, a set of clinical techniques taught to people living with brain injury to help them 1) identify and implement solutions to problems encountered in daily life and 2) to utilize the emotion cycle to understand and regulate emotional responses to these problems. The Executive Plus/STEP program has until now relied on paper-based instruction and use. Input from target users – people with brain injury and clinical professionals who teach this program to their patients – has contributed to key refinements of features and functioning of the mobile app. Data gathered from target user participation in the user-centered design process are presented. Future directions for ongoing development of technologies to support executive function strategies are also discussed.
Ensemble Machine Learning Methods for Modeling COVID19 Deaths.

Using a hybrid of machine learning and epidemiological approaches, we propose a novel data-driven approach in predicting US COVID-19 deaths at a county level. The model gives a more complete description of the daily death distribution, outputting quantile-estimates instead of mean deaths, where the model's objective is to minimize the pinball loss on deaths reported by the New York Times coronavirus county dataset. The resulting quantile estimates accurately forecast deaths at an individual-county level for a variable-length forecast period, and the approach generalizes well across different forecast period lengths. We won the Caltech-run modeling competition out of 50+ teams, and our aggregate is competitive with the best COVID-19 modeling systems (on root mean squared error).
Neural Coding of Intensity Increments Added to Pure-tone and Multi-tone Complexes

Neural coding for intensity discrimination in the pure-tone and multi-tone environment was explored at the auditory nerve level. Psychophysical studies have shown that in a multicomponent condition, components outside the critical band of the signal (center component) assisted in the detection of the intensity increment added to the signal component. It has been suggested that this form of intensity discrimination is based on a change in the neural profile. To test this hypothesis, a stimulus set consisting of 1000 Hz central signal component in the 1, 3, 7, and 11 component milieu with 7 intensity increment conditions (base level of 60 dB level per component) was chosen. Neural profiles for these stimuli were constructed by assessing the degree of phaselocking to the signal component (1 kHz) as a function of the characteristic frequency of the fiber. The just detectable increment was evaluated using ANOVA. These “neural intensity difference limen” were compared to the psychophysical results. Although the neural just detectable increment in the 1 component condition conformed with the psychophysical just detectable increment; the overall trends in the two sets of data are different.
Gender differences in functional connectivity during emotion regulation.

Abstract Gender differences in emotion regulation (ER) have been postulated, yet their neural basis remains poorly understood. The goal of this study was to investigate this issue from a functional connectivity (FC) perspective. Utilizing a region of interest (ROI) analysis, we investigated whether men and women (N = 48) differed in their FC pattern while viewing versus regulating negative emotion induced by highly salient pictures, and whether this pattern related to their self-reported negative affect and suppression success. Despite women reporting more negative affect, both genders had comparable suppression success. Moreover, differences emerged between men and women's FC patterns. During the regulation of negative emotion, better suppression in women was associated with stronger FC within a cingulo-opercular network, while men exhibited stronger FC within posterior regions of the ventral attentional network. We conclude that due to their propensity for higher emotional reactivity, women may employ a frontal top-down control network to downregulate negative emotion, while men may redirect attention away from the negative stimulus by using posterior regions of the ventral attention network. The findings may have significant implications for understanding women's vulnerability for developing affective disorders and developing targeted individualized treatment.
Efficient Sampling Methods for Shortest Path Query over Uncertain Graphs

Graph has become a widely used structure to model data. Unfortunately, data are inherently with uncertainty because of the occurrence of noise and incompleteness in data collection. This is why uncertain graphs catch much attention of researchers. However, the uncertain graph models in existing works assume all edges in a graph are independent of each other, which dose not really make sense in real applications. Thus, we propose a new model for uncertain graphs considering the correlation among edges sharing the same vertex. Moreover, in this paper, we mainly solve the shortest path query, which is a funduemental but important query on graphs, using our new model. As the problem of calculating shortest path probability over correlated uncertain graphs is #P-hard, we propose different kinds of sampling methods to efficiently compute an approximate answer. The error is very small in our algorithm, which is proved and further verified in our experiments.
Why is Combinational ATPG Efficiently Solvable for Practical VLSI Circuits

Empirical observation shows that practically encountered instances of combinational ATPG are efficiently solvable. However, it has been known for more than two decades that ATPG is an NP-complete problem (Ibarra and Sahni, IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. C-24, No. 3, pp. 242–249, March 1975). This work is one of the first attempts to reconcile these seemingly disparate results. We introduce the concept of cut-width of a circuit and characterize the complexity of ATPG in terms of this property. We introduce the class of log-bounded width circuits and prove that combinational ATPG is efficiently solvable on members of this class. The class of of log-bounded width circuits is shown to strictly subsume the class of k-bounded circuits introduced by Fujiwara (International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing, June 1988, pp. 64–69). We provide empirical evidence which indicates that an interestingly large class of practical circuits is expected to have log-bounded width, which ensures efficient solution of ATPG on them.
Amine Oxidase VII. BEEF LIVER MITOCHONDRIAL MONOAMINE OXIDASE, A COPPER-CONTAINING PROTEIN

Beef liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase was purified as much as 58-fold by a procedure involving disruption of the mitochondria by homogenization and Triton X-100 treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, alumina gel Cγ treatment, and chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The procedure yielded preparations of the enzyme which were soluble and others which still required detergent for solubility in aqueous solutions. The substrate specificity, pH optimum, sensitivity to sulfhydryl reagents, and other properties indicated that the purified enzyme is the classical mitochondrial monoamine oxidase. From the metal analyses of the purified preparations of the enzyme, it was demonstrated that the beef liver monoamine oxidase is a copper-containing protein. The purest preparations contained about 0.07% copper. Other metals known to be present in oxidative enzymes were present in insignificant amounts. The copper was shown to be in the cupric state. Known copper-chelating agents inhibited the enzyme, and cuprizone was shown to be a mixed inhibitor of the enzyme.
Turbulent Flow of Power-Law Fluids

Velocity profiles for the steady incompressible turbulent flow of power-law fluids through circular conduits were calculated by numerical quadrature considering both the viscous stresses and the Reynolds' stresses operative over the entire cross section of the flow. A non-Newtonian stress coeffiecient, K sub Sn, was introduced along with mixing length, l, so that the Reynolds' stresses could be put in a form similar to that of the viscous stresses. The form of the Reynolds' stresses thus obtained reduced to the Newtonian form when the flow behavior index, n, equaled unity. Both l and K sub Sn were assumed dependent upon the Reynolds number. Similarly, friction factors for the turbulent flow of power-law fluids were calculated by numerical quadrature. The calculated friction factors were difference between calculated and measured friction factors Reynolds numbers from 2,670 to 108,800. The mean absolute difference between colculated and measured friction factors for this sample was 3 percent with a standard deviation of 1.9 percent.
Abstract 1598: Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) regulates the expression of forkhead box transcription factor M1 (FoxM1) in human oral cancer cells and determines tumorigenicity

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA GRHL2 is a proto-oncogene that regulates epithelial proliferation and differentiation through transcriptional regulation of large number of target genes. The current study was performed to determine its role in oral carcinogenesis through regulation of forkhead box 1 (FoxM1), which is a known oncogene for many solid tumors. GRHL2 expression was highly elevated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues compared with normal oral epithelium (NHOM), and its protein expression is localized in the proliferative cells at the outer border of invasive islands of OSCC. In cultured OSCCs, GRHL2 and FoxM1 levels were both highly upregulated compared with normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK), supporting their roles in oral carcinogenesis. When GRHL2 was knocked down in SCC4 cells by RNA interference, the cells have lost their proliferative capacity and colony formation when plated at low density. GRHL2 knockdown also resulted in marked loss of tumor spheroid formation, which is hallmark of cancer self-renewal. GRHL2 knockdown also led to loss of tumorigenic ability of cells upon xenograft transplantation in immunocompromised mice. GRHL2 appeared to determine the epithelial phenotype in OSCC cells. GRHL2 knockdown led to loss of E-cadherin and miR-200 family genes, which are epithelial markers. These data indicate that GRHL2 is required to maintain the transformed phenotype in OSCC. We also noted that GRHL2 knockdown led to drastic loss of FoxM1 expression, suggesting that GRHL2 may regulate FoxM1. To test this possibility, we performed in vivo binding assay by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), which showed GRHL2 binding at the proximal promoter of FoxM1. Luciferase reporter plasmid under FoxM1 promoter showed that GRHL2 directly regulates the gene promoter activity. FoxM1 knockdown resulted in loss of OSCC proliferation and tumor spheroid formation, while its overexpression conferred transformed phenotype in non-tumorigenic human oral keratinocytes (HOKs). Therefore, our data indicate that GRHL2 is required for the maintenance of transformed phenotype and that it plays a role in oral carcinogenesis through regulation of FoxM1. This study was supported in part by the grants from NIDCR/NIH (DE18295 and DE18959) and Jack Weichman Endowed Fund. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Wei Chen, Jin-Kyu Yi, Ki-Hyuk Shin, Reuben Kim, Shebli Mehrazarin, No-Hee Park, Mo K. Kang. Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) regulates the expression of forkhead box transcription factor M1 (FoxM1) in human oral cancer cells and determines tumorigenicity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1598. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1598
A refuelable zinc/air battery for fleet electric vehicle propulsion

We report the development and on-vehicle testing of an engineering prototype zinc/air battery. The battery is refueled by periodic exchange of spent electrolyte for zinc particles entrained in fresh electrolyte. The technology is intended to provide a capability for nearly continuous vehicle operation, using the fleet s home base for 10 minute refuelings and zinc recycling instead of commercial infrastructure. In the battery, the zinc fuel particles are stored in hoppers, from which they are gravity fed into individual cells and completely consumed during discharge. A six-celled (7V) engineering prototype battery was combined with a 6 V lead/acid battery to form a parallel hybrid unit, which was tested in series with the 216 V battery of an electric shuttle bus over a 75 mile circuit. The battery has an energy density of 140 Wh/kg and a mass density of 1.5 kg/L. Cost, energy efficiency, and alternative hybrid configurations are discussed.
ELF/VLF recordings during the 11 March 2011 Japanese Tohoku earthquake

[1] Broadband ELF/VLF radio recordings (0.2–40 kHz) were made at a site in Onagawa, Japan located ∼102 km from the epicenter of the M9.0 11 March 2011 earthquake, the fifth most powerful earthquake in recorded history. The receiver operated for about two minutes after the start of the earthquake, after which the receiver lost power. Examination of the VLF data shows no radio emissions preceding or coincident with the onset of the earthquake. However, once the secondary seismic waves reached the receiver, a number of impulses and diffuse noise bands arose which may result from the entire power grid shaking or from radio emissions from compressing rocks. Examination of the ELF data (0.2–1 kHz) show no precursor effect in the hours preceding the earthquake. Examination of VLF data from narrowband transmitters shows no anomalous activity in the days or weeks preceding the earthquake. Our instrument low-frequency cut-off is ∼200 Hz, and thus we cannot comment on emissions in the ULF range (<10 Hz).
Prolonged plume volcanism in the Caribbean Large Igneous Province: New insights from Curaçao and Haiti

[1] We present 36 new 40Ar-39Ar incremental heating age determinations from the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (CLIP) providing evidence for extended periods of volcanic activity and suggest a new tectonomagmatic model for the province's timing and construction. These new 40Ar-39Ar ages for the Curacao Lava Formation (CLF) and Haiti's Dumisseau Formation show evidence for active CLIP volcanism from 94 to 63 Ma. No clear changes in geochemical character are evident over this period. The CLF has trace element signatures (e.g., Zr/Nb = 10–20) and flat rare earth element (REE) trends consistent with plume volcanism. The Dumisseau Formation also has plume-like geochemistry and steeper REE trends similar to ocean island basalts. Volcanism in the Dumisseau Formation appears to have largely ceased by 83 Ma while at Curacao it continued until 63 Ma. A rapidly surfacing and melting plume head alone does not fit this age distribution. Instead, we propose that the residual Galapagos plume head, following initial ocean plateau construction, was advected eastward by asthenospheric flow induced by subducting oceanic lithosphere. Slab rollback at the Lesser Antilles and Central America subduction zones created an extensional regime within the Caribbean plate. Mixing of plume with upwelling asthenospheric mantle provided a source for intermittent melting and eruption through the original plateau over a ∼30 Ma period.
Effects of dietary mixtures of amino acids on fetal growth and maternal and fetal amino acid pools in experimental maternal phenylketonuria

Background Branched-chain amino acids have been reported to improve fetal brain development in a rat model in which maternal phenylketonuria (PKU) is induced by the inclusion of an inhibitor of phenylalanine hydroxylase, DL-p-chlorophenylalanine, and L-phenylalanine in the diet. Objective We studied whether a dietary mixture of several large neutral amino acids (LNAAs) would improve fetal brain growth and normalize the fetal brain amino acid profile in a rat model of maternal PKU induced by DL-alpha-methylphenylalanine (AMPhe). Design Long-Evans rats were fed a basal diet or a similar diet containing 0.5% AMPhe + 3.0% L-phenylalanine (AMPhe + Phe diet) from day 11 until day 20 of gestation in experiments to test various mixtures of LNAAs. Maternal weight gains and food intakes to day 20, fetal body and brain weights at day 20, and fetal brain and fetal and maternal plasma amino acid concentrations at day 20 were measured. Results Concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in fetal brain and in maternal and fetal plasma were higher and fetal brain weights were lower in rats fed the AMPhe + Phe diet than in rats fed the basal diet. However, fetal brain growth was higher and concentrations of phenylalanine and tyrosine in fetal brain and in maternal and fetal plasma were lower in rats fed the AMPhe + Phe diet plus LNAAs than in rats fed the diet containing AMPhe + Phe alone. Conclusion LNAA supplementation of the diet improved fetal amino acid profiles and alleviated most, but not all, of the depression in fetal brain growth observed in this model of maternal PKU.
Of light and mouse embryos: Less is more

Although light is essential for life on this planet, Hamlet's sun pun, “Not so, my lord, I am too much in the sun” (Hamlet, Act I, Scene 2, line 68), points to the detrimental effects of light on cells by means of light's ability to generate DNA damage by promoting thymidine-dimer formation as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids. Such damage can lead to premature cell death or cancer. The small number of cells of the early developing embryo makes it particularly vulnerable to light-induced damage. In lower species, such as marine organisms that develop at or near the water's surface, mechanisms have evolved to protect the developing embryo from light, in particular high-energy UV radiation. These mechanisms typically entail the egg's producing UV-absorbing compounds (1). The work reported by Takenaka et al. (2) in a recent issue of PNAS describes the effect of light on mouse zygotes.
Seasonality of materials transport through a coastal freshwater marsh: Riverine versus tidal forcing

Transports of nitrate and suspended solids were measured six times from January 1984 until January 1985 in a small freshwater tidal bayou in south-central Louisiana. The bayou and adjacent marshes are influenced by Atchafalaya River discharges, tides, and coastal weather patterns. Large net ebb-directed water transports occurred in winter, spring, and summer, coincident with high river discharges, indicating riverine dominance. A very small net flood-directed water transport occurred in fall, indicating tidally dominated hydrology. Nitrate and suspended solids transports were net ebb-directed in all seasons, but were two orders of magnitude higher during high river flow. Exports changed as hydrology switched from river dominated to tidally dominated, and as concentrations of materials changed. Comparison of suspended solids and nitrate concentrations in the river and bayou shows that these materials were usually lower in the bayou, indicating retention by the marsh/aquatic system.
Relation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Impedance and Cerebellar Herniation in Type I Chiari Malformation

This study investigates the use of longitudinal impedance (LI) as a means to quantify the severity of Type I Chiari Malformation (CMI). LI was analyzed in image-based models of the cervical spinal subarachnoid space of 22 CMI patients and 10 healthy volunteers. LI was then compared with the cerebellar tonsil herniation (CTH) measured by two neurosurgeons. Results showed that both LI and CTH differentiated CMI patients from healthy volunteers, but lacked the specificity to differentiate symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Atomic and molecular hydrogen in interstellar space

This paper reviews the present state of knowledge of the abundances and physical state of interstellar atomic and molecular hydrogen. Much new data in this area have been obtained in recent rocket observations. There have also been new developments as a result of ground-based infrared and 21-cm observations, and theoretical research.
Fatigue spectrum sensitivity of composite joints

Abstract The experimentally determined sensitivity of composite to metal joint properties to fatigue spectrum parameters and environment is presented. The residual strength and/or life of matrix/adhesive dominated bonded graphite/epoxy to titanium step-lap joints are significantly affected by frequency, load dwell/waveform, real flight time spectrum, load truncation and stress level/root-mean-square increases. Moisture and increased spectrum severity reduce bonded joint tensile residual strength by 17% at ambient and 34% at flight temperatures. Fibre dominated graphite/epoxy to steel bolted joints are not significantly sensitive to the loading contents and environment and may be qualified in accelerated tests with temperature not to exceed 120°C.