cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Baseline Survey of Rual Safe Water Supply in Yulin City

Objective To know the public health conditions of the drinking water in Yulin region and explore the coping strategies. Methods The monitoring results and datas about the public health condition of the drinking water in Yulin region in the year of 2003 are sorted out and analyzed and then the coping strategies are raised.Results According to the 'Drinking Water Sanitary Standard' Countryside Practice Norm(to abbreviate it to the Norm as follow) published by the National Patriotic Health Campaign Committee and the Ministry of Public Health in 1991,the drinking water resources in Yulin Countryside region in 2003 are mainly for the ground waters.The population drinking ground waters accounts for 91.87% of the whole population and the population drinking surface water accounts for 8.13%.The population drinking tap water accounts for 40.09% and the population drinking other water except tap water accounts for 59.92%.The drinking water which can not pass the water quality monitoring according to the 'Drinking Water Sanitary Standard' Countryside Practice Norm accounts for 68.33%.The reasons are because the drinking water did not meet the norm for the total coliform groups which accounts for 38.33% and the total dacterial counts accounts for 40.00%.Conclusion The drinking water resources in Yulin Countryside region are mainly superficial ground waters which is gotten by hand-pumps and directly drunk..The water resources did not be protected and was hidden danger because insalubrity drinking cause water-borne infection.These problems should be paid much attention to by relevant governments.
Shallow near-surface effects

ABSTRACTThe top 6 m of the near surface has a surprisingly large effect on the behavior of P- and S-waves. For unconsolidated sediments, the P-wave velocity gradient and attenuation can be quite large. Computer modeling should include these properties to accurately reproduce seismic effects of the near surface. We have used reverse VSP data and computer simulations to demonstrate the following effects for upgoing P-waves. Near the surface, we have observed a large time delay, indicating low velocity (160 m/s), and considerable pulse broadening, indicating high attenuation (Q∼1). Consequently, shallowly buried geophones have greater high-frequency bandwidth compared with surface geophones. In addition, there is a large velocity gradient in the shallow near surface (factor of 10 in 5 m), resulting in the rotation of P-waves to the vertical with progressively smaller amplitudes recorded on horizontal phones. Finally, we have found little indication of a reflection or ghost from the surface, although downgoi...
A World Without Responsibility

Since Dan Baum published his interview with Carl Cranston in 2004, I have been reading the following passage to students in my various philosophy classes and asking them to try to interpret it: “We killed a lot of people,” he said as we ate. Later, Carl and his men had to establish roadblocks, which was notoriously dangerous duty. “We started out being nice,” Carl said. “We had little talking cards to help us communicate. We’d put up signs in Arabic saying ‘Stop.’ We’d say, ‘Ishta, ishta,’ which means ‘Go away.’” But people would approach with white flags in their hands and then whip out AK-47s or rocket-propelled grenades. So Carl’s group adopted a play-it-safe policy: if a driver ignored the signs and the warnings and came within thirty metres of a roadblock, the Americans opened fire. “That’s why nobody in our whole company got killed,” he said. … “You’re not supposed to fire warning shots, but we did,” Carl said. “And still some people wouldn’t stop.” He went on, “A couple of times — more than a couple — it was women and children in the car. I don’t know why they didn’t stop.” Carl’s squad didn’t tow away the cars containing dead people. “You can’t go near it,” he said. “It might be full of explosives. You just leave it.” He and his men would remain at their posts along side the carnage. “Nothing else you can do,” he said.1
Complexity, expressiveness, and other properties of AnsProlog* programs

Earlier in Chapter 3 we discussed several results and properties of AnsProlog * programs that are useful in analyzing and step-by-step building of these programs. In this chapter we consider some broader properties that help answer questions such as: (a) how difficult is it to compute answer sets of various sub-classes of AnsProlog * ? (b) how expressive are the various sub-classes of AnsProlog * ? (c) does the use of AnsProlog * lead to compact representation or can it be compiled to a more tractable representation? and (d) what is the relationship between AnsProlog * and other knowledge representation formalisms? The answers to these questions are important in many ways. For example, if we know the complexity of a problem that we want to solve then the answer to (a) will tell us which particular subset of AnsProlog * will be most efficient, and the answer to (b) will tell us the most restricted subset that we can use to represent that problem. With respect to (c) we will discuss results that show that AnsProlog * leads to a compact representation. This clarifies the misconception that since many AnsProlog * classes belong to a higher complexity class, they are not very useful. For specifications where AnsProlog * leads to (exponentially) compact representation the fact that they are computationally harder is canceled out and they become preferable because compact representation means that the programmer has to write less. So the burden is shifted from the programmer to the computer, which is often desirable.
Health, Quality of Homecare Services and Quality of Life: A Case of Frail Older Immigrant Adults

This study explores the roles of two health-related concepts on the relationship between quality of homecare services and quality of life among a group of frail older immigrants residing in a large city in the Midwest region of the United States. Analyzing data from a community-based social service agency, this study tested two hypotheses: (1) health-related quality of life mediated the relationship between quality of health-related social services and overall quality of life, and (2) perceived importance of health moderated the relationship between quality of health-related social services and quality of life. Results of this study show that health-related quality of life, measured by satisfaction with health, mediated the relationship between quality of health-related social services, measured by satisfaction with homecare services, and overall quality of life, measured by overall life satisfaction. In addition, perceived importance of health moderated the relationship between quality of health-related social services, measured by satisfaction with homecare services, and quality of life, measured by overall life satisfaction. Quality of homecare services is significantly associated with clients’ quality of life. Homecare services may contribute to clients’ satisfaction with health which, in turn, enhances clients’ overall quality of life. The association between quality of homecare services and quality of life is likely to differ, depending on how important health is perceived.
Hidden Abodes: Industrializing Political Ecology

In this article, I argue that political ecology has neglected examining the “hidden abodes” of industrial factory production. I suggest a visit to such sites can expand and deepen what counts as both ecology and politics in the field. Ecologically speaking, the industrial secondary sector is not only at the center of the overall “metabolism” between society and nature but also is central in producing many large-scale ecological problems like climate change. Politically, although much of political ecology focuses on marginalization, dispossession, and what I call “following the politics” (i.e., protest and resistance movements), industrial environments often entail uncontested power over massive flows of raw materials, energy, and waste. I suggest that political ecology analysis can use chains of explanation to make these industrial ecologies political. To illustrate the argument, I focus on a large industrial nitrogen fertilizer facility in southern Louisiana. In the empirical sections of this article, I ...
Savings From ACOs—Building on Early Success

With 434 participating organizations, the Medicare Shared Savings Program represents the signature payment reform of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), the largest new payment mo...
Morphosyntax and movement: verb stems in Jóola Eegimaa

The agglutinative morphology of verb stems poses many problems for theory and analysis, insofar as distinct theoretical commitments as to what counts as a linguistic unit do not always align. The verb stem morphology of Joola-Eegimaa (Eegimaa, henceforth), an Atlantic language of the Niger-Congo family, poses just such a challenge. We argue that our analysis, which relies on several operations that rearrange the underlying syntactic structure of the verb stem in Eegimaa, permits the various demands of syntax, semantics and morphology to receive a unified analysis for which there is striking empirical support. Insofar as the success of our analysis depends on core minimalist assumptions, our approach supports not just the minimalist approach in general, but also has implications for the copy theory of internal merge, for the typology of head movement, for the role of syntax in the derivation of words before surface morphological operations, for the nature of surface morphological operations, and for the compositional and de-compositional analyses and interpretation of the verbal spine. In particular, we make an existence argument for a form of stem-internal long head movement that any revealing analysis of Eegimaa verb stem structure will require. Insofar as our approach is successful, it also avoids appeal to post-syntactic movement or other post-syntactic operations that alter structural relations created by syntax.
Abstract A30: Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates triple negative breast cancer progression bytargeting C-Met and downstream ERK1/2 signaling

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer that lacks expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) and does not overexpress the HER2/Neu oncoprotein. Patients diagnosed with TNBC have an increased risk of developing distant organ metastasis and disease relapse, contributing to poor prognosis and survival. Without a selective therapeutic target, patients diagnosed with TNBC are treated with chemotherapeutic drugs such as anthracyclines and taxanes that often result in harsh side effects. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is an endogenous seven amino acid peptide hormone that activates the G protein-coupled receptor mas. Previous studies demonstrated that the heptapeptide hormone exerts anti-proliferative activities in lung, breast and prostate cancer cells and tumor xenografts. In the present study, 4T1 mouse TNBC cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of female Balb/c mice; when the tumors reached a volume of 50 mm3, the animals were treated for 18 days with or without Ang-(1-7) (24 μg/kg/h) via an implanted osmotic mini-pump. Ang-(1-7) significantly reduced tumor volume when compared to the untreated group (a 46% reduction by day 18, n = 6-7, p Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a potent inducer of Ras/MAPK signaling by activating the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) c-Met; HGF/SF/c-Met signaling is elevated in human TNBC. Ang-(1-7) attenuated c-Met RTK activation by HGF in human MDA-MB-231 and murine 4T1 TNBC cells which was blocked by pretreatment with D-alanine7-Ang-(1-7) [D-Ala], a mas receptor antagonist. A significant decrease in immunoreactive phospho-c-Met RTK was also observed in 4T1 tumors treated with the heptapeptide hormone as compared to untreated tumors (19.7±3.5 phospho-c-Met cells in tumors from treated mice vs. 47.0±9.5 in untreated mice, p Citation Format: Guorui Deng, Elizabeth Ann Tallant, Patricia Gallagher. Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates triple negative breast cancer progression bytargeting C-Met and downstream ERK1/2 signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on RAS Oncogenes: From Biology to Therapy; Feb 24-27, 2014; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A30. doi: 10.1158/1557-3125.RASONC14-A30
The Contribution of Urinary Tract Infection to Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: An Entity in Evolution

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in childhood. Evaluation and management approaches to childhood febrile UTI have markedly evolved over the last 30 years in response to robust advances in scientific insights gained through studies that have systematically evaluated the risk of recurrent UTI, vesicoureteral reflux, and their contribution to chronic kidney disease.
Production of Stealthin C Involves an S–N-Type Smiles Rearrangement

The kinamycin family of aromatic polyketide natural products contains an atypical angucycline ring system substituted with a diazo group. The enzymatic chemistry involved in constructing both of these structural features has been largely unexplored. Here we report the in vivo and in vitro production of seongomycin, a shunt product from this pathway, and stealthin C, a proposed biosynthetic precursor to the kinamycins. We show that a single enzyme, the flavin-dependent monooxygenase AlpJ, can generate these metabolites from N-acetyl-l-cysteine and l-cysteine, respectively, and that the synthesis of stealthin C likely proceeds via a nonenzymatic S–N-type Smiles rearrangement. This unexpected route to stealthin C reveals a distinct approach to install aromatic amino groups in metabolites and raises questions about the intermediacy of this species in kinamycin production.
Association of systemic inflammation, adiposity, and metabolic dysregulation with asthma burden among Hispanic adults

Abstract Rationale Obesity-related asthma is associated with higher disease burden than normal-weight asthma among Hispanics. Adiposity, metabolic dysregulation, and inflammation are all implicated in pathogenesis of obesity-related asthma, but their independent contributions are poorly understood. Objective To examine the independent contributions of body fat distribution, metabolic abnormalities and inflammation on asthma symptoms and pulmonary function among Hispanics. Methods Participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos with doctor-diagnosed asthma who completed an asthma symptom questionnaire and performed a valid spirometry were included in the analysis (n = 1126). Multivariate analysis was used to examine the independent association of general adiposity (assessed using body mass index), truncal adiposity (assessed by waist circumference), metabolic dysregulation (presence of insulin resistance and low HDL) and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein≥3 mg/L) with reported asthma symptoms or pulmonary function measures (FEV 1 , and FVC) while adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. Results Of the 1126 participants, 334 (29.5%) were overweight, and 648 (57.8%) were obese. FEV 1 and FVC were lower in obese compared to normal-weight asthmatics. In analyses controlling for metabolic and adiposity factors, high hs-CRP (>7 mg/L) was associated with more symptoms (prevalence-ratio 1.27 (95%CI 1.05, 1.54), and lower FVC (β −138 ml (95%CI -27 ml, −249 ml)) and FEV 1 (β −155 ml (95% CI -38 ml, −272 ml). Low HDL was also associated with lower FVC (β −111 ml (−22 ml, −201 ml) and FEV 1 (β −100 ml (−12 ml, −188 ml)). Results were similar in men and women. Conclusions Our findings suggest that hs-CRP and low HDL, rather than general and truncal adiposity, are associated with asthma burden among overweight and obese Hispanic adults.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors reverse age-related increases in side effects of haloperidol in mice

Older patients can be especially susceptible to antipsychotic-induced side effects, and the pharmacodynamic mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. We hypothesized that age-related epigenetic alterations lead to decreased expression and functionality of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), contributing to this susceptibility. In this study, we treated young (2–3 months old) and aged (22–24 months old) C57BL/6 mice with the D2R antagonist haloperidol (HAL) once a day for 14 days to evaluate HAL-induced motor side effects. In addition, we pretreated separate groups of young and aged mice with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors valproic acid (VPA) or entinostat (MS-275) and then administered HAL. Our results show that the motor side effects of HAL are exaggerated in aged mice as compared to young mice and that HDAC inhibitors are able to reverse the severity of these deficits. HAL-induced motor deficits in aged mice are associated with an age- and drug-dependent decrease in striatal D2R protein levels and functionality. Further, histone acetylation was reduced while histone tri-methylation was increased at specific lysine residues of H3 and H4 within the Drd2 promoter in the striatum of aged mice. HDAC inhibitors, particularly VPA, restored striatal D2R protein levels and functionality and reversed age- and drug-related histone modifications at the Drd2 promoter. These results suggest that epigenetic changes at the striatal Drd2 promoter drive age-related increases in antipsychotic side effect susceptibility, and HDAC inhibitors may be an effective adjunct treatment strategy to reduce side effects in aged populations.
Thyristors-Controlled PNPN and Related Switch Devices

Thyristors are triggered switching devices involving pnpn or more-layered structures. Usually three terminals are provided, namely anode, cathode and gate as shown in Fig. 5.1(a). The device is connected to a voltage supply (sometimes dc but usually ac) with the cathode generally grounded to a substantial heat sink. In the absence of gate voltage the I vs V curve of the device has the characteristic shown by the full line in Fig. 5.1(b). For the polarity shown in Fig. 5.1(a) and the upper right-hand quadrant of Fig. 5.1(b), the center junction J 2 sustains the applied voltage with very little current flow until the forward breakdown avalanche voltage V FB is reached. Then the center n and p regions become flooded with minority carriers. The depletion region voltage at J 2 collapses and the device turns on and the total voltage drop becomes less than 2 V and the current is primarily limited by the resistor. The dashed line in Fig. 5.1(b) is the load line for the resistance R L . With a supply voltage V DC the current before device breakdown is I 0. A pulse of positive voltage of 1 or 2 V applied to the gate terminal then causes current to flow in junction J 3. Some of the carriers involved reach the junction J 2 and start the avalanche carrier flooding effect and the effective breakdown voltage of the device drops below V FB as suggested by the chain-dot line in Fig. 5.1(b). Since the peak of this line is below the load line, switching occurs and the circuit current becomes I ON. Notice that there is a holding current I H below which the device will not remain on. If the circuit has an ac supply voltage the device will turn off as the alternating voltage drops to zero and the reverse half-cycle voltage will be sustained by reverse bias voltages on junctions J 1 and J 3.
Trainee Involvement in Advancing Pediatric Shared Decision-making

Our next patient was one of many affected by a persistent upper respiratory tract infection during my subinternship. As I listened to the dense, coarse crackling throughout both of her lung fields, the 4-month-old girl launched into another coughing fit. Given her lack of improvement, our team felt strongly that she would benefit from continued observation and supportive care. In the midst of discussing our plan with the family, the mother interrupted, stating firmly, “For the past 4 days, you have ordered test after test, treatment after treatment, and we have gone along with it. But now, we want to take her home. Does our opinion even matter?” After the parents reluctantly agreed with our treatment plan, I walked out of the room wondering, “Did their opinion matter? Could the mother’s frustration stem from our failure to adequately communicate all the aspects of her child’s illness? Did we attempt to balance parental goals of care with what we considered medically necessary?” Shared decision-making is a concept in which health care providers, patients, and their families collaborate to determine what medical course of action is best for the patient. Proper implementation of shared decision-making involves the following 2 critical components: (1) informing patients and their families of the nature of the patient’s illness, including the risks and benefits of potential therapies, and (2) actively engaging them in the medical decision-making process, ensuring that patient and family preferences are both acknowledged and incorporated into the care plan.1 In … Address correspondence to Christopher E. Gaw, MD, MBE, Division of General Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: gawc{at}email.chop.edu
Physical explanations and biological explanations, empirical laws and a priori laws

Philosophers intent upon characterizing the difference between physics and biology often seize upon the purported fact that physical explanations conform more closely to the covering law model than biological explanations. Central to this purported difference is the role of laws of nature in the explanations of these two sciences. However, I argue that, although certain important differences between physics and biology can be highlighted by differences between physical and biological explanations, these differences are not differences in the degree to which those explanations conform to the covering law model, which fits biology about as well as it does physics.
A Correlative Analysis of PD-L1, PD-1, PD-L2, EGFR, HER2, and HER3 Expression in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

We explored potential associations of the PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway with clinical characteristics, outcome, and expression of EGFR, HER2, HER3 in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) using an institutional database. Protein expression was assessed by IHC on tissue microarray sections (EGFR, HER2, HER3) or whole tissue sections (PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2). Expression of EGFR, HER2, HER3, PD-L1, and PD-L2 was quantified on tumor cells. Maximum density of PD-1 positive lymphocytes was measured on a scale of 0 to 4 within the tumor mass and peritumoral stroma. Associations between biomarkers and patient outcomes were tested using descriptive and inferential statistics, logistic regression, and Cox proportional hazards models. We analyzed tissue samples from 97 OPSCC cases: median age 59 years, p16+ (71%), male (83.5%), never smokers (18%), stage 3 to 4 disease (77%). Twenty-five percent of cases were PD-L1 positive. The proportion of PD-L1+ tumors was higher in p16+ (29%) than p16- OPSCC (11%, P = 0.047). There was no correlation between PD-L1, PD-L2, PD-1, EGFR, HER2, or HER3 expression. Positive PD-L1 status correlated with advanced nodal disease on multivariate analysis (OR 5.53; 95% CI, 1.06-28.77; P = 0.042). Negative PD-L2 expression was associated with worse survival (HR 3.99; 95% CI, 1.37-11.58; P = 0.011) in p16- OPSCC. Lower density of PD-1 positive lymphocytes in peritumoral stroma was associated with significantly increased risk of death on multivariate analysis (HR 3.17; 95% CI, 1.03-9.78; P = 0.045) after controlling for prognostic factors such as stage and p16 status. PD-L1 expression on tumor cells correlates with p16 status and advanced nodal status in OPSCC. PD-1 positive lymphocytes in peritumoral stroma serve as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(3); 710-6. ©2018 AACR.
A review of Do We Need Economic Inequality? by Danny Dorling

Danny Dorling’s Do We Need Economic Inequality? provides a spirited overview of the historical trends and conditions that tend to accompany elevated levels of economic inequality. The book is an en...
Exploring the Ocean Worlds

Including Earth, roughly a dozen water ocean worlds exist in the solar system: the relict worlds Ceres and Mars, large Jovian and Saturnian icy moons with vast interior oceans, and Kuiper Belt Objects like Triton, Charon, and Pluto whose geologies are dominated by water and ammonia. The ocean-world science puzzle – which may reveal whether life is widespread in the cosmos, why it exists where it does, and how it originates – can only be solved by exploring all of them. Potential life in these places could not have shared our origins, yet these worlds contain the only evidence about life that we can touch, essentially forever. Thus, their exploration has existential significance. Planning a multiworld exploration campaign would be a multi-generational undertaking. The technical challenges are diverse and formidable, far harder than at Mars: missions to the Jovian and Saturnian ocean worlds are severely power-limited; trip times can be more than a decade. And the science targets are global-scale oceans beneath kilometers of cryogenic ice. Today, we lack the instrumentation, subsystems, and machine-intelligence technologies needed. A systematic OWEP (ocean worlds exploration program) strategy can make most effective use of funding and time. The three priority ocean-world targets are Europa at Jupiter, and Enceladus and Titan at Saturn. Five hypothetical programmatic scenarios are compared to the default case. A coherent OWEP should have several parts: first, dedicated continuous investment in enabling technologies; and second, two directed-purpose, medium-class (∼$1B) missions per decade that conduct pivotal investigations on a documented roadmap. A robust OWEP would cost about 1/40th more per year than NASA's current budget.
Efficacy and risk profile of self-expandable stents in the management of pediatric esophageal pathology.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and risk profile of esophageal stents in the management of complicated pediatric esophageal disease. Methods An IRB-approved, single-center, retrospective review was performed on all pediatric patients (n = 13) who underwent esophageal stent placement (2005–2017). Demographic, perioperative, and outcome data were analyzed (p Results Forty-one stents were placed due to recalcitrant strictures (n = 36), perforations (n = 2), and/or fistulae (n = 3). Median age at initial stent placement was 23.8 months (range, 50 days to 16 years), and median stent duration was 36 days (range, 3–335). The recurrence rate for strictures after initial stent removal was 100%. Four (31%) children subsequently underwent definitive operative repair. There were 5 deaths, including 2 related to stent placement. Seventy-one percent of stents were associated with an adverse event, most commonly intraluminal migration (56%). Younger children experienced an increased risk for airway compression and retching (p = 0.010). Conclusion These data suggest that stents are associated with high complication rates and are not effective as definitive therapy for recalcitrant strictures in children. Although there may be a temporizing role for stents in selected patients, further refinements in stent technologies are needed to help manage this difficult patient population. Level of evidence Level IV
Epilepsy Education: Recent Advances and Future Directions.

The goal of this review is to survey the current literature on education in epilepsy and provide the most up-to-date information for physicians involved in the training of future doctors on this topic. We intended to review what opportunities exist to enhance our current teaching practices that may not be well-known or widely used, but may be adapted to a broader audience. Many new techniques adopting principles of education (e.g., retrieval practice and spaced learning) or new technologies (e.g., pre-recorded lectures, computer-enhanced modules, and simulation practice) have been trialled to enhance medical education in epilepsy with some success. Many of these techniques are currently adaptable to a wider audience or may soon be available. The use of these opportunities more broadly may allow expansion of educational research opportunities as well as enhancing our ability to pass on information. As the knowledge base in epilepsy continues to dramatically expand, we need to keep evaluating our teaching techniques to ensure we are able to pass along this knowledge to our future providers.
Disappearing refugees inside the United States

I have been working as a psychotherapist and social worker with refugee survivors of torture since 1990. I am now involved at the Texas-Mexico border, drawn there by the torture of refugee families and their children who are disappeared under the U.S. Administration’s phrase, “family separation.” In the El Paso Sector, I collaborate with several clinical, legal, and investigative journalism organizations. We’ve read of the thousands of children and parents disappeared from one another at the border under that official phrase “family separation.”
Multilateralism and East Asian transitions: the English School, diplomacy, and a networking regional order

This article traces East Asia’s evolving multilateralisms and role in transitioning East Asia away from “US hub-and-spokes” bilateralism toward a more networked system of security arrangements. Drawing on the English School, it argues for revisiting multilateralism’s diplomatic foundations as a way to direct attention to (1) the practice’s region-specific content and (2) the ways that multilateralism has introduced system-transitioning changes that include system-level dynamics associated with membership, actor hood, and the types of security at stake. The result is a more complex security environment and normative context that calls for more multifaceted responses from all, including the United States and China whose current multilateral diplomacies both draw from and challenge the multilateral norms and practices that have been created. Theoretically, re-attention to multilateralism’s diplomatic foundations also offers the English School an opportunity to make more distinctive contributions to ongoing debates about East Asia’s networking processes and security arrangements.
Nonsurgical Treatment for Acute Posttraumatic Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability: A Case Series

Purpose We investigated the clinical outcomes of patients with acute posttraumatic distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability who were treated with our nonsurgical protocol. Methods The electronic database of our community-based orthopedic practice was queried to identify patients with posttraumatic wrist pain and DRUJ instability who presented for treatment less than 6 weeks after injury. Medical records review defined a cohort of 16 patients treated between November, 2000 and December, 2016 with immobilization of the wrist and elbow for 6 weeks and gradual return to full activity at 6 months after injury. Data from the medical records were compiled and analyzed to assess short-term outcomes. Eight patients with a minimum 2-year follow-up completed questionnaires and underwent a wrist-focused examination to assess long-term outcomes. We used Wilcoxon signed-ranks exact test and McNemar chi-square exact test to confirm the statistical significance of observed trends in key outcome measures. Results At a mean long-term follow-up of 6.7 years, there was statistically significant improvement in ulnar-sided wrist pain and all eight subjects examined demonstrated a negative dorsopalmar stress test indicating improved DRUJ stability. Analysis of the entire cohort showed that 11 of 16 patients (69%) were overall improved with respect to wrist pain and DRUJ stability at final follow-up evaluation. Ulnar-positive variance was a relative contraindication to nonsurgical treatment. Conclusions Prompt above-elbow immobilization of patients with acute posttraumatic DRUJ instability may result in a good clinical outcome without operative treatment. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
A Tocquevillian Marketplace of Ideas? Spiritualism and Materialism in Tocqueville’s Liberalism

This chapter contributes to the literature on Tocqueville’s “strange liberalism” by wondering: Would Tocqueville endorse a “free market of ideas”? In order to answer this question, it explores the salutary limits he would set to the democratic imagination through religion, mores, and the leadership and authority of public intellectuals. To do so, it enlists comparisons with Plato and Rousseau as thinkers similarly concerned with the relationship between ideas and political life. Standing at the margins of democratic and aristocratic society, Tocqueville tries to temper democratic materialism with spiritualism and aristocratic virtue and liberty. Given scholarship continues to try to define Tocqueville as belonging to one ideological party or another, it remains crucial to highlight where his normatively thick liberalism differs from that of other liberals.
Machine learning and ligand binding predictions: A review of data, methods, and obstacles.

Abstract Computational predictions of ligand binding is a difficult problem, with more accurate methods being extremely computationally expensive. The use of machine learning for drug binding predictions could possibly leverage the use of biomedical big data in exchange for time-intensive simulations. This paper reviews current trends in the use of machine learning for drug binding predictions, data sources to develop machine learning algorithms, and potential problems that may lead to overfitting and ungeneralizable models. A few popular datasets that can be used to develop virtual high-throughput screening models are characterized using spatial statistics to quantify potential biases. We can see from evaluating some common benchmarks that good performance correlates with models with high-predicted bias scores and models with low bias scores do not have much predictive power. A better understanding of the limits of available data sources and how to fix them will lead to more generalizable models that will lead to novel drug discovery.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE 2$sup 3$P STATE OF HELIUM. I. A MEASUREMENT OF THE 2$sup 3$P$sub 1$--2$sup 3$P$sub 2$ FINE STRUCTURE.

A measurement, accurate to 3 ppm, is reported of the $2^{3}P_{1}\ensuremath{-}2^{3}P_{2}$ fine structure in ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$. An atomic-beam optical-microwave resonance technique was used. Two sets of measurements were made on the transition $2^{3}P_{1}({m}_{J}=0)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}2^{3}P_{2}({\mathrm{m}}_{J}=0)$. The first set was in a magnetic field of about 100 G ("low" field), where the uncertainties arose from field-dependent asymmetries in the line shape. The second set of measurements was in a field of about 500 G ("high" field), and here the main uncertainties were in the field measurements and the calculation of $g$ factors. The results of the two sets were in good agreement: low field: $E(2^{3}P_{1})\ensuremath{-}E(2^{3}P_{2})=2291.188\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$ MHz; high field: $E(2^{3}P_{1})\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{E}(2^{3}P_{2})=2291.197\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008$ MHz; weighted mean: $E(2^{3}P_{1})\ensuremath{-}E(2^{3}P_{2})=2291.195\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007$ MHz. The advantages of the atomic-beam technique and the possible importance of this fine-structure measurement are discussed.
Broad Anti-coronavirus Activity of Food and Drug Administration-Approved Drugs against SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro and SARS-CoV In Vivo .

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China at the end of 2019 and has rapidly caused a pandemic, with over 20 million recorded COVID-19 cases in August 2020 (https://covid19.who.int/). There are no FDA-approved antivirals or vaccines for any coronavirus, including SARS-CoV-2. Current treatments for COVID-19 are limited to supportive therapies and off-label use of FDA-approved drugs. Rapid development and human testing of potential antivirals is urgently needed. Numerous drugs are already approved for human use, and subsequently, there is a good understanding of their safety profiles and potential side effects, making them easier to fast-track to clinical studies in COVID-19 patients. Here, we present data on the antiviral activity of 20 FDA-approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 that also inhibit SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We found that 17 of these inhibit SARS-CoV-2 at non-cytotoxic concentrations. We directly followed up seven of these to demonstrate that all are capable of inhibiting infectious SARS-CoV-2 production. Moreover, we evaluated two of these, chloroquine and chlorpromazine, in vivo using a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV model and found that both drugs protect mice from clinical disease.IMPORTANCE There are no FDA-approved antivirals for any coronavirus, including SARS-CoV-2. Numerous drugs are already approved for human use that may have antiviral activity and therefore could potentially be rapidly repurposed as antivirals. Here, we present data assessing the antiviral activity of 20 FDA-approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 that also inhibit SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in vitro We found that 17 of these inhibit SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that they may have pan-anti-coronaviral activity. We directly followed up seven of these and found that they all inhibit infectious-SARS-CoV-2 production. Moreover, we evaluated chloroquine and chlorpromazine in vivo using mouse-adapted SARS-CoV. We found that neither drug inhibited viral replication in the lungs, but both protected against clinical disease.
Minimal prezygotic isolation between ecologically divergent sibling species

Divergence in mating signals typically accompanies speciation. We examine two ecologically divergent sibling species of crickets to assess the degree and timing of the evolution of prezygotic reproductive isolation. Gryllus saxatilis occurs in rocky habitats throughout western North America with long-winged individuals capable of long-distance dispersal; Gryllus navajo is endemic to red-rock sandstone areas of south-eastern Utah and north-eastern Arizona and has short-winged individuals only capable of limited dispersal. Previous genetic work suggested some degree of introgression and/or incomplete lineage sorting is likely. Here we: (1) use restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) genetic data to describe the degree of genetic divergence among species and populations; (2) examine the strength of prezygotic isolation by (i) quantifying differences among male mating songs, and (ii) testing whether females prefer G. saxatilis or G. navajo calling songs. Our results show that genetically distinct "pure" species populations and genetically intermediate populations exist. Male mating songs are statistically distinguishable, but the absolute differences are small. In playback experiments, females from pure populations had no preference based on song; however, females from a genetically intermediate population preferred G. navajo song. Together these results suggest that prezygotic isolation is minimal, and mediated by female behaviour in admixed populations.
Multifactorial dysphagia: Azygos vein aneurysm (AVA) and esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO).

Abstract Introduction Vascular impingement of the esophagus is a rare cause of dysphagia, and is most commonly due to aortic arch anomalies such as arterial lusoria. Dysphagia resultant from venous compression is even further less likely. Presentation of case We present a highly unusual case of dysphagia secondary to a large aneurysm of the azygous vein near its confluence with the superior vena cava, which was managed with endovascular modalities. Despite initial treatment success, patient reported some intermittent solid food dysphagia, and was also found to have esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) on high resolution impedance manometry (HRIM) which was successfully managed with surgical myotomy and partial fundoplication. Discussion The azygos vein has an intimate anatomic relationship with the esophagus as it traverses the posterior mediastinum. Because of this anatomic association, the azygos vein may present a point of esophageal obstruction in the setting of significant pathology. Conclusion This case highlights the possibility of multifactorial causes of dysphagia, and that HRIM is a key aspect of this workup. Additionally we discuss the pertinent anatomy, diagnosis, and treatments for azygos vein aneurysm and EGJOO.
Fundamentals of Capital Budgeting

This note provides an introduction to evaluation of corporate investment projects. Decision criteria such as net present value, internal rate of return, and paybacks are discussed. Specific examples are provided. Excerpt UVA-F-0917 Rev. Oct. 19, 2010 FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPITAL BUDGETING In this note, we discuss the analysis of long-term investment opportunities using the basic techniques of capital budgeting. After discussing alternative decision criteria, we develop in detail the discounted cash flow approach. Finally, we mention some practical problems in applying capital budgeting techniques. What Is Capital Budgeting? Suppose a company has three investment opportunities under consideration: (1) building a new plant in Europe; (2) replacing its computer with a new generation of more advanced equipment; or (3) buying out one of its suppliers to ensure a source of raw materials. . . .
Evolution of Chain Dynamics and Oxidation States with Increasing Chain Length for a Donor–Acceptor-Conjugated Oligomer Series

While it is known that the chain length strongly affects the properties of π-conjugated polymers, the effects of chain length on the molecular structure, chain conformation, and oxidation state pro...
Sympathetic electromagnetically-induced-transparency laser cooling of motional modes in an ion chain.

We use electromagnetically-induced-transparency laser cooling to cool motional modes of a linear ion chain. As a demonstration, we apply electromagnetically-induced-transparency cooling on $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}^{+}$ ions to cool the axial modes of a $^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}^{24}\mathrm{Mg}^{+}$ ion pair and a $^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}^{24}\mathrm{Mg}^{+}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}^{24}\mathrm{Mg}^{+}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+}$ ion chain, thereby sympathetically cooling the $^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+}$ ions. Compared to previous implementations of conventional Raman sideband cooling, we achieve approximately an order-of-magnitude reduction in the duration required to cool the modes to near the ground state and significant reduction in required laser intensity.
TRANSDUCTION OF RESISTANCE TO SOME MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Pattee, P. A. (Iowa State University, Ames) and J. N. Baldwin. Transduction of resistance to some macrolide antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 84:1049–1055. 1962.—By use of phage 80 of the International Typing Series, propagated on appropriate strains of Staphylococcus aureus, two related markers controlling resistance to certain macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, and carbomycin) were transduced among a variety of strains of S. aureus. Unlike the markers controlling penicillinase production and resistance to chlortetracycline and novobiocin, the determinants of resistance to the macrolide antibiotics were transduced at normal frequencies (at least 300 transductants per 109 phage) only to certain of the recipient strains. One of the markers studied appears to control an inducible enzyme system which is specifically induced by sub-inhibitory concentrations of erythromycin and which controls resistance to erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, and carbomycin. The other marker examined confers resistance to erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, and carbomycin, and shows no evidence of being dependent upon an inducible mechanism.
A Microorganism Decomposing Group-Specific A Substances.

The use of bacteria to effect the degradation of serologically active carbohydrates was initiated by Avery and Dubos (1930; see also Dubos and Avery 1931) in studies on the capsular carbohydrate of Pneumococcus Type III; and other microorganisms capable of splitting polysaccharides of bacterial origin have since been found. The present report concerns the isolation and cultural characters of an apparently hitherto undescribed bacterium, having specialized food requirements and not growing on most common culture media, which is able to decompose actively the group-specific substance found in the saliva of human beings of blood group A and in various group A preparations obtained from animal materials, namely horse saliva (Landsteiner 1936) commercial pepsin and gastric mucin (Landsteiner and Chase 1936). From chemical investigations it has become probable that the substances underlying the serological differentiation of human blood groups are of polysaocbaride nature (for literature, see Landsteiner 1936, Landsteiner and Chase 1936). Apart from adding to the relatively small number of organisms known to attack "specific" polysaccharides-a property not as common as might have been supposed-the description of a new species with unusual characters may be of interest. Of bacteria which decompose serologically active complex polysaccharides, mention may be made of the following: the Myxococcus of Morgan and Thaysen which acts upon several specific polysaccharides of bacterial origin (Morgan and Thaysen 1933; Meyer and Morgan 1935) and also "group specific" A substances (Landsteiner and Chase 1935a); strains of bacteria,
Part II of The Principles of Mathematics

THE RECENT TEXTUAL study in Russell, of The Principles of Mathematics, Part I, revealed substantial alterations between the copy Russell sent to the printer and the published text. 1 I was drawn to undertake a similar collation of Part II by some striking philosophical incongruities in the published text. Initially, my interest involved Russell's views about the concept "one". In Part I of Principles, in the early portions of Part II, and in several unpublished manuscripts written prior to his discovery of Peano, Russell held, prominently and consistently, that the concept "one" applies to every entity whatever. 2 Consequently, each person, number, and spatial point is one. However, in Chapter xv of Part II at section 128, Russell suddenly advocates, without accompanying argument, a more Fregean treatment of the concept. On this view, "one" is to be applied exclusively to classes. The sense of "one" in which every object is one is said to be a "very shadowy" sense which is "not relevant to Arithmetic". The change of view here is sufficiently important and precipitous that I guessed that the later view had been peremptorily inserted as Russell became familiar with Frege's work in 1902.