cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protective effects of allozyme genotype during chemical exposure in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio.

Abstract The primary objective of this research was to determine if the genotype of the enzymes glucose phosphate isomerase (Gpi), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm), or mannose phosphate isomerase (Mpi) are factors affecting survival during acute endosulfan, fluoranthene, and chromium(VI) exposures. Palaemonetes pugio were exposed in the laboratory to 6.3 μg/L endosulfan, 100 mg/L chromium(VI), or 0.6 mg/L fluoranthene. Dead shrimp were removed at approximately 15–30 min intervals and the individual's genotypes for the Gpi, Mpi, and Pgm enzymes were determined. These data were used to establish whether allozyme genotype was related to tolerance as analyzed with non-parametric methods (i.e. development of survival curves using the Kaplan–Meier method of estimation) and parametric methods (i.e. proportional hazards models). Since the sex and/or size of the organism was expected to affect tolerance, these variables were accounted for in the proportional hazards models. Results indicated individuals that were heterozygous (MF) for the Gpi allozyme survived longer and had less overall mortality than the homozygous MM genotype when exposed to chromium(VI) and to fluoranthene. No allozyme genotypes were related to tolerance during the endosulfan exposure when sex was included as a covariate in the analysis. These results support the hypothesis that there is a genetic basis for tolerance in P. pugio during acute exposures to chromium(VI) and to fluoranthene. Although a relationship between Gpi genotype and contaminant tolerance has been identified in previous studies, no such relationship has been documented in P. pugio or with chromium(VI) as the contaminant.
Electrophoretic Mobility of Milk Fat Globules. III. Center Cell Observations and Effect of Viscosity, Field Strength, Diluting Media, and pH

Abstract Electrophoretic mobilities of milk fat globules were determined in various concentrations of lactose which provided a viscosity range of 1.060 to 1.493 centipoises in a synthetic salt solution. Throughout this range differences in electrophoretic mobilities between diluents were due to the viscosity of the solution, and average electrophoretic mobility multipled by viscosity was constant. When the diluent was distilled water the average mobility was much greater than would be expected from the lower viscosity alone. The field strength was varied to provide a velocity from 1.6 μ per second to 10 μ per sec. Throughout this range the field strength had no significant influence on the average electrophoretic mobility until the fat globule velocity exceeded 7 μ per sec. The average electrophoretic mobility increased 0.35 μ /sec/v/cm when the pH of a synthetic salt medium was increased from 6.08 to 7.44. The increase in average mobility as the pH increased was linear. Mobilities at 21% and 79% of cell depth were compared with mobilities at 50% of cell depth. Mobilities were equal when the mobilities determined at the center of the cell were multiplied by 0.67.
Heat transfer to model non-Newtonian liquid foods in cans during end-over-end rotation

Abstract Heat transfer coefficients were determined for aqueous guar gum solutions (0·3%, 0·4%, 0·5%, and 0·75%) during end-over-end rotation in copper cans. The variables investigated were size of can, speed of rotation and radius of rotation. The centre temperature within the can was found to oscillate. Over the range of variables studied, the heat transfer coefficient was found to be independent of the radius of rotation and the size of the can. The heat transfer data for non-Newtonian fluids were correlated in terms of Nusselt (Nu), generalised Reynolds (GRe), and generalised Prandtl (GPr) numbers: Nu = 1.41GRe 0.482 GPr 0.355 The correlation was found to be similar to that developed earlier for Newtonian liquids.
A possible role for intracellular GSH in spontaneous reaction of a cysteine (T338C) engineered into the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator.

The conductance of oocytes expressing T338C CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) exhibits variable responses to dithiothreitol (DTT) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) that we proposed might be due to the extraction of copper from an adventitious binding site (Liu et al. J Biol Chem 281(12):8275–8285, 2006). In order to study the origins of variability in chemical reactivity of T338C CFTR channels, oocytes expressing T338C CFTR were exposed to BCNU (bischloroethylnitrosourea), an inhibitor of glutathione reductase. BCNU treatment caused a significant reduction of initial conductance and an increase in the response to 2-ME or DTT, suggesting a direct or indirect influence of intracellular glutathione (GSH), a major determinant of the disposition of intracellular copper. Single-channel recordings indicated that T338C CFTR channels not exposed to 2-ME or DTT exhibited multiple conductance levels not seen in T338A CFTR channels. Exposure to BCNU shifted the distribution of single-channel current amplitudes towards lower values, whereas exposure to DTT favored higher amplitudes. These results suggest that the altered chemical state of T338C channels is associated with a decreased single-channel conductance and that intracellular factors (most likely GSH) may modulate the propensity of the channel to form these altered states.
Changing Constructions of Machismo for Latino Men in Therapy: “The Devil Never Sleeps”

This paper presents current narratives about masculinity that question simplistic negative stereotypes of machismo for Latino heterosexual men. Various models of masculinity within Latino cultures are described using evidence from ethnographic studies, research data, and clinical observation. Therapeutic advantages of including positive cultural masculine traits such as respect and dignity are illustrated with an extensive case study. The case highlights contradictions in the coexistence of constructions of masculinity and traces progressive stages for transforming these constructions. In this strength-based approach, attention is directed to elements of cultural memory that reclaim a strong relational ethic present in the indigenous cultures. "Within the culture" definitions of masculinity contribute alternative constructions toward a more empowering cultural narrative for Latino men than the usual negative stereotypes.
Activation of ERK1 and ERK2 is required for manganese-induced neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells

Mn(2+) treatment has been shown to promote neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This process is mediated through the interactions of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and integrin receptors. Studies were performed to determine whether the phosphorylation of the MAP kinases, ERK1 and 2, is required for Mn(2+)-induced neurite outgrowth. A time- and dose-dependent increase in phosphorylation of both ERK1 and 2 was observed upon treatment of PC12 cells with Mn(2+). Phosphorylation of the ERKs occurred as early as 2 hr after initiating treatment, with a maximum increase occurring at approximately 24 hr. Inhibition of MEK with the specific inhibitor, PD98059, blocked the phosphorylation of ERK1 and 2 and increased Mn(2+) toxicity. When cells were grown in serum-free defined medium, Mn(2+)-induced phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 occurred in cells grown on surfaces treated with growth serum or fibronectin but not on surfaces treated with poly-L-lysine. In addition, the pentapeptide GRGDS, which blocks RGD-mediated interactions, inhibited Mn(2+)-induced phosphorylation of ERK1 and 2. The Mn(2+)-induced increase in phosphorylated ERK1 and 2 was not seen in a PC12 cell line that does not respond to Mn(2+). These data support the hypothesis that integrin-mediated activation of the MAPK signal transduction pathway leading to the activation of ERK1 and 2 is required for Mn(2+)-induced PC12 differentiation and neurite outgrowth.
Second attacks of acute glomerulonephritis

The cases of 12 Negro children with two clinically and histologically similar attacks of acute glomerulonephritis are reported. The absence of clinical and histologic evidences of chronic glomerulonephritis during a period of 6 to 108 months of follow-up study is emphasized. Lobular mesangial hyperplasia constituted the major persistent histologic abnormality; focal thickening of Bowman's capsule was less frequently observed.
Management of panic disorders.

Abstract Panic disorders are medical conditions requiring an eclectic treatment approach that often combines pharmacotherapeutics with education, cognitive-behavior therapy, and psychodynamic therapy. This article focuses on the management of medication within this framework. The medications that have been found to be effective include tricyclic antidepressants, fluoxetine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and higher potency benzodiazepines. Although alprazolam is the most studied medication and acts very rapidly, each type of medication has unique advantages and liabilities. The general treatment strategy with all the medications is to start with a low dose and increase it slowly until side effects develop or panic attacks cease. The treatment approach should be oriented toward a chronic illness that often requires long-term medication.
Total synthesis of kukoamine A, an antihypertensive constituent of lycium chinense

Abstract The active constituent of “jikoppi,” a clinically effective Oriental medicine for hypertension, has been synthesized from spermine using new methodology for polyamine alkylation.
Simian virus 40 large T antigen isoelectric focuses as multiple species with varying phosphate content.

Abstract Simian Virus 40 large T antigen (TAg), radiolabeled with [32P]orthophosphate and with/without [3H]methionine, was found to isoelectric focus as four distinct species distributed in a highly reproducible pattern. These species have been found to differ in their 32 P 3 H ratios indicating that individual monomers of large TAg are heterogeneous in their phosphate content and suggesting, further, that large TAg may be differentially phosphorylated in vivo. Also, by increasing the concentration of large TAg the more basic species can be displaced into the more acidic species suggesting that the different isoelectric focusing forms represent aggregates of large TAg with varying phosphate content.
Indexing space and time in film understanding

We investigated the extent to which understanders monitor shifts in time and space during film comprehension. Participants viewed a feature-length film and identified those points in the film in which they perceived a change in situation. We performed an a priori analysis of the films to identify the shifts in time, the movement of characters, and region. The relationship between the theoretical analysis of the films and the participants judgements of situational change was assessed. The results provide support for the Event Indexing Model and suggest that situation models for filmed events are indexed along multiple dimensions of situational continuity. Furthermore, the pattern of results was similar for narrative film as they are for narrative text. This finding suggest that there are general mechanisms for event understanding that operate independently of medium or mode of experience. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of Ductile Iron Pipes. II: Sampling Scheme and Inferring the Pipe Condition

Ductile iron (DI) pipes have been used in North America since the late 1950s. This paper describes how understanding gained on the geometry of external corrosion pits is used to devise a sampling scheme and to infer the condition of ductile iron buried water mains. The companion paper describes the exhumation of varying lengths of ductile iron pipes in four North American water utilities. The exhumed pipes were cut into sections, sandblasted, and tagged. Soil samples extracted along the exhumed pipe were also provided. Pipe sections were scanned for external corrosion using a laser scanner to produce corrosion pit data sets. Statistical analyses were performed on geometric properties of corrosion pits such as pit depth, pit area, and pit volume. These analyses were developed further to assess the impact of the different soil characteristics on these pit properties. This paper describes the investigation of appropriate sampling schemes to represent the statistical properties of ductile iron pipe corrosion. With known statistical properties, an approach is developed to infer the condition of the pipe.
Analgesic profile of centrally administered 2-methylserotonin against acute pain in rats

The present study examined patterns of analgesia by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intrathecal (i.t.) administration of the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor agonist, 2-methylserotonin (1-100 micrograms) against acute thermal, mechanical or formalin-induced chemo-inflammatory pain in male rats. Neither i.c.v. or i.t. 2-methylserotonin produced motoric, sedative or respiratory effects. I.c.v. 2-methylserotonin was not analgesic at any dose in the pain assays employed. I.t. 2-methylserotonin produced dose-related analgesia in the formalin test with significant effects at 20-100 micrograms doses. In contrast, only the 100 micrograms dose of 2-methylserotonin produced analgesia against thermal pain, and analgesia was not observed at any dose in the mechanical pain test. The effects of 2-methylserotonin (100 micrograms) in the formalin test were attenuated by pretreatment (10 micrograms i.t.) with the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist MDL-72222, opioid antagonist naloxone or GABA antagonist bicuculline; the 5-HT2-receptor antagonist ketanserin or 5-HT1 receptor antagonist mianserin did not affect 2-methylserotonin-induced analgesia. In the thermal test, i.t. pretreatment with MDL-72222, ketanserin, naloxone or bicuculline, but not mianserin, reduced analgesic effects of 2-methylserotonin (100 micrograms i.t.). These findings suggest that spinal 5-HT3, opioid and GABA receptor systems interact to mediate acute chemo-inflammatory pain, and implicate the interaction of these systems with 5-HT2 receptor substrates in analgesia against acute thermal nociception.
Relationship between age, body size, gender, and blood pressure and Doppler flow measurements in the aorta and pulmonary artery

Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between both age and body surface area (BSA) and M-mode echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular, left atrial, and aortic root dimensions and left ventricular wall thickness. We evaluated the relationships between age, BSA, gender and blood pressure, and Doppler aortic and pulmonary artery (PA) flow velocity measurements in 97 adults, aged 21 to 78 years, without clinical evidence of cardiac disease. No significant relationship was found between gender or blood pressure and aortic or PA flow velocity measurements. Aortic peak flow velocity, flow velocity integral, and average acceleration decreased with increasing age (all p less than 0.001), whereas ejection time (corrected for heart rate) increased, and acceleration time did not change. In contrast, there was no relationship between age and Doppler PA flow velocity measurements. Although there was no relationship between BSA and Doppler aortic flow measurements, PA peak flow velocity and average acceleration increased, while acceleration time decreased with increasing BSA (all p less than 0.02). Decreases in aortic peak flow velocity and flow velocity integral may be partly related to known increases in aortic root diameter with aging. The relationship between PA flow velocity measurements and BSA is not readily explained.
A Radiative–Convective Equilibrium Perspective of Weakening of the Tropical Walker Circulation in Response to Global Warming

AbstractBoth observational analysis and GCM simulations indicate that the tropical Walker circulation is becoming weaker and may continue to weaken as a consequence of climate change. Here, the authors use a conceptual radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) framework to interpret the weakening of the Walker circulation as simulated by the GFDL coupled GCM. Based on the modeled lapse rate and clear-sky cooling rate profiles, the RCE framework can directly compute the change of vertical velocity in the descending branch of the Walker circulation, which agrees with the counterpart simulated by the GFDL model. The results show that the vertical structure of clear-sky radiative cooling rate QR will change in response to the increased water vapor as the globe warms. The authors explain why the change of QR is positive in the uppermost part of the troposphere (<300 hPa) and is negative for the rest of the troposphere. As a result, both the change of clear-sky cooling rate and the change of tropospheric lapse rat...
Design of a novel reversible ALU using an enhanced carry look- ahead adder

Reversible logic is gaining significant consideration as the potential logic design style for implementation in modern nanotechnology and quantum computing with minimal impact on physical entropy. Recent advances in reversible logic allow schemes for computer architectures using improved quantum computer algorithms. Significant contributions have been made in the literature towards the design of reversible logic gate structures and arithmetic units, however, there are not many efforts directed towards the design of reversible ALUs. In this work, a novel programmable reversible logic gate is presented and verified, and its implementation in the design of a reversible Arithmetic Logic Unit is demonstrated. Then, reversible implementations of ripple-carry, carry-select and Kogge-Stone carry look-ahead adders are analyzed and compared. Next, implementations of the Kogge-Stone adder with sparsity-4, 8 and 16 were designed, verified and compared. The enhanced sparsity-4 Kogge-Stone adder with ripple-carry adders was selected as the best design, and its implemented in the design of a 32-bit arithmetic logic unit is demonstrated.
Neuropeptide fusion of two motor-pattern generator circuits

ANIMALS make many different movements as circumstances dictate. These movements often involve the coordination of several neural networks, the output of which can be changed by modulatory substances1–4. Here we report that the neuropeptide red pigment concentrating hormone modulates the interactions between two rhythmic pattern-generating networks in the lobster stomatogastric nervous system. Red pigment concentrating hormone markedly enhances the amplitude of synaptic interactions between elements of two pattern-generating networks—the cardiac sac and the gastric mill. Consequently, two networks operating under some circumstances virtually independently can be fused into one functional unit operating differently from either of the two original networks. These results show how a neuropeptide can alter the functional configuration of a neural network so that widely disparate outputs can be produced by the same neurons.
The predictability of corneal flap thickness and tissue laser ablation in laser in situ keratomileusis

Abstract Objective To evaluate the relationship between predicted flap thickness and actual flap thickness and between predicted tissue ablation and actual tissue ablation. Design Prospective, nonrandomized comparative (self-controlled) trial. Participants A total of 60 patients (102 eyes) who underwent laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Main outcome measures Subtraction pachymetry was used to determine actual corneal flap thickness and corneal tissue ablation depth. Other measurements included flap diameter and keratometry readings. Results Actual flap thickness was significantly different ( P P Conclusions Actual corneal flap thickness was consistently less than predicted regardless of the depth plate used; actual tissue ablation was consistently greater than predicted tissue ablation for the laser used in this study.
The influence of surface roughness on the bond strength of composite to dental hard tissues after Er:YAG laser irradiation

The uniformity of laser treated hard tissue surfaces depends on the laser beam quality and the degree of spatial overlap between adjacent laser pulses. Since the surface roughness or surface topography is expected to influence adhesion, our aim in this study was to assess the influence of the surface topography on the adhesion of composite to both enamel and dentin treated at the optimal conditions for the efficient ablation of those tissues with the Er:YAG laser. Human dentin and bovine enamel samples were uniformly irradiated by an Er:YAG laser operating with a pulse duration of 20-30-μs. The laser pulses were 300-μm in diameter with the laser operating in a single TEM00 transverse mode, and the distance between laser spots was varied from 50-200-μm. A motion control system and a pressurized spray system incorporating a microprocessor controlled pulsed nozzle for water delivery, were used to ensure uniform treatment of the entire surface. Shear bond testing was used to evaluate the adhesive strength in order to assess the suitability of laser treated surfaces for bonding. The effect of the degree of overlap of adjacent laser pulses on the surface roughness and the shear bond strength of composite to enamel and dentin is reported.
Attractants and phagostimulants used for control and estimation of grasshopper populations

An attractant-phagostimulant for grasshoppers was prepared by soaking newsprint paper in diluted molasses and drying. The dried paper was competitive with natural vegetation in eliciting feeding by grasshoppers in grasslands habitats, but was less effective in dense vegetation such as alfalfa. The treated paper served as an edible carrier for selective control agents. Population estimates determined by cage-vacuum samples were compared with estimates calculated from sweep-net samples and the amount of feeding on treated papers. Multiple regression analysis of feeding activity on population and environmental factors was used to derive population estimation equations. RESUME SUBSTANCES ATTRAYANTES ET PHAGOSTIMULANTES UTILISEES POUR LA LUTTE CONTRE LES SAUTERELLES ET L'ESTIMATION DE LEURS POPULATIONS Comme substrat auquel on peut incorporer des phagostimulants, le papier-journal offre une combinaison ideale des proprietes physiques recherchees et il est facile a trouver a bas prix. Trempe dans de la melasse diluee et seche, il constitue un produit attrayant et phagostimulant efficace, qui provoque l'alimentation chez les sauterelles aussi bien que la vegetation naturelle. L'addition d'insecticides n'a pas diminue la reaction d'alimentation mais les sauterelles etaient tuees avant d'avoir mange a satiete. Le papier traite a ete utilise comme support comestible du carbaryl dans des essais de terrain. A des taux de 62,5 a 123 g m.a./ha de carbaryl, on a obtenu une destruction efficace des populations de sauterelles, comparable a celle obtenue par des applications aeriennes a bas volume de 560 g/ha. On n'a utilise que de petites parcelles de moins de 4 ha. La quantite de papier traite mangee pendant une periode connue peut etre utilisee comme indice des populations de sauterelles et des facteurs connexes de l'environnement. On a mis au point des modeles pour decrire les taux d'alimentation. Les papiers traites ont ete offerts aux populations de sauterelles dans deux habitats differents, une prairie et un champ de luzerne proche. On a enregistre les donnees meteorologiques ainsi que les donnees sur la vegetation. Les populations ont ete echantillonnees avec une cage a aspiration et des filets-fauchoirs. On a utilise une analyse de regression lineaire multiple pour etablir une relation entre l'activite alimentaire, ou les collections au filet-fauchoir et les conditions de l'environnement. Les facteurs de l'environnement les plus importants etaient la densite de la vegetation, le vent et la temperature.
Nonsurgical management of traumatic cardiac pseudoaneurysms

CLINICAL SUMMARY A 50-year-old man presented to the emergency department (ED) after being involved in a motor vehicle collision. He had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting 10 years previously. In the ED, he was intubated and bilateral chest tubes were placed for bilateral pneumothoraces. Injuries included an extensive scalp laceration that was repaired in the ED, bilateral pulmonary contusions, bilateral rib fractures, right femur fracture, and right tibia/fibula fracture. Computed tomography scan of the chest, performed on arrival, showed a 5 3 8-cm anteroposterior 3 left-right (AP 3 LR) pseudoaneurysm of his right ventricle (RV). At the time of admission, the patient’s systolic blood pressure was 70 mm Hg and pulse rate was 108 beats/min. Physical examination revealed a fractured sternum in multiple locations, palpable as numerous floating islands. Vasopressors were necessary to sustain an adequate perfusion pressure. Twelve units of blood were transfused within the first 7 hours of admission. Echocardiography performed on admission demonstrated an akinetic and dilated RV infundibulum. Continuous color Doppler flow was observed within the RV outflow tract, suggesting blood flow into an RV pseudoaneurysm. No tricuspid regurgitant jet was seen to suggest severe pulmonary hypertension, which would increase the concern for pseudoaneurysm rupture. The echocardiogram showed no evidence of pericardial effusion or tamponade. Given the patient’s degree of hemodynamic instability, which was attributed to blood loss from his multiple long bone fractures, we concluded that any immediate cardiac intervention would entail prohibitively high operative risk. We were also concerned that reoperative sternotomy and subsequent closure would be
The interfacial turbulence in falling film absorption: effects of additives

Abstract The results of vertical falling film experiments on the absorption of water vapor to aqueous lithium bromide solutions with an additive, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, are reported. During the absorption, the film becomes highly turbulent. Consequently, the heat and mass transfer is significantly enhanced by turbulent mixing. In addition, the instability mechanisms are detailed. In the vicinity of water absorption, surface-tension gradients due to the lower LiBr concentration, the lower additive concentration, and the higher temperature at the interface, can favor instability of the falling film.
Suicidal behavior and Becker's definition of irrationality.

A dichotomy of suicidal individuals previously proposed (impulsive versus chronically disturbed) is shown to parallel a dichotomy of irrational behavior described in 1962 by Gary Becker.
The role of the pituitary in regulating steroid secretion by the avian adrenal

Abstract Two weeks after hypophysectomy the “resting” level of corticosterone in the effluent blood from the adrenals of hypophysectomized chickens was 40% lower than in intact fowl. The output of corticosterone by hypophysectomized chickens, intact chickens, or intact pheasants increased during the time a series of hourly blood samples were collected from the adrenal vein. However, the magnitude of response in the hypophysectomized chickens was considerably less than that of intact birds. Intravenous administration of ACTH to hypophysectomized chickens or to intact pheasants elevated the amount of corticosterone in adrenal venous blood. It was concluded that the avian pituitary plays a major role in controlling the output of corticosterone by the adrenal, although the adrenals of these galliform birds are capable of functioning independently of pituitary regulation to a limited extent.
Effect of protein source during weight loss on body composition, cardiometabolic risk and physical performance in abdominally obese, older adults: A pilot feeding study

Objectives The purpose of this pilot study was to begin to examine the effect of dietary protein source (soy protein versus non-soy protein) during weight loss on body composition, and cardiometabolic and functional decline risk factors in older, abdominally obese adults.
Stereochemical influence of the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand on the isocyanide insertion reactions of the 1-sila-3-hafnacyclobutane complex,

Abstract The insertion reactions of CNMe and CN-t-Bu with , 1, have been investigated to evaluate the stereoelectronic influence of the Cp∗ ligand on the competitive 1,2-silyl shift and reduction coupling pathways previously observed for . Under ambient conditions the addition of CNMe to 1 proceeds with the sequential formation of , 2, and , 3. Alternatively, the addition of excess CNMe below -5δC to 1 occurs with reductive coupling to produce , 4, In contrast, the addition of two equivalents of CN-t-Bu to 1 does not afford the corresponding cyclic enamide species but proceeds with the sequential formation of , 5, and , 6. The molecular structures of 3 and 6 have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The puckered 1-sila-3,5-diaza-4-hafnacyclohexane ring of 3 adopts a chair conformation with the folding along the N…N' vector being 19.3° out of the N', Hf, N plane toward the smaller Cp ligand and the folding along the C(1)…C(1)' vector being 43.3° in the opposite direction toward the Cp∗ ligand. The molecular structure of 6 is consistent with nucleophilic attack of CN-t-Bu at the η2-immunoacyl carbon of 5 occurring exclusively from the side opposite to the Cp∗ ligand. The second equivalentof CN-t-Bu displaces the η2-iminoacyl group away from the Hf atom, eventually placing the resultant imine group of 6 syn to the Cp∗ ligand.
The genesis of energy balance modeling and the cool sun paradox

Abstract The works of S.A. Arrhenius and W.J. Humphreys relating to the radiation balance of the earth are reviewed briefly. These pioneers in energy balance climatology showed considerable understanding of the processes modulating the climate system and helped pave the way for later research. A coarse grid global climate model is then used to try to resolve one of the first puzzles to emerge from climate modeling, the cool sun paradox. The effort is partially successful. Even after 100 model years with a 30% reduction of the solar constant, 30% of the earth's land surface is still snow free. Continental snow cover advances much more rapidly in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere as the solar constant decreases. At a decrease of 15–20% the oceans are completely iced over.
The role of splenectomy in neonatal idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Abstract Although the clinical course of most infants with neonatal idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is benign and self-limited, extracutaneous bleeding is relatively common and potentially dangerous. Intracranial bleeding is the most common complication of this disease, and its occurrence demands prompt control. Emergency splenectomy has been most effective in accomplishing such control in this series. Splenectomy should be avoided as an elective procedure in early childhood. However, in the life-endangering situation of central nervous system bleeding with this disease, the operation has been dramatically successful and thoroughly justified.
Achieving extra‐genre rhetorical goals: Disarming expectations

Though genre theory in rhetoric and rhetorical criticism has been the subject of much research regarding situations, audience expectations, and characteristics of particular genres, there is no discussion of how a speaker might successfully violate genre in order to talk about issues she or he feels are more important. An instance of this exceptional situation is John Hampden Chamberlayne's 1881 Confederate memorial speech, “Graves of the Cray.” Chamberlayne's approach of “disarming expectations” may be generalized within a communication rules perspective, opening new lines of research into the other side of genre theory, and new opportunities for the integration of humanistic and social scientific theory and research.
The use of punched paper tape interfacing between a scintillation spectrometer and a digital computer

Abstract This report describes modifications which may be made to a teletype unit to allow automatic entry into a computer program of data on punched paper tape. Data from an analytical instrument is collected on punched paper tape and subsequently entered from this tape into a computer program through the tape reader of the teletype computer terminal. A micro-switch, activated by the carriage return lever, turns off the tape reader after each carriage return character on the tape. A character symbol, entered either at the keyboard or remotely, resets the microswitch and the tape is read until the next carriage return character. This eliminates formatting problems often encountered in reading data from punched paper tape.
A 5" active-matrix electrophoretic panel driven by organic TFTs

We successfully fabricated 5-inch organic thin film transistors array with 320×240 pixels on flexible substrate. All the processes were done by photolithography, spin coating and ink-jet printing. The OTFT-Electrophoretic (EP) pixel structure, based on a top gate OTFT, was fabricated. The mobility, ON/OFF ratio, subthreshold swing and threshold voltage of OTFT on flexible substrate are: 0.01 cm2/V-s, 1.3 V/dec, 10E5 and -3.5 V. After laminated the EP media on OTFT array, a panel of 5 inch 320×240 OTFT-EPD was fabricated. All of process temperature in 10×10 OTFT-EPD is lower than 150 . The pixel size in our panel is 300 μm × 300 μm, and the aperture ratio is 50 %. The OTFT channel length and width is 20 μm and 200μm, respectively. We also used OTFT to drive EP media successfully. The operation voltages that are used on the gate bias are -30 V during the row data selection and the gate bias are 0 V during the row data hold time. The data voltages that are used on the source bias are -20 V, 0 V, and 20 V during display media operation.
New Elements as Potential Refractories

EXAMINATION of a Lothar–Meyer plot with reference to the synthesis of elements up to 102, and the possibility of producing even higher elements, lead to some rather interesting speculations. On observation of the Lothar–Meyer plot of melting points (Fig. 1) several different types of characteristic periodic variations become apparent. Within Groups IA (lithium to caesium), IB (zinc to mercury), IIA (beryllium to barium), IIIA (boron to thallium), IVA (carbon to lead) and IVB (titanium to hafnium) the melting points tend to decrease with increasing atomic number. Within groups VB (vanadium to tantalum), VIA (oxygen to polonium), VIB (chromium to tungsten), VIIA (fluorine to astatine), VIIB (manganese to rhenium), VIIIA (helium to radon) and VIIIB (iron to osmium) the melting points tend to increase with increasing atomic number. Groups IIIB (scandium to lanthanum), VA (nitrogen to bismuth) and VIIIB (cobalt to iridium and nickel to platinum) exhibit an intermediate behaviour in which the melting points first increase and then decrease with increasing atomic number; and group IB (copper to gold) exhibits a slight minimum.
Movement and segregation of kinetochores experimentally detached from mammalian chromosomes.

The kinetochore is a specialized structure at the centromere of eukaryotic chromosomes that attaches chromosomes to the mitotic spindle1,2. Recently, several lines of evidence have suggested that kinetochores may have more than a passive role in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. Kinetochores seem to attract and 'capture' microtubules that grow from the spindle poles and microtubules may lengthen or shorten by the addition or subtraction of tubulin subunits at their kinetochore-associated ends3–6. An attractive hypothesis is that kinetochores function as 'self-contained engines running on a microtubule track'5. Here, we show that kinetochores can be experimentally detached from chromosomes when caffeine is applied to Chinese hamster ovary cells that are arrested in the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. The detached kinetochore fragments can still interact with spindle microtubules and complete all the mitotic movements in the absence of other chromosomal components. As these cells enter mitosis before DNA synthesis is completed, chromosome replication need not be a prerequisite for the pairing, alignment and segregation of kinetochores.
Structural origins of bulky oxidative DNA adducts (type II I-compounds) as deduced by oxidation of oligonucleotides of known sequence.

Bulky DNA adducts, previously termed type II I-compounds, are detected by 32P-postlabeling following treatment of DNA with several Fenton-type oxygen radical-generating reagents, i.e., mixtures of Fe(II) or Ni(II) and H2O2. In an attempt to characterize the chemical nature and mechanism(s) of formation of these novel adducts, 16 single-stranded deoxyribooligonucleotides (20- and 21-mers) of known sequence were oxidized with Fe(II) or Ni(II) and H2O2, and the products were analyzed by 32P-postlabeling. Eight adducts were obtained reproducibly by oxidation of DNA and test oligonucleotides in a sequence-dependent manner. One major adduct (2) was formed only if the test oligonucleotide contained two adjacent adenine residues. Similarly, adducts 3 and 8 specifically originated in AC and CA sequences, respectively. Adduct 6 required a 5‘-C-purine-3‘ sequence. On the other hand, GN sequences (where N is any normal nucleotide) gave rise to adduct 1, another major product, and adduct 7. Similarly, adducts 4 and 5 ...
Rapid evolution: from genes to communities, and back again?

Summary Ecologists now recognize that ecologically important traits sometimes undergo large heritable changes on the same time-scale as ecological change (‘rapid’ or ‘contemporary’ evolution). We know much less about the meanings of ‘sometimes’ (how often?) and ‘important’ (how important?). I review some of what I and my collaborators have learned about rapid evolution and suggest some of its implications. Rapid evolution is common: when conditions change, traits evolve. But the rate of change is hard to predict, even across a set of published laboratory predator–prey experiments, and very similar trait changes can result from very different molecular mechanisms, even within one species. Evolutionary rescue (adaptive response to a detrimental environmental change) is common, but not always effective. The full range is observed, from little to almost complete compensation for environmental change. Cases of limited compensation show that strong selection is necessary, but not sufficient for rapid adaptation. The response of the copepod Onychodiaptomus sanguineus to fluctuating predation shows that the time-scale of environmental variation is important. The response of Daphnia galeata to eutrophication shows that life-history trade-offs and constraints can prevent evolution from buffering the entire life history against environmental changes. Eco-evolutionary dynamics are harder to predict when traits affecting multiple interactions evolve. Theory predicted, and experiments confirmed, a much larger range of possible evolutionary outcomes when a prey species evolves defences against two predators rather than one. These and other recent findings suggest that the devil is in the details: many subtle factors, such as how trade-offs depend on resource availability, can have large effects on eco-evolutionary dynamics. Ecologists are increasingly engaged in predicting the ecological effects of human impacts such as species introductions and climate change. Forecasting evolutionary responses is part of that challenge. One implication of the ‘newest synthesis’ is that rapid adaptation to changing conditions is nothing new, so the past and present can tell us a lot about the future. If prediction is our goal, then developing predictive theory for eco-evolutionary dynamics, and testing it in tractable model systems, should be a priority.
Arrest of In Vitro T Cell Differentiation of Normal Bone Marrow-Derived CD34+ Stem Cells with Thymic Epithelial Fragments from Children with AIDS

A novel approach is presented to assess the ability of thymic tissues obtained from children with end stage AIDS to attract normal bone marrow (BM)-derived CD34+ (lineage negative) stem cells (SCs) and support lymphopoiesis in vitro. Chemokinesis of BM-derived CD34+ SCs was analyzed by time-lapse videomicroscopy to ascertain whether an alteration in SC motility could contribute to abnormal thymopoiesis under conditions of HIV infection. The migration of SCs derived from an HIV+ donor into thymic tissue was not significantly altered compared to normal controls, as were normal SCs migrating toward thymic epithelial cell monolayers derived from an HIV+ patient. Thymic tissue obtained from children with AIDS contained nests of CD34+ SCs identified by immunofluorescence, indicating SC homing to the thymus is apparently supported in HIV infection. The ability of HIV-affected thymic epithelial fragments to support lymphopoiesis was determined by examining the initial thymocyte populations present, compared to thymocytes produced de novo in T cell-depleted thymic fragments, following a single pulse of lineage negative CD34+ CD38− SCs. In comparison to normal controls, thymocytes derived from the HIV-affected thymic epithelial fragment coculture had an increased percentage of triple negative thymocytes (28% of lymphocytes from HIV-affected tissue versus 1.5% in controls, p < 0.01) and a decreased percentage of double and single positive CD4+ thymocytes. However, CD3+CD8+ TCRαβ+ expression was comparable to control cultured thymic epithelial fragments indicating that HIV-affected thymic epithelia were capable of supporting the development of the CD8+ lineage. In an effort to extend the information obtained to date from the histological examination of HIV-affected thymic tissue, select patient thymic tissues were maintained in culture to evaluate the capacity of undifferentiated thymic epithelial cell guirlandes to differentiate in vitro. A partial regeneration of certain subpopulations of the thymic epithelium defined by TE-4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and CDR2 mAbs occurred during the in vitro culture. The epithelial and mesenchymal components of thymic tissues were distinguished by immunostaining for keratins (indicative of epithelium) and vimentin (a mesenchymal marker). Further evaluation of the modulation of HIV thymus, with respect to the testing of new therapeutic strategies on SCs, will be possible with this in vitro model.
The role of gravitation in thermal physics (and thermo field theory)

Abstract With his introduction of quantum mechanical considerations in the treatment of gravitating systems, Hawking indicated a way for the inclusion of general relativity into quantum (and, in particular, thermal) physics. However, probably the single most difficult phenomenon to deal with, subsequent to his work, has been the gravitational attraction of the very feature which his work leads to, viz, the thermal bath surrounding a black hole in equilibrium. It was not until York introduced a finite containing box for the system that certain problematical infinities could be removed and the treatment became well defined, with a sensible, describable, thermodynamic limit, and the possibility of finally realizing a satisfactory canonical ensemble for a black hole in a box. Gravitating systems could then be described thermodynamically, and the problem naturally admitted a path integral formulation which has been used to determine the contribution of non-classical geometries to the partition function for the black hole topological sector of the gravitational field. The application of this method to more familiar problems with a fixed space-time suggests an explicit interpretation of the theory of thermo field dynamics when thermal disturbances of the gravitational field can be ignored. This particular understanding may be extended to include small perturbative fluctuations of the geometry (loosely called gravitons) but it seems inappropriate for dealing with the actual structure of the space-time manifold, whereas gravitational thermodynamics, as referred to above, would remain perfectly adequate.
Transcriptional Regulation of the Human Nonmuscle Myosin II Heavy Chain-A Gene IDENTIFICATION OF THREE CLUSTERED CIS-ELEMENTS IN INTRON-1 WHICH MODULATE TRANSCRIPTION IN A CELL TYPE- AND DIFFERENTIATION STATE-DEPENDENT MANNER

In an attempt to identify cis-acting elements for transcriptional regulation of the human nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain (MHC)-A gene, the region extending 20 kilobases (kb) upstream and 40 kb downstream from the transcription start sites, which includes the entire 37-kb intron 1, was examined. Using transient transfection analysis of luciferase reporter constructs, a 100-base pair (bp) region (N2d) in intron 1, located 23 kb downstream from the transcriptional start sites, has been found to activate transcription in a cell type- and differentiation state-dependent manner. Maximum activity (approximately 20-fold) is seen in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and intermediate activity (7-fold) in proliferating and undifferentiated C2C12 myoblasts. In contrast, this region is almost inactive in terminally differentiated C2C12 myotubes, in which endogenous nonmuscle MHC-A expression is down-regulated. Gel mobility shift assays and methylation interference analyses were performed using NIH 3T3 nuclear extracts to determine the protein-binding elements for transcription factors. Three binding elements have been identified within the N2d region. Antibody-supershift experiments, as well as competition experiments using consensus binding sequences for specific transcription factors, revealed that the most 5'-element, C (GGGAGGGGCC) is recognized specifically and exclusively by Sp1 and Sp3 transcriptional factors. Element C is immediately followed by a novel element, A (GTGACCC). A third element, F (GTGTCAGGTG), which contains an E-box, is located 50 bp 3' to element A. Element F can be recognized partially by upstream stimulatory factors, USF1 and/or USF2. Transfection studies with luciferase reporter constructs which include mutations in all three elements in various combinations demonstrate that the A and C binding factors cooperatively activate transcriptional activity in NIH 3T3 cells. The F binding factor shows an additive effect on transcription.
Rotating channel flow: Control and upstream currents

Abstract Theory and experiments are presented for critically controlled flow of a layer of inviscid rotating fluid. Flow is controlled by a level passage. For a wide upstream channel of fixed depth (i.e. constant potential vorticity) the volume flux on the right-hand wall is unaffected by passage flow. This suggests that specifying Bernoulli potential on the right-hand passage wall produces a physically well-posed condition. The specification results in one less dimensionless number than was required by previous formulations to specify flow in the controlled passage. The upstream flow needs the same number as before, so that a range of upstream conditions produce exactly the same passage flow. A laboratory study is conducted using a thin layer of water under air. This is pumped in steadily at various locations in a deep rotating upstream basin, with fluid leaving through a level passage. All currents in the upstream basin cross to the left-hand wall as the current approaches the passage over a sloping bot...