cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latency of motor evoked potentials to focal transcranial stimulation varies as a function of scalp positions stimulated.

Abstract We recorded motor evoked potentials (MEP) to transcranial magnetic stimulation from abductor pollicis brevis (APB), flexor carpi radialis (FCR), biceps brachii and deltoid muscles at rest and during slight voluntary activation. An 8-shaped coil connected to a Cadwell MES-10 magnetic stimulator was positioned over different scalp positions 1 cm apart. At least 24 stimuli were delivered at each location. Latencies of MEPs were compared with those obtained by electrical and magnetic stimulation during muscle activation. Progressively longer MEP latencies were obtained in 5 groups depending on the type and position of stimulation. The shortest latencies were obtained with (1) electrical stimulation during muscle contraction and (2) non-focal magnetic stimulation during muscle contraction; magnetic stimulation at rest produced longer latencies with stimulation of (3) an optimal position, (4) a suboptimal position, and (5) a non-optimal position. Mean latency differences between successive groups were 1.9, 2.0, 1.6, and 2.6 msec for APB. Similar latency differences were found for the other arm muscles. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the different latencies evoked by stimulation at different scalp locations are determined by the summation at spinal motoneurons of excitatory postsynaptic potentials generated by successive numbers of I waves.
Gene Therapy for the Extension of Vein Graft Patency: A Review

The mainstay of treatment for long-segment small-vessel chronic occlusive disease not amenable to endovascular intervention remains surgical bypass grafting using autologous vein. The procedure is largely successful and the immediate operative results almost always favorable. However, the lifespan of a given vein graft is highly variable, and less than 50% will remain primarily patent after 5 years. The slow process of graft malfunction is a result of the vein's chronic maladaptive response to the systemic arterial environment, its primary component being the uncontrolled proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). It has recently been suggested that this response might be attenuated through pre-implantation genetic modification of the vein, so-called gene therapy for the extension of vein graft patency. Gene therapy seems particularly well suited for the prevention or postponement of vein graft failure since: (1) the stimulation of SMC proliferation appears to largely be an early and transient process, matching the kinetics of current gene transfer technology; (2) most veins are relatively normal and free of disease at the time of bypass allowing for effective gene transfer using a variety of systems; and (3) the target tissue is directly accessible during operation because manipulation and irrigation of the vein is part of the normal workflow of the surgical procedure. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge of the incidence and basic mechanisms of vein graft failure, the vector systems and molecular targets that have been proposed as possible pre-treatments, the results of experimental genetic modification of vein grafts, and the few available clinical studies of gene therapy for vascular proliferative disorders.
Intraurban manufacturing location decisions and local tax differentials

Abstract This study examines the role that fiscal factors play in the intrametropolitan location decisions of manufacturing firms. Emphasis is placed on analyzing location choices of relocating firms, rather than existing patterns of economic activity or estimating changes in net employment. The results indicate that the property tax rate is a significant location factor to relocating firms selecting sites within an urban area and that income tax differentials have a negative but weak influence on those decisions. The location disincentives of property taxes are strongest for large firms and tend to decrease with firm size.
Adsorption of Water on Silica

SINCE the announcement1 of anomalous water, its properties have been investigated by several workers2,3, but little understanding of its structure has been achieved. In our laboratory recently we obtained water adsorption results on silica surfaces that have been treated so as to contain only freely vibrating hydroxyl groups or only hydrogen bonded hydroxyl groups in addition to the ever present siloxane linkages (unpublished). The adsorption of water on the freely vibrating hydroxyl group gives rise to a typical type III isotherm. Quantitative measurements of water adsorption on the hydrogen bonded groups indicated that up to a pressure of 13 torr the adsorption took place in two steps. The first step corresponded to the adsorption of one molecule of water for each pair of hydrogen bonded hydroxyls, while the second step showed that a further two molecules of water became adsorbed for each pair of H-bonded hydroxyls, presumably as a second layer. This evidence suggests that the results may have a bearing on the structure of anomalous water, which is prepared by the condensation of water in small capillaries from a water atmosphere in which p/p0 is close to one. In view of this we have extended our measurements of water adsorption on the H-bonded surface hydroxyls out to p/p0→1.
Wellness works: community service health promotion groups led by occupational therapy students.

Objective In the context of a group process course, occupational therapy students learned health promotion skills through working on personal wellness goals and leading community-based health promotion groups. The groups targeted topics such as smoking cessation, improving diet, reducing stress through yoga, meditation, tai chi chuan, ROM (Range of Motion) Dance, aerobics, and a variety of other activities. Method After identifying a personal wellness goal and developing it in a Wellness Awareness Learning Contract, each student used a Goal Attainment Scale (GAS) to predict an expected outcome for achieving the goal and to measure his or her progress toward attaining the goal. Students also used the GAS to measure progress in attaining group leadership skills within the community groups, which they outlined in a separate Group Skills Contract. Students kept weekly logs to foster reflective thinking, and the logs were used for interactive dialogue with the instructor. To further evaluate lifestyle change, students compared pretest and posttest scores on a Self-Assessment Scorecard, which surveyed six areas of health and human potential in body, mind, and spirit. Results Students monitored their own change process on both their personal health lifestyle goals and their group leadership skills while developing a richer appreciation of the dynamics of working for change with clients in community and traditional settings. Differences on the Self-Assessment Scorecard indicated improvement on two of the six scales for physical health and choices. Conclusion Students experienced firsthand the challenges of developing healthier lifestyles on the basis of their personal goals as well as through fostering group changes. The two GAS learning contracts provided them with concrete evidence of their growth and learning. This experience--embedded in the context of a group process course with a community service learning group practicum--provided most students with a positive initial experience with group leadership as they began to explore roles as agents for lifestyle and health change. Suggestions for expanding health promotion roles in practice in the changing health care environment are also examined.
Path-averaged turbulent heat fluxes from scintillation measurements at two wavelengths

Measuring the scintillation of two electromagnetic waves that have propagated over a horizontal path near the earth's surface is tantamount to measuring the turbulent surface fluxes of sensible (HS) and latent (HL) heat, if we choose the wavelengths correctly. I call this the two-wavelength method. Here I show how to choose the two wavelengths and how to find the heat fluxes from a scintillation variable, Cn2 , the refractive index structure parameter. We optimize the two wavelength method by pairing a short wavelength--one in the visible or infrared regions--with a long wavelength--one in the millimeter or radio regions. With such a two-wavelength combination, HS and HL will, typically, have uncertainties of 10-20% when the Bowen ratio, Bo = HS/HL, obeys -2.5 < Bo < -0.015 or 0.03 < Bo < 5.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Damascene copper interconnects with polymer ILDs

Abstract On-chip interconnects with copper metallization and polymer interlevel dielectrics (ILDs) have the lowest R-C delay, lowest parasitic coupling and highest electromigration resistance of currently proposed room temperature material sets. Patterning of such interconnect structures requires either damascene patterning (chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) of copper deposited into trenches and via reactive ion etching (RIE) into the polymer) or elevated temperature RIE patterning of the copper. In this paper we present the dual damascene patterning of copper on low dielectric constant polymers like divinylsiloxane bisbenzocyclobutene (DVS bis BCB) and parylene-n. In particular, we present and discuss various RIE polymer etch masks and CMP polish stops that have been utilized in this work (such as PECVD silicon nitride, PECVD silicon dioxide and tantalum) and the results with different pads and slurries. Emphasis is placed on achieving a planar copper CMP with a minimum amount of polish stop and polymer ILD erosion, as well as attaining low contact resistance. Difficulties in achieving these desirable features with relatively soft low dielectric constant polymers are presented, with contact resistivity in the mid 10−9 Ω-cm2 having been achieved to date.
The never-ending struggle: US press coverage of contraception 2000–2013:

In 1873, the Comstock Act labeled contraceptive information and materials obscene and banned their distribution. The issue divided the United States then, and it divides the nation today. This essa...
Resource Letter NO-1: Nonlinear Optics

This Resource Letter provides a guide to the literature on nonlinear optics. Books, journals, and websites are introduced that cover the general subject. Journal articles and websites are cited covering the following topics: second-order nonlinearities in transparent media including second-harmonic generation and optical parametric oscillation, third-order and higher nonlinearities, nonlinear refractive index, absorptive nonlinearities such as saturable absorption and multiphoton absorption, and scattering nonlinearities such as stimulated Raman scattering and stimulated Brillouin scattering. Steady-state and transient phenomena, fiber optics, solitons, nonlinear wave mixing, optical phase conjugation, nonlinear spectroscopy, and multiphoton microscopy are all outlined.
On Predicting the Effects of Streamline Curvature on the Turbulent Prandtl Number

Streamline curvature in the plane of the mean flow is known to exert a proportionately greater effect on the turbulent mixing processes than might be expected from inspection of the conservation equations governing the evolution of the turbulence field. For the case of momentum transport, streamline curvature in the destabilizing sense increases the Reynolds stresses throughout all regions of the flow while the effects of stabilizing curvature are to reduce these parameters relative to their plane flow values. In the limit of strong stabilizing effects, the turbulence activity is suppressed altogether with the mean flow and turbulence parameters asymptoting to their laminar-flow limits. When heat transfer is present, the experimental findings appear to suggest that the rate of heat transfer by the turbulent motions is more sensitive to the effects of curvature than that of momentum transfer. This is equivalent to an increase in the value of the turbulent Prandtl number with increasing stabilizing curvature. The conventional gradient-transport model, with its built-in assumption of constant Prandtl number, cannot reproduce this result. The purpose of the work reported in this paper was to investigate whether the use of alternative, explicit, and nonlinear models for the turbulent scalar fluxes results in the prediction of a more realistic response of the turbulent Prandtl number to stabilizing curvature effects.
On-line publication of CS laboratories

Many computer science educators are actively developing laboratory materials in support of their courses because the lab activities provide a rich learning environment. Some instructors are hesitant to pursue this type of pedagogy because of the time commitment required or because of a lack of materials to use as a starting point. This paper describes the development of a repository of computer science laboratories to encourage development and use of labs.The project described is an on-line repository, a database developed for the WEB using HTML forms to help tailor user requests for information. The backbone of the repository is currently CGI scripts written in PERL. The features of the prototype include lab submission, searching by keyword or topic, and an annotation capability for each lab.We also describe the plans for a SIGCSE sponsored peer reviewed on-line repository of lab materials which will create a recognized avenue for the dissemination of labs. The peer review process will help insure a level of quality, and grant developers recognition for their scholarly work in support of teaching.
What does the future hold for diabetic dyslipidaemia

Preliminary evidence from trials with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), simvastatin and pravastatin, suggests that aggressive treatment of diabetic dyslipidaemia will reduce coronary events. Questions regarding the prevention of cardiovascular events in diabetic patients are now being addressed in prospectively designed trials. The first question is, can aggressive treatment of dyslipidaemia lead to primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes? This is being addressed in the ongoing Atorvastatin Study for the Prevention of coronary heart disease Endpoints in NIDDM (ASPEN) and the Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS). These trials will randomize over 4000 patients with type 2 diabetes and no previous myocardial infarction to either atorvastatin or placebo for 4 years. The second question is, are there benefits for aggressive lipid lowering to levels below those recommended in current treatment guidelines, i.e. is lower better? Results from the recent Atorvastatin VErsus Revascularization Treatment (AVERT) trial suggest this to be the case. AVERT showed that, in stable coronary heart disease patients who had been referred for revascularization, aggressive lowering of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with atorvastatin 80 mg/day (to a mean level of 2.0 mmol/L [77 mg/dL]) reduced the incidence of ischaemic events by 36% compared with angioplasty and usual care (which reduced LDL cholesterol to 3.1 mmol/dL]). The 36% reduction in events with atorvastatin versus angioplasty and usual care trended towards significance (p=0.048). The benefits of aggressive lipid-lowering therapy are also being investigated in the ongoig Treating to New Targets (TNT) and Incremental Decrease in Endpoints through Aggressive Lipid lowering (IDEAL) trials. These studies will more closely examine the benefits of treating diabetic dyslipidaemia, and will determine how aggressively this abnormal lipid profile should be treated.
Chemistry of lens nuclear sclerosis.

Abstract Two forms of insoluble protein have been isolated from the rat lens based upon their solubility in 7M urea. The urea soluble form, found mainly in the cortex of the lens, contains nearly equal levels of alpha and gamma crystallins, and appears to be associated by hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. The urea insoluble form, found mainly in the nucleus of the lens contains mostly gamma crystallin, and is held together by covalent linkages, such as SS bonds. The data strongly indicates that nuclear sclerosis during aging is dus to the conversion of the urea-soluble form to the urea-insoluble form in the nucleus dependent upon these factors: dehydration, SH unmasking, pressure, and gamma crystallin contant.
Simplified analysis of offshore piles under cyclic lateral loads

Abstract A simple theory for predicting the response to cyclic lateral loading of piles deeply driven in either soft clay or sand is presented and formulas given for calculating, among other things, deflection and internal bending moment along the pile. The theory assumes the soil resistance to deflection to be characterized by an initial elastic reaction up to a critical deflection level, followed by a yield reaction independent of further deflection. Soil parameters are estimated and the theory is shown to provide good correlation with existing field data.
Evaluation and Treatment of Painful Total Hip Arthroplasties With Modular Metal Taper Junctions

Modern primary total hip arthroplasty femoral components have evolved to include modular necks. Subsequently, the additional taper junction provides another interface as a potential source for mechanically assisted crevice corrosion, which is a complex process involving fretting and crevice corrosion. Furthermore, it is becoming evident that an adverse local tissue reaction may result in some patients due to the mechanically assisted crevice corrosion. This article details the clinical, radiographic, and laboratory evaluation of patients with these components who present with persistent pain. The relevant surgical strategies and techniques to address this pathology in symptomatic patients are addressed.
Numerical simulations of the polariton kinetic energy distribution in GaAs quantum-well microcavity structures

Recent experiments have shown that polaritons in microcavities behave like a Bose-Einstein condensate above a critical density threshold and at low temperature. The polaritons are not in full equilibrium, however, due to particle decay and streaming in of generated particles from high-energy states. In this paper we present a full simulation of the thermalization of polariton and exciton populations, including polariton-polariton and exciton-exciton scattering, phonon emission and absorption, and polariton scattering with free electrons. We find that we can obtain good fits over a wide range of polariton densities. The fits imply that the enhancement of the polariton-polariton scattering due to Bose-Einstein statistics does indeed play the major role in the particles piling up in low-energy states, which is the precursor to Bose condensation. Our fits also indicate that at low density, scattering of the polaritons with free electrons plays a more important role than polaritonphonon scattering.
Optimal network location queries

Given a set S of sites and a set O of weighted objects, an optimal location query finds the location(s) where introducing a new site maximizes the total weight of the objects that are closer to the new site than to any other site. With such a query, for instance, a franchise corporation (e.g., McDonald's) can find a location to open a new store such that the number of potential store customers (i.e., people living close to the store) is maximized. Optimal location queries are computationally complex to compute and require efficient solutions that scale with large datasets. Previously, two specific approaches have been proposed for efficient computation of optimal location queries. However, they both assume p-norm distance (namely, L1 and L2/Euclidean); hence, they are not applicable where sites and objects are located on spatial networks. In this paper, we focus on optimal network location (ONL) queries, i.e., optimal location queries with which objects and sites reside on a spatial network. We introduce an approach, namely EONL (short for Expansion-based ONL), which enables efficient computation of ONL queries. Moreover, with an extensive experimental study we verify and compare the efficiency of our proposed approach with real datasets, and we demonstrate the importance of considering network distance (rather than p-norm distance) with ONL queries.
Sustained Hypoxia-Ischemia Results in Production of Reactive Nitrogen Species in the Premature Fetal Rabbit Brain † 1154

Sustained Hypoxia-Ischemia Results in Production of Reactive Nitrogen Species in the Premature Fetal Rabbit Brain † 1154
Triptolide therapy for neuroblastoma decreases cell viability in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in vivo.

Background Heat shock protein (Hsp)-70 is overexpressed in several human malignancies, and its inhibition has been shown to kill cancer cells. Our objectives were to assess the effectiveness of triptolide, an Hsp-70 inhibitor, in treating neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo, and to measure the associated effects on Hsp-70 levels and apoptosis markers. Methods After exposing N2a and SKNSH cell lines to triptolide, cell viability was assessed. Caspase-3 and -9 activities were measured and annexin staining performed to determine if cell death occurred via apoptosis. Hsp-70 protein and mRNA levels were determined using Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction. In an orthotopic tumor model, mice received daily triptolide injections and were humanely killed at study completion with tumor measurement. Results Triptolide treatment resulted in dose- and time-dependent N2a cell death and dose-dependent SKNSH killing. Triptolide exposure was associated with dose-dependent increases in caspase activity and annexin staining. Triptolide decreased Hsp-70 protein and mRNA levels in a dose-dependent fashion. Mice receiving triptolide therapy had significantly smaller tumors than controls. Conclusion Triptolide therapy decreased neuroblastoma cell viability in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Our studies suggest that triptolide killed cells via apoptosis and in association with inhibition of Hsp-70 expression. Triptolide may provide a novel therapy for neuroblastoma.
Evaluation of Second-Generation Multistage Wastewater Treatment System for the Removal of Malodors from Liquid Swine Waste

Wastewater quality and malodors in a second generation implementation of environmentally superior technology (EST) were monitored over three cycles of pig (Sus scrofa) production and 15 mo. The wastewater treatment system consisted of three modules: solids separation, biological N removal, and P recovery/wastewater disinfection. While approximately more than 90% of the wastewater suspended solids were removed in the first stage of treatment, little reduction in malodorous compounds occurred, indicating that malodors largely remained with the liquid waste stream. The greatest improvements in wastewater quality occurred in the N treatment module where ammonium was removed through nitrification/denitrification processes: there was more than 99% reduction in aromatic malodorous compounds (e.g., p-cresol, skatole) and almost 90% reduction in volatile fatty acids (e.g., propanoate and butanoate) in N module effluent as compared to raw flushed manure. The system performed consistently well in wastewater odor removal, even during the first cycle of livestock production when system performance was being optimized. These findings showed that the combination of the processes of solids removal and biological N treatment into a practical treatment system can be very effective in reducing malodors from livestock wastewater.
Ask not (only) what proteomics can do for behavior, but (also) what behavior can do for proteomes: a comment on Valcu and Kempenaers

Valcu and Kempenaers’ (2015) paper on the use of proteomics in behavioral ecology is a tour de force detailing everything from how different proteomics methods work and how to choose among them, to the ever-increasing use of proteomics to answer and/ or generate questions in behavioral ecology, to a roadmap for future intersections between proteomics and behavioral ecology. Their insights should be of great value to researchers interested in this area of study. In addition to the view that proteomics can contribute to the study of behavior, the study of behavior will contribute to our understanding of proteomes, and how those are modulated with condition and time. In this commentary, I illustrate this view with examples from studies of seminal fluid proteins (SFPs). SFPs are transferred by males to females during mating and, in some species, can influence female behavior and physiology in ways that affect the reproductive success of both partners. Several studies have recently used proteomics to determine which proteins are transferred from males to females in the seminal fluid or as part of the sperm (e.g., Findlay et al. 2008). Studies of specific proteins have revealed how these proteins affect fertilization success and female postmating responses (e.g., Rogers et al. 2009). These studies have also uncovered situations in which behavior can shape the proteome.
MODELING MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS: LOGICAL AND COMPUTER APPROACHES**

In the present article I have surveyed several approaches to modeling the clinical diagnostic process. I have argued that at this point of the field's development, logics which simulate the reasoning patterns and knowledge base of expert clinicians represent research programs that are most likely to succeed. No logic of diagnosis has yet attained the status of being definitive; in spite of striking progress much more research and testing is required. On the basis of various existing logics, I have attempted to articulate a number of desiderata which an ideal diagnostic logic should satisfy. In spite of these criticisms, I would maintain that programs such as MYCIN and INTERNIST have already matured to the point where they are useful both in consultations and in teaching diagnostic reasoning.
A method of boundary determination in digital images of urothelial cells

Abstract Digital images acquired by high resolution scanning of urothelial cells are segmented into nuclear and cytoplasmic regions. A method which is a hybrid of a gradient tracking method and a thresholding method is used, and criteria are presented to automatically detect failures of the algorithm. Tests on a sample of benign and malignant urothelial cells show a significant improvement in both accuracy and reliability as compared with a single segmentation method.
Tools, tricks and trade secrets: the challenges of disseminating methodology.

The broad range of techniques used in chemical biology presents many challenges in reporting, translating and implementing experimental knowledge. By taking advantage of some readily available solutions and instituting some new approaches, it should be possible to more effectively disseminate technological advances.
Structure and dynamics in DNA looped domains: CAG triplet repeat sequence dynamics probed by 2-aminopurine fluorescence.

The triplet repeat sequence (CAG)n and related triplet repeats are associated with dynamic DNA mutations implicated in a number of debilitating human diseases. To gain insight into the dynamics of the (CAG)n repeat, we have substituted a single 2-aminopurine (2AP) fluorescent base for adenine at select positions within the 18 base looped domain of a (GC)3(CAG)6(GC)3 hairpin oligonucleotide. Using temperature-dependent steady-state fluorescence measurements in combination with time correlated photon counting spectroscopy, we show the conformation and dynamics of the C2APG domains to be strongly dependent on the position of the probe in the looped region. In other words, rather than being a uniform, single stranded loop, the (CAG)6 triplet repeat looped domain exhibits order and dynamics that are position dependent. The 2AP fluorescence dynamics within the C2APG repeat are well described by a 4 component exponential decay model, with lifetimes ranging from 5 ps to 4 ns. Differences in global DNA conformatio...
How International is Management

As business becomes more international, have academic journals, particularly management journals, followed suit? In this paper we examine the amount and type of international research in 19 top management journals from 1976 to 1980 and again from 1996 to 2000. International business studies are classified as multinational enterprise (MNE) research and comparative research. Although the amount and type of international content varies by journal, it appears that many management journals are increasing their international content while others are not.
There are no differences in pretransplant characteristics of individuals receiving simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant and individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus receiving living-related kidney transplant.

Abstract Abstract Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK) recipients have longer survival compared to type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) cadaveric kidney recipients. However, DM1 living-related kidney transplant (KTX-LR) recipients have the same mortality as SPK recipients. It is unknown whether cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors pretransplant are similar between the two groups, SPK and DM1 KTX-LR. We analyzed pretransplant characteristics of SPK recipients ( n = 39) and DM1 KTX-LR/living unrelated (LUR) recipients (KTX-LR/LUR, n = 20). In individuals who had multiple transplants, only pretransplant data from the first transplant was used. As all characteristics of KTX-LR/LUR recipients were the same, they were grouped for comparison with SPK. Pretransplant blood pressure (BP), body mass index, (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (A1c), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides (TG), serum creatinine, type and duration of dialysis, and duration of diabetes were compared between the two groups. Mean age at time of transplantation was 41 ± 1 years (mean ± SEM) for SPK versus 39 ± 2 years for KTX-LR/LUR ( P = NS). Pretransplant BP, BMI, duration of diabetes, TC, HDL, LDL, TG, and lipid agent use were not different between the groups. Pretransplant A1c was 7.8 ± 0.3% for SPK recipients and 8.3 ± 0.5% for KTX-LR/LUR recipients ( P = NS). Pretransplant serum creatinine was higher in KTX-LR/LUR compared to SPK (7.9 ± 0.6 mg/dL versus 5.4 ± 0.5 mg/dL; P = .01). Except for serum creatinine, there were no significant differences in traditional CVD risk factors pretransplant. However, factors posttransplant in addition to better glucose control with SPK may still be different between SPK and KTX-LR/LUR groups.
Just because you can, doesn't mean that you should: A call for the rational application of hospitalist comanagement

Medical comanagement has become a mainstay of hospital medicine. Several studies, however, suggest that medical consultation and comanagement may not be as effective as originally anticipated. The expansion of comanagement services has helped fuel massive demand for hospitalists and with it a critical and potentially destabilizing hospitalist manpower shortage. Comanagement may also drive unanticipated consequences such as facilitating surgeon and specialist disengagement and hospitalist career dissatisfaction and burnout. Comanagement services should be developed carefully and methodically, paying close attention to consequences, intended and unintended.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE POTENTIATION OF ADRENALIN BY THYROXINE IN THE ALBINO RAT12

IT WAS shown in a previous paper (1) that at 30° C, ambient temperature, thyroidectomy inhibits and injected thyroxine potentiates the calorigenic action of adrenalin, the potentiation being proportional to the daily thyroxine dose. In view of the great stimulation of metabolism by cold and the disputed role of the two hormones in this response, it seemed of interest to re-examine the interrelation between constant doses of the two hormones during short or long cold exposure. The two- to three-fold rise in metabolic rate produced by sudden exposure of animals to near-freezing temperatures has been mainly attributed to muscular activity (2, 3), supplemented by adrenalin secretion (4, 5, 6, 7, 8). On the other hand, cold adaptation, characterized by maintenance of normal rectal temperature (2, 9, 10, 11) and greater resistance to more severe cold (12, 13, 14), is largely associated with increased thyroid activity (5, 15, 16).
Anisotropic thermal expansion and evaluation of uniaxial pressure dependence of superconducting and magnetic transitions in ErNi2B2C

Abstract We present anisotropic thermal expansion measurements on single crystalline ErNi2B2C. All three, superconducting, antiferromagnetic and weak ferromagnetic phase transitions are unambiguously distinguished in the data. Anisotropic uniaxial pressure dependencies of the transitions are estimated based on the Ehrenfest relation, leading to a conclusion, in particular, that weak ferromagnetic states may be suppressed by small, order of few kbar, hydrostatic pressure. Additionally, magnetostriction is shown to be a useful probe for rich and complex H – T diagram in this material.
Induction of metallothionein I by phenolic antioxidants requires metal-activated transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) and zinc

Phenolic antioxidants, such as tBHQ [2,5-di-(t-butyl)-1,4-hydroquinone], induce Mt1 (metallothionein 1) gene expression and accumulation of MT protein. Induction of Mt1 mRNA does not depend on protein synthesis, and correlates with oxidation-reduction functions of the antioxidants. In the present study, we analysed the biochemical pathway of the induction. Induction depends on the presence of MTF-1 (metal-activated transcription factor 1), a transcription factor that is required for metal-induced transcription of Mt1, but does not require nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, a tBHQ-activated CNC bZip (cap 'n' collar basic leucine zipper) protein, that is responsible for regulating genes encoding phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes. Moreover, tBHQ induces the expression of MRE-beta Geo, a reporter gene driven by five metal response elements that constitute an optimal MTF-1 binding site. Reconstitution of Mtf1 -null cells with MTF-1 restores induction by both zinc and tBHQ. Unlike activation of phase II genes by tBHQ, induction of Mt1 expression does not occur in the presence of EDTA, when cells are cultured in zinc-depleted medium, or in cells with reduced intracellular 'free' zinc due to overexpression of ZnT1, a zinc-efflux transporter, indicating that induction requires zinc. In addition, fluorescence imaging reveals that tBHQ increases cytoplasmic free zinc concentration by mobilizing intracellular zinc pools. These findings establish that phenolic antioxidants activate Mt1 transcription by a zinc-dependent mechanism, which involves MTF-1 binding to metal regulator elements in the Mt1 gene promoter.
Real-Time Estimation of Glenohumeral Joint Rotation Center With CAREX: A Cable-Based Arm Exoskeleton

In the past few years, the authors have proposed several prototypes of a Cable-driven upper ARm EXoskeleton (CAREX) for arm rehabilitation. The key advantages of CAREX over conventional exoskeletons are: (i) It is nearly an order of magnitude lighter. (ii) It does not have conventional links and joints, hence does not require joint axes alignment and segment lengths adjustment. (iii) It does not limit the natural degrees-of-freedom of the upper limb. (iv) The structure of the exoskeleton is novel as the cables are routed from the proximal to the distal segments of the arm. Preliminary experimental results with CAREX on a robotic arm and on healthy subjects have demonstrated the effectiveness of the exoskeleton within “assist-as-needed” training paradigm. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to estimate the glenohumeral joint rotation center (GH-c) using measurements of shoulder joint angles and cable lengths. This helps in locating the glenohumeral joint rotation center appropriately within the kinematic model. As a result, more accurate kinematic model can be used to improve the training of human users. An estimation algorithm is presented to compute the GH-c in real-time. The algorithm was implemented on the latest prototype of CAREX which controls four degrees-of-freedom of the shoulder and elbow. Preliminary experiments were performed on two healthy subjects under two different scenarios: (i) GH-c was assumed to be a fixed point and (ii) GH-c was estimated using the proposed algorithm. Experimental results are presented to compare the two scenarios.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Losartan

Losartan is the first orally available angiotensin-receptor antagonist without agonist properties. Following oral administration, losartan is rapidly absorbed, reaching maximum concentrations 1–2 hours post-administration. After oral administration approximately 14% of a losartan dose is converted to the pharmacologically active E 3174 metabolite. E 3174 is 10- to 40-fold more potent than its parent compound and its estimated terminal half-life ranges from 6 to 9 hours. The pharmacokinetics of losartan and E 3174 are linear, dose-proportional and do not substantially change with repetitive administration. The recommended dosage of losartan 50 mg/day can be administered without regard to food. There are no clinically significant effects of age, sex or race on the pharmacokinetics of losartan, and no dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with mild hepatic impairment or various degrees of renal insufficiency. Losartan, or its E 3174 metabolite, is not removed during haemodialysis.
Congregation-Based Programs to Address HIV/AIDS: Elements of Successful Implementation

Religious organizations may be uniquely positioned to address HIV by offering prevention, treatment, or support services to affected populations, but models of effective congregation-based HIV programs in the literature are scarce. This systematic review distils lessons on successfully implementing congregation HIV efforts. Peer-reviewed articles on congregation-based HIV efforts were reviewed against criteria measuring the extent of collaboration, tailoring to the local context, and use of community-based participatory research (CBPR) methods. The effectiveness of congregations’ efforts and their capacity to overcome barriers to addressing HIV is also assessed. We found that most congregational efforts focused primarily on HIV prevention, were developed in partnerships with outside organizations and tailored to target audiences, and used CBPR methods. A few more comprehensive programs also provided care and support to people with HIV and/or addressed substance use and mental health needs. We also found that congregational barriers such as HIV stigma and lack of understanding HIV’s importance were overcome using various strategies including tailoring programs to be respectful of church doctrine and campaigns to inform clergy and congregations. However, efforts to confront stigma directly were rare, suggesting a need for further research.
Preperitoneal Pelvic Packing/External Fixation with Secondary Angioembolization: Optimal Care for Life-Threatening Hemorrhage from Unstable Pelvic Fractures

Background Preperitoneal pelvic packing/external fixation (PPP/EF) for controlling life-threatening hemorrhage from pelvic fractures is used widely in Europe but has not been adopted in North America. We hypothesized that PPP/EF arrests hemorrhage rapidly, facilitates emergent operative procedures, and ensures efficient use of angioembolization (AE). Study Design In 2004 we initiated a PPP/EF guideline for pelvic fracture patients with refractory shock requiring ongoing blood transfusion at our regional trauma center. Results Among 1,245 patients admitted with pelvic fractures, 75 consecutive patients underwent PPP/EF (age 42 ± 2 years and injury severity score 52 ± 1.5). Emergency department systolic blood pressure was 76 ± 2 mmHg and heart rate 119 ± 2 beats/min. Time to operation was 66 ± 7 minutes, and 65 patients (87%) underwent 3 ± 0.3 additional procedures. Blood transfusion before PPP/EF compared with the first postoperative 24 hours was 10 ± 0.8 units versus 4 ± 0.5 units (p Conclusions PPP/EF was effective in controlling hemorrhage from unstable pelvic fractures. None of these high-risk patients died due to pelvic bleeding. Secondary angioembolization was needed in a minority, permitting selective use of this resource-demanding intervention. Additionally, PPP/EF temporizes arterial hemorrhage, providing valuable transfer time for facilities without angiography. With other urgent operative interventions required in >85% of patients, combining these procedures with PPP/EF for operative pelvic hemorrhage control appears to optimize patient care.
Analysis and simulation of a fiber bundle method for creating a partially spatially coherent beam

A fiber bundle arrangement has been proposed in the literature to produce a partially spatially coherent beam. The bundle contains fibers of random lengths and the source has limited temporal coherence. The analytical expression for the autocorrelation function of the bundle pupil is derived, which defines the behavior of the beam as it propagates. Simulation results are used to verify the analytic theory. The far-field irradiance pattern for the bundle arrangement is addressed analytically and through wave optics simulation. Averaging the irradiance pattern for a number of simulation realizations was shown to converge to the analytic result. The process of averaging over a small band of source wavelengths is developed and is shown to result in a spatially partially coherent beam. Simulation results again compared favorably with the analytic theory.
Optimization of the resolution of PTH‐amino acids through control of surfactant concentration in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography: SDS vs. brij 35/SDS micellar systems

The effect of surfactant concentration on resolution in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) was investigated using several phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) derivatized amino acids as test solutes. Two aqueous micellar systems were employed: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a mixed micellar system consisting of SDS and polyoxyethylene(23)dodecanol (Brij@ 35). In the SDS system, the fnc/to ratio (elution range) increased significantly with increasing surfactant concentration, making the determination of the optimal concentration, which is dependent on t,Jto, difficult. In contrast, in the Brij 35/SDS system the $,,,/to ratio decreased only slightly with increasing concentration of Brij 35. Whereas the SDS and Brij 35/SDS systems are better suited for moderately hydrophobic and hydrophilic solutes, respectively, neither is well-suited for hydrophobic solutes without organic modifiers. The narrower elution range (lower tmc/to) observed for the Brij 35/SDS micellar system was compensated by several potentially important advantages over the pure SDS system, including significantly higher efficiencies (2-3 times) and lower operating currents. Differences in selectivity and retention mechanisms among solutes and surfactant systems are also discussed.
Identification of a 3.2 kb 5′-flanking region of the murine keratocan gene that directs β-galactosidase expression in the adult corneal stroma of transgenic mice

The mouse keratocan gene (Ktcn) expression tracks the corneal morphogenesis during eye development and becomes restricted to keratocytes of the adult, implicating a cornea-specific gene regulation of the mouse Ktcn [J. Biol. Chem., 273 (1998) 22584-22588]. To examine the functionality of the mouse Ktcn promoter, we have cloned and sequenced a 3.2kb genomic DNA fragment 5' of the mouse Ktcn gene, which was used to prepare a reporter gene construct that contained the 3.2kb 5' flanking sequence, exon 1 and 0.4kb of intron 1 of Ktcn, and beta-geo hybrid reporter gene. The beta-galactosidase (betaGal) activity was assayed in tissues of two of five transgenic mouse lines obtained via microinjection. In adult transgenic mice, betaGal activity was detected only in cornea, not in other tissues (e.g. lens, retina, sclera, lung, heart, liver, diaphragm, kidney, and brain). During ocular development, the spatial-temporal expression patterns of the betaGal recapitulated that of endogenous Ktcn in transgenic mice. Using XGal staining, strong betaGal activity was first detected in periocular tissues of E13.5 embryos, and restricted to corneal keratocytes at E14.5 and thereafter. Interestingly, in addition to cornea, betaGal activity was transiently found in some non-ocular tissues, i.e. ears, snout, and limbs of embryos of E13.5 and E14.5 but was no longer detected in those tissues of E16.5 embryos. The transient expression of endogenous keratocan in non-ocular tissues during embryonic development was confirmed by in situ hybridization. Taken together, our results suggest that the 3.2kb Ktcn promoter contains sufficient cis-regulatory elements to drive heterologous minigene expression in cells expressing keratocan. The identification of keratocyte-specific expression of betaGal reporter gene in the adult transgenic mice is an important first step in characterizing the Ktcn promoter in order to use it to drive a foreign gene expression in corneal stroma.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, ISOMERIZATION, AND REACTIVITY OF DIMERIC CYCLOPENTADIENYLNICKEL AMIDO COMPLEXES

The first cyclopentadienylnickel amido complexes have been isolated and characterized as [(η-C5Me4R‘)Ni(μ-NHR)]2 (R = Ph, p-tol, 2,6-xyl, tBu; R‘ = Me, Et). These complexes are dimers in solution and in the solid state, as shown by the synthesis of mixed amido complexes, by NMR spectroscopy, and by crystallographic studies on cis-[CpEtNi(μ-NH(p-tol))]2 (cis-1‘), trans-[CpEtNi(μ-NH(2,6-xylyl))]2 (trans-3‘), and cis-[CpEtNi(μ-NHtBu)]2 (4‘) (CpEt = η-C5Me4Et). Resonances in the 1H NMR spectra of these diamagnetic dimers display unusual chemical shifts that are explained on the basis of ring-current anisotropy and inductive effects. The dimers undergo reversible cis/trans isomerization at elevated temperatures; mechanistic studies indicate that this process proceeds through cleavage of one dative nitrogen−nickel bond, rate-limiting rotation of the amido group, and recoordination to regenerate the bridge. Dimethylzirconocene was essential as a scavenger for trace water in these studies. The dimer [Cp*Ni(μ-NH(p...
Synthesis of d-labeled and unlabeled benzoyloxysuccinimides and application to quantitative analysis of peptides and a protein by isotope differential mass spectrometry.

Abstract Benzoyloxysuccinimide and its d 5 -labeled version, which react with amino groups in the N-termini and lysine side chains in proteins, were synthesized and applied to quantitative analysis of peptides and a commercially available protein in combination with a MALDI mass spectrometer.
Counting 4π's in strongly coupled supersymmetry

Abstract We extend the “naive dimensional analysis” arguments used in QCD for estimating the strengths of operators in chiral Lagrangians to strongly coupled supersymmetric theories. In particular, we show how to count factors of 4π — an inexact science, but nevertheless a useful art when such theories are used to model real particle physics.