cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urinary Excretion of β-Amino-isobutyric Acid in Mongolism

VARIOUS studies have suggested that the excretion of β-amino-isobutyric acid in human urine is under genetic control1–4. This amino-acid is derived from the metabolism of thymine via dihydrothymine and β-ureido-isobutyric acid5. Variation in excretion of β-amino-isobutyric acid may be controlled by a single gene pair, with high excretors being homozygous for a single recessive gene and low excretors being either heterozygous or homozygous for the dominant allele6. It also has been suggested that low and high excretors may differ in their metabolism of β-amino-isobutyric acid7. An increased incidence of high excretors has been found in certain ethnic groups, notably the Athabascan and Apache Indians of North America, the Black Caribs of British Honduras, and the Chinese and Japanese4,6,8. High excretors of β-amino-isobutyric acid are relatively uncommon in populations of Caucasian origin1,2,3.
Electrical transport in a two-dimensional electron and hole gas on a Si ( 001 ) − ( 2 × 1 ) surface

$\text{Si}(001)\text{\ensuremath{-}}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ surface is one of the many two-dimensional systems of scientific and applied interest. Due to its asymmetric dimer reconstruction, transport through this surface can be considered in two distinct directions, i.e., along and perpendicular to the paired dimer rows. We calculate the zero-bias conductance of these surface states under flatband condition and find that conduction along the dimer row direction is significant due to strong orbital hybridization. Additionally, we find that the surface conductance is orders of magnitude higher than the bulk conductance close to the band edges for the unpassivated surface at room temperature. Thus, we propose that the transport through these surface states may be the dominant conduction mechanisms in the recently reported scanning tunneling microscopy of silicon nanomembranes. The zero-bias conductance is also calculated for the weakly interacting dangling-bond wires along and perpendicular to the dimer row direction and similar trends are obtained. The extended H\"uckel theory is used for the electronic structure calculations.
From the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation: Vaccination in adult patients on systemic therapy for psoriasis.

Patients with moderate to severe psoriasis often require systemic immunomodulatory medications that place them at risk for infection. Vaccination is a proven strategy to reduce infections. However, vaccination rates among patients with inflammatory autoimmune conditions, including psoriasis, remain low. We review the literature regarding vaccine-preventable illness and vaccinations commonly used in the United States in patients older than 18 years on immunosuppressive therapies that are used in the treatment of psoriasis. The medical board of the National Psoriasis Foundation recommends that dermatologists counsel patients on updating vaccinations in accordance with recommendations of the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices as any measures taken to prevent infection can increase the safety of immunomodulatory therapies.
Amorphous InSb and InAs 0.3 Sb 0.7 for long wavelength infrared detection

The structural, electronic, and optical properties of amorphous InSb and InAs 0.3 Sb 0.7 films deposited on Corning glass, Al 2 O 3 CdZnTe, SiO 2 -Si, and CaF2 substrates by Radio Frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering have been studied as they relate to Mid and Long Wavelength Infrared (MWIR and LWIR) detection. Depositions at elevated substrate temperature and pressure of <10mTorr Ar show an emergence of crystalline grains with strong X-ray diffraction peaks at the (111) and (220) orientations. Electronically the amorphous InSb and InAs 0.3 Sb 0.7 films deposited at 300K show hopping conduction with resistance in InSb ranging from 44 to 1.1E8 Ω-cm at 300K and 84K respectively. Optical analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) show the absorption of these films has an absorption tail, the equation of which differing activation energies in InSb and InAs0.3Sb0.7. Amorphous InSb and InAs 0.3 Sb 0.7 films showed thermal responsivity in excess of 100V/W for 6μm thick films held at 233K. The maxima and minima of the responsivity are shown to correspond to the interference fringes in the film. The response is highly substrate dependent and compares favorably to other thermal detectors.
ESIM_DSN Web-Enabled Distributed Simulation Network

In this paper, the eSim(sup DSN) approach to achieve distributed simulation capability using the Internet is presented. With this approach a complete simulation can be assembled from component subsystems that run on different computers. The subsystems interact with each other via the Internet The distributed simulation uses a hub-and-spoke type network topology. It provides the ability to dynamically link simulation subsystem models to different computers as well as the ability to assign a particular model to each computer. A proof-of-concept demonstrator is also presented. The eSim(sup DSN) demonstrator can be accessed at http://www.jsc.draper.com/esim which hosts various examples of Web enabled simulations.
The time–temperature–corrosion susceptibility in a 7050-T7451 friction stir weld

Abstract The temperature gradient occurring for a short time during friction stir welding greatly affects the localized corrosion properties of welded 7050-T7451 plates. An immersion experiment in a salty solution was carried out in order to verify the influence of short-term post-weld heat treatments at temperatures similar to those taking place during friction stir welding on the corrosion behaviour of friction stir welded 7050-T7451. The experiment consisted of inserting thermocouples at different weld regions for the registration of the temperature development with time, and partially immersing the welded plate in a salty solution at 480 °C. In this manner, the weld experienced different temperature expositions at different locations. It was found that a temperature exposition above 180 °C for 20 min significantly increases the general corrosion resistance of friction stir welded 7050-T7451. The re-exposition of 7050-T7451 friction stir weld to a time–temperature combination similar to that occurring during the welding process on the thermomechanically heat affected zones of the weld, significantly improves the corrosion properties and the environmental cracking resistance. After the short-term temperature exposition, the fracture location of samples tested in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution moved from the corrosion susceptible thermomechanically affected zone to the heat affected zone.
Localized vs homogeneous deformation in Fe82B15Si3 amorphous alloy

Amorphous alloys are known to deform plastically either by a localized shear mode or in a homogeneous manner. Conditions that favor homogeneous deformation in an amorphous alloy consisting of 82Fe, 15B and 3Si in at. pct have been established by a free-bend test over a range of temperatures. These results are in turn related to the stress-strain rate-temperature relationship obtained by a load relaxation testing method. The intense, localized shear deformation is shown to occur at relatively high strain rate and low temperature regions where the rate sensitivity of flow stress,m, is small. With increasingm, plastic flow tends to take place homogeneously provided that the mode of deformation remains stable. The strain rate sensitivity of flow stress increases with decreasing strain rate and increasing temperature; the computed diffuse shear transformation zone also changes in the same manner. However, the general trend changes above the glass transition temperature, i.e., the diffuse shear transformation zone decreases and the flow strength increases with increasing temperature.
GIGA: a simple, efficient algorithm for gene tree inference in the genomic age

Phylogenetic relationships between genes are not only of theoretical interest: they enable us to learn about human genes through the experimental work on their relatives in numerous model organisms from bacteria to fruit flies and mice. Yet the most commonly used computational algorithms for reconstructing gene trees can be inaccurate for numerous reasons, both algorithmic and biological. Additional information beyond gene sequence data has been shown to improve the accuracy of reconstructions, though at great computational cost. We describe a simple, fast algorithm for inferring gene phylogenies, which makes use of information that was not available prior to the genomic age: namely, a reliable species tree spanning much of the tree of life, and knowledge of the complete complement of genes in a species' genome. The algorithm, called GIGA, constructs trees agglomeratively from a distance matrix representation of sequences, using simple rules to incorporate this genomic age information. GIGA makes use of a novel conceptualization of gene trees as being composed of orthologous subtrees (containing only speciation events), which are joined by other evolutionary events such as gene duplication or horizontal gene transfer. An important innovation in GIGA is that, at every step in the agglomeration process, the tree is interpreted/reinterpreted in terms of the evolutionary events that created it. Remarkably, GIGA performs well even when using a very simple distance metric (pairwise sequence differences) and no distance averaging over clades during the tree construction process. GIGA is efficient, allowing phylogenetic reconstruction of very large gene families and determination of orthologs on a large scale. It is exceptionally robust to adding more gene sequences, opening up the possibility of creating stable identifiers for referring to not only extant genes, but also their common ancestors. We compared trees produced by GIGA to those in the TreeFam database, and they were very similar in general, with most differences likely due to poor alignment quality. However, some remaining differences are algorithmic, and can be explained by the fact that GIGA tends to put a larger emphasis on minimizing gene duplication and deletion events.
Dynamics sensor validation for reusable launch vehicle propulsion.

Expert Microsystems teamed with Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), a DOE contractor, to develop an innovative dynamics sensor validation system under a Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Phase I contract with NASA. The project improves launch vehicle mission safety and system dependability by enabling rapid development and cost effective maintenance of embeddable real-time software to reliably detect process-critical sensor failures. The project focused on verifying the feasibility of two innovative software methods developed by ANL to provide high fidelity sensor data validation for nuclear power generating stations, the Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) algorithm and the Multivariate State Estimation Technique (MSET) algorithm, as core elements of a commercial Dynamics Sensor Validation System (DSVS). The research verified that ANL algorithms enable highly reliable data validation for high frequency Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) dynamics sensors, such as accelerometers and strain gauges. Phase I culminated in production of a prototype run-time module which validates SSME flight accelerometer data with very high reliability. The resulting sensor validation development system is widely applicable to reusable launch vehicle (RLV) and ground support control and monitoring systems.
Boundary Values of Cohomology Classes as Hyperfunctions

This work defines the boundary value of a cohomology class of degree q (0 ≤ q ≤ m −1) valued in the sheaf of germs of holomorphic functions, in a wedge whose edge lies on an arbitrary m-dimensional totally real (smooth) submanifold X of Cm and whose directing cone has its singular homology in dimension q generated by one q-cycle c ⊂ Sm − 1. The boundary value is defined as a hyperfunction in X. After "microlocalizing" about the cycle , it is equivalent to use the Dolbeaurt or the Cech realizations of the cohomology. Provided the cone generated by c bounds a convex cone the boundary value map is injective. The corresponding spaces of (germs of) hyperfunctions are characterized by their hypo-analytic wave-front set. Locally, every hyperfunction solution of the wave equation in Rm (m ≥ 3) is the boundary value of a cohomology class of degre m− 2 in cones about deleted hyperplanes that do not intersect the light cone.
Assessment of genotype × environment interactions for yield and fiber quality in cotton performance trials

Plant breeding programs involving a wide range of crop plants routinely practice selection (directly or indirectly) for genotypes that display stability for a given trait or set of traits across testing environments through the genotype evaluation process. Genotype stability for trait performance is a direct measure of the presence and effect of genotype × environment interactions, which result from the differential performance of a genotype or cultivar across environments. The genotype evaluation process also requires selection of the proper field trial locations that best represent the target environments the breeding program is directed toward. In this study, we assessed the extent to which genotype × environment interactions affected agronomic performance (lint yield, gin turnout) and fiber quality (fiber length, fiber strength, uniformity index, micronaire, fiber elongation) in a series of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) performance trials in 12 location–year environments in South Carolina. Genotype × environment interactions affecting lint yield were larger in higher yielding environments, while interactions for fiber strength were greater for genotypes with lower mean fiber strength values. Two regions within the South Carolina cotton production areas were identified as proper testing locations for lint yield performance, while testing for fiber strength can be accomplished in any location within the statewide cotton production areas.
In Situ Infrared Characterization during Atomic Layer Deposition of Lanthanum Oxide

Mechanisms of atomic layer deposition (ALD) growth of lanthanum oxide on H-terminated Si(111) using lanthanum tris(N,N′-diisopropylacetamidinate) (La(iPr-MeAMD)3) are investigated using infrared (I...
Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in East-Central Texas: ABSTRACT

The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary is exposed in a series of outcrops near and along the Brazos River near Eloise in Falls County. At the best known exposure, 400 m downstream from the Texas Highway 413 bridge over the Brazos River, the precise location of the boundary, based on a detailed study of nannofossils, is in a mudstone interval approximately 15 cm above a 50-cm thick prominent sandstone-mudstone-siltstone complex that has been used traditionally to designate the boundary. The complex consists of a basal friable sand lying on a scoured surface, a hard rippled calcareous sandstone, a thin soft mudstone, and a prominent hard chalk or siltstone. This same complex is exposed about 1 mi (1.6 km) downstream at the mouth of a gully, where the thickness and the character o the members of the complex are similar. Toward the head of the same gully, the sandstone complex is again exposed, but there, the rippled sandstone member is substantially thicker and more massive, although the other members of the complex retain their thickness and character. A short lateral distance downstream from the mouth of the gully, the sandstone complex becomes increasingly clayey and disappears quickly. The entire complex has been interpreted variously as a storm deposit or shelf End_Page 1421------------------------------ turbidite. These, however, do not appear to offer an entirely satisfactory explanation of the depositional conditions. At all of the sections in which the sandstone complex is present, the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary is slightly above the complex. In these sections, deposition across the boundary is continuous although the biostratigraphic units may vary in thickness in the sections. A most reasonable explanation of the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition as expressed in these sections is that deposition of the sandstone complex, probably by several related processes, occurred in latest Cretaceous time. The biologically catastrophic boundary event occurred rapidly but somewhat later, and probably was not directly related to deposition of the sandstone complex. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1422------------
TheAspergillus nidulansSeptin Encoding Gene,aspB,Is Essential for Growth

Abstract Septins are a highly conserved family of presumed cytoskeletal proteins involved in cytokinesis and morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster. To investigate the role of septins in filamentous fungi, we have identified presumptive septin homologues in Aspergillus nidulans. One of these septins, aspB, is expressed during vegetative growth and asexual sporulation. Based on cDNA and genomic sequences, the predicted aspB protein shares a P-loop motif and coiled coil regions with septins from other organisms. Antibodies generated against an aspB fusion protein recognized an A. nidulans protein of approximately 50 kDa, but could not localize the septin product in cells by immunofluorescence. Hybridization to a chromosome-specific ordered cosmid library placed the aspB gene on the right arm of chromosome I. Disruption of aspB showed that it is an essential gene.
Aspirin-Induced and Intrinsic Asthma

Asthma is a syndrome characterized by increased responsiveness of the trachea and bronchi to various stimuli and manifested by widespread hyperreactivity of the airways that changes in severity either spontaneously or as a result of therapy. The increased responsiveness can be documented and the diagnosis confirmed by spirometric measurements of bronchodilatation following inhalations of beta-adrenergic drugs or broncho-constriction following inhalations of methacholine or histamine or exercise. When the asthmatic patient has attacks precipitated by exposures to aeroallergens to which he has IgE antibodies, the asthma is turned “allergic”, “atopic” or “extrinsic”; however, most of such patients also have the bronchospasticity “intrinsic” to the disease.
Coherent backscattering in forward driven medium

We demonstrate how a strong coherent backward wave can be generated by forward propagating beams only. It is a dispersion effect resulting from probing a counter-propagating coherence grating by properly detuned fields.
Determination of biological thiols by high-performance liquid chromatography following derivatization by ThioGlo maleimide reagents

The importance of thiols has stimulated the development of a number of methods for determining glutathione and other biologically significant thiols. Methods that are currently available, however have some limitations, such as being time consuming and complex. In the present study, a new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determining biological thiols was developed by using 9-Acetoxy-2-(4-(2,5-dihydro-2,5-dioxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl)-3-oxo- 3H-naphtho(2,1-b)pyran (ThioGloE3) as a derivatizing agent. ThioGloE reacts selectively and rapidly with the thiols to yield fluorescent adducts which can be detected fluorimetrically ( l 5365 nm, l 5445 nm). The within-run coefficient of ex em variation for glutathione (GSH) by this method ranges from 1.08 to 2.94% whereas the between-run coefficient of variation for GSH is 4.31-8.61%. For GSH, the detection limit is around 50 fmol and the GSH derivatives remain stable for 1 month, if kept at 48C. Results for GSSG and cysteine are also included. The ThioGloE method is compared to our previous method in which N-(1-pyrenyl)maleimide (NPM) is used to derivatize thiol-containing compounds. The present method offers various advantages over the currently accepted techniques, including speed and sensitivity. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Algorithms and architectures for hierarchical compression of video

The paper addresses the problem of collaborative video over "heterogeneous" networks. Current standards for video compression are not designed to deal with this problem. We define an additional set of metrics (ie., in addition to the standard rate versus distortion measure) to evaluate compression algorithms for this application. We also present an efficient algorithm and corresponding architectures for video compression in such an environment. The algorithm is a unique combination of the discrete wavelet transform and hierarchical vector quantization. It is unique in that both the encoder and the decoder are implemented with only table lookups. This makes both the software and hardware implementations very efficient and cheap. >
Specific requirement for Bax, not Bak, in Myc-induced apoptosis and tumor suppression in vivo.

Bax and Bak comprise the mitochondrial gateway for apoptosis induced by diverse stimuli. Loss of both bax and bak is necessary to block cell death induced by such stimuli, indicating a great degree of functional overlap between Bax and Bak. Apoptosis is the major intrinsic pathway that limits the oncogenic potential of Myc. Using a switchable mouse model of Myc-induced apoptosis in pancreatic β cells, we have shown that Myc induces apoptosis in vivo exclusively through Bax but not Bak. Furthermore, blockade of Myc-induced apoptosis by the inactivation of Bax, but not Bak, eliminates all restraints to the oncogenic potential of Myc, allowing the rapid and synchronous progression of invasive, angiogenic tumors.
Linking interannual variability in extreme Greenland blocking episodes to the recent increase in summer melting across the Greenland ice sheet

Atmospheric blocking commonly occurs over the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting from the development of persistent areas of high pressure that lead to warmer-than-average surface temperatures west of the high centre. While the variability and trends in anticyclonic circulation patterns (including blocking) over Greenland have been previously documented, an analysis of the most extreme blocking events within the observational record is lacking. In this study, a historical climatology of extreme Greenland blocking episodes (GBEs) from 1958 to 2013 is examined within the context of anomalous anticyclonic circulation patterns over the North Atlantic region during recent years. Based on a combination of the ERA-40 (1958–1978) and ERA-Interim (1979–2013) reanalysis data sets, the Greenland Blocking Index (GBI) is used to quantify 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies for the identification of extreme GBEs. The annual rate of extreme blocking days has doubled since 1958, reaching an average of approximately 20 days per year by 2013. The frequency and, to some extent, duration of extreme GBEs were unprecedentedly high from 2007 to 2013 compared to the 56-year period of record, with a majority of the increase occurring during the spring (MAM) and summer (JJA). A multiple linear regression analysis reveals that interannual variability in extreme blocking and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) are the two predominant drivers of surface meltwater production across the entire Greenland ice sheet (GrIS), but Arctic sea ice extent and North Atlantic cyclone activity can also influence the extent of summer melting over portions of the GrIS. Thus, in addition to the larger-scale atmospheric and oceanic variability, smaller-scale features such as extratropical cyclones can play a significant role in modulating GrIS surface melting each summer.
Predicting one-year mortality among elderly survivors of hospitalization for an acute myocardial infarction: results from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project.

AbstractOBJECTIVESWe sought to develop a model based on information available from the medical record that would accurately stratify elderly patients who survive hospitalization with an acute myoca...
Multi-robot task allocation: analyzing the complexity and optimality of key architectures

Important theoretical aspects of multi-robot coordination mechanisms have, to date, been largely ignored. To address part of this negligence, we focus on the problem of multi-robot task allocation. We give a formal, domain-independent, statement of the problem and show it to be an instance of another, well-studied, optimization problem. In this light, we analyze several recently proposed approaches to multi-robot task allocation, describing their fundamental characteristics in such a way that they can be objectively studied, compared, and evaluated.
A sequential Bayesian generalization of the Jelinski–Moranda software reliability model

The Jelinski–Moranda model of software reliability is generalized by introducing a negative-binomial prior distribution for the number of faults remaining, together with a Gamma distribution for the rate at which each fault is exposed. This model is well suited to sequential use, where a sequence of reliability forecasts is made in the process of testing or using the software. We also investigate replacing the Gamma distribution with a worst-case assumption about failure rates (the worst-case failure rate in models such as this is not infinite, since faults with large failure rates are immediately discovered and removed). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
Adjuvant-enhanced CD4 T Cell Responses are Critical to Durable Vaccine Immunity

Protein-based vaccines offer a safer alternative to live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines but have limited immunogenicity. The identification of adjuvants that augment immunogenicity, specifically in a manner that is durable and antigen-specific, is therefore critical for advanced development. In this study, we use the filovirus virus-like particle (VLP) as a model protein-based vaccine in order to evaluate the impact of four candidate vaccine adjuvants on enhancing long term protection from Ebola virus challenge. Adjuvants tested include poly-ICLC (Hiltonol), MPLA, CpG 2395, and alhydrogel. We compared and contrasted antibody responses, neutralizing antibody responses, effector T cell responses, and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell frequencies with each adjuvant's impact on durable protection. We demonstrate that in this system, the most effective adjuvant elicits a Th1-skewed antibody response and strong CD4 T cell responses, including an increase in Tfh frequency. Using immune-deficient animals and adoptive transfer of serum and cells from vaccinated animals into naive animals, we further demonstrate that serum and CD4 T cells play a critical role in conferring protection within effective vaccination regimens. These studies inform on the requirements of long term immune protection, which can potentially be used to guide screening of clinical-grade adjuvants for vaccine clinical development.
Temporal Trends in Lipid Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Youth

s 459 have FH, the prevalence detected as a proportion of the total yearly cohort increased from 0.03% to 0.08% (p5 0.001) from 2003 to 2012. Among the 16, 11% of the population who were tested, the proportion with LDL-C . 190 mg/dL increased from 0.21% to 0.71% from 2003 to 2012 (p, 0.001). Conclusions: Targeted lipid testing rates markedly declined during 2002 to 2012 at four of the five sites while the detection of FH-level LDL-C increased but was well below the estimated prevalence of 0.2%. Among those youth who were tested, there was a significant increase in the detection of those with LDL-C . 190 mg/dL suggesting that providers are doing a better job of screening highrisk youth. Temporal Trends in Lipid Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Youth Management of Statin Intolerance
Distribution of hyaluronate and hyaluronate receptors in the adult lung

In the present study, we have examined the distribution of both hyaluronate receptors and hyaluronate in adult hamster lung. The receptor for hyaluronate is a transmembrane glycoprotein of Mr 85,000 that interacts with actin filaments and is thought to mediate many of the effects that hyaluronate has on cell behaviour, such as cell-to-cell adhesion and migration. It was localized histochemically with a monoclonal antibody, designated as K-3, which specifically binds to the receptor. Hyaluronate was detected by a biotinylated form of cartilage proteoglycan, which binds with high affinity and specificity to hyaluronate. At the light-microscopic level, both hyaluronate and its receptor were present on the basolateral surfaces of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium, suggesting that these two components interact with each other. This interaction may be important for maintaining the attachment of the epithelium to the basement membrane. In addition, hyaluronate was present in the adventitial regions of large pulmonary blood vessels. Receptors for hyaluronate were also evident on the surfaces of pulmonary macrophages, as demonstrated by the fact that K-3 immunoreactive cells coincided with cells positive for non-specific esterase, a characteristic feature of macrophages. The receptors on pulmonary macrophages probably mediate the effects that hyaluronate has on these cells with respect to cell-to-cell adhesion and migration.
Admissions, academic policy, and external relations

Discussing the effects of admission and academic policies and procedures, one could focus on specific groups or agencies within communities of the community college. This approach would miss the full impact of the discussion, however. For all these groups consist, at base, of actual people who can also become college students. As students, they no longer remain "external." They may enroll in classes to earn a degree, obtain a promotion, learn a hobby, just learn, discover who they are, or have a night out. Whatever the reasons, they are students and interact intimately with the college. While everything a college does may effect its external relations within the college's communities, admission and academic policies and processes possess power to influence profoundly and pervasively. Such policies can affect the individual person within the community directly and many people indirectly. We assume here that a moder community college's external relations should allow people to perceive it as what it is and that it is what it purports to be: an open door, egalitarian institution, performance based and community oriented, interested in meeting as many of its community education needs as appropriate to its mission. However, the community college should be understood for what it is, not what it might pretend, regardless of consequences. If not the institution described above, the community college should not build a false image in the public mind; if it is, it should not communicate otherwise. Community colleges like to discuss open-door admissions policies they claim to follow, the "in" thing in higher education today. According to Birenbaum, national consensus reveals that ". .. everyone can be educated and should be educated to the full limit of his abilities and desires."' Frequently, however, an admissions statement in a catalog includes a number of disclaimers. A student must prove he can "benefit from instruction," be a "high school graduate or equivalent," be "18 years of age or older if he has not completed high school," and/or prove "he can be successful in the curriculum of his choice." Ambiguous statements certainly, but the message sent, sometimes loudly and clearly and sometimes quite subtly, is selection, not extension of opportunity to all who would try but rather provided only to those who have "earned it." "Screening out" rather than "inclusion in" is the essence of the communication. For what reason do we add these statements to an affirmation of open-door
Utility of Routine Classical Cytogenetic Studies in the Evaluation of Suspected Lymphomas

Classical cytogenetic studies have a critical role in the diagnosis of acute leukemias; however, they are much less widely used in lymphoma diagnosis. To evaluate their utility in this latter setting, G-banded karyotyping was performed on 279 consecutive lymph node or tissue biopsy specimens with suspected lymphoma. Complete cytogenetic studies were successfully obtained in 177 cases (63.4%), including 115 (69.3%) of 166 hematolymphoid neoplasms. Success rates varied with the specific diagnosis (range, 33%–100%). The karyotypes were abnormal in 97 (84.3%) of the hematolymphoid neoplasms. In at least 3 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the findings contributed directly to the specific diagnosis made. In a much larger proportion of cases, characteristic but nonspecific findings were identified. Abnormalities of suggested prognostic importance in follicular lymphoma and in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were identified in 14 (44%) of 32 cases and 8 (24%) of 33 cases, respectively. Most karyotyped lymphomas will display abnormal findings including many that are not completely specific but support the diagnosis, some that provide additional prognostic information, and, infrequently, some that help establish a diagnosis that might otherwise have been missed.
Stress among disaster nurses and relief workers.

Proximity to massive destruction, death and mutilation place disaster health workers in a high-risk group for stress. The following article looks at the problems of stress reactions--which may occur during the disaster impact or long after these workers have returned to their regular employment. It also presents strategies for stress prevention before, during and after the disaster. Language: en
Training Social Justice Journalists: A Case Study.

Journalism schools are in the midst of sorting through what it means to prepare journalists for a rapidly transitioning field. In this article, we describe an effort to train students in “social justice journalism” at an elite school of journalism. In our ethnographic analysis of its first iteration, we found that this effort failed to turn social justice journalism into a specialized and teachable form of news production. By exploring the assumptions inherent in the program’s first iteration, this article reveals how assumptions that journalism academics and practitioners make about the craft can hurt attempts to teach it.
Practical prediction model for the risk of 2-year mortality of individuals in the general population

This study proposed to validate a prediction model and risk-stratification tool of 2-year mortality rates of individuals in the general population suitable for office practice use. A risk indicator (R) derived from data in the literature was based on only 6 variables: to calculate R for an individual, starting with 0, for each year of age above 60, add 0.14; for a male, add 0.9; for diabetes mellitus, add 0.7; for albuminuria > 30 mg/g of creatinine, add 0.7; for stage ≥ 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD), add 0.9; for cardiovascular disease (CVD), add 1.4; or for both CKD and CVD, add 1.7. We developed a univariate logistic regression model predicting 2-year individual mortality rates. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data set (1999-2004 with deaths through 2006) was used as the target for validation. These 12,515 subjects had a mean age of 48.9 ± 18.1 years, 48% males, 9.5% diabetes, 11.7% albuminuria, 6.8% CVD, 5.4% CKD, and 2.8% both CKD and CVD. Using the risk indicator R alone to predict mortality demonstrated good performance with area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.84. Dividing subjects into low-risk (R=0-1.0), low intermediate risk (R > 1.0-3.0), high intermediate risk (R > 3.0-5.0) or high-risk (R > 5.0) categories predicted 2-year mortality rates of 0.52%, 1.44%, 5.19% and 15.24%, respectively, by the prediction model compared with actual mortality rates of 0.29%, 2.48%, 5.13% and 13.40%, respectively. We have validated a model of risk stratification using easily identified clinical characteristics to predict 2-year mortality rates of individuals in the general population. The model demonstrated performance adequate for its potential use for clinical practice and research decisions.
HMG coenzyme A reductase inhibitors: good news and bad news.

The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors, commonly called statins, are one of the success stories of modern medicine. Before their introduction and evaluation, the efficacy of lipid-lowering therapy in the prevention of coronary heart disease was controversial. Meta-analyses of clinical trials of bile acid resins, fibric acid derivatives, and other agents demonstrated a reduction in coronary heart disease incidence but not a corresponding fall in overall mortality. These medications did not lower patients' serum cholesterol levels to as marked a degree, had to be taken more frequently, and were much more likely to produce adverse effects compared with statins. In sharp contrast to the preexisting situation, therapy with statins reduces total mortality in men with hypercholesterolemia when used for both primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. In fact, the impressive efficacy of these medications led Brown and Goldstein, winners of the Nobel Prize in medicine, to predict that their availability would lead to the disappearance of coronary artery disease as a public health problem.1 Although a debate of the population-based versus the individual approach to disease prevention is beyond the bounds of this discussion, fulfillment of such an optimistic prediction would be the case only if treatment were applied uniformly to everyone at risk.2
Neutrophil chemotaxis in gastric mucosa - A signal-to-response comparison

This prospective study compares levels of neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA) in gastric juice to the neutrophil count in gastric biopsies. Sixty-three male patients enrolled in the study and had antral biopsies following collection of gastric juice during esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Biopsies were examined for the magnitude of gastritis, tissue PMN count, and presence ofHelicobacter pylori. Secretions were assayed for neutrophil chemotactic activity. Results show an increase in NCA and in tissue PMN counts with increasing severity of gastritis.H. pylori-positive patients had higher levels of NCA and PMN thanH. pylori-negative patients. Wide variability in NCA levels preclude a direct correlation between NCA and PMN counts.
Simulatin on Dampering Results for Area Oscillating Mode by PSS

A concept is proposed in this paper, that is:during the side experiment of generator ‘s PSS, to stir up the area oscillation by a artificial disturbance, therefore to verificate the positive damping effect given by the generator's PSS.Based on the PSCAD/EMTDC software, simulation model of PSS demping effect of Yunnan Power Grid is built.The calculation result on disturbance proved the positive damping effect given by the generator's PSS, therefore to make up the insufficiency of side experiment.
Impacts of biofuel-based land-use change on water quality and sustainability in a Kansas watershed

Abstract The growth in ethanol production in the United States has sparked interest in potential land-use change and the associated environmental impacts that may occur in order to accommodate the increasing demand for grain feedstocks. In this study water quality and sustainability indicators are used to evaluate the impacts of land-use change to increase corn and grain sorghum acreage for biofuel production in the Perry Lake watershed in northeast Kansas. Water quality indicators include sediment loads per converted land acreage and the relative increase of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and sediment loads compared to the baseline conditions. Sustainability indicators include land-use, water use, and nutrient use efficiencies. Hay, Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), and winter wheat were selected as targeted land-uses for conversion to biofuel feedstocks. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to evaluate 6 different scenarios, each at 10 land-use change increments, for a total of 60 simulations. Results demonstrate that increased corn production generates significantly greater sediment loads than increased grain sorghum production and larger relative increases in nutrient loads. Expansion of corn or grain sorghum cropland by replacing hay or CRP land-uses resulted in the highest sediment loads and relative increases in nutrient loads. Expansion of corn or grain sorghum by replacing winter wheat cropland produced the lowest relative changes in nutrient and sediment loads and therefore may be a more sustainable land-use change. Corn had a higher yield potential per km 2 compared to grain sorghum, resulting in better land, nutrient and water use efficiencies.
DePFth Perception in Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

The earliest stages of clathrin-coated structure (CCS) assembly involve the recruitment and stabilization of clathrin-binding adaptor proteins and the clathrin coat. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Ma et al. (2016) now identify transient protein interactions that form the basis of AP-2 adaptor complex stabilization, key to initiating CCS formation.
Electrophoresis of β-lactoglobulin in the presence of calcium chloride

Abstract Electrophoretic studies of β-lactoglobulin at constant ionic strength of 0.1, pH 5.0–8.5, have shown that the mobility is decreased by the presence of calcium ions. A concomitant increase in the isoelectric point occurs. The changes in mobility are attributed to the binding of calcium ions to the β-lactoglobulin molecule. The use of the electrophoretic data for calculation of the amount of calcium bound, by means of a factor for change in mobility with change in charge, leads to a value that is considerably less than the calcium known to be bound from direct measurements.
Epigenetics in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related stress and anxiety disorders contribute substantially to psychiatric morbidity across the world. PTSD is, by definition, the result of an environmental insult; therefore, there has been long-standing interest in the role of non-genetic factors in the disease. With the dawn of molecular epigenetic approaches to psychiatric disease it has become clear that PTSD and related disorders involve epigenetic factors at multiple levels of analysis, from molecular modifications of DNA and chromatin to behavioral transmission of disease risk across generations in both human patients and animal models of these disorders. PTSD is characterized by abnormal activity in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, and epigenetic regulation of this axis clearly plays a role in both susceptibility and outcome in trauma exposure. Early-life adversity also plays a clear role in susceptibility to PTSD, and epigenetic factors clearly play a role in the lasting influence early life has on PTSD and other such disorders. The strength of child abuse and familial environment in the disorder argues strongly for early identification and intervention for the prevention of the disorder. Although our understanding of the epigenetic transmission of these disorders continues to grow, few novel, translational approaches have been developed to target explicitly epigenetic aspects of PTSD or anxiety. Future research should seek to bridge the gap between observation and intervention.
Complete mitochondrial genomes from the ferns Ophioglossum californicum and Psilotum nudum are highly repetitive with the largest organellar introns.

Summary Currently, complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are available from all major land plant lineages except ferns. Sequencing of fern mitogenomes could shed light on the major evolutionary transitions that established mitogenomic diversity among extant lineages. In this study, we generated complete mitogenomes from the adder's tongue fern (Ophioglossum californicum) and the whisk fern (Psilotum nudum). The Psilotum mitogenome (628 kb) contains a rich complement of genes and introns, some of which are the largest of any green plant organellar genome. In the Ophioglossum mitogenome (372 kb), gene and intron content is slightly reduced, including the loss of all four mitochondrial ccm genes. Transcripts of nuclear Ccm genes also were not detected, suggesting loss of the entire mitochondrial cytochrome c maturation pathway from Ophioglossum. Both fern mitogenomes are highly repetitive, yet they show extremely low levels of active recombination. Transcriptomic sequencing uncovered ˜1000 sites of C-to-U RNA editing in both species, plus a small number (< 60) of U-to-C edit sites. Overall, the first mitochondrial genomes of ferns show a mix of features shared with lycophytes and/or seed plants and several novel genomic features, enabling a robust reconstruction of the mitogenome in the common ancestor of vascular plants.
Review of Henry Rosemont, Jr.'s A Reader's Companion to the Confucian Analects

A Reader's Companion to the Confucian Analects by Henry Rosemont, Jr. Palgrave Macmillan Publishers, New York, NY, 2012, 88 pages, hardbound, $45.00
Implementation of smart interface subsystems for enhanced control and communication in smartgrids

Rapid advances in the control and distribution of electricity (electrical energy) is causing change in micro-grid technology. Similarly, the constant increase in the number of consumers is changing the management and control of power distribution. This paradigm change in power networks is also influenced by the fact that the world is re-thinking how energy should be controlled in order to avoid energy loss and limit accidents. Unlike traditional grids, microgrids have a unique power operation of distribute energy without controlling and communication. The focus of this paper is the implementation of smart interface subsystems to enhance control and communication in microgrids. In order to perform this task, smart interfaces are designed so that the operations can be done seamlessly, the overall power cost is reduced with and failures and accidents are reduced. This paper demonstrates smart grid interfaces designed for different components of the grid and their implementation of a prototype with a PIC 16F887 microcontroller.
Role of Citizens

This chapter discusses the role of citizens in the creation of entrepreneurial ecosystems in sub-Saharan Africa. Very often, citizens blame their governments for what goes wrong. This chapter acknowledges that citizens are part of the problem as well as the solution. Whether a country is entrepreneurial or not depends on its citizens. It is the people, their capacity to tolerate risk and embrace uncertainty that determine whether entrepreneurship will take root in their community or not. Hence, to make a positive impact, citizens must change their value system, attitudes, and actual behaviors. For example, in the context of sub-Saharan Africa, citizens must reevaluate their attitudes toward entrepreneurship and failure, encourage family entrepreneurship, and reduce the forced solidarity tax.
Antecedents of awareness in virtual teams

This study examined the antecedents of awareness in geographically distributed teams. Task structure, group propensity, communication frequency, groupware usage, and subjective reliance on various communication tools were proposed to affect the perceived level of awareness. Based on data collected from seven distributed student engineering teams, results showed that perceived task interdependence and communication frequency were positively associated with the level of awareness, but group propensity and groupware usage were not. Further analysis found the reliance on synchronous meetings mediated the relationship between task interdependence and awareness level. Implications for virtual team management are discussed.