cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BACKWARD MASKING FOR LETTERS.

Sum?izary.-This smdy investigated extent of backward masking for letters under conditions where tesc stimulus and masking stimulus were the same or different. Two response measures were used, detection of location and identification of the test stimulus. The extent of masking, as assessed by detecting location, was greater when test and masking stimuli were identical; as assessed by identification, masking was greater when test and masking stimuli were different. When a briefly exposed stim~~lus, s~lch as a letter, is followed, within a short interval, by a second stimulus, such as some geometric pattern, perceptual interference results; the letter will not be perceived. Studies investigating this interference effect, which is generally designated as backward masking (Raab, 1963), suggest that masking is maximal when the complexity of the pattern, as defined by the number of lines crossing or some similar measure, approximates the cornplexity of the masking stimulus (Schiller & Wiener, 1963). Carried to its extreme, this view leads to the prediction that masking should be most effective when masked and masking stimuli are identical. One of the problems in assessing extents of masking concerns the choice of response measure to be employed, In investigating backward masking for patterns, one or two basic procedures may be used. One involves detection, where the task is to assess the presence of the first (test) stimulus or to indicate which of several tesc stimuli have been shown. How these two response measures relate to each other in masking for patterns has not been investigated. The aim of this study was two-fold: (1 ) to determine the extent of masking using both detection and identification measures and (2) to determine how detection and identification are affected in masking when the configuration of the test stimulus is identical with one of several masking stim~~li, and when the configuration of the test sti~nulus is different.
Efficient photocurrent generation through a self-assembled monolayer of C60-mercaptophenylanthrylacetylene

Abstract A novel conjugated molecule, C 60 -mercaptophenylanthrylacetylene (C 60 -MPAA) has been self-assembled on a gold surface to form a highly ordered monolayer. The electrochemical properties of this molecule in solution or in a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) were investigated using cyclic voltammetry. A stable cathodic photocurrent was observed from a photoelectrochemical cell using the C 60 -MPAA SAM modified gold as the working electrode in the presence of methyl viologen (MV 2+ ) as electron carrier. The quantum yield (14%) of the cell was obtained at a bias of −100 mV versus Ag/AgCl under the illumination of monochromatic light at 400 nm. The dependence of photocurrent on the potential bias applied to the self-assembled monolayer modified Au electrode indicated that electron flow from C 60 -MPAA to the counter electrode through the electron carriers.
Geological interpretation of data collected on cruise of U.S.S. Barracuda in the West Indies—Preliminary report

During the course of the cruise of the U.S.S. Barracuda a great mass of new data was collected. Since we have just recently returned, these data have not yet had the mature consideration which they deserve, and the results of the gravity-determinations are as yet but roughly known for only some of the stations occupied. Therefore, this preliminary report deals with some of the larger topographic and structural features encountered, and draws certain purely tentative conclusions.
Sharp and smooth boundaries of quantum Hall liquids.

We study the transition between sharp and smooth density distributions at the edges of quantum Hall liquids in the presence of interactions. We find that, for strong confining potentials, the edge of a \ensuremath{\nu}=1 liquid is described by the ${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{F}}$=1 Fermi-liquid theory, even in the presence of interactions, a consequence of the chiral nature of the system. When the edge confining potential is decreased beyond a point, the edge undergoes a reconstruction and electrons start to deposit a distance \ensuremath{\sim}2 magnetic lengths away from the initial quantum Hall liquid. Within the Hartree-Fock approximation, a new pair of branches of gapless edge excitations is generated after the transition. We show that the transition is controlled by the balance between a long-ranged repulsive Hartree term and a short-ranged attractive exchange term. Such a transition also occurs for quantum dots in the quantum Hall regime and should be observable in resonant tunneling experiments. We find that the edge theory for sharp edges also applies to smooth edges (i.e., reconstructed edges) once the additional pairs of edge branches are included. Electron tunneling into the reconstructed edge is also discussed.
Model predictive optimal averaging level control

The infinite-horizon, discrete-time optimal averaging level control problem for surge tanks, with minimization of the rate of change of outlet flow as its objective, is formulated and a solution is presented. A finite moving-horizon approximation is introduced and analytical solutions are obtained for two important special cases. These results provide a quantitative measure of the impact of a secondary objective, integral action, on flow filtering. The problem is then generalized to include nonconstant level and outlet flow constraints. A model predictive control formulation is presented which addresses the objectives of the generalized problem. The resulting controller minimizes the maximum rate of change of outlet flow, provides integral action, and handles constraints on the tank level and outlet flow rate. The proposed controller includes a single adjustable parameter that directly effects the trade-off between the incompatible objectives of good flow filtering and rapid settling time. Examples are presented to demonstrate the properties of the model predictive controller. An implementation, involving imbedded feedback, is developed which guarantees internal stability of the model predictive scheme for open-loop unstable processes (such as integrators).
Pt monolayer deposition onto carbon nanotube mattes with high electrochemical activity

Pt monolayers with high catalytic activity were deposited onto carbon nanotube mattes by the chemical displacement of Cu monolayers on CNTs produced using an underpotential electro-deposition method. The electrochemical surface modification of graphitic CNT surface by fluorinated benzoic acid was critical to coordinate Cu ions resulting in uniform Cu monolayer formation. For MeOH fuel cell applications, the mass activity of Pt monolayer reached 2711 A g−1 at a scan rate of 20 mV s−1 and in a solution of 1 M CH3OH/0.5 M H2SO4. This is a 13 fold improvement than that of the ∼10 nm thick Pt film coated on MWCNTs. Besides the high mass activity that is needed for the widespread used of rare catalytic metals in fuel cell applications, the Pt monolayer coated on buckypaper has several other advantages such as low cost, high surface area, flexibility, mechanical robust and enhanced mass transport.
Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth of HgCdTe on Large-Area Si and CdZnTe Substrates

This paper presents the status of HgCdTe growth on large-area Si and CdZnTe substrates at Raytheon Vision Systems (RVS). The different technological tools that were used to scale up the growth from 4 inch to 6 inch diameter on Si and from 4 cm × 4 cm to 8 cm × 8 cm on CdZnTe without sacrificing the quality of the layers are described. Extremely high compositional uniformity and low macrodefect density were achieved for single- and two-color HgCdTe layers on both Si and CdZnTe substrates. Finally, a few examples of detector and focal-plane array results are included to highlight the importance of high compositional uniformity and uniformly low macrodefect density of the epitaxial layers in obtaining high operability and low cluster outages in single- and two-color focal-plane arrays (FPAs).
Solubilization and purification of hepatic microsomal trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase: Evidence for the existence of a second long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase

Abstract The present study describes the solubilization and purification of a NADPH-specific trans -2-enoyl-CoA reductase from rat liver microsomes. The final preparation was purified to near homogeneity and had a minimal molecular weight of 51,000 ± 2,000, as judged by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This enzyme specifically used NADPH, as cofactor, and was chromatographically (2′,5′-ADP-agarose) separated from another trans -2-enoyl-CoA reductase which utilized either NADH or NADPH as cofactor. The NADPH-specific trans -2-enoyl-CoA reductase catalyzed the reduction of trans -2-enoyl-CoAs from 4 to 16 carbon units. The K m values for crotonyl-CoA, trans -2-hexenoyl-CoA, and trans -2-hexadecenoyl-CoA were 20, 0.5, and 1.0 μ m , while the K m value for NADPH was 10 μ m . Although N -ethylmaleimide, heat treatment, and limited proteolysis with trypsin affected the reduction of short-chain (C 4 ) and long-chain (C 16 ) substrates equally, and in spite of the fact that a single protein band was observed on SDS-gels, at the present time one cannot state unequivocally that the purified preparation contained only one reductase. trans -2-Hexenoyl-CoA, for example, did not inhibit the reduction of trans -2-hexadecenoyl-CoA to palmitoyl-CoA and trans -2-decenoyl-CoA to decanoyl-CoA whereas it strongly inhibited the conversion of crotonyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA. The potential implications of this finding are discussed. Finally, the reductase preparation was shown not to contain either heme, nonheme iron, or a flavin prosthetic group.
THE NEWLY IDENTIFIED YEAST GRD GENES ARE REQUIRED FOR RETENTION OF LATE-GOLGI MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Processing of A-ALP, a late-Golgi membrane protein constructed by fusing the cytosolic domain of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase A to the transmembrane and lumenal domains of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serves as a convenient assay for loss of retention of late-Golgi membrane proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, a large group of novel grd (for Golgi retention defective) yeast mutants, representing 18 complementation groups, were identified on the basis of their mislocalization of A-ALP to the vacuole, where it was proteolytically processed and thus became enzymatically activated. All of the grd mutants exhibited significant mislocalization of A-ALP, as measured by determining the kinetics of A-ALP processing and by analyzing its
Intervention for High School Latino Students in Preparing for College: Steps for Consideration.

Several factors contribute to a disproportionately lower Latino participation in college education. Foremost among those factors are policies that encourage quick job placement over career developm...
Digestion of an aquatic macrophyte by Tilapia zillii (Gervais)

The digestive efficiency of Tilapia zillii fed Najas guadalupensis was studied in the laboratory. Digestion was dependent on the ability of the fish to triturate the plant tissues. Based on a dietary reference, cellulose, the total digestibility of Najas was 29.3%. Digestive efficiency of the fish for non-cellulose organic matter, protein and fat was 55.7%, 75.1% and 75.9%, respectively. Of the total caloric content of the plant, 45.4% was assimilated. An estimate was made of the amount of Najas necessary to satisfy the caloric expenditure of the fish.
Optic Flow Selectivity in the Anterior Superior Temporal Polysensory Area, STPa, of the Behaving Monkey

Earlier studies of neurons in the anterior region of the superior temporal polysensory area (STPa) have demonstrated selectivity for visual motion using stimuli contaminated by nonmotion cues, including texture, luminance, and form. The present experiments investigated the motion selectivity of neurons in STPa in the absence of form cues using random dot optic flow displays. The responses of neurons were tested with translation, rotation, radial, and spiral optic flow displays designed to mimic the types of motion that occur during locomotion. Over half of the neurons tested responded significantly to at least one of these displays. On a cell by cell basis, 60% of the neurons tested responded selectively to rotation, radial, and spiral motion, whereas 20% responded selectively to translation motion. The majority of neurons responded maximally to single-component optic flow displays but was also significantly activated by the spiral displays that contained their preferred component. Moreover, there was a bias in the selectivity of the neurons for radial expansion motion. These results suggest that neurons within STPa are contributing to the analysis of optic flow. Furthermore, the preponderance of cells selective for radial expansion provides evidence that this area may be specifically involved in the processing of forward locomotion and/or looming stimuli. Finally, these results provide carefully controlled physiological evidence for an extension and specialization of the motion-processing pathway into the anterior temporal lobe.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF PEROMYSCUS CALIFORNICUS WITH TOXOPLASMA GONDII

Eight female Peromyscus californicus were infected with 102 or 104 Toxoplasma gondii culture-derived tachyzoites (Type II or X) isolated from southern sea otters. All but 2 mice survived infection and developed antibodies to T. gondii. The 2 fatally infected mice were inoculated with 104 tachyzoites of the Type X strain. Parasite detection by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and DNA amplification with 2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods was compared for brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, biceps muscle, and tongue, at a mean of 41 days postinfection. Parasites were detected most commonly by IHC in spleen (8/8) and brain (6/8). DNA amplification by PCR was most successful from brain, heart, and spleen.
Six-year comparison between organic, IPM and conventional cotton production systems in the Northern San Joaquin Valley, California

Three different cotton production strategies [certified organic, conventionally grown, and reduced insecticide input/integrated pest management (IPM)] were compared in field-sized replicates in the Northern San Joaquin Valley (NSJV), California, from 1996 to 2001. We measured arthropod abundance, plant development, plant density, pesticide use, cost of production, lint quality and yields in the three treatments. Overall pest abundance was low, and a key cotton fruit pest, Lygus hesperus Knight, known as the western tarnished plant bug (WTPB), did not exceed action thresholds in any treatment. Organic fields had significantly more generalist insect predators than conventional fields during at least one seasonal interval in all but one year. While there were no significant differences in plant development, plant densities at harvest were lower in organic than conventional and IPM fields. Some measures of lint quality (color grade and bale leaf rating) were also lower in the organic treatment than in either the IPM or the conventional treatments. Synthetic insecticides, not allowed for use in organic production, were also used in significantly lower quantities in the IPM fields than in the conventional fields. Over the 6-year period of the study, IPM fields averaged 0.63 kg of active ingredient (AI) insecticide per hectare, as opposed to 1.02 kg AI ha−1 for conventional fields, a reduction of 38%. Costs of production per bale were on average 37% higher for organic than for conventional cotton. This cost differential was primarily due to greater hand-weeding costs and significantly lower yields in organic cotton, compared with either IPM or conventional cotton. Average 6-year yields were 4.4, 5.4 and 6.7 bales ha−1 for organic, IPM and conventional treatments, respectively. Low world cotton prices and the lack of premium prices for organic cotton are the primary obstacles for continued production in the NSJV.
Discovery of Substituted 4-(Pyrazol-4-yl)-phenylbenzodioxane-2-carboxamides as Potent and Highly Selective Rho Kinase (ROCK-II) Inhibitors

The identification of a new class of potent and selective ROCK-II inhibitors is presented. Compound 5 (SR-3677) had an IC 50 of approximately 3 nM in enzyme and cell based assays and had an off-target hit rate of 1.4% against 353 kinases, and inhibited only 3 out of 70 nonkinase enzymes and receptors. Pharmacology studies showed that 5 was efficacious in both, increasing ex vivo aqueous humor outflow in porcine eyes and inhibiting myosin light chain phosphorylation.
Test cost reduction for SoC using a combined approach to test data compression and test scheduling

A combined approach for implementing system level test compression and core test scheduling to reduce SoC test costs is proposed in this paper. A broadcast scan based test compression algorithm for parallel testing of cores with multiple scan chains is used to reduce the test data of the SoC. Unlike other test compression schemes, the proposed algorithm doesn't require specialized test generation or fault simulation and is applicable with intellectual property (IP) cores. The core testing schedule with compression enabled is decided using a generalized strip packing algorithm. The hardware architecture to implement the proposed scheme is very simple. By using the combined approach, the total test data volume and test application time of the SoC is reduced to a level comparable with the test data volume and test application time of the largest core in the SoC.
Retrospective Review of 234 Scaphoid Fractures and Nonunions Treated with Arthroscopy for Union and Complications

The purpose of this paper is to retrospectively review 234 consecutive cases of scaphoid fractures and nonunions treated using arthroscopy with the dorsal percutaneous implantation of a headless compression screw for healing and complications. Solid union of fracture is determined by CT scan. We identified 126 acute injuries, including 65 proximal pole fractures; 67 grossly displaced fractures; 12 trans-scaphoid perilunate dislocations including four trans-scaphoid trans-capitate fractures; and ten combined scaphoid and distal radius fractures. 108 scaphoid nonunions were identified. 98 were correctly aligned and ten had a humpback deformity which was correctable using arthroscopic assisted reduction techniques at the time of surgery. 82 presented with a fracture gap 2mm or greater requiring percutaneous bone grafting. 12 cases of avascular necrosis (AVN) were identified by MRI. 20 nonunions had surgery performed at other institutions. The mean time to surgery for the nonunions was 20 months. 99% union rate of acute scaphoid fractures was obtained by 12 weeks, as determined by CT scan. Two complications were identified (3%). One case of delayed healing was identified. this delayed union was treated with percutaneous bone grafting and continued on to heal uneventfully. The other complication was a case of volar trans-scaphoid peri-lunate dislocation. While the fracture healed, the patient developed a traumatic dislocation requiring a capitate-lunate arthrodesis. Treatment of scaphoid nonunions resulted in ten cases of delayed healing, which were treated with repeat percutaneous bone grafting. This represented a 9% complication rate. of the ten cases of delayed unions that were re-bone grafted, four failed to heal by nine months. This resulted in a 96% union rate of our nonunion group by nine months. when acute fracture healing was compared to nonunions the average healing of acute fractures as determined by CT scanning measuring trabecular bridging was 12 weeks, while the average healing of non-unions was 22 weeks. We conclude that the dorsal percutaneous treatment of scaphoid fractures and nonunions using arthroscopy is safe and effective. CT scans to evaluate scaphoid healing by measuring trabecular bridging at the fracture site was determined to be an excellent modality to evaluate scaphoid healing. While not witnessed in this series, the potential for complications requires proper training.
Sexual Risk Behaviors among First Year College Students, 2000-2002

Objective: To determine sexual risk behaviors among first semester college freshman during a three year period. Method: A sexual activity questionnaire was used to collect data from 778 students enrolled in an Introduction to University Life course. Results: Seventy-one percent of the students had engaged in intercourse, had a mean age of 18.2, a mean number of lifetime partners was 3.5, a mean age of first intercourse was 16.4, and a mean number of partners in the past 3 months was 1.3. Students had very low rates of reported STIs and over 60 percent used a condom the last time they had sex. Fifteen percent of first year college women and 16% of men had engaged in anal intercourse. Women who engaged in anal intercourse had first intercourse at a younger age, had a greater number of partners in the last 3 months, were happier with their body, and masturbated more. Men who had engaged in anal intercourse had first intercourse at a younger age, had a greater number of lifetime partners, had a greater number of partners in the last 3 months, and were happier with their body. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of expanding our understanding of sexual behaviors of first year college students and openly addressing anal intercourse as a part of the sexual repertoire of college men and women.
Antigen-Antibody-Complement Reaction Studies on Micro Bilayer Lipid Membranes

The ion permeability of lipid membranes formed on Millipore and Nuclepore filters has been found to exhibit stepwise reductions in electrical resistance in the presence of Forssman antigen, appropriate antiserum and complement. The results appear to support the “hydrophobic doughnut” or transmembrane channel hypothesis, which envisions several polypeptide chains anchoring from more than one terminal complement component to interact with one another within the lipid bilayer. Channel formation in these artificial membranes is believed to be due to the insertion of complement proteins. Concentrations and temperature studies were carried out to ascertain that the electrical responses were owing to the generation of stable channels by complement across the membrane. The diameter of these channels was estimated to be in the order of 100 A.
Resolvin D1 Dampens Pulmonary Inflammation and Promotes Clearance of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a Gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen that frequently causes ear infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, and exacerbations in patients with underlying inflammatory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In mice, NTHi is rapidly cleared, but a strong inflammatory response persists, underscoring the concept that NTHi induces dysregulation of normal inflammatory responses and causes a failure to resolve. Lipid-derived specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) play a critical role in the active resolution of inflammation by both suppressing proinflammatory actions and promoting resolution pathways. Importantly, SPMs lack the immunosuppressive properties of classical anti-inflammatory therapies. On the basis of these characteristics, we hypothesized that aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) would dampen NTHi-induced inflammation while still enhancing bacterial clearance. C57BL/6 mice were treated with AT-RvD1 and infected with live NTHi. AT-RvD1-treated mice had lower total cell counts and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and had earlier influx of macrophages. In addition, AT-RvD1-treated mice showed changes in temporal regulation of inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, with decreased KC at 6 h and decreased IL-6, TNF-α, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression at 24 h post infection. Despite reduced inflammation, AT-RvD1-treated mice had reduced NTHi bacterial load, mediated by enhanced clearance by macrophages and a skewing toward an M2 phenotype. Finally, AT-RvD1 protected NTHi-infected mice from weight loss, hypothermia, hypoxemia, and respiratory compromise. This research highlights the beneficial role of SPMs in pulmonary bacterial infections and provides the groundwork for further investigation into SPMs as alternatives to immunosuppressive therapies like steroids.
Instrumental and consummatory behavior as a function of length of reward-period

Three experiments are described in which rats were trained to run a straight alley, the reinforcement being 10 or 30 sec. access to wet mash. In each study, Ss trained with 10 sec. reward ran faster than 30 sec. Ss. In the second and third studies, in which food consumption during the reward-period was recorded, the 10 sec. Ss were found to eat, as well as run, faster than the 30 sec. group. Possible interpretations of these data are indicated.
Bio-inspired spectral-polarization imaging sensors for medical applications

Inspired by the vision system of several marine species, we have developed image sensor capable of recording all three fundamental properties of light by monolithically integrating metallic nanowires with vertically stacked photodetectors.
Particle Shape Effects on Optical Absorption in Semiconductor Colloids

The absorption spectrum of small MoS2 particles in colloidal dispersions differs significantly from that of bulk material. In particular the amplitude and position of exciton absorption peaks shifts when small particles are suspended in a dielectric fluid. Our results are compared with predictions of a Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory for ellipsoidal particles. We find that particle aspect ratio is an important parameter for interpreting these changes.
TCT-838 Management of Drug Eluting Stent In-Stent Restenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The optimal treatment of drug eluting stent in-stent restenosis (DES ISR) is unclear. We performed a meta-analysis of published studies to compare the outcomes of treatment of DES ISR using DES, drug eluting balloon (DEB) or balloon angioplasty (BA). Eligible studies were identified using MEDLINE
Basic Notions and Illustrations

The probability space for a one sided Markov process with stationary transition mechanism is set up in the discrete and continuous time parameter case under appropriate conditions in section 1. The extension (if possible) to a two-sided process is discussed, as well as the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation for first order transition probabilities. A number of illustrative examples are taken up in the following sections. The asymptotic properties of transition probabilities for Markov chains (Markov processes with a countable state space) are considered in section 2. This motivates in part the later development of an ergodic theorem (in Chapter 4 section 2) for Markov processes with a general state space. The classical example of a sequence of independent random variables is taken up in section 3. There is a brief discussion of the theory of errors and then a derivation of the Poisson approximation to the Binomial distribution and the normal approximation to the distribution of a sum of independent random variables, both with error terms. The theorems on the Poisson and normal approximation are not only of independent interest but are also used later in Chapter 7 section 1 to obtain a remarkable result of Kolmogorov on the approximation of the distribution of a sum of independent and identically distributed random variables by an infinitely divisible distribution with error term. A brief discussion of the continuous parameter Poisson and Wiener (Brownian motion) processes is given in section 4. The classical result of Polya on recurrence of one and two dimensional and nonrecurrence of three dimensional random walks is given in section 5. A generalization (due to Dudley) for random walks on countable Abelian groups is then developed.
On the Problems of Hunan Talents

People of talent coming forth out of Hunan Province in large numbers, they play an important role in the whole country, on one hand, the developing path of Hunan talents is wave-like, moving forward, while on the other hand, the geographic distribution is unsteady. From the view of structure, the organization is irrational even lopsided. Looking over the characteristics of Hunan talents, we can have some ideas about the developing pace of Hunan talents, which enables us to discover or cultivate the talents or brings about a new high tide of Hunan talents.
Epidemiological characteristics of measles in New District of Wuxi City from2005-2010

[Objective] To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles in New District of Wuxi City from 2005 to 2010,and provide evidence for developing efficient strategies to eliminate measles.[Methods]Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted to analyze epidemic data of measles and the monitoring data of measles collected from 2005-2010.[Results] The incidence rate of measles reached the lowest level in 2010 of recent 6 years,cases concentrated in January to June,and the peak incidence appeared in April,occupying 26.52% of year incidence.The age groups with high incidence were 0-15 years old and more than 20 years old which accounted for 61.65% and 36.20% respectively of all measles cases.The cases of floating population covered 63.44% of all cases.[Conclusion]The incidence rate of measles is still fluctuating in New District of Wuxi City,most of the measles cases are floating population.To achieve the goal of measles elimination,it is necessary to further strengthen the measles vaccine immunization and improve surveillance of adult immunization level.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Sources of Sepsis Following Total Joint Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Sepsis is a rare but serious complication following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Common sources include urinary tract infection (UTI), surgical site infection (SSI), and pneumonia. The purpose of this study is to characterize the incidence, risk factors, and sources of sepsis following TJA. Methods Patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty during 2005-2013 were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Independent associations were tested for using multivariate regression adjusting for baseline characteristics. Results A total of 117,935 patients were identified (45,612 undergoing total hip arthroplasty and 72,323 undergoing total knee arthroplasty). Of these, 402 (0.34%) developed sepsis following surgery. Patients who developed sepsis had an elevated mortality rate (3.7% vs 0.1%, P Conclusion These findings suggest that the rate of sepsis following TJA is about 1 in 300, and that sepsis is associated with a high risk of mortality. The most common sources of sepsis are UTI, SSI, and pneumonia, potentially accounting for at least two-thirds of cases. The information provided here can be used to guide the diagnostic workup of sepsis in patients following TJA.
Material Culture and Asian Religions: Text, Image, Object

Material Culture and Asian Religions: Text, Image, Object grew out of a 2010 University of Pennsylvania conference that aimed to make a case for the fruitfulness of discussing material and textual ...
Human platelet glycoprotein V: Its role in enhancing expression of the glycoprotein Ib receptor

Platelet adhesion to an injured blood vessel wall is a critical initiating step in hemostasis mediated by a four member receptor complex (glycoprotein Ib/V/IX) interacting with plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF). The function of the GPV subunit within this complex is presently undefined. To study the role of glycoprotein (GP) V within the GPIb receptor complex, we transfected the GPV subunit gene into a hematopoietic cell line that constitutively expresses the other three subunits (human erythroleukemia [HEL] cells). Using flow cytometry, we found transfected GPV was surface expressed in HEL cells; this, in turn, led to increased surface expression of the ligand-binding GPIb alpha and GPIX subunits. Radioligand binding assays showed that GPV- transfected HEL cells bound more vWF than their non- or mock- transfected counterparts. We employed confocal microscopy of GPV- transfected HEL cells to show that GPV colocalizes with GPIb alpha on the cell surface. These findings suggest that the GPV subunit plays a role within the GPIb receptor complex by enhancing Ib alpha surface expression.
Hollowed Out: Meaning and Authoring of High School Math and Science Identities in the Context of Neoliberal Reform

ABSTRACTDrawing on a 3-year ethnographic study in 2 urban high schools serving majority low-income students of color, we reveal how the meaning and authoring of self in mathematics and science are produced among high-achieving students in contexts profoundly influenced by neoliberal policies. We highlight the institutional practices and cultural imaginaries that students responded to as they developed identities in math and science at the schools. These processes ”hollowed out” the identity of “being good” at mathematics and science while conferring status and good moral character on those who could author themselves in these shallow terms.
The Flashing Right Turn Signal with Pedestrian Indication: A Human Factors Study to Assess Driver Comprehension

Given the increased fatality risk of older pedestrians, and the large and growing older adult population in the United States and around the world, many countermeasures to ensure aging pedestrian safety have been explored (e.g., different types of crosswalk markings). The present study sought to investigate the potential of an experimental countermeasure, the flashing pedestrian indicator (FPI). This signal, intended for right-turning drivers, alternates between a yellow arrow and a pedestrian symbol when a pedestrian calls for a walk phase at a signalized intersection. The purpose of this signal is to cue right-turning drivers to the potential presence of a pedestrian, encourage scanning to the right for crossing pedestrians, and promote driver yielding behaviors. We conducted a study to gauge the comprehension of drivers who were naive to the signal to explore if the FPI’s intended message was understood. Participants were presented with scenarios depicting the FPI and other signal states and were asked the meaning of the observed signal (open-ended and multiple choice questions). Comprehension was tested across a range of age groups: younger (21–35 years), middle-aged (50–64), and older adult (65+) drivers. While in general the signal was understood, some participants were confused regarding the meaning of the FPI in certain situations. Potential positive effects of the FPI need to be weighed against potential confusion before any further recommendations can be made regarding the FPI as a potential countermeasure to assist with pedestrian crashes.
Probing non-covalent interactions with a second generation energy decomposition analysis using absolutely localized molecular orbitals

An energy decomposition analysis (EDA) separates a calculated interaction energy into as many interpretable contributions as possible; for instance, permanent and induced electrostatics, Pauli repulsions, dispersion and charge transfer. The challenge is to construct satisfactory definitions of all terms in the chemically relevant regime where fragment densities overlap, rendering unique definitions impossible. Towards this goal, we present an improved EDA for Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) with properties that have previously not been simultaneously attained. Building on the absolutely localized molecular orbital (ALMO)-EDA, this second generation ALMO-EDA is variational and employs valid antisymmetric electronic wavefunctions to produce all five contributions listed above. These contributions moreover all have non-trivial complete basis set limits. We apply the EDA to the water dimer, the T-shaped and parallel-displaced benzene dimer, the p-biphthalate dimer "anti-electrostatic" hydrogen bonding complex, the biologically relevant binding of adenine and thymine in stacked and hydrogen-bonded configurations, the triply hydrogen-bonded guanine-cytosine complex, the interaction of Cl(-) with s-triazine and with the 1,3-dimethyl imidazolium cation, which is relevant to the study of ionic liquids, and the water-formaldehyde-vinyl alcohol ter-molecular radical cationic complex formed in the dissociative photoionization of glycerol.
The Consequences of Identity Theft Victimization: An Examination of Emotional and Physical Health Outcomes

ABSTRACTIdentity theft—one of the fastest growing crimes—results in considerable financial losses as well as time spent to restore credit and prevent future attacks. While scholars have begun to devote more attention to identifying the factors that increase risk of identity theft, little is known about the aftermath for victims. Using data from the Identity Theft Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, we address this gap in the literature. Results indicate that, in addition to financial losses and loss of time, victims also experience emotional (e.g., depression) and physical (e.g., poor health) symptoms. The implications of these findings for theory, research, and policy are discussed.
Cytokine polymorphisms are associated with daytime napping in adults living with HIV

Abstract Objective/background Daytime napping longer than one hour has been associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality. Associations between cytokine polymorphisms and daytime napping in chronic illnesses such as HIV, however, have not been well described. The purpose of this study was to examine cytokine polymorphisms associated with long daytime napping in adults living with HIV. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using a convenience sample of 257 adults living with HIV. Daytime napping was assessed with wrist actigraphy data collected over three days. Participants categorized as long nappers (≥60 min) were compared to short nappers and non-nappers ( IFNG ), IFNG receptor 1 ( IFNGR1 ), interleukins ( IL1B , IL1R , IL1R2 , IL2 , IL4 , IL6 , IL8 , IL10 , IL13 , IL17A ), nuclear factors of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells ( NFKB1 and NFKB2 ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNFA ). Results After adjusting for relevant demographic and clinical characteristics, long daytime napping was associated with 12 SNPs from seven genes: 1) IFNG rs2069728; 2) IL1B rs1143642, rs1143627, and rs16944; 3) IL2 rs2069763; 4) IL6 rs4719714, rs1554606, and rs2069845; 5) IL17A rs3819024 and rs8193036; 6) NFKB1 rs4648110; and 7) NFKB2 rs1056890. Conclusions Cytokine genetic variations may have a role in physiological regulation of daytime napping as well as nocturnal sleep. Cytokine polymorphisms associated with long daytime napping could help identify adults with HIV who may benefit from targeted therapeutic interventions.
Fracture of plates which consist of periodic dissimilar strips

In this paper the fracture problem of a composite plate which consists of perfectly bonded parallel load carrying laminates and buffer strips is considered. It is assumed that the fatigue cracks may appear and spread in main laminates or in buffer strips or in both perpendicular to the interfaces. The external load is applied to the plate parallel to the strips and away from the crack region. The problem is solved for fully imbedded cracks and for broken laminates or strips and the corresponding stress intensity factors are calculated.
A novel hexapod robot design with flight capability

Multicopter aircrafts are popular platforms for researching flight control and aerial image processing applications. These crafts could gain unique utility from the ability to fly to remote locations, land, then walk to perform close quarters operations in the area. This paper presents a novel hexapod-quadcopter design with multicopter flight hardware directly embedded in the hexapod legs. The robot is capable of terrestrial mobility as a hexapod and aerial mobility as a quadcopter. Aspects of the design are described along with pictures of the structural components, which were 3D printed.
Introducing pharmacogenomic decision support for medication risk assessment in people with polypharmacy

Polypharmacy has been shown to be a source of multiple adverse drug events. Recent studies demonstrated that pharmacogenomic testing may be instrumental in optimizing medication regimen. However, majority of current pharmacogenomic decision support tools provide assessment only of single drug-gene interactions without taking into account complex drug-drug and drug-drug-gene interactions which are prevalent in people with polypharmacy and were shown to be a significant source of adverse drug events. The main objective of this project is development of comprehensive pharmacogenomic decision support for medication risk assessment in people with polypharmacy. To achieve this goal, the project addressed two aims: (1) development of comprehensive knowledge repository of actionable pharmacogenes; (2) introduction of scoring approaches reflecting potential adverse effect risk levels of complex medication regimens accounting for pharmacogenomic polymorphisms and multiple drug metabolizing pathways. After pharmacogenomic knowledge repository was introduced, additive and multiplicative algorithms for medication risk assessment have been implemented. An initial prototype assessment demonstrated feasibility of our approach and identified steps for improving risk scoring algorithms.
Sexting: crime and punishment

Texting has become a focal point in teen social life and concerns about the role of cell phones in the sexual lives of teens have increasingly grown among parents and teachers. Also, in recent years press coverage has focused on how teens are using or misusing cell phones for many years and the greatest amount of concern has focused on "sexting" (Lenhart). According to the plaintiffs in previous cases, sexting is "the practice of sending or posting sexually suggestive text messages and images, including nude or semi-nude photographs, via cellular telephones or over the Internet." Typically, the person will take a picture of him- or herself with a digital camera or cell phone camera, the picture is digitally stored and then sent via text-message or e-mail. In some cases these pictures may be posted or uploaded to an internet website like Facebook or MySpace (Miller v. Skumanick, Jr.). This practice is widespread among American teenagers and studies show approximately twenty percent of teens have sent nude photos of themselves via cell phone or posted the images on a Web site; the purpose of this paper will be to contrast the sentencing of sexting offenders. The consequences range from being classified as sex offender to just receiving "a slap on the wrist." Many people feel there should be consistency in the punishment, and Parry Aftab, executive director of WiredSafety is one of those people. The Pittsburgh Tribune-Review reported Aftab, saying "current state laws are "too hot or too cold," and teens who engage in the practice known as "sexting" are either treated as if they were pedophiles or released with a slap on the wrist" (Lawyer wants federal sexting law).
Preservatives and Artificial Sweeteners

Foods processed in the United States and Canada must, by law, declare the names of any chemical preservatives used. Some preservatives are considered “food additives” under the U.S. Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Food additive regulations promulgated under this act may set certain limits, either as to the amount of permitted preservative, or the foods in which it may be used. Antioxidants are considered preservatives under these regulations.
Adaptive Specializations and Generality of the Laws of Classical and Instrumental Conditioning

Although investigators of conditioning phenomena at the behavioral level have always sought to identify general principles or processes, the manifestations of learning are often specific to the responses, stimuli, and reinforcers involved in a particular instrumental or Pavlovian conditioning situation. This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical efforts that have been pursued to integrate specialized conditioning effects into a general theory and then illustrates how evidence from naturalistic learning paradigms offers a more ecologically relevant basis for identifying adaptive specializations in conditioning and developing general theories.
Oxidative Stress in the Newborn Period: Useful Biomarkers in the Clinical Setting

Aerobic metabolism is highly efficient in providing energy for multicellular organisms. However, even under physiological conditions, an incomplete reduction of oxygen produces reactive oxygen species and, subsequently, oxidative stress. Some of these chemical species are highly reactive free radicals capable of causing functional and structural damage to cell components (protein, lipids, or nucleotides). Oxygen is the most used drug in ill-adapted patients during the newborn period. The use of oxygen may cause oxidative stress-related diseases that increase mortality and cause morbidity with adverse long-term outcomes. Conditions such as prematurity or birth asphyxia are frequently treated with oxygen supplementation. Both pathophysiological situations of hypoxia⁻reoxygenation in asphyxia and hyperoxia in premature infants cause a burst of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Recently developed analytical assays using mass spectrometry have allowed us to determine highly specific biomarkers with minimal samples. The detection of these metabolites will help improve the diagnosis, evolution, and response to therapy in oxidative stress-related conditions during the newborn period.
Brief Report: Sex Differences in Substance Use, Mental Health, and Impaired Driving Among Rural DUI Offenders.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Studies have documented sex differences among driving under the influence (DUI) offenders, but none have examined rural DUI offenders. METHODS Rural DUI offenders (83 males and 34 females) self-reported past year and lifetime substance use, mental health problems, and impaired driving history. RESULTS Substance use and impaired driving histories were similar, but significant disparities in mental health problems for female DUI offenders were found. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This initial examination of sex differences among rural DUI offenders suggests additional research is needed to better understand their substance use and mental health problems and whether different treatment approaches are needed. (Am J Addict 2019;28:405-408).
Status report on disease management efforts for the health promotion community.

Status Report on Disease Management Efforts for the Health Promotion Community by Shirley Musich and Larry Chapman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Selected Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Closing Thoughts, by Larry S. Chapman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Regression: Choosing and Managing Models

This chapter generalizes our understanding of regression in a number of ways. The previous chapter showed we could at least reduce training error, and quite likely improve predictions, by inserting new independent variables into a regression. The difficulty was knowing when to stop. In Sect. 11.1, I will describe some methods to search a family of models (equivalently, a set of subsets of independent variables) to find a good model. In the previous chapter, we saw how to find outlying points and remove them. In Sect. 11.2, I will describe methods to compute a regression that is largely unaffected by outliers. The resulting methods are powerful, but fairly intricate.