cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Requirements for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence – A Review

The field of algorithmic decision-making, particularly Artificial Intelligence (AI), has been drastically changing. With the availability of a massive amount of data and an increase in the processing power, AI systems have been used in a vast number of high-stake applications. So, it becomes vital to make these systems reliable and trustworthy. Different approaches have been proposed to make theses systems trustworthy. In this paper, we have reviewed these approaches and summarized them based on the principles proposed by the European Union for trustworthy AI. This review provides an overview of different principles that are important to make AI trustworthy.
The Future of Disclosure: ESG, Common Ownership, and Systematic Risk

The U.S. securities markets have recently undergone (or are undergoing) three fundamental transitions: (1) institutionalization (with the result that institutional investors now dominate both trading and stock ownership); (2) extraordinary ownership concentration (with the consequence that the three largest U.S. institutional investors now hold 20% and vote 25% of the shares in SP and (3) the introduction of ESG disclosures (which process has been driven in the U.S. by pressure from large institutional investors). In light of these transitions, how should disclosure policy change? Do institutions and retail investors have the same or different disclosure needs? Why are large institutions pressing for increased ESG disclosures? This article will focus on the desire of institutions for greater ESG disclosures and suggest that two reasons underlie this demand for more information: (1) ESG disclosures overlap substantially with systematic risk, which is the primary concern of diversified investors; and (2) high common ownership enables institutions to take collective action to curb externalities caused by portfolio firms, so long as the gains to their portfolio from such action exceed the losses caused to the externality-creating firms. This transition to a portfolio-wide perspective (both in voting and investment decisions) has significant implications but also is likely to provoke political controversy. In its final hours, the Trump Administration adopted new rules that discourage voting based on ESG criteria and thus by extension chill ESG investing. This controversy will continue. As more institutions shift to portfolio-wide decision making, there is an optimistic upside: externalities may be curbed by collective shareholder action. For entirely rational reasons, the new “universal” shareholders who now dominate the market will resist even large public companies who might seek to impose externalities on other companies. Owning the market, the “universal” shareholder will protect the market. Still, this process of resistance may produce frictions, and the disclosure needs of individual investors and institutional investors will increasingly diverge. Of course, not all institutional investors are indexed or even diversified, but those that remain undiversified (for example, hedge funds) logically have the perspective of an option-holder and favor greater risk-taking. Across the board, retail investors have different perspectives and preferences than do institutional investors. Above all, the combination of high common ownership and institutional sensitivity to systematic risk makes disclosure a far more powerful force. Once a very good disinfectant, it may now be developing a laser-like power to effect significant social change.
A Voltage-Driven Window Function Concept for Behavioral Memristor Device Modeling

Development of memristor device models is a research topic of utmost interest. As the resistance switching mechanism is not always known in all details, several “behavioral” models employ window functions (WFs) to improve accuracy and to capture the switching-rate dependency on the bias conditions. The WFs published so far are functions of just the state variable(s), whose effectiveness was tested in fitting typical hysteretic i-v characteristics, ignoring the effect of the applied signal magnitude in dynamic behavior. In this context, we introduce a generalized concept of bias-dependent WFs, designed to enhance simple behavioral models by making possible capturing rich dynamic time-response of memristors. An implementation example is presented and its effect on the response of a threshold-based model of a voltage-controlled bipolar memristor is evaluated in simulations with LTSPICE.
Eating Disorders in College Health

This chapter discusses assessment, treatment, and special considerations regarding eating disorders in the college health setting. The author briefly describes the diagnostic assessment and criteria of the most prevalent eating disorders—anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and avoidant and restrictive eating disorder—as well as provides brief summaries of evidence-based treatment. Special considerations that arise within the college environment such as study abroad, dormitory living, emergence of learning differences, and athletic pursuits are discussed. Clinicians practicing within a college health setting are encouraged to view the college environment as a potentially ideal setting to bolster healthy neuropsychological development of the adolescent struggling to manage disordered eating.
Industry 4.0 for sustainable manufacturing: Opportunities at the product, process, and system levels

Abstract Limited resource availability and the negative environmental and societal impacts of traditional manufacturing have motivated the need for sustainable manufacturing. Product, process, and system integration, considering the interdependent sustainability impacts, is vital for sustainable manufacturing. Industry 4.0 and its constituent technologies offer significant potential to advance manufacturing competitiveness. Can the implementation of more sustainable manufacturing practices be facilitated or enhanced by using Industry 4.0 technologies? Current literature fall short in comprehensively addressing this question. Most treat either Industry 4.0 as a single technology, or sustainable manufacturing very broadly, without an in-depth consideration of the impacts on products, processes, and systems. To address this gap, this paper presents a comparative analysis examining individual Industry 4.0 technologies and their potential impact on sustainable manufacturing. A framework based on product, process, and systems sustainability metrics clusters is applied to examine these impacts. The findings reveal that literature is still limited in identifying opportunities for sustainability improvement at the different levels using Industry 4.0 technologies; the impact on many criteria related to product, process, or system level sustainability due to Industry 4.0 technologies have not yet been examined. The comparative analysis, and other literature, are used to provide further directions for future research and opportunities on leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies for more sustainable manufacturing. The implications for industry by way of offering a framework to identify potential solutions to enhance sustainable manufacturing performance using Industry 4.0 technologies are also discussed.
Monolingual Language Ideologies and the Idealized Speaker: The “New Bilingualism” Meets the “Old” Educational Inequities:

Background/ContextAfter decades of restrictive U.S. language policies geared toward English-only education, recent years have seen a proliferation of dual-language programs, Seal of Biliteracy awar...
Using Self-Compassion to Influence Romantic Relationship Satisfaction: A Case Study of Women

Research on self-compassion has focused on implementing psychoeducation and experiential exercises to groups with the goal of increasing individuals’ self-kindness, mindfulness, and sense of shared...
Salty, Alkali-Laced Tales (Mostly True) from the Great Basin Desert, California and Nevada

My career has managed to blend scientific inquiry with four decades of field work in the soda lakes of the Great Basin Desert. It has been quite an adventure. While many of our reported discoveries were serendipitous, they also involved curious interpersonal interactions that upon reflection were quite humorous. This writing, therefore, is meant as a tongue-in-cheek personal retrospective of scientific humor. Especially the “mostly true” caveat in the title. It stands in contrast to the usual gravitas of scientific works; after all no one would include such a statement accompanying a research paper, but given that these stories are 30–40 years old, one’s memory cannot be entirely accurate and some embellishment occurs to make the episodes entertaining and (hopefully) tie together. So, in these Covid-19 days of sheltering-in-place, let me take you outdoors on a road trip of my adventures back into my past field trips (cue the orchestra: John William’s theme music from Raiders of the Lost Ark or, if there are any aging followers of the late, great raconteur, Jean P. Shepherd and his N.Y. City radio shows broadcast on WOR/AM out there, Frei Bahn).
The Correlation Between NCDs Patients and Their Consumption Behavior of Beverages in Bangkok, Thailand

The objective of this research is to study the correlation between the NCDs patients and their beverage consumption behavior in Bangkok, Thailand. The sample group of patients with NCDs who come for treatment in large hospitals in Bangkok is from specifically random search. The 384 persons in the sample group are from Krejce and Morgan chart, the tools used is questionnaires, statistic is by Chi-square. From the study it is found that 1) The consumption behavior of the patients drinking sweetened beverages, has a correlation with High Cholesterol, High Blood Pressure and Gastritis 2) The consumption behavior of the patients drinking carbonated sweetened beverages has a correlation with High Cholesterol, Gastritis and Diabetes 3) The consumption behavior of the patients drinking non-sweetened carbonated beverages has a correlation with High Cholesterol and Gastritis.
Casket Case #1: Haunting the Reader: C.S. Lewis’ The Great Divorce and the Rhetorrectional Situation

In his essay entitled “Miracles,” C.S. Lewis states that he only knew one person who claimed to have seen a ghost. “It was a woman,” he says, “and the interesting thing is that she disbelieved in the immortality of the soul before seeing the ghost and still disbelieves after having seen it.” Despite his claim of not meeting any other persons who had ghostly encounters, there is reason to suggest that C.S. Lewis was haunted by ghosts. Writing on the resurrection in “What Are We to Make of Jesus Christ,” Lewis writes, “This is something quite distinct from ghost-survival. I don’t mean that they disbelieved in ghost survival. On the contrary, they believed in it so firmly that, on more than one occasion, Christ had to assure them that He was not a ghost.” While this is a possible allusion to Lewis’ belief in the general existence of ghosts, they become more personal/metaphorical elsewhere.
Public Aesthetics Versus Personal Experience: Worker Health and Well-Being in 19th Century Lowell Massachusetts

Documentary and archaeological evidence provides seemingly contradictory views of conditions of sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition under the boardinghouse system in Lowell, Massachusetts. Archaeological evidence, for example, reveals that public expression of corporate concern for worker welfare often failed to result in actions that would improve living conditions in the boardinghouses. On the other hand, boarders and keepers alike made efforts to humanize and personalize the anonymous surroundings of corporation housing. This situation is revealed through personal accounts as well as by objects of everyday life recovered from archaeological deposits in the backlots of two Boott Corporation boardinghouses. Both documents and archaeology reveal that despite the penetration of elements of 19th-century domestic ideology (e.g., notions of economy and scientific housekeeping) into the design, operation, and maintenance of the Lowell boardinghouses, workers and keepers retained traditional notions of health and nutrition. Historical research and zooarchaeological analysis reveal that workers living in corporation housing had a diet dominated by fatty meats and foods high in starch and carbohydrates, but documents do not imply there was dissatisfaction with food in the boardinghouses; on the contrary, workers believed that their diet was nutritious and healthful. It is suggested that the tendency to interpret the archaeological evidence for sanitary conditions and food remains according to the strictly “objective” criteria of current ideas about health and nutrition can be misleading or at best can bring into focus only part of the picture. Documentary analysis aimed at eliciting the emic perspective of contemporary observers must temper efforts at “science.”
Vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR) management and screening patterns: are paediatric urologists following the 2010 American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines?

Objective To evaluate the current practice patterns of vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR) management and screening among paediatric urologists and their relationship with the current American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines in managing and treating VUR. Subjects and Methods A 17-question survey was sent out to 476 paediatric urologists who are members of the Society for Pediatric Urology (SPU). In all, 133 respondents answered the survey and results were included for all questions. Results Paediatric urologists who were surveyed were consistent with the 2010 AUA guidelines in the initial evaluation of children with VUR, continuous antibiotic prophylaxis for the child aged 1 year, and follow-up evaluation in children with VUR. Most paediatric urologists do not obtain a serum creatinine on initial screening of children with VUR. The new guidelines address screening of siblings of patients with VUR and most paediatric urologists were consistent with these recommendations. Almost one third of responders screened all neonates diagnosed with prenatal hydronephrosis regardless of clinical history or findings on imaging despite the recommendations of the new guidelines. Conclusion We conclude that based on our present sample, most paediatric urologists follow the 2010 AUA guidelines on VUR management.
Optimizing the Treatment of Unstable Angina.

Unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI) are at the center of the spectrum of myocardial ischemia, which ranges from stable angina to acute Q-wave MI. In addition to clinical evaluation, cardiac specific markers such as troponin T or I can assist in early diagnosis, triage, and risk stratification. Antithrombotic therapy with aspirin and heparin have been shown to improve the outcome of patients with acute ischemic syndromes. Thrombolytic therapy does not appear to be beneficial in these syndromes. Antiischemic therapy remains an important component of the overall therapy. A strategy of early coronary angiography and revascularization leads to a similar long-term outcome as compared with a more conservative strategy of revascularization for recurrent ischemia, but the early invasive strategy is more expeditious as a large number of conservatively treated patients have recurrent ischemia. At present, many new antithrombotic agents are under active investigation, with the hope that they will lead to further improvement in the clinical outcome of patients with acute ischemic syndromes.
Human carbonic anhydrases. I. Isolation and demonstration of isozymes in erythrocytes.

Abstract A combination of hydroxylapatite and diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatographic fractionation procedures have been used to isolate a relatively large number of human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases. Some of the crystalline minor isozymes isolated show two starch gel electrophoretic components, closely related in mobility. A combination of immunological, enzymatic, and 65Zn exchange reactions, in conjunction with starch gel electrophoretic separations, has permitted the demonstration of the presence in hemolysates of carbonic anhydrase isozymes with the same electrophoretic properties as the isolated isozymes.
Improved frequency selective fat suppression in the posterior neck with tissue susceptibility matched pyrolytic graphite foam

Purpose To demonstrate improved frequency selective fat suppression in MRI using a magnetic susceptibility matching foam by reducing B0 inhomogeneities induced within the body by air–tissue interfaces. Materials and Methods Flexible pyrolytic graphite (PG) composite foam was tailored to match the magnetic susceptibility of human tissue and was shaped to surround the cervical spine region. Field maps and frequency selective fat suppressed T1-weighted FLASH images were acquired at 3 Tesla in both phantoms and six healthy necks. Results B0 field uniformity was shimmed to a target critical threshold of 1 ppm for fat suppression. The percentage of voxels in the phantom that did not achieve the critical threshold was reduced from 64% without the PG foam to only 1% with the foam. A similar decrease from 16% to 2% was observed in the in vivo region of interest. Conclusion PG foam improved B0 field uniformity by moving air–tissue field gradients outside of the neck where they cannot cause MRI artifacts. The PG foams consistently mitigated signal dropout, improved overall SNR, and enabled more robust frequency selective fat suppression. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:684–693. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Price Cap Regulation in the Cable Television Industry: Why was the Demand Stagnant?

During the period of 1992 to 1996, the cable television industry in the United States was regulated by the FCC, which took several price cap measures. As a result, the increase in the price cable service substantially slowed. However, the cable demand did not rise as anticipated. Using a model of imperfectly discriminating monopoly, the paper empirically investigates this curious phenomenon of stagnant demand despite lower prices. The paper finds that the FCC's price capping constrained both demand and prices. The demand was constrained since the price cap was designed to cover almost all TV channels carried by cable systems, and subsequently discouraged cable systems from meeting different customer preferences with multi-tier services.
Reflections on perestroyka and the foreign economic ties of the USSR

The exploitation of the Soviet Union's foreign trade potential would necessitate adopting a realistic exchange rate and increasing the foreign exchange retention quotas for direct and indirect exporters. It would also require reforms of domestic policies. The first prerequisite is the establishment of rational prices. Eventually, world market prices would be brought to bear on domestic prices in conjunction with the liberalization of imports, but this will be a long process since the pent-up demand for imports, cannot be satisfied from available foreign exchange. It would further be necessary to decentralize decision making on foreign trade in enlarging the scope of firms that can directly trade abroad. The decentralization of decision making in foreign trade should be accompanied by decentralization in the domestic economy, to be complemented by the introduction of the profit motive and competition. In fact, rational prices, decentralization, profit maximization, incentives to managers, and competition are interdependent, and they will have to be pursued simultaneously for efficient resource allocation.
Bunker Hill: A City, a Siege, a Revolution. By Nathaniel Philbrick. (New York, NY: Viking, 2013. Pp. xvii, 398. $32.95.)

When the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia in 1774, Bostonians, still reeling from the recent Coercive Acts, were suddenly left without their most important revolutionary leaders....
Acetabulum injuries in infancy and childhood

In this article, the anatomical and morphological features of the acetabulum in infancy and childhood are presented. The pathology and treatment of older children and adolescents is deliberately not covered, because the fracture morphology and treatment of patients aged 13 to 15 years is based on the criteria of adult medicine. Especially in the younger child, the anatomical differences are of particular importance. The younger the child is, the more difficult the diagnosis. Therefore today, MRI examinations should be generous used, even if anesthesia is necessary. If the injured child is hemodynamic stable, anesthesia can be electively used for a more complex diagnosis. Acetabular fractures are particularly problematic in infancy because even with optimal treatment and perfect reduction growth disturbances can occur. These manifest as so-called secondary dysplasia. During treatment, care should be taken to ensure that a surgical team having experience with the infant and juvenile skeleton is available and that appropriate implants are available.
Congenital Aphallia: Review of Pathogenesis and Current Treatment Guidelines.

Congenital aphallia is an extremely rare disorder with <100 cases reported globally. We report on an 11-month-old infant with aphallia and associated syrinx formation. We also review the pathogenesis, associated malformations, and current treatment guidelines for penile agenesis.
Melting and mixing states of the Earth’s mantle after the Moon-forming impact

The Earth's Moon is thought to have formed by an impact between the Earth and an impactor around 4.5 billion years ago. This impact could have been so energetic that it could have mixed and homogenized the Earth's mantle. However, this view appears to be inconsistent with geochemical studies that suggest that the Earth's mantle was not mixed by the impact. Another outcome of the impact is that this energetic impact melted the whole mantle, but the extent of mantle melting is not well understood even though it must have had a significant effect on the subsequent evolution of the Earth's interior and atmosphere. To understand the initial state of the Earth's mantle, we perform giant impact simulations using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) for three different models: (a) standard: a Mars-sized impactor hits the proto-Earth, (b) fast-spinning Earth: a small impactor hits a rapidly rotating proto-Earth, and (c) sub-Earths: two half Earth-sized planets collide. We use two types of equations of state (MgSiO_3 liquid and forsterite) to describe the Earth's mantle. We find that the mantle remains unmixed in (a), but it may be mixed in (b) and (c). The extent of mixing is most extensive in (c). Therefore, (a) is most consistent and (c) may be least consistent with the preservation of the mantle heterogeneity, while (b) may fall between. We determine that the Earth's mantle becomes mostly molten by the impact in all of the models. The choice of the equation of state does not affect these outcomes. Additionally, our results indicate that entropy gains of the mantle materials by a giant impact cannot be predicted well by the Rankine–Hugoniot equations. Moreover, we show that the mantle can remain unmixed on a Moon-forming timescale if it does not become mixed by the impact.
Adaptive and part-whole training in the acquisition of a complex perceptual-motor skill

Abstract The benefit of two instructional strategies: adaptive training and part training in teaching complex perceptual motor skills was evaluated. One method was the part training method, where a subject practiced on essential subtasks before performing the whole task. The other method was adaptive training, where the time pressure of the task was continually adjusted to conform to the subject's performance level until his performance was sufficient to handle the ultimate task difficulty. The task was a computer-controlled video game, developed for research purposes. The task was challenging and proficiency could be achieved only through significant amount of practice. The results found the part training regime superior to all others. The two adaptive training regimes brought mixed results, with one group superior and one equal to a control group. Negative transfer from the slow to the fast version of the game was evident, and may be the reason for the lack of clear advantage to the adaptive regimes.
Measurement of the solubility of water in 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC 123)

Abstract A metal ebulliometer has been used to measure the solubility of water in 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC 123) over the temperature range 297–354 K. Solubilities varied from 9.5×10−3 to 3.75×10−2 (mole fraction). Activity coefficients (γ∞) and distribution coefficients (K∞) were estimated. The results were used to resolve a discrepancy found in the literature concerning the vapor pressure of HCFC 123.
Excited state interactions in the doubly hydrogen-bonded jet-cooled dimers of 4-aminophthalimide and 4-amino-N-methylphthalimide

Abstract The jet-cooled dimer of 4-amino-N-methylphthalimide (4ANMP) has four NH bonds, but the ground-state infrared spectrum shows just two strong N–H-stretch resonances in the range 3100–3800 cm−1. This confirms a symmetric structure (C2). In the excited state, there are six strong resonances in the same region, falling into two groups of three. A similar pattern is observed for the dimer of 4-aminophthalimide (4AP). These observations suggest that double proton transfer may be occurring across the two N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Dot by dot: Analyzing the glycome using lectin microarrays

The glycome, that is, the cohort of carbohydrates within a cell or tissue, plays a key part in diverse biological interactions involved in health and disease. Glycans are structurally complex and notoriously difficult to analyze. Lectin microarrays, a sensitive and high-throughput method for glycomic profiling, provide a global view of the glycome. In recent work, this technology has been successfully applied to a wide range of studies, from identification of glycan-based stem cell markers to the detection of pathogens and early diagnosis of disease. This review focuses on advances in the field of lectin microarrays.
Representing 3D regions with rational Gaussian surfaces

The 3-D regions obtained as a result of a volume image segmentation often need to be geometrically modeled and rendered. In this paper, use of rational Gaussian (RaG) surfaces in modeling and rendering 3-D regions is described. A new parametrization technique is introduced that morphs a sphere in a coarse-to-fine fashion to a 3-D region. Knowing parameters of points on the sphere, parameters of voxels on the region are determined. Having the parameters of the voxels, a RaG surface is then fitted to the voxels to obtain a smooth representation for the region. Examples of the proposed representation on various 3-D regions are presented.
Inhibition of growth of hair by mimosine.

Loss of hair in animals following ingestion of seeds and foliage of Leucaena glauca was first reported in 18971. Sudden loss of hair in native women has been ascribed to consumption of Leucaena glauca seeds2. The toxic principle contained in this plant is a water-soluble amino-acid termed leucenol, and is identical with mimosine obtained from Mimosa pudica3. Mimosine seems to be the preferred name for the compound, both by historical precedent4 and to avoid confusion with leucinol, an alcoholic derivative of leucine. Mimosine is found primarily in the seeds of Leucaena glauca, lesser amounts being present in the foliage and stems5. Its chemical structure is:
Entomology Today and Tomorrow

American entomology today stands on the c1over-leaf of a vast system of highways to entomological achievement—if we, the entomologists, have the vision to plan wisely and thedetermination to pursue these plans vigorously.
Inertia and Endogenous Factors, Spatial Dynamics and Regional Economic Development

Evidence of income divergence at various scales provides the motivation for examining the role of selected inertia and endogenous factors in the development process with particular emphasis on the role of interregional dynamics and policy. A body of work on interregional dynamics that relies on an extended Lotka-Volterra model to keep track of the structure of spatial dependence among regions is briefly considered. It offers a promising starting point for an improved understanding of the factors behind trends in income and for expanding policy options. Examples from China and India but with a greater emphasis on India are provided.JEL Classification: C13, R11
Production of high energy and low flux protons using 2D(3He,p)4He for space detector calibrations

Abstract In this report, we want to demonstrate that besides the conventional use for elemental analysis and depth profiling by ion beam analysis (IBA), particles generated through ion–solid interactions in IBA may find other novel and important applications. Specifically, we use Rutherford backscattered and nuclear reaction produced high energy proton particles to calibrate an energetic particle subsystem (called ZEP) of the Space and Atmospheric Burst Reporting System (SABRS) at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). To simulate low radiation flux in the space, we have devised an experiment that uses an ultrathin (∼51.8 nm) self-support gold foil to scatter a proton beam from a 3 MV Tandem accelerator into the ZEP subsystem. Direct backscattering from the thin gold foil produces proton particles with tunable energies of 0.2–6.0 MeV and desired counting rates of
The weak approximation of the empirical characteristic function process when parameters are estimated

Abstract The empirical characteristic function process with estimated parameters is approximated by appropriate complex valued Gaussian processes under a sequence of local alternatives. Several types of estimators used to estimate the nuisance parameters are studied in detail. Applications to inference for stable laws are also discussed.
Reply to Comments on “Examining the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change”

Roland Granqvist's main concern with our study is that it did not include more specific questions about the causes and severity of global warming. In fact, our Eos article presented a snapshot of the full study [Kendall Zimmerman, 2008] in which we did ask about causes of warming, and in which we also explained that the survey was designed to have only a few key questions in order to maximize response. Granqvist also questioned our response rate, but as we explained in the report (with references), our response rate is typical for this type of survey. We actually were thrilled to receive more than 3000 responses, given that scientists are generally very busy.
Discussion: “Mud dispersal across a Cretaceous prodelta: Storm-generated, wave-enhanced sediment gravity flows inferred from mudstone microtexture and microfacies” by Plint (†), Sedimentology 61, 609–647

This discussion aims to comment on aspects in a recent paper by Plint (2014) where mud transport during deposition of prodeltaic strata of the Cretaceous Dunvegan Formation is examined. The author has made considerable effort to look at the grain scale fabric of these rocks, and by adding data from drill core also made a good argument that the fabrics of outcrop samples were not fundamentally altered by weathering processes. The author concludes that a considerable portion of the clays in these mudstones did not arrive in discrete flakes or in a flocculated state, but as aggregates that were at least in part transported in bedload. The presumed aggregates are similar in size to the quartz silt grains that they are associated with, and are in essence their hydraulic equivalents. There are, however, issues with the proposed origins of the various types of mud aggregates that are described. Although these concerns may seem subtle to those that are not engaged in
Nonlinear optical effects of ultrahigh-Q wavelength-sized silicon disk cavities immersed in superfluid helium

Wavelength-sized silicon disk cavities in superfluid helium exhibit blue-shifted bistability near the λ-point when subject to high optical input power. At lower temperature, we observe symmetric lineshapes and obtain a large intracavity photon number of 40,000.
Determination of nitroester and stabilizer migration in combustible cartridge case wall

on a determine la presence d'esters nitriques (dinitrate de diethyleneglycol et nitroglycerine) et de stabilisants (acardite II, N-methyl-N,N'-diphenyluree) provenant de propergols, dans la paroi de douilles combustibles provenant de charges propulsives M829 de 12 mm qui avaient ete exposees a des temperatures elevees dans une chambre climatisee ou avaient ete recuperees apres des interventions militaires au Moyen-Orient. Les resultats montrent que la migration de ces composants a partir des charges propulsives a lieu uniformement par la peripherie des points de contact entre la douille et l'adaptateur, mais pas longitudinalement au-dessus ni en-dessous de ces points de contact. L'enrichissement semble varier de facon lineaire en fonction de la duree d'exposition, les deux esters nitriques se deplacant a peu pres a la meme vitesse, avec la meme energie d'activation. L'echantillonnage classique et la methode d'analyse sont compares a une nouvelle methode d'echantillonnage a echelle microscopique et a une methode d'analyse qui reduit la consommation de solvant et la duree d'extraction, et diminue considerablement la deterioration des charges propulsives lors de la prise d'echantillons pour analyse.
Implications of Molecular and Morphological Data for Understanding Ateline Phylogeny

The ateline monkeys constitute as certain a monophyletic group as there is among primates. The group is intriguing because while their adaptations are well-documented and their monophyly as a group is unquestioned, their phylogenetic interrelationships are controversial. Molecular data indicate a phylogeny at odds with their morphology. Traditional morphological comparisons isolate Alouatta from the atelins, and link Ateles and Brachyteles as a sister group to the exclusion of Lagothrix. In contrast, several recent molecular studies point to a closer relationship between Brachyteles and Lagothrix than between Brachyteles and Ateles. At the heart of the problem lie the assumptions we make about the validity of data and the homology of observed traits. The fossil record further confounds the issue. We must account for the fossil record because it is positive evidence. But we cannot control how much of it there is or how much of it ever will be known. At this point in time, the ateline molecular and fossil record provoke us to examine critically our morphological approach to phylogenetic modeling.
The transverse thermal conductivity of 2D-SiCf/SiC composites

Abstract The Hasselman–Johnson (H–J) model for predicting the effective transverse thermal conductivity (Keff) of a 2D-SiCf/SiC composite with a fiber-matrix thermal barrier was assessed experimentally and by comparison to numerical FEM predictions. Agreement within 5% was predicted for composites with simple unidirectional or cross-ply architectures with fiber volume fractions of 0.5 or less and with fiber-to-matrix conductivity ratios less than 10. For a woven 2D-SiCf/SiC composite, inhomogeneous fiber packing and numerous direct fiber–fiber contacts would introduce deviations from model predictions. However, the analytic model should be very appropriate to examine the degradation in Keff in 2D-woven composites due to neutron irradiation or due to other mechanical or environmental treatments. To test this possibility, expected effects of irradiation on Keff were predicted by the H–J model for a hypothetical 2D-SiCf/SiC composite made with a high conductivity fiber and a CVI-SiC matrix. Before irradiation, predicted Keff for this composite would range from 34 down to 26 W/(m K) at 200 and 1000 °C, respectively. After irradiation to saturation doses at 200 or 1000 °C, the respective Keff-values are predicted to decrease to 6 or 10 W/(m–K).
Hypoxemia increases renin secretion rate in anesthetized newborn lambs.

The response of renin secretion rate (RSR) to acute systemic hypoxemia (mean arterial p02 34±8 torr) was studied in mechanically ventilated, anesthetized newborn lambs 5–10 days of age (n=6). Ventilation of these lambs with room air (normoxemia) was followed by administration of low oxygen inhaled gas mixture (fi02 0.11) which was associated with no change in arterial pC02, pH, mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal blood flow (RBF, measured by electromagnetic flow probe), and calculated renal vascular resistance (RVR). Arterial plasma renin activity (PRAA 4.28±1.73 to 6.46±3.00 ng AI/ml · hr), renal vein plasma renin activity (PRARV, 6.26±3.79 to 11.44±7.11 ng AI/ml · hr) and renin secretion rate (RSR, 19.86±21.70 to 51.32±48.54 units/min · KgBW) increased significantly (p<0.05) in response to hypoxemia. Restoration of normoxemia (arterial p02 100±18 torr) was associated with significant decline in MAP (to 65±14 mmHg) and RBF (to 9.0±2.1 ml/min · KgBW) and further increases in PRAA (to 8.98±3.40 ng AI/ml · hr), PRARV (to 19.04±10.62 ng AI/ml · hr) and RSR (to 88.6±77.6 units/min · KgBW). PRAA correlated strongly with PRARV (r=0.84) and RSR (r=0.60) in these lambs. These results suggest that PRAA, PRARV and RSR increase in response to hypoxemia in anesthetized lambs by a mechanism other than renal arterial baroreceptor stimulation, although this mechanism may be active during recovery from hypoxemia. Furthermore, PRAA closely approximates RSR in newborn lambs under these conditions.
Solvent effects on the cinnamoylation of n-propyl alcohol catalyzed by N-methylimidazole and 4-dimethylaminopyridine

□ The kinetics of reaction of trans-cinnamic anhydride or trans-cinnamoyl chloride with n-propyl alcohol, catalyzed by N-methylimidazole or 4-dimethylaminopyridine, were studied spectrophotometrically at 25° in methyl ethyl ketone, ethylene dichloride, methylene chloride, and toluene. The acid chloride reacted in all solvents via the intermediate formation of the N-acyl catalyst, which underwent reaction with the alcohol catalyzed by another molecule of the base. The anhydride did not form the intermediate in any of the solvents, but underwent direct general base catalysis. The rate of the anhydride reactions was not sensitive to solvent polarity, whereas the rate of the chloride reactions tended to increase as the solvent polarity decreased. A kinetic analysis is given of the effect of ion-pair formation on the kinetics of acyl transfer in systems where the charged N-acyl catalyst intermediate is formed.
Peak exposures in aluminium potrooms: instrument development and field calibration

Aluminium smelter potrooms are unique in that workplace exposures to hydrogen fluoride (HF), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter occur simultaneously for some tasks. The peak exposures to these contaminants are of increasing interest in discovering the etiology of respiratory health effects. While a variety of direct-reading instruments are available for sulfur dioxide and particulate matter, only a few exist for hydrogen fluoride. The sensors in these HF instruments have a cross-sensitivity to sulfur dioxide making it difficult to monitor HF in an environment that also contains SO2. To overcome this problem, we assessed the simultaneous use of two electrochemical instruments: one with a SO2 sensor that does not respond to HF and the second with a hydrogen fluoride sensor that responds to both HF and SO2 in a 1 ∶ 1 ratio, termed ‘total acid gas’. The difference in the response between the two instruments should indicate the HF concentration: [HF + SO2] minus SO2 equals HF. The performance characteristics of this sampling train were evaluated in the laboratory through the generation of both HF and SO2 with permeation tubes. The response and recovery times for the SO2 only instrument were acceptable (6 and 15 s, respectively), but the “total acid gas” instrument exhibited both slow response and slow recovery approaching three and six min. The association between the traditional integrated filter sampling method and the direct-reading instrument for SO2 is 0.80 (Spearman’s rho). The use of the digital filter strengthens the association between the HF direct-reading instrument and the integrated samples from 0.41 to 0.68.
Electron microscopy of muscular arteries; pial vessels of the cat and monkey

Pial blood vessels of the cat and monkey are qualitatively similar. The tunica media consists of a pure population of smooth muscle cells, while endothelium is the only cell type found in the tunica intima. Thus the smooth muscle is capable of organizing the connective tissue skeleton that pervades the vessel, and probably is responsible for the precursor substances that contribute to all of the formed extracellular elements. A system of basement membranes invests the cells. A single basement membrane may be shared by adjacent cells. Heavier basement membranes show tendencies to cavitate and split, thus opening up patent connective tissue spaces. Elastin and collagen appear in these spaces. To a limited extent elastin attaches to and blends with basement membranes to form a continuous system. Collagen is never directly associated with either elastin or basement membranes, but forms a separate skeletal framework, permeating the tunica media of the larger vessels. Basement membranes, when suitably stained, have a reticulated appearance as does the diffusely distributed mucopolysaccharide. Elastin apparently is formed in a mucopolysaccharide matrix by the addition of a second material. Following phosphotungstic acid staining, globular units of elastin approximately 200 A in diameter can be discerned. These fuse into a continuum, but their less dense centers remain visible with a spacing of about 200 A from center to center. The muscle cells have particularly dense masses of cytoplasm which apparently serve to anchor groups of myofilaments to the cell surface. Also, the muscle cells have large numbers of pinocytotic vesicles. The smooth muscle of these vessels is without specific innervation.
Deletion mutation analysis of the mutS gene in Escherichia coli.

The MutS protein is part of thedam-directed MutHLS mismatch repair pathway inEscherichia coli. We have constructed deletion derivatives in the mutS gene, which retain the P-loop coding region for ATP binding. The mutant proteins were assayed for ATP hydrolysis, heteroduplex DNA binding, heterodimer MutS formation, and the ability to interact with MutL. Dimerization was assayed by expressing His6-tagged wild-type and non-tagged deletion mutant proteins in the same cell and isolating the His6-tagged protein followed by MutS immunoblotting after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. MutS-MutL interaction was measured using the same technique except that the MutL protein carried the His6tag. Our results indicate that DNA binding ability resides in the N-terminal end of MutS, and dimerization and MutL interactions are located in the C-terminal end. Given the extensive amino acid homology in the MutS family our results with E. coli should be applicable to MutS homologues in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Tracking metal ions through a Cu/Ag efflux pump assigns the functional roles of the periplasmic proteins

Copper is an essential nutrient for all aerobic organisms but is toxic in excess. At the host–pathogen interface, macrophages respond to bacterial infection by copper-dependent killing mechanisms, whereas the invading bacteria are thought to counter with an up-regulation of copper transporters and efflux pumps. The tripartite efflux pump CusCBA and its metallochaperone CusF are vital to the detoxification of copper and silver ions in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. However, the mechanism of efflux by this complex, which requires the activation of the inner membrane pump CusA, is poorly understood. Here, we use selenomethionine (SeM) active site labels in a series of biological X-ray absorption studies at the selenium, copper, and silver edges to establish a “switch” role for the membrane fusion protein CusB. We determine that metal-bound CusB is required for activation of cuprous ion transfer from CusF directly to a site in the CusA antiporter, showing for the first time (to our knowledge) the in vitro activation of the Cus efflux pump. This metal-binding site of CusA is unlike that observed in the crystal structures of the CusA protein and is composed of one oxygen and two sulfur ligands. Our results suggest that metal transfer occurs between CusF and apo-CusB, and that, when metal-loaded, CusB plays a role in the regulation of metal ion transfer from CusF to CusA in the periplasm.
Baclofen decreases feeding in non-human primates.

Abstract This study examined how the GABA b agonist baclofen (0.5–5.6 mg/kg, p.o.), reported to increase food intake in rodents, affected the appetitive and consummatory aspects of feeding of non-human primates. Baboons had access to food 24 h each day, but they had to complete a two-phase operant procedure in order to eat. Responding on one lever during a 30-min appetitive phase was required before animals could start a consumption phase, where responding on another lever led to food delivery, i.e., a meal. Responding during the appetitive phase resulted in presentations of food-related stimuli only. Baclofen increased the latency to the first meal and decreased both appetitive and consummatory behavior. At the largest dose, baclofen induced emesis, indicating that the effects were due to malaise rather than a specific motivational action. In contrast, the positive control diazepam (GABA a agonist, 1.0–2.0 mg/kg, i.m.) decreased the latency to the first meal and increased both appetitive ( P
Review of bremsstrahlung experiments with free gas atom targets

Absolute doubly differential bremsstrahlung cross-sections from Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe have been measured for electron bombarding energies of 28 and 50 keV. Bremsstrahlung photons have been detected at 90° to the incident electron beam at energies ranging from 5 keV up to the kinematic endpoint. The data have been compared with two theoretical models: ordinary bremsstrahlung and total bremsstrahlung, which includes polarizational bremsstrahlung from the target atom, calculated in the stripping approximation. The data disagree with ordinary bremsstrahlung and provide definitive evidence for a contribution of polarizational bremsstrahlung. The results suggest the importance of interference between the ordinary and polarization amplitudes that is neglected in the stripping approximation. Recently, an additional background has been recognized that can affect the data for gas targets particularly at higher energy. Estimates of the effect of this background on the present data will be discussed.
Efficacy and safety of intravenous tocainide compared with intravenous lidocaine for acute ventricular arrhythmias immediately after cardiac surgery

In this double-blind parallel study, 99 patients with acute ventricular tachyarrhythmias after open-heart surgery were given either tocainide (50 patients) or lidocaine (49 patients) intravenously as 2 bolus injections 15 minutes apart, plus a fixed-rate infusion that started at the first bolus. If needed, a third bolus was administered and simultaneously the infusion rate was doubled. The boluses and initial infusion rate for tocainide treatment were, respectively, 250, 250 and 125 mg and 1.04 mg/min, and for lidocaine treatment, 100, 50 and 50 mg and 2.08 mg/min. When efficacy was defined as 80% or greater reduction in single ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) or complete abolition of ventricular couplets or ventricular tachycardia, no difference in efficacy between the 2 treatments was found by bedside electrocardiographic monitoring. By computer analysis of 24-hour taped electrocardiograms and a regression analysis of the proportion of patients responding favorably to treatment, it was estimated that an 80% or greater reduction of single VPCs occurred in 55% of patients during tocainide treatment and in 48% of patients during lidocaine treatment; abolition of couplets occurred in 74% and 68% of patients, respectively; and abolition of ventricular tachycardia in 87% and 73% of patients, respectively. These treatment-related differences were different (p