cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of an emergency department opioid prescription policy on prescribing patterns.

Abstract Background Staten Island University Hospital is located in NYC, where the opioid epidemic has resulted in significant mortalities from unintentional overdoses. In 2013 as a response to the rising threat to our community, our Emergency Department (ED) administration adopted a clinical practice policy focused on decreasing the prescription of controlled substances. The effects of this policy on our provider prescription patterns are presented here. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients prescribed opioids from the ED before and after policy implementation was performed. Dates chosen for analysis was November 1, 2012 through January 31, 2013 and November 1, 2013 through January 31, 2014; these time periods were used to serve as a seasonally comparative group pre and post clinical practice policy implementation. Opioids written for the treatment of cough, and for children under eighteen were excluded from analysis. Patient age, sex, diagnoses, and prescription formulation, strength, and pill number was recorded for each patient receiving an opioid prescription. Results There was a drop in the total prescriptions from 1756 to 1128 without a change in the average number of pills (12.78 vs 12.44) or average total dose prescribed (69.39 vs 68.98) mg of morphine equivalent per prescription. Additionally, there were sizable reductions in opioid prescriptions written for arthralgias/myalgias, dental pain, soft tissue injuries, and headaches. Conclusion The opioid clinical policy had a clear effect in decreasing the number of patients prescribed opioids. Such policies may be the key to reducing the epidemic and saving lives from unintentional opioid overdoses.
0320 Indirect parent-mediated pathways of child exposure to 2,4-d and chlorpyrifos in farm families

Background To reduce children’s exposure to pesticides used on farms, identifying and interrupting exposure pathways is critical. We evaluated applicator (parent) exposure as a determinant of children’s paraoccupational exposure to chlorpyrifos or 2,4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) in a study of farm families who used one of these pesticides as part of their usual practice. Methods The sample included 34 applicators applying 2,4-D (n=53 children) or chlorpyrifos (n=50 children). Sequential 24 hour urine samples were collected on the day preceding application through the third day after application of chlorpyrifos or 2,4-D. Maximum post-application urine concentrations of 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP), a chlorpyrifos metabolite, and 2,4-D (log-transformed) were used to examine the association of children’s exposure with applicator exposure using mixed model regression including a random intercept for farm to account for correlation. The final adjusted model included children’s age, gender, and presence during the application as covariates. Separate models were fit based on children’s presence or absence during the application. Results Adjusted models revealed positive associations between children’s exposure with applicators’ exposure (TCP: β=0.257; 95% CI=0.052, 0.462; 2,4-D: β=0.593, 95% CI=0.364, 0.822). The association persisted among children who were absent during the application process (TCP: β=0.218, 95% CI=−0.029, 0.466; 2,4-D: β=0.547, 95% CI=0.283, 0.811). Conclusions Specific pesticide exposure pathways to children living on farms are difficult to identify, but these data indicate that applicator exposure is associated with exposures to their children absent any known direct exposure to the children. Applicators protecting themselves from exposures may also protect their children.
Cultural evolution of normative motivations for sustainable behaviour

An emerging literature on the evolution of culture can offer new explanations for how norms encourage or obstruct sustainable practices. In particular, dual-inheritance theory describes how interactions between genetic and cultural evolution give rise, in part, to prosociality. Based on this theory, we identify the concept of normative motivation — internalized desires to follow and enforce norms. We discuss the utility of this concept in progressing two major research agendas across the social and behavioural sciences: the impact of motivation on cognition and normative behaviour, and the influence of norms on the policy process. Key contributions from considering norms from this evolutionary perspective include: (1) an improved model of the motivations that lead individuals to follow norms, (2) clarification of how and when incentives successfully generate motivations favouring sustainability and (3) new ideas for leveraging the influence of norms in public policy beyond financial incentives and education campaigns. Theories of cultural evolution can help explain how norms that are externally enforced are internalized to become intrinsic motivations to behave sustainably. This knowledge is useful for developing interventions for behavioural change.
How do we diagnose and treat epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures (Doose syndrome)? Results of the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium survey.

Abstract Objective To obtain and assess opinions on EMAS diagnostic criteria, recommended investigations, and therapeutic options, from a large group of physicians who care for children with EMAS. Methods The EMAS focus group of PERC created a survey to assess the opinions of pediatric neurologists who care for children with EMAS regarding diagnosis and treatment of this condition, which was sent to members of PERC, AES, and CNS. A Likert scale was used to assess the respondents’ opinions on the importance of diagnostic and exclusion criteria (five point scale), investigations (four point scale), and treatment (six point scale) of EMAS. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were then classified as critical, strong, or modest. Investigations were classified as essential, recommended, or possible. Therapies were classified as first line, beneficial, indeterminate benefit, or contraindicated. Results Survey results from the 76 participants determined the following: EMAS inclusion criteria: history suggestive of MAS (critical), recorded or home video suggestive of MAS, generalized discharges on inter-ictal EEG, normal neuroimaging, normal development prior to seizure onset (strong). EMAS exclusionary criteria: epileptic spasms, abnormal neuroimaging, focal abnormal exam, seizure onset six years (strong). Recommended investigations EEG and MRI (essential), amino acids, organic acids, fatty acid/acylcarnitine profile, microarray, genetic panel, lactate/pyruvate, CSF and serum glucose/lactate (strong). Recommended treatments Valproic acid (first line), topiramate, zonisamide, levetiracetam, benzodiazepines, and dietary therapies (beneficial). Significance To date, no similar surveys have been published, even though early syndrome identification and initiation of effective treatment have been associated with improved outcome in EMAS. Medications that exacerbate seizures in EMAS have also been identified. This survey identified critical and preferred diagnostic electro clinical features, investigations, and treatments for EMAS. It will guide future research and is a crucial first step in defining specific diagnostic criteria, recommended evaluation, and most effective therapies for EMAS.
TQM and Organization of the Firm: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives

Thirty companies that either applied for the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award or were known to actively practice total quality management (TQM) were surveyed by telephone and telefax. Data were obtained regarding their employees' revenues, superv..
Neuropsychological Problems in Neuro-oncology

Neuropsychological studies in the field of oncology are related to neuro-oncology: (1) brain tumors – which arise from neurons and other brain tissues, cranial nerves, leptomeninges, neuroendocrine glands, skull, and blood vessels and (2) treatment effects. The neurocognitive effects of brain tumors themselves are variable and require close examination of the cognitive underpinnings of composite test scores. Other cases present fascinating modular deficits when tumors occur in eloquent brain loci. After providing basic biomedical background on tumors in children and adults, the questions of tumor site and metastatic spread as well as treatment effects on brain and cognitive and emotional function will be examined in this chapter. Information will also be presented on the techniques for diagnosing and treating tumors and on issues to be considered in doing research in neuro-oncology. Finally, this chapter will discuss how disorders and syndromes that result from brain tumors and their treatments differ from more classical or traditionally understood forms of the disorders.
Immortalization of human mesenchymal stem cells: a first step in building osteosarcoma

4280 The cell of origin of osteosarcoma is still unclear. High grade osteosarcomas frequently demonstrate the potential for multipotent differentiation which is similar to mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) suggesting that MSC might be the cell of origin of osteosarcoma. Our previous studies suggested that the gene expression profiling of osteosarcoma was more similar to MSC than that of an osteoblast. The aim of this study is converting MSC to osteosarcoma using defined genetic elements. Immortalization has been performed as the first step permitting a comparison of gene expression profiles. MSC were transformed with retrovirus containing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and oncogenic RAS. Total RNA was extracted from MSC, MSC transformed with hTERT (MSC-T) and various osteosarcoma tumor samples and cell lines. Gene expression was analyzed using Affymetrix Human genome 133A expression arrays. MSC-T stably expressed hTERT and was cultured for more than 30 passages without senescence whereas MSC can usually only be cultured for less than 20 passages. MSC or MSC-T transformed with RAS, which was termed MSC-R or MSC-TR, became senescent in less than 6 passages after transfection of RAS. Several morphological changes were observed during the culture of MSC-T and MSC-R. The relationship of the gene expression profiles between MSC, MSC-T and osteosarcoma is being explored. MSC can be immortalized with constitutive expression of hTERT. MSC and even MSC-T can not tolerate transformation by RAS. MSC-T will be transformed with other genetic elements to define genetic derangements which contribute to osteosarcoma’s pathogenesis.
Azza Karam on the implications of binary framings for western actors

Professor Azza Karam serves as Senior Advisor on Culture at UNFPA, and as Chair of the UN Interagency Task Force on Religion.
I Just Don’t Want to Be Judged: Cultural Capital’s Impact on Student Plagiarism:

This research explores how college students’ broader educational histories affect their decisions to plagiarize. While research typically categorizes plagiarism as intentional or unintentional, exp...
Clinical, Immunologic, and Genetic Features of an Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Associated With Abnormal Lymphocyte Apoptosis

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) of activated lymphocytes is critical to immune homeostasis. The cell surface protein Fas (CD95) and its ligand play a pivotal role in regulating lymphocyte apoptosis, and defective expression of either Fas or Fas ligand results in marked over accumulation of mature lymphocytes and autoimmune disease in mice. The results of recent studies suggest that defective lymphocyte apoptosis caused by mutations of the Fas gene can result in a severe autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) in humans. To define the clinical, genetic, and immunologic spectrum of ALPS, 9 patients and their families were extensively evaluated with routine clinical studies, lymphocyte phenotyping, genotyping, and in vitro assays for lymphocyte apoptosis. Individual patients were followed up for 3 months to 6 years. ALPS was identified in 9 unrelated children as manifested by moderate to massive splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, hypergammaglobulinemia, autoimmunity, B-cell lymphocytosis, and the expansion of an unusual population of CD4−CD8− T cells that express the α/β T-cell receptor (TCR). All patients showed defective lymphocyte apoptosis in vitro. Heterozygous mutations of the Fas gene were detected in 8 patients. One ALPS patient lacked a Fas gene mutation. Healthy relatives with Fas mutations were identified in 7 of 8 ALPS kindreds. These relatives also showed in vitro abnormalities of Fas-mediated lymphocyte apoptosis, but clinical features of ALPS were not present in the vast majority of these individuals. ALPS is a unique clinical syndrome in which in vitro abnormalities of lymphocyte apoptosis are associated with abnormal lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity. These findings provide evidence that apoptosis of activated lymphocytes is an important mechanism for maintaining immunologic homeostasis and self-tolerance in humans. Fas gene mutations account for impaired lymphocyte apoptosis in only a subset of patients with ALPS.
Olefin synthesis by vanadium(V)-induced oxidative decarboxylation-deoxygenation of 3-hydroxy carboxylic acids

Oxidative decarboxylation of 3-hydroxy carboxylic acids can be effected with various V(V) complexes. This process likely yields an intermediate 1,4-metalla diradical. {beta}-elimination from this intermediate gives olefin and regenerates V(V), likely as VO{sub 2}Cl. Thus, although the overall process involves no net change in oxidation state for vanadium, the decarboxylation process is oxidatively induced. Intramolecular trapping of the intermediate yields glycolate and then C-C cleavage products, and skeletal rearrangement gives ketonic products. Qualitatively, rates for oxidative decarboxylation of the acids and the stereospecificity of formation of olefinic products depend on the electron-withdrawing ability of groups attached to vanadium. Methodology is described for the preparation of tri- and tetrasubstituted olefins in high yield from appropriate 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid precursors.
Imaging Diagnosis of Rotator Cuff Pathology and Impingement Syndromes

Rotator cuff disease is common and the diagnosis of impingement syndromes requires all available information, including history, physical examination, and imaging. A commonly used classification scheme of the various shoulder impingement syndromes is to divide them based on those where the pathogenesis resides outside the glenohumeral joint capsule (termed external impingement) and those residing inside the glenohumeral joint capsule (termed internal impingement). External impingement syndromes include subacromial impingement and subcoracoid impingement. Internal impingement syndromes include posterosuperior impingement, which belongs in the spectrum of abnormalities leading to the disabled throwing shoulder, and anterosuperior impingement. Each impingement syndrome is a distinct entity, often affecting different demographics of patients, but more than one type of impingement syndrome may be seen in an individual. This chapter (1) summarizes our current knowledge of the anatomy of the structures related to impingement, including the rotator cuff and biceps pulley; (2) reviews the multi-modality imaging manifestations of rotator cuff disease and the various impingement syndromes; and (3) reviews the expected and abnormal appearances of the rotator cuff after surgical therapy.
Proteomic and direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry analysis of a Native American ceremonial hat.

Complementary mass spectrometry analyses were performed to study a broken ceremonial hat of the Tlingit in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History. The hat base and an associated cylinder are carved from wood and show multiple signs of age and breakage, as well as remnants of animal materials used for construction, decoration, and repair. Samples of animal tissues embedded in and attached to the wood were prepared for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which identified proteins from five clades native to the object's area of origin. Surfaces on the hat and cylinder were analyzed using a direct analysis in real time (DART) MS system modified to accommodate the intact items. The presence of nicotine from tobacco smoke on the exterior and the relative absence of nicotine from the underside and formerly covered surfaces indicated that the cylinder was originally connected to the top of the hat. The characterization of the original object will be used to make informed decisions about reproduction of the intact hat for use by the Tlingit Kiks.adi clan.
Targeting Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Antimicrobial Stewardship: the Role of the Microbiology Laboratory.

ABSTRACT This minireview focuses on the microbiologic evaluation of patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria, as well as indications for antibiotic treatment. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is defined as two consecutive voided specimens (preferably within 2 weeks) with the same bacterial species, isolated in quantitative counts of ≥105 CFU/ml in women, including pregnant women; a single voided urine specimen with one bacterial species isolated in a quantitative count ≥105 CFU/ml in men; and a single catheterized urine specimen with one or more bacterial species isolated in a quantitative count of ≥105 CFU/ml in either women or men (or ≥102 CFU/ml of a single bacterial species from a single catheterized urine specimen). Any urine specimen with ≥104 CFU/ml group B Streptococcus is significant for asymptomatic bacteriuria in a pregnant woman. Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs, irrespective of pyuria, in the absence of signs or symptoms of a urinary tract infection. The two groups with the best evidence of adverse outcomes in the setting of untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria include pregnant women and patients who undergo urologic procedures with risk of mucosal injury. Screening and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria is not recommended in the following patient populations: pediatric patients, healthy nonpregnant women, older patients in the inpatient or outpatient setting, diabetic patients, patients with an indwelling urethral catheter, patients with impaired voiding following spinal cord injury, patients undergoing nonurologic surgeries, and nonrenal solid-organ transplant recipients. Renal transplant recipients beyond 1 month posttransplant should not undergo screening and treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria. There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against screening of renal transplant recipients within 1 month, patients with high-risk neutropenia, or patients with indwelling catheters at the time of catheter removal. Unwarranted antibiotics place patients at increased risk of adverse effects (including Clostridioides difficile diarrhea) and contribute to antibiotic resistance. Methods to reduce unnecessary screening for and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria aid in antibiotic stewardship.
“Outside the Gate”: Family, Selfhood, and Post-Traumatic Growth in Shirley Jackson’s The Haunting of Hill House

In this paper, I examine Gillian Flynn’s novel “Sharp Objects,” along with the HBO miniseries adaptation, and how they raise important questions about representations of trauma and portrayals of self harm in entertainment. I argue that the protagonist’s self harm scars act as ghosts, because both scars and hauntings are physical manifestations of psychological trauma, and both are messengers from the past. Historically and socioculturally, women are associated with self violence and the supernatural, both of which are prevalent themes in the “Sharp Objects” novel and television show. This paper also examines the important distinction between read and watched trauma, as well as the validity of these creative interpretations of self harm in terms of psychological research and personal testimonies. Applying psychological theories and horror constructs to the narratives, I assert that Flynn and director Jean-Marc Vallee present self harm as a haunting to exploit the association of scars and ghosts with the uncanny, and to attract readers and viewers with dramatic content. Ultimately, I prompt readers to consider their own reactions to and emotions surrounding self harm, and ask that consumers of entertainment practice empathy when considering self harm.
An Evidence Driven Opioid Prescribing Guideline following Knee Arthroscopy and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Objectives:Opioid prescriptions following knee arthroscopy vary substantially, ranging from 15 to 60 opioid pills.[1-3] Expert panel guidelines recommend up to 30 pills for knee arthroscopy and 60 ...
On the relationship between tropospheric CO and CO 2 during KORUS-AQand its role in constraining anthropogenic CO 2

Abstract. While the complementarity of CO data in monitoring CO2 from fossil-fuel combustion (ffCO2) is widely known, a rigorous demonstration of its use in reducing uncertainties on top-down regional ffCO2 emissions is still warranted. Here, we report a case study investigating the regional covariation of observed and modeled abundances of CO, CO2, and ffCO2 and demonstrating its implication to joint CO:CO2 inversions. We use data from a recent aircraft field campaign (KORUS-AQ) conducted over Korea and neighboring regions on May 2016 for this case study. We use the Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM-Chem) to simulate CO, CO2, ffCO2 and associated source tags, using a posteriori fluxes from global CO2 flux inversions and CO emissions independently calibrated against CO data. Among other model-data comparisons, CAM-Chem simulations show an underestimation in CO2 (1 ppm), CO (24 ppb) and ffCO2 (1 ppm) against aircraft measurements. These are all within the range of model and data uncertainties. Although the overall observed enhancement ratio, ΔCO⁄ΔCO2 (~ 13.3 o 0.21 ppb/ppm), is well captured by CAM-Chem (~ 13.8 p 0.23 ppb/ppm), we find an overestimation (29 ppb/ppm) for air samples between 2 to 3 km, where East Asian influence is substantial (35 %). The contribution of ffCO2 from Korea and Japan is smaller (30 %) and localized below 3 km, suggesting that regional ffCO2 and background and non-ffCO2 cannot be neglected in interpreting observed enhancements in this region. These spatial variations translate in the joint CO:CO2 inversion to increases in a posteriori ffCO2 estimates from East Asia (27 % p 24 %) and Korea and Japan (9 % p 17 %). This is consistent (albeit larger in 1-sigma uncertainty) with our estimate using 14CO2 data (27 % p 9 % and 10 % p 3 %, respectively). In contrast, the inversion using only CO2 data shows a decrease by ~ 5 % p 27 % in East Asia and ~ 6 % p 19 % in Korea and Japan. Our results show that inversions using both CO2 and CO can be an effective approach in constraining ffCO2 when the regional variations of CO and CO2 relationships are appropriately accounted for. Although this further points to the potential of augmenting current observing system of CO2 with CO for global inverse analyses of ffCO2 from different regions of the globe, we highlight the need to verify the spatiotemporal distribution of the covariation of CO with CO2 in both regional and global models. We caution its use for constraining local ffCO2, unless the spatiotemporal a priori flux distribution and surface processes are reasonably represented, as they may confound the analysis. These have important implications on inversion studies using columnar data from satellite observations, especially for regions lacking necessary verification measurements.
Association Between Communicative Participation and Psychosocial Factors in Patients With Voice Disorders.

Importance Communicative participation can be conceptualized as taking part in life situations in which people are socially engaged. Communicative participation is an important aspect in the lives of patients with voice disorders, although it has not been formally assessed among a broad sample of patients with voice disorders. The associations between communicative participation and associated concepts (vocal impairment, psychosocial distress, and voice-specific perceived control) are unknown yet important for integrated treatment approaches. Objective The primary objective was to examine the associations between communicative participation and vocal impairment, psychosocial distress, and voice-specific perceived control. The secondary objective was to examine whether perceived control moderates the association of distress with communicative participation and vocal impairment, the latter of which would replicate previous research. The hypotheses were that communicative participation would be associated with lower vocal impairment, lower distress, and higher perceived control and that higher perceived control would moderate the association between communicative participation and both vocal impairment and psychosocial distress. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2014 to May 2017 among a consecutive sample of adult patients with voice disorders at an academic voice clinic affiliated with the University of Minnesota. Of the 744 patients approached to participate in the survey study, 590 patients agreed. Data analysis was performed from January to June 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Communicative participation (measured by the 10-item general short form of the Communicative Participation Item Bank), vocal impairment (measured by the 10-item version of the Voice Handicap Index), psychosocial distress (measured by the 18-item version of the Brief Symptom Inventory), and voice-specific perceived control (measured by the 8-item present control subscale of the Perceived Control Over Stressful Events Scale). Results The sample comprised 590 patients (mean [SD] age, 51.9 [17.1] years; 390 women [66.1%]) with voice disorders. Communicative participation was associated with lower vocal impairment (r = −0.73; 95% CI, −0.77 to −0.69), lower overall psychosocial distress (r = −0.22; 95% CI, −0.30 to −0.14), and higher voice-specific perceived control (r = 0.30; 95% CI, 0.23-0.37). Moderation analyses indicated that communicative participation was negatively associated with distress at all levels of perceived control and, replicating previous findings, greater vocal impairment was associated with higher psychosocial distress only in patients with lower perceived control. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, communicative participation was associated with, but distinct from, vocal impairment and was also associated with psychosocial distress and voice-specific perceived control. The study’s results suggest that communicative participation is an important addition to voice research and clinical care.
Graph-Aided Online Multi-Kernel Learning.

Multi-kernel learning (MKL) has been widely used in function approximation tasks. The key problem of MKL is to combine kernels in a prescribed dictionary. Inclusion of irrelevant kernels in the dictionary can deteriorate accuracy of MKL, and increase the computational complexity. To improve the accuracy of function approximation and reduce the computational complexity, the present paper studies data-driven selection of kernels from the dictionary that provide satisfactory function approximations. Specifically, based on the similarities among kernels, the novel framework constructs and refines a graph to assist choosing a subset of kernels. In addition, random feature approximation is utilized to enable online implementation for sequentially obtained data. Theoretical analysis shows that our proposed algorithms enjoy tighter sub-linear regret bound compared with state-of-art graph-based online MKL alternatives. Experiments on a number of real datasets also showcase the advantages of our novel graph-aided framework.
The Automated Preprocessing Pipe-Line for the Estimation of Scale-wise Entropy from EEG Data (APPLESEED): Development and validation for use in pediatric populations

It is increasingly understood that moment-to-moment brain signal variability - traditionally modeled out of analyses as mere "noise" - serves a valuable function role and captures properties of brain function related to development, cognitive processing, and psychopathology. Multiscale entropy (MSE) - a measure of signal irregularity across temporal scales - is an increasingly popular analytic technique in human neuroscience. MSE provides insight into the time-structure and (non)linearity of fluctuations in neural activity and network dynamics, capturing the brains moment-to-moment complexity as it operates on multiple time scales. MSE is emerging as a powerful predictor of developmental processes and outcomes. However, differences in data preprocessing and MSE computation make it challenging to compare results across studies. Here, we (1) provide an introduction to MSE for developmental researchers, (2) demonstrate the effect of preprocessing procedures on scale-wise entropy estimates, and (3) establish a standardized EEG preprocessing and entropy estimation pipeline that generates scale-wise entropy estimates that are reliable and capable of differentiating developmental stages and cognitive states. This novel pipeline - the Automated Preprocessing Pipe-Line for the Estimation of Scale-wise Entropy from EEG Data (APPLESEED) is fully automated, customizable, and freely available for download from https://github.com/mhpuglia/APPLESEED. The dataset used herein to develop and validate the pipeline is available for download from https://openneuro.org/datasets/ds003710.
Reliability of visual inspection and palpation to assess relative flexibility of the shoulder.

Abstract Introduction Movement compensations during internal rotation of the shoulder can provoke pain. Reliably observing and measuring compensations in the shoulder using visual and palpatory methods can result in more efficacious treatments of shoulder pathology. Despite this, the reliability of these measures and the relationship between them is unknown. Methods Bilateral shoulders of 33 Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students were measured. Two third-year DPT student examiners used visual inspection and physical palpation to identify the first signs of internal rotation (IR) passive stiffness. Measurements were taken and recorded by a third examiner using the GetMyROM (Version 1.1) iPhone application. Results Good intra-rater reliability for both examiners was identified for physical palpation (ICC = 0.896, 95% CI = 0.830, 0.936, ICC = 0.901, 95% CI = 0.839, 0.939) and visual inspection (ICC = 0.813, 95% CI = 0.699, 0.884, ICC = 0.782, 95% CI = 0.667, 0.880). Moderate interrater reliability was found between the examiners for physical palpation (ICC = 0.681, 95% CI = 0.479, 0.797) while poor interrater reliability was found between examiners for visual inspection (ICC = 0.481, 95% CI = 0.234, 0.648). The correlation between physical palpation and visual inspection indicated moderate reliability for both examiners (r = 0.815, p = 0.01, r = 0.832, p = 0.01). Conclusion The findings of this research study indicate that both physical palpation and visual inspection are reliable methods for measuring relative flexibility of shoulder IR when performed by the same examiner. However, the reliability for both methods decreases when performed by different examiners. Additionally, a strong correlation was found between both measures.
Bacterial infection in dogs with aspiration pneumonia at 2 tertiary referral practices.

BACKGROUND In dogs, antimicrobial drugs are widely prescribed for aspiration pneumonia (AP) despite poor documentation of bacterial infection in AP (b-AP) using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis. Interpretating discordant cytology and culture results is challenging, contributing to lack of a criterion standard, and highlighting differences between veterinary and human medical criteria for b-AP. OBJECTIVES Determine how many dogs with AP had BALF collection and differences in diagnosis of b-AP using veterinary vs human medical criteria. Report findings of noninvasive markers (e.g. fever, band neutrophilia, radiographic severity score) in dogs with and without b-AP. ANIMALS Retrospective cohort study of client-owned dogs (n = 429) with AP at 2 university veterinary hospitals. Twenty-four dogs met enrollment criteria. METHODS Inclusion criteria were radiographic diagnosis of AP, ≥1 risk factor, CBC findings, and BALF cytology and culture results. Veterinary medical b-AP criteria were cytology findings compatible with sepsis with or without positive culture, or cytology findings not consistent with sepsis and positive culture (≥1.7 × 103 cfu/mL). Human medical b-AP criteria required culture with ≥104 cfu/mL or > 7% cells with intracellular bacteria on cytology. RESULTS Only 24/429 dogs met all enrollment criteria; 379/429 dogs lacked BALF collection. Diagnosis of b-AP differed using veterinary (79%) vs human (29%) medical criteria. Fever, band neutrophils and high radiographic scores were noted in dogs with and without b-AP. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Lack of routine BALF collection hampers definitive recognition of bacterial infection in AP. Differences in dogs meeting veterinary vs human medical definitions for b-AP and usefulness of noninvasive markers warrant further study to improve understanding of the role of bacteria in AP.
Incomplete Combustion in one-End-Open Crevices

The present paper considers the processes of incomplete combustion in in-cylinder crevices with clearances slightly greater than quenching distance. For this, an experimental work has been carried out by using a premixed constant-volume combustion chamber. In the chamber, the propagation of flame through the combustible gas contained in individual crevices with various geometries was investigated by two means: high speed schlieren photography to obtain the idiosyncrasy of the in-crevice flame behavior; and fast-response thin-film thermocouples mounted flush with the crevice wall to measure the flame propagation speed, the instantaneous surface temperature, the instantaneous heat flux through the crevice wall, etc. From the investigation, the origins of unburned hydrocarbons formed in the in-cylinder crevices were surmised. In addition, an improved numerical method is presented for the computation of heat flux through a slab (here, the crevice wall) by using the timed surface temperature measured by the thin-film thermocouple.
Yanomami: The Fierce Controversy and What We Can Learn from It

Yanomami: The Fierce Controversy and What We Can Learn from It. Robert Borofsky. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 372 pp.
Re-examining perceived ease of use and usefulness

Recently, Adams, et al. (1992) presented the results of two studies designed to replicate previous work by Fred Davis (1989) regarding perceived usefulness, ease of use, and their influence on the usage of information technology. Specifically, these authors sought to: (1) evaluate the psychometric properties of the ease of use and usefulness scales, and (2) empirically examine the relationship between the constructs (or traits) of usefulness, ease of use, and reported levels of usage.
Estimating the Capital Recovery Costs of Alternative Patch Retention Treatments in Eastern Hardwoods

We used a simulation model to estimate the economic opportunity costs and the density of large stems retained for patch retention in two temperate oak stands representative of the oak/hickory forest type in the eastern United States. Opportunity/retention costs ranged from $321.0 to $760.7/ha [$129.9 to $307.8/acre] depending on the species mix in the stand, the logging technology used, and rotation lengths. The resulting capital recovery costs ranged from $12.8 to $30.4/ha/year [$5.2 to $12.3/acre/year] depending on the degree of retention desired, the logging technology used, and the species composition of the tract. Opportunity/capital recovery costs are greatest in stands that have high-value species mix, are harvested with low-cost logging technologies, and/or managed on longer rotations. The approach described in this paper can be used to help forest landowners, managers, loggers, and other decision/policy makers understand the opportunity/capital recovery costs and ecological benefits associated with patch retention.
Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: diverse Xanthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge.

Summary Taxonomic status Bacteria; Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Gammaproteobacteria; Order Xanthomonadales; Family Xanthomonadaceae; Genus Xanthomonas; Species Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas perforans and Xanthomonas gardneri. Microbiological properties Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, aerobic, motile, single polar flagellum. Host range Causes bacterial spot disease on plants belonging to the Solanaceae family, primarily tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pepper (Capsicum annuum) and chilli peppers (Capsicum frutescens). Disease symptoms Necrotic lesions on all above-ground plant parts. Distribution Worldwide distribution of X. euvesicatoria and X. vesicatoria on tomato and pepper; X. perforans and X. gardneri increasingly being isolated from the USA, Canada, South America, Africa and Europe. A wide diversity within the bacterial spot disease complex, with an ability to cause disease at different temperatures, makes this pathogen group a worldwide threat to tomato and pepper production. Recent advances in genome analyses have revealed the evolution of the pathogen with a plethora of novel virulence factors. Current management strategies rely on the use of various chemical control strategies and sanitary measures to minimize pathogen spread through contaminated seed. Chemical control strategies have been a challenge because of resistance by the pathogen. Breeding programmes have been successful in developing commercial lines with hypersensitive and quantitative resistance. However, durability of resistance has been elusive. Recently, a transgenic approach has resulted in the development of tomato genotypes with significant levels of resistance and improved yield that hold promise. In this article, we discuss the current taxonomic status, distribution of the four species, knowledge of virulence factors, detection methods and strategies for disease control with possible directions for future research.
The Onset and Development of Thermal Convection in Fully Developed Shear Flows

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the onset and development of thermal convection in fully developed shear flows. The subject of thermal convection in shear flows is rich in results that have both basic interest and practical importance in science and engineering. Although the field has matured greatly during the part 15 years, many topics still need study. For instance, the effects of channel sidewalls on both the initial instability and the instability of longitudinal rolls need to be clarified both theoretically and experimentally. More effort should be devoted to the use of controlled disturbances in studying the onset of instability due to the convective nature of the instability. Such studies might prove useful also in suggesting how turbulent convection can be promoted or postponed in shear flows. This chapter presents an in-depth account of the basic concepts and of some of the major results that have occurred during the past 15 years. It focuses primarily on simple basic states involving a Boussinesq fluid and fully developed forced flows, mainly of the Couette or Poiseuille type. The chapter also provides some references to similar phenomena in other basic flows, for example, when the basic flow itself is due to natural (or “free”) convection.
Phanerozoic extinctions: How similar are they to each other?

A brief account of the major Phanerozoic extinction events suggests that each one has a flavor all its own. Major extinction events involving varied combinations of different taxonomic levels, such as many classes, or many orders, or many families, and the varied impacts on community structure in varied combinations are what is referred to here by “flavor”. Most of the evidence discussed is taken from the relatively well sampled, marine, level bottom environment. Recent evidence developed by Kauffman and a few others suggests that extinctions take place over a geologically brief interval of time in which more stenotopic taxa are eliminated, followed by an abrupt termination of the more abundant, higher biomass eurytopes, during community collapse. Adaptive radiations too, appear to take place during a geologically brief interval (up to a few million years) rather than “instantaneously ”in ecologic time (less than a thousand years). This suggests that “instantaneous ”extra-terrestrial events are not likely to have influenced the gradual phase of either extinctions or adaptive radiations in any very important manner, unless they are in need of ecological amplification in order to be recognized. Long term extra-terrestrial events that potentially resulted in terrestrial climatic gradient changes might have been significant. However, the more instantaneous community collapse, high biomass effects, might involve other factors, including certain types of extra-terrestrial events. The decoupling, non-coincidence in time of the extinction events and adaptive radiations in varied parts of the global ecosystem, such as the marine and nonmarine environment, does not support a concept of “instantaneous ”extra terrestrial influences. It is concluded that we still have little understanding of the specifics involved in any major extinction event or adaptive radiation on land or sea. Many of our paleontologic cum geologic data have been collected in such an inadequate manner as to make new sampling mandatory if we are to attain a better understanding of these problems.
Exploiter la valeur du foncier pour financer les infrastructures urbaines

Urban growth throughout the developing world has created a challenge for financing infrastructure. Investment in infrastructure is needed to provide basic services for newly developed parts of urban areas. It is needed to meet the demand for a safer and more reliable water supply, higher standards for the removal and treatment of wastewater and solid waste, and the transportation requirements of a population whose expectations of mobility rise with household incomes. Infrastructure investment also is essential to the economic productivity of cities. This book examines an important additional option for local infrastructure finance: capturing land value gains for public investment. Land values are highly sensitive to infrastructure investment and urban economic growth. Public works projects such as road construction, water supply, and mass transit investment produce benefits that are immediately capitalized into surrounding land values. Many cities in developing countries have underused public lands that would be more valuable if sold and converted into infrastructure assets. Tapping land values was a large part of the investment strategy of Western countries in financing urban infrastructure during the 19th century, when cities were growing most rapidly. As part of the overall financing mix, using land assets for infrastructure finance has several advantages. Most instruments of this type generate revenues upfront, making it easier to finance lumpy investment projects. Mobilizing finance from land transactions also generates price signals that increase the efficiency of urban land markets and help rationalize the urban development pattern.
MEASUREMENT OF AORTIC INPUT IMPEDANCE IN RATS

Measurement of aortic input impedance in the rat is complicated by a high basal heart rate but is possible if appropriate compensation is made for frequency-dependent errors in modulus and phase resulting from analog filters in the equipment and from nonalignment of pressure and flow sensors. Because input impedance is a complex quantity, accurate values for both phase and modulus are required before meaningful interpretation of the data can be made. We measured aortic pressure and electromagnetic ascending aortic blood flow in mature, ether-anesthetized, open-chest male Wistar rats. Pressure and flow waveforms were averaged in the time domain and converted to Fourier series. Flow moduli were corrected for the measured frequency response of the flowmeter. Phase spectra were corrected by the classic frequency-domain and two new time-domain methods. Compensation for instrumentation errors was assessed at two different flowmeter filter settings in five animals. Reproducibility, variability, and the effects of vasoconstriction were assessed in 43 animals. Three methods of estimating characteristic impedance from the impedance spectra were evaluated and found to produce comparable results at baseline and following pharmacological elevation of blood pressure with graded methoxamine infusion. Physiologically equivalent values for phase, as assessed by comparing oscillatory power calculated from the impedance spectra, were obtained with each of the phase-correction techniques. The new time-domain methods facilitate the assessment of aortic input impedance in this small animal model because they do not require measurement of the spatial separation between pressure and flow transducers and pulse wave velocity in the proximal aorta.
Milk banking: the influence of storage procedures and subsequent processing on immunologic components of human milk.

The tremendous value of human milk for the newborn infant and especially for the prematurely born infant is well established (Lawrence, 1999). For centuries, the problem of providing human milk for infants whose mothers cannot provide it or for infants whose mothers can provide it but are unable to feed their infant at the breast has challenged technology. The historic method of solving the problem was to have another woman who was lactating nurse the infant. This was originally called “wet nursing” and is now called “cross nursing” (Lawrence, 1999a). This approach was abandoned decades ago as fewer and fewer women were lactating and formulas became available. It is now considered obsolete and sometimes dangerous because of the risk of transmitting an undiagnosed infectious disease to the suckling surrogate infant in spite of the fact that milk directly from the breast is the ideal method to maintain 100% of the constituents.
Explicit construction of all spherically symmetric solitary waves for a nonlinear wave equation in multiple dimensions

On etudie des solutions soliton explicites U:R n+1 →C de l'equation d'onde non lineaire u tt −Δu=g(u) avec n≥2, ou g:C→C a la forme g(z)=h(|z|)z/|z| avec h:R→R une fonction lineaire continue par morceaux avec h(0)=0
Finite-Difference Thermal Analysis of an Insulation System on a Precipitator Building in a Power Plant

Little attention has been given in the literature to the analysis of thermal energy losses of large fabric filter houses and precipitator buildings. Either a fabric filter house or precipitator building is a major part of most coal-fired power plants. The function of the structure is to remove particulate matter from the hot flue gas and to maintain the temperature of the flue gas. Special insulation systems are designed to cover the structures and to meet the owner's requirements for thermal performance, long-term durability, and cost. One such system is described and thermally analyzed by using a finite-difference computer program. It should be noted that the analysis requires a large capacity, high-speed computer. Selection of the thermal analysis procedure is discussed for determining the input values for the thermal analyses. Proposals are made for improving future thermal analyses.