cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual behavior following lesion of phasic W-fibers in the cat's optic tract.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the behavioral results gathered in animals that underwent a superficial lesion of the optic tract (OT), removing a vast majority of phasic W-fibers and part of the Y-fibers, but almost entirely sparing X-fibers and tonic W-fibers. Pattern was tested and discrimination learning was done to find out whether a total removal of the phasic W-input interferes with higher level visual functions. An additional reason for testing pattern and form was to test Sherman's ideas on the crucial role of the Y-system for form perception in animals with a sizeable decrease of Y-input. Finally, given that the Y-system is widely considered to be important for temporal resolution flicker discrimination is tested at various flicker rates and at various levels of stimulus luminance. The results seem to show a promising dissociation of symptoms following transection of the superficial portion of the OT— that is, an impairment of temporal resolution and a substantial integrity of spatial discrimination functions, as witnessed by an unimpaired discrimination of bars of different contrast and spatial frequency.
Alterations in functional thalamocortical connectivity following neonatal whisker trimming with adult regrowth

Neonatal whisker trimming followed by adult whisker regrowth leads to higher responsiveness and altered receptive field properties of cortical neurons in corresponding layer 4 barrels. Studies of functional thalamocortical (TC) connectivity in normally reared adult rats have provided insights into how experience-dependent TC synaptic plasticity could impact the establishment of feedforward excitatory and inhibitory receptive fields. The present study employed cross-correlation analyses to investigate lasting effects of neonatal whisker trimming on functional connections between simultaneously recorded thalamic neurons and regular-spike (RS), presumed excitatory, and fast-spike (FS), presumed inhibitory, barrel neurons. We find that, as reported previously, RS and FS cells in whisker-trimmed animals fire more during the earliest phase of their whisker-evoked responses, corresponding to the arrival of TC inputs, despite a lack of change or even a slight decrease in the firing of thalamic cells that contact them. Functional connections from thalamus to cortex are stronger. The probability of finding TC-RS connections was twofold greater in trimmed animals and similar to the frequency of TC-FS connections in control and trimmed animals, the latter being unaffected by whisker trimming. Unlike control cases, trimmed RS units are more likely to receive inputs from TC units (TCUs) and have mismatched angular tuning and even weakly responsive TCUs make strong functional connections on them. Results indicate that developmentally appropriate tactile experience early in life promotes the differential thalamic engagement of excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons that underlies normal barrel function.
Indecisive classifier

Nearest neighbor classification expects the class conditional probabilities to be locally constant. The assumption becomes invalid in high dimension due to the curse-of-dimensionality. Severe bias can be introduced under this condition when using nearest neighbor rule. We propose an adaptive nearest neighbor classification method "indecisive classifier" to minimize bias and variance by avoiding decision making in some hard-decision region. As a result, better classification performance can be expected in some scenario such as video based face recognition.
Extractives of muscle: A new iminazol phosphorus compound.

For the separation of the mixture of organic substances which occurs in muscle, the Kossel-Kutscher1 procedure has been found to be inadequate. It causes decomposition of certain substances present, and does not satisfactorily separate the resultant decomposition products. A different method for the isolation of the extractives of muscle is therefore being developed. Before the new method can be extended, it becomes necessary to identify some of the products obtained.One of these is a copper salt of an unstable phosphoric acid compound, of which the empirical formula obtained is C14H21O11N4P.4H2O. The copper salt has been obtained nearly pure by repeated precipitation from a concentrated water solution by alcohol. It is very hygroscopic, and loses 4 molecules of water when heated at 120°.The substance gives a strong color reaction for the iminazol ring, but no other color tests have been obtained. It does not reduce Benedict's solution, nor does it give a positive reaction for pentose. The phosphoric acid...
Deriving Phylogenetic Trees from Allele Frequencies

Exemples pris sur des populations de poissons des genres Hypentelium et Notropis et de dipteres Tephritidae des genres Rhagoletis, Epochara, Zonosemata et Oedicarena
Skin tone bias among African Americans: Antecedents and consequences across the life span

Abstract This article is a developmental review of research on skin tone bias and its consequences for African Americans. In the first section of the paper, we summarize research findings on skin tone attitudes, preferences, and stereotypes from childhood through adulthood. Next we summarize literature regarding African Americans as the target of skin tone bias. This section is organized in terms of individual and contextual factors that shape whether and how skin tone bias occurs; factors that moderate the target's reaction to such bias; and consequences of bias, including psychosocial and health outcomes, economic and educational disparities, and repercussions within the legal system. We conclude by discussing limitations of the extant research.
Electrostatic properties of complexes along a DNA glycosylase damage search pathway.

Human uracil DNA glycosylase (hUNG) follows an extended reaction coordinate for locating rare uracil bases in genomic DNA. This process begins with diffusion-controlled engagement of undamaged DNA, followed by a damage search step in which the enzyme remains loosely associated with the DNA chain (translocation), and finally, a recognition step that allows the enzyme to efficiently bind and excise uracil when it is encountered. At each step along this coordinate, the enzyme must form DNA interactions that are highly specialized for either rapid damage searching or catalysis. Here we make extensive measurements of hUNG activity as a function of salt concentration to dissect the thermodynamic, kinetic, and electrostatic properties of key enzyme states along this reaction coordinate. We find that the interaction of hUNG with undamaged DNA is electrostatically driven at a physiological concentration of potassium ions (ΔGelect = −3.5 ± 0.5 kcal mol–1), with only a small nonelectrostatic contribution (ΔGnon = −2...
Electrical properties of Au/polymer interfaces

A trap-free Molecularly Doped hole-transport Polymer (MDP) provides a model system for the study of metal/polymer interfaces by enabling the use of a recently developed technique that supplies a quantitative measure of contact injection efficiency. The technique combines field-dependent injection current measurements from a contact under test with time-of-flight (TOF) mobility measurements on the same sample. In the present case, MDP films were prepared with two top vapor-deposited contacts, one of Au (test contact) and one of Al (for TOF), and a bottom carbon-loaded polyimide electrode. An unusual phenomenon is investigated whereby injection from Au is initially blocking, evolving to ohmic over time. This contrasts with the behavior expected according to the relative workfunctions of Au and of the polymer whereby Au should inject holes efficiently. The samples were aged at various temperatures below the glass transition of the polymer (85 C) and the evolution of current-field measurements and of capacitance is followed in detail over time and analyzed. All Au contacts eventually achieved ohmic injection. Rapid sequence data acquisition enabled the separation of two main processes in the injection evolution. Control measurements ensure that the evolution of the electrical properties is due to the Au/polymer interface behavior and notmore » the bulk. The behavior of Au contacts evaporated under various deposition conditions was compared. Transmission electron microscopy results at the Au/MDP interface were obtained as both a function of time and of deposition conditions. Mechanisms operating at the interface of the evaporated Au films on the polymer are discussed.« less
Cooling and pH jump-induced calcium release from isolated cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum

Rapid-cooling contracture in cardiac muscle preparations is thought to be caused by the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), but the mechanism of this release is unknown. Cooling of isolated canine cardiac SR from 37 to 4 degrees C resulted in the net release of enough Ca2+ to account for rapid-cooling contracture. The release of Ca2+ on cooling appeared to be a relaxation between different steady-state levels of Ca2+ uptake. Cooling release of Ca2+ was also observed in the presence of ryanodine or ruthenium red to block the ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ efflux pathway. In the presence of ryanodine, the extent and initial rate of rapid-cooling release were increased due to increased steady-state uptake of Ca2+ by the SR. The first-order rate constant of rapid-cooling Ca2+ release was unchanged by ryanodine or ruthenium red, suggesting that the rapid-cooling release does not occur through the ryanodine-sensitive pathway. The alkalinization on cooling was not the major cause of the Ca2+ release, as comparable Ca2+ release was observed with cooling and no alkalinization. However, alkalinization without cooling produced a rapid net Ca2+ release, which was also observed in the presence of ryanodine.
Normoxia and Hyperoxia in Neuroprotection

Oxygen (O2) is one of the commonest therapeutic agents used in hospitals and the outpatient setting. It is a drug in the true sense of the word with specific biochemical properties, specific physiologic actions, a range of effective doses, and known adverse effects at high doses. Oxygen is widely available and commonly prescribed and the cost of a single use of O2 is low. However, there are few evidence-based data on its use in many clinical conditions. This is particularly important for neuroprotection, because the human brain weighs about 2 % of total body mass yet consumes 20 % of the O2 and 25 % of the glucose used by the whole body at rest. The O2 and energy reserves in the brain are very limited, and its survival and function depend on a constant supply of O2 and energy-rich substrate. Consequently there is interest in the role of O2 in neuroprotection, including: 1) avoidance of hypoxia, 2) hyperoxic resuscitation, 3) hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), 4) normobaric hyperoxia (NBO), and 5) correction of brain oxygen (PbtO2). However, the margin of safety between effective and potentially toxic O2 doses is relatively narrow and hence O2 use in neuroprotection requires a full understanding of the balance between its benefits and potentially deleterious effects. Here, we will review the role of normoxia or hyperoxia in neuroprotection for acute neurological disorders. The role of HBO or NBO to potentiate recovery after concussion or for post-traumatic stress disorder, and its role in infection, wound healing, high altitude sickness and diving will not be reviewed.
Impact of Afirma gene expression classifier on cytopathology diagnosis and rate of thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND The Afirma gene expression classifier (GEC) assesses malignancy risk in patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules. Afirma putatively reduces costs by classifying certain nodules as benign and thereby avoiding unnecessary surgery. Prior studies have evaluated its impact exclusively on GEC-tested nodules. The objective of the current study was to analyze the effect of Afirma on 1) cytopathology diagnosis, 2) the rate of surgery, and 3) the rate of malignancy on all indeterminate nodules at a high-volume thyroid center. METHODS A retrospective cohort analysis of indeterminate (Bethesda III/IV) thyroid nodules from 2012 through 2014 was performed. Cases were evaluated from January 2012 to July 2013 (pre-Afirma), and from July 2013 to December 2014 (post-Afirma). RESULTS Of 4292 fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) performed, 13.2% were classified as indeterminate. The GEC was used in 45.3% of post-Afirma cases, with the GEC-Benign call rate at 37.1%. In comparing pre-Afirma and post-Afirma cohorts, a significant increase in Bethesda III (10.7% vs 13.4%; P<.005) and Bethesda IV (1.8% vs 2.9%; P<.01) rates were observed. Conversely, the incidence of Bethesda II was found to be significantly decreased (74.6% vs 68.8%; P<.001). The rate of surgery did not change significantly between pre-Afirma and post-Afirma cohorts (37.7% vs 45.1%; P = .11), nor did the malignancy rate (25.3% vs 36.0%; P = .12). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of indeterminate FNA diagnoses significantly increased after Afirma became routinely available, whereas the incidence of benign diagnoses significantly decreased. These data suggest that Afirma may shift FNA interpretation toward Bethesda III/IV, in which molecular testing is used. Moreover, the institutional rates of surgery and malignancy did not appear to change, raising uncertainty regarding the benefits of molecular assay risk stratification. Afirma may produce unintended collateral effects, increasing the number of indeterminate FNA diagnoses while not affecting the institutional thyroidectomy rate or malignancy yield. Cancer Cytopathol 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Diet and hormone interactions

From the previous chapters, it should now be evident that fluxes through the various metabolic pathways within cells are determined by the intracellular environments and that these environments are greatly affected by the amounts and types of nutrients ingested. Metabolites arising more or less directly from the diet have been shown to alter fluxes by increasing substrate concentrations and by inhibiting or activating enzymes. Several examples have also been given of hormones performing similar functions. Because diet composition and hormones can influence metabolism in similar ways, it is necessary to be aware of the interrelationships of these two factors in order properly to plan experiments and to interpret results.
Distributional shifts– not geographic isolation – as a probable driver of montane species divergence

As biodiversity hotspots, montane regions have been a focus of research to understand the divergence process. Like their oceanic counterparts, the diversity of the ‘sky islands’ might be ascribed to geographic isolation of mountaintops. However, because the sky islands, and especially those in northern latitudes, are subject to extreme climatic events such as the glacial cycles that drove both altitudinal and geographical shifts in species’ distributions, the dynamic colonization process is also a possible factor driving divergence. Here we test these two hypotheses (i.e. isolation versus colonization) in a flightless montane grasshopper, Melanoplus oregonensis, which is a member of a diverse group that radiated across the Rocky Mountains of North America. Using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) and spatially explicit simulations that account for spatial heterogeneity and temporal shifts in species distributions, we show that a colonization model of the sky islands from refugial populations provides a significantly better fit to the empirical genetic data than a model of the geographic isolation among sky islands. Moreover, support for the colonization model holds irrespective of whether the movement of individuals was modeled as a diffusion process or was informed by differences in habitat suitabilities across the landscape. With validation analyses to confirm the models provide a good fit to the data, as well as general power and quality analyses, the research not only adds to a growing body of work on the complex dynamics underlying montane biodiversity, but it also provides much needed evaluation of competing hypotheses based on explicit models of the divergence process, as opposed to inferences about diversification drivers from species diversity patterns.
Durable outcomes of thoracic endovascular aortic repair with Zenith TX1 and TX2 devices

Abstract Objective Long-term data regarding the safety and durability of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) are limited. The study objective was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of TEVAR in high-risk patients with descending thoracic aortic pathology. Methods High-risk patients were treated with thoracic endografts (2001-2011) under a prospective, physician-sponsored, investigational device exemption trial. Three-dimensional reconstructions and measurements were performed on computed tomography scans acquired before discharge, at 1, 6, and 12 months, and then yearly thereafter. Results The study included 200 patients, of whom 171 were treated for thoracic aneurysm, 28 for chronic dissection, and 1 for aortobronchial fistula. Patients were monitored for an average of 4.8 ± 3.3 years, and 93 (46.5%) were monitored for >5 years. Operative mortality was 6.5%. Survival at 30 days and at 1, 5, and 9 years was 94.0%, 85.8%, 55.6%, and 31.4%, and freedom from aneurysm-related death was 94.0%, 92.4%, 91.7%, 91.7%, respectively. Sixty-one endoleaks occurred in 54 patients (28%). Sixty-seven reinterventions were performed in 50 patients. Overall freedom from reintervention at 30 days, 1, 5, and 9 years was 87.9%, 82.9%, 75.5%, and 64.0%, respectively. Forty-seven reinterventions (70%) were thoracic aneurysm-related, 35 (74%) of which were endovascular procedures. Thirty of these were to correct endoleaks at a median of 1.4 years (interquartile range, 0.2-5.0 years). Conclusions TEVAR is durable and associated with high long-term aneurysm-related survival. Long-term imaging follow-up remains critical to identify endoleaks or rare device durability issues, most of which can be monitored or managed with endovascular therapies.
Increasing HIV-1 subtype diversity in seven states, United States, 2006-2013.

Abstract Purpose The aim of the analysis was to explore HIV-1 subtype diversity in the United States and understand differences in prevalence of non-B subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) between demographic/risk groups and over time. Methods We included HIV-1 polymerase sequences reported to the National HIV Surveillance System for HIV infections diagnosed during 2006–2013 in seven states. We assigned subtype or CRF using the automated subtyping tool COMET, assessed subtype/CRF prevalence by demographic characteristics and country of birth, and determined changes in subtype/CRF by HIV diagnosis year. Results Of 32,968 sequences, 30,757 (93.3%) were subtype B. The most common non-B subtypes and CRFs were C (1.6%), CRF02_AG (1.4%), A (0.6%), CRF01_AE (0.5%), and G (0.3%). Elevated percentages of non-B infections occurred among persons aged Conclusions Subtype B continues to predominate in the United States. However, the percentage of non-B infections has grown in recent years, and numerous demographic subgroups have much higher prevalence. Subgroups and areas with high prevalence of non-B infections might represent sub-epidemics meriting further investigation.
A stochastic model for impact of LER on BEOL TDDB

TDDB lifetime projections at operating voltages for backend of line (BEOL) dielectrics have been based on accelerated testing at high fields and extrapolation to operating conditions based on electric field dependent dielectric wear-out models. A major complication in this approach is the impact of line-edge roughness (LER) which can lead to inaccuracies in lifetime projection due to creation of electrical field in-homogeneities in the test structure as well as non-uniform charge percolation effects. This paper shows a more robust approach of lifetime projection to operating voltages that uses as input experimentally measured LER statistical characteristics, an assumed field acceleration model and percolation model. The veracity of the assumed acceleration model is verified post priori by its ability to fit or describe the data set in entirety. The paper studies the impact of LER when the underlying acceleration model is Root-E (RE) as well as Power-Law (PL) and shows that the power-law model exhibits unique characteristics with respect to LER impact due to an absence of a characteristic field in power-law.
Interrater reliability of the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT).

Abstract Objective To assess the interrater reliability (IRR) and usability of the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) and the relationship between PEMAT scores and readability levels. Methods One hundred ten materials (80 print, 30 audiovisual) were evaluated, each by two raters, using the PEMAT. IRR was calculated using Gwet’s AC1 and summarized across items in each PEMAT domain (understandability and actionability) and by material type. A survey was conducted to solicit raters’ experience using the PEMAT. Readability of each material was assessed using the SMOG Index. Results The median IRR was 0.92 for understandability and 0.93 for actionability across all relevant items, indicating good IRR. Eight PEMAT items had Gwet’s AC1 values less than 0.81. PEMAT and SMOG Index scores were inversely correlated, with a Spearman’s rho of −0.20 ( p = 0.081) for understandability and −0.15 ( p = 0.194) for actionability. While 92% of raters agreed the PEMAT was easy to use, survey results suggested specific items for clarification. Conclusion While the PEMAT demonstrates moderate to excellent IRR overall, amendments to items with lower IRR may increase the usefulness of the tool. Practice implications The PEMAT is a useful supplement to reading level alone in the assessment of educational materials.
Univariate Hardy-Type Fractional Inequalities

Here we present integral inequalities for convex and increasing functions applied to products of functions. As applications we derive a wide range of fractional inequalities of Hardy type. They involve the left and right Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals and their generalizations, in particular the Hadamard fractional integrals. Also inequalities for left and right Riemann-Liouville, Caputo, Canavati and their generalizations fractional derivatives. These application inequalities are of L p type, \(p \geq 1\), and exponential type, as well as their mixture.
Comparison of medical management and genetic counseling options pre‐ and post‐whole exome sequencing for patients with positive and negative results

Whole exome sequencing (WES) is expected to impact patient management, but data surrounding the types of downstream effects and how frequently these effects are observed depending on the type of WES results received is limited. This study investigated changes to medical management and genetic counseling (GC) options following WES for individuals with positive and negative results. Electronic medical records of patients who had positive (n = 37) or negative (n = 41) WES results from Cincinnati Children's Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Pre- and post-WES management and GC options were analyzed as were differences between positive and negative results. Almost all participants (97%) were observed to have at least one difference in medical management and/or GC options following WES. Comparing pre- and post-WES detected significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in genetic testing, imaging, and metabolic testing regardless of WES results. Participants with positive results also had significant differences in recurrence risk, reproductive options, testing for family members, and support groups. Pre- to post-WES differences were significantly different between participants with positive and negative results in specialist referrals, lifestyle recommendations, recurrence risk, and all GC options (p ≤ 0.05); specifically, participants with positive results were more likely to have differences in these categories. Overall, differences in medical management and/or GC options were observed for participants with both types of WES results (positive and negative). Results from this study may contribute to the understanding of how WES impacts patients and their care and thus improve its utilization.
Phase stability of iron germanate, FeGeO 3 , to 127 GPa

The high-pressure behavior of germanates is of interest as these compounds serve as analogs for silicates of the deep Earth. Current theoretical and experimental studies of iron germanate, FeGeO3, are limited. Here, we have examined the behavior of FeGeO3 to 127 GPa using the laser-heated diamond anvil cell combined with in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Upon compression at room temperature, the ambient-pressure clinopyroxene phase transforms to a disordered triclinic phase [FeGeO3 (II)] at ~ 18 GPa in agreement with earlier studies. An additional phase transition to FeGeO3 (III) occurs above 54 GPa at room temperature. Laser-heating experiments (~ 1200–2200 K) were conducted at three pressures (33, 54, and 123 GPa) chosen to cover the stability regions of different GeO2 polymorphs. In all cases, we observe that FeGeO3 dissociates into GeO2 + FeO at high pressure and temperature conditions. Neither the perovskite nor the post-perovskite phase was observed up to 127 GPa at ambient or high temperatures. The results are consistent with the behavior of FeSiO3, which also dissociates into a mixture of the oxides (FeO + SiO2) at least up to 149 GPa.
One Damned Thing before Another

The relation of man to his environment is the relation of the historian to his theme.The individual apart from society would be both speechless and mindless.In every other European language, the eq...
Traversing gender, sexual orientation, and race-ethnicity: Sexual victimization in a population-based sample of older adults

This research examined the intersectionality of gender, sexual orientation, and race-ethnicity, and its impact on lifetime sexual victimization among a population-based sample of older adults. Data...
The Effects of High-Protein and High-Monounsaturated Fat Meals on Postprandial Lipids, Lipoprotein Particle Numbers, Cytokines, and Leptin Responses in Overweight/Obese Subjects

Abstract Background: Obesity is linked to dyslipidemia, proinflammatory state, and hyperleptinemia. The influence of high-protein (HP) versus high-monounsaturated fat (HMF) meals on postprandial li...
Weight Shame, Social Connection, and Depressive Symptoms in Late Adolescence

Child and adolescent obesity is increasingly the focus of interventions, because it predicts serious disease morbidity later in life. However, social environments that permit weight-related stigma and body shame may make weight control and loss more difficult. Rarely do youth obesity interventions address these complexities. Drawing on repeated measures in a large sample (N = 1443) of first-year (freshman), campus-resident university students across a nine-month period, we model how weight-related shame predicts depressive symptom levels, how being overweight (assessed by anthropometric measures) shapes that risk, and how social connection (openness to friendship) might mediate/moderate. Body shame directly, clearly, and repeatedly predicts depression symptom levels across the whole school year for all students, but overweight youth have significantly elevated risk. Social connections mediate earlier in the school year, and in all phases moderate, body shame effects on depression. Youth obesity interventions would be well-served recognizing and incorporating the influential roles of social-environmental factors like weight stigma and friendship in program design.
JCDL 2018 Doctoral Consortium

This is an overview of the Doctoral Consortium workshop organized and held as part of the Joint Conference on Digital Libraries 2018 conference in Fort Worth, Texas.
Multiscale Modeling and Imaging of the Failing Heart: From Mouse to Human

Multiscale models of the heart have been developed that integrate both functionally across biomechanical, electrophysiological, and regulatory functions and structurally across physical scales of organization from molecule to organ system. Here, we illustrate the development and application of these models to improving understanding and management of congestive heart failure. The mouse is a valuable model organism for studying heart failure because of the availability of genetically engineered strains harboring mutations that lead to heart failure in animals and humans. We illustrate this with results from a recent multiscale model of the heart in mice that harbor a mutation in the myosin regulatory light chain MLC-2v. Experimental studies in these mice at multiple scales including in vivo MRI allow us to validate multiscale models and identify integrative mechanisms of heart failure. In humans, image-based patient-specific multiscale models of ventricular electromechanics in the failing heart are helping improve our understanding of therapeutic strategies, especially cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) which is cost-effective strategy for improving cardiac pump function in patient’s whose heart failure is complicated by electrical conduction defects. However, 30–40% of CRT candidates do not respond to CRT. Patient-specific models have the potential to better discriminate potential CRT responders.
Bounded free shear flows - Linear and nonlinear growth

The physics of bounded free shear flows is studied at supersonic Mach numbers. Wall locations are at 1500 momentum thicknesses away from the shear layer center line. Intrinsic to this flow are high multiplicities of supersonic modes not present in the unbounded case. It is seen that these supersonic modes are resistant to subharmonic growth, a necessary precursor for efficient mixing. Previous results (Eberhardt, et. al.) with wall locations at less than one half momentum thickness away from the shear layer center found that modes resembling channel modes (maximum amplification at the walls), did not roll up in numerical simulations. The similarity between these two cases is pointed out, however, the physics of the former case, where disturbances structure have maximum amplification in the shear layer critical layer is focussed upon.
The Neurobiology of Adolescent-Onset Borderline Personality Disorder

Clarifying the underlying biology of BPD, including the etiological mechanisms, genetic factors, and pathological processes is essential for a full understanding of the disorder and provides a basis for the development of more effective treatment intervention and preventive strategies (Beauchaine, Hong, & Marsh, 2008; Chanen & Kaess, 2012). Over the past two decades, neurobiological studies in adult BPD have made important strides, but inquiry into adolescent-onset BPD is still in its infancy. This chapter will review findings in populations both of adult and adolescent-onset BPD pertaining to genetics, oxytocin, opioids, neuroendocrine measures, evoked potentials and neuroimaging.
Real-World Application of “Delta” Troponin: Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications∗

Improvement in analytical performance over successive generations of assays for cardiac troponin (cTn) has enabled detection of progressively lower concentrations with acceptable precision. By expert convention [(1)][1], assays designated as “high-sensitivity” (hs) detect circulating cTn in
Dislocation Patterns and Deformation Bands

ABSTRACT The methods of stability theory and nonlinear analysis are employed in order to explain the origin and evolution of dislocation patterns as well as the related phenomena of persistent slip bands, shear bands, and Portevin-Le Chatelier bands. A framework is developed for classifying and properly interpreting the hierarchy of plastic instabilities and their manifestations in the description of the macroscopic stress-strain curve. Preliminary results have been obtained which, among other things, provide the range and temperature dependence of the wavelength of the ladder structure of the persistent slip bands, in agreement with experimental observations. Moreover, they suggest the structure and thickness of shear bands, as well as the periodicity and velocity of Portevin-Le Chatelier bands.
Changes in post-mortem marijuana-positive toxicologies among youth suicide decedents, 2005–2015

Abstract Purpose Given increasing youth suicide rates and liberalization of marijuana-use laws, this study examined post-mortem marijuana toxicology test results among suicide decedents aged 15–19 (youth) compared to those aged 20–29 (young adults). Methods Data were from the 2005–2015 National Violent Death Reporting System (N = 6002 decedents aged 15–19 and N = 20,925 decedents aged 20–29). Following descriptive analysis, logistic regression models were used to test associations of marijuana-positive toxicologies with incident year, state in which injury/death incurred, interactions between incident year and state, and suicide means. Results Marijuana was the most commonly substantiated substance among youth and the second most commonly substantiated substance, after alcohol, among young adults. The odds of a marijuana-positive toxicology among youth were 2.21 (95% CI = 1.78–2.73) higher in 2012–2015 than in 2005–2011 and were 1.46 (95% CI = 1.18–1.79) higher in states with marijuana legalization or decriminalization laws; however, the incident year × state interaction term was not significant, and only the main effect of incident year remained significant (AOR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.34–2.59) in the interaction model. Among young adults, the main effects of incident year, state, and interaction effects (AROR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.61–2.53) were all significant. For both age groups, the odds of a marijuana-positive toxicology were lower among decedents who used poisoning than firearms. Conclusions Liberalized marijuana policies do not appear to have influenced increases in marijuana-positive toxicologies among youth, but marijuana-positive rates were higher among those who died in recent years and by more violent/lethal means. Youth suicide prevention strategies should include monitoring marijuana use, education on marijuana's harms, and substance use treatment.
Habitus como tópico. Reflexiones sobre el convertirse en boxeador

Este articulo relata como asumi el oficio etnografico, tropezando con el gimnasio de boxeo en Chicago, que es el escenario y el caracter central de mi estudio del boxeador profesional en el gueto negro norteamericano, y como disene el libro Entre las cuerdas tanto para desarrollar metodologicamente como para elaborar empiricamente el concepto clave de habitus de Pierre Bourdieu. Habitus es el topico de investigacion: el libro hace la diseccion de la forja de las disposiciones corporales y mentales que componen al pugilista competitivo en el crisol del gimnasio. Pero tambien es la herramienta de investigacion: la adquisicion practica de aquellas disposiciones por parte del analista tiene la funcion de vehiculo tecnico para penetrar mejor en su produccion social y su ensamblaje. El aprendizaje del sociologo es un espejo metodologico del aprendizaje experimentado por los sujetos empiricos del estudio; el primero es extraido para excavar mas profundamente en el ultimo y desenterrar su logica interna y sus propiedades subterraneas, y ambos a su vez prueban la robustez y fecundidad del habitus como guia para sondear las fuentes de la conducta social. Apropiadamente utilizado, el habitus no solo ilumina la abigarrada logica de la accion social, tambien fundamenta las variadas virtudes de la profunda inmersion en, y el entreveramiento carnal con, el objeto de la investigacion etnografica
Patient with Known Placenta Previa and Accreta for Elective Cesarean Hysterectomy

A 34-year-old woman, G3P2, is seen in consultation by the Obstetric Anesthesia Service at 32 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA) prior to planned cesarean hysterectomy at 34 weeks EGA for placenta previa and accreta (L-1). The placenta appears to be invading the patient’s bladder, right rectus abdominis muscle, and possibly the colon. In general, the patient is in excellent health (L-2) and her two prior cesarean deliveries were performed under spinal anesthesia with no difficulties and with excellent postoperative pain control from neuraxial opioids.
Sparse LQR Synthesis via Information Regularization

We formulate a networked stochastic linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem where inter-subsystem communication incurs a fixed cost per bit. Optimal feedback control gain and communication channels equipped with entropy-coded dithered quantizer (ECDQ) are jointly synthesized by solving the information-regularized LQR problem in which input-output mutual information of inter-subsystem communication channels is penalized. A heuristic algorithm based on iterative LMI (linear matrix inequality) is proposed. Numerical studies show that the proposed approach is effective to promote sparsity in the communication graph. Connections to the existing sparsity-promoting control synthesis are also discussed.
Survey on risk of HBV transmission in public service place in Karamay city

Objective To understand the stations for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among the personnel and equipments in the public service places,and provide scientific basis for developing prevention and control strategies for hepatitis B.Methods 58 stores including beauty salon,barber shop,bathing and Pedicure had been chosen by stratified random sampling among the public service places.HBV infection markers were detected among all investigated practitioners and equipments by microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA).Results Among 236 personnel worked in the public service places,the rate of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) was 3.39％,the rate for personnel worked in big,median and small public service places was 3.08％,3.13％ and 11.11％ respectively,and the rate (5.46％)was higher among personnel worked in the barber shops.Among the apparatus used in the public service places,the detection rate for HBsAg and HBV was 0.47％ and 1.86％ respectively,and the detection rates were higher in knives (1.14％ and 4.55％ respectively).Conclusion It has the risk for HBV transmission among the public service places,and it should strengthen the sterilization and supervision for apparatus used in public service places,and should improve the health education on prevention and treatment of hepatitis B and hepatitis B vaccination. Key words: Hepatitis B; Public health administration
Non-Barrett Esophagitis

Esophagitis can be a frustrating diagnostic challenge as the esophagus has a limited number of mechanisms to deal with injury and many causes of esophageal damage create overlapping histologic pictures. While a pathology report may not be able to always offer a specific diagnosis, it is important to both exclude specific treatable conditions and recognize different patterns of injury that can produce a more precise differential diagnosis that, along with clinical history, endoscopic findings, and medication history, can lead a clinician to the proper treatment plan. Histopathologic diagnosis and differential diagnosis of various types of esophagitis are discussed in this chapter.
Why Feelings Stray: Affective Misforecasting Drivers of Consumer Satisfaction

Affective misforecasting (AMF) is defined as the gap between predicted and experienced affect. Based on prior research that examines AMF, the current study uses qualitative and quantitative data to examine the sources of AMF (i.e., why it occurs) in the consumption domain. The authors find evidence supporting some sources of AMF identified in the psychology literature, develop a fuller understanding of others, and, find evidence for novel sources of AMF not previously explored. Importantly, they find considerable differences in the sources of AMF depending on whether feelings are worse than or better than forecast.
Unsupervised Learning in Test Generation for Digital Integrated Circuits

The exponential complexity of automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) necessitates the use of heuristics in making choices during test generation. However, in practice no single heuristic fits all situations. Unsupervised learning can combine any number of known heuristics, such as input-output distance (logic depths), gate type, fanout information, and testability measures like Controllability and Observability Program (COP) and Sandia Controllability/Observability Analysis Program (SCOAP) through principal component (PC) analysis, and then the major PC can guide ATPG choices. This study combines three heuristics, distance, COP, and SCOAP. Some heuristic data are complemented and two major PC are obtained. These PC guide backtrace directions in a PODEM ATPG program. For most circuits, the number of backtracks either matches the best of the three heuristics or is lower than all.
Stress and Genome Shock in Developing Somatic Embryos in Space

The study of somatic embryogenesis of daylily (Hemerocallis) during spaceflight offers an unexpected framework for understanding the consequences of stressful environments and inadequate optimization of culture conditions. Justification for research on plants in space focuses on the need to understand better how to use them for managing ‘Life Support’ (Krikorian, 2001). Or, that research using the distinctive features of the space environment such as near-weightlessness can increase understanding of life processes on Earth, or even trigger novel bio-processes (Durzan, 2000). Indeed the presence of the earth’s gravitational field is the factor that has remained most unchanged throughout evolution (Krikorian and Levine, 1991; Conger et al., 1998). But it is equally arguable that plants have multiple levels of control, including mechanisms to protect them against potentially catastrophic stress, such as the absence of any normally-required gravitational signals, that have evolved through time. There is no evidence suggesting the uncoupling of a single factor such as gravity from the rest of any paradigm addressing plant development. Thus microgravity is but one factor of many that can impinge on plant development (Krikorian, 1996c).
Method for read width determination at high track densities by imaging the magnetic field emitted by narrow Cu waveguides

In this paper, we have characterized the magnetic field from waveguides with widths ranging from 1 /spl mu/m to < 100 nm, in both single and dual wire geometrics. Our Cu waveguides are fabricated by a combination of conventional optical lithography and electron beam lithography. The magnetic field of the wire is detected using giant magnetoresistance (GMR) read sensors, and the measurements are performed.
Abstract 18676: Association of Myocardial T1 Relaxation Properties With Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and Hemodynamic Change in Ambulatory Stable Patients With Non-ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Introduction: Myocardial extracellular volume expansion determined by cardiac MRI is a marker of myocardial fibrosis. In this study we sought to determine the association between T1 indices and left ventricular (LV) diastolic function evaluated by echocardiography and hemodynamic change by brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in ambulatory patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (CM). Methods: All participants were recruited prospectively to undergo cardiac MRI and echocardiography. Myocardial T1 was assessed on T1 maps using shortened modified look-locker inversion recovery sequence before and 15 minutes after the administration of gadolinium contrast. T1 indices were derived from the averaged T1 value of the LV basal and mid slices and included native and post-contrast myocardial T1, partition coefficient and extracellular volume fraction (ECV). Hematocrit, BNP and NT-BNP were measured. Results: Compared to the normal controls (N=14), native myocardial T1, partition coefficient and ECV were higher in CM patients (N=31) 1013±74 ms vs. 959±35 ms, (p=0.002), 0.47±0.06 vs 0.43±0.03 (p=0.018), and 0.24±0.03 vs. 0.28±0.04 (p=0.038), respectively while post contrast T1 was not significantly different. Using Pearson’s correlation, increased native T1, partition coefficient and ECV were significantly associated with increased E/A ratio 0.527 (p=0.001), 0.314 (p=0.066), 0.340 (p=0.042) respectively, and mitral medial E/e’ 0.497 (p=0.001), 0.295 (0.009) and 0.403 (p=0.016) respectively. The association was greater with BNP and NT pro-BNP (logarithm transformed) 0.523 (p<0.001), 0.387 (p=0.014), 0.448 (p=0.003), respectively, and 0.611 (p<0.001), 0.558 (p<0.001) and 0.642 (p<0.001), respectively. There was no significant correlation of diastolic indices or BNP with post contrast T1. Multivariate regression analyses confirmed univariate findings. Conclusion: Of the four commonly used T1 indices, increased native T1, partition coefficient and ECV were significantly associated with altered LV diastolic function and increased BNP. Our findings demonstrate the importance of noninvasive tissue characterization by CMR in understanding abnormal LV diastolic function and subsequent hemodynamic change in patients with non-ischemic CM
Talking to Terrorists: A Formal Model

Many countries currently maintain a “non negotiation” policy when dealing with terrorists while still actually conducting negotiations of some sort at some point. This paper seeks to understand the rationality and potential values of maintaining a “non-negotiation” policy as opposed to a more ambiguous approach in which negotiation is one of multiple possible actions. A formal model of a sequential game between a ‘would be’ terrorist group and a government is presented. The model allows for an exploration of the value in negotiation both before and after the event horizon, where terrorism takes place. In general, the model shows that costs for the government incur at a greater speed than the costs for the ‘would be’ terrorist group, but costs are dependent on government type. Democratic governments are more likely to want to end the game early, while non-democratic governments may be in a better position to wait out the ‘would be’ terrorist group. In addition, we should expect to find a high probability of preemption for non-democratic governments when the probability of the ‘would be’ terrorist group engaging in hostility is high, and heightened probability of preemption for democratic governments when the government lacks the ability to negotiate or the costs of doing so are high.
Automating network application dependency discovery: experiences, limitations, and new solutions

Large enterprise networks consist of thousands of services and applications. The performance and reliability of any particular application may depend on multiple services, spanning many hosts and network components. While the knowledge of such dependencies is invaluable for ensuring the stability and efficiency of these applications, thus far the only proven way to discover these complex dependencies is by exploiting human expert knowledge, which does not scale with the number of applications in large enterprises.Recently, researchers have proposed automated discovery of dependencies from network traffic [8, 18]. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of the performance and limitations of this class of dependency discovery techniques (including our own prior work), by comparing with the ground truth of five dominant Microsoft applications. We introduce a new system, Orion, that discovers dependencies using packet headers and timing information in network traffic based on a novel insight of delay spike based analysis. Orion improves the state of the art significantly, but some shortcomings still remain. To take the next step forward, Orion incorporates external tests to reduce errors to a manageable level. Our results show Orion provides a solid foundation for combining automated discovery with simple testing to obtain accurate and validated dependencies.