cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular dynamics simulation and inelastic neutron scattering

Abstract The molecular dynamics simulation method is discussed with specific reference to inelastic neutron scattering. A brief description of the two methods is presented and the relationship between them is explored. Inelastic neutron scattering is subdivided into two main areas, incoherent and coherent scattering, and some examples from the literature are reviewed for cases where the neutron inelastic scattering law is calculated. In addition, a detailed simulation of the diffusion of methane in the zeolite ZSM-5 is presented and compared with experiment. The simulation results provide insight into the nature of the intracrystalline diffusion of the adsorbate, while also providing the expected neutron scattering function. A direct comparison of the calculated and measured scattering laws indicates that there is general agreement between experiment and theory although the interpretation of quasielastic scattering using a Langevin diffusion model is inappropriate. The computer simulation model provides an unambiguous link between experiment and the microscopic origin of the observed quasielastic broadening.
Improving the Performance of an Adsorption Heat Converter in Condensation and Evaporation of the Adsorbate in Sorbent Pores

The possibilities of raising the specific refrigerating capacity and the cooling temperature of an adsorption refrigerator through the phase transition of the adsorbate in low-temperature-sorbent pores have been investigated by the computer-modeling method. Using an adsorption refrigerator with busofite-based MnCl2 and BaCl2 sorbents (in the high-temperature and low-temperature adsorbers respectively) as an example, it has been shown that the operating regime of the refrigerator with adsorbate condensation and evaporation enables one to raise the specific capacity of the apparatus by 20% and to double the average cooling temperature.
Micropropagation of American chestnut: increasing rooting rate and preventing shoot-tip necrosis

A three-step medium sequence was developed for rooting microcuttings of American chestnut [Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.]. First, individual shoots or clumps of shoots were cultivated on shoot-elongation medium for 4–8 wk until shoots were 2–3 cm long. The medium consisted of modified Woody Plant Medium, 500 mg/l polyvinylpyrrolidone (MW 40,000), and 0.89 µM benzyladenine. Microcuttings were then excised, vertically split at the base to approximately 2 mm through the pith, dipped in 5 or 10 mM indolebutyric acid for 1 min, and cultivated on half-strength Murashige and Skoog basal medium plus 0.2 g/l charcoal for 2 wk. During that time, roots were induced and became visible. Finally, the microcuttings were transferred back to shoot-elongation medium and cultivated for 3 wk, allowing growth of both roots and shoots. Using this protocol with 3 genotypes derived from one mature tree and two 1-yr-old seedlings, 57 to 73% rooting was obtained with less than 23% shoot-tip necrosis.
Culturally Congruent Mentoring: Predicting Asian American Student Participation Using the Theory of Reasoned Action1

Predictors of Asian American first-year college students’ intention to participate in a culturally congruent mentoring program was empirically documented using Ajzen and Fishbein's (1980) theory of reasoned action (TRA). Intention to participate was predicted by the belief that participation eases transition to college. Also, attitude toward participation was positively related to students’ beliefs that participation will strengthen ethnic identity and combat model-minority myth. With 78% of students who intended to participate, results suggest that Asian American college students need programming that addresses issues as first-year college students and those related to their cultural experience. The use of the TRA to better understand issues related to peer mentoring is illuminated. Wider implications for implementing culturally congruent mentoring programs in educational settings are discussed.
AP-3 adaptor functions in targeting P-selectin to secretory granules in endothelial cells.

P-selectin, a cell adhesion protein participating in the early stages of inflammation, contains multiple sorting signals that regulate its cell surface expression. Targeting to secretory granules regulates delivery of P-selectin to the cell surface. Internalization followed by sorting from early to late endosomes mediates rapid removal of P-selectin from the surface. We show here that the P-selectin cytoplasmic domain bound AP-2 and AP-3 adaptor complexes in vitro. The amino acid substitution L768A, which abolishes endosomal sorting and impairs granule targeting of P-selectin, reduced binding of AP-3 adaptors but not AP-2 adaptors. Turnover of P-selectin was 2.4-fold faster than turnover of transferrin receptor in AP-3-deficient mocha fibroblasts, similar to turnover of these two proteins in AP-3-competent cells, demonstrating that AP-3 function is not required for endosomal sorting. However, sorting P-selectin to secretory granules was defective in endothelial cells from AP-3-deficient pearl mice, demonstrating a role for AP-3 adaptors in granule assembly in endothelial cells. P-selectin sorting to platelet α-granules was normal in pearl mice, consistent with earlier evidence that granule targeting of P-selectin is mechanistically distinct in endothelial cells and platelets. These observations establish that AP-3 adaptor functions in assembly of conventional secretory granules, in addition to lysosomes and the ‘lysosome-like’ secretory granules of platelets and melanocytes.
Urate accumulation and adult life span in two species of Habrobracon

Abstract The importance of urate accumulation to duration of life was studied for two species of wasp by consideration of induced and inherent factors that modify the rate of urate accumulation. By means of these variables, it was possible to assess the relevance of a progressive change with time on the duration of life. Without consideration of these experimental variables, adequate assessment was not possible. From this experimental model, an attempt was made to show the limitations in present research methods and to urge the use of environmentally-induced and genetic variability in the study of aging in mammals.
The properties of crystalline silicon under laser irradiation

Abstract The initial effect of laser irradiation is the excitation of electron-hole pairs. It has not, however, been established whether the excited electrons transfer their energy to the lattice rapidly (leading to thermal annealing), or retain it for long times (leading to annealing caused by the softening of the lattice resulting from the presence of the excited electrons). In this paper, we use parameter-free, self-consistent calculations to investigate the consequences of large concentrations of excited electrons in the absence of energy transfer to the lattice. We assume that the excited electrons reach thermal equilibrium among themselves. We find that the valence-band density of states remains essentially unchanged and conclude that the observed large changes in the valence photoemission spectra cannot be attributed to the presence of excited electrons, but are more likely due to surface reconstruction. We also find that the lattice constracts for all but extremely high concentrations of excited electrons. This results supports Gauster's analysis of his experimental data, according to which electronic contraction occurs at low levels of excitation, whereas, at higher levels of excitation, the observed dilation is due to transfer of energy from the electronic system to the lattice. Finally, we discuss the relevance of our results to more recent suggestions about the role of the excited electrons during laser annealing.
The forgotten Gettysburg address

This paper examines the address of Edward Everett at Gettysburg when he shared the platform with Abraham Lincoln.
Blood cells of Fundulus heteroclitus (L.)

Much of the parenchyma of the normal pronephros of the adult Fundulus heterodilus, a euryhaline teleost, is haematopoietic tissue which was examined in cytocentrifuge preparations and plastic embedded thick sections. As we have not characterized many of the blood cells functionally, the terminology used is based on their morphological resemblance to similarly named cells in higher vertebrates. Approximately 80% of the non-erythroid elements observed in the pronephros are mature eosinophilic granulocytes (48%), immature eosinophilic granulocytes (25%), or cells likely to be their precursors [e.g. small blast cells (6%) and large blast cells (2%)]. Although there are macrophages in the pronephros that are capable of endocytotic activity, the mature and immature granulocytes are not. The granulocytes are non-specific esterase positive, PAS positive, acid phosphatase negative, and are capable of being mobilized by a RES activating agent, Ecteinascidia turbinata.
Phosphospecific Antibodies Reveal Temporal Regulation of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor β Receptor Signaling

Abstract The platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (βPDGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in multiple aspects of cell growth and differentiation. Upon activation, βPDGFR is phosphorylated at up to nine different tyrosine residues. Phosphorylation of the receptor results in at least two different outcomes: recruitment of signaling molecules and activation of intrinsic receptor kinase activity. In order to evaluate the phosphorylation state of the receptor, phosphospecific antibodies were generated against peptides encompassing βPDGFR phospho-Y751, phospho-Y771, or phospho-Y857. When phosphorylated, these sites enable the receptor to recruit signaling molecules PI3K or RasGAP, or enhance the receptor's kinase activity, respectively. We found that receptors phosphorylated at Y751, Y771, and Y857 display distinct temporal and spatial distribution by immunofluorescence. Subsequent biochemical studies revealed that receptor function corresponding to each of the phosphorylated sites was regulated as a function of time. Within the first 10 min, PDGF enhanced the receptor's kinase activity and initiated recruitment of PI3K and RasGAP. After prolonged exposure to PDGF, PI3K binding persisted to approximately 85% of the amount bound at 10 min, whereas binding of RasGAP and the exogenous kinase activity of the receptor diminished to less than 15% of the levels displayed at 10 min. We conclude that the phosphorylation state of the receptor, as well as its signaling capacity, is dynamic and changes as cells are continuously exposed to PDGF.
Heating in the tropical atmosphere: what level of detail is critical for accurate MJO simulations in GCMs?

Dozens of studies have been done in recent years documenting factors in large-scale models that affect the simulation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). All of these studies discuss processes that affect heating in some facet. In this study, we examine various heating adjustments in Community Atmospheric Model version 4 (CAM4) to determine what the vertical and horizontal heating distributions need to look like in order to simulate a realistic MJO. Heating is added to CAM4 using two different methods. In the first method, we add top-, bottom-, or middle-heavy heating blobs at various locations for each phase of the MJO. We describe a new technique for adding these heating perturbations in CAM4. In the second method, we add observed latent heating profiles from the tropical rainfall measuring mission Precipitation Radar to CAM4 in order to more accurately depict both the horizontal and vertical distribution of heating throughout the Tropics. We find that a realistic vertical and horizontal distribution of heating is critical for accurate representation of the MJO in CAM4. Observed heating distributions are top-heavy, but merely putting idealized top-heavy heating blobs into CAM4 does not produce an MJO as realistic as inputting the observed spatial distributions. Improvements in the simulation of the MJO are also seen with an interactive ocean, but the improvements are not as large as those seen using realistic heating distributions and prescribed SSTs.
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 antagonist ki16425 blunts abdominal and systemic inflammation in a mouse model of peritoneal sepsis

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator of inflammation via the LPA receptors 1-6. We and others have previously described proinflammatory and profibrotic activities of LPA signaling in bleomycin- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary fibrosis or lung injury models. In this study, we investigated if LPA signaling plays a role in the pathogenesis of systemic sepsis from an abdominal source. We report here that antagonism of the LPA receptor LPA1 with the small molecule ki16425 reduces the severity of abdominal inflammation and organ damage in the setting of peritoneal endotoxin exposure. Pretreatment of mice with intraperitoneal ki16425 eliminates LPS-induced peritoneal neutrophil chemokine and cytokine production, liver oxidative stress, liver injury, and cellular apoptosis in visceral organs. Mice pretreated with ki16425 are also protected from LPS-induced mortality. Tissue myeloperoxidase activity is not affected by LPA1 antagonism. We have shown that LPA1 is associated with LPS coreceptor CD14 and the association is suppressed by ki16425. LPS-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in liver cells and interleukin 6 production in Raw264 cells are likewise blunted by LPA1 antagonism. These studies indicate that the small molecule inhibitor of LPA1, ki16425, suppresses cytokine responses and inflammation in a peritoneal sepsis model by blunting downstream signaling through the LPA1-CD14-toll-like receptor 4 receptor complex. This anti-inflammatory effect may represent a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of systemic inflammatory responses to infection of the abdominal cavity.
Characteristics of cellular RNA related to the transforming gene of avian sarcoma viruses.

Abstract Nucleotide sequences ( sarc ) related to the transforming gene of avian sarcoma viruses are present in the DNA and transcribed into RNA in uninfected avian cells (Stehelin et al., 1976b; Spector et al., 1978). Cytoplasmic RNA containing the sarc sequences has a sedimentation coefficient of 30S, is linked to polyadenylic acid and is present in polyribosomes in a form which can be released by treatment with EDTA. Hence the sarc sequences (complexity = 5 × 10 5 daltons) are part of a larger transcriptional unit (approximately 1.8 × 10 6 daltons), and the sarc RNA appears to serve an as yet unknown messenger function. In addition, the sarc sequences in chicken cells are not linked to RNA transcribed from the provirus of the endogenous virus RAV-O, since RAV-O cytoplasmic RNA has sedimentation coefficients of 32S and 21S. Comparison of sarc -containing RNA in quail embryo fibroblasts and in quail cells derived from a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma revealed no differences with respect to size, polyadenylation or concentration of the RNA in nuclei, cytoplasm and polyribosomes; thus the phenotypic differences between these cells are unlikely to be a consequence of alteration in expression of the sarc sequences.
On the nonexistence of a law of the iterated logarithm for weighted sums of identically distributed random variables

For weighted sums of independent and identically distributed random variables, conditions are placed under which a generalized law of the iterated logarithm cannot hold, thereby extending the usual nonweighted situation.
Pretransplantation assessment of the risk of lymphoproliferative disorder

Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is an uncommon but often fatal complication of solid organ transplantation that occurs in approximately 3% of patients. To determine the relative importance and relationship of potential risk factors for PTLD before transplantation (i.e., Epstein-Barr virus [EBV] serostatus of the recipient and the cytomegalovirus [CMV] sero-status of the recipient and the potential donor) and the principal risk factor after transplantation (immunosuppression with antilymphocyte antibody), we analyzed the findings for the first 381 consecutive adult nonrenal transplant recipients seen at Mayo Clinic. In the absence of the other risk factors, the incidence rate of PTLD for EBV-seronegative recipients was 24 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.2, 89) than that for EBV-seropositive recipients. The additional risk factors of therapy with OKT3 for rejection and CMV seromismatch (i.e., a negative recipient and a positive donor) each further amplified this risk four- to sixfold. Together, all three risk factors acted synergistically to increase the incidence rate of fatal and/or CNS PTLD by a factor of 654 (CI: 368, 1,162) compared with the low incidence rate (.458 cases per 100 person years) when none of these risk factors were present. Pretransplantation determination of recipient EBV and CMV serostatus can identify a subgroup of patients whose risk for severe PTLD may preclude transplantation.
Digitalis in Congestive Heart Failure

Excerpt To the editors: We read the interesting review by Mulrow and associates (1) and wish to clarify a few points, particularly with regard to our own study (2). Although we did not explicitly s...
Estimating daily solar radiation values in selected mid-latitude regions by extrapolating measurements from nearby stations

Presentation de graphiques, valables pour des latitudes moyennes, permettant d'evaluer les erreurs absolues ou relatives dans l'estimation du rayonnement solaire a partir de donnees d'une station de mesure situee a une distance donnee
Just in time learning: implementing principles of multimodal processing and learning for education

Baldi, a 3-D computer-animated tutor has been developed to teach speech and language. I review this technology and pedagogy and describe evaluation experiments that have substantiated the effectiveness of our language-training program, Timo Vocabulary, to teach vocabulary and grammar. With a new Lesson Creator, teachers, parents, and even students can build original lessons that allow concepts, vocabulary, animations, and pictures to be easily integrated. The Lesson Creator application facilitates the specialization and individualization of lessons by allowing teachers to create customized vocabulary lists Just in Time as they are needed. The Lesson Creator allows the coach to give descriptions of the concepts as well as corrective feedback, which allows errorless learning and encourages the child to think as they are learning. I describe the Lesson Creator, illustrate it, and speculate on how its evaluation can be accomplished.
Is Selective Cvd an Improvement for the Titanium Silicide Process in Sub-Quarter Micron Technology? A Phase Formation Study Using X-Ray Diffraction

The C54 phase formation process of titanium silicide was studied after selective chemical vapor despostion (CVD) onto very small silicon structures, to ascertain the efficacy of CVD to form low resistance contacts in sub-quarter micron technology. Because the selective CVD process forms silicide on any exposed silicon in a CMOS device, the process was studied on both polysilicon and Si (100) chips. The structures consisted of arrays of about 10 6 identical lines, 0.1 2.0 μm in width, depending on the chip. The CVD process employed TiCl 4 and SiH 4 for the most part as process gases and the depostion temperature ranged from 730–825°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to document the amount of C54 phase present after deposition. In some cases samples were annealed after deposition and the phase transformation behavior studied by in-situ XRD. The latter technique employed a synchrotron radiation source providng for rapid XRD spectra collection, so that the C49-C54 phase transformation could be examined with great precision in real time during rapid thermal annealing. The results of CVD depositions were compared to titanium silicide formed by sputter deposition of Ti on identical silicon chips, followed by a typical salicide protocol. Although the phase formation is affected by both film thickness and substrate temperature during CVD, the general result is that the C54 formation is more facile using the CVD process, especially for the smallest line dimensions. The findings are discussed with respect to nucleation processes occurring during growth and post-deposition thermal processing.
Chemical and Physical Influences of the Atmosphere upon the Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Atomic Fluorescence in a Laser Microprobe Plume

Atomic fluorescence observations of Li and Cu in a laser microprobe plume were made to study the chemical and physical influences of a reactive atmosphere of oxygen relative to an atmosphere of argon. Time and spatially resolved fluorescence observations show a region of relatively low concentration of Li in the center of the plume from a film emulsion sample, which is not present for Cu from an aluminum alloy sample. For both samples, the plume appears to rise as a ball above the sample, rather than fan out continuously throughout the atmosphere.
KU lupus autoantigen is the transcription factor induced by interleukins (IL)-13 and IL-4 leading to induction of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO) in human cells

Cytokines such as Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 mediate their pleiotropic effects on cells by binding to specific transmembrane-spanning receptors, whose activation often results in the induction of genes via the JAK-STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling pathway, which is now known to transduce signals for other cytokines as well1-3. Interleukin (IL)-13 and -4 are cytokine products of TH2 cells, which exert similar profiles of biological activation in a variety of cell types. Like IL-4, IL-13 is a regulator of human B cell and monocyte functions4. Recently studies by Yuet al. 5 and Curielet al. 6 indicate a possible autocrine mechanism for the regulation of IL-4 gene transcription through Stat-6RE, as well as a possible mechanism for IL-13 regulation of the human IL-4 promoter. Also, several studies have reported that both IL-4 and IL-13 share common signaling events7’8 and suggests on one hand that a single cytokine can activate different combinations of Stat proteins under different physiological conditions, and on the other hand distinct cytokines can activate the same Stat protein.
Extrapair Copulations in the Mating System of White Ibis (Eudocimus Albus)

Mating behavior of white ibis was intensively observed in a large breeding colony in coastal South Carolina, U.S.A. Extrapair copulations (EPCs) were found to be a frequent and regular feature of the mating system. EPCs appeared to be fully capable of fertilizing eggs, on the basis of their form, timing, and male and female behavior in response to them. Females appeared to cooperate fully in some EPCs; this cooperation included cloacal flaring, and sperm was clearly transferred during some EPCs. Females were able to reject EPCs, and EPCs were not forced by males. Based on the relative frequency of apparently successful extrapair and withinpair copulations, EPCs were estimated to fertilize 6.05% of all eggs. EPC involvement among males was based on abilities to remain on the colony, to displace other males, and to take only short foraging trips. Female EPC involvement was based on the amount of time they were left unguarded. A male's EPC involvement was inversely correlated with that of his mate. Extrapair males were of distinctly different quality than the female's nestmate. Among study groups, EPC rate was not correlated with degree of local nesting density, sex ratio, clutch size. Female cooperation and the efficiency of male mate guarding were concluded to be important to the evolution of this mating strategy in white ibis. It is concluded that EPC is an important strategy in this otherwise monogamous species. The exact costs and benefits of this strategy to both sexes are discussed.
Wittgenstein’s Ladder: The Non-Operational Value of History in Architecture

Abstract Based on a re-assessment of Vittorio Gregotti's notion of history as the terrain for design, in relationship with Manfredo Tafuri's position, the debate on theory, and the legacy of Ernesto Nathan Rogers, I propose a new paradigm for an architecture of culture. Drawing also from relevant contemporary practices, where one can see the narrative for architectural projects at work, the argument aims to help the profession and academia foster an approach that pursues architecture as a cultural production.
Anisotropic properties of rare-earth dibismites

Abstract We report measurements of magnetic, thermal and transport properties of single crystals of rare-earth dibismites RBi2 (R=La–Nd, Sm), grown via self-flux method. All compounds are good metals, and those with magnetic ions order antiferromagnetically at low temperatures. Ce, Pr and Sm members of the series show single magnetic transition whereas NdBi2 most likely exhibits two magnetic transitions. Significant magnetic anisotropy and a series of metamagnetic transitions in fields up to 55 kG are found in PrBi2. Ordering temperatures range from 3 K to just above 16 K and they scale well with the de Gennes factor.
Natural abundance nitrogen-15 NMR by enhanced heteronuclear spectroscopy

The detection of NMR spectra of less sensitive nuclei coupled to protons may be significantly improved by a 2-dimensional Fourier transform technique involving a double transfer of polarization. The method is adequate to obtain natural abundance 15N spectra in small sample vols. with a com. spectrometer. [on SciFinder (R)]
Correlation of fluorescence spectra with chemical structure of some naphthalene derivatives

Abstract A definite relation is shown to exist between the chemical constitution of certain naphthalene derivatives and their fluorescence and absorption behavior. The naphthalene, naphthylamine and naphthol compounds vary in intensity and region in which they fluorescence. When a radical is changed from an α to a β position, a shift in wave-length of the maximum intensity occurs. From the shape of the densitometer tracings a difference between an acid and its salt is readily discernible. The quality of fluorescence is roughly the same whether the source of excitation be ultraviolet light, X-rays or cathode rays. It is also independent of the concentration and, in the case of the specimens studied, independent of small amounts of impurities.
Reinterpretation of the electron density at the site of the eighth bacteriochlorophyll in the FMO protein from Pelodictyon phaeum.

The Fenna–Matthews–Olson antenna protein from the green bacterium Pelodictyon phaeum mediates the energy transfer from a peripheral antenna complex to the membrane-bound reaction center. The three-dimensional structure of this protein has been previously modeled using X-ray diffraction to a resolution limit of 2.0 A, with Rwork and Rfree values of 16.6 and 19.9 %, respectively (Larson et al., Photosynth Res 107:139–150, 2011). This model shows the protein as consisting of β-sheets surrounding several bacteriochlorophyll cofactors. While most of the model clearly matches the electron density maps, in this paper we re-examine the electron density for a specific feature, namely the eighth bacteriochlorophyll a cofactor. This electron density is now interpreted as arising primarily from the end of an otherwise disordered polyethylene glycol molecule. Additional electron density is present but the density is weak and cannot be unambiguously assigned. The new model has Rwork and Rfree values of 16.2 and 19.0 %, respectively.
To cortex: thanks for the memories.

These observations should re-focus how we think about memory coding in the cortex. Since the discrediting of phrenology and reflexology, ideas about memory storage have too often been guided by an implicit view that memories are entities that can be distinguished from perceptions, actions, and thoughts. This common perspective is reflected even in the way we ask the basic questions, “Where are memories stored?” and “How are memories encoded?” The conception of memories as distinct items that are created and stored, and by some views transferred in succeeding stages from one chemical state or brain locus to another, may be misleading. The present considerations, consistent with Hebb 1949xHebb, D.O. See all ReferencesHebb 1949 model, suggest that memory should be conceived as intimately intertwined with information processing in the cortex, indeed so much so that the “memory” and “nonmemory” are inherently indistinguishable. By one construal of this view, memory is nothing more nor less than the plastic properties of specific cortical information processings. By another equally valid construal, all cortical information processing inherently involves adaptations to stimulus regularities and contingencies. By either view, in the cerebral cortex information processing and memory combine to constitute the structure of our knowledge about the world. The memory code is thus both constrained by and revealed in acquired biases in evoked activity patterns and in the ability to recreate those knowledge representations.In addition, the secret to understanding hippocampal involvement in memory coding may lie in its anatomical and functional associations with the cortex. The main outputs of the hippocampus are directly back to the widespread areas of cortex that are the origin of its inputs. Thus the role of hippocampal processing should be constrained within the framework of the two types of cortical memory coding outlined above. One possibility, consistent with a large body of data on the characteristics of hippocampal-dependent memory, is that hippocampal relational codings may mediate the property of cortical coding by which related cues can activate the representations of their associates according to the organized knowledge structure. The other property of cortical coding, by which evoked representations are biased through repetition, attention, and reinforcement, may underlie the forms of learning that can occur without hippocampal mediation, consistent with a large body of data on the characteristics of hippocampal-independent memory (Eichenbaum 1997xEichenbaum, H. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 1997; 48: 547–572Crossref | PubMedSee all ReferencesEichenbaum 1997).
The hippocampus is sensitive to the mismatch in novelty between items and their contexts.

In previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of continuous recognition memory it was reported that new items elicit greater hippocampal activity than old (repeated) items (hippocampal ‘novelty’ effects). Rather than reflecting recency differences between new and old items, hippocampal novelty effects may instead reflect the novelty of the association between test items and the experimental context, or a mismatch in the novelty of the test item and the context. The present continuous recognition study assessed these possibilities by manipulating item-context associations on a trial-by-trial basis. Each trial comprised the presentation of an object-word (context-item) pair. Repeated items were paired either with the same context as on their first presentation, a different but previously presented context, or a new context. The task was to judge whether each item was old or new, regardless of the study status of the associated context. We found no evidence that hippocampal novelty effects reflected either item and context recency, or the novelty of the item-context association. Rather, enhanced hippocampal activity was elicited when the novelty of the item and its context mismatched. These findings support the possibility that hippocampal novelty effects reflect, at least in part, the disjunction in novelty between test items and their contexts.
Validity and quality in action research

This article began as a response to the article ‘Action research as narrative: five principles for validation’ by Heikkinen, Huttunen and Syrjala, which appears in this issue of Educational Action Research. In so doing it addresses the question ‘How can we tell whether an action research study is good?’ by arguing that validity is a construct that can be used to evaluate the quality of qualitative research studies, including action research, and that, because of the moral and political aspects of action research, we are compelled to ask whether the results of our inquiries are valid. The paper also argues that we can continue to use validity in this way if we reject the extreme views of naive realism and radical constructivism. This argument and its conclusions are then used to critique the principles that Heikkinen et al. suggest for quality in narrative forms of action research. The paper ends with additional suggestions for increasing the validity of action research studies.
The power of dots: Using nonverbal compensators in chat reference

This paper analyzes the use of nonverbal compensators in librarians' chat reference conversations with college and university students. Comparing the transcripts of conversations with students who rated librarians as “very helpful” and “unhelpful” in a survey following the reference interaction, the data shows that the librarians' frequent use of certain compensators for the purpose of engaging, empathizing, or expressing continued thought is correlated to student satisfaction with the librarian. Specifically, the use of ellipses and dashes to supplant more traditional forms of punctuation, the purpose being to convey thought and interest in the patron's information need, is predictive of positive satisfaction levels. The implications for practitioners and instructors of chat reference include purposeful use of such compensators for specific purposes and the inclusion of computer-mediated-communication (CMC) in contemporary reference education.
The BRCA1/2 pathway prevents hematologic cancers in addition to breast and ovarian cancers.

Background The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that inactivation of virtually any component within the pathway containing the BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins would increase the risks for lymphomas and leukemias. In people who do not have BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations, the encoded proteins prevent breast/ovarian cancer. However BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins have multiple functions including participating in a pathway that mediates repair of DNA double strand breaks by error-free methods. Inactivation of BRCA1, BRCA2 or any other critical protein within this "BRCA pathway" due to a gene mutation should inactivate this error-free repair process. DNA fragments produced by double strand breaks are then left to non-specific processes that rejoin them without regard for preserving normal gene regulation or function, so rearrangements of DNA segments are more likely. These kinds of rearrangements are typically associated with some lymphomas and leukemias.
Gender differences in response to spatial frequency and stimulus orientation

Male and female subjects with normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity and less than .25 diopter of corrected astigmatism were asked to make contrast threshold judgments in response to both stationary and drifting grating displays. Results indicate a sex difference in contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency for vertical and oblique orientations.
Psychosexual issues : the woman with gynecologic cancer

Psychosexual concerns often confront women with a diagnosis of gynecologic cancer. These concerns can be physiologic or psychological in origin. Oncology nurses are in a key position to assess these potential or actual sexual problems. Interventions can be designed to prevent or minimize the adverse sexual sequelae often associated with this group of diseases. A strong knowledge base and comfort with the topic of sexuality are of utmost importance.
Big, Bumpy Dust Shells Around Protoplanetary Nebulae

We present evidence for parsec-sized dust shells around post-AGB objects, seen in 1SOPHOT data Furthermore, some of these data show evidence for enhanced mass-loss episodes on the timescales of thermal pulses. Preliminary studies suggest that the mass of the progenitors of these stars should be of the order of ~3M⊙.
Optimization of Mesoporous Silicon Microcavities for Proteomic Sensing

To expand the utility of p+ mesoporous silicon devices in proteomic biosensor applications, we have conducted in-depth studies to quantify the impact of employing a strong base post etch process to modify the microstructure of microcavity sensors tuned to operate in the visible spectrum. Changes in the optical response and quality of the cavity are quantified as a function of potassium hydroxide (KOH) exposure and initial porosity. Our results show that an aqueous ethanol solution containing millimolar concentrations of KOH is an effective means not only to increase the porosity and pore size, thereby enhancing pore infiltration of large (40–50kDa) proteins, but also to fine tune the optical properties of a passive optical devices.
Global gatekeeping, representation, and network structure: a longitudinal analysis of regional and global knowledge-diffusion networks

This paper argues that structural characteristics of knowledge-diffusion networks, such as density levels, centralization levels, and the presence of global knowledge brokers, contribute to the emergence of dominant designs and the competitiveness of countries' firms and industries. It further suggests that national institutional structures and firm-specific attributes influence the development of these knowledge-diffusion networks. Six propositions, developed from examination of one industry's networks and previous scholarly literature, specify these arguments.
Characterization of phase separation of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends using fluorescence

We have investigated the fluorescence emission spectra of pyrene and anthracene dyes covalently bonded to polystyrene (PS) upon phase separation from poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME). The specific chemical structure of the fluorescent labels is found to affect the measured phase separation temperature TS, with fluorophores covalently attached in closer proximity to the PS backbone identifying phase separation a few degrees earlier. The sharp increase in fluorescence intensity upon phase separation that occurs for all fluorophores with little change in spectral shape is consistent with a mechanism of static fluorescence quenching resulting from the specific interaction with a nearby quenching molecular unit. Based on recent work that has identified a weak hydrogen bond occurring between the aromatic hydrogens of PS and the ether oxygen of PVME, we believe a similar weak hydrogen bond is likely occurring between the PVME oxygen and the aromatic dyes providing a local (few nanometer) sensitivity to phase separation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
The Honorable Merchant in International Marketing: An Ancient Concept Newly Needed

In the spring of 2014, the American Marketing Association's Special Interest Group hosted a conference in Cancun, Mexico, on “The Honorable Merchant in International Marketing.” Conference participants from around the globe discussed in detail what it means to be honorable and how behavior affects business and academia today. A three-round Delphi study was conducted throughout the conference, providing the participants’ perspectives on the topic of honorable practices in academia and business and its relation to international marketing. Inferences are drawn about the usefulness of honorable behavior in developing trust relations and conducting international business relations more easily. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solid intraocular xanthogranuloma in three Miniature Schnauzer dogs

Objective Macrophages that contain abundant intracytoplasmic lipid are called ‘foam cells’. In four canine globes submitted to the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW), foam cells formed a solid intraocular mass. The purpose of this study was to describe the histopathologic findings in these cases. Procedure The electronic COPLOW database (1993–2006) was searched for the diagnosis of ‘foam cell tumor’. Clinical history, gross pathology and histopathology (5-micron sections, hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue periodic acid Schiff) were reviewed in all cases. Cases were included if the globe was grossly filled by a solid mass and if all intraocular structures were effaced by lipid-laden foam cell macrophages admixed with birefringent, Alcian blue-positive crystals oriented in stellate patterns. Results All three patients (four globes) satisfying the selection criteria were Miniature Schnauzers. In all cases the clinical history included diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and chronic bilateral uveitis that was interpreted to be lens-induced. All globes were enucleated because of glaucoma. Conclusions The term solid intraocular xanthogranuloma was used to describe these cases because the intraocular contents were effaced by a solid mass of foam cells and birefringent crystals. The cases in this report suggest that diabetic Miniature Schnauzers with hyperlipidemia are at risk for lipid and macrophage-rich uveitis, which may in some cases form a solid inflammatory intraocular mass, precipitate glaucoma, and lead to enucleation.
A New Solid-Phase Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Specific Antibodies to Measles Virus

A convenient and flexible enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system for the detection of specific antibodies to measles virus has been developed. In this system infected cells are desiccated on 96-well microtiter plates and stored at room temperature. After incubation of samples to be tested in the cell-coated plates and subsequent washing, bound antibodies are detected with a peroxidase-conjugated staphylococcal protein A probe. After another washing and the addition of the appropriate substrate, the amount of bound probe is estimated by colorimetric analysis. This technique offers several advantages. The need for a purified viral antigen source is obviated. The plates are easily prepared and can be stored for months at room temperature. Major viral epitopes, including surface glycoproteins as well as cytoplasmic viral antigens, are preserved despite desiccation. The method is more sensitive than the conventional means of virus-specific antibody detection. The burgeoning use of solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in clinical pa
Challenges and solutions in topical ocular drug-delivery systems

Vision significantly affects quality of life and the treatment of ocular disease poses a number of unique challenges. This review presents the major challenges faced during topical ocular drug administration and highlights strategies used to overcome the natural transport barriers of the eye. The circulation of tear fluid and aqueous humor decrease the residence time of topically delivered drugs, while ocular barriers in the corneal and conjuctival epithelia and the retinal pigment epithelium limit transport. Successful treatment strategies increase the residence time of drugs in the eye and/or enhance the ability of the drug to penetrate the ocular barriers and reach the target tissue. In this review, we discuss several drug-delivery strategies that have achieved clinical success or demonstrate high potential. We also draw attention to a number of excellent reviews that explore various ocular drug-delivery techniques in depth. Finally, we highlight cutting-edge drug-delivery technologies that improve the efficacy of current drug-delivery methods or use proven techniques to deliver novel therapeutics.
Double-Layered Slot Line for Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits

A new type of waveguide, a double-layered slot line, is described which is useful for millimeter-wave integrated circuits (IC's). Galerkin's method applied in the Fourier transform domain is used for analyzing the propagation characteristics of the dominant mode in the structure. Theoretical and experimental results are presented and compared.
Food & Community: the cross-site evaluation of the W.K. Kellogg Food & Fitness community partnerships

This article describes the collaborative development of the cross-site evaluation of the Food & Fitness initiative. Evaluators and community partners together created a multi-site evaluation to doc...
State estimation using artificial neural networks

The state estimation problem is addressed using artificial neural networks. The neural networks used are the adaptive linear combiner and a multilayer net. Training is performed by using several Kalman filter solutions to set the different weights. The derived neural network estimator gives state estimates when the system is subjected to unknown noises. Examples are given to illustrate the proposed approach. >
Exchange rates, inflation and growth in small, open economies: a difference-in-differences approach

Financial crises in emerging markets have led many observers to recommend abandoning fixed exchange rates and adopting more flexible regimes. Moreover, some recent research suggests that the correct exchange rate regime may have a significant effect on inflation and even economic growth. The estimated effect found in such studies, however, likely suffers from an upward bias, as countries which choose a given exchange rate regime have other hard-to-measure policies and attributes which also affect economic performance. Utilizing a recent data set on actual, as opposed to official exchange rate regimes, this article employs the difference-in-differences method, currently popular in applied microeconomics, to a set of emerging markets that switched to more flexible currency policies. Results indicate that, contrary to previous studies, exchange rates themselves exert no significant impact on inflation or output.
Sums of Four Squares

The main results to be presented here deal with representations as a sum of four squares. However, it is useful for purposes of exposition to consider the corresponding theorems for sums of two squares. Since these results are so familiar, and part of elementary courses, it may seem that these propositions are belaboring the obvious. However, there is a slight difference in emphasis from the usual treatment that will be useful in describing the generalization. There are two types of questions to be considered: algorithmic — how can one compute representations of a number as a sum of two or four (or possibly some other number) of squares? — and enumerative — is there a structure on the set of representations that allows their number to be determined in an elementary manner?
Human Kin Investment as a Function of Genetic Relatedness and Lineage

Two independent samples of students were asked to allocate fictional lotteries of varying dollar amounts to their blood relatives. In both studies, a reliable genetic relatedness by lineage interaction emerged, such that the genetic effect was a more positive predictor of percent of money allocated for relatives of a direct lineage (e.g., parents, grandparents) than it was for peripheral relatives (e.g., siblings, aunts and uncles). In a third study, this interaction was replicated in an archival analysis of wills. The implications of accounting for differences in relatives' lineages in studies of kin investment are discussed.