cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transfer of cationic cucurbit[7]uril inclusion complexes from water to non-aqueous solvents

The redox-active guests (ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium (2 +) and methylviologen (5 2+) form stable complexes with the cucurbit[7]uril host (CB7) in aqueous solution. In this work, we report a method to transfer these cationic inclusion complexes – as their hexafluorophosphate salts – to less polar, non-aqueous solvents, such as CH3CN, dimethylformamide and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Both inclusion complexes were found to be stable in these solvents, although the determination of accurate equilibrium association constants was hampered by the low solubility of the free host. Voltammetric experiments show that the one-electron oxidation of the ferrocenyl residue in the CB7·2 + complex increases its stability in CH3CN and DMSO solutions, while the opposite effect was observed in aqueous media. These results provide valuable insight into the various roles played by hydrophobic interactions, solvation effects and ion–dipole interactions at stabilising CB7 inclusion complexes of cationic guests.
Sensors for robotic assembly

Special-purpose sensors and hybrid mechanical systems have been developed to assemble advanced electronic circuits. State-of-the-art robot systems that are used for electronic assembly and accuracy requirements for the developing surface mount technology are reviewed, showing the need for improved robot positioning capability. Examples of laboratory experiments that demonstrated successful precision assembly or testing using an ordinary robot, a micropositioner, and an optical sensing system are given. These involve fiber-optic sensing, machine-vision endpoint sensing, and hybrid tactic-vision endpoint sensing. >
An image segmentation algorithm for the detection of rebar in bridge decks from GPR scans

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) scans of rebar embedded in concrete structures produce distinct hyperbolic signatures. These signatures can be removed from the data as a preprocess to the identification of other embedded objects. This work is a step towards achieving an unsupervised detection of defects in concrete bridge decks. The proposed algorithm detects the signature of rebar(s) in a GPR scan through image segmentation, arc detection, and a thresholding process. The position and depth of the rebar(s) and the dielectric properties of the concrete are derived.
Learning and meal-associated drinking: Meal-related deficits produce adjustments in postprandial drinking

Two experiments examined the effect of meal-related water deficits on the distribution of meal-associated drinking. In the first procedure free-feeding rats received 10-, 20-, or 30-min delays between the end of a meal and the subsequent availability of postprandial water. Each delay condition remained in effect for 10 consecutive days. The primary effect of the delay was to postpone the intake of postprandial drinking. None of the delay conditions produced an increase in preprandial drinking. However, when the rats were returned to baseline following the delay conditions a pronounced rebound effect was obtained in the proportion of postprandial drinking. The second experiment followed the same general procedure except that 5-min access to water was always presented after each meal and before the postprandial water restrictions. Under this procedure the rats increased their water intake during the 5-min period when the postprandial restrictions were imposed. These findings show that meal-related water deficits can affect the timing and proportion of postprandial drinking, but provide no evidence that meal-related deficits increase preprandial drinking. The results suggest that the anticipation of meal-related water deficits may play a role in shaping the rat's postprandial drinking pattern.
An expectation-maximization algorithm for analysis of evolution of exon-intron structure of eukaryotic genes

We propose a detailed model of evolution of exon-intron structure of eukaryotic genes that takes into account gene-specific intron gain and loss rates, branch-specific gain and loss coefficients, invariant sites incapable of intron gain, and rate variability of both gain and loss which is gamma-distributed across sites. We develop an expectation-maximization algorithm to estimate the parameters of this model, and study its performance using simulated data.
Cells surviving fractional killing by TRAIL exhibit transient but sustainable resistance and inflammatory phenotypes

When clonal populations of human cells are exposed to apoptosis-inducing agents, some cells die and others survive. This fractional killing arises not from mutation but from preexisting, stochastic differences in the levels and activities of proteins regulating apoptosis. Here we examine the properties of cells that survive treatment with agonists of two distinct death receptors, tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and anti-FasR antibodies. We find that “survivor” cells are highly resistant to a second ligand dose applied 1 d later. Resistance is reversible, resetting after several days of culture in the absence of death ligand. “Reset” cells appear identical to drug-naive cells with respect to death ligand sensitivity and gene expression profiles. TRAIL survivors are cross-resistant to activators of FasR and vice versa and exhibit an NF-κB–dependent inflammatory phenotype. Remarkably, reversible resistance is induced in the absence of cell death when caspase inhibitors are present and can be sustained for 1 wk or more, also without cell death, by periodic ligand exposure. Thus stochastic differences in cell state can have sustained consequences for sen­sitivity to prodeath ligands and acquisition of proinflammatory phenotypes. The important role played by periodicity in TRAIL exposure for induction of opposing apoptosis and survival mechanisms has implications for the design of optimal therapeutic agents and protocols.
Reversible Diffusion Weighted Imaging Changes in Propionic Acidemia

Propionic acidemia is an inborn error of metabolism with neurologic manifestations. We describe a 3-year-old boy with propionic acidemia presenting with a metabolic crisis including headache, vomiting, and altered mental status with metabolic acidosis. Electroencephalography showed focal slowing in right temporal region. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed restricted diffusion with apparent diffusion coefficient correlate in the right parietooccipital region. Correction of metabolic acidosis led to clinical improvement and normalization of MRI diffusion weighted imaging/apparent diffusion coefficient changes. This article suggests that restricted diffusion resulting from metabolic crises in propionic acidemia may be reversible in some cases.
Arrays of prime ideals in commutative rings

If R is a commutative ring, A and B ideals of R ,a ndS and T multiplicative submonoids of R ,w e note an elementary necessary and sufficient condition for there to exist prime ideals P and Q in R such that P contains A and is disjoint from S, Q contains B and is disjoint from T ,a ndP ⊆ Q .W e then study conditions for the existence of larger families of prime ideals satisfying similar systems of relations. When the inclusion relations specified in the given system define a “tree order,” the necessary and sufficient conditions are quite tractable; otherwise, they are much less so. We apply these results to the case where R is a tensor product of two algebras over a field k, and end with some observations on the behavior of arrays of prime ideals in a k-algebra under base extension.  2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Justice and Mercy: a Reply to Thomas Talbott

In a recent issue of Religious Studies,1 Thomas Talbott argues against what he takes to be an Augustinian picture of God, pointing out what he believes to be its more important weaknesses and thereby trying to lend credibility to an alternative picture. Much of what he argues turns on questions of the nature and requirements of justice. I shall confine myself to his claims about the relation of justice and mercy, which are not only central to the essay but also probably the weakest and least well developed part of his larger project of defending a universalist view of salvation.2
Osteosarcoma Following Growth Hormone Therapy in Recurrent Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Rapadilino Syndrome

A 16-year old Caucasian girl was evaluated for scoliosis 9 years after bone marrow transplant (BMT) and 13 years after her initial ALL diagnosis. A chest radiograph showed a lesion of the right third rib. Histopathology was consistent with a high-grade OS. She died 5 months after OS diagnosis. There is no family history of cancer. Prior therapy comprised BFM standard risk for de novo ALL, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital regimen and cranial-spinal radiation for central nervous system (CNS) recurrence, Children’s Cancer Group (CCG) 1941, and matched unrelated allo-transplant (conditioned with TBI and thiotepa, cyclophosphamide, and ATG) for bone marrow recurrence. Two years after transplant GH therapy commenced. A 15-year-old Hispanic girl with RAPADILINO syndrome experienced left lower extremity pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a destructive lesion and biopsy was consistent with OS. At 11 years of age short stature was diagnosed. Growth hormone therapy was started and discontinued once OS was diagnosed. There is no family history of cancer. The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study reported the 25-year follow-up among survivors of childhood ALL. The cumulative incidence of SMN of 5.2% (6.2% for those receiving radiation therapy) at 25 years from diagnosis [2]. St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH) investigators reported the incidence of SMN as a first event in 2169 patients treated between 1962 and 1998 [3]. The cumulative incidence of SMN was 4.17% at 15 years and 10.85% at 30 years. Two cases of OS constituting 1.2% of SMN were observed.
Modeling and performance of a multilink packet access for wireless cellular systems

This paper considers the problem of packet transfer over the radio interface of a cellular network, in which the diversity area may provide alternate resources for mobiles communicating with base stations. A multilink architecture is proposed for the forward link of packet cellular networks. We develop a model for the access mechanism using a two-state MMPP (Markov modulated Poisson process) for the aggregate arrival and a seven-state MMPP for the overflow traffic approximation. An analytical approach is used to calculate the system performance including the probability distribution of packet transmission delay and packet loss rate. We show how a simplified approximate model based on a much smaller number of states for the resulting MMPP can capture the system performance in a reasonably accurate way. We quantify the performance improvement through a numerical example and also compare the results to those obtained from the simulation model.
Unusual acetylenic sex pheromone of grape leaffolder (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

The female-produced sex pheromone of grape leaffolder, Desmia funeralis (Hubner), has been identified as a blend of (Z,Z)-11,13-hexadecadienal, 11-hexadecynal, and (Z)-11-hexadecenal. The first two components were essential for attraction of male moths, whereas the third compound was not essential, but increased trap catches approximately twofold when added in appropriate doses to the optimum blend of the other two components. In field tests, male moths were trapped equally well in traps baited with pheromone doses of 0.2 to >6 mg, and lures remained attractive for at least 5 wk.
A Normalization Process to Standardize Handwriting Data Collected from Multiple Resources for Recognition

Abstract This paper presents a normalization process for handwriting recognition with the ability to accommodate scribbling data of different resolutions collected from diverse devices, such as touch screens and tablets. The normalization algorithms aim at being position, scale and rotation invariant in order to standardize non-uniform handwriting results from all sorts of users. The process starts with identifying the bound of a handwriting. The cropped bound is centered to the origin and then scaled to a default size without producing undesirable distortions. Image skew problem is handled by sampling data image of multi-angles through rotation transformation to produce extra learning artifacts. Due to the high volume of pixel data, down-sampling is employed by mingling neighborhood pixels into blocks to improve learning and recognition speed. Finally, a 2D image is serialized into an array of blocks to conduct learning and recognition. The empirical studies show that this proposed standardization approach can yield a high degree of accuracy, verified by a number of popular machine learning algorithms.
Predictors of Assaultiveness in Latency Age Children

The authors evaluated the presence of assaultive behavior in 1 03 children, aged 6-1 2 years, seen in the psychiatric inpatient and outpatient services of a municipal hospital. No racial or ethnic differences were found. Boys were significantly more assaultive than girls and used fire setting and hitting with objects more often. Inpatients were significantly more assaultive than outpatients. Children with conduct disorders, specific developmental disorders, and mental retardation were more assaultive than those with neurotic disorders. Multiple regression analysis showed that the child’s past aggressive behavior, absence of anxiety and depression, and parental assaultive behavior were the best predictors of assaultive behavior. (Am J Psychiatry 140:31-35, 1983)
Reinforcement’s incidental effects on reproductive isolation between conspecifics

Reinforcement—the process whereby maladaptive hybridization leads to the strengthening of prezygotic isolation between species—has a long history in the study of speciation. Because reinforcement affects traits involved in mate choice and fertility, it can have indirect effects on reproductive isolation between populations within species. Here we review examples of these “cascading effects of reinforcement” (CER) and discuss different mechanisms through which they can arise. We discuss three factors that are predicted to influence the potential occurrence of CER: rates of gene flow among populations, the strength of selection acting on the traits involved in reinforcement, and the genetic basis of those traits. We suggest that CER is likely if (1) the rate of gene flow between conspecific populations is low; (2) divergent selection acts on phenotypes involved in reinforcement between sympatric and allopatric populations; and (3) the genetic response to reinforcement differs among conspecific populations subject to parallel reinforcing selection. Future work continuing to address gene flow, selection, and the genetic basis of the traits involved in the reinforcement will help develop a better understanding of reinforcement as a process driving the production of species diversity, both directly and incidentally.
Adversary symbiosis and complementary group dissociation: An analysis of the U.S./U.S.S.R. conflict

Abstract This paper explores the psychological basis for the reciprocal stereotyping that governs U.S./Soviet perceptions of one another. The primary obstacle to mutuality in the relationship between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. is their use of each other reciprocally as projective targets by which each deals with its unacceptable aggressive impulses. Soviet-American relations are discussed in terms of a model of adversary symbiosis, wherein each member of the pair complements one another to preserve the enmity. The influence of American and Russo-Soviet national psychology and cultural history on present perception, expectation, and attitudes is examined. Repetitive themes from American cinema, music, literature, and automotive design from the late 1970s and early 1980s are adduced to illustrate the unconscious American preparation for hostility. It is further argued that reciprocal provocation paradoxically makes the Soviets more “Russian” and the Americans more “American” than would otherwise occur. It is argued that the principal “reality” governing Soviet-American nations is projective, and that until that process is examined the vicious cycle of anxiety (fueling the armament race) will continue.
Differential effects of cattle and sheep grazing on high mountain meadows in the Strawberry Valley of central Utah

Species diversity, niche metrics, cover, frequency, and soil relationships were studied on high mountain meadows on adjacent cattle and sheep allotments in Strawberry Valley, Wasatch County, Utah. The cattle allotment vegetation was predominantly Mountain bluebell (Mertensia ciliata) , and the sheep allotment vegetation was predominantly Smallwing sedge (Carex microptera) . Other species of importance on both areas included Letterman needlegrass (Stipa lettermanii) , Mountain bromegrass (Bromus carinatus) , and Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) . Tall forbs were most abundant on the cattle allotment, and low forbs, perennial grasses, and sedges were most abundant on the sheep allotment. Vegetation composition on the two allotments was significantly different.
A ‘Field’ to Work In: Finding Labour History in Calcutta and Canberra

By the time I joined the South Asian History Section in the Research School of Pacific Studies at the Australian National University in December 1976 to work for my PhD under the supervision of Ant...
Brief Report: Aspirin Ingestion Compared with Bleeding Disorders—Search for a Useful Platelet Antiaggregant

The effects on human platelets produced by ingesting aspirin have been compared with the types of platelet abnormalities observed in patients with bleeding disorders. The inhibitory effect of aspirin on platelet function appears to be relatively weak and suggests a continued search for antiaggregant agents which may prove to be useful in preventing thrombosis.
When do we offer more support than we seek? A behavioral replication and developmental extension

Beck and Clark (2009) found self-report evidence that adults are more likely to offer support to a potential friend than to seek identical support from that potential friend, but that this asymmetry between offering and seeking support weakens among close friends. The present study sought to behaviorally replicate these findings in adults as well as to explore the developmental emergence of this phenomenon by examining when children would display similar patterns of offering and seeking support. Four-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and adults were given opportunities to offer or request identical support from peers. Sometimes participants were close friends; sometimes they were potential friends. The findings for adults’ support behaviors replicated previous self-report findings. Adults were more likely to offer support than to request identical support from potential friends, whereas adults were just as likely to request support as they were to offer support to close friends; 8-year-olds showed a si...
Moving Target Defense Against Network Reconnaissance with Software Defined Networking

Online hosts and networks are easy targets of network attacks due to their static nature, which creates an information asymmetry and makes them easy to attack and hard to defend. To break the asymmetry, Moving Target Defense was proposed to bring uncertainties to computer systems. It can be applied to all levels of protections, covering applications, system software, operating systems, and networks. In this paper, we present, Sniffer Reflector, a new method to practice Moving Target Defense against network reconnaissance, which is usually considered as the very first step of most attacks. Sniffer Reflector employs Software-Defined Networking to disturb network reconnaissance. We use virtualization to provide an obfuscated reconnaissance result for attackers. Our method can be easily combined with existing security tools for network forensics as well. We have developed a prototype in a virtual local area network. Our experiment results show that Sniffer Reflector is effective and efficient in blurring various network reconnaissance.
Voluntary Movement: Control, Learning and Memory

The mechanisms that underlie the learning and memory of motor programs for voluntary movement are summarized. The emphasis is on the control of reaching movements of the forelimb by the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum in combination. The importance of three distinct learning rules is stressed. Parallel features in the control of conditioned eyeblink movements are also discussed.
Substance P Inhibits Ventilation in the Goat

Substance P (SP) has been established as an excitatory neuromodulator in the cat carotid body (CB) (Prabhakar et al., 1987; 1989). These workers have suggested that SP may be an important link between the transduction mechanism for hypoxia and the production of afferent neural discharge.
Dense home-based recordings reveal typical and atypical development of tense/aspect in a child with delayed language development

Studies investigating the development of tense/aspect in children with developmental disorders have focused on production frequency and/or relied on short spontaneous speech samples. How children with developmental disorders use future forms/constructions is also unknown. The current study expands this literature by examining frequency, consistency, and productivity of past, present, and future usage, using the Speechome Recorder, which enables collection of dense, longitudinal audio-video recordings of children's speech. Samples were collected longitudinally in a child who was previously diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, but at the time of the study exhibited only language delay [Audrey], and a typically developing child [Cleo]. While Audrey was comparable to Cleo in frequency and productivity of tense/aspect use, she was atypical in her consistency and production of an unattested future form. Examining additional measures of densely collected speech samples may reveal subtle atypicalities that are missed when relying on only few typical measures of acquisition.
Abstract 378: Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction and Age-Dependent Endothelial Activation in Mice with Fabry Disease

Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder, leads to an age-dependent accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in vascular tissue that ultimately causes cardiac disease and strokes. It has been demonstrated that this accumulation of Gb3 is consistent with a decrease in nitric oxide bioavailability and an impaired endothelial function in macrovessels including the aorta. Based on this, we hypothesized that microvessels would also have vascular dysfunction in older Fabry disease mice. To evaluate this, 8 month old wild-type (WT) and alpha-galactosidase A deficient (Fabry; FA) mice (n=4 / group) were euthanized, and mesenteric artery function was tested using a pressure myograph. Vessels from WT relaxed with Ach in a dose-dependent manner, while FA vessels were nearly devoid of Ach-mediated dilatation. The maximum relaxation with the highest dose of Ach (10^-4 M) was significantly different between groups (WT: 59 ± 11 %; FA: 1 ± 12 %; p=0.0004). However, endothelium-independent relaxation mediated by sodium nitroprusside was similar in vessels from both groups (WT: 81 ± 10 %; FA: 70 ± 9 %; p=0.15), confirming that the smooth muscle layer was intact and functional. Given the similar macro- and microvascular endothelial dysfunction evident in FA, we sought to identify serum measures of endothelial activation that could be used as a surrogate determinant of the age-dependent vascular dysfunction. We collected serum from age-matched WT and FA between 2 and 17 months of age (n=4-8 / group). We observed a significant age-dependent rise in FA for several serum markers of endothelial activation including soluble e-selectin, p-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule. However, von willebrand factor (vWF) provided the most sensitive age- and genotype-dependent changes between WT and FA (p=0.046 at 2 months and p=0.0004 at 17 months between groups). In conclusion, the data provide evidence of microvascular endothelial dysfunction in FA, demonstrated by a prominent defect in the mesenteric artery at 8 months of age. In addition, a robust age-dependent rise in vWF observed in FA suggests that this marker of endothelial activation might serve as a sensitive surrogate measure of endothelial dysfunction in therapeutic studies of Fabry disease.
Scientific Collaboration between Italy and USA per Research Fields (Scientific Production, Institutions and Regions)

This paper explores the scientific interaction of public research institutions across Italy and USA over 2000-2010 based on co-authored publications. Data are from Scopus (2012) and National Science Foundation (2012). The results show the trends of US-Italy scientific collaborations per scientific fields as well as the rate of growth according to linear and exponential models. In addition, the research shows the leading US and Italian institutions with higher intensity of mutual scientific collaboration per scientific fields as well as the spatial morphology of collaboration across Italian regions and US states. These results may provide vital information to policy makers to understand the morphology of scientific collaborations between US-Italy and to design an effective political economy of R&D in order to support driving institutions engaged in international collaborations for the advancement of vital scientific areas and for the progress of the national scientific research.
Basal S-Nitrosylation Is the Guardian of Tissue Homeostasis

Recent studies have uncovered that nitric oxide (NO) signaling is largely conducted by S-nitrosylation, involving >3000 proteins. The nitrosyl group could then travel further by transnitrosylation or be secreted, enabling regulation of the whole tissue. A subset of proteins are constitutively S-nitrosylated, playing roles in the regulation of tissue homeostasis.
Crowdsourced Pairwise-Comparison for Source Separation Evaluation

Automated objective methods of audio source separation evaluation are fast, cheap, and require little effort by the investigator. However, their output often correlates poorly with human quality assessments and typically require ground-truth (perfectly separated) signals to evaluate algorithm performance. Subjective multi-stimulus human ratings (e.g. MUSHRA) of audio quality are the gold standard for many tasks, but they are slow and require a great deal of effort to recruit participants and run listening tests. Recent work has shown that a crowdsourced multi-stimulus listening test can have results comparable to lab-based multi-stimulus tests. While these results are encouraging, MUSHRA multi-stimulus tests are limited to evaluating 12 or fewer stimuli, and they require ground-truth stimuli for reference. In this work, we evaluate a web-based pairwise-comparison listening approach that promises to speed and facilitate conducting listening tests, while also addressing some of the shortcomings of multi-stimulus tests. Using audio source separation quality as our evaluation task, we compare our web-based pairwise-comparison listening test to both web-based and lab-based multi-stimulus tests. We find that pairwise-comparison listening tests perform comparably to multi-stimulus tests, but without many of their shortcomings.
BOTTOM WATER FORMATION

The ocean deeper than 1500 m is colder than 4 °C. The coldness of the deep ocean is due to interaction of the ocean with the polar atmosphere, primarily within the ocean belt surrounding Antarctica. Dense water, forming over the Antarctic continental shelf descends to the deep ocean, forming streams of very cold water, Antarctic Bottom Water, that can be traced spreading northward along the sea floor into the world's oceans. In the Atlantic it slides under a slightly water deep water layer formed in the northern North Atlantic, the North Atlantic Deep Water.
A He$sup 3$ CRYOSTAT FOR PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS WITH ORIENTED NUCLEI

The use of liquid He3 is proving to have many advantages over magnetic cooling for the convenient production of temperatures in the limited but useful range from about 1o to 0.3°K. This is especially so in the field of nuclear orientation, for in favorable cases (e.g., Ho, Tb, U, Np) considerable nuclear polarization—up to 85% in one case—can be obtained. It should be noted also that these nuclei are of special interest for study in such experiments, since they all possess very large permanent deformations. The apparatus described was designed for carrying out such experiments, in particular, for performing nuclear reactions with oriented nuclei. The first experiment that has been performed was to measure the (γ, n) cross section for aligned Ho165 nuclei in conjunction with a betatron [1]. Although certain features of the construction of the apparatus, especially the lower parts, are peculiar to this experiment and to nuclear orientation in general, the design is such as to make a wide variety of experiments possible by means of simple modifications. This is accomplished by making much of the lower part of the apparatus, i.e., the experimental space, demountable and therefore interchangeable, without altering at all the main cryogenic features of the apparatus.
Toys will be toys: gendered interaction frames in the Toy Story trilogy

ABSTRACTThe following qualitative textual analysis examined female characters within the Toy Story trilogy and used grounded theory to explore themes between female characters and male characters b...
Association of Macular Visual Field Measurements With Glaucoma Staging Systems.

Importance Macular function is important for daily activities but is underestimated when tested with 24-2 visual fields, which are often used to classify glaucoma severity. Objective To test the hypothesis that current glaucoma staging systems underestimate glaucoma severity by not detecting macular damage. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study was carried out in a glaucoma referral practice. The eyes of participants with manifest glaucoma and 24-2 mean deviation (MD) better than −6 dB were included. All participants were tested with 24-2, 10-2 visual fields, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of the optic disc and macula. Exposures Macular damage was based on the topographic agreement between visual field results and retinal ganglion cell plus inner plexiform layer probability plots. Classifications from the Hodapp-Parrish-Anderson (HPA), visual field index (VFI), and Brusini staging systems were examined and compared with visual field and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography results. Main Outcomes and Measures The association between the presence of macular damage and glaucoma severity scores. Results Fifty-seven eyes of 57 participants were included; 33 participants (57%) were women, and 43 (75%) were white. Their mean (SD) age was 57 (14) years. Forty-eight of the eyes (84% [95% CI, 72%-92%]) had macular damage by the study definition. These had a 24-2 MD mean (SD) of −2.5 (1.8); corresponding results for the 10-2 MD were −3.0 (2.4) dB and for the VFI were 94.2% (4.5%). The HPA system classified 70% (95% CI, 55%-83%) of eyes with macular damage as having early defects; the VFI system classified 81% (95% CI, 67%-91%) of eyes with macular damage as having early defects, and the Brusini system 68% (95% CI, 53%-81%). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that current glaucoma staging systems based on 24-2 (or 30-2) visual fields underestimate disease severity and the presence of macular damage. If these results are confirmed and generalizable to other participants, new systems using macular measures (from 10-2 and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography results) might improve staging of glaucoma severity.
The prosocial side of power: How structural power over subordinates can promote social responsibility

Abstract We examine the effect of power on powerholders’ egocentric versus prosocial orientation toward others. We argue that power, particularly in collaborative settings such as teams and organizations, induces a sense of responsibility to those over whom one has power. This sense of responsibility is driven by two mechanisms: (1) norms about the benevolent use of power in organizations and (2) awareness that subordinates are dependent on the powerholder. This sense of responsibility also has important consequences. In particular, we argue that it induces feelings of solidarity, a prosocial form of identification with subordinates, which in turn leads powerholders to engage in behavioral solidarity (behaviors that prioritize subordinates’ interests over powerholders’ self-interests). We test these ideas in a series of three pre-registered experiments and one field survey. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on the social psychology of power and organizational theories of power.
Mode-Matching Analysis of the Induced Electric Field in a Material Sample Placed Within an Energized Cylindrical Cavity - Abstract

This paper describes a mode-matching method for analyzing the induced electric field in a homogeneous material sample coaxially loaded within a cylindrical cavity which is excited by a current probe. Analytical results of this method are used to compare the numerical results of an integral equation method which is presented in a companion paper published in this issue. Comparing the integral equation method and the mode-matching method, the former is more general and powerful but computationally intensive while the latter can only handle a simple geometry but it is computationally efficient.
Cytosolic Adaptation to Mitochondrial Precursor Overaccumulation Stress Induces Progressive Muscle Wasting

Mitochondrial dysfunction causes muscle wasting (or atrophy) in many diseases and probably also during aging. The underlying mechanism is unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests that substantial levels of bioenergetic deficiency and oxidative stress are insufficient by themselves to intrinsically cause muscle wasting, raising the possibility that non-bioenergetic factors may contribute to mitochondria-induced muscle wasting. In this report, we show that chronic adaptation to mitochondria-induced proteostatic stress in the cytosol induces muscle wasting. We generated transgenic mice with unbalanced mitochondrial protein loading and import, by a two-fold increase in the expression of the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial carrier protein, Ant1. We found that the ANT1-transgenic mice progressively lose muscle mass. Skeletal muscle is severely atrophic in older mice without affecting the overall lifespan. Mechanistically, Ant1 overloading induces aggresome-like structures and the expression of small heat shock proteins in the cytosol. The data support mitochondrial Precursor Overaccumulation Stress (mPOS), a recently discovered cellular stress mechanism caused by the toxic accumulation of unimported mitochondrial precursors/preproteins. Importantly, the ANT1-transgenic muscles have a drastically remodeled transcriptome that appears to be trying to counteract mPOS, by repressing protein synthesis, and by stimulating proteasomal function, autophagy and lysosomal amplification. These anti-mPOS responses collectively reduce protein content, which is known to decrease myofiber size and muscle mass. Our work therefore revealed that a subtle imbalance between mitochondrial protein load and import is sufficient to induce mPOS in vivo, and that anti-mPOS adaptation is a robust mechanism of muscle wasting. This finding may help improve the understanding of how mitochondria contribute to muscle wasting. It could have direct implications for several human diseases associated with ANT1 overexpression, including Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy (FSHD).
Clarithromycin reduced rates of M. avium complex infection and mortality in AIDS

Source Citation Pierce M, Crampton S, Henry D, et al. A randomized trial of clarithromycin as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with advanced acquir...
Shareholder Advantage and Debt Overhang

We analyze the underinvestment problem caused by debt overhang in the presence of shareholder bargaining power. In contrast to prior studies that indirectly infer the default probabilities required for computing the overhang correction proxy from credit ratings, we directly estimate a hazard model for bankruptcy to dynamically generate rm level default probabilities for a larger sample. We show that our measure of debt overhang correction has a signifi cant negative impact on investment and subsumes the credit rating based overhang correction measure used in the prior studies. We further document that potential shareholder recovery in financial distress due to their bargaining power against debt holders mitigates the underinvestment problem due to debt overhang.
Descriptive Analysis of 1972 Cervical Corpectomy Patients and 30-Day Postoperative Outcomes

ABSTRACT Background: There exists no large, multi-institutional analysis of patients undergoing cervical corpectomy for common degenerative spinal disease, including patient demographics and comorbidities as well as postoperative complications. Methods: Using Current Procedural Terminology and International Classification of Diseases codes, 1972 patients who underwent a cervical corpectomy for degenerative spinal disease were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data sets from 2012 to 2015. A descriptive analysis of the patients who underwent the procedure as well as 30-day outcomes and adverse events were collected. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the effect of any preoperative factors identified from a univariate logistic regression analysis (variables with P Results: The total complication rate, defined as major or minor adverse event, mortality, unplanned readmission, unplanned reoperation, or admission >30 days, was 13.28%. The percentage of patients who had ≥1 major or minor adverse events was 5.02%. Several factors commonly associated with an increased risk of perioperative complications, including smoking and diabetes, were found not to be independently associated with complications in this cohort. Conclusions: This study is the largest analysis of cervical corpectomies. The results of the multivariate analysis provide guidance on risk factors associated with perioperative complications. These data could help develop risk-appropriate strategies for minimizing the effects of certain preoperative factors on perioperative complications.
A national survey of U.S. psychiatry residents’ LGBT cultural competency: The importance of LGBT patient exposure and formal education

The prevalence of many mental health disorders is substantially higher in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population compared to the cisgender, heterosexual population. While psy...
"Man's Hatred Has Made Me So": Freakification and the Shifting Gaze in The Phantom of the Opera (1925)

By using artistic conventions only availablethrough cinema, The Phantom of the Opera (1925) manipulates the gaze to create a character so inhuman and unsympathetic, he transcends the position of the freak into the realm of the monster. The silent horror version of this film extends the social construct of the freak into cinema so that, while the freak shows may have been closing their doors, the legacy of the freak lived on.
A fully general, non-perturbative treatment of impulsive heating

Impulsive encounters between astrophysical objects are usually treated using the distant tide approximation (DTA) for which the impact parameter, $b$, is assumed to be significantly larger than the characteristic radii of the subject, $r_{\mathrm{S}}$, and the perturber, $r_{\mathrm{P}}$. The perturber potential is then expanded as a multipole series and truncated at the quadrupole term. When the perturber is more extended than the subject, this standard approach can be extended to the case where $r_{\mathrm{S}} \ll b < r_{\mathrm{P}}$. However, for encounters with $b$ of order $r_{\mathrm{S}}$ or smaller, the DTA typically overpredicts the impulse, $\Delta \mathbf{v}$, and hence the internal energy change of the subject, $\Delta E_{\mathrm{int}}$. This is unfortunate, as these close encounters are the most interesting, potentially leading to tidal capture, mass stripping, or tidal disruption. Another drawback of the DTA is that $\Delta E_{\mathrm{int}}$ is proportional to the moment of inertia, which diverges unless the subject is truncated or has a density profile that falls off faster than $r^{-5}$. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper presents a fully general, non-perturbative treatment of impulsive encounters which is valid for any impact parameter, and not hampered by divergence issues, thereby negating the necessity to truncate the subject. We present analytical expressions for $\Delta \mathbf{v}$ for a variety of perturber profiles, apply our formalism to both straight-path encounters and eccentric orbits, and discuss the mass loss due to tidal shocks in gravitational encounters between equal mass galaxies.
Emotional Regulation and Diabetes Distress in Adults With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To explore the correlates of diabetes-related distress (DD) with psychometrically valid assessments of emotional regulation in individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Adults with diabetes (n = 298) were assessed for psychological issues possibly associated with diabetes and were further evaluated with measures of negative emotional experience (ER-Exp) and skill at regulating such experiences (ER-Skill) and measures of DD, perceived psychosocial stress, diabetes literacy, and diabetes self-care. RESULTS ER-Exp was directly related to DD, while ER-Skill was inversely related to DD. Together, these ER variables displayed a medium-size relationship (β = 0.45) with DD. Inclusion of variables related to diabetes self-care and perceived psychosocial stress was associated with only an 18% reduction (i.e., β = 0.45 to β = 0.38) in the strength of this relationship, while the magnitude of relationships between DD and perceived psychosocial stress (β = 0.15) and diabetes self-care (β = −0.09) was relatively small. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that DD is meaningfully linked with negative emotionality, and skill at regulating such emotions, in adults with diabetes. This relationship appears to be stronger than that between DD and perceived psychological stress or diabetes self-care. If so, DD (and possibly A1C) may be improved in those with diabetes and difficulties with negative emotionality.
A New Pulsar in Green Bank Telescope Searches of 10 Globular Clusters

We report the results of pulsar searches in 10 globular clusters (GCs) using the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope. One new binary millisecond pulsar (MSP) has been discovered in NGC 5986 with P{sub spin} = 2.6 ms, P{sub orb} = 1.3 days, and a minimum companion mass of 0.16 M{sub sun}. The companion is most likely a helium white dwarf. Eight of the GCs we searched have central densities <10{sup 4} L{sub sun} pc{sup -3}, making this a good sample for studying the pulsar content of low-density clusters. We find no evidence for pulsars in clusters with very low densities (<10{sup 3} L{sub sun} pc{sup -3}), consistent with theoretical predictions. Null results in many of the clusters we searched with moderate densities indicate that these systems do not contain a bright MSP. Two clusters in particular, one with very low metallicity, stand in contrast to theoretical calculations by Ivanova et al. We also find that three-body exchange interaction rates calculated by Phinney seem to overpredict the pulsar content in the clusters we studied.
Liver transplant waitlist removal, transplantation rates and post-transplant survival in Hispanics.

Background and objectives Hispanics are the fastest growing population in the USA, and our objective was to determine their waitlist mortality rates, liver transplantation (LT) rates and post-LT outcomes. Methods All adults listed for LT with the UNOS from 2002 to 2018 were included. Competing risk analysis was performed to assess the association between ethnic group with waitlist removal due to death/deterioration and transplantation. For sensitivity analysis, Hispanics were matched 1:1 to Non-Hispanics using propensity scores, and outcomes of interest were compared in matched cohort. Results During this period, total of 154,818 patients who listed for liver transplant were involved in this study, of them 23,223 (15%) were Hispanics, 109,653 (71%) were Whites, 13,020 (8%) were Blacks, 6,980 (5%) were Asians and 1,942 (1%) were others. After adjusting for differences in clinical characteristics, compared to Whites, Hispanics had higher waitlist removal due to death or deterioration (adjusted cause-specific Hazard Ratio: 1.034, p = 0.01) and lower transplantation rates (adjusted cause-specific Hazard Ratio: 0.90, p<0.001). If Hispanics received liver transplant, they had better patient and graft survival than Non-Hispanics (p<0.001). Compared to Whites, adjusted hazard ratio for Hispanics were 0.88 (95% CI 0.84, 0.92, p<0.001) for patient survival and 0.90 (95% CI 0.86, 0.94, p<0.001) for graft survival. Our analysis in matched cohort showed the consistent results. Conclusions This study showed that Hispanics had higher probability to be removed from the waitlist due to death, and lower probability to be transplanted, however they had better post-LT outcomes when compared to whites.
AmphiLight: Direct Air-Water Communication With Laser Light

The underwater world is still largely unexplored yet surveying and monitoring submerged sites is fundamental for many applications, including archaeology, biology, and disaster response [1, 2, 3]. One of the challenges for underwater autonomous deployments is limited communication between assets underwater and in the air. One conventional strategy is to periodically let the underwater vehicle surface to share data [4], which is inefficient due to time not being spent on the task. Another strategy is to deploy a network of buoys at the water surface [5], connected to both the underwater assets (via acoustic transducers) and the ground station (via Wi-Fi). This deployment configuration increases the cost and logistical overhead, limiting the overall scalability of the system.
Health Risk Behaviors, Experiences, and Conditions Among Students Attending Private and Public High Schools*

BACKGROUND Approximately 8.8% of US high school students attended private schools in 2015. Few studies have characterized health risk behaviors among these students or compared prevalence of behaviors between students in private and public schools using a contemporary, nationally representative sample. METHODS Pooled 2007-2017 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey data were used to estimate the prevalence of 35 health risk behaviors for 89,848 public and private high school students. Unadjusted prevalence ratios were used to compare prevalence by school type. Differences in behaviors by school type were explored by sex and grade. RESULTS Among private school students, the prevalence ranged from 5.0% to 31.9% for sexual risk behaviors; from 0.8% to 30.1% for substance use behaviors; from 0.7% to 21.8% for behaviors related mental health and suicide; from 3.2% to 6.8% for violence victimization experiences; and from 3.1% to 52.9% for behaviors related to unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. Private school students were less likely than public school students to report most behaviors; differences by school type were generally consistent across sex and grade. CONCLUSIONS Students in both public and private schools reported health risk behaviors. Findings might inform prevention activities by identifying behaviors to prioritize in each school setting.
Detailed Review of Methods

From the foregoing discussion of major organizing dimensions for classifying family assessment procedures, it is clear that many subgroups of instruments can be defined. Table 1 (p. 24) provides an overview of a relatively complete classification system in which instruments are first grouped into report versus observational procedures, and then within each major division, are divided into more narrowly defined subsets.