cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Space-time complexity in solid-state and statistical physics models

Representative examples of space-time complexity motivated by solidstate and statistical physics models are discussed. The importance of competing interactions in defining classes of space-time attractors is emphasized for partial differential equations and related cellular automata or coupled-map lattices.
Paediatric cardiac anaesthesia in a developing country

During the week of October 15-24, 1995 a team of 65 medical, anaesthesiology, surgical, nursing and paramedical personnel travelled to Guatemala City, Guatemala to perform cardiac surgery on children with complex congenital and acquired valvular heart disease. During this mission 42 patients had their lesions surgically repaired. Cardiopulmonary bypass was required in 36 cases. There were no anaesthetic or surgical deaths. All six patients who did not require cardiopulmonary bypass were extubated in the operating room. Of the patients who required cardiopulmonary bypass, 23 were extubated in the operating room (64%). There was no intraoperative anaesthetic morbidity nor postoperative respiratory complications. No patients was reintubated after planned extubation. Cardiac surgery in paediatric age patients can safely be performed in developing countries if close attention is paid to proper patient selection and one maintains the standards of care practised in developed countries.
Central city socio‐economic characteristics and public participation strategies: A comparative analysis of the Niagara Falls region's municipalities in the USA and Canada

Purpose – This article aims to examine the mechanisms used by municipalities to stimulate public participation and, in part, to argue that contrasts between the socio‐economic make‐up of central cities in the USA and Canada explain these divergent techniques.Design/methodology/approach – The article is based on a survey of planning departments measuring the types of public participation strategies used by local governments.Findings – The article's findings indicate that Canadian municipalities adopt a broader range of public participation techniques related to: voluntarism and public engagement, neighborhood and strategic planning, and e‐government. In contrast, the article's findings indicate that US municipalities are more likely to promote public participation through mechanisms such as annual community meetings and referendums on public issues.Research limitations/implications – The conclusion of the article offers recommendations for expanding the scope of public participation and developing strategi...
Nietzsche and the premodernist critique of postmodernity

Abstract The crisis of modern reason culminates in Nietzsche's proclamation of nihilism. Drawing upon Nietzsche, postmodernists suggest that reason itself is defective, while “premodernists” argue we can regain our balance by returning to premodern rationalism. Peter Berkowitz suggests, however, that Nietzsche is a contradictory thinker who fails in his attempt to combine ancient rationalism with modern voluntarism. Postmodernism thus rests upon a defective foundation. Berkowitz's critique of postmodernism is telling, but he does not recognize dangerous millenarian elements in Nietzsche's thought. Moreover, the concept of ancient reason he holds up as an alternative is underdeveloped and undifferentiated.
Worst-case power-constrained noise for binary-input channels with varying amplitude signals

We consider the problem of communicating in the presence of an additive jammer. The transmitted binary signal amplitude is allowed to vary according to a pseudorandom pattern known at the receiver. We obtain criteria as to what the optimal (communicator) amplitude distributions and (jammer) noise distributions should look like, and some comparative results on the performance in general. We present specific results for the special case where the performance measure is probability of error with maximum-likelihood detection. For this performance measure we also obtain precise results when the amplitude distributions are limited to those with at most two different amplitude levels. >
A simple reciprocating apparatus for maintaining long‐term turbidity in biological experiments

Elevated turbidity adversely affects the behavior, physiology, and distribution of marine and freshwater organisms. Although laboratory turbidity studies vary in topic, scope, and design, they all require an experimental apparatus with the ability to maintain constant sediment concentrations (or turbidities) for extended periods of time. Here, I describe a low-cost alternative to more complex systems, a reciprocating apparatus that uses motor-driven paddles and compressed air to keep fine sediment in suspension for extended periods of time in at least 20 tanks simultaneously. With this apparatus, suspended sediment levels, ranging from 25 to 500 mg/L, were maintained within 90% to 95% of initial values for 7 days. In addition, because sediment was kept in suspension using a very slow curtain of air bubbles, this apparatus did not induce a stress response in test organisms, as measured by stress hormone concentration.
A Note on the Hyperlinks of Major Eurasian Cities

(2003). A Note on the Hyperlinks of Major Eurasian Cities. Eurasian Geography and Economics: Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 321-324.
Defending Dramatism as ontological and literal

For twenty years, scholars have contested Burke's argument—originally offered at an Eastern Communication Association convention — that dramatism is ontological and literal. These Burkean scholars have instead emphasized dramatism as epistemological and metaphorical. In this essay, I reread this dispute in support of Burke's position. I conclude that this debate contains two separate claims by Burke: (1) dramatism is ontological, and not epistemological, because it begins with language as action, not representation; and (2) this starting‐point can claim a privileged (literal) status because it offers the most complete approach to its topic. Through this interpretation of the debate, I make a case for a rehabilitated (and ontologically‐grounded) notion of literality—and sketch its implications for contemporary rhetorical theory.
Pd2+-Catalyzed Cyclocopolymerization of 1,5-Hexadiene and CO: Regioselectivity of Olefin Insertion

The cyclocopolymerization of 1,5-hexadiene and CO with Shell-type catalyst systems comprising palladium(II) complexes in the presence of chelating phosphines yields soluble cyclocopolymers containing 5- and 6-membered cyclic ketones. Cyclocopolymerization of 1,5-hexadiene and CO in the presence of Pd(OAc)2, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (Dppp), 1,4-naphthaquinone, and Ni(ClO4)2·6H2O in chloroform/methanol (100−20/1) afforded a soluble cyclocopolymer 2 containing both 5- and 6-membered ring ketones in the polymer backbone. Cyclocopolymerization under similar conditions in the presence of 1,3-bis(diisopropylphosphino)propane (Dipp) gave a soluble cyclocopolymer 3 containing only 6-membered rings. Epimerization of the 6-membered ring cyclocopolymer 3 with 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine provided evidence for an initial prevailingly cis microstructure (ca. 3/1 cis/trans) for the 2,5-disubstituted cyclohexanone repeating units of the cyclocopolymer. The regioselectivity for insertion of 1,5-hexadiene into the Pd...
invis: Exploring high-dimensional RNA sequences from in vitro selection

In vitro selection and evolution is a powerful method for discovering RNA molecules based on their binding and catalysis properties. It has important applications to the study of genetic variation and molecular evolution. However, the resulting RNA sequences form a large, high-dimensional space and biologists lack adequate tools to explore and interpret these sequences. We present invis, the first visual analysis tool to facilitate exploration of in vitro selection sequence spaces. invis introduces a novel configuration of coordinated views that enables simultaneous inspection of global projections of sequence data alongside local regions of selected dimensions and sequence clusters. It allows scientists to isolate related sequences for further data analysis, compare sequence populations over varying conditions, filter sequences based on their similarities, and visualize likely pathways of genetic evolution. User feedback indicates that invis enables effective exploration of in vitro RNA selection sequences.
The direct and indirect energy costs of coal transport by alternative bulk commodity modes

A framework for analysis is presented which is applied to the quantification of the energy costs associated with bulk commodity transportation modes. Energy costs considered included direct operating costs, indirect costs for goods, capital and services and an estimation of natural system impacts. In particular, the total energy costs per unit of coal energy delivered by the alternative means of barges, railroads, pipelines and high-voltage transmission lines were evaluated.
Thermophysical properties of liquid platinum

Material properties of liquid metals are inherently difficult to measure. Static measurements are difficult to make on most metals because of the typically high values of critical temperature and pressure, problems with sample-container contamination, and physical strength limits of high-pressure vessels. Data on thermophysical properties of metals are needed for a variety of applications, and measurements on most liquid metals are performed using dynamic techniques. Dynamic pulse heating experiments are typically performed on nanosecond to millisecond timescales, providing data that would not otherwise be obtainable. We use a resistive pulse heating method to reach high-temperature expanded liquid-metal states at a constant pressure. This technique can be used for a variety of metals and allows accurate data to be obtained over a wide range of temperature. Metallic wire-shaped samples (1×25 mm) are resistively heated in an inert gas atmosphere for a period of about 10−4 s by an almost-square current pulse (∼15×l03 A). Samples expand along an isobaric path, with remote diagnostics providing data on current, voltage, temperature, volume, and sound speed. These basic quantities are then used to calculate several derivative quantities. We report measurements of enthalpy, temperature, volume, electrical resistivity, and sound velocity of liquid platinum for temperatures from the melting point up to ∼5100 K.
Essential elements, cadmium, and lead in raw and pasteurized cow and goat milk

Abstract Fifteen essential elements plus cadmium and lead were determined in raw and pasteurized cow and goat milks by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. When results were compared on a wet weight basis, there were no significant differences between the raw and pasteurized milks except for cobalt, iron, and lead in goat milk. When copper in goat milk was expressed on a dry weight basis, there was a significant difference between raw and pasteurized milk. There were significantly higher amounts of cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, and phosphorus, wet weight basis, in pasteurized goat milk than in pasteurized cow milk. Significantly more nickel and sodium were in pasteurized cow milk. No difference in the content of chloride, calcium, potassium, and zinc was significant between the two milks. When dry weights of the two milks were compared, statistical differences were the same, except there was significantly more calcium and potassium in pasteurized cow milk than in pasteurized goat milk and there were no significant differences in the content of lead and phosphorus between the two milks. Percentages of the established and estimated recommended daily allowances show both cow and goat milk to be excellent sources of calcium, phosphorus, and potassium and fair sources of iron, magnesium, and sodium.
An empirical description of phases of maintenance following treatment for alcohol dependence

This article reports two longitudinal prospective studies conducted sequentially to describe participants' maintenance of abstinence experiences up to 36 months posttreatment. Study I reports responses of 102 subjects who maintained alcohol abstinence following treatment and who were assessed for duration and intensity of symptoms associated with postacute withdrawal at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. A decreasing linear trend of symptoms was found as time of alcohol abstinence increased. Study 2 obtained interview and survey data from 23 successful abstainers from Study 1 at 12, 18, and 36 months posttreatment to describe coping strategies, perceptions of relapse risk, extent and duration of “aftercare”, and substitute addictions as these phenomena developed and changed over time. Multiple occasions of data collection supported the description of three phases of maintenance: symptom stabilization/management accompanied by a cognitive paradigm shift, distancing self from alcohol-dependent behavior, and normalization of life processes.
Microstereolithography for polymer-based based MEMS

Microfabrication techniques such as bulk micromachining and surface micromachining currently employed to conceive MEMS are largely derived from the standard IC and microelectronics technology. Even though many MEMS devices with integrated electronics have been achieved by using the traditional micromachining techniques, some limitations have nevertheless to be underlined: 1) these techniques are very expensive and need specific installations as well as a cleanroom environment, 2) the materials that can be used up to now are restricted to silicon and metals, 3) the manufacture of 3D parts having curved surfaces or an important number of layers is not possible. Moreover, for some biological applications, the materials used for sensors must be compatible with human body and the actuators need to have high strain and displacement which the current silicon based MEMS do not provide. It is thus natural for the researchers to 'look' for alternative methods such as Microstereolithography (MSL) to make 3D sensors and actuators using polymeric based materials. For MSL techniques to be successful as their silicon counterparts, one has to come up with multifunctional polymers with electrical properties comparable to silicon. These multifunctional polymers should not only have a high sensing capability but also a high strain and actuation performance. A novel UV-curable polymer uniformly bonded with functionalized nanotubes was synthesized via a modified three-step in-situ polymerization. Purified multi-walled nanotubes, gained from the microwave chemical vapor deposition method, were functionalized by oxidation. The UV curable polymer was prepared from toluene diisocyanate (TDI), functionalized nanotubes, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The chemical bonds between -NCO groups of TDI and -OH, -COOH groups of functionalized nanotubes help for conceiving polymeric based MEMS devices. A cost effective fabrication techniques was presented using Micro Stereo Lithography and an example of a micropump was also described. The wireless concept of the device has many applications including implanted medical delivery systems, chemical and biological instruments, fluid delivery in engines, pump coolants and refrigerants for local cooling of electronic components.
A further extension of the Extended Parallel Process Model (E-EPPM): implications of cognitive appraisal theory of emotion and dispositional coping style.

For two decades, the extended parallel process model (EPPM; Witte, 1992) has been one of the most widely used theoretical frameworks in health risk communication. The model has gained much populari...
Density control of self-aligned shortened single-wall carbon nanotubes on polyelectrolyte-coated substrates

Shortened single-wall carbon nanotubes (sSWCNTs) were self-aligned vertically on poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium) chloride (PDAC) self-assembled surfaces (silicon wafer and ITO glass). The self-aligned sSWCNT layer density was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in dependence of reaction time, pH and salt concentration. It was found that the density of self-aligned sSWCNTs was high for pH 4 and 7 at low salt concentrations. At pH 2, the density of vertically adsorbed sSWCNTs was lowest since salt formation close to the isoelectric point (IEP) of the sSWCNTs. For measurements at pH values higher than the IEP of sSWCNTs, with the lower the ionic strength, the higher density of self-aligned sSWCNTs on the substrate was observed. This was also independent of the substrate used. It is suggested that the observed density dependence on ionic strength may be caused by a screening effect of the counter ions. Zeta potential measurements and colloidal stability of sSWCNTs dispersions are reported. Data strongly suggest that the density control of sSWCNTs is caused by screening via counter ions.
Brief An approach for solving the Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equation (HJIE) in nonlinear H∞ control

In this paper, we present an approach to the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equation (HJIE) arising in the H"~ control problem for nonlinear systems. We show that the HJIE can be solved analogously to a scalar quadratic equation with some additional side conditions, and present a computational procedure for determining symmetric solutions. Examples are given for second-order affine nonlinear systems to illustrate the procedure, and the method can be extended to higher-order systems.
Regular Stationary Solutions of the Cylindrically Symmetric Einstein-Matter-Gauge Equations

Abstract This paper establishes the existence of regular stationary solutions of the coupled Einstein-matter-gauge equations with a cylindrical symmetry. Such solutions are called cosmic strings or gravitational vortices and are believed to have important implications in cosmology and quantum physics. It is shown that for a prescribed string location with a string or winding number below an explicit barrier, the system possesses a continuous family of distinct finite-energy solution configurations. The proof of the main existence theorem relies on a special shooting method. Power-type decay estimates at spatial infinity are also obtained.
Impact of a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel on 30-day outcome in unselected patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

On the basis of biologic studies of platelet reactivity, the recent American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines recommend a 600-mg loading dose (LD) of clopidogrel in patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). There is, however, a lack of studies addressing the clinical impact of such a clopidogrel LD. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of a 600-mg LD of clopidogrel with that of a 300-mg LD in an unselected cohort of patients who underwent PCI. A cohort of 4,105 unselected patients who underwent PCI were included in the study and divided according to the LD used: the high-LD group (600 mg) included 3,146 patients, and the low-LD group (300 mg) included 959. The primary end point was the rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) at 1 month. Patients in the low-LD group more often had diabetes mellitus and histories of myocardial infarction (36.8% vs 31.9%, p = 0.01). Left ventricular ejection fractions were similar (0.49 ± 0.14 vs 0.48 ± 0.14, p = 0.25). Angiographic and procedural characteristics were identical between the 2 groups. Patients in the high-LD group had fewer MACEs after 1 month (2.9% vs 5.2%, p
Patient-reported long-term rectal function after permanent interstitial brachytherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effect of permanent interstitial brachytherapy with or without supplemental therapies on long-term rectal function using a patient-administered quality-of-life instrument. Methods and Materials One hundred thirty four of the initial 219 prostate brachytherapy patients who remain alive and have participated in a prospective evaluation of rectal function were mailed the rectal function assessment score (R-FAS). Of the 134 patients, 3 have a colostomy because of colorectal cancer, 2 failed to respond, and 129 (99.2% of eligible patients) returned a completed R-FAS. R-FAS ranges from 0 to 27 with lower scores indicative of better bowel function. Median followup was 14 years. Multiple clinical, treatment, and dosimetric parameters were evaluated for impact on bowel function. Results For the current cohort, R-FAS was 3.35, which was comparable to the 1999 (4.29), 2002 (3.92), and 2006 (4.00) surveys. In the 2011 survey, 10 (7.8%), 17 (13.1%), and 102 (78.3%) patients reported bowel function to be worse, improved, or unchanged after brachytherapy. No patient has developed a rectal ulcer or fistula. The number of preimplant bowel movements, tobacco, and diabetes mellitus correlated with R-FAS. Consistent with the previous thee surveys, patient’s perception of overall rectal quality of life was inversely related to the use of supplemental external beam radiation. Conclusions Long-term rectal function after prostate brachytherapy is favorable with a small number of patients reporting deterioration in bowel function. The judicious use of supplemental external beam radiation with particular attention to rectal doses may further improve long-term function.
Proliferation of lamellar whorls in arcuate neurons of the hypothalamus of castrated and morphine-treated male rats.

A comprehensive ultrastructural examination of one cross-sectional level (middle 1/3) of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (AH) of male rats several weeks after castration or after two weeks of morphine treatment confirmed a marked increase in lamellar whorls of endoplasmic reticulum in AH neurons in each group. A comparable incidence of AH whorls was not detected in rats treated with lactose, those treated for only 1–3 days with morphine, or in those given testosterone plus morphine for 2 weeks. It is postulated that the testosterone deficiency following either castration or chronic morphine treatment stimulated the observed increase in AH whorls. A close correspondence was noted between the distribution within the AH of neurons containing whorls and those reported by others to contain luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH). The possibility that whorls may be a marker for hypothalamic neurons which play a role in the LH-RH regulatory system warrants further consideration.
LTHREADER: prediction of extracellular ligand-receptor interactions in cytokines using localized threading.

Identification of extracellular ligand–receptor interactions is important for drug design and the treatment of diseases. Difficulties in detecting these interactions using high-throughput experimental techniques motivate the development of computational prediction methods. We propose a novel threading algorithm, LTHREADER, which generates accurate local sequence-structure interface alignments and integrates various statistical scores and experimental binding data to predict interactions within ligand–receptor families. LTHREADER uses a profile of secondary structure and solvent accessibility predictions with residue contact maps to guide and constrain alignments. Using a decision tree classifier and low-throughput experimental data for training, it combines information inferred from statistical interaction potentials, energy functions, correlated mutations, and conserved residue pairs to predict interactions. We apply our method to cytokines, which play a central role in the development of many diseases including cancer and inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. We tested our approach on two representative families from different structural classes (all-α and all-β proteins) of cytokines. In comparison with the state-of-the-art threader RAPTOR, LTHREADER generates on average 20% more accurate alignments of interacting residues. Furthermore, in cross-validation tests, LTHREADER correctly predicts experimentally confirmed interactions for a common binding mode within the 4-helical long-chain cytokine family with 75% sensitivity and 86% specificity with 40% gain in sensitivity compared to RAPTOR. For the TNF-like family our method achieves 70% sensitivity with 55% specificity with 70% gain in sensitivity. LTHREADER combines information from multiple complex templates when such data are available. When only one solved structure is available, a localized PSI-BLAST approach also outperforms standard threading methods with 25%–50% improvements in sensitivity.
Free bile acids in sheep.

Abstract 1. 1. Free cholic (3α, 7α, 12α-trihydroxycholanic) acid is identified for the first time in the gall-bladder bile of sheep. 2. 2. No free bile acids are detected in the bile of the lambs during the first weeks after birth.
Computational modeling of titanium structures subjected to thermo-chemo-mechanical environment

Abstract This manuscript provides a new coupled thermo-chemo-mechanical computational model for titanium structures subjected to extreme loading and environment. The proposed model accounts for the formation of oxygen enriched (alpha-case) titanium, as well as the coupling effects between the response characteristics of mechanical and oxygen infiltration processes into titanium at high temperature environment. The formation of alpha-case at the surface of the structure is modeled as diffusion of oxygen into the titanium substrate. The mechanical response of the structure is idealized using the Johnson–Cook model, which is generalized to account for the effects of oxygen induced embrittlement and hardening. The interplay between mechanical damage, oxygen infiltration and temperature on the chemo-mechanical response is evaluated using numerical simulations. The fully coupled mechanical and diffusion processes are solved based on a staggered coupling algorithm. The capabilities of the computational model are assessed by the analysis of a panel composed of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo titanium alloy subjected to thermal shock loading.
ATAC: Improving performance and programmability with on-chip optical networks

Given the current trends in multicore scaling, chips with 1000 cores may exist within the next 5 to 10 years. However, their promise of increased performance will only be reached if their inherent scaling and programming challenges are overcome. Meanwhile, recent advances in nanophotonic device manufacturing are making CMOS-integrated optics a reality-interconnect technology which can provide more bandwidth at lower power than conventional electronics. Perhaps more importantly, optical interconnect also has the potential to enable new, easy-to-use programming models enabled by its inexpensive broadcast mechanism. This paper introduces ATAC, a new manycore architecture that capitalizes on the recent advances in optics to address a number of challenges that future manycore designs will face. The new constraints and opportunities of on-chip optical interconnect are presented and explored in the design of ATAC. Furthermore, this paper discusses ATAC's programming models, and introduces Consumer Tagging, a novel programming model that leverages ATAC's strengths to provide high performance and scalability.
Caveolin-1 Enhances Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Exposure and Function on the Cell Surface

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) blocks tissue factor-factor VIIa (TF-FVIIa) activation of factors X and IX through the formation of the TF-FVIIa-FXa-TFPI complex. Most TFPI in vivo associates with caveolae in endothelial cells (EC). The mechanism of this association and the anticoagulant role of caveolar TFPI are not yet known. Here we show that expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in 293 cells keeps TFPI exposed on the plasmalemma surface, decreases the membrane lateral mobility of TFPI, and increases the TFPI-dependent inhibition of TF-FVIIa. Caveolae-associated TFPI supports the co-localization of the quaternary complex with caveolae. To investigate the significance of these observations for EC we used RNA interference to deplete the cells of Cav-1. Functional assays and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the inhibitory properties of TFPI were diminished in EC lacking Cav-1, apparently through deficient assembly of the quaternary complex. These findings demonstrate that caveolae regulate the inhibition by cell-bound TFPI of the active protease production by the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.
Recovery of leukopoietic activity from organ perfusion medium.

SummaryBone marrow colony-stimulating activity was demonstrated in tissue culture medium used to perfuse isolated whole porcine livers and spleens. The factor responsible for this effect would appear to be similar to that previously described from serum, urine, and conditioned medium.
An intermediate complex in the dissociation of aspartate transcarbamylase.

The multisubunit enzyme aspartate transcarbamylase consists of six copies of two types of polypeptide chains, catalytic (C) and regulatory (R). A complex formed by the partial dissociation of this enzyme has been isolated. This species, which has the structure C(6)R(4), is a likely intermediate in the stepwise dissociation of aspartate transcarbamylase induced by mercurials. The formation of the complex is the result of the release of a single regulatory dimer (R(2)) from the parent molecule.The specific activity of the intermediate is essentially the same as that of aspartate transcarbamylase. By contrast, both homotropic and heterotropic interactions are reduced, but not abolished. These observations suggest that the allosteric transitions involved in the control mechanisms do not require the intact structure C(6)R(6).
The melting temperature of microcrystals embedded in a matrix

Abstract Microcrystals of tin were vapor deposited on an amorphous carbon support and covered by additional carbon. The melting temperatures of the embedded microcrystals in the size range 10–60 nm were determined by heating experiments in an ultra high vacuum specimen chamber of a TEM. The effect of the carbon matrix was to raise the melting temperature of the microcrystals about 12°C above that melting temperature of a free microcrystal. Calculations confirm that the observed temperature elevation is consistent with the effect of strain energy on melting point. It is shown that the sign of the volume change on melting is not necessarily related to the sign of the melting temperature shift associated with the embedding of microcrystals in a matrix.
Expectations, intentions, and behavior: Some tests of affect control theory

Subjects presented with scenarios in which they themselves are actors tend to believe that the predictions from affect control theory are the events that really would happen. A laboratory experiment demonstrates that the theory predicts subtle differences in observable behavior as subjects are confronted with different social circumstances.
The Numerical Determination of Characteristic Numbers

A method is developed for the numerical calculation of characteristic energy levels in cases where the wave equation contains, or can be reduced so as to contain, a single space variable. The procedure consists in the numerical integration of an auxiliary differential equation for several chosen values of the energy, after which the characteristic values are obtained by interpolation. The method is one of considerable generality so far as the form of the differential equation is concerned, and is capable of giving any preassigned degree of accuracy.
An Exploration of Transport Within Micro and Nano Droplet Clusters During Dropwise Condensation of Water on Nanostructured Surfaces

Experimental studies of dropwise condensation have generally indicated that higher heat transfer coefficients correspond to smaller mean sizes for droplets growing through condensation on the surface. Recent investigations of dropwise condensation on nanostructured surfaces suggest that optimizing the design of such surfaces can push mean droplet sizes down to smaller values and significantly enhance heat transfer. This paper summarizes a theoretical exploration of the limits of heat transfer enhancement that can be achieved by pushing mean droplet size to progressively smaller sizes. A model analysis is developed that predicts transport near clusters of water droplets undergoing dropwise condensation. The model accounts for interfacial tension effects on thermodynamic equilibrium and noncontinuum transport effects, which become increasingly important as droplet size becomes progressively smaller. In this investigation, the variation of condensing heat transfer coefficient for droplet clusters of different size was explored for droplet diameters ranging from hundreds of microns to tens of nanometers. The model predictions indicate that the larger droplet transport trend of increasing heat transfer coefficient with decreasing mean droplet size breaks down as droplet size becomes smaller. The model further predicts that as drop size becomes smaller, a peak heat transfer coefficient is reached, beyond which the coefficient drops as the size continues to diminish. This maximum heat transfer coefficient results from the increasing importance of surface tension effects and non-continuum effects as droplet size becomes smaller. The impact of these predictions on the interpretation of dropwise condensation heat transfer data, and the implications for design of nanostructured surfaces to enhance dropwise condensation are discussed in detail.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
TVA, Appalachian underdevelopment, and the post‐industrial era

Shortly after World War II, the Appalachian coal industry underwent a dramatic transformation which, with hindsight, we can understand as part of a shift in the American economy from an industrial to post‐industrial economic base. A decade of change related to this transformation suggests that the post‐industrial era can create new forms of poverty, new forms of gender‐related inequality, and can exacerbate differences among regions and between rural and urban areas. This conclusion stems from the examination of the policies of the Tennessee Valley Authority from World War II to 1960 which stimulated changes in production processes, the work force and communities of coal mining regions that we now recognize as adverse consequences of de‐industrialization. The TVA's policies aggravated the negative consequences of economic transformation, including inducing competition among regions with depressed economies and surplus labor pools, a result which resembles the global economic competition of our own time. T...
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XV. THE EFFECT OF TISSUE INJURY

1. Extracts of various organs and tissues, when injected into rabbits, deflect the polynuclear count. The deflection is due to the contained proteins. 2. The destruction and absorption of tissues in vivo is followed by a similar deflection. It is possible that this fact accounts for the deflection of the polynuclear count after injury to various tissues. It is also suggested that the continual and normal breakdown of tissue in the body is sufficient to provide a stimulus for the continual and normal output of polymorphs by the marrow.
Subleading heavy quark effects in a nonrelativistic quark model.

I present a very simple model, based on the model of Isgur, Scora, Grinstein, and Wise, which can be used to calculate the effects which appear at subleading order in heavy quark effective theory. I include both the general formalism and specific results. The formalism transparently reproduces the results of heavy quark effective theory, while giving insight into such things as the vanishing of certain form factors at zero recoil. I discuss the implications of these results for both heavy quark effective theory and the Isgur-Scora-Grinstein-Wise model.
Isolation and Properties of Isolated Nuclei from the Florida Red Tide Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve (Davis)1

A simple and rapid method is described for the isolation of nuclei from the Florida red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve. The nuclei are free of cytoplasmic contamination and are active in endogenous RNA synthesis. The ratio of DNA : RNA : acid-soluble protein : acid-insoluble protein is 1:0.39:0.13:0.63, respectively, and each nucleus contains ca. 113 picograms of DNA. Electrophoretic analysis of the acid-soluble proteins reveals the presence of two histone-like proteins with molecular weights of 12,000 and 13,000.
Synthesis of ternary transition metal nitrides using chemically complexed precursors

Abstract Several ternary transition metal nitrides were synthesized using hydrolyzed alkanolamine complexed precursors. In this technique, two different metal chlorides are simultaneously dissolved in a common solvent such as acetonitrile, then reacted with ethanolamine to form a highly viscous solution which separates from the acetonitrile phase. Removal of the solvent and forced hydrolysis of the remaining liquid forms a precipitate which can be filtered and dried. When this precursor is heated in ammonia, a ternary nitride is formed. The approach was used to synthesize Fe 3 Mo 3 N, FeWN 2 , Ni 3 Mo 3 N, and Ti 3 A1N powders, which were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE BY RIPENING MCINTOSH APPLES

The method used was similar to that which had already been used by the author (5) in studies of the banana. The fruit was placed on a wire stand beneath a bell-jar together with a known amount of base to absorb the carbon dioxide formed in respiration. The carbon dioxide absorbed was replaced by oxygen under low constant pressure from a gasometer, thus maintaining a normal atmosphere in the jar while permitting the accumulation of emanations from the fruit. After the fruit had been under the bell-jar about 20 hours, a sample of the gas in the jar was taken for analysis. The fruit was then aired in preparation for the next day's run. The amount of carbon dioxide produced was determined by diluting the base to a suitable volume, adding barium chloride to an aliquot to precipitate carbonate, and titrating the free base to phenolphthalein with standard hydrochloric acid. All results were reduced to a 24-hour basis and are so expressed. In the present experiment Mclntosh apples obtained locally were used, 4.30 kg. of fruit being placed under the bell-jar. The experiment was carried out in a room maintained at 20? C.
The misinterpretation of noncanonical sentences

Abstract Research on language comprehension has focused on the resolution of syntactic ambiguities, and most studies have employed garden-path sentences to determine the system’s preferences and to assess its use of nonsyntactic sources information. A topic that has been neglected is how syntactically challenging but essentially unambiguous sentences are processed, including passives and object-clefts—sentences that require thematic roles to be assigned in an atypical order. The three experiments described here tested the idea that sentences are processed both algorithmically and heuristically. Sentences were presented aurally and the participants’ task was to identify the thematic roles in the sentence (e.g., Who was the do-er?). The first experiment demonstrates that passives are frequently and systematically misinterpreted, especially when they express implausible ideas. The second shows that the surface frequency of a syntactic form does not determine ease of processing, as active sentences and subject-clefts were comprehended equally easily despite the rareness of the latter type. The third experiment compares the processing of subject- and object-clefts, and the results show that they are similar to actives and passives, respectively, again despite the infrequent occurrence in English of any type of cleft. The results of the three experiments suggest that a comprehensive theory of language comprehension must assume that simple processing heuristics are used during processing in addition to (and perhaps sometimes instead of) syntactic algorithms. Moreover, the experiments support the idea that language processing is often based on shallow processing, yielding a merely “good enough” rather than a detailed linguistic representation of an utterance’s meaning.
Effects of Arachidonic Acid on Systemic Arterial Pressure, Myocardial Contractility and Platelets in the Dog:

SummaryThe bisenoic prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid (AA), in a single dose intravenously, produced a marked vasodepres-sor response in dogs, and a weak and variable effect on myocardial contractility. This response differed from the vasodepressor effect of PGE2 in that the onset of effect was delayed (15 sec for AA, 4.5 sec for PGE2) and PGE2 always caused a pronounced increase in myocardial contractility. Arachidonic acid caused thrombocytopenia and increased aggregability of platelets. All AA effects were inhibited by aspirin. The monoenoic prostaglandin precursor, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, in doses equivalent to that of AA, had no effects. The data suggest that AA exerts its effects through conversion to an intermediate in the biosynthesis of PGE2 and not PGE2 itself.This work was supported, in part, by the Educational Foundation of America.
Medication Errors: An Overview for Clinicians

Medication error is an important cause of patient morbidity and mortality, yet it can be a confusing and underappreciated concept. This article provides a review for practicing physicians that focuses on medication error (1) terminology and definitions, (2) incidence, (3) risk factors, (4) avoidance strategies, and (5) disclosure and legal consequences. A medication error is any error that occurs at any point in the medication use process. It has been estimated by the Institute of Medicine that medication errors cause 1 of 131 outpatient and 1 of 854 inpatient deaths. Medication factors (eg, similar sounding names, low therapeutic index), patient factors (eg, poor renal or hepatic function, impaired cognition, polypharmacy), and health care professional factors (eg, use of abbreviations in prescriptions and other communications, cognitive biases) can precipitate medication errors. Consequences faced by physicians after medication errors can include loss of patient trust, civil actions, criminal charges, and medical board discipline. Methods to prevent medication errors from occurring (eg, use of information technology, better drug labeling, and medication reconciliation) have been used with varying success. When an error is discovered, patients expect disclosure that is timely, given in person, and accompanied with an apology and communication of efforts to prevent future errors. Learning more about medication errors may enhance health care professionals' ability to provide safe care to their patients.
Reactions of Bis(p-methoxyphenyl)trisulfane and Its Oxides with Dimethyldioxirane and (Trifluoromethyl)methyldioxirane.

The reactions of dimethyldioxirane and (trifluoromethyl)methyldioxirane with bis(p-methoxyphenyl)trisulfane, its 1-oxide, its 2-oxide, and its 1,1-dioxide derivatives have been investigated. The reactions were followed by careful monitoring of the methoxy region of the 1H NMR spectra and where possible by doping with authentic samples of the products. The decomposition of labile intermediates and products was investigated. A new mechanism for the rearrangement of a trisulfane 1,3-dioxide to a trisulfane 1,1-dioxide is proposed.
Regulatory targets for transcription factor AP2 in Xenopus embryos

The transcription factor AP2 (TFAP2) has an important role in regulating gene expression in both epidermis and neural crest cells. In order to further characterize these functions we have used a hormone inducible TFAP2α fusion protein in a Xenopus animal cap assay to identify downstream targets of this factor. The most common pattern comprised genes predominantly expressed in the epidermis. A second group was expressed at high levels in the neural crest, but all of these were also expressed in the epidermis as well as in other tissues in which TFAP2α has not been detected, suggesting modular control involving both TFAP2-dependent and TFAP2-independent components. In addition, a few strongly induced genes did not overlap at all in expression pattern with that of TFAP2α in the early embryo, and were also activated precociously in the experimentally manipulated ectoderm, and thus likely represent inappropriate regulatory interactions. A final group was identified that were repressed by TFAP2α and were expressed in the neural plate. These results provide further support for the importance of TFAP2α in ectoderm development, and also highlight the molecular linkage between the epidermis and neural crest in the Xenopus embryo.
An adaptive meshing scheme for the steady state convective-diffusion problems using FEM

Abstract An adaptive meshing scheme for steady state, convective-diffusion problems is proposed in the context of the finite element method. The mesh is controlled by a partial differential equation which can be solved separately from the actual problem. The solution of the convective-diffusion equation on the updated mesh is stable and accurate. The procedure for the adaptation of the mesh is fast because the mesh problem is solved once and standard finite elements are used. The method can be applied to finite difference schemes and to dynamic convective-diffusion problems.
A Property of Recurring Series

If (U): U1, U2, ... , Un,.., denotes a sequence of rational numbers satisfying a linear difference equation of order k with rational coefficients, then if a group of k consecutive terms of (U) ever repeats itself, all the roots of the polynomial associated with the difference equation are roots of unity, and the sequence (U) is periodic. [1] I show here that the like occurs, generally speaking, if one term of the sequence repeats itself at regular intervals a sufficient number of times.
Tillage system, application rate, and extreme event effects on herbicide losses in surface runoff.

Conservation tillage can reduce soil loss; however, the residual herbicides normally used to control weeds are often detected in surface runoff at high levels, particularly if runoff-producing storms occur shortly after application. Therefore, we measured losses of alachlor, atrazine, linuron, and metribuzin from seven small (0.45– 0.79-ha) watersheds for 9 yr (1993–2001) to investigate whether a reduced-input system for corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production with light disking, cultivation, and halfrate herbicide applications could reduce losses compared with chisel and no-till. As a percentage of application, annual losses were highest for all herbicides for no-till and similar for chisel and reduced-input. Atrazine was the most frequently detected herbicide and yearly flowweighted concentrations exceeded the drinking water standard of 3 m gL 21 in 20 out of 27 watershed years that it was applied. Averaged for 9 corn yr, yearly flow-weighted atrazine concentrations were 26.3, 9.6, and 8.3 m gL 21 for no-till, chisel, and reduced-input, respectively. Similarly, flow-weighted concentrations of alachlor exceeded the drinking water standard of 2 m gL 21 in 23 out of 54 application years and in all treatments. Thus, while banding and half-rate applications as part of a reduced-input management practice reduced herbicide loss, concentrations of some herbicides may still be a concern. For all watersheds, 60 to 99% of herbicide loss was due to the five largest transport events during the 9-yr period. Thus, regardless of tillage practice, a small number of runoff events, usually shortly after herbicide application, dominated herbicide transport.