cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modified Occam's Razor

According to the principle Grice calls ‘Modified Occam's Razor’ (MOR), ‘Senses are not to be multiplied beyond necessity’. More carefully, MOR says that if there are distinct ways in which an expression is regularly used, then, all other things being equal, we should favour the view that the expression is unambiguous and that certain uses of it can be explained in pragmatic terms. In this paper I argue that MOR cannot have the central role that is typically assigned to it by those who deploy it. More specifically, I argue that potential justifications of the epistemic import of parsimony in semantic theorizing are problematic, and that even if MOR could be justified, it has a redundant role to play in adjudicating the debate between the ambiguity-theorist and the proponent of the pragmatic approach.
Viscous Damping Ratio of Low-Gravity Sloshing in Arbitrary Axisymmetric Tanks

A review of earlier studies in the area of sloshing shows that, although there are extensive studies on the main flow analysis, theoretical investigations of viscous damping are scarce, especially for arbitrary axisymmetric tanks. In this paper, an analytical method for calculating the viscous damping ratio of low-gravity sloshing in arbitrary axisymmetric tanks is presented, and its dependence on the Bond number and the filling level is examined. Using two systems of spherical coordinates, an analytical expression of bidirectional flow in the boundary layer is derived. By substituting this expression into the virtual work expression of the Navier–Stokes equations’ viscous terms, the modal damping term is determined. It is shown that as the Bond number decreases the damping ratio increases, due to prolongation of the natural period rather than to increase in the damping coefficient. A notable finding is that for high filling levels the damping coefficient decreases with decreasing Bond number, unlike the ...
Lord of the Flies on Coral Island

L'analyse de Coral Island, de R. M. Ballantyne, et de Lord of the Flies, de William Golding, est faite pour decouvrir l'evolution des notions a l'endroit des jeunes et de la nature humaine au cours du dernier siecle. Dans cette analyse, on s'interesse specialement au comportement des garcons et de la facon dont ils s'attribuent entre eux l'autorite et le pouvoir. Puisque le volume recent a utilise l'autre comme modele, la critique comparee en l'occurrence est d'une grande utilitye dans l'etude des societes et de l'evolution sociale. Les deux livres n'en demeurent pourtant pas moins deux oeuvres d'imagination.
Cardiac cycle-dependent variation of integrated backscatter is not distorted by abnormal myocardial wall motion in human subjects with paradoxical septal motion

To define the dependence of cardiac cycle-dependent variation of integrated backscatter on regional myocardial wall motion, 8 children mean age 10.6 +/- 1.3 y with congenital cardiac lesions associated with paradoxical septal motion were studied (study group). Six healthy children mean age 9.0 +/- 0.3 y with no history of cardiac disease served as controls (control group). Subjects in the study group had paradoxical septal motion but normal septal wall thickening detected by conventional two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. The control group had normal septal motion evident by conventional echocardiographic criteria. The percentage of systolic septal thickening was 46 +/- 4.5% and 42 +/- 5.9% in the study and control groups (p = NS). Cyclic variation was measured in parasternal long-axis views from several septal sites in each subject. Mean values of the magnitude of cyclic variation from independent septal sites were averaged to yield a regional average value for each subject. The average regional magnitude of cyclic variation was 8.3 +/- 1.0 dB and 5.7 +/- 0.4 dB in the study and control groups (p = NS). The results indicate that the measurement of cyclic variation of integrated backscatter is not distorted by altered regional wall motion, and that it reflects intrinsic contractile function.
The Rydberg-assisted Light-shift Blockade for Ensemble Quantum Computing

We show, with numerical verification, how an ensemble of Rubidium atoms can be made to behave like a single particle with only two energy levels, i.e., a quantum bit, by using Rydberg-interaction assisted light-shift blockade.
The effect of lumbar sympathectomy on postsynaptic vascular smooth muscle response in the lower limb in dogs.

The intent of this experiment was to study the postsynaptic vasoactive response to tolazoline hydrochloride and sodium-meglumine diatrizoate (Renografin-76) after a unilateral lumbar sympa-thectomy in a dog model. Both lower extremities were examined using the video dilution technique before and 1–2 weeks after unilateral lumbar sympathectomy (SE). Results showed (1) resting blood flow in the femoral artery as a percentage of cardiac output did not change after sympathectomy (mean and SD before and after SE: 7.0%±2.3 and 6.0%±2.9 respectively n=13); (2) the reactive hyperemia in the femoral artery caused by sodium-meglumine diatrizote (Renografin-76) was unchanged after sympathectomy; (3) the vasodilator effect of tolazoline hydrochloride decrease significantly after sympathectomy (p<0.05).
Polonium in Cigarettes—Spectroscopic Analysis

ALPHA-RADIOACTIVITY in cigarettes has recently been measured by two groups. Turner and Radley1 suggested that 210Pb and 210Po are not present in the raw tobacco at levels of activity of the same order as 226Ra, and concluded that the additional α-activity taken into the lungs from the radium content in cigarettes is less than 1 per cent of the atmospheric radon inhaled by both smokers and non-smokers. Radford and Hunt2, however, maintained that polonium is more dangerous because of its volatility above 500° C. They identified the 210Po content of cigarettes by observing α-activity of 138 days half-life, and estimated the radiation dose to bronchial epithelium from 210Po inhaled in cigarette smoke to be at least seven times that from background sources, and in localized areas possibly up to 200 times.
A generalized cable equation for magnetic stimulation of axons

During magnetic stimulation, electric fields are induced both on the inside (intracellular region) and the outside (extracellular region) of nerve fibers. The induced electric fields in each region can be expressed as the sum of a primary and a secondary component. The primary component arises due to an applied time varying magnetic field and is the time derivative of a vector potential. The secondary component of the induced field arises due to charge separation in the volume conductor surrounding the nerve fiber and is the gradient of a scalar potential. The question, "What components of intracellular fields and extracellular induced electric fields contribute to excitation?" has, so far, not been clearly addressed. Here, the authors address this question while deriving a generalized cable equation for magnetic stimulation and explicitly identify the different components of applied fields that contribute to excitation. In the course of this derivation, the authors review several assumptions of the core-conductor cable model in the context of magnetic stimulation. It is shown that out of the possible 4 components, only the first spatial derivative of the intracellular primary component and the extracellular secondary component of the fields contribute to excitation of a nerve fiber. An earlier form of the cable equation for magnetic stimulation has been shown to result in solutions identical to three-dimensional (3D) volume-conductor model for the specific configuration of an isolated axon in a located in an infinite homogenous conducting medium. The authors extend and generalize this result by demonstrating that their generalized cable equation results in solutions identical to 3D volume conductor models even for complex geometries of volume conductors surrounding axons such as a nerve bundle of different conductivity surrounding axons. This equivalence in the solutions is valid for several representations of a nerve bundle such as anisotropic monodomain and bidomain models.
MERITORIOUS WORK AND FACULTY REWARDS: An Empirical Test of the Relationship

Previous research that tested the relationships between faculty performance in research, teaching, and service and faculty rewards has been inconclusive for several reasons. This case study of a large department at a midwestern research university examines these relationships. In this department, teaching quality was found to be a significant determinant of salary, though teaching quantity was not. While research, as measured by publications and presentations, had a significant effect on one year's salary increment, it did not affect salaries over several years. Administrative service was found to be significantly related to salary, as was public service. Implications of the study for research and practical applications of the methodology are examined.
Development of the emotional self-disclosure scale

The Emotional Self-Disclosure Scale (ESDS) was developed to assess how willing people are to discuss specific emotions with different disclosure recipients. Internal reliabilities (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest were consistently high for each of the subscales on the ESDS for three specific disclosure recipients: female friends, male friends, and spouses/lovers. A final set of results indicated that women's and men's emotional disclosures varied as a function of their gender and the personal characteristics of the disclosure recipient. Although men and women reported a similar pattern of willingness to discuss their emotions with their male friends, additional results revealed that women were more willing than men to disclose information about their feelings of depression, anxiety, anger, and fear to their female friends and spouses/lovers. The implications of these findings for men's and women's emotional expressivity are discussed.
Relations between Loss of Services and Psychiatric Symptoms in Urban and Non-Urban Settings following a Natural Disaster

Disasters have been associated with both acute and prolonged distress and significant post-disaster psychiatric symptoms. These outcomes may be further complicated by extended periods without vital services and supplies, such as electricity and drinking water. The present study investigated the relations between post-disaster loss of services and psychiatric symptoms in urban/non-urban disaster victims. Random-digit–dial methodology was used to interview 1,249 victims of Hurricane Ike, a strong storm that hit Galveston, TX in 2008. Findings demonstrated significant relations between loss of services and post-disaster symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and worry. These relations varied by urban/non-urban settings; there were significant positive relations between loss of services and symptoms of depression in non-urban settings, but not in urban settings. Similarly, a stronger relation between loss of services and symptoms of PTSD also was demonstrated in non-urban compared to urban settings. Findings highlight the potential importance of pre-disaster preparation, post-disaster restoration of services, and post-disaster community support in post-disaster psychiatric outcomes, with a particular emphasis in non-urban settings.
“Murrí” (Antioquia Department, Colombia): hotspot for neotropical blueberries (Ericaceae: Vaccinieae)

A taxonomic review of the Vaccinieae (Ericaceae) from the region known as Murri (Antioquia Department, Colombia) is presented. This area has the highest generic and specific diversity of Vaccinieae known in the Neotropics, with 10 genera and 45 species.Cavendishia antioquiensis, C. viridiflora, Psammisia citrina, andP. mediobullata are newly described and illustrated.Cavendishia sessiliflora andSatyria latifolia are redescribed from complete collections. Pollination by hummingbirds in neotropical Vaccinieae is discussed and nectar content is reported for the first time for 26 species.
Introduction: Feature Issue on Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy

The editors introduce the Biomedical Optics Express feature issue, “Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy,” which was a technical area at the 2010 Optical Society of America (OSA), Biomedical Optics (BIOMED) Topical Meeting held on 11–14 April in Miami, Florida. The feature issue includes 23 contributions from conference attendees.
Evaluation of thermal storage as latent heat in phase change material wallboard by differential scanning calorimetry and large scale thermal testing

Differential scanning calorimetry and large scale thermal testing were conducted to determine the latent heat storage in a thermal storage wallboard. Thermal storage wallboard was developed at School for Building, Concordia University, by incorporating about 20% by weight of a phase change material in gypsum wallboard. It was determined that differential scanning calorimetry can adequately predict the performance of a full-scale installation of thermal storage wallboard. Consequently, the expensive large scale tests need only be performed when the development of thermal storage wallboard is well advanced.
Granular mixing optimization and the influence of operating conditions in a double screw mixer

Abstract Granular mixing processes often seek a high degree of homogeneity and, in some instances, can influence simultaneous processing, such as chemical reactions and heat and/or mass transfer. However, specific operating conditions and differences in particle size, shape, and/or density lead to segregation and reduce the mixing effectiveness of these processes. In this study, red oak chips and glass beads are mechanically mixed using a laboratory-scale double screw mixer and the mixing effectiveness is evaluated under various operating conditions. Qualitative optical visualization from four spatially aligned and temporally synced projections is combined with quantitative composition and statistical analysis techniques to optimize and investigate the influence of different operating conditions on the mixing effectiveness of the screw mixer. For the parameters considered in this study, the best mixing performance occurs when the screw rotation speed is ω = 60 rpm, the dimensionless screw pitch is p/D = 1.75, the screw rotation orientation is counter-rotating down-pumping, and the material injection configuration features the red oak chips and glass beads injected into port one and two, respectively.
A programmer's view of performance monitoring in the PowerPC microprocessor

Performance monitor (PM) support in on-chip PowerPC® microprocessors is used to analyze processor, software, and system attributes for a variety of workloads. The interface to the PowerPC 604® microprocessor, which we abbreviate “604,” has been externalized to end users. We discuss the enhanced PM support available in an upgrade of the 604, the PowerPC 604e™ microprocessor, which we abbreviate “604e.” We discuss the challenges related to the externalization of the PM support as it relates to other PowerPC processors not derived from the 604 and briefly contrast these PMs with other PMs. We also describe an application programming interface (API) to the on-chip PM support, its design methodology, and its usage considerations, intended to meet these challenges.
Comprehension and memory of personal reference: The use of social information in language processing

When a speaker refers to a third person during a conversation, he or she must choose among a number of possible names (e.g., Jane, Dr. Smith, the President), the exact one chosen depending on the speaker and addressee's relation to that person. The experiments reported in this article investigate the degree to which listeners are sensitive to the social relations expressed in the choice of such a name. The first experiment presented stories that contained ambiguous names (e.g., it had two people who could be called Dr. Smith). The results showed that subjects used the social relationship implied by the name to determine reference. The second experiment showed that people remember the exact name used to refer to a person much more than they remember the exact word referring to an object. Thus, social information in names is picked up by readers and encoded into memory. These results suggest that social information in reference is not a secondary or optional part of language processing.
Alkali metal + macrocyclic ligand complexes in a 36 mass% mixture of propylene carbonate in dichloromethane

Abstract Conductivity data are reported for LiClO4, LiAsF6, NaClO4, NaBPh4, KSCN and n-tetrabutylammonium perchlorate in a mixed solvent containing 36 mass% propylene carbonate in dichloromethane at 25°C. For the alkali metal salts, the formation constants Kf for complexation with the crown ether 18C6 and the cryptand 222 were also determined by the conductivity method. Single ion molar conductivities were estimated using the assumption λ°(n-Bu4N+) = λ°(BPh4−). Treatment of the data in terms of the Fuoss—Hsia equation shows that ion association between the cation + macrocyclic ligand and the anion cannot be ignored. The magnitudes of Kf and λ° are discussed in terms of ion—solvent interactions and conformational changes of the macrocyclic ligand upon complexation.
Criteria for the diagnosis of the Guillain-Barré syndrome: A critique of the NINCDS guidelines

Abstract The publication of “official” criteria for the diagnosis of the Guillain-Barre syndrome designed for the purpose of aiding epidemiological studies, has resulted in excluding from consideration a number of fragmentary and atypical cases. Because it is a syndrome and not a disease entity, the limits are arbitrary. Several of the criteria are confusing and contradictory; they ignore a vast amount of literature which clearly documents the variability of the signs and symptoms.
Contrast sensitivity for oriented patterns in 1/f noise: Contrast response and the horizontal effect

When observers detect an oriented, broadband contrast increment on a background of 1/f spatial noise, thresholds will be lowest for obliquely orientated stimuli and highest for horizontally oriented stimuli-an anisotropy termed the "horizontal effect." Here, we assessed what spatial frequencies within the broadband increment were relied on by observers in performing the original task and which spatial frequencies contribute to the anisotropic performance. We found that against a background of 1/f noise, contrast thresholds are lowest for content around 8 cycles per degree, and that at this spatial frequency a horizontal effect is seen which closely resembles the anisotropy observed in broadband masking. The magnitude of the horizontal effect decreased at lower and higher spatial frequencies. To allow for a fit to a standard "gain control" model of psychophysical contrast discrimination, threshold-versus-contrast (TvC) functions were measured for the 8-cpd noise broadband content against either an identical pattern (i.e., pedestal) or a broadband 1/f noise pattern, whose contrast was varied. Results and model application indicate that the threshold pattern for oriented noise around 8 cpd, and for oriented broadband content, is best explained as the result of an anisotropic contrast gain control process.
Cell culture of mechanoreceptor neurons innervating proleg sensory hairs in Manduca sexta larvae, and co-culture with target motoneurons.

The tip of each proleg in Manduca sexta larvae bears a dense array of mechanosensory hairs termed planta hairs (PHs), each innervated by a single sensory neuron (termed a PH-SN) located in the underlying epidermis. In the CNS, axon terminals of PH-SNs make direct, excitatory, nicotinic cholinergic synapses with proleg retractor motoneurons including the accessory planta retractor (APR). These synapses mediate a proleg withdrawal reflex, exhibit multiple forms of activity-dependent plasticity and weaken during the prepupal peak of ecdysteroids. In the present study we developed methods to dissociate PH-SNs from the epidermis and culture them alone or with APRs. The PH-SNs were fluorescently labeled in situ by introducing dye through the cut hair shaft or by retrograde axonal staining. Alternatively, unlabeled PH-SNs were utilized. The epidermis beneath the planta hair array was separated from the cuticle, enzymatically treated and mechanically dissociated into single cells. PH-SNs were cultured on glass coverslips coated with concanavalin A and laminin, in modified Leibovitz's IL-15 medium. Supplementation with medium conditioned by an insect cell line produced the best results. Dissociated PH-SNs had somatic diameters of ~10 µm and typically bore a stout dendrite consisting of the inner and, occasionally, the outer dendritic segment. An axonal stump was sometimes retained. Viable PH-SNs typically extended new processes and often survived for 2–4 weeks. When co-cultured, PH-SNs and APRs exhibited robust growth and made close anatomical appositions. This culture system provides convenient experimental access to PH-SNs and may potentially permit sensorimotor synapses to be investigated in vitro.
Changes in the structure of cognitive-intellectual performance during the second year of life

This study examined the validity of a recently postulated four-stage model involving systematic changes in the organization of sensorimotor intelligence. Twenty-five infants at each of three ages, 14, 18 and 22 months, were administered the Piaget-based Infant Psychological Development Scale. Scores were factor analyzed yielding first components at each age corresponding to the latter three stages of the proposed model. First components at 14 and 18 months replicated those obtained in previous studies.
TGF-β AND TUMORS – AN ILL-FATED ALLIANCE

Mechanisms of host defense can form an unwitting alliance with tumor cells to promote tumor progression, invasion, and dissemination to distant sites. By secreting TGF-β, an immunoregulatory molecule designated for both promoting inflammation and dampening immune responses, the tumor tricks the host into supporting its expansion and survival. TGF-β not only recruits leukocytes to secrete chemokines, growth factors, cytokines, and proteases in support of a tumor-friendly niche but also in a context-specific manner, incapacitates the emergent immune response. As a profound immunosuppressant, TGF-β, both directly and through the generation of regulatory T cells, blunts immune surveillance, favoring tumor escape. Collectively, the ability of the tumor to hijack these host defense pathways can tip the balance in favor of the tumor.
Primate cranial diversity

Many studies in primate and human evolution focus on aspects of cranial morphology to address issues of systematics, phylogeny, and functional anatomy. However, broad analyses of cranial diversity within Primates as an Order are notably absent. In this study, we present a 3D geometric morphometric analysis of primate cranial morphology, providing a multivariate comparison of the major patterns of cranial shape change during primate evolution and quantitative assessments of cranial diversity among different clades. We digitized a set of 18 landmarks designed to capture overall cranial shape on male and female crania representing 66 genera of living primates. The landmark data were aligned using a Generalized Procrustes Analysis and then subjected to a principal components analysis to identify the major axes of cranial variation. Cranial diversity among clades was compared using multivariate measurements of variance. The first principal component axis reflects differences in cranial flexion, orbit size and orientation, and relative neurocranial volume. In general, it separates strepsirrhines from anthropoids. The second axis reflects differences in relative cranial height and snout length and primarily describes differences among anthropoids. Eulemur, Mandrillus, Pongo, and Homo are among the extremes in cranial shape. Anthropoids, catarrhines, and haplorhines show a higher variance than prosimians or strepsirrhines. Hominoids show the highest variance in cranial shape among extant primate clades, and much of this diversity is driven by the unique cranium of Homo sapiens. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:565–578, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Immunobiological properties of a concanavalin A derivative

Abstract A monovalent subunit of concanavalin A (Con A) was tested for mitogenic effects on murine splenic lymphocytes in vitro . In contrast to the effects of intact Con A, the monovalent derivative was not mitogenic at any concentration tested. Furthermore, prior exposure of splenic lymphocytes to monovalent Con A rendered the cells refractory to stimulation by the unmodified lectin.
Digital data collection and analysis: application for clinical practice.

Technology for digital speech recording and speech analysis is now readily available for all clinicians who use a computer. This article discusses some advantages of moving from analog to digital recordings and outlines basic recording procedures. The purpose of this article is to familiarize speech-language pathologists with computerized audio files and the benefits of working with those sound files as opposed to using analog recordings. This article addresses transcription issues and offers practical examples of various functions, such as playback, editing sound files, using waveform displays, and extracting utterances. An appendix is provided that describes step-by-step how digital recording can be done. It also provides some editing examples and a list of useful computer programs for audio editing and speech analyses. In addition, this article includes suggestions for clinical uses in both the assessment and the treatment of various speech and language disorders.
Viscous Resistance of Straight-Chain Aggregates of Uniform Spheres

The viscous resistance of a straight-chain aggregate of uniform spheres is of particular interest because it approximates the resistance of a particle shape frequently observed in aerosol systems, namely, a straight-chain aggregate of roughly uniform, roughly spherical particles. Moreover, this nonspherical particle shape is readily generated in the laboratory and used to calibrate aerosol instruments and processes. A method for calculating the viscous resistance is described for such a particle shape, and example results are presented for a broad range of chain lengths and Knudsen numbers. The method employs an interpolation between the continuum resistance and that for free-molecule flow. The results are discussed in connection with the few experimental data available.
The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation

Under what conditions are Latino candidates elected to Congress and state legislatures? How much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in that district? Latinos constitute the single largest minority group in the country, one that is growing at an exponential rate. Post-2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, but the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. My analysis demonstrates that states with citizen legislatures and with higher legislative turnover rates are more conducive to the election of Latino candidates than are other states. Institutional and demographic differences among states affect the states' Latino descriptive representation. Namely, the institutional design of the legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Arizona and California being the most responsive bodies and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive.
Human ribonucleotide reductase. Activation and inhibition by analogs of ATP.

Abstract Sixteen ATP analogs were studied as activators of CDP reduction catalyzed by human ribonucleotide reductase. Activation constants were determined. Three analogs, 3-deazaATP, 5′- adenylimidodiphosphate, and 3′-dATP, activated approximately as efficiently as ATP. Four analogs were partial activators. These seven activators were also accessory activators of GDP reduction. Furthermore, two other analogs, adenosine-5′- O -(1-thiotriphosphate) and 8-bromoATP, selectively stimulated GDP reduction. Ten analogs, at equal molar concentrations with ATP, inhibited ATP-dependent activation of CDP reduction and/or accessory activation of GDP reduction by greater than 45%. No analog inhibited as potently as 2′-dATP, which had an IC 50 of 30–50 μM versus the stimulation of CDP and GDP reduction by 2.0 mM ATP.
Next generation of system architectures for tele-immersive environments

Summary form only given. The tele-immersive 3D multi-camera room environments are starting to emerge in order to assist in distributed physical activities such as physical therapy, sport activities, and entertainment, and with them new challenging research questions. These environments need 3D multi-camera setups at the sending side and multi-display setups at the receiving side connected via appropriate network infrastructure. One important question is what is the next generation of system architectures that allow to build these environments in a flexible manner, with COTS components and for broader audience. In this paper we discuss challenges of system architectures as well as present possible solutions. We investigate the design space between the 3D multi-camera/multi-display tele-immersive edges and the general purpose computing and communication infrastructure available today. Especially, we analyze on our cross-layer control and streaming framework over general purpose delivery infrastructure, called TEEVE (tele-immersive environment for everybody), the difficulties and effectiveness of tele-immersive architectural constructs such as capturing, reconstructing and displaying 4D content, and coordination, synchronization and QoS-enabled delivery of tele-immersive 3D visual streams to remote room(s) over Internet 2. The first experiments of TEEVE and few other next generation architectures are encouraging, as we start to sustain communication of up to 12 3D streams with several frames per second (e.g., TEEVE can reach around 5 frames per second) over Internet 2, but a lot of work and challenges remain to be solved.
PC3, but not DU145, human prostate cancer cells retain the coregulators required for tumor suppressor ability of androgen receptor

BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) functions in normal prostate epithelium as a tumor suppressor to inhibit continuous proliferation of these cells. Such tumor suppressor function of AR is lost in androgen depletion independent (ADI) prostate cancers. In type-I ADI cancers AR is not expressed, while in type-II ADI cancers AR is recaptured as an oncogene. The PC3 and DU145 human prostate cancer cell lines are representative of the earlier type-I ADI prostate cancers. While these cells do not express AR, it is unclear whether they retained the coactivators necessary for AR-dependent tumor suppression. To answer this question the response to AR protein expression by PC3 and DU145 cells was evaluated. METHODS To do this, a lentiviral AR (Lenti-AR) expression system was engineered to encode an AR transcript which includes appropriate 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) containing all previously identified post-transcriptional regulatory sequences. AR expression and transcriptional activity were evaluated in Lenti-AR transduced cells by Western blot and luciferase assay, respectively. Cell growth in culture and in mouse xenografts was evaluated in correlation to expression changes in p21, p27, and p45SKP2 proteins. RESULTS Lenti-AR transduced PC3 and DU145 lines expressed transcriptionally functional AR protein at appropriate physiological levels. Expression and engagement of AR protein in PC3-Lenti-AR cells resulted in transactivation of p21 and subsequent growth inhibition of these cells in culture and in mouse xenografts. Such inhibition was due to induced G1 arrest of these cells as documented by expression changes in p27 and p45SKP2 proteins. Such growth inhibition was not observed in DU145-Lenti-AR cells. CONCLUSIONS These results document that PC3, but not DU145 cells retain the coregulators needed for AR tumor suppressor ability. Prostate © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Syntactic and pragmatic code usage in interpersonal communication

This research identifies and describes the nature of codes in interpersonal relationships. It derives from the linguistic mediation assumption, which holds that language reflects and mediates the social world. However, some intermediary organizing concept linking language to the social world is necessary, and a code is offered as this organizing concept. Three lines of literature are drawn on to establish the theoretical underpinnings for the codes: (a) the evolution of language from a predominantly oral medium to a textual one, (b) the differences between planned and unplanned discourse, and (c) the general developmental pattern of language in children. It is hypothesized that two codes, termed pragmatic and syntactic, should distinguish between relationship definitions of varying types. Results of quantitative and qualitative analyses support this hypothesis. The nature of the codes and their sensitivity to communicative requirements are discussed.
Incentivizing Access and Innovation for Essential Medicines: A Survey of the Problem and Proposed Solutions

In this chapter, Michael Ravvin discusses the ways in which the existing intellectual property system discourages the innovation of, and access to, essential medicines for the poor in developing countries. He begins by surveying the features of the existing pharmaceutical patent system that give rise to the problems. He then offers critical analysis of some reform proposals. He argues that some existing mechanisms intended to mitigate the limitations of the current pharmaceutical patent system are inadequate and perhaps even counterproductive over the long term; while others are often inefficient and limited in scope. He believes that approaches that offer reward for successful pharmaceutical innovations are the most promising mechanism for overcoming the barriers to access and benefits for the poor in developing countries. He discusses two such approaches in particular, the use of priority review vouchers and the Health Impact Fund.
An interactive Web-based teaching tool for simplified 3D analysis of solar rhythms

This case study presents the World Wide Web as an appropriate medium for architectural teaching. The prototypical tool VRSolar uses simple programming and existing Web resources to help in the teaching of topics related to the movement of the sun and its effects on the built environment. Using JavaScript, this tool is capable of generating real time Web content in html and VRML based on user input. Accessible on the Web from within a standard Web browser, this tool calculates the solar positions of any location on earth and indicates the solar access to a given site in the form of a three-dimensional Web page, which the user can view, navigate through, and animate.
NASA-Lewis experiences with multigroup cross sections and shielding calculations

Description of the nuclear reactor shield analysis procedures employed at NASA-Lewis Research Center. Emphasis is placed on the generation, use, and testing of multigroup cross-section data. Although coupled neutron and gamma ray cross-section sets are useful in two-dimensional Sn transport calculations, much insight has been gained from examination of uncoupled calculations. These have led to experimental and analytic studies of areas deemed to be of first-order importance to reactor shield calculations. A discussion is given of problems encountered in using multigroup cross sections in the resolved resonance energy range. The addition to ENDF files of calculated and/or measured neutron-energy-dependent capture gamma ray spectra for shielding calculations is questioned for the resonance region. Anomalies inherent in two-dimensional Sn transport calculations which may overwhelm any cross-section discrepancies are illustrated.
Toward a more nuanced conceptualization of interpersonal distancing: Differential relationships of adaptive and dysfunctional detachment to stress-based anxiety in college students

This study investigates the utility of a model for disambiguating the risk vs. protective features associated with detachment in moderating stress-based anxiety. The model distinguishes adaptive detachment (the ability to engage in flexible, goal-directed cognitive distancing accompanied by the capacity to moderate affective arousal and maintain functional levels of interpersonal connectedness) from dysfunctional detachment (a more generalized detached interpersonal style characterized by pervasive social isolation and negative emotionality). College students (N = 104, 71.4% female, mean age = 19.20 (SD = 3.54)) completed measures of detachment, mental health symptoms, and daily hassles; moderator hypotheses were tested by conducting a series of regression analyses. Findings indicate that individuals who report higher levels of adaptive detachment-but not dysfunctional detachment-experienced reduced anxiety in the context of elevated daily stressors. Results suggest that certain aspects of detachment may serve protective functions by reducing anxiety in the context of stressful events.
The practitioner's role in behavioral pediatrics

This report summarizes a 3 year experience in behavioral pediatrics of two private pediatric practitioners. A child therapist with psychoanalytic training served as mental health consultant. One hundred twenty-one families were involved in a total of 150 parent counseling visits. Thirty-seven per cent of the visits were for child rearing problems, 19 per cent for school problems, 31 per cent for medical problems involving acute or chornic illness or hospitalization and 13 per cent for mental ilness in some member of the family. Eighteen mothers were identified who had transient coping problems, all of whom had successful outcomes. Ten families were identified as treatment failures. This report describes one parent counseling model and defines a valid role for pediatric practitioners in behavioral pediatrics.
Atropisomeric quinazolin-4-one derivatives are potent noncompetitive α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonists

Piriqualone (1) was found to be an antagonist of AMPA receptors. Structure activity optimization was conducted on each of the three rings in 1 to afford a series of potent and selective antagonists. The sterically crowded environment surrounding the N-3 aryl group provided sufficient thermal stability for atropisomers to be isolated. Separation of these atropisomers resulted in the identification of (+)-38 (CP-465,022), a compound that binds to the AMPA receptor with high affinity (IC50 = 36 nM) and displays potent anticonvulsant activity.
Agitation Effects in Emulsion Copolymerization of n‐Butyl Methacrylate and N‐Methylol Acrylamide

The effects of agitation in emulsion copolymerization have been studied using a semibatch emulsion copolymerization recipe that gave a latex with ca. 44 wt% solids. The two‐stage polymerization process consisted of an in situ seed‐formation step followed by copolymerization of the continuously added n‐butyl methacrylate and N‐methylol acrylamide monomers under monomer‐starved conditions. A 2‐dm3 glass reactor and Rushton turbine agitators of different diameters (4, 6 and 8 cm) were used in the study. Agitation influenced the particle number at the end of the seed stage. This influenced properties like latex viscosity, the amount of water‐soluble polymer, and the particle size in the final latex. Analysis of the water‐soluble polymer using NMR spectroscopy showed that it was mostly a homopolymer of N‐methylol acrylamide. With the 4 cm diameter agitator, the mixing of the pseudoplastic latex was poor during the feed stage. Formation of a zone of poor mixing could be observed on top of the fluid in the react...
781. Adenoviral Gene Transfer of Angiopoietin-1 Corrects Post-Pneumonectomy Compensatory Lung Growth in the MMP-9-/- Mice Via Mobilization of Endothelial Progenitor Cells

Previous work in our lab demonstrated that post-pneumonectomy compensatory lung growth (PPCLG) is an endothelial progenitor cell(EPC)dependent process. MMP-9-/-mice have a defect in mobilization of EPCs and a defect in PPCLG. Restoring EPC mobilization in these mice using stem cell factor(SCF) administration corrects the defect in lung growth. Similar results are seen when the mice are directly injected with exogenously isolated EPCs. Angiopoietin-1(Ang-1) is a potent stimulus to EPC mobilization. We hypothesized that adenoviral gene transfer of Ang-1 to the MMP-9-/-mice might bypass the mobilization defect, increase the mobilization of EPCs, and correct the defect in compensatory lung growth.
A model of the financial firm with imperfect asset and deposit elasticities

Abstract The paper develops an intertemporal model to estimate the production technology of financial firms such as banks. Price taking is testable in each separate market, for assets and liabilities, and competitive price taking is a nested special case. Such tests are applied both to outputs and inputs. Empirical results for a sample of banks in New York and New Jersey indicate that price taking applies only in markets for labor and time deposits. In markets for loans, demand deposits, cash and materials, the price taking hypothesis is not accepted.
Effect of increasing chip density on the evolution of computer architectures

Trends in lithography and process technology indicate that billion-transistor computer chips will be possible well before the end of the decade. Such a large number of transistors could be used to implement dynamic learning techniques to improve the performance of a processor for many applications. However, the efficiency of use of transistors in this manner is not high. A more attractive use of the available transistors is to bring more of the entire system onto the chip, and this paper examines two different approaches for doing so. The first involves bringing memory closer to the processors in a symmetric multiprocessor cell, and using these cells in a regular organization with a programmable interconnection to create powerful computers. The second involves integration on the same chip of varied structures such as processors, DRAM, sensors, and transducers, which in the past required different processing capabilities-commonly referred to as the System-on-a-Chip approach. The paper describes the exciting options offered by both approaches and discusses the implications of each for programming and tool development.
Estimation of wave run-up on smooth, impermeable slopes using the wave momentum flux parameter

This paper re-examines existing wave run-up data for regular, irregular and solitary waves on smooth, impermeable plane slopes. A simple physical argument is used to derive a new wave run-up equation in terms of a dimensionless wave parameter representing the maximum, depth-integrated momentum flux in a wave as it reaches the toe of the structure slope. This parameter is a physically relevant descriptor of wave forcing having units of force. The goal of the study was to provide an estimation technique that was as good as existing formulas for breaking wave run-up and better at estimating nonbreaking wave run-up. For irregular waves breaking on the slope, a single formula for the 2% run-up elevation proved sufficient for all slopes in the range 2/3≤tanα≤1/30. A slightly different formula is given for nonbreaking wave run-up. In addition, two new equations for breaking and nonbreaking solitary maximum wave run-up on smooth, impermeable plane slopes are presented in terms of the wave momentum flux parameter for solitary waves. This illustrates the utility of the wave momentum flux parameter for nonperiodic waves.
Glutamine in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy: The Trojan Horse Hypothesis Revisited

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is major neuropsychiatric disorder occurring in patients with severe liver disease and ammonia is generally considered to represent the major toxin responsible for this condition. Ammonia in brain is chiefly metabolized (“detoxified”) to glutamine in astrocytes due to predominant localization of glutamine synthetase in these cells. While glutamine has long been considered innocuous, a deleterious role more recently has been attributed to this amino acid. This article reviews the mechanisms by which glutamine contributes to the pathogenesis of HE, how glutamine is transported into mitochondria and subsequently hydrolyzed leading to high levels of ammonia, the latter triggering oxidative and nitrative stress, the mitochondrial permeability transition and mitochondrial injury, a sequence of events we have collectively termed as the Trojan horse hypothesis of hepatic encephalopathy.
Thermal conductivity computed for vitreous silica and methyl-doped silica above the plateau

The thermal conductivity of carbon-doped silicon dioxide films, fabricated to potentially serve as interlayer materials with low dielectric permittivity in small circuits, has been recently measured [B. C. Daly et al., Physica B 316-317, 254 (2002)]. Trends in the results were found to be inconsistent with the minimum thermal conductivity model. We report computational results for the thermal conductivity of vitreous silica and two methyl-doped silica systems of different composition, which serve as models for vitreous silica with nanoscale defects, in terms of their vibrational modes. Addition of methyl groups to silica influences the nature of the vibrational modes, particularly in the THz region. These modes, while apparently not localized, exhibit enhanced amplitude around methyl groups and are better characterized as resonant modes. We find the thermal conductivity to decrease with increased methyl doping, corresponding to a decrease in the participation ratio of the heat-carrying modes.
Large angle alpha particle scattering from the 3 + unnatural parity states in magnesium

Abstract The differential cross sections for inelastic alpha particle scattering to large angles from 3+ states in 24Mg and 26Mg at 42 MeV show a clear diffraction type of pattern and pronounced enhancement compared with forward angles.
Global properties of a two-scale network stochastic delayed human epidemic dynamic model

Abstract Complex population structure and the large-scale inter-patch connection human transportation underlie the recent rapid spread of infectious diseases of humans. Furthermore, the fluctuations in the endemicity of the diseases within patch dwelling populations are closely related with the hereditary features of the infectious agent. We present an SIR delayed stochastic dynamic epidemic process in a two-scale dynamic structured population. The disease confers temporary natural or infection-acquired immunity to recovered individuals. The time delay accounts for the time-lag during which naturally immune individuals become susceptible. We investigate the stochastic asymptotic stability of the disease free equilibrium of the scale structured mobile population, under environmental fluctuations and the impact on the emergence, propagation and resurgence of the disease. The presented results are demonstrated by numerical simulation results.
Development of Optimal Decoking Scheduling Strategies for an Industrial Naphtha Cracking Furnace System

A naphtha cracking furnace produces various petrochemical products ranging from ethylene to pitch. Continuous operation of the furnace leads to coke formation, in increasing amounts, on the inner surface of the cracking coils. The coke deposits inside the coils decrease the productivity of the furnace, and therefore, its operation is periodically stopped for decoking to restore the productivity. An industrial furnace system has many furnaces in parallel, which share a common naphtha feed flow. This leads to an optimization problem in which the decoking schedule for a set of parallel furnaces must be decided simultaneously along with the distribution of the inlet naphtha feed flow among them. The optimization problem can be formulated as an MINLP, which may be computationally intractable for an industrially sized problem. Three alternative solution strategies have been developed to circumvent the inevitable nonlinear terms in the objective function. The performance of each strategy is presented in terms of...