cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of fear and anxiety on health and lifespan in pet dogs

Abstract Fear and anxiety-related behaviors are common in pet dogs and are likely to cause a physiological stress response in individuals that are exposed to those things they find fear or anxiety-inducing. Stress responses are related to a number of changes in hormonal and immune modulation and have been shown in many species to be related to disease processes and shortened lifespan. It was predicted that dogs with fear and anxiety disorders would have decreased lifespan and increased disease frequency and severity. In this retrospective study, owners of 721 deceased dogs completed a 99 question on-line survey that asked about the demographics, training, behavioral characteristics, health history, age at and cause of death in their pets. Correlational and regression analyses were performed to explore relationships between behavior; fear and anxiety subscales; lifespan; and specific diseases and causes of death. Results show that how "well-behaved" an owner felt their dog was positively correlated with lifespan ( R 2 =0.18, P R 2 =0.03, P R 2 =0.16, P
Atomic Layer CVD for Continuously Shrinking Devices

This paper will review the basics of the atomic layer chemical vapor deposition (ALCVD) thin film growth technique. The emphasis is on the ALCVD metal nitride growth and dual damascene barrier requirements.
Videoconferencing over an intermediate-proxy

While the recent developments in access technologies such as DSL and cable enable end-users to communicate with each other in the means of video and voice, there still exist several hurdles in the sustainability and reliability of Internet communication services. In this paper, we focus on improving the performance of the delivery solutions for interactive media in the best-effort Internet. A promising approach in satisfying the stringent delay/loss requirements of interactive media transmission is to benefit from configurable proxies. In this study, we introduce an intermediate-proxy solution for videoconferencing applications running over the networks with large delays. By the Internet experiments between the U.S. and Europe, we demonstrate the effectiveness and potential benefits of the proposed approach.
Visible, Night Vision and IR Sensor Fusion

Novel concept of sensor fusion algorithms implementation are proposed. While the algorithmic design is tested and implemented in generic software on a Windows PC, a first single ASIC implementation of the sensor fusion is being readied for the marketplace. A novel optical approach is suggested for a hand-held or goggle sensor fusion implementation. Together with a fusion ASIC, the proposed approach will yeild new class of devices ultimately replacing existing NVG and similar platforms. New concepts in sensor fusion of visible, near and far IR sensors coupled with target tracking algorithms are also proposed and implemented in a single ASIC system.
Genetic relationships between feral cattle from Chirikof Island, Alaska and other breeds.

Summary The origin of cattle on Chirikof Island, off the coast of Alaska, is not well documented. We assessed genetic differentiation of cattle isolated on Chirikof Island from several breeds commonly used for commercial production in North America including breeds popularly believed to have contributed to the Chirikof Island population. A set of 34 microsatellite loci was used to genotype Angus, Charolais, Hereford, Highland, Limousin, Red Angus, Salers, Shorthorn, Simmental, Tarentaise and Texas Longhorn cattle sampled from North America and the Chirikof Island population. Resulting FST statistics for these loci ranged from 0.06 to 0.22 and on average, 14% of total genetic variation was between breeds. Whether population structure was modelled as a bifurcating tree or genetic network, Chirikof Island cattle appeared to be unique and strongly differentiated relative to the other breeds that were sampled. Bayesian clustering for multiple-locus assignment to genetic groups indicated low levels of admixture in the Chirikof Island population. Thus, the Chirikof Island population may be a novel genetic resource of some importance for conservation and industry.
Oxidative stress and impaired insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes

Molecular mechanisms involving oxidative stress have been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. These implications have arisen from reports that glucolipotoxicity of the pancreatic islet and non-islet tissues can lead to deterioration of islet function and insulin sensitivity, as well as structural abnormalities in tissues adversely affected by diabetes. Co-incident with these changes are profound alterations in insulin gene expression, which involve greatly diminished levels of two transcription factors, MafA and Pdx-1.
The Copper Chaperone CCS Directly Interacts with Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase

Dominantly inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) result in the fatal motor neuron disease familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). These mutations confer a gain-of-function to SOD1 with neuronal degeneration resulting from enhanced free radical generating activity of the copper present in the mutant enzyme. The delivery of copper to SOD1 is mediated through a soluble factor identified as the copper chaperone for SOD1 (CCS). Amino acid sequence alignment of SOD1 and CCS reveals a striking homology with conservation of the amino acids essential for mediating SOD1 homodimerization. Here we demonstrate that CCS and SOD1 directly interact in vitro and in vivo and that this interaction is mediated via the homologous domains in each protein. Importantly, CCS interacts not only with wild-type SOD1 but also with SOD1 containing the common missense mutations resulting in FALS. Our findings therefore reveal a common mechanism whereby different SOD1 FALS mutants may result in neuronal injury and suggest a novel therapeutic approach in patients affected by this fatal disease.
Rapid flow through the sediments of a headwater stream in the southern Appalachians

SUMMARY. 1. The flow of water through the sediment layer (underflow) of streams can influence nutrient uptake dynamics and the supply of materials to microbes, meiofauna and macroinvertebrates living within stream sediments. We examined the extent of underflow in Hugh White Creek, a headwater stream in the southern Appalachian Mountains and compared underflow at different depths and at different sites within the stream. 2. Initially rhodamine dye was used to trace the flow of water through the sediments; however, the dye was strongly absorbed by the sediments in Hugh White Creek. Thus rhodamine was not suitable as a tracer of water flow. Chloride reacted conservatively in laboratory experiments and was used as a tracer. 3. The tracer infiltrated the sediments within 5 min to depths of 10 cm at all six sites. Chloride infiltration tended to decrease with depth of sediments at all sites although there was no consistent statistical pattern in chloride concentration with depth for the different sites. Equilibrium between the water column and sediments was reached rapidly, within minutes for the sites with coarse sediments and within a few hours for sites with finer sediments. Minimum rates of chloride infiltration into the sediments ranged between 1.0 cm min"1 for the sites with cobble substrate to 0.2 cm min"1 for sites with fine sand sediments associated with debris dams. These data suggest that underflow may be a major component in the functioning of Appalachian mountain streams.
Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI): assessment and treatment procedures used by speech-language pathologists (SLPs)

The purposes of this study were to identify how individuals with MTBI are assessed, to determine the referral process to and from speech-language pathologists (SLPs), to describe the frequency, structure, and nature of treatment, to identify how individuals with MTBI and their families are educated about the injury and counselled, and to assess current follow-up procedures. One-hundred and forty-three hospital and rehabilitation centre based SLPs from North Carolina and Illinois responded to a survey developed to address these areas of interest. Findings indicated current diagnostic tools used by SLPs lack the sensitivity to detect the subtle cognitive communication deficits associated with MTBI, referral and follow-up procedures are not sufficiently implemented in facilities to meet the growing needs of individuals with MTBI, and SLPs would benefit from increased training regarding the management of individuals with MTBI including educating and counselling patients and their families.
The nuclear cell cycle in Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyceae).

The timing of replication and division of the Chlamydomonas Ehrenberg nucleus in the vegetative cell cycle and at gametogenesis was examined, using fluorescence microspectrophotometry with two fluorochromes, mithramycin and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Under appropriate conditions, these bind specifically to DNA, and the fluorescence of the DNA fluorochrome complex is a quantitative measure of the DNA content. The alga is a haplont, which produces 2n daughter cells at the time of vegetative reproduction; cytokinesis and daughter cell release lag behind karyokinesis. No nucleus was found to contain more than the 2c quantity of DNA. Hence daughter cell production proceeds by doubling of the nuclear DNA followed by karyokinesis, in a repetitive sequence. As reported previously for C. reinhardtii Dangeard, the gametes of C. moewusii Gerloff contain the 1c amount of nuclear DNA. Several conflicting interpretations of the cell cycle sequence proposed in the literature were resolved.
Vibrational Optical Activity

Recent advances in our vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) instumentation are described. A new CaF2 photoelastic modulator and a xenon lamp have been incorporated into the VCD spectrometer. These changes have substantially increased the sensitivity and extended the long wavelength range of the instrument. Some examples of VCD spectra obtained with the improved instrumentation are presented and future developments that will further increase both sensitivity and wavelength range are discussed.
The Effect of Marriage on the Well-Being of Adults A Theoretical Analysis

We live in a society in which the roles of the individual tend to be both specialized and compartmentalized. Because of the fragmentation of one's relationships it is difficult for an individual to establish a clear identity and to demonstrate to others, and thus oneself, that one is a person of worth. Marriage is a very private relationship and couples are able to develop a social system with its own nomic structure that reflects their attributes and interests. It is a place where one's roles are brought together and decisions are made with regard to how one will perform those roles. An individual's investment in the marital relationship as indicated by time and resources is substantial. It is also an intimate relationship with a high level of emotional involvement and substantial rights and obligations. The primary interaction provided by the marital relationship is thus particularly well suited to the development of a clear definition of the individual's self and worth. Because of these attributes, mar...
Clinical research in the older cancer patient.

Persons aged 65 years and older represent the fastest growing segment of the United States population. In the year 2030, it is estimated that 20.1% of the population will be aged 65 years or older. The number of women aged 75 years and older will triple by 2030, and the group aged 85 years and older will double in the same period. 13 Clinical research on cancer in the older person is currently at a threshold. Despite the well-documented increase in cancer incidence with age and the increasing proportion of elderly persons in the United States population, until recently little research specifically targeted elderly subjects. 2 Elderly subjects were excluded, either categorically or de facto, from the large clinical trials that provide much of the data on which treatment of cancer patients is based. In fact, some of the very reasons which now make it important to study elderly individuals specifically were the reasons for their exclusion from such trials. These factors include the increased comorbidity and the decline in psychologic reserve, homeostasis, and functional status that accompany increasing age. During the past few years, the lack of information regarding appropriate cancer treatments for elderly patients has become apparent. In a collaborative venture, the National Institute of Aging (NIA) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) have focused attention on this topic by designating Program Announcements. The Geriatric Education Retreat in Oncology sponsored by the Hartford Foundation in February 1997 also increased awareness of the lack of opportunities for clinical research involving the aged population. The papers from this meeting were published in a special issue of the journal Cancer in October 1997. 3,5 Following this meeting, individual programs and NCI-sponsored cooperative groups have undertaken new clinical investigations involving older cancer patients, and the NIA and NCI have issued further Program Announcements and Requests for Proposals (RFP) in this area. This article addresses three responses to the need for clinical research on the elderly cancer patient. The first response is a series of initiatives proposed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), with the collaboration of the NIA and NCI. The second response involves studies conducted by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB), one of the major groups conducting clinical cancer trials in this country. The third response consists of specific approaches aimed at better defining appropriate drug therapies for elderly cancer patients, with specific examples from CALGB studies.
Evaluation of Ductile/Brittle Failure Theory and Derivation of the Ductile/Brittle Transition Temperature

A recently developed ductile/brittle theory of materials failure is evaluated. The failure theory applies to all homogeneous and isotropic materials. The determination of the ductile/brittle transition is an integral and essential part of the failure theory. The evaluation process emphasizes and examines all aspects of the ductile versus the brittle nature of failure, including the ductile limit and the brittle limit of materials’ types. The failure theory is proved to be extraordinarily versatile and comprehensive. It even allows derivation of the associated ductile/brittle transition temperature. This too applies to all homogeneous and isotropic materials and not just some subclass of materials’ types. This evaluation program completes the development of the failure theory. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4032014]
Land Grab: Takings, the Market Process, and Regime Uncertainty

Property rights are a key aspect of the rules governing economic interactions, providing individuals with dependable information and incentives. Well-defined and stable property rights encourage the effective use of existing scarce resources and also provide the incentive to innovate. In this context, we explore the impact of government takings on entrepreneurship and the market process. By changing the rules of the game, takings distorts the market process by shifting the opportunities and incentives facing entrepreneurs. The use of takings also introduces "regime uncertainty" whereby the predictability of the rules of the game is weakened. These costs of takings are typically overlooked because they involve unrealized entrepreneurial opportunities that cannot be captured in standard cost-benefit calculations.
Central control of penile erection

Recent work on the central nervous system control of penile erection is reviewed. Penile erection is completely dependent on commands from the central nervous system. Clinical experience and experimental studies clearly demonstrate that systems within the spinal cord are fully capable of generating penile erection. Spinal erectile centers may be activated by genital afferents or by descending commands from higher CNS sites. An important inhibitory pathway from the nucleus paragigantocellularis has been demonstrated. The inhibition of spinal sexual responses is mediated by the neurotransmitter serotonin. The medial preoptic region has been demonstrated to be crucially involved in sexual behavior. It is likely that it participates in the integration of hormonal and sensory cues necessary for sexual behavior. The medial amygdala and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus have also been shown to play key roles. Future CNS research may lead to new therapeutic approaches as well as the avoidance of untoward sexual side effects from centrally acting drugs.
Evaluating Student Perceptions Of Course Delivery Platforms

In this paper we evaluate effectiveness of course delivery mode on three dimensions: values, networking opportunities and learning. While students and their future employers are two important customers for the business program, we focus on the perception of students regarding the effectiveness of course delivery mode on program performance. The three dimensions are evaluated based on a questionnaire survey administered to business program students at several universities. We present the results of statistical analysis and draw conclusions based on the results.
FRCrP 6(e) and the Disclosure of Documents Reviewed by a Grand Jury

Consider the following scenario: Company D imports electronic components from Asia. Company P distributes components to end-use manufacturers. Companies P and D enter into a joint venture where orders placed with P will be filled by D, and the net proceeds upon resale split equally. Company D, however, falsely inflates its import costs, thereby cheating P out of a portion of the profits. A federal grand jury is convened, subpoenas all of Company D's financial records, and returns an indictment charging D with mail fraud, wire fraud, and criminal RICO. Meanwhile Company P files suit against Company D, pursuant to civil RICO provisions, seeking treble damages. Central to P's case are documents chronicling D's component purchasing, including actual invoices and accounting entries. P serves D with a request for production of those documents. D responds that it no longer has the documents: they have been subpoenaed by the grand jury. Company P then contacts the United States Attorney supervising the investigation-or, perhaps, the court directly-requesting access to the documents. Will Company P's request be granted? A starting point for analysis is Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e)(2), which provides:
Temperature and strain gradients through Lesser Himalayan rocks and across the Main Central thrust, south-central Bhutan: implications for transport-parallel stretching and inverted metamorphism

In order to understand mass and heat transfer processes that operated during Himalayan orogenesis, we collected temperature, finite and incremental strain, and kinematic vorticity data through a 5 km thickness of Lesser and Greater Himalayan rocks in southern Bhutan. This transect crosses two major shear zones, the Main Central thrust (MCT) and Shumar thrust (ST). Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material and garnet-biotite thermometry are integrated with deformation temperatures from quartz petrofabrics. These data define inverted field gradients that correspond in structural position with the MCT and ST, which are separated by sections in which temperatures remain essentially constant. Temperatures increase from ~400-500 °C to ~700-750 °C between 675 m below and 200 m above the MCT. This defines a 269 ± 44 °C/km inverted gradient, interpreted to have formed via high-magnitude (~100-250 km) shearing on a discrete MCT zone delineated by the limits of inverted metamorphism. Temperatures increase from ~300-400 °C to ~400-530 °C across the ST, which is attributed to differences in maximum burial depth of hanging wall and footwall rocks. Strain and vorticity data indicate that Lesser and Greater Himalayan rocks were deformed by layer-normal flattening. Transport-parallel lengthening and foliation-normal shortening increase from 38-71% and 36-49%, respectively, between 2.3-1.0 km below the MCT. The MCT acted as a ‘stretching fault’, with translation on the order of 100's of km accompanied by transport-parallel stretching of footwall and hanging wall rocks on the order of 10's of km. This demonstrates that stretching accommodated between major shear zones can make a significant contribution to cumulative mass transfer.
Low-Power Problem Formalization

Hardware implementations generated from CAOS can exploit the parallelism germane in the computation and execute maximal set of actions concurrently in order to reduce the latency of the design. The concurrent execution of actions may result in high peak power and dynamic power consumption in the hardware generated from such specifications. Peak power becomes an issue if large number of actions are executed in the same clock cycle. This is undesirable due to packaging, cooling, and reliability considerations. Furthermore, maximal set of actions executing in each clock cycle implies that more hardware units are working in parallel and result in high switching activity in such designs. This leads to high dynamic power consumption which increases the heat dissipation of the system and limits its battery life. Therefore, in designs generated from CAOS, strategies targeting the reduction of these power consuming activities are required [94] . In this chapter, we formulate the problems of power-optimal synthesis from CAOS. We discuss peak power and dynamic power optimization problems related to CAOS and show that both these problems are NP-hard.
Child and youth participatory interventions for addressing lifestyle-related childhood obesity: a systematic review.

Summary A growing number of childhood obesity interventions involve children and youth in participatory roles, but these types of interventions have not been systematically reviewed. We aimed to identify child and youth participatory interventions in the peer-reviewed literature in order to characterize the approaches and examine their impact on obesity and obesity-related lifestyle behaviours. We searched PubMed/Medline, psychINFO and ERIC for quasi-experimental and randomized trials conducted from date of database initiation through May 2015 that engaged children or youth in implementing healthy eating, physical activity or weight management strategies. Eighteen studies met our eligibility criteria. Most (n = 14) trained youth to implement pre-defined strategies targeting their peers. A few (n = 4) assisted youth to plan and implement interventions that addressed environmental changes. Thirteen studies reported at least one statistically significant weight, physical activity or dietary change outcome. Participatory approaches have potential, but variation in strategies and outcomes leave questions unanswered about the mechanisms through which child and youth engagement impact childhood obesity. Future research should compare child-delivered or youth-delivered to adult-delivered health promotion interventions and more rigorously evaluate natural experiments that engage youth to implement environmental changes. With careful attention to theoretical frameworks, process and outcome measures, these studies could strengthen the effectiveness of child and youth participatory approaches.
Towards a career view of police misconduct

Abstract This paper argues that the current focus of policing on problem officers is too narrow, both conceptually and in terms of how they are operationalized in the research literature, and instead proposes that scholars take a broader view of misconduct, particularly across officer careers. To do so, police researchers could adopt concepts from the criminal career paradigm, as this body of work allows one to characterize deviant behavior over time and does not require a compelling theory of misconduct in order to do so. Following this comparative work in policing would lead researchers to explore the continuity of misconduct of officers over time, instead of focusing on problem officers. What is more, by adopting concepts from developmental criminology, particularly the notions of trajectories and turning points, police scholars could develop explanations for particular patterns of misconduct over time. Finally, the risk prevention paradigm provides further guidance for police on how to combat misconduct and enhance current Early Intervention systems.
Transarterial embolization of a hyperfunctioning aldosteronoma in a patient with bilateral adrenal nodules

Primary hyperaldosteronism often results in resistant hypertension and hypokalemia, which may lead to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. Although surgery is first line treatment for unilateral functioning aldosteronomas, minimally invasive therapies may be first line for certain patients such as those who cannot tolerate surgery. We present a case of transarterial embolization (TAE) of an aldosteronoma. The patient presented with a cerebrovascular accident, and subsequently developed uncontrolled hypertension, hypokalemia, and a myocardial infarction. Following TAE, potassium returned to normal levels and blood pressure control was improved. There were no postoperative complications. TAE thus may be a safe and effective alternative to surgery.
Characterization of the Water-Soluble Fraction of Woody Biomass Pyrolysis Oils

This paper reports a study of the chemical composition of the water-soluble (WS) fraction obtained by cold water precipitation of two commercial wood pyrolysis oils (BTG and Amaron). The fraction studied accounts for between 50.3 and 51.3 wt % of the oils. With the most common analytical techniques used today for the characterization of this fraction (KF titration, GC–MS, hydrolyzable sugars, and total carbohydrates), it is possible to quantify only between 45 and 50 wt % of the fraction. Our results confirm that most of the total carbohydrates (hydrolyzable sugars and nonhydrolyzable) are soluble in water. The ion chromatography hydrolysis method showed that between 11.6 and 17.3 wt % of these oils were hydrolyzable sugars. A small quantity of phenols detectable by GC–MS (between 2.5 and 3.9 wt %) were identified. It is postulated that the unknown high molecular weight fraction (30–55 wt %) is formed by highly dehydrated sugars rich in carbonyl groups and WS phenols. The overall content of carbonyl, carb...
Aquinas vs. Buridan on the Substance and Powers of the Soul

Wood’s chapter contrasts Aquinas and Buridan on the question of the relationships between souls and their powers. Both thinkers considered the question of whether the soul’s powers are distinct from the soul itself, and both gave an affirmative answer, but differed in that Aquinas insisted on a real distinction whereas Buridan was satisfied with a merely nominal or conceptual distinction, at least as far as principal powers are concerned; Buridan also distinguished instrumental powers, which he took to be really distinct from the substance of the soul. The chapter argues that anyone interested in allowing Aristotelian souls and psychological powers into their ontology at all—as both Aquinas and Buridan were—should draw a real, rather than merely nominal or conceptual, distinction between souls and powers (and between the powers themselves). Because Aquinas did so, and Buridan did not, Wood concludes that Aquinas has the better side of this debate.
The [Human Resource Management] Revolution Will Not Be Televised: The Rise and Feminization of Human Resource Management and Labor Force Equity:

Since the late 1970s, the profession of human resource management has grown in both size and influence. The number of human resource managers in 2010 is almost twice the number that existed in 1980...
MEMÓRIA POLÍTICA: O PARTIDO TRABALHISTA BRASILEIRO EM CANOAS ENTRE 1962 E 1965

Este artigo pretende conhecer a forma como o Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro se organizava em Canoas, municipio da regiao metropolitana de Porto Alegre, entre os anos de 1962 e 1965, buscando apreender como as eleicoes de 1962 e 1963, nas quais a sigla foi derrotada, bem como as divergencias internas influenciaram o partido. Busca compreender em que condicoes se encontrava o PTB canoense na deflagracao do golpe civil-militar de 1964 e como o contexto politico estadual e nacional foi percebido no âmbito local. Dessa forma, resgata aspectos de um processo historico ainda pouco estudado, especialmente na esfera local e regional: o periodo que antecedeu e sucedeu o golpe que retirou Joao Goulart da presidencia da Republica. Para tal, utiliza os livros de ata do partido desse periodo, documentacao inedita ate entao e que permite compreender os bastidores das campanhas eleitorais de 1962 e 1963 e a reorganizacao do partido em 1965, ja na ditadura militar. Palavras-chave : Trabalhismo. Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro. Memoria Politica.
The mechanics of snow friction as revealed by micro-scale interface observations

The mechanics of snow friction are central to competitive skiing, safe winter driving and efficient polar sleds. For nearly 80 years, prevailing theory has postulated that self-lubrication accounts for low kinetic friction on snow: dry-contact sliding warms snow grains to the melting point, and further sliding produces meltwater layers that lubricate the interface. We sought to verify that self-lubrication occurs at the grain scale and to quantify the evolution of real contact area to aid modeling. We used high-resolution (15 µm) infrared thermography to observe the warming of stationary snow under a rotating polyethylene slider. Surprisingly, we did not observe melting at contacting snow grains despite low friction values. In some cases, slider shear failed inter-granular bonds and produced widespread snow movement with no persistent contacts to melt (μ < 0.03). When the snow grains did not move and persistent contacts evolved, the slider abraded rather than melted the grains at low resistance (μ < 0.05). Optical microscopy revealed that the abraded particles deposited in air pockets between grains and thereby carried heat away from the interface, a process not included in current models. Overall, our results challenge whether self-lubrication is indeed the dominant mechanism underlying low snow kinetic friction.
Comparing trust mechanisms for monitoring aggregator nodes in sensor networks

Sensor nodes are often used to collect data from locations inaccessible or hazardous for humans. As they are not under normal supervision, these nodes are particularly susceptible to physical damage or remote tampering. Generally, a hierarchical data collection scheme is used by the sensors to report data to the base station. It is difficult to precisely identify and eliminate a tampered node in such a data collecting hierarchy. Most security schemes for sensor networks focuses on developing mechanism for nodes located higher in the hierarchy to monitor those located at lower levels. We propose a complementary mechanism with which the nodes at lower levels can monitor their parents in the hierarchy to detect malicious behavior. Every node maintains a reputation value of its parent and updates this at the end of every data reporting cycle. We propose a novel combination of statistical testing techniques and existing reputation management and reinforcement learning schemes to manage the reputation of a parent node. The probability that the parent node is malicious is calculated using various combination of the Q-learning algorithm and the β-Reputation scheme. The input to the β-Reputation scheme is a history of boolean events consisting of correct or erroneous data reporting events by the parent node. The boolean events are generated at each data reporting period using statistical tests. Our approach can be viewed as a mechanism composed of different modules for the detection of a malicious event, interpretation of the malicious event and updating node reputation value based on the interpretation. We have created different versions of our system by varying these components. We compared the effectiveness of these alternative designs in detecting different types of malicious behavior in sensor networks.
The river of time: time-space, history, and language in avant-garde, modernist, and contemporary Russian and Anglo-American poetry

Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of the chronotope – ‘the idea of the unity of time and space’, as Ian Probstein defines it (p. xii) – has had its success in the world, though for the most part in regard ...
Migraine, Ischemic Stroke and

The relationship between migraine and ischemic stroke is complex. Migraine is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. This increased risk is most robust for women with migraine with aura. The cause for this association is not clear and various explanations have been postulated. People with migraine are also more likely to have small asymptomatic white matter lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging, particularly in the cerebellum. Although often assumed to be a consequence of ischemia, the cause of these lesions is also unclear. Great care should be exercised in ascribing the cause of stroke to migraine. A thorough evaluation for other etiologies and risk factors should be performed and appropriate treatment should be provided.
Regulation of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms Under FIFRA, FFDCA and TSCA

Since the dawn of civilization, humans have utilized microbial organisms of various sorts for food and agricultural production. More recently, microbes have been used for pesticidal, and environmental management purposes. With the advent of the development of recombinant DNA technology to genetically alter microbes, it became necessary for Federal regulators to assess the appropriate level, format, and application of their regulatory authorities. In 1986, the Office of Science and Technology Policy issued the Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology. The Coordinated Framework constituted a comprehensive regulatory policy for biotechnology that, in essence, concluded that no new statutory authorities were necessary to effectuate a robust and efficient regulatory program for the products of biotechnology. The Framework articulated a division of regulatory responsibilities for the various agencies then involved with agricultural, food, and pesticidal products. Thus, in accordance with the Framework, USDA APHIS regulates microbes that are plant pests under the Plant Protection Act (PPA) and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA); the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) regulates microorganisms and other genetically engineered constructs intended for pesticidal purposes and subject to the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). The U.S. EPA also regulates certain genetically engineered microorganisms used as biofertilizers, bioremediation agents, and for the production of various industrial compounds including biofuels under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). The focus of this chapter is the regulatory process for approval of the use of genetically engineered microbes under the oversight of the U.S. EPA. We will also consider instances where organisms may be exempted from oversight and the outlook for the application of GE microbes in the future. This chapter does not seek to serve as a guidebook for navigating the details of the regulatory process, but rather as an overview of key considerations in risk assessment and risk management.
Hip Joint Considerations

Range of motion of the hip is an important factor to consider for proximal femoral osteotomy. Range of motion of the hip can be limited due to intra-articular and extra-articular causes. Intraarticular loss of range of motion can be due to capsular contracture, adhesions, or deformity of the spherical shape of the articular surfaces. Extra-articular limitation of range of motion is due to muscle contracture or heterotopic ossification. The presence or absence of limitation of hip motion and the source of this limitation are important considerations for hip osteotomy.
Two Roton Raman Scattering in Superfluid He4

The possibility of using Raman scattering as a probe for studying the elementary excitations of superfluid helium was first suggested by Halley1 in 1968. Raman scattering in helium is a second order process in which two excitations of nearly equal and opposite momenta are created in the liquid. The spectrum of scattered light at an energy loss E is a measure of the density of two excitation states with zero total wavevector and energy E.1,2 The primary contribution comes from the roton region of the dispersion curve. At low temperatures this consists of a well defined line near E = 2Δ, where Δ is the energy of the roton minimum. I will concentrate on the 2-roton light scattering. A discussion of the spectrum in other energy regions can be found in reference 3.
Physician Report Cards and Quality Improvement

An interview with David B. Nash about physician report cards and their influence on health care quality improvement. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
The Formation of a Japanese Globalist Thinker

This chapter shows how a number of circumstances in Tanaka Kōtarō’s early life prepared him for a life of globalism in culture and thought: frequent relocations during his childhood that exposed him to Japan’s varied subcultures and dialects, his years in the all-English language Shūyūkan Middle School laid the foundations for his facility in English, his deep exposure to the globalist humanistic education (kyōyōshugi) at the famous First Higher School, his conversion to Christianity, and his extended period of study in Europe from 1919 to 1922. Along the way he engaged deeply with the thinking and writings of Raphael von Koeber, Wilhelm von Kugelgen, and especially Vladimir Solovyov—all of whom were deeply engaged with Christianity. During this period, Tanaka began to think of the law in terms of its moral force rather than as merely a set of technical rules and procedures.
Use of the Shared Decision-Making Visit for Lung Cancer Screening Among Medicare Enrollees.

This study analyzes Medicare data from 2015 and 2016 to estimate the percentage of Medicare enrollees who underwent low-dose computed tomographic screening for lung cancer during this period and had participated in a shared decision-making visit to discuss the benefits and risks of the procedure before screening.
Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy and Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia

Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) and gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) are two distinct types of gastric mucosal lesions that can result in bleeding in patients with liver disease. In most cases, the diagnosis can be made during endoscopic evaluation, although for a few cases, histology may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. It is important to distinguish PHG from GAVE as the two processes have significantly different pathogeneses, which has led to the recognition that patients with PHG versus GAVE require different management strategies. In this chapter, we review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and future directions in the management in PHG and GAVE.
Burn Nurse Competency Utilization: Report From the 2019 Annual American Burn Association Meeting

Competence in healthcare is a recognized expectation by consumers. In 2018 following an extensive review and consensus-building process, burn nursing practice competencies were published. Clinical nurse leaders were called upon to use these published competencies in practice as a basis for the requisite knowledge and skills needed in the care of the burn-injured individual. In 2019 at the 51st Annual Meeting of the American Burn Association, nurses from four U.S. burn centers reported on their center's incorporation of the competencies within their educational nursing curriculums. This paper provides a forum for each of the lead authors from Rhode Island Hospital Burn Center, the University of Utah Health Burn Trauma Intensive Care Unit, Parkland Regional Burn Center, and the University of Chicago Medicine Burn Center to outline their current utilization of the new burn nurse competencies and plans for future use.
The optimal disposition policy for remanufacturing systems with variable quality returns

Abstract A key strategic consideration in any remanufacturing system is to ensure accurate disposition decisions for returns to maximize the process efficiency and overall profit margin. The purpose of this paper is to develop a disposition decision-making model for a remanufacturing process in which the inventory capacity of recoverable returns is limited, there’s a constant demand to be met, and the remanufactured product must meet a minimum quality grade threshold. The paper presupposes that the quality of returns is uncertain and remanufacturing cost is dependent on the quality grades. In this model, remanufacturing takes place when there is demand for remanufactured products. Accepted returns that meet the minimum quality threshold undergo the remanufacturing processes, and any unacceptable returns are salvaged. A continuous time Markov chain (CTMC) is presented and the Matrix-Geometric method is applied to evaluate several key performance metrics for this system and depict the optimal disposition policy. Our numerical study shows an intricate trade-off between the acceptable quality value and the recoverable inventory capacity. Particularly, there is periodic system starvation whenever there is a mismatch between these two system values. As a result, changes to the demand rate for remanufactured products has a great impact on the need to re-evaluate the existing system configuration.
Chapter 11 – THEORY AND PRACTICE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the systems of collective choice. It is clear that there are a number of radically different ways of basing social preference on the preferences of the members of the society. They differ from each other not merely in their exact procedures, but also in their general approach. The case of a social welfare function in the sense of Arrow, where a social ordering R is specified for every set of individual orderings (Ri) is elaborated. A somewhat more choice-oriented category is what one called a social decision function, where a choice function is generated by a social preference relation R that is determined by the set of individual orderings (Ri). In general, a SWF is a special category of SDF, but there are exceptions. In any case, if choice is object, a SDF seems the appropriate starting point. The demands of consistency of a SDF may be less than that of a SWF, and this affects various results, including the famous impossibility theorem of Arrow. Individual preferences may also take different forms.
Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from municipal wastewater by electrochemical pH modulation

Abstract The manufacture and use of chemical fertilizers has led to surface water eutrophication, mining-related environmental effects, and consumption of 1–2% of global energy supplies for commercial production of nitrogen (N) fertilizer by the Haber-Bosch process. However, recovery of nutrients from wastewater can help to close the nutrient cycle, from farm to food to municipal wastewater. In this work, we demonstrate simultaneous N and P recovery from settled sewage in a continuous-flow reactor, by precipitation of Ca3(PO4)2 and stripping of NH3(g) following electrochemical pH shifting, termed electrohydromodulation (EHM). pH was dropped anodically to ~6 for stripping of CO2, to address subsequent buffering and calcite precipitation, then raised cathodically to ~11 for Ca3(PO4)2 precipitation and NH3(g) stripping, and neutralized prior to discharge. Ammonia recovery by stripping under vacuum using 0.3 m (1 ft) of glass Raschig Rings packing material was found most efficient. Recovery of 89% and 97% of average total N & P from municipal primary effluent was achieved in the continuous-flow bench reactor, at an electrochemical energy demand of 0.623 kWh/m3. Total energy demand, including energy for EHM, filtration, ammonia stripping and absorption was projected at 1.21 kWh/m3. Precipitates were found to be amorphous with a Ca/P ratio of ~3.66, with the ratio depending somewhat on flow rate at a constant voltage. Results suggest that 0.91 L (0.24 Gal) of 5.8 M H2SO4 can recover 90% of ammonia in 3.785 m3 (1000 Gal) of wastewater containing 25 mg-N/L. Overall, the process appears economical relative to competing recovery processes and commercial fertilizer production.
Orchialgia and Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndromes in Men

Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndromes and chronic orchialgia can significantly affect quality of life and social and family roles for men. Advanced practice providers (APP) working in urology clinics will encounter men with these complaints, and will need to develop a working knowledge of proper evaluation and management options. Many times, men with these complaints are best treated from a pain management perspective, after urologic contributors have been eliminated. This chapter offers an introduction to management from a perspective that encourages men to be active, rather than passive, contributors to these persistent or chronic genital pain complaints.
Unusual presentation of intussusception: Gallstone ileus.

Abstract Gallstone ileus is a rare pathology, occurring in an estimated 0.5% of cases, which preferentially affect females and the elderly population. This rare pathology is the result of a fistulous connection between the bowel and gallbladder. This connection allows gallstones to pass into the bowel leading to mechanical obstruction. On rare occasions the enteric gallstone can act as a lead point causing intussusception. We present a rare case of intussusception secondary to gallstone ileus in a young, relatively asymptomatic patient. CT played a critical role in diagnosis and appropriate management of our patient.
What if we had no Wikipedia? Domain-independent Term Extraction from a Large News Corpus

One of the most impressive human endeavors of the past two decades is the collection and categorization of human knowledge in the free and accessible format that is Wikipedia. In this work we ask what makes a term worthy of entering this edifice of knowledge, and having a page of its own in Wikipedia? To what extent is this a natural product of on-going human discourse and discussion rather than an idiosyncratic choice of Wikipedia editors? Specifically, we aim to identify such "wiki-worthy" terms in a massive news corpus, and see if this can be done with no, or minimal, dependency on actual Wikipedia entries. We suggest a five-step pipeline for doing so, providing baseline results for all five, and the relevant datasets for benchmarking them. Our work sheds new light on the domain-specific Automatic Term Extraction problem, with the problem at hand being a domain-independent variant of it.
Terahertz Spectroscopic Measurement of the Intraocular Pressure and Diagnosis of the Corneal Endothelial Layer Damage

A THz-TDS corneal 3D scanner was designed and used to investigate tissue water content perturbations caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). We show that the correlation between increased THz amplitude in the 0.3 and 0.6 THz and IOP levels can be used for non-contact measurement of the IOP. The SEM images confirmed degrees of damage to the endothelial layer.