cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Look at Trade Secret Law's Shift from Common to Statutory Law

Like many of its unfair competition brethren, trade secret law developed in the courts of England and the United States. In 1979, the Uniform Trade Secrets Act, affectionately known as the UTSA, was introduced. The UTSA has since become widely adopted - forty-six states now follow it.The UTSA did not represent a complete break from the common law, and there is a lingering influence of the common law over core aspects of trade secret law, even when that law conflicts with newer statutory provisions. Anecdotal studies have considered the continuing influence of the common law, but, to date, no study has comprehensively or empirically tested whether and how courts rely on the common law in spite of the shift to a uniform statute.This chapter, a contribution to a book on IP and the common law, is an empirically driven attempt to understand the continuing role of common law definitions and rules after adoption of the UTSA. The methodology was straightforward: gather observable data about the statutory and case law that courts rely on to decide trade secret cases. The result is a positive account of the common law’s influence on courts applying the UTSA. While this study is normatively agnostic, the potential normative implications are apparent. If the UTSA is considered the better policy, and courts follow the common law rather than the UTSA, then courts are not implementing better policy - or vice versa.The chapter by begins by briefly describing the shift from a common law definition of trade secret misappropriation to a statutory one. The remainder of the chapter develops a model to describe and test some descriptive questions that arise from the shift: Do courts follow the UTSA? When are they more likely to? Which courts are more likely to? What factors affect whether a Court will cite cases that follow the UTSA rather than the common law? These questions are answered through categorical analysis as well as a probit estimation.
The Richness-dependent Cluster Correlation Function: Early Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data

The cluster correlation function and its richness dependence are determined from 1108 clusters of galaxies—the largest sample of clusters studied so far—found in 379 deg2 of Sloan Digital Sky Survey early data. The results are compared with previous samples of optically and X-ray-selected clusters. The richness-dependent correlation function increases monotonically from an average correlation scale of ~12 h-1 Mpc for poor clusters to ~25 h-1 Mpc for the richer, more massive clusters with a mean separation of ~90 h-1 Mpc. X-ray-selected clusters suggest slightly stronger correlations than optically selected clusters (~2 σ). The results are compared with large-scale cosmological simulations. The observed richness-dependent cluster correlation function is well represented by the standard flat Λ-dominated cold dark matter (LCDM) model (Ωm 0.3, h 0.7) and is inconsistent with the considerably weaker correlations predicted by Ωm = 1 models. An analytic relation for the correlation scale versus cluster mean separation, r0-d, that best describes the observations and the LCDM prediction is r0 2.6 (for d 20-90 h-1 Mpc). Data from the complete Sloan Digital Sky Survey, when available, will greatly enhance the accuracy of the results and allow a more precise determination of cosmological parameters.
DOMINO noise model: a new crosstalk noise model for dynamic logic circuits

DOMINO gates are more vulnerable to crosstalk-induced functional failures compared to static CMOS gates. Previously developed noise models generate a pessimistic noise analysis because the effect of the keeper in DOMINO is not properly incorporated. In this paper, a new crosstalk noise model is proposed for DOMINO logic gates. Our noise model takes the effect of the keeper into account and provides a more accurate noise measure. We define the degree of conservatism for noise models and show that our noise model dramatically reduces the pessimism.
On Curved Shocks in Steady Plane Flow of an Ideal Fluid

For an inviscid fluid obeying an arbitrary equation of state, the jump in the velocity gradient across a curved shock in steady plane flow is calculated. The results are expressed in terms of dimensionless variables. For the case of uniform oncoming flow, it is shown that the vorticity generated by the shock is a function of curvature, strength, and shock angle only, being independent of the form of the equation of state.
Analyzing LBD Methods using a General Framework

This chapter provides a birds-eye view of the methods used for literature-based discovery (LBD). We study these methods with the help of a simple framework that emphasizes objects, links, inference methods, and additional knowledge sources. We consider methods from a domain independent perspective. Specifically, we review LBD research on postulating gene —disease connections, LBD systems designed for general purpose biomedical discovery goals, as well as LBD research applied to the web. Opportunities for new methods, gaps in our knowledge, and critical differences between methods are recognized when the “literature on LBD” is viewed through the scope of our framework. The main contributions of this chapter are in presenting open problems in LBD and outlining avenues for further research.
On the Computing Paradigm and Computational Complexity

Computational complexity theory is the study of the quantitative laws that govern computing. Since the computing paradigm is universal and pervasive, the quantitative laws of computational complexity apply to all information processing from numerical computations and simulation to logical reasoning and formal theorem proving, as well as processes of rational reasoning.
Optimizing Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer

Endocrine therapy has significantly improved outcomes for patients with early- and advanced-stage hormone-receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer. Despite the success of adjuvant endocrine therapy, some patients with early-stage disease will experience relapse. Additionally, all patients with advanced disease will eventually experience disease progression on endocrine therapy due to resistance. Improved understanding of the mechanisms associated with resistance to endocrine agents has recently led to the approval of new therapeutics. Multiple questions remain unanswered, including the optimal duration of adjuvant therapy, the role of ovarian ablation in early-stage breast cancer in premenopausal women, and how to best incorporate targeted agents with endocrine therapy in the metastatic setting. This article reviews the optimization of endocrine therapy in patients with HR-positive breast cancer, focusing on these controversial areas.
Large collision residues and nuclear fission in the interaction of 25. 2-GeV /sup 12/C with uranium

Target-residue mass and charge distributions have been measured for 76 products of the interaction of 25.2-GeV /sup 12/C with U. The mass yield curve shows two prominent bumps: one for 80 < or = A < or = 145, resulting from the modest excitation-energy (50--100 MeV) fission of a species with A approx. 225, and the second for 160 < or = A < or = 190, apparently due to the survivors of a more central collision between projectile and target.
Do Poison Centers Save Money…? What Are the Data?

AbstractObjective: To define the pharmacokinetics of continuous infusion pralidoxime in organophosphate-poisoned children. Study Design: Open-label study in 11 children and adolescents poisoned with organophosphates or carbamates. Serial blood samples were obtained during continuous pralidoxime infusion and after the drug was stopped. Results: Patients were treated for 12-43 hours. Steady-state concentrations were (mean ± SD) 22.2 ± 12.3 mg/L. Volume of distribution ranged from 1.7 to 13.8 L/kg and was significantly higher in the more severely poisoned subjects. Elimination half-life was 3.6 ± 0.8 hours, and clearance was 0.88 ± 0.55 L/h/kg. After initiation of continuous infusion pralidoxime, only 1 patient required any additional atropine to control recurrent muscarinic symptoms. All patients exhibited complete clinical recovery. Conclusions: The pharmacokinetics of pralidoxime in poisoned children following continuous intravenous infusion are widely variable and differ from those previously reported in...
NOVA Pulse Power Design And Operational Experience

Nova is a 100 TW Nd++ solid state laser designed for experiments with laser fusion at LLNL. The pulsed power for Nova includes a 58 MJ capacitor bank driving 5336 flashlamps with millisecond pulses and subnanosecond high voltages for electro optics. This paper summarizes the pulsed power designs and the operational experience to date.
A fractal-multifractal approach to groundwater contamination. 2. Predicting conservative tracers at the Borden site

In a companion paper (Puente et al., this issue), the capability of a deterministic fractal-multifractal (FM) approach to faithfully and compactly describe the geometry of chloride and bromide tracers gathered at the Borden site was illustrated. As trends in surrogate parameter space were found for successive plume contours (i.e. linear growth in coordinates by which fractal interpolating functions pass, nearly constant rotations and fairly high scalings), this article reports usage of a variety of prediction schemes, based on linear regressions and the aforementioned trends, in order to study the evolving plumes. It is shown that the FM representation leads to plausible non-Gaussian plume evolutions and yields predictions that closely approximate records for a period of time that extends even beyond one year. It is illustrated that such predicted geometries are also consistent with predictions made via stochastic theories (i.e. Dagan, 1984).
Improved estimators of regression coefficients in measurement error models

In the theory of regression analysis, it is well known that the presence of measurement errors in the explanatory variables makes the ordinary least squares estimator (OLSE) biased and inconsistent, and the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) is not obtainable without restrictive assumptions. We develop mixed-type estimators, which combine OLSE and MLE and compromise between them, utilizing a preliminary test or weighting function of a test statistic. It is shown that the weighting function estimators are superior to the classical estimators in terms of mean square errors in a large parameter space.
Global space charge effects in high-throughput electron-beam lithography

Recently global space charge effects were found to seriously limit the performance of high throughput projection electron beam lithography systems. A fundamental analytical theory describing the global space charge lens has been developed using the variational principle. A modified paraxial ray equation and a set of aberration integrals is derived. All the space charge effects, including the defocus, the magnification variation, and the third order aberrations, are found to be proportional to the perveance, the weighted integrals of the normalized current density distribution, and a combination of the system parameters, such as: the field size and the convergence angle. A simple scaling law for the space charge aberrations, where the aberrations at the image edge scale linearly with the radial dimension, has been found for the telecentric projection configuration. Both the theoretical calculations and the Monte Carlo simulations have been done for a SCALPEL configuration with 25 (mu) A beam current and two scaled systems, whose radial dimensions are scaled from SCALPEL by twice and 3 times, and current by 4 times and 9 times respectively at 10 kV. From both theoretical and simulation results, the space charge aberrations at the edge show approximately a 63 times increase in the twice-scaled system, and about 95 times increase in the three-time-scaled system. All these aberration scaling factors are very close to those predicted from the simple scaling law. An experiment based on the simple scaling law was designed to verify the theory and evaluate the performance of the high throughput projection system. In the scaled testing column which has a 1.6 mA beam current, 5 kV beam voltage, 40 cm column length, 8 mm field diameter, and 4 mrad convergence angle at the mask, the space-charge-aberration blur to be measured will be as large as 200 micrometer. Then the final image blur of the real high throughput system can be derived by using the scaling law.
INSM1 functions as a transcriptional repressor of the neuroD/β2 gene through the recruitment of cyclin D1 and histone deacetylases

INSM1/IA-1 (insulinoma-associated 1) is a developmentally regulated zinc-finger transcription factor, exclusively expressed in the foetal pancreas and nervous system, and in tumours of neuroendocrine origin. We have identified an INSM1 binding site in the neuroD/β2 promoter and demonstrated transcriptional repressor activity of INSM1 by transient transfection assay. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that in vivo INSM1 is situated on the promoter region of the neuroD/β2 gene. In an attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanism of transcriptional repression by the INSM1 gene, cyclin D1 was identified as an interacting protein by using a 45-day-old human foetal brain cDNA library and a yeast two-hybrid screen. The physical association between INSM1 and cyclin D1 was confirmed by in vitro and in vivo pull-down assay. Cyclin D1 co-operates with INSM1 and suppresses neuroD/β2 promoter activity. Co-immunoprecipitation of INSM1, cyclin D1 and HDACs (histone deacetylases) in mammalian cells revealed that INSM1 interacts with HDAC-1 and -3 and that this interaction is mediated through cyclin D1. Overexpression of cyclin D1 and HDAC-3 significantly enhanced the transcriptional repression activity of INSM1 on the neuroD/β2 promoter. A further chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that HDAC-3 occupies this same region of the neuroD/β2 promoter, by forming a transcription complex with INSM1. Thus we conclude that INSM1 recruits cyclin D1 and HDACs, which confer transcriptional repressor activity.
Squamous intraepithelial lesions and squamous cell carcinomas detected by endometrial sampling: Pap test correlation and outcome data

Introduction Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) can rarely be detected in endometrial sampling. We reviewed all cases of SIL and SCC detected solely on endometrial biopsies and curettings to determine their significance and whether these findings were detected on prior or concurrent Papanicolaou (Pap) test. Materials and methods Endometrial samples with detached fragments of SIL and SCC over a 13-year period were reviewed, along with prior and/or concurrent Pap tests, human papillomavirus status, and subsequent pathology results. Cases with concurrent cervical or endocervical sampling that showed SIL or SCC were excluded. Results Fifty patients had endometrial biopsies and/or curettings with SIL or SCC. Thirty-six patients (72%) had concurrent or previous Pap tests within 1 year prior to the endometrial sampling. The Pap test was negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy in 44% of patients (16/36) and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in 22% of patients (8/36). The source of the SIL and SCC in endometrial sampling was cervical SIL in 18 patients, cervical SCC in 14 patients, endometrioid carcinomas in 3 patients, metastatic carcinoma in 1 patient, and not definitively identified in 14 patients. Conclusions The majority of SIL and SCC in endometrial samples are from the cervix. Prior and concurrent Pap tests were often negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy in patients with SIL and SCC detected by endometrial samples. This suggests that SIL and SCC detected on endometrial sampling may detect a subset of cervical SIL/SCC that are more proximal in the endocervical canal and are not sampled with conventional Pap tests.
Hybrid Distributed Power Generation for an Isolated Rural Settlement in Masirah Island, Oman

This paper summarizes the findings from a feasibility study of using renewable energy sources in combination with conventional power systems to meet the electrical requirements for an isolated island of Masirah in Oman. The study has been conducted to determine the best hybrid system to generate electrical energy needed for a small community of 500 residential buildings. A series of a simulation analyses have been carried out to evaluate and optimize different distribution technologies including photovolatics, wind and diesel for electrical generation in combination with storage batteries. It was found that the cost of energy could be reduced by as much as 48% compared to the cost for the baseline generation system currently used in the Masirah Island (i.e. diesel-driven generators). In particular, it was found that wind turbines in combination with storage batteries have a great impact in reducing the cost of generating electrical energy for the residential community. Moreover, solar PV panels were found unattractive under the current diesel price rates but could potentially become viable if the diesel prices increase. The paper outlines an optimal design for generating electricity for the community at lowest cost while minimizing carbon emissions.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Structural effects on encapsulation as probed in redox-active core dendrimer isomers.

Three pairs of isomeric, iron−sulfur core dendrimers were prepared. Each isomer pair was distinguished by a 3,5-aromatic substitution pattern (extended) versus 2,6-aromatic substitution pattern (backfolded). Several observations were made that supported the hypothesis that the iron−sulfur cluster cores were encapsulated more effectively in the backfolded isomers as compared to their extended isomeric counterparts. The backfolded isomers were more difficult to reduce electrochemically, consistent with encapsulation in a more hydrophobic microenvironment. Furthermore, heterogeneous electron-transfer rates for the backfolded molecules were attenuated compared to the extended molecules. From diffusion measurements obtained by pulsed field gradient spin−echo NMR and chronoamperometry, the backfolded dendrimers were found to be smaller than the extended dendrimers. Comparison of longitudinal proton relaxation (T1) values also indicated a smaller, more compact dendrimer conformation for the backfolded architectu...
Liquid chromatographic assay of antibiotics

Summary The advantages of liquid chromatography over alternative biologic, immunologic, and chemical methods for antibiotic assays are high specificity and the capability for analysis of several drugs with only minor modification, if any, in methodology. The principal disadvantages are the lengthy procedures sometimes needed for sample preparation and the fact that samples are processed sequentially through the time-consuming chromatography step. Immunoassay is the method of choice for aminoglycosides because of the large volume of tests. For small numbers of tests and when metabolites may interfere with other methodologies, liquid chromatography is the method of choice. Further development is needed in β-lactam assays to provide methods applicable in a clinical laboratory.
Increased Electrochemical Oxidation Rate of Alcohols in Alkaline Media on Palladium Surfaces Electrochemically Modified by Antimony, Lead, and Tin

Abstract Several adatoms (M = Sb, Sn, or Pb) were added to Pd nanoparticles and examined for the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol. We observed a significant increase in oxidation rate on Pd-M for each of the adatoms in each of the fuels. For example, the oxidation rate of ethanol was 1.5 times greater on Pd-Pb and Pd-Sn as compared with the oxidation rate on Pd after 10 minutes of oxidation. However, even more notable is the behavior observed by the polyhydric alcohols that exhibit sluggish reaction kinetics even in alkaline media. For example, the oxidation rate of propylene glycol on Pd-Pb was observed to be 21 times greater than the oxidation rate on Pd after 10 minutes, and it was still 7.1 times greater after 12 hours. These results show particular promise for the potential of efficiently oxidizing bulkier and higher energy density alcohols in the alkaline direct liquid fuel cell. All three bimetallic surfaces induced an increase in oxidation rate with all alcohols as compared to the monometallic Pd. Based on analysis of our results, we attribute a significant amount of the increase in oxidation rate to the bifunctional effect and suggest a lesser role is played by the electronic effect.
Language, Intellectual Structures and Common Mathematical Errors: A Call for Research

This article illustrates several typical mathematical errors made by high school and lower division college students. These illustrations are then categorized and analyzed from the points of view of mathematics, developmental psychology, and learning theory. It is concluded from the analysis that research is needed in the area and that a multifacted approach might at least result in progress toward resolving the problem of common logico-mathematical errors. The article suggests at least three theoretical bases which could support such a research-oriented approach.
Genome editing 101: let's go digital

An approach is described that simplifies the isolation of rare human pluripotent stem cells engineered to carry precise disease-relevant mutations.
Differential gene regulation by estrogen and progesterone in the primate endometrium

During the shift from a proliferative to a secretory endometrium in the rhesus menstrual cycle, progesterone action causes massive metabolic and structural remodelling. In order to identify genes whose expression is potentially important for the change from estrogen (E) to progesterone (P) dominance we have initiated a study of specific gene regulation using semiquantitative, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). PolyA+ RNA was isolated from both E-dominant (days 9-13 of artificial menstrual cycles [AMCs]) and P-dominant (days 21-23) rhesus monkey endometria. The two pools of mRNA were converted to cDNA, end-ligated to double-stranded oligonucleotide adaptors and amplified by PCR using an adaptor-complementary primer. This procedure resulted in the production of E- and PcDNA template populations for cDNA-specific screening and comparative quantitation by PCR. Initial analysis showed that placental protein 14 (PP14) was P-dependent and human complement 3 (HC3) was up-regulated in E-dominant tissue, whereas the housekeeping genes B-actin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) were expressed at equivalent levels under E and P dominance. Expression of the E receptor (ER), P receptor (PR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) was equivalent under E or P dominance. Expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and retinoblastoma (RB) was down-regulated in P-dominant tissue. Conversely IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1-R), transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGFB-2), TGFB-2 receptor (TGFB-2-R), 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17-B-HSD) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) levels were up-regulated in PcDNA. Among these factors, PP14, LIF, IGF-1-R TGFB-2 and 17-B-HSD were also detectable in PCR in a P-dependent cDNA library isolated by subtractive hybridization. These data provide evidence for hormonal regulation of specific gene products that may play important roles in the normal maturation of the primate endometrium in preparation for implantation.
Variable reflectance vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

Singlemode operation in 850 nm vertical cavity surface emitting lasers is reported. The singlemode behaviour results from a radially-varying number of periods in the top distributed Bragg reflector mirror. At the centre of the device there are six additional quarter-wave layers (three periods) as compared to the edge. This provides higher mirror reflectivity to the fundamental mode without adding loss. Thus the top mirror geometry promotes singlemode operation of the laser from threshold to rollover.
Evaluation of innate, humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice following in vivo implantation of electrospun polycaprolactone

Electrospun polycaprolactone (EPCL) is currently being investigated for use in tissue engineering applications such as vascular grafts. However, the effects of electrospun polymers on systemic immune responses following in vivo exposure have not previously been examined. The work presented evaluates whether EPCL in either a microfibrous or nanofibrous form affects innate, humoral and/or cell-mediated immunity using a standard immunotoxicological testing battery. Holistic in vivo endpoints examined include the antibody-forming cell assay (AFC or plaque assay) and the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to Candida albicans. In addition, natural killer cell cytotoxic activity was assessed using an ex vivo assay and splenic cell population phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry for material exposure-related changes. Results indicated that 28 day subcutaneous implantation of EPCL, either in microfibrous or nanofibrous form, did not affect the systemic functions of the immune system in 12–16 week old female B6C3F1 mice.
CB1 knockout mice display significant changes in striatal opioid peptide and D4 dopamine receptor gene expression.

Abstract Antagonism of the CB 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB 1 receptor) by rimonabant (SR141716) reduces self-administration of alcohol and other drugs of abuse in animal models. These findings suggest that the CB 1 receptor may be a target for genetic differences that modify the salient features of rewarding drugs. In the present study, wild-type (CB 1 (+/+)) are compared to transgenic mice deficient in CB 1 receptors (CB 1 (−/−)). The goal was to investigate the influences of the cannabinoid receptor system on opioid peptide gene expression and on dopamine receptor gene expression which is commonly influenced by substances of abuse. We demonstrate using reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that striatal mRNA for preproenkephalin (PPENK) and preprodynorphin (PPDYN) in the CB 1 (−/−) striatum increases when compared to CB 1 (+/+). Real-time PCR analyses to evaluate D 2 and D 4 dopamine receptor gene expression in striatum isolated from CB 1 (+/+) and CB 1 (−/−) revealed a nearly 2-fold increase in D 4 receptor mRNA in the striatum from CB 1 (−/−) mice and no significant change in D 2 expression. In contrast, treatment of C57BL/6 mice with the CB 1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant, produced a reduction of both D 2 and D 4 dopamine receptor expression in the striatum. These data suggest that genetic differences in CB 1 receptor may exert a modulatory effect on D 4 dopamine receptor and opioid peptide gene expression.
Role of radiotherapy in combination with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy in the management of pancreatic cancer

Currently, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a highly lethal disease despite advances in multimodality therapy. The majority of patients with PDAC present with locally advanced or metastatic disease, and additional therapies or treatment paradigms are needed to improve progression-free survival and overall survival. Alternate therapies, such as a nanoparticle albumin-bound form of paclitaxel, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)1/2 inhibitors have been investigated for potential synergy with systemic agents in PDAC. Here, we review the current status of radiotherapy combined with systemic therapies for pancreatic cancer, with a focus on these targeted agents, novel immunotherapies, and discussion of the Abscopal effect.
Hybrid optoplasmonic microresonators and networks

Hybrid optoplasmonic microresonator-based components will be discussed. They enable dynamical activation/switching of electromagnetic hot-spots, ultrasensitive bio(chemical) detection, and efficient photon generation, routing, and re-focusing into nanoscale volumes accessible to both far-field and on-chip detection.
Light Scattering from Ultrathin Free Liquid Films: Variation of the Optical Functions with Geometry and Film Thickness*

Soap-type films can drain to 5 nm when properly stabilized. The light-scattering power of such liquid films was derived by Vrij, in terms of a rippling-slab model. The equations involve five rather complicated functions of the optical parameters: light wavelength, refractive index, angles of incidence and scattering, and the film thickness. The functions oscillate with film thickness. The variations are strictly periodic only in case the angles of incidence and scattering are equal when calculated from the film normal. Calculations are shown in which the film thickness varies from 0 to 50 000 nm. Results of calculations are displayed for the irradiance-modulated pattern. The range of validity of the film light-scattering theory is discussed in view of these results.
Binary image transformation using two-dimensional chaotic maps

We present an algorithm for binary image transformation using chaotic maps. Because of its random-like behavior, chaos is a good candidate for encryption. We show that a two-dimensional discrete time dynamical system with one positive Lyapunov exponent allows the transformation of the image in an unpredictable manner. The suggested algorithm acts on the pixel position, where the diffusion property resulting from the sensitivity to the initial states is used to accomplish the transformation in a random-like way. The suggested algorithm uses three types of keys: initial state, external parameters and the number of iterations. Using the so-called Henon map as an example, we show that the algorithm produces almost uncorrelated images even when the keys are slightly changed, making it an attractive and fast method for image encryption.
Cataract surgery in nanophthalmic eyes.

• Cataract surgery in nanophthalmic eyes may be complicated by postoperative uveal effusion. Evidence is presented that prophylactic lamellar scleral resection with decompression of the vortex veins, performed 2 months or more prior to cataract extraction, may reduce the incidence of this severe complication. A randomized study to determine the benefit of such prophylaxis is advocated.
Medical Care, Living Conditions, and Children's Well-Being

We examine the effect of medical care and living conditions on children's physical and psychological well-being. We develop a causal model in which living conditions (including the socioeconomic status of the family and the social-psychological aspects of family functioning) may affect well-being both directly, and indirectly through medical care. We find that families in the higher social classes and families that function well tend to go to large prepaid groups where they receive good medical care. High quality technical care of illness, in turn, improves physical health. The quality of psychotherapeutic care, on the other hand, has no effect on psychological well-being. For this aspect of health, the effect of living conditions is largely direct, rather than indirect by way of medical care. Families characterized by high levels of functioning have children who are psychologically healthy. In addition, physical health affects psychological well-being, but not vice versa. A person's position in the social structure has many obvious manifestations; and many subtle ones. A child who is born into a family in which the parents are well educated and well-off economically can expect the same high levels of education and income in his or her lifetime. These are obvious manifestations. However there are many subtle manifestations of social position, two of which are physical and psychological well-being. Physical and psychological well-being are important indicators of the quality of life, affecting and being affected by a number of other indicators associated with a person's position in the social structure such as housing, access to good medical care, family conflict, and single-parent homes. A person's position in the social structure may affect physical and psychological well-being in a number of ways. First, it may affect health
A model of neocortical histogenesis based on Cajal's principles of homotropism and neurocladism

Abstract Generation and regeneration of the Nervous System are considered essentially similar processes since the pioneering studies of Cajal (15). The present paper is a hypothetical attempt to explain the puzzling internal—to—external histogenetic pattern of the mammalian neocortex(4), largely on the basis of various observations made by Cajal on the developing and regenerating Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Fundamental to our model are the principles of excitatory neurocladism and of reciprocal homotropism as described by Cajal. By assuming that both latter principles are valid for the early stages of neocortical development, an explanation can be given for most of the main events of neocortical histogenesis that is consistent with known facts. Our main conclusion is that neocortical neurogenesis differs from that of any other area of the neural tube due to the interposition of the corticipetal fiber system in between the cortical matrix layer and the cortical plate. The mechanical obstacle thus posed to neuroblast migration by this fiber system appears responsible — by activating the operation of the aforementioned principles of Cajal — for both the cellular and topographical neurogenetic sequences of neocortical development, as well as the growth predominantly in width, all features that are unique to the neocortex as compared to the rest of the neural tube.
High-field ordered and superconducting phases in the heavy-fermion compound PrOs 4 Sb 12

The filled-skutterudite compound ${\mathrm{PrOs}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{12},$ the first example of a Pr-based heavy-fermion superconductor, displays superconductivity with ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}1.85\mathrm{K}$ and has an effective mass ${m}^{*}\ensuremath{\sim}{50m}_{e},$ where ${m}_{e}$ is the free-electron mass. For magnetic fields above 4.5 T, sharp features in the normal-state electrical resistivity, magnetization, specific-heat, and thermal-expansion data suggest the occurrence of a phase transition at high fields. This high-field ordered phase in the normal state may be associated with a combination of crystalline electric fields, Zeeman splitting, and quadrupolar ordering. We present an investigation of the electrical resistivity and magnetization of ${\mathrm{PrOs}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{12}$ as a function of temperature between 350 mK and 3.5 K and magnetic field up to 18 T. The data reveal a detailed phase boundary of the high-field ordered phase as well as the lower critical field ${H}_{c1}$ and the onset field of the peak effect in the superconducting state of ${\mathrm{PrOs}}_{4}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{12}.$
In vitro Effect of Streptomycin and Para-Aminosalicylic Acid (PAS) on the Growth of Tubercle Bacilli.

Summary1. The in vitro growth of a virulent strain of human tubercle bacilli, H-37RV, is inhibited by 0.74 μg/cc of streptomycin. 2. The in vitro growth of H-37RV is inhibited almost completely by a concentration of 1.2 μg/cc of PAS. 3. A moderately inhibiting concentration of either streptomycin or of PAS when combined with a completely non-inhibiting concentration of the other drug produces a marked enhancement of inhibition of the in vitro growth of H-37RV. 4. In vitro growth of a resistant strain of human tubercle bacilli, H-37RVNR1 is inhibited by 1.2 μg/cc of PAS. 5. The inhibition of growth of this resistant strain is not enhanced by the addition of streptomycin.
Effects of Forebrain Injury Upon Mating Behavior in Male Pigeons 1)

Sixteen adult male pigeons were mated with females and pairs were left together until copulation occurred and eggs were laid. The clutch was removed, the sexes were separated and brought together on alternate days when tests for sexual behavior wete conducted. After copulation had occurred in three tests, the male was subjected to removal of part of the forebrain. Following operation, mating tests were continued until copulation reappeared or until 15 negative tests had been given. In the latter instance males were injected with testosterone propionate and tested until they copulated or until 20 mg. of androgen had been administered (10 mg. in one case). Four birds were unilaterally decerebrated. This operation eliminated copulatory responses in all cases. Administration of androgen restored the response in 2 males and when hormone treatment was discontinued mating reactions soon died out. The remaining 2 hemidecerebrates never copulated but did display an increase in various courtship responses under the influence of injected androgen. Bilateral invasion of the forebrain failed to affect sexual behavior in 8 pigeons and eliminated it in 4 others. The birds that failed to copulate after operation suffered more extensive brain injury than did those in which the behavior survived. Only one of the noncopulators resumed mating after androgen treatment. It is suggested that the forebrain contributes to the male's sexual performance by maintaining a high level of responsiveness to sexual stimuli. Coitus may survive postoperatively if the operation is not too severe and if the individual was highly reactive before brain injury. Injections of androgen tend to increase sexual excitability and may therefore revive copulatory ability in brain-operated pigeons provided the preoperative responsiveness was high and the lesion not too extensive.
Instrumentation and communication modules on CD-ROMs for enriching engineering education

In response to the challenges facing engineering educators today, the latest developments in computer technology were applied to instrumentation and communication, two essential areas of the engineering curricula. Hypermedia-based resource modules containing generic information on these two areas were developed. Users can navigate the modules using either a networked tree or direct access method. This allows students to learn independently, at their own pace, and in a nonlinear way. The resource modules can be used in measurements and technical communication courses, in almost all engineering laboratories, and in capstone design projects. Since the resource modules contain generic information and are put on CD-ROMs, they can be used in other engineering programs. Preliminary results indicate that the modules were informative and helpful to students and also allowed them to learn material independently and at their own pace.
Environment and Disease Risks

A new paradigm is needed to assess how a lifetime of exposure to environmental factors affects the risk of developing chronic diseases.
Confirmation and initial documentation of thoracic and abdominal aortic helical flow : An ultrasound study

Aortic helical flow may play an important role in plaque deposition, dissection formation, and organ perfusion. The authors have previously demonstrated, using in vitro flow models and transesophageal echocardiography, that helical flow begins in the mammalian aortic arch and continues into the descending thoracic aorta. The purpose of this study was to confirm thoracic aortic helical flow and document its extent into the abdominal aorta using direct measurements. Twelve mongrel dogs underwent surgery with exposure of the abdominal aorta up to the diaphragm. Six of the 12 underwent further thoracotomy with thoracic aorta exposure. Color Doppler ultrasound images were obtained using a 5 megaHz esophageal transducer, hand held, directly applied, and visually aligned for transverse aortic imaging. Helical flow was considered present with the appearance of red/blue hemicircles during a systolic wave when the aorta was imaged transversely. All six dogs that had thoracotomy showed clockwise thoracic aortic helical flow (along the direction of blood flow) at the retro left ventricular region. In all dogs, clockwise helical flow was demonstrated to and immediately beyond the renal arteries. In 11 of 12 dogs, clockwise helical flow was demonstrated 7 cm below the renal arteries. The study confirms the presence of helical flow in the thoracic aorta and documents its extent into the abdominal aorta below the level of the renal arteries. The teleologic flow pattern of mammals may extend to other classes of vertebrates and must be accounted for in studies of endothelial shear and flow separation. In addition, tangential velocities imparted by helical flow may affect organ perfusion.
CORRELATION BETWEEN CHARGE MOVEMENT AND IONIC CURRENT DURING SLOW INACTIVATION IN SHAKER K+ CHANNELS

Prolonged depolarization induces a slow inactivation process in some K+ channels. We have studied ionic and gating currents during long depolarizations in the mutant Shaker H4-Delta(6-46) K+ channel and in the nonconducting mutant (Shaker H4-Delta(6-46)-W434F). These channels lack the amino terminus that confers the fast (N-type) inactivation (Hoshi, T., W.N. Zagotta, and R.W. Aldrich. 1991. Neuron. 7:547-556). Channels were expressed in oocytes and currents were measured with the cut-open-oocyte and patch-clamp techniques. In both clones, the curves describing the voltage dependence of the charge movement were shifted toward more negative potentials when the holding potential was maintained at depolarized potentials. The evidences that this new voltage dependence of the charge movement in the depolarized condition is associated with the process of slow inactivation are the following: (a) the installation of both the slow inactivation of the ionic current and the inactivation of the charge in response to a sustained 1-min depolarization to 0 mV followed the same time course; and (b) the recovery from inactivation of both ionic and gating currents (induced by repolarizations to -90 mV after a 1-min inactivating pulse at 0 mV) also followed a similar time course. Although prolonged depolarizations induce inactivation of the majority of the channels, a small fraction remains non-slow inactivated. The voltage dependence of this fraction of channels remained unaltered, suggesting that their activation pathway was unmodified by prolonged depolarization. The data could be fitted to a sequential model for Shaker K+ channels (Bezanilla, F., E. Perozo, and E. Stefani. 1994. Biophys. J. 66:1011-1021), with the addition of a series of parallel nonconducting (inactivated) states that become populated during prolonged depolarization. The data suggest that prolonged depolarization modifies the conformation of the voltage sensor and that this change can be associated with the process of slow inactivation.
Automatic attention-based prioritization of unconstrained video for compression

We apply a biologically-motivated algorithm that selects visually-salient regions of interest in video streams to multiply-foveated video compression. Regions of high encoding priority are selected based on nonlinear integration of low-level visual cues, mimicking processing in primate occipital and posterior parietal cortex. A dynamic foveation filter then blurs (foveates) every frame, increasingly with distance from high-priority regions. Two variants of the model (one with continuously-variable blur proportional to saliency at every pixel, and the other with blur proportional to distance from three independent foveation centers) are validated against eye fixations from 4-6 human observers on 50 video clips (synthetic stimuli, video games, outdoors day and night home video, television newscast, sports, talk-shows, etc). Significant overlap is found between human and algorithmic foveations on every clip with one variant, and on 48 out of 50 clips with the other. Substantial compressed file size reductions by a factor 0.5 on average are obtained for foveated compared to unfoveated clips. These results suggest a general-purpose usefulness of the algorithm in improving compression ratios of unconstrained video.
Cell Calcium in the Pathophysiology of Ventricular Fibrillation and in the Pathogenesis of Postarrhythmic Contractile Dysfunction

The mechanism of ventricular fibrillation is poorly understood at the cellular level. We explored the role of intracellular free calcium in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of ventricular fibrillation in perfused ferret hearts loaded with the Ca2+ indicator 5F-BAPTA. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure [Ca2+]i, pH, and high-energy phosphates. During ventricular fibrillation induced by burst pacing, [Ca2+]i rose rapidly and dramatically, exceeding by four times the control within 5 minutes. [Ca2+]i remained markedly elevated throughout 20 minutes of fibrillation, but it returned to control values shortly after defibrillation. In a group of hearts kept isovolumic by a balloon in the left ventricle, acidosis and high-energy phosphate depletion developed despite the maintenance of normal coronary pressure. To distinguish the effects of superimposed ischemia from those of the arrhythmia itself, we lowered left ventricular volume during fibrillation in a second group of hearts. This maneuver decreased wall stress such that fibrillation had no significant adverse effect on intracellular pH, high-energy phosphates, or lactate efflux. [Ca2+]i still increased remarkably despite the absence of ischemic changes. Developed pressure did not recover to control levels after defibrillation in either group; the hearts appeared "stunned." We conclude that intracellular calcium increases as a direct consequence of ventricular fibrillation. The increase in [Ca2+]i may cause the contractile dysfunction observed in postarrhythmic hearts. Its possible role in initiating or maintaining the arrhythmia is less clear.
Detection of Toxoplasmal Antigen and Antibody in Ocular Fluids in Experimental Ocular Toxoplasmosis

• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect intraocular toxoplasmal antigen and antitoxoplasmal IgG antibodies in a rabbit model of experimental ocular toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmal antigen could be detected in the vitreous humor of the infected eye at the height of clinical activity of the lesion. Antitoxoplasmal IgG antibodies were detected in the aqueous and vitreous humors of the infected eyes five weeks following the onset of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis.
Multi-modal breast imaging with ultrasound tomography

We report and discuss clinical breast imaging results obtained with operator independent ultrasound tomography. A series of breast exams are carried out using a recently upgraded clinical prototype designed and built on the principles of ultrasound tomography. The in-vivo performance of the prototype is assessed by imaging patients at the Karmanos Cancer Institute. Our techniques successfully demonstrate in-vivo tomographic imaging of breast architecture in both reflection and transmission imaging modes. These initial results indicate that operator-independent whole-breast imaging and the detection of cancerous breast masses are feasible using ultrasound tomography techniques. This approach has the potential to provide a low cost, non-invasive, and non-ionizing means of evaluating breast masses. Future work will concentrate on extending these results to larger trials.
ESTÉTICA E DIALOGISMO: O PAPEL DA LITERATURA NA FORMAÇÃO DA CIDADANIA

Este ensaio examina o carater dialogico da obra literaria e sua funcao na formacao do sujeito leitor—inclusive em sua cidadania—assim como instrumento catalisador de transformacoes sociais e politicas. O ensaio toma como objetos de analise a obra da escritora chicana Gloria Anzaldua e a da brasileira Eliane Potiguara, duas autoras que unem ativismo politico e criacao estetica em sua literatura.
Rapid Measurement of Drainage Density

Investigations were made into three methods for rapid measurement of drainage density using topographic maps and radar imagery, (l) Measurement of blue line stream symbols proves feasible but is weak due to inconsistencies. (2) The number of intersections of streams on a random line pattern overlying a map provides a good estimate of drainage density. (3) Edge-enhancement of radar images produces a measureable line pattern which appears to be strongly related to total length of streams in a basin.