cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equating the social desirability of Bem Sex-Role Inventory masculinity and femininity subscales.

Two experiments investigated the social desirability of Bern Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) items. Mean social desirability of the masculinity subscale was significantly higher than that of the femininity subscale in both experiments. A revision of the BSRI femininity subscale was suggested which replaced three items of questionable social value with three more socially desirable items and virtually eliminated the social desirability difference between masculinity and femininity subscales.
Gender differences in the interpersonal response to depression and spinal cord injury

Differential responses to depressed male and female spinal-cord-injured persons were assessed using an analogue model. Forty male and 53 female undergraduates listened to a scripted audiotape interview of either a male or a female individual with a spinal cord injury who was either depressed or not depressed. There were no significant effects for subject gender, and, regardless of the sex of the target person, the depressed individual was rated less attractive, competent, and desirable. However, the depressed female elicited the least desire for future interaction. Although there were no target gender differences in attractiveness for the depressed condition, the nondepressed male with a spinal cord injury was viewed as significantly less attractive than his female counterpart.
A cost-minimization analysis of alternative treatment strategies for achalasia.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the costs per cure of alternative strategies for the treatment of achalasia. METHODS: A cost-minimization model compared three strategies for otherwise healthy adults of any age with achalasia: 1) laparoscopic Heller myotomy with fundoplication (LHM); 2) pneumatic dilation (PD), with LHM reserved for treatment failures; 3) botulinum toxin (Botox) injection of the lower esophageal sphincter, with PD reserved for treatment failures. Probabilities of short- and long-term efficacy, treatment failure, symptomatic recurrence rates, and complications were derived from the published literature. Only direct costs were considered during the 5-yr time horizon. RESULTS: Respective reference case costs per cure of PD, Botox, and LHM strategies were $3,111, $3,723, and $10,792. Despite short- and long-term efficacy of 96% and 94%, respectively, the LHM strategy was most costly. Initial PD remained less costly than initial Botox, provided that rates of PD efficacy and perforation were ≥70% and CONCLUSIONS: For otherwise healthy patients with achalasia, initial PD is the least costly strategy provided that the PD perforation rate remains
High resolution spectrum and analysis of the ν2 band of 14N16O2

Abstract The ν 2 band of 14 N 16 O 2 near 13.3 μm has been measured under high resolution using a vacuum grating spectrograph equipped with a liquid helium cooled Ge:Cu detector. Over 750 transitions were identified. Analysis of the band, combined with previous work at shorter wavelengths, led to modified constants for the ground state, (0, 0, 0), and new values for the constants of the upper state, (0, 1, 0). The new constants reproduced 272 nonzero-weighted transitions with a standard deviation of 0.011 cm −1 and reproduced 346 ground state combination differences with a standard deviation of 0.010 cm −1 . The spin-rotation line splittings which were observed were described satisfactorily using existing formulations.
On stability and efficiency of numerical integration of endochronic constitutive equations

Abstract Two numerical integration procedures based on a nonlinear finite-difference formulation of the endochronic plasticity theory without a yield surface are discussed. One is for three-dimensional strain-controlled simulation, and the other is for strain-controlled simulation of tension-torsion loading. Unconditional stability of both procedures is proved for strain-hardening materials. The efficiency of the proposed numerical schemes is demonstrated by an extrordinary reduction in the number of tensiontorsion loading steps applied to OFHC copper specimens. The results suggest promising application of finite-difference formulation in finite element analysis using a tangential stiffness method. Since no yield surface is involved, the FE computation should be extremely straightforward.
Improvement of edm performance with advanced monitoring and control systems

The electrical discharge machining (EDM) process performance depends on maintaining an appropriate machining gap with a servo system and discharge pulse parameters with a pulse power generator. The integration of the state-of-the-art monitoring and control technologies can substantially improve the performance of the EDM process. This paper reviews the research and development of advanced monitoring and control systems for die-sinking EDM and wire EDM during the last two decades. Important research activities include different EDM gap monitoring systems, servo and pulse adaptive control systems, and knowledge base control systems.
Growth of laser-induced damage during repetitive illumination of HfO2-SiO2 multilayer mirror and polarizer coatings

As peak fluence of high power lasers is increased, it becomes necessary to tolerate damage on mirrors, polarizers. To study how different types of damage morphologies initiate and grow during repetitive illumination, hafnia-silica multilayer mirror and polarizer coatings were laser damage tested. The coatings were prepared by e-beam evaporation and irradiated with a 3-ns pulse at 1064 nm. The damage morphology was recorded after each shot to determine the types of damage that cause massive unstable failure and lower the optic`s functional damage threshold. Results were summarized on damage stability maps plotting the average damage size vs number of shots for fluences ranging from 10 to 40 J/cm{sup 2}. The maps indicate that the commonly observed damage morphologies (pits, flat bottom pits, scalds, outer layer delamination) have distinct growth behaviors and influence the value of the functional damage threshold differently. While pits are stable up to fluences as high as 40 J/cm{sup 2}, flat bottom pits can grow during repetitive illumination above a critical fluence of about 35 J/cm{sup 2}. Scalds are formed in the first shot and never grow at fluences below 40 J/cm{sup 2}. Finally, delaminates are highly unstable and have the potential for damaging the coating catastrophically above 15 J/cm{sup 2}. Results show that delaminate damage should be prevented; this knowledge has allowed coatings development efforts to focus on eliminating the origin of such damage morphology.
On the preservation of copula structure under truncation

The author characterizes the copula associated with the bivariate survival model of Clayton (1978) as the only absolutely continuous copula that is preserved under bivariate truncation. De la preservation par troncature d'une structure de copule: L'auteur caracterise la copule associee au modele de survie bivariC de Clayton (1978) comme etant la seule copule absolument continue qui soit preservee par troncature bivariee.
Differences in the Mechanism of Stimulation of T7 DNA Polymerase by Two Binding Modes of Escherichia coli Single-stranded DNA-binding Protein

Abstract Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein (Eco SSB) has been shown previously to display several DNA binding modes depending on the ionic conditions. To determine what effect these various binding modes have on DNA replication, we have studied DNA synthesis by the T7 DNA polymerase under ionic conditions where Eco SSB interacts with either 72 or 91 nucleotides of M13 DNA. These forms presumably correspond to the previously described (SSB)56and (SSB)65(Lohman and Ferrari, 1994) that were determined using the binding of SSB to homopolymers. Here we report the stimulation induced by (SSB)91to be 4-fold greater than that produced by (SSB)72under conditions where the template is in large excess. Surprisingly, when the polymerase level is raised so that it is in molecular excess, (SSB)91no longer stimulates synthesis while (SSB)72affords a 4-fold stimulation, which is the same level of stimulation as when the template was in excess. Both SSB forms increase the rate of DNA synthesis and were found to stimulate synthesis by relieving template secondary structures. However, (SSB)72specifically increases strand displacement synthesis, while (SSB)91stimulates synthesis by increasing the affinity of the polymerase for the template.
Guarding our nation's thyroid health.

NHANES III measured serum TSH, total serum T 4 , antithyroperoxidase (TPOAb), and antithyroglobulin (TgAb) antibodies from a sample of 17,353 people aged ≥12 yr representing the geographic and ethnic distribution of the U.S. population. These data provide a reference for other studies of these analytes in the U.S. For the 16,533 people who did not report thyroid disease, goiter, or taking thyroid medications (disease-free population), we determined mean concentrations of TSH, T 4 , TgAb, and TPOAb. A reference population of 13,344 people was selected from the disease-free population by excluding, in addition, those who were pregnant, taking androgens or estrogens, who had thyroid antibodies, or biochemical hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. The influence of demographics on TSH, T 4 , and antibodies was examined. Hypothyroidism was found in 4.6% of the U.S. population (0.3% clinical and 4.3% subclinical) and hyperthyroidism in 1.3% (0.5% clinical and 0.7% subclinical). (Subclinical hypothyroidism is used in this paper to mean mild hypothyroidism, the term now preferred by the American Thyroid Association for the laboratory findings described.) For the disease-free population, mean serum TSH was 1.50 (95% confidence interval, 1.46-1.54) mIU/liter, was higher in females than males, and higher in white non-Hispanics (whites) [1.57 (1.52-1.62) mIU/ liter] than black non-Hispanics (blacks) [1.18 (1.14-1.21) mIU/ liter] (P < 0.001) or Mexican Americans [1.43 (1.40-1.46) mIU/ liter] (P < 0.001). TgAb were positive in 10.4 ± 0.5% and TPOAb, in 11.3 ± 0.4%; positive antibodies were more prevalent in women than men, increased with age, and TPOAb were less prevalent in blacks (4.5 ± 0.3%) than in whites (12.3 ± 0.5%) (P < 0.001). TPOAb were significantly associated with hypo or hyperthyroidism, but TgAb were not. Using the reference population, geometric mean TSH was 1.40 ± 0.02 mIU/liter and increased with age, and was significantly lower in blacks (1.18 ± 0.02 mIU/liter) than whites (1.45 ± 0.02 mIU/liter) (P < 0.001) and Mexican Americans (1.37 ± 0.02 mIU/liter) (P < 0.001). Arithmetic mean total T 4 was 112.3 ± 0.7 nmol/liter in the disease-free population and was consistently higher among Mexican Americans in all populations. In the reference population, mean total T 4 in Mexican Americans was (116.3 ± 0.7 nmol/liter), significantly higher than whites (110.0 ± 0.8 nmol/liter) or blacks (109.4 ± 0.8 nmol/liter) (P < 0.0001). The difference persisted in all age groups. In summary, TSH and the prevalence of antithyroid antibodies are greater in females, increase with age, and are greater in whites and Mexican Americans than in blacks. TgAb alone in the absence of TPOAb is not significantly associated with thyroid disease. The lower prevalence of thyroid antibodies and lower TSH concentrations in blacks need more research to relate these findings to clinical status. A large proportion of the U.S. population unknowingly have laboratory evidence of thyroid disease, which supports the usefulness of screening for early detection.
Minority religions, religious freedom, and the new Pan-European political and judicial institutions

This essay examines the way minority and "new" religions have been treated by major pan-European political and judicial institutions established since World War I. Specifically, actions of the European Common Market institutions such as the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice, as well as entities of the Council of Europe which includes the European Commission on Human Rights, the Eu ropean Court of Human Rights, and the Parliamentary Assembly, will be reviewed to see what patterns emerged in the way minority religious groups and the idea of religious freedom have been dealt with by diese increasingly powerful political, "semi-constitutional" institutions.1 These institutions play a major role toward the unification of Europe into a monolithic political entity, including even former communist Eastern European countries.2 Thus, their influence continues to spread, making it even more imperative to understand the position be ing developed by these pan-European bodies concerning rights of
Molecular contrast in optical coherence tomography using a pump-probe technique

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging tool for real time in-situ tissue imaging with micrometer-scale resolution. Real-time OCT systems have been integrated into clinical medical diagnostics, and functional extensions such as polarization-sensitive, Doppler, and spectroscopic OCT have recently been introduced. However, OCT imaging technology has not yet taken advantage of molecular-specific contrast mechanisms which have revolutionized other medical and biological imaging modalities such as MRI, PET, SPECT, and fluorescence microscopy. OCT is by definition insensitive to incoherent scattering processes such fluorescence or spontaneous Raman scattering. We have previously proposed the use of spectroscopic OCT for detection of light from coherent inelastic scattering processes such as stimulated emission, stimulate Raman scattering, and other four-wave mixing processes. In this report we present a new technique which we call pump probe OCT (PPOCT), which is a novel extension of OCT for enhancing the contrast of OCT images based on transient absorption in the sample induced by an external pump beam. We show preliminary data for PPOCT using methylene blue as a molecular contrast agent and show depth resolved PPOCT M-scans that localize the presence of dye in a well phantom.
Water Treating Plant Design and Operation

Produced water must be treated to remove oil and solids and to control corrosion. Treating plants to do this consist of one or more processes such as skimming/settling, flotation, filtration, coalescence, and chemical treating. Design considerations and problems with these processes are discussed. Data from several sources are used to illustrate the performance of several treating plants. 8 refs.
Mechanism of Cyanide Inhibition of Phloem Translocation

Petiolar application of potassium cyanide inhibited 14C-assimilate translocation without affecting source leaf photosynthesis or phloem loading of sucrose in Phaseolus vulgaris. The inhibition of transport was correlated with disruption of the structural integrity of the sieve tubes (sieve pore blockage) rather than impairment of a metabolic process in the translocation path driving translocation.
The Thomas rotation formalism underlying a nonassociative group structure for relativistic velocities

Physics is a major external source of mathematical theories. It is shown here that the Thomas rotation effect of special theory of relativity (STR) gives rise to a “group” structure for the set of relativistically admissible velocities. This group structure turns out to be noncommutative and nonassociative. The term nonassociative group is justified by two illustrative examples demonstrating that the new concept of the nonassociative group is forced on us by the study of the laws of relativistic velocities. Thomas rotation is studied in STR as an isolated notion; and the bizarre and counterintuitive noncommutativity and nonassociativity of the relativistic composition of nonparallel admissible velocities is sometimes interpreted as a peculiarity of STR. However, it turns out that the Thomas rotation plays a central role in STR, giving rise to an elegant formalism underlying the noncommutative, nonassociative “group” of relativistically admissible velocities. To demonstrate the Thomas rotation formalism and the group structure to which it gives rise let E?R9,
"[I] Play a Lot": Children's Perceptions of Child Care

Abstract This two-year descriptive study of purposefully selected Minnesota families included interviews with 94 children who either were currently enrolled in or had attended child care programs. Children from 1 to 18 years old recalled playmates, daily activities, schedules, discipline methods, special events, bullies, and characteristics of well-liked and unpopular staff members. Children drew pictures and wrote about activities, child care friends, and child care staff. Children enjoyed playing with friends, responsive and involved staff, and a range of indoor and outdoor activities. Children in all forms of care described widespread viewing of videos and use of video games. Younger children described storytelling, and some, but not all, school-age children had access to literacy activities and materials. This study contributes additional insights to the limited literature on children's perceptions of child care.
Comparison of Interplanetary Disturbances at the NEAR Spacecraft with Coronal Mass Ejections at the Sun

We examined interplanetary (IP) magnetic field disturbances recorded by the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous-Shoemaker spacecraft (NEAR) when it was above either the east or west solar limb as seen from Earth; we then identified the associated coronal mass ejections (CMEs) detected above the limbs by the SOHO LASCO coronagraph. We found 10 cases in which a nonrecurring IP disturbance could be associated with a CME. Eight of the disturbances included a magnetic flux rope signature. Flux rope chirality and axis orientation were determined for each one and compared with chirality and axis orientation at the Sun, as inferred from flux rope signatures—filaments and sigmoids—that could be associated with the CMEs. In most cases, the chirality and orientation inferred from these preeruption flux rope signatures agreed well with the flux rope signatures at NEAR. These results suggest, in agreement with Plunkett and coworkers, that the flux ropes existed prior to eruption and that the flux ropes on the Sun become flux ropes in IP space. Comparisons of the CME speeds to the time-of-flight average speeds showed that flux ropes are less accelerated or decelerated by the solar wind than are the CME leading edges. These results imply that the faint features or loops that make up the CME leading edges are probably distinct from the flux ropes.
Unsteady heat conduction in plates of polygonal shape

Abstract This paper deals with an unsteady heat-conduction problem in a plate of regular polygonal shape using conformal mapping techniques. The classical approach to an exact solution of the Fourier heat equation is the separation of variables technique. For more complicated boundaries, e.g. a hexagonal plate, it is convenient to transform the given shape onto a unit circle where the boundary conditions can be identically satisfied. However, the transformed partial differential equation can only be satisfied approximately. Two “weighted-residuals” techniques are used to solve it, and solutions are obtained for several polygonal shapes. The method can be extended easily in the case of some doubly connected regions of technical importance, e.g. the graphite brick of a gas cooled nuclear reactor.
Bipolar Steady State Charge Fraction of Ultrafine Aerosols

Bipolar steady state charge fractions of monodisperse aerosols under 150 A in diameter have been measured. The steady state charge fractions of particles under 150 A were observed to be an order of magnitude greater than that predicted by Boltzmann's law, and the negative charge fraction was nearly twice as large as the positive charge fraction. For example, 5% of 100-A particles were observed to be negatively charged, while 3% were positively charged; Boltzman's law predicts approximately 0.3% of 100-A particles to be charged. Further, particles under 150 A were observed to be only singly charged.
A novel target for antidiuretic hormone in insects

Diuresis in insects is controlled by two antagonistic hormone groups: diuretic hormones, which promote water loss, and antidiuretic hormones, which inhibit it. All known antidiuretic factors act solely to promote fluid reabsorption by the hindgut and do not affect secretion by the Malpighian tubules. In the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, an antidiuretic hormone was found that inhibits fluid secretion by the Malpighian tubules but has no effect on the hindgut. Correlations were found between the density of neurosecretory granules and the presence of antidiuretic hormone in the corpora cardiaca, suggesting that the hormone is released from specific axons. Its release is triggered by dehydration; the hormone is detectable in the hemolymph of water-deprived crickets. These results imply that an unusual mechanism regulates water balance in these insects.
Zymolyase removes callose from germinating pollen and pollen tube walls

Abstract The impermeable callosic wall that surrounds germinating pollen grains and pollen tubes is removed by brief treatment with Zymolyase, an enzyme preparation that hydrolyzes linear glucose polymers with β-1,3 linkages. Zymolyase treatment does not interfere with pollen tube growth or cylosis in the vegetative cell.
Backwardness and the Role of Banking in Nineteenth-Century European Industrialization

Alexander Gerschenkron's research on industrialization in Europe suggests that both the timing and character of growth may have conditioned the institutional structure of nineteenth-century industrializers. He argues that: …the more backward a country's economy, the greater was the part played by specialized institutional factors designed to increase the supply of capital to nascent industries and, in addition, to provide them with less decentralized and better informed entrepreneurial guidance; the more backward the country, the more pronounced was the coerciveness and comprehensiveness of those factors.
Familial Miller Fisher Syndrome

Miller Fisher syndrome is an acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy that is generally considered a variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome and is characterized by the clinical triad of ataxia, areflexia, and ophthalmoplegia. Several reports of familial Guillain-Barre syndrome have been reported, indicating a possible underlying genetic and/or environmental predisposition to the development of Guillain-Barre syndrome. A familial association in Miller Fisher syndrome has not previously been described in the literature. We report 2 cases of Miller Fisher syndrome presenting simultaneously in siblings, with a review of recent relevant literature.
Analysis and Design of Conductor-Backed Square Archimedean Spiral Antennas

ABSTRACT An extensive parametric analysis of conductor-backed square Archimedean spiral antennas has been conducted numerically by the method of moments. The results show that, at a near quarter wavelength above the ground plane, the square spiral yields a 1:1.21 bandwidth of the boresight axial ratio less than 3 dB. It also demonstrates that the axial ratio of the square spiral is controlled not only by its outer perimeter but also by its arm length. Design charts on the selection among wire radius, arm spacing, and spiral ground-plane height are presented as general guidelines for the design of circularly polarized conductor-backed square Archimedean spiral antennas.
Account level demand estimation and intelligence framework

In the context of business-to-business (B2B) commerce, one of the most significant strategic activity for marketing and sales teams is to accurately estimate a company's demand for IT products that can be fulfilled by HP. This metric is known as Account level Total Addressable Market (A-TAM) within the HP community. Accurate A-TAM estimates are vital for developing superior marketing strategies, optimizing allocation of sales and marketing resources and thereby driving revenue growth. We have developed a robust procedure to estimate A-TAM using a nonlinear optimization model along with reconciliation with market size and validated input from the field. The estimates are computed for the entire spectrum of HP products and services encompassing company hierarchy from individual accounts, sites and divisions to global entities. Additionally, A-TAM has been combined with transaction level data to identify the characteristics of customers which show tendency for increased spending over the years and use those characteristics to pin point customers likely to show similar behavior. The potential for increment in revenue is also quantified by analytically determining the factors which drive the revenue and use those for prediction.
An Improved Technique for the Preparation of Isolated Rat Adrenal Cells: A Sensitive, Accurate and Specific Method for the Assay of ACTH

Rat adrenal tissue is dispersed with a combination of tryptic digestion and mechanical agitation. Production of corticosterone by the isolated cells in response to a given quantity of ACTH is increased when the calcium concentration of the incubation medium is increased to 3 times that of KRB. Production of corticosterone is enhanced when BSA is added to the medium; production is greater at 0.5% than at 2.0 or 3.0% BSA. Minimum effective dose is 0.1 μU (1.0 pg) of ACTH. The accuracy of the isolated adrenal cell method for assay of ACTH is excellent; λ = 0.01–0.06 compared with λ =0.15–0.25 for other currently employed bioassay methods. In addition, the cells are highly selective; they do not respond to relatively large quantities (107 pg) of insulin, glucagon, oxytocin, vasopressin or angiotensin II. At 107 pg, α-MSH exhibits a weak action corresponding to that exhibited by 10 pg of ACTH. (Endocrinology 88: 1063, 1971)
Measurement of Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Soils

The potential application of this work is the detection and imaging of buried objects using acoustic methodology. To image buried artifacts, it is vital to know speed and attenuation of sound in the particular soil being examined because they vary in different soil types and at different moisture contents. To that end, our research involved six soils representing a range of properties expected to influence acoustic response. Clay ranged from 2 to 38%, silt from 1 to 82%, sand from 2 to 97%, and organic matter from 0.1 to 11.7%. Signals from an acoustic source were passed through soil samples and detected by an acoustically coupled hydrophone. From a total of 231 evaluations, we determined the acoustic attenuation coefficient and the propagation speed of sound in the soil samples as a function of four levels of soil moisture and two levels of compaction. Attenuation coefficients determined over frequencies of 2 to 6 kHz ranged from 0.12 to 0.96 dB cm -1 kHz -1 . Lower attenuation tended to be in loose dry samples. Correlation coefficients were 0.35 (P = 0.01) and 0.31 (P = 0.03) between attenuation and soil water content and soil bulk density, respectively. Propagation speeds ranged from 86 to 260 m s -1 . The correlation coefficient with speed was -0.28 (P = 0.05) for soil water content and -0.42 (P = 0.002) for total porosity. Given the acoustic properties, it is theoretically possible to detect an object down to ∼40 cm below the soil surface.
The Anharmonic Vibrational Potential and Relaxation Pathways of the Amide I and II Modes of N-Methylacetamide†

We investigate the influence of isotopic substitution and solvation of N-methylacetamide (NMA) on anharmonic vibrational coupling and vibrational relaxation of the amide I and amide II modes. Differences in the anharmonic potential of isotopic derivatives of NMA in D2O and DMSO-d6 are quantified by extraction of the anharmonic parameters and the transition dipole moment angles from cross-peaks in the two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectra. To interpret the effects of isotopic substitution and solvent interaction on the anharmonic potential, density functional theory and potential energy distribution calculations are performed. It is shown that the origin of anharmonic variation arises from differing local mode contributions to the normal modes of the NMA isotopologues, particularly in amide II. The time domain manifestation of the coupling is the coherent exchange of excitation between amide modes seen as the quantum beats in femtosecond pump−probes. The biphasic behavior of population relaxation of the...
Substance P innervation of equine synovial membranes: joint differences and neural and nonneural receptor localizations

Substance P (SP) immunocytochemistry and receptor autoradiography were used to define the innervation of the equine synovial membrane of joints equivalent to the wrist and knuckle of man. SP-immunoreactive fibers were mainly concentrated around blood vessels in the subsynovial layer, although not exclusively, while in the more distal joint, SP fibers were more frequently seen in the synovial surface layer. Iodinated SP receptor autoradiography studies revealed silver grain concentrations in the advential layer of blood vessels associated with the vasa vasorum, on the vascular endothelium and in the synovial surface. These findings suggest that SP has various sites of action within the synovial membrane, each of which may contribute both a sensory function and a different component of the inflammatory process to the joint.
Leucoanthocyanins of White Pine in relation to Weevil Attack

LEUCOANTHOCYANINS may serve as growth-promoting substances1 as well as precursors to tannin formation2. Both these functions suggest that leucoanthocyanins may be involved in the complex of factors which influence pest resistance in plants. With this possibility in mind, an investigation of the leucoanthocyanins of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) was carried out to determine the relationship between leucoanthocyanin content and susceptibility to white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi (Peck)).
The Coming of Genetics in the Control of Ingestion

The study of appetitive behavior in relation to obesity is now being enriched by molecular-genetic findings in experimental animals with genetic obesity and associated "feeding disorders". The opinion is expressed that the mutual enrichment of the disciplines of behavior and molecular biology will place the study of human ingestive behavior on a firm scientific base.
Characterization of Steroidogenesis in Cell Cultures of the Human Fetal Adrenal Cortex: Comparison of Definitive Zone and Fetal Zone Cells

Abstract The steroidogenic capacity of cells cultured from the definitive zone and fetal zone of the human fetal adrenal cortex was compared, using a serum-free medium without lipoproteins. Comparison of [3H]pregnenolone and [3H]progesterone metabolism in cultures from each zone incubated without ACTH indicated that only 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, δ4,5-isomerase (3/β-HSD) activity was deficient in fetal zone cultures. Basal 3/β-HSD activity was 3- to 5-fold lower in fetal zone cultures than in definitive zone cultures assayed after 3 or 10 days in culture. Although basal hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase activity was 2- to 4-fold greater in 3-day-old fetal zone cultures than in definitive zone cultures, this difference was not found in 10-day-old cultures due to a 3-fold decrease in fetal zone basal hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase activity. However, older cultures of fetal zone cells did maintain the characteristic high δ5-steroid sulfate and low δ4,3-ketosteroid basal production from [3H] pregnenolon...
Rhenium on W(110): Structure and mobility of higher clusters

Abstract Rhenium tetramers, pentamers, and larger clusters have been formed on W(110) and examined in the field ion microscope. Tetramers and pentamers exist in different configurations, but an open, ringlike structure predominates at high temperatures. In this configuration none of the component adatoms are in nearest neighbor sites, and the atoms can be individually resolved. The mobility of these open clusters has been explored, and found to be considerably higher than that of tri mers, or of larger aggregates.
A smooth topological representation for “quark-color” switching

“Quark-color” switching is given a smooth topological representation that leaves junction lines uncrossed by charge or momentum arcs. One of the 3 topological colors maintains a distinguished role, but color asymmetry is diminished with respect to an earlier nonsmooth switching proposal. It is shown that strong-interaction quantum surfaces now never become disconnected.
Is capsule endoscopy effective for screening and surveillance of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension

Is capsule endoscopy effective for screening and surveillance of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension?
Integrated Optics For Optical Computing

Several prospective geometries for integrated optics in optical computing are outlined. These include 2-D, 1-D arrays, single element and integrated opto-electronic devices. Design calculations are presented for optical waveguide addressing of nonlinear etalons, for waveguiding large optical cavity multiple quantum wells, and waveguiding nonlinear switches.
Radial Head Fractures

Radial head fractures are the most common adult elbow fracture. Our ability to treat these fractures has improved with increased understanding of elbow biomechanics. Based on fracture type, possible treatment includes nonoperative management, open reduction and internal fixation, radial head resection, and replacement arthroplasty. Management and operative technique are discussed.
Living Kidney Donation among Hispanics: A Qualitative Examination of Barriers and Opportunities

Context—Despite their increasing need for kidneys and low nonliving donation rates, minimal research has been conducted to ascertain the perceptions of Hispanic Americans about living organ donation and the process of asking for such a donation.Objective—To examine perceptions of Hispanics regarding barriers to and benefits of living donation as well as the process of asking someone to be a living donor.Design—A qualitative study consisting of 10 focus groups conducted in 2 series.Participants—Adult Spanish-language-dominant Hispanic members of the general population of Tucson, Arizona.Results—The main barriers to living organ donation were a lack of knowledge or information and fear of the donation process. Knowing that one has helped save or improve another's life was the central benefit. Most participants reported being willing to ask a relative to be a living donor if they were ever in need. Two main responses typified these individuals: no concern about asking because of a strong desire to fight for ...
Improving Science and Literacy Learning for English Language Learners: Evidence from a Pre-service Teacher Preparation Intervention

This paper present findings from a pre-service teacher development project that prepared novice teachers to promote English language and literacy development with inquiry-based science through a modified elementary science methods course and professional development for cooperating teachers. To study the project’s impact on student learning, we administered a pre and post assessment to students (N = 191) of nine first year elementary teachers (grades 3 through 6) who experienced the intervention and who taught a common science unit. Preliminary results indicate that (1) student learning improved across all categories (science concepts, writing, and vocabulary)—although the effect varied by category, and (2) English Language Learner (ELL) learning gains were on par with non-ELLs, with differences across proficiency levels for vocabulary gain scores. These results warrant further analyses to understand the extent to which the intervention improved teacher practice and student learning. This study confirms the findings of previous research that the integration of science language and literacy practices can improve ELL achievement in science concepts, writing and vocabulary. In addition, the study indicates that it is possible to begin to link the practices taught in pre-service teacher preparation to novice teacher practice and student learning outcomes.
A versatile monolithic RF amplifier using a dielectrically isolated monolithic microwave integrated circuit (DIMMIC)

A new RF integrated-circuit technology is described that overcomes the drawbacks of currently available integrated processes. This DIMMIC technology draws its advantage from its dielectric isolation, which minimizes parasitic substrate capacitance, and from its lack of increased collector resistance. Using this technology, a medium-power RF amplifier was built that reduced parts count and size significantly over its discrete counterpart without sacrificing performance. >
Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Networking for the Future Internet

To meet diverse, bandwidth-intensive applications envisioned in future optical networks, as well as address the shortcomings of the current Internet, novel networking technologies will be of great importance. We discuss several key issues for the future Internet, including network virtualization mechanisms, a programmable network architecture, parallelism of optical transmission, and guaranteed quality of service provisioning. Moreover, a new type of virtualized optical substrate architecture is proposed that utilizes optical orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), along with subwavelength switching and generic packet routing to realize the network bandwidth programmability. The main features, benefits, and design and implementation challenges of optical OFDMA networking based on sliceable routers are also described. Finally, an adaptive subcarrier allocation and assignment algorithm for future OFDMA-based networking is investigated, and a performance comparison between the proposed approach and legacy time division multiple access (TDMA)-based techniques is drawn.
FLOOD DEPENDENCY OF COTTONWOOD ESTABLISHMENT ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER, MONTANA, USA

Flow variability plays a central role in structuring the physical environment of riverine ecosystems. However, natural variability in flows along many rivers has been modified by water management activities. We quantified the relationship between flow and establishment of the dominant tree (plains cottonwood, Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera) along one of the least hydrologically altered alluvial reaches of the Missouri River: Coal Banks Landing to Landusky, Montana. Our purpose was to refine our understanding of how local fluvial geomorphic processes condition the relationship between flow regime and cottonwood recruitment. We determined date and elevation of tree establishment and related this information to historical peak stage and discharge over a 112-yr hydrologic record. Of the excavated trees, 72% were established in the year of a flow >1400 m3/s (recurrence interval of 9.3 yr) or in the following 2 yr. Flows of this magnitude or greater create the necessary bare, moist establishment sites at an elevation high enough to allow cottonwoods to survive subsequent floods and ice jams. Almost all cottonwoods that have survived the most recent flood (1978) were established >1.2 m above the lower limit of perennial vegetation (active channel shelf). Most younger individuals were established between 0 and 1.2 m, and are unlikely to survive over the long term. Protection of riparian cottonwood forest along this National Wild and Scenic section of the Missouri River depends upon maintaining the historical magnitude, frequency, and duration of floods >1400 m3/s. Here, a relatively narrow valley constrains lateral channel movement that could otherwise facil- itate cottonwood recruitment at lower flows. Effective management of flows to promote or maintain cottonwood recruitment requires an understanding of locally dominant fluvial geomorphic processes.
Transduction of Low-Copy Number Plasmids by Bacteriophage P22

The generalized transducing bacteriophage of Salmonella typhimurium, P22, can transduce plasmids in addition to chromosomal markers. Previous studies have concentrated on transduction of pBR322 by P22 and P22HT, the high transducing mutant of P22. This study investigates the mechanism of P22HT transduction of low-copy number plasmids, namely pSC101 derivatives. We show that P22HT transduces pSC101 derivatives that share homology with the chromosome by two distinct mechanisms. In the first mechanism, the plasmid integrates into the chromosome of the donor by homologous recombination. This chromosomal fragment is then packaged in the transducing particle. The second mechanism is a size-dependent mechanism involving a putative plasmid multimer. We propose that this multimer is formed by interplasmidic recombination. In contrast, P22HT can efficiently transduce pBR322 by a third mechanism, which is independent of plasmid homology with the chromosome. It has been proposed that the phage packages a linear concatemer created during rolling circle replication of pBR322, similar in fashion to phage genome packaging. This study investigates the role of RecA, RecD, and RecF recombination proteins in plasmid/plasmid and plasmid/chromosome interactions that form packageable substrates in the donor. We also examine the resolution of various transduced plasmid species in the recipient and the roles of RecA and RecD in these processes.
On the Impact of Realism of Mobility Models for Wireless Networks

We present PedSims, a suite of mobility models spanning the entire range from the classic random waypoint (RWP), to correlated movement, to trace-level-quality social-activity-based mobility. Instrumenting PedSims at various levels of structural complexity we assess and quantify the impact of real world mobility patterns, such as common interests or synchronous behavior, on ad hoc network performance. Thus, PedSims provides not only a flexible platform for mobility simulation but also a means to strike a trade-off between a tolerable error and computational complexity. Notably, as our study of DSR, AODV and SAFARI finds, neglecting to capture mobility patterns may result in inversion of the ranking of routing protocols as well as in over- and under-estimation of network performance. Further contributions include a bias correction for the sampling of node-node connection time.
Tsé Ch’ízhí Diné Bi’ólta’—Rough Rock, The People’s School: Reflections on a Half-Century of Navajo Community-Controlled Education (U.S. 1966)

This chapter provides an account of the first contemporary American Indian community-controlled school. Established in 1966 in the heart of the Navajo Nation, the Rough Rock Demonstration School (now Rough Rock Community School) was the first to have an all-Navajo governing board and to teach in and through the Native language. We begin with the demographic, economic, and historical antecedents that laid the foundation for the modern school. We then discuss the school’s early programs in culturally based education and Navajo community control. In the context of these programs, Rough Rock emerged as a model of American Indian self-determination, paving the way for some of the most significant federal Indian education policies of the twentieth century. We also explore an exemplary bilingual-bicultural initiative at the school, and the tensions and possibilities inherent in “doing” school in such a radically new way. Looking back nearly 50 years after the demonstration began, we conclude by discussing the current situation at Rough Rock, its efforts to sustain and revitalize the Navajo language, and the larger lessons the Rough Rock experience teaches.
Inversion for mantle viscosity profiles constrained by dynamic topography and the geoid, and their estimated errors

Summary We perform a joint inversion of Earth's geoid and dynamic topography for radial mantle viscosity structure using a number of models of interior density heterogeneities, including an assessment of the error budget. We identify three classes of errors: those related to the density perturbations used as input, those due to insufficiently constrained observables, and those due to the limitations of our analytical model. We estimate the amplitudes of these errors in the spectral domain. Our minimization function weights the squared deviations of the compared quantities with the corresponding errors, so that the components with more reliability contribute to the solution more strongly than less certain ones. We develop a quasi-analytical solution for mantle flow in a compressible, spherical shell with Newtonian rheology, allowing for continuous radial variations of viscosity, together with a possible reduction of viscosity within the phase change regions due to the effects of transformational superplasticity. The inversion reveals three distinct families of viscosity profiles, all of which have an order of magnitude stiffening within the lower mantle, with a soft D″ layer below. The main distinction among the families is the location of the lowest-viscosity region—directly beneath the lithosphere, just above 400 km depth or just above 670 km depth. All profiles have a reduction of viscosity within one or more of the major phase transformations, leading to reduced dynamic topography, so that whole-mantle convection is consistent with small surface topography.
The tyrosine phosphatase cdc25 selectively inhibits transcription of the Xenopus oocyte-type tRNAtyrC gene

The Xenopus tyrosine tRNAtyrC (TyrC) genes are developmentally regulated. These multicopy genes are expressed in early oocytes and inactivated as oocytes reach maturity. As shown here, this developmental regulation can be reproduced in vitro in extracts of early and late stage oocytes: the TyrC gene is transcribed in early oocyte extracts but is virtually inactive in mature oocyte extracts. The inability to transcribe the TyrC gene is not due to the lack of functional pol III transcriptional components, since the somatic-type TyrD gene is fully active in mature oocyte extracts. Instead, the loss of TyrC transcription appears to be due to a change in the template specificity of transcription factor TFIIIC: addition of TFIIIC from immature extracts restores TyrC transcription in mature extracts. In mixtures of immature and mature extracts, the transcriptional activity of the TyrC gene is reduced. The presence of sodium vanadate, an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatases, increases the level of TyrC transcription in the extract mixtures. Also, cdc25 phosphatase treatment of immature extracts causes a decrease in TyrC transcription which is reversed by addition of exogenous TFIIIC. These findings indicate that changes in phosphorylation state alters the template specificity of TFIIIC leading to the selective inactivation of oocyte type TyrC genes.
Finding Harbingers of Violent Conflict: Using Pattern Recognition to Anticipate Conflicts

This paper describes a particular use of pattern recognition techniques to identify pre-conflict situations. The goal is to find particular circumstances (which appear as patterns) in the descriptions of individual countries' situations before the outbreak of violent conflicts. If we find such patterns, we can then scan for them in current news reports. If we find a pattern in the current description of a country, we can then say “When we have seen this pattern before, 'x' percent of the time a conflict has erupted within 12 months.” To accomplish this, the paper describes methods for getting alerts that a conflict is about to erupt, the information needed to get those alerts, how to organize that information, and a procedure for searching for patterns in that information.