cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cleckley’s psychopaths: Revisited.

The most influential figure in the study of psychopathy is Hervey Cleckley, the author of the widely cited text, "The Mask of Sanity" (Cleckley, 1941, 1955). Researchers often refer to Cleckley when disputing what should belong within a conceptualization or assessment of psychopathy, at times disagreeing as to what Cleckley meant or intended. Cleckley though included within his text 15 detailed case studies of prototypic psychopaths. The current study was the first to provide systematic ratings of these 15 cases, including ratings with respect to (a) the 16 Cleckley criteria (e.g., anxiousness and inadequately motivated antisocial behavior), (b) 33 additional traits included within or considered for more recently developed measures and models of psychopathy (e.g., boldness, fearlessness, disobliged, cruelty, and aggression), and (c) 30 traits of the 5-factor model of general personality. The results are discussed with respect to implications for both historic and current models of psychopathy.
Association of Light-Intensity Physical Activity With Lower Cardiovascular Disease Risk Burden in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To characterize physical activity (PA) in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to determine the associations between PA participation at light to moderate intensities and cardiovascular disease risk factors, disability, and disease activity. METHODS The cross-sectional study used data from 2 RA cohorts. PA was measured using an accelerometry-based activity monitor, recording minutes/day spent in sedentary (≤1 metabolic equivalent [MET]), very light (1.1-1.9 METs), light (2-2.9 METs), and moderate activities (≥3 METs). Cardiovascular markers included body mass index, blood pressure, insulin resistance, and lipid profile. Disability and disease activity were measured using the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), respectively. Associations between PA at each intensity level and health markers were assessed by multiple linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, and cohort. RESULTS Ninety-eight subjects (mean ± SD age 58 ± 9 years, 85% female) were included. Subjects spent 9.8 hours/day being sedentary, 3.5 hours/day engaged in very light PA, 2.1 hours/day engaged in light PA, and 35 minutes/day engaged in moderate PA. Only 17% were physically active (≥150 minutes/week of moderate PA in 10-minute bouts). Regression models showed that very light, light, and moderate PA were inversely associated with most cardiovascular disease risk factors and HAQ and DAS28 scores (R(2) Δ range 0.04-0.52, P < 0.05). The associations between PA and cardiovascular disease markers were either equivalent or stronger at very light and light intensities, as compared to moderate intensity. CONCLUSION Individuals with RA are mostly active at very light and light intensities. PA at these intensity levels associates favorably with cardiovascular markers and lower disability and disease activity in RA.
On Guan Yunshi's Acceptance of the Han Culture and Tradition

Acceptance and merge are themes of literature in times of national blending.Guan Yunshi was a renowned Uyghur man of letters in "Sanqu" for its bold and uninhabited style of delicate feature.His ideological cultivation,life experience and literary creation fully reveal that a writer like him was immersed and influenced by the Han cultural traditions and combined with the cultures of his own nationality,which vividly illustrates the cohesiveness of the Han culture and his own culture in times of national blending.This is significant to us to correctly understand
Mockery through caricature: a variant of introjection utilized by a masochistic woman.

This case study of a woman with moral masochism focuses upon her characteristic defenses. Particular attention is paid to her utilization of a variant of identification. This patient's mother was a strict, harsh disciplinarian who insisted upon total compliance as a condition for her approval and love. This roused considerable anger and resentment in this patient but also intense anxiety, lest she lose her mother's love. To deal with this, she adopted an ingenious strategy. She established a veneer of pseudocompliance, following her mother's dictates to the letter. She incorporated many of her severe attitudes. She took these to an extreme, in effect caricaturing her. Through this process of exaggerating these bits of maternal behavior she made herself miserable, i.e., she became anhedonic, anorectic, and anorgasmic except via painful anal intercourse. This was a most useful compromise formation that enabled her to appear as her mother's ideal child and, therefore, retain her love. At the same time, by achieving a state of misery through following her mother's orders, she exposed her as ridiculous, and thus covertly discharged considerable aggression.
Seizures and Anti-NMDA-Receptor Encephalitis

The clinical and immunological features of 100 patients with encephalitis associated with antibodies against NR1-NR2 heteromers of the NMDA receptor were analyzed in a study at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania.
The Development of Representations of Pretend Object Substitutions.

ABSTRACTMany theories of how pretense is mentally represented have been posited, but none have been effectually empirically tested to date. This research is the first to explore how children and adults mentally process simple pretend actions, specifically pretend object substitutions, and whether this representation changes with age. Preschoolers, older children, and undergraduates heard or read about a variety of pretend object substitutions, and their reaction time to name an image related to the object's real identity, pretend identity, or an unrelated image was measured. To test what is unique to pretense, these reaction times were compared to those from participants who responded to the same images after reading about nonpretend versions of the same actions. Results suggest that preschoolers inhibit reality when representing a pretend action, older children activate an object's real and pretend identities equally, and adults activate the object's real identity more than the pretend one. Implications ...
A Framework for Identifying Organic Compounds of Concern in Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids Based on Their Mobility and Persistence in Groundwater

We developed a screening framework for identifying organic components of hydraulic fracturing fluid with increased probability of exposure via groundwater based on mobility, persistence, toxicity, and frequency of use. Of 996 organic fracturing fluid compounds identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and FracFocus for four states, data were available to perform an initial screening of 659 compounds for sufficient mobility and persistence to reach a water well under fast and slow groundwater transport scenarios. For the fast transport scenario, 15 compounds identified on at least 50 FracFocus reports were predicted to have an elevated exposure potential, which was defined as ≥10% of the initial concentration remaining at a transport distance of 94 m, the average setback distance in the United States. Of these 15 compounds, two were identified on >20% of FracFocus reports (naphthalene and 2-butoxyethanol), four were compounds identified on >5% of reports, and three had health-based standards.
Characterization of PVT variation & aging induced hold time margins of flip-flop arrays at NTV in 22nm tri-gate CMOS

With increasing process variation in scaled technology nodes along with voltage and temperature variations and aging degradations, critical timing circuits are impacted which leads to potential loss of performance and yield. In this paper we study the impact of process induced variations on frequency independent min-delay failures in flip-flops in 22nm tri-gate CMOS and demonstrate through novel test-structures the overall impact of within-die and die-to-die hold time fluctuations across a wide range of process skews, temperatures, voltages and aging conditions. This will guide robust silicon-calibrated statistical design methodologies and process targets for min-delay failure mitigation, especially at near-threshold voltage (NTV). Further we demonstrate local clock driver boosting as a potential scheme for yield improvement at NTV, with only 10–20% boost and minimal overheads.
Introduction and Classification of the Chiari Malformations

Once an uncommon clinical finding, the Chiari malformations are now frequently seen with the advent of more sophisticated imaging modalities. With over 100 years of experience with these entities, we currently have a much better understanding of their embryology and pathophysiology. However, many gaps still exist in our knowledge of the Chiari malformations. Long-term outcome studies are becoming more prevalent and patients are commonly operated on with generally favorable results. Since their original classification, the Chiari malformations have grown to include smaller subsets. Herein, we focus on the two most common forms of hindbrain herniation, the Chiari I and II malformations. As with any rapidly changing field, knowledge of the natural history of the untreated condition is essential before recommending intervention.
Piecing together the aggression puzzle: Testing the mediating variables linking early to later aggression.

Results from several studies show that early aggression predicts later aggression; however, few studies have examined the mediating mechanisms in these relations. The paucity of research that has tested mediation found that aggressive motives and hostile attributions are important causal processes. This past work is limited by not measuring aggression multiple times throughout the study to test aggression change over time and the variables that mediate such change. The current study had participants (N = 90) interact with a same-sex confederate on a modified version of the Tangram Task-our measure of aggressive behavior-for three trials. At each trial, participants completed a measure of aggressive motivations, assigned tangram puzzles for their partner to solve, were provoked (or not) by their ostensible partner, and then completed an assessment of aggressive attributions regarding their partner's behavior. Results showed that, for provoked participants, the relation between Time 1 aggressive attributions predicted Time 3 aggressive behavior through the following temporal mediated pathway: Time 2 aggressive attributions, Time 2 aggressive behavior, and Time 3 aggressive motivations.
Heart Rate Variability and Training Load Among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 College Football Players Throughout Spring Camp.

Flatt, AA, Esco, MR, Allen, JR, Robinson, JB, Earley, RL, Fedewa, MV, Bragg, A, Keith, CM, and Wingo, JE. Heart rate variability and training load among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 college football players throughout spring camp. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3127-3134, 2018-The purpose of this study was to determine whether recovery of cardiac-autonomic activity to baseline occurs between consecutive-day training sessions among positional groups of a collegiate football team during Spring camp. A secondary aim was to evaluate relationships between chronic (i.e., 4-week) heart rate variability (HRV) and training load parameters. Baseline HRV (lnRMSSD_BL) was compared with HRV after ∼20 hours of recovery before next-day training (lnRMSSDpost20) among positional groups composed of SKILL (n = 11), MID-SKILL (n = 9), and LINEMEN (n = 5) with a linear mixed model and effect sizes (ES). Pearson and partial correlations were used to quantify relationships between chronic mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of lnRMSSD (lnRMSSD_chronic and lnRMSSDcv, respectively) with the mean and CV of PlayerLoad (PL_chronic and PL_cv, respectively). A position × time interaction was observed for lnRMSSD (p = 0.01). lnRMSSD_BL was higher than lnRMSSDpost20 for LINEMEN (p 0.05). Players with greater body mass experienced larger reductions in lnRMSSD (r = -0.62, p < 0.01). Longitudinally, lnRMSSDcv was significantly related to body mass (r = 0.48) and PL_chronic (r = -0.60). After adjusting for body mass, lnRMSSDcv and PL_chronic remained significantly related (r = -0.43). The ∼20-hour recovery time between training sessions on consecutive days may not be adequate for restoration of cardiac-parasympathetic activity to baseline among LINEMEN. Players with a lower chronic training load throughout camp experienced greater fluctuation in lnRMSSD (i.e., lnRMSSDcv) and vice versa. Thus, a capacity for greater chronic workloads may be protective against perturbations in cardiac-autonomic homeostasis among American college football players.
Nonlinear Differential Equations in Physics and Their Geometrical Integrability Properties

The attempt of this line of research is to try to treat Yang-Mills, and gravitational fields as nonlinear systems, and try to see how much they possess the geometrical integrability properties that have been the guiding force in many two-dimension nonlinear systems. Though the study so far has been quite formal and mathematical, the ultimate goal we have in mind is for particle physics: to solve the full Yang Mills and gravitational fields, and to formulate new ways to quantize the fields.
Reduced innate immunity of Cuban Treefrogs at leading edge of range expansion

During geographic range expansion, populations of non-indigenous species at the invasion front may benefit from directing resources away from immune defense. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the strength of two innate immune components in populations of invasive Cuban Treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in a long-colonized area (core region) and at the invasion front (leading-edge region). First, we compared the region-specific metabolic response of frogs injected with an endotoxin that induces systemic inflammation (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) to sham-injected control frogs pooled from both regions. Males and females were analyzed independently because we detected a sex-related difference in mass-independent metabolism of control frogs, with males exhibiting a significantly higher metabolic rate (F1, 21 = 29.02, P < 0.001) than females. We observed a significantly higher metabolic rate in LPS-injected core frogs compared with control frogs for both males (P = 0.041) and females (P = 0.007). Conversely, in leading-edge populations, there was no significant difference in the metabolic rate of LPS-injected and control frogs (males, P = 0.195; females, P = 0.132). Second, we directly compared bacterial killing ability of frog blood plasma between regions. Bactericidal ability of plasma was significantly greater in frogs from the core region in comparison with those at the leading edge (F1, 26 = 28.67, P < 0.001). For both immune components that we examined, populations from the core exhibited stronger immune responses. Our findings support hypotheses predicting an inverse relationship between immunity and range expansion.
Electronic Medical Systems

The use of EMRs is now widespread. The adoption of electronic medical records has changed the practice of clinical care and requires training of residents in effective use, while many faculty are still struggling to optimize theirs. The EMR allows the development of new note formats but also raises pitfalls of copy forwarding and note bloat. The EMR can be a useful tool or a distraction during patient-physician interaction, and best practices are evolving around exam room usage. The EMR also serves as a means of communication between the team and work flows around lab results, and patient communication must be established. Finally, the EMR can enhance population health and be a tool for panel management. This chapter focuses on teaching and evaluating resident practice in these skills.
Bidirectional relations among executive function, teacher–child relationships, and early reading and math achievement: A cross-lagged panel analysis

Abstract Though prior research has examined the links between executive function (EF) – the higher order cognitive processes involved in self-regulation – and academic achievement, and between teacher–child relationships and academic achievement, few studies have examined the extent to which EF, teacher–child conflict, and academic achievement are related. The present study explores the longitudinal, bidirectional relations among direct assessments of children’s EF and early reading and math achievement and teacher-reports of relationship closeness and conflict with target children. Data were collected with N = 759 children in fall and spring of kindergarten and in fall of first grade. The results confirm bidirectional associations between EF and math achievement. Moreover, the study finds that conflict with teachers predicts EF and reading achievement, but not math achievement, though the relations are not bidirectional.
Chemotherapy-Induced Tunneling Nanotubes Mediate Intercellular Drug Efflux in Pancreatic Cancer

Intercellular communication plays a critical role in the ever-evolving landscape of invasive cancers. Recent studies have elucidated the potential role of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) in this function. TNTs are long, filamentous, actin-based cell protrusions that mediate direct cell-to-cell communication between malignant cells. In this study, we investigated the formation of TNTs in response to variable concentrations of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, which is used extensively in the treatment of cancer patients. Doxorubicin stimulated an increased formation of TNTs in pancreatic cancer cells, and this occurred in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, TNTs facilitated the intercellular redistribution of this drug between connected cells in both pancreatic and ovarian cancer systems in vitro. To provide supportive evidence for the relevance of TNTs in pancreatic cancer in vivo, we performed multiphoton fluorescence microscopy and imaged TNTs in tumor specimens resected from three human patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and one with neuroendocrine carcinoma. In sum, TNT formation was upregulated in aggressive forms of pancreatic carcinoma, was further stimulated after chemotherapy exposure, and acted as a novel method for drug efflux. These findings implicate TNTs as a potential novel mechanism of drug resistance in chemorefractory forms of cancer.
Reverse Spikeology: Predicting Single Spikes

Neural models that simulate single spike trains can help us understand the basic principles of neural coding in vision. Keat et al. (2001) develop a hybrid model that combines spatiotemporal filtering with nonlinear spike generation. The model does a good job of predicting the responses of single retinal ganglion cells and thalamic relay neurons.
Spatially Restricted Regulation of Spätzle/Toll Signaling during Cell Competition.

Cell competition employs comparisons of fitness to selectively eliminate cells sensed as less healthy. In Drosophila, apoptotic elimination of the weaker "loser" cells from growing wing discs is induced by a signaling module consisting of the Toll ligand Spatzle (Spz), several Toll-related receptors, and NF-κB factors. How this module is activated and restricted to competing disc cells is unknown. Here, we use Myc-induced cell competition to demonstrate that loser cell elimination requires local wing disc synthesis of Spz. We identify Spz processing enzyme (SPE) and modular serine protease (ModSP) as activators of Spz-regulated competitive signaling and show that "winner" cells trigger elimination of nearby WT cells by boosting SPE production. Moreover, Spz requires both Toll and Toll-8 to induce apoptosis of wing disc cells. Thus, during cell competition, Spz-mediated signaling is strictly confined to the imaginal disc, allowing errors in tissue fitness to be corrected without compromising organismal physiology.
P-wave attenuation structure of the Lau back-arc basin and implications for mantle wedge processes

Abstract We image 3-D seismic P-wave attenuation structure of the Tonga subduction zone and the Lau back-arc basin using local earthquake waveforms recorded by land and ocean bottom seismographs of the 2009–2010 Lau Spreading Center Imaging project. The amplitude spectra of P waves from local earthquakes are inverted for the path-average attenuation operator ( t ⁎ ), with a variety of frequency-dependence exponent values (α). Analysis shows that the data are best fit by the assumption of a weak frequency dependence ( α ≈ 0.3 ), consistent with laboratory results modeled as the effects of grain boundary sliding. The t ⁎ measurements are inverted for a 3-D tomographic Q P − 1 model. The results show high P-wave attenuation within the upper 100 km of the back-arc mantle, with a sharp boundary at the Tofua arc between high attenuation sub-arc mantle and the low attenuation fore-arc. Perhaps the highest P-wave attenuation ( Q P − 1 ≈ 0.036 or Q P ≈ 28 ) known in the mantle occurs at 20–60 km depth beneath the back-arc spreading centers. High attenuation anomalies form an inclined zone dipping from the spreading centers to the west away from the slab, indicating abnormally high temperature and the existence of hydrous partial melt. These observations suggest that hot materials supplied from the Australian mantle upwell along with the mantle wedge flow pattern, triggering extensive decompression melting near the back-arc spreading centers. The along-strike variation of P-wave attenuation is different from that of SV-velocity, possibly implying the different effects of partial melt on seismic attenuation and velocity.
Incidence of Intraspinal and Extraspinal MRI Abnormalities in Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

Abstract Study Design Retrospective study with follow-up. Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of intraspinal and extraspinal MRI abnormalities in a consecutive series of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and to describe the evaluation and management of these abnormalities. Summary of Background Data Indications for preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with AIS remain controversial. Previous studies have reported a wide range of abnormality rates; however, the majority of these studies focus on a nonconsecutive series of patients, and none of these studies report the incidence of extraspinal abnormalities. Methods We studied a consecutive series of patients with AIS managed with spinal deformity surgery. All patients underwent a routine neural axis MRI prior to surgery. MRI reports were reviewed, and intraspinal and extraspinal abnormalities were recorded. Additional chart review and follow-up was performed to determine the rates of evaluation and management for these abnormalities. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the incidence and types of abnormalities, as well as the rates of evaluation and management. Results This study included a consecutive series of 259 patients with AIS. MRI abnormalities were noted in 115 patients (44%). After excluding patients with degenerative changes, MRI abnormalities were noted in 64 patients (25%). The incidence of Chiari malformation was 4.2% and syringomyelia was 5%. Extraspinal abnormalities were noted in 10% of patients, and these findings ranged from benign cysts to malignant soft tissue tumor. Approximately 10% of patients needed additional evaluation because of their preoperative MRI findings, and 0.7% of patients required surgical management prior to spinal deformity surgery. Conclusions Significant MRI abnormalities were noted in patients with AIS, and some patients required further evaluation prior to surgery. Additional study including cost-effectiveness analysis is needed to better define the role of preoperative MRI in patients with AIS. Level of Evidence Level II.
Discovering functional impacts of miRNAs in cancers using a causal deep learning model

Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in regulating gene expression under physiological and pathological conditions such as cancers. However, it remains a challenging problem to discover the target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of a miRNA in a data driven fashion. On one hand, sequence-based methods for predicting miRNA targets tend to make too many false positive calls. On the other hand, analyzing expression correlation between miRNAs and mRNAs cannot establish whether relationship between a pair of correlated miRNA and mRNA is causal. In this study, we designed a deep learning model, referred to as miRNA causal deep net (mCADET), which aims to explicitly represent two types of statistical relationships between miRNAs and mRNAs: correlation resulting from confounded co-regulation and correlation as a result of causal regulation. The model utilizes a deep neural network to simulate transcription mechanism that leads to co-expression of miRNA and mRNA, and, in addition, it also contains directed edges from miRNAs to mRNAs to capture causal relationships among them. We trained the mCADET model using pan-cancer miRNA and mRNA data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project to investigate mechanism of co-expression and causal interactions between miRNAs and mRNAs. Quantitative analyses of the results indicate that the mCADET significantly outperforms conventional deep learning models when modeling combined miRNA and mRNA expression data, indicating its superior capability of capturing the high-order statistical structures in the data. Qualitative analysis of predicted targets of miRNAs indicate that predictions by mCADET agree well with existing knowledge. Finally, the predictions by mCADET have a significantly lower false discovery rate and better overall accuracy in comparison to sequence-based and correlation-based methods when comparing to experimental results. The mCADET model can simultaneously infer the states of cellular signaling system regulating co-expression of miRNAs and mRNAs, while capturing their causal relationships in a data-driven fashion.
Evaluating the performance of rarity as a surrogate in site prioritization for biodiversity conservation

Abstract To solve the minimum-set coverage problem in conservation planning (representing the greatest number of species in the least number of sites), several metrics can be used to prioritize sites based on their conservation importance. Traditionally, species richness has been the most widely used approach, but previous studies suggest that it is one of the least effective. Alternative metrics such as complementarity algorithms have produced better results, for which they have been used in recent conservation studies. In this study, we assessed the performance of a new potential surrogate: rarity indices. Specifically, we tested rarity-weighted richness (RWR), index of summed rarity (ISR) and index of relative rarity (IRR), to determine if they are effective surrogates of biodiversity when solving the minimum-set coverage problem. We tested the rarity indices in 14 datasets spanning varying extents and grains, and found that rarity consistently outperformed species richness, even when accounting for the differences in rarity index performance. In some cases, rarity outperformed the complementarity solution, suggesting that it is a promising alternative surrogate that can be easily tested in situations where conservation action resources are limited. Rarity indices have been seldom assessed for their surrogacy effectiveness, and to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to test IRR and ISR in this context. Our results justify the need for future studies to elucidate the importance and applicability of rarity indices in conservation planning.
Fault detection using bispectral features and one-class classifiers

Abstract Smart manufacturing systems are equipped with various sensors to collect engineering variables for monitoring of manufacturing process quality, such as fault detection. Multiple fundamental difficulties, however, arise in the fault detection including high nonlinearity, high dimensionality, unequal batch length, unsynchronized batch trajectory and imbalance in the ratio of fault data and normal data in the sensor time series recordings. To capture the dynamics, nonlinearity and non-Gaussianity in the recordings, we design a feature extraction method using bispectral features and Principal Component Analysis (PCA); to address the class-imbalance issue, we use one-class classifiers. We evaluate the proposed method using recall, precision, G-means and Area Under ROC Curve (AUC) on a publicly available benchmark of a real semiconductor etching dataset for fault detection. It is demonstrated that bispectral features processed further by PCA can significantly improve the fault detection accuracy and lower the false alarm rate of one-class classifiers. The k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) can achieve the 100% fault detection rate and zero false alarm in the 10-fold cross validation test.
Rethinking Professional Development in Rural Communities for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In this manuscript the authors propose a professional development model for teachers of students with autism spectrum disorder who are served in rural communities. The components of this four-tiere...
Effect of Essential Oils on Growth of a Common Respiratory Tract Pathogen

Background: Essential oils (EOs) comprise a variety of volatile aromatic compounds derived from plants and have long been used for healthcare applications. EOs induce their effects on the body either through the olfactory nerve or the bloodstream. The effects of EOs on the respiratory system, especially as they pertain to respiratory infections, have been studied in vitro and in animal models; however, data on how microbes react to EOs is minimal and more is needed to confirm EOs possess an antimicrobial effect. Tea tree oil (Carson 2006, PMID 16418522) and eucalyptus oil (Bachir and Benali 2012, PMID 23570005) are among the EOs proposed to possess antimicrobial properties in the airways, and are commonly used as alternatives to or in addition to medications used to alleviate symptoms associated with common respiratory illnesses such as colds, influenza and pneumonias. In addition to tea tree oil (TTO) and eucalyptus oil (EUO), lavender oil (LO) is thought to alleviate symptoms of bronchial asthma through attenuation of the inflammatory cell response and mucous cell hyperplasia. One group found inhalation of LO in mice reduced the number of eosinophils and total white blood cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, reduced numbers of IL-4, 5, and 13 in lung tissue, and reduced Muc5b expression in lung tissue (Ueno-lio 2014, PMID 24909715); however, this has yet to be replicated in mice models. We sought to answer if a mixture of LO, TTO, and EUO essential oils inhibit bacterial growth, and if so, at what minimum concentration? . Methods: A dilution curve was used to estimate the number of bacteria. 1e6 CFU of S. pneumonia were mixed, diluted and exposed to 4%, 2%, 1%, 0.5% and 0.25% concentrations of LO, EUO, TTO, and a mix (M) of the three for 1 h. Colonies to signify inhibition were counted the next day. An initial pilot experiment showed no inhibition for LO, so it was not included in the second experiment (reported in the graph). Results: No inhibition was noted at 0.25% or 0.5% for all EOs tested. EUO and M showed decreased growth means at 1%, unexpected levels for 2% and all EOs had decreased means at 4%. Conclusions: Each EO displayed a decreased growth mean value at one or more concentrations, but EUO better demonstrated a pattern of inhibition with increasing oil concentration. Despite this pattern, the EOs tested produced no significant inhibition (P=0.099 by Kruskal-Wallis test). Longer EO exposure may have yielded significant inhibition.
A Probabilistic Infection Model for Efficient Trace-Prediction of Disease Outbreaks in Contact Networks

We propose a novel method which we call the Probabilistic Infection Model (PIM). Instead of stochastically assigning exactly one state to each agent at a time, PIM tracks the likelihood of each agent being in a particular state. Thus, a particular agent can exist in multiple disease states concurrently. Our model gives an improved resolution of transitions between states, and allows for a more comprehensive view of outbreak dynamics at the individual level. Moreover, by using a probabilistic approach, our model gives a representative understanding of the overall trajectories of simulated outbreaks without the need for numerous (order of hundreds) of repeated Monte Carlo simulations.
The Extent of Externalities from Medicare Payment Policy

Uses a contemporary bundled payment reform and a difference-in-differences research design to estimate spillovers from Medicare payment reforms to non-Medicare populations
High-Speed Broadband Plasmonic-Silicon Modulator Integrated with Epsilon-Near-Zero Conductive Oxide

We demonstrated a compact broadband plasmonic-silicon electro-absorption modulator driven by epsilon-near-zero conductive oxide, covering the entire C-band from 1515nm to 1580nm wavelength. It achieved 3.5 GHz modulation bandwidth and 4.5 Gb/s data rate.
Rethinking Multicultural Counseling Competence: An Introduction to the Major Contribution:

In this introductory article of the Major Contribution, we explore the construct of multicultural counseling competence, particularly its inception and the early social movements from which it evol...
MG53 slows neuromuscular junction loss and prolongs survival in ALS

Respiratory failure from progressive respiratory muscle weakness is the most common cause of death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Defects in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and progressive NMJ loss occur at early stages, thus stabilizing and preserving NMJs represents a potential therapeutic strategy to slow ALS disease progression. Here we demonstrate that NMJ damage is repaired by MG53, an intrinsic muscle protein involved in plasma membrane repair. Compromised diaphragm muscle membrane repair and NMJ integrity are early pathological findings in ALS. Diaphragm muscles from ALS mouse models show increased susceptibility to injury and intracellular MG53 aggregation, which is also a hallmark of human muscle samples from ALS patients. We show that systemic administration of recombinant human MG53 protein (rhMG53) in ALS mice protects against injury to diaphragm muscle, preserves NMJ integrity, and slows ALS disease progression. As MG53 is present in circulation in rodents and humans under physiological conditions, our findings provide proof-of-concept data supporting MG53 as a potentially safe and effective therapy to mitigate ALS progression.
Measurements of trajectories and spatial distributions of diatoms (Coscinodiscus spp.) at dissipation scales of turbulence

Diatoms are a group of photosynthetic microorganisms that play important roles in aquatic food webs and global biogeochemical cycles. They reside in the upper layer of oceans and lakes, and their interactions with the dissipation scales of turbulence govern a variety of processes, such as nutrient acquisition, prey–predator interactions, and aggregation. Interactions of cells with turbulence may also alter vertical motions and spatial distributions. However, observations of these interactions remain scarce because of the difficulty of generating ecologically relevant flows in the lab or tracking microscopic cells in the field. Here, we present an experimental system capable of measuring trajectories and spatial distributions of live diatom cells in turbulence. The small-volume turbulence tank uses stochastic forcing to restrict mean flow while producing homogeneous turbulence statistics at relatively high Reynolds number. Individual cell trajectories are tracked in three dimensions with a volumetric particle imager that uses the principle of defocused imaging combined with a double-pinhole aperture mask to obtain particle positions in three dimensions using a single camera. We conducted experiments at two different turbulence intensities and our results show that while root-mean-square velocities of diatoms are similar to those of tracer particles, their spatial distributions indicate enhanced clustering at the dissipation scales in comparison with tracer particles. This clustering behaviour is surprising both because diatom cells are characterised by a very low Stokes number and because clustering decreases when the turbulence intensity (and dissipation rate) increases. Several mechanisms could explain this result, including cell shape effects and active regulation of cell density in response to the ambient turbulence.
The Heart of the Problem in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe, life-threatening, post-COVID-19 hyperinflammatory illness that is not yet fully understood. In this issue of Med, de Cevins et al. used a multi-parametric approach to define COVID-19-related disease, specifically identifying a molecular signature of the most severe form of COVID-19-related illness: MIS-C with myocarditis.1.
Steel, Flexed-Tailed, Splotch, and Varitint-Waddler

The alleles at the Sl locus (chromosome 10)1 are of special interest because, like those of the W-series, they too adversely affect melanogenesis, erythropoiesis, and germ cell development. The first mutation at this locus, Sl, arose spontaneously in a C3H line at Oak Ridge (Sarvella and L. Russell, 1956).
Numerical simulations of premixed cool flames of dimethyl ether/oxygen mixtures

Abstract The formation and dynamics of premixed cool flames are numerically investigated by using a detailed kinetic mechanism of dimethyl ether mixtures in both freely-propagating and stretched counterflow flames with and without ozone sensitization. The present study focuses on the dynamics and transitions between cool flames and high temperature flames. The impacts of mixture temperature, inert gas temperature, and ozone concentration on low temperature ignition, cool flame formation, and flammable regions of different flame regimes are investigated. For the freely-propagating flames, three different flame structures (high temperature flames, double flames, and cool flames) are found. The present study shows that the flammability limit of dimethyl ether is significantly extended by the appearance of cool flames and that the conventional concept of the flammability limit of a high temperature flame ought to be reconsidered. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the cool flame propagation speed can be significantly higher than that of near-limit high temperature flames and that ozone addition dramatically accelerates the formation of cool flames at low temperatures and extends the flammability limit. A schematic of a modified flammability limit diagram including both high temperature flames and cool flames is proposed. For stretched counterflow flames, the results also show that multiple flame regimes exist with and without ozone addition. It is demonstrated that at the same mixture enthalpy, ozone addition kinetically extends the cool flame extinction limit to a higher stretch rate. Moreover, with ozone addition, two different cool flame transition regimes: a low temperature ignition transition and a direct cool flame transition without an ignition limit at higher temperature, are predicted. The present results suggest that cool flames can be an important combustion process in affecting flammability limits and flame regimes as the mixture temperature, turbulent mixing, and radical production/recirculation are increased. The results also provide guidance in observing self-sustaining premixed cool flames in experiments.
Pulmonary Hemodynamics: Implications for High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)

The role of pulmonary hemodynamics is central to the pathogenesis of high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). High pulmonary artery pressure is a marker of HAPE susceptibility in hypoxia and to a lesser extent in normoxia. Compared to non-susceptible subjects high pulmonary artery pressure is present not only at rest, but also during exercise and sleep. The reasons for elevated pulmonary artery pressure in HAPE susceptible subjects include increased vasomotor tone, severe hypoxic vasoconstriction and diminished capacity of the pulmonary circulation. Overperfusion of some parts of the capillary bed and wave reflections in the pulmonary circulation may result in pressure transients in the peripheral circulation which are considerably greater than the pressure in the main arteries.
Anthocyanidins and related compounds—XVI: The dimerization of flavylium salts in aqueous solutions

Abstract 7-Hydroxyflavylium salts dimerize in aqueous acetic acid solutions to form benzopyrylium salts substituted at position 4 with the corresponding dihydrochalcone nucleus. It is proposed that this dimerization involves initial condensation of the flavylium salt and its carbinol base to give a product which then undergoes a series of intermolecular hydride ion transfer reactions. It is also suggested that flavones are formed as by-products in these flavylium dimerization reactions.
Bilingual Memory Revisited

Abstract In this paper we address the question of how the bilingual stores information. We begin with a brief review of the research on bilingual memory. Our aim here is not to be exhaustive but representative. Next we turn to some recent work to bear on the question of bilingual memory. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for our understanding of how the bilingual mind is organized.
Web Content Management

Web sites have become increasingly important for organizations of all kinds. While a wide variety of content is created, stored, and used by organization members, efficient and effective Web content management is vital to assuring the quality and deployment of Web content. This chapter briefly reviews the history of Web content development and focuses on the content creation and organization processes. Content creation starts the life cycle of Web content. A well-rounded planning process is necessary to set policies and procedures. Web content authoring and management is an activity-intensive process in which interactions and collaboration among different groups of people need to be supported by a carefully designed workflow and technology. Metadata and taxonomies are important tools to organize the content for easy access. Finally, issues and trends on content and technical requirements, access control, economic and legal aspects, security, digital rights management, and knowledge-driven approach in organizing Web content are discussed. Keywords: collaborative authoring; concurrent versions system (CVS); content transformation; document management; metadata; version control
Absence of the intestinal microbiota exacerbates hepatobiliary disease in a murine model of primary sclerosing cholangitis

UNLABELLED Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic, idiopathic, fibroinflammatory cholangiopathy. The role of the microbiota in PSC etiopathogenesis may be fundamentally important, yet remains obscure. We tested the hypothesis that germ-free (GF) mutltidrug resistance 2 knockout (mdr2(-/-) ) mice develop a distinct PSC phenotype, compared to conventionally housed (CV) mdr2(-/-) mice. Mdr2(-/-) mice (n = 12) were rederived as GF by embryo transfer, maintained in isolators, and sacrificed at 60 days in parallel with age-matched CV mdr2(-/-) mice. Serum biochemistries, gallbladder bile acids, and liver sections were examined. Histological findings were validated morphometrically, biochemically, and by immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM). Cholangiocyte senescence was assessed by p16(INK4a) in situ hybridization in liver tissue and by senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining in a culture-based model of insult-induced senescence. Serum biochemistries, including alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and bilirubin, were significantly higher in GF mdr2(-/-) (P < 0.01). Primary bile acids were similar, whereas secondary bile acids were absent, in GF mdr2(-/-) mice. Fibrosis, ductular reaction, and ductopenia were significantly more severe histopathologically in GF mdr2(-/-) mice (P < 0.01) and were confirmed by hepatic morphometry, hydroxyproline assay, and IFM. Cholangiocyte senescence was significantly increased in GF mdr2(-/-) mice and abrogated in vitro by ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment. CONCLUSIONS GF mdr2(-/-) mice exhibit exacerbated biochemical and histological features of PSC and increased cholangiocyte senescence, a characteristic and potential mediator of progressive biliary disease. UDCA, a commensal microbial metabolite, abrogates senescence in vitro. These findings demonstrate the importance of the commensal microbiota and its metabolites in protecting against biliary injury and suggest avenues for future studies of biomarkers and therapeutic interventions in PSC.
Current events project in a pharmacotherapy course.

Objective. To implement and assess a current events project added to the curriculum of a pharmacotherapy course in a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) program. Design. Third-year PharmD students research...
Ethical Problems in Studying a Politically Sensitive and Deviant Community

during the conduct of a research dealing with various forms of deviant and problem behavior in a public housing project on which the spotlight of publicity and political interest has shone for over ten years. From such a case study certain more general implications concerning ethical issues in social problems can be drawn. Rather than attempt an inventory of the ethical issues that have arisen during the two years the study has been in progress, we will choose issues that we feel are neither completely familiar nor part of the conventional wisdom of our profession. The issues dealt with are, also, ones that have seemed crucial to the direction and continuation of the research. THE ORIGIN OF THE PRUITT-IGOE RESEARCH
LQT4 Gene: The “Missing” Ankyrin

Mutations in ion channels have been implicated in the formation of long QT syndrome (LQTS). However, Mohler et al. have recently uncovered a role for ankyrin-B, a non-ion channel protein, in type IV LQTS. Calcium signalling is altered, and the functions of several channels and pumps that normally interact with wild-type ankyrin-B are impaired in the presence of mutant ankyrin-B. The authors suggest that by disrupting the functions of these channels, a new mechanism has been uncovered that can lead to cardiac myopathy.
Effects of Cholesterol Reduction on BP Response to Mental Stress in Patients With High Cholesterol

Abstract Impaired endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation has been reported in patients with high cholesterol (HC), but the systemic effects of elevated cholesterol on blood pressure (BP) and BP reactivity to stress have not been studied. We examined the BP response to a standard mental arithmetic test (MAT) in 37 healthy, normotensive HC subjects and 33 normal cholesterol controls (NC). Both groups had similar age, body mass index, and gender distribution. HC had slightly higher systolic BP at baseline (122 v 118 mm Hg, P
Neo‐liberal ‘governmentality’ in the English and Japanese higher education systems

The purpose of this paper is to identify common patterns in central authorities' steering of universities and the institutional power in neo‐liberal higher education regimes. The paper examines the regulatory mechanisms of England and Japan through Foucault's idea of ‘governmentality’ and utilises the concept of autonomy to identify the state‐university nexus and institutional behaviour. The paper argues that the similar application of technologies of arts in England and Japan – such as financial incentives and output quality management – has not brought about the same effect across the two countries in institutional behaviour and culture. In the case of England, the decline of traditional university autonomy – which isolated the university sector from external pressure – and increasing external influence in the value system are the case, while in Japan, the shift is rather internal within an institution, changing from department to institutional autonomy, which is compatible with the concept of accountab...