cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization and self-crosslinking of glycidyl carbamate functional resins

Abstract Multifunctional glycidyl carbamate functional resins were synthesized, characterized, and self-crosslinked coatings were prepared and characterized. Coatings based on glycidyl carbamate (GC) functional oligomers are attractive because they combine polyurethane properties with epoxide reactivity. The glycidyl carbamate functional resins were synthesized via reactions of the biuret adduct and isocyanurate trimer of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) with glycidol. Resins were characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Coatings were prepared to study the self-crosslinking reaction without additional hardener. Self-crosslinked coatings had an excellent combination of solvent resistance, good hardness and high impact resistance. The glycidyl carbamate resin from the biuret isocyanate adduct (BGC) was found to be more reactive during cure than glycidyl carbamate from the isocyanurate isocyanate trimer (IGC) as determined by hardness, solvent resistance, and Tg measurements. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the resins did not show thermal decomposition below 250 °C.
Flowrate formulation and displacement analyses for deviation function-based gerotor pumps

This article presents a research on the flowrate formulation and displacement analysis of gerotor pumps. The flowrate formula is based on the deviation function and is applicable to gerotors with any pitch curves and generating curves that are either circular or non-circular. For gerotors with the circular pitch curves and generating curves, the derivation of the formula proposed here is much simpler than the current available one. Two dimensionless parameters, the lobe non-circularity and the pitch non-circularity, are then introduced so that gerotor performance can be analysed systematically. As examples, the specific flowrate and displacement curves with the combinations of sinusoidal and polynomial pitch curves and deviation functions are illustrated. Based on these case studies, it is found that in general the specific displacement increases according to the lobe non-circularity, whereas the pitch non-circularity has only the minimum effects on the performance of pumping displacement. The results of ...
“GAME” VERSUS “TEST” INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE WISC1

“Game” or “test” instructions on either verbal or nonverbal WISC scales were given to 160 third- and sixth-grade children. Ss in one condition were told they were going to take several tests, while Ss in the other condition were told they were going to play several games. Significant differences in performance due to task definition were found only on verbal tasks at the sixth-grade level with test instructions yielding superior performance. Results at the third-grade level failed to replicate previous results which suggested game instructions produce superior performance on nonverbal tasks.
Cognitive-linguistic assessment of individuals with multiple sclerosis

Four individuals diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis (MS) and four matched controls were assessed with the Arizona Battery for Communication Disorders (ABCD), a standardized battery of memory and cognitive-linguistic tasks. Subjects with MS and controls performed in an equivalent or nearly equivalent fashion for nine of the ABCD subtests. For five of the subtests (Object Description, Generative Naming, Concept Definition, Generative Writing, and Picture Description), subjects with MS performed substantially lower than the control subjects. Results of this pilot study suggest that portions of the ABCD may be useful in identifying profiles of memory, and cognitive-linguistic impairment among individuals with multiple sclerosis. Further research using a larger sampling of individuals with MS is needed to more fully assess the usefulness of the ABCD with this population.
The Uses and Abuses of Multpliers: a Current Case

Economic multipliers have been used for decades to assess the total impact of tourism spending. This multiplier concept is well grounded in economic theory and has gamered the attention of some of the best hospitality researchers. Its use is widespread among academics and practitioners alike. Yet, in spite of all this, the multiplier concept is still "used and abused" (Archer, 1973) today. This research discusses a case where multipliers were used incorrectly to determine the total impact of the convention, exposition, and meetings industry along with how we in hospitality may overcome this shortcoming.
Human parotid salivary acid phosphomonoesterase

The acid phosphomonoesterase of the human paratid was studied with sodium β-naphthylphosphate as substrate. The pH optimum was well defined between 4.5–4.7. The enzyme exhibited typical Michaelis-Menten behavior over a wide range of substrate concentrations. The Km value for β-naphthylphosphate was 3.2 · 10−4M, for sodium p-nitrophenyl phosphate was 4.5 · 10−4M, and for disodium phenyl phosphate was 0.17 · 10−4M. The enzyme was readily inhibited by fluoride, and L-tartrate, and less so by magnesium ion. Average values for four substrate concentrations gave an average activation energy of 7,300 cal/mole above 30°C. Below this transition temperature a value of 12,400 cal/mole was estimated. The energy of inactivation was 88,300 cal/mole. The properties of the paratid acid phosphomonoesterase resemble both the phosphomonoesterases of blood and prostate but with greater similarity to the latter.
Fathers, daughters, and spiritual sisters: Marsha Norman's 'night mother and Tennessee Williams's the Glass Menagerie

Tennessee Williams's Laura Wingfield and Marsha Norman's Jessie Cates are seen here as sisters in disguise. For both characters, their invisible fathers seem somewhat mythic and mystic figures who embody imaginative truth, leading to fulfilling liberation from a world with which each daughter is unequipped to deal. The father's function in both plays is perhaps more a function of his absence than of his maleness. His purity as a symbol, in other words, is preserved because he is not present in the flesh to disturb it.
Exploitation of marine turtles in the Indian Ocean

Marine turtles long have been of great value to peoples of the Indian Ocean, nutritionally, economically, and culturally. Once directed primarily toward subsistence, the hunting of marine turtles for international trade has increased; today their populations are often so depleted that they are not only insignificant as resources, but are endangered. An understanding of exploitation is imperative to guarantee future populations, yet available information is sketchy. “Subsistence hunting” is an ambiguous term, since the most intense exploitation is for export. Historically this has involved Chelonia and Eretmochelys, whose populations are now much reduced. Yet, newly “discovered” populations (Lepidochelys especially) are being exploited, under the stimulus of new foreign markets (e.g., leather), and their fates seem even less hopeful than those of long-exploited populations. Moreover “subsistence hunting” for immediate local consumption has led to depletion of nesting and feeding populations of turtles in areas where protein sources are in great demand and human population densities high. Neither the future nor the solution to this dilemma is clear, but it is obvious that economic considerations must be carefully considered, and ecological arguments alone are insufficient to manage these resources.
Dental Development in Precocious Puberty

One hundred and one children with precocious puberty were given an oral examination. Dental root development was assessed using panoramic radiographs. All mandibular canines, pre-molars, and molars which could be visualized without apparent distortion were included. The patients were grouped for analysis according to the etiology of their precocity, e.g., McCune-Albright syndrome, familial male, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, central nervous system lesions, and idiopathic precocious puberty. Dental development was significantly retarded relative to their chronological age in patients with idiopathic precocious puberty. However, no significant abnormal dental development was detected in any of the other groups. Individual oral-facial growth and development remain the primary considerations for timing orthodontic treatment.
Implementing Situational Simulations through Distributed Databases

The Virtual Coach is a web-centric virtual environment that creates temporally dynamic clinical exercises known as situational simulations, with the intention of exposing participants to rapidly unfolding events and the pressure of decision-making. This paper deals with the temporal nature of the databases, which store all the data relevant to situational simulations executed by the Virtual Coach. The first part of the paper describes situational simulations and the relevance of distributed temporal computing. The latter half of the paper focuses on developing the temporal information used to establish temporal consistency of data. It also deals with query processing issues across client-server architectures. An Overview of the Virtual Coach The conceptual framework of the Virtual Coach as explained in Rojas and Mukherjee (2003) serves as the foundation for the development of situational simulations in the Virtual Coach. The components of this framework consist of three major models: the process model, the product model, and the information model. The process model is a representation of the building process, the product model is a representation of the physical facility, and the information model is a representation of the data environment. The conceptual framework also includes a visualization mechanism to provide process and product feedback to the participant. The Virtual Coach uses two databases. The main database is stored on the server and consists of ‘As-Planned’ information regarding the construction project. All the information in this database is static. The model for the ‘As-Planned’ database has been discussed in Rojas and Mukherjee (2002). The ‘As-Built’ database remains on the client’s machine, and is dynamically updated at the end of each time instant. Definition of a Situational Simulation Situational simulations are temporally dynamic clinical exercises with the objective of exposing participants to rapidly unfolding events and the pressure of quick decision-making. The application of situational simulations provides construction managers and other decision-makers with the opportunity of encountering the wide variety of experiences that the unpredictable nature of the construction industry offers. The most extensive use of situational simulations is found in the politico-military areas (Allen 1987, Bloomfield and Whaley 1965, Goldhammer and Speier 1959). Relief operations
Heritable somaclonal variation in gliadin proteins of wheat plants derived from immature embryo callus culture.

Fertile r0 plants of the winter wheat line ND7532 (Triticum aestivum L.) were regenerated from callus tissue after 60–190 days in culture. Seeds produced from these self-pollinated plants were planted in the field. Of the 5586 R1 plants, 32 differed for one or more agronomic traits from plants not passed through tissue culture process. Gliadin electrophoregrams were prepared from bulk samples of R2 seed from these 32 plants. Four of the 32 produced gliadin patterns different from controls, so 12 seeds of each of these four lines were examined individually. Three of the four mutant lines were fixed for the presence of a mutant protein of 50 relative mobility units (RMU) and the corresponding loss of a parental protein of 26 RMU. The remaining line segregated for the presence/absence of band 50 and the corresponding loss/retention of band 26. The mutant protein of 50 RMU was never seen in control plants. This indicated that either band 50 was coded for by a mutant gene allelic to the gene that coded for band 26 or that bands 26 and 50 were coded for by two different structural alleles under the control of a common regulatory locus. Each of the 12 seeds from the four mutant lines contained a prominent protein band at 30 (RMU), which was only observed as a faint band in one control seed. The types of variation in gliadin patterns observed in somaclones of ND7532 were similar to those reported for the line ‘Yaqui 50E’, except that, gliadin changes occurred less frequently in ND7532.
The Effect of Particle Feed Rate on the Plastic Media Blast Jet

Paint removal from military aircraft is often done by plastic media blasting (PMB): the use of plastic grit in a conventional blast jet. However, there is some concern that PMB will cause damage. To help in evaluating this possibility, a time of flight'' meter is used to measure particle velocity in the jet, as a function of air pressure, distance from the nozzle, and particle feed rate, F. Using the data and a momentum balance, a semi-empirical model relating these variables is developed and used for analysis of the effect of F on the intensity of kinetic energy delivery, E, to a work piece. The analysis shows that F has several important effects on E. These methods and results will be useful for damage studies and in production work.
Effects of noise on the dc and far-infrared Josephson effect in small-area superconducting tunnel junctions

We report investigations of the effect of noise on the Josephson effect in small-area tunnel junctions, both at dc and when the junction is irradiated by 604-GHz laser radiation. The junctions were made of Sn-SnO-Pb layers of ~1 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ area, fabricated on crystal quartz substrates with integral planar resonant dipole antennas. The observed systematic falloff of the ${I}_{c}{R}_{n}$ product with increasing resistance can be accounted for by the thermal activation model (transition-state theory) if an effective noise temperature (presumably extrinsic) of 8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 K is assumed. The noise rounding of the high-voltage steps can be fitted with the analytic results obtained by P. A. Lee [J. Appl. Phys.42,325 (1971)] for an overdamped junction, but using a fictitious elevated noise temperature of ~eV/$k$ (~20-30 K for typical steps at ~5 mV) to incorporate the nonthermal shot noise as an effective increase in noise temperature. We have also developed a computer simulation which builds in the effects of the nonlinear quasiparticle resistance of the junctions as well as the voltage-dependent shot noise; it can account for the entire $1\ensuremath{-}V$ curve, including the photon-assisted tunneling steps. Noise currents are found to have much less effect on the finite-voltage Josephson steps than in reducing the ${I}_{c}{R}_{n}$ product, which explains the anomalously high ratios of step widths to measured ${I}_{c}$ that are found experimentally.
Resolution enhancement of the 3He(d,p)4He resonance for profiling helium in solids

Abstract The use of nuclear resonances techniques for characterizing the distribution and lattice location of implanted atoms in metals is a direct and, in principle, simple method for studying helium and hydrogen gas in CTR first wall materials. However, the reaction 3 He(d,p) 4 He, has a broad (350 keV) half-width in the resonance yield curve. When using a deuteron beam, under normal probing conditions, to measure helium distributions in metals, a rather low stopping power results in limited resolution of about 3 μm. In many cases resolution of a few thousand angstroms or better is necessary. We have experimentally examined two resolution enhancement methods and reported the results in a previous article. The present paper will review those results and examine limitations of resolution enhancement that are obtainable through geometrical and mathematical techniques.
Anabolic–androgenic steroids impair set-shifting and reversal learning in male rats

Abstract Anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse is prevalent not only among elite athletes, but is increasingly common in high school and collegiate sports. AAS are implicated in maladaptive behaviors such as increased aggression and risk taking, which may result from impaired cognition. Because they affect dopamine function in prefrontal cortical (PFC)-striatal circuitry, AAS may disrupt PFC-dependent processes such as behavioral flexibility. This was the focus of the present study. Adolescent male Long-Evans rats were treated chronically with high-dose testosterone (7.5 mg/kg in water with 13% cyclodextrin) or vehicle sc, and tested for set-shifting and reversal-learning. For set-shifting, rats were trained on a visual cue task (VCT), then were shifted to a direction cue task (DCT), or vice-versa. For reversal learning, rats were first trained on VCT and were then required to press the opposite lever. 2-cue set-shifting introduced a novel paradigm in which rats shifted from a 1-Light Visual Task (1LVT) to a tone cue task (TCT). Testosterone-treated rats were significantly impaired on the set-shift from DCT to VCT compared to vehicle-treated controls (trials to criterion: vehicle 240.9±29.9, testosterone 388.3±59.3, p p p =0.09). Our results show that testosterone impairs behavioral flexibility and have implications for understanding cognitive and behavioral changes in human AAS users.
Urinary and Fecal Excretion of Orally Administered Mg28.

SummaryA tracer dose of Mg28 (10 to 25 μc contained in 3 to 10 meq of magnesium) was administered orally to 26 subjects, and serial specimens of blood, urine and feces were assayed for radioactivity. Urinary excretion within 72 hours accounted for less than 10% of total dose of Mg28; the maximal excretion (6.3%) occurred during the first 24-hour period. Maximal concentration of radioactivity in plasma occurred at 4 hours, but the actual increase in serum magnesium was negligible. Fecal excretion within 120 hours accounted for 60 to 88% of administered dose. Low renal excretion of magnesium is believed due to poor gastrointestinal absorption of this material.
Biased net theory: Approximations, simulations and observations

Abstract Rapoport's biased net theory is one of the earliest stochastic approaches to the representation of networks. It remains an attractive view because of its constructionist image that networks are built up from local events of connection that have both biased and random components. Difficulties in analysis abound, however, and derivations must appeal to approximation arguments. Research reported here examines two algorithms for generating networks in line with biased net formulations. Both attempt to generate nets subject to specific bias factors. The first attempts to match a target outdegree distribution while the second only seeks to match a target total number of relations. The second approach is more successful on statistical grounds. It also fits better data from two networks presented by Coleman (1964). Results call into question the soundness of the approximation arguments that have been central to previous derivations from biased net theory.
Sendero Luminoso: A communist party crosses a river of Blood

Sendero Luminoso is frequently described as an unorthodox Peruvian terrorist organization in league with the Colombian cocaine cartel, rather than as a political entity which claims to be the true Communist Party of Peru. By examining its origins, organizational structure, and ideology, one finds that terrorism is but a weapon in Sendero's attempt to seize power, and one which is clearly subordinated to the party's political‐military strategy of protracted armed struggle. A product of numerous splits and factions within the Peruvian communist movement, Sendero's unique and unconventional approach to revolution is the creation of Abimael Guzman, the self‐proclaimed ‘Fourth Sword of Marxism’. But while Guzman's vision of a ‘New Democracy’ has brought unparalleled death and destruction to large parts of Peru, Sendero Luminoso has yet to establish the base of popular support that is necessary for a vanguard party to wage a successful people's revolution.
On α-symmetric multivariate distributions☆

Abstract A random vector is said to have a 1-symmetric distribution if its characteristic function is of the form φ(|t1| + … + |tn|). 1-Symmetric distributions are characterized through representations of the admissible functions φ and through stochastic representations of the radom vectors, and some of their properties are studied.
Expression of connective tissue growth factor after glaucoma filtration surgery in a rabbit model.

PURPOSE. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) appears to play a significant role in mediating fibrosis in several tissues. To gain further understanding of the role of CTGF in the scar formation that occurs after glaucoma filtering surgery (GFS), experiments were performed in a rabbit model. METHODS. Three experiments were performed: (1) CTGF and transforming growth factor (TGF)- expression were measured quantitatively after GFS, using ELISA. (2) After GFS conjunctival bleb tissues were immunostained for the presence of CTGF and TGF-. (3) Exogenous CTGF was injected into mitomycin-C (MMC)‐treated filtering blebs and the scaring response compared to TGF- and physiological saline‐injected blebs. RESULTS. CTGF and TGF- were expressed maximally by day 5 after surgery and were both shown to be present in the bleb tissues after GFS. The addition of exogenous CTGF and TGFincreased the rate of failure of GFS blebs. CONCLUSIONS. These data support the hypothesis that CTGF plays an important role in scarring and wound contracture after GFS. Inhibition of CTGF synthesis or its action may help prevent bleb failure and improve long-term GFS outcomes. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:485‐ 491) DOI:10.1167/ iovs.03-0485
Allocation of Resources for Organ Transplantation

Over the last 6 decades, organ transplantation has achieved great success to become standard therapy for the treatment of patients with end-stage organ failure. With this success has emerged candidate wait lists that greatly outnumber the current supply of deceased donor organs. The increasing number of candidates and transplants performed has resulted in an organ allocation process that occurs at a local, regional, and sometimes national level. A brief description of the history is presented as well as the methodologies involved in allocation of a donor organ to a single recipient.
Variation in phenotypic plasticity for native and invasive populations of Bromus tectorum

Phenotypic plasticity is often considered important for invasive plant success, yet relatively few studies have assessed plasticity in both native and invasive populations of the same species. We examined the plastic response to temperature for Bromus tectorum populations collected from similar shrub-steppe environments in the Republics of Armenia and Georgia, where it is native, and along an invasive front in California and Nevada. Plants were grown in growth chambers in either ‘warm’ (30/20 °C, day/night) or ‘cold’ (10/5 °C) conditions. Invasive populations exhibited greater adaptive plasticity than natives for freezing tolerance (as measured by chlorophyll a fluorescence), such that invasive populations grown in the cold treatment exhibited the highest tolerance. Invasive populations also exhibited more rapid seedling emergence in response to warm temperatures compared to native populations. The climatic conditions of population source locations were related to emergence timing for invasive populations and to freezing tolerance across all populations combined. Plasticity in growth-related traits such as biomass, allocation, leaf length, and photosynthesis did not differ between native and invasive populations. Rather, some growth-related traits were very plastic across all populations, which may help to dampen differences in biomass in contrasting environments. Thus, invasive populations were found to be particularly plastic for some important traits such as seedling emergence and freezing tolerance, but plasticity at the species level may also be an important factor in the invasive ability of B. tectorum.
A microscopic study of preferred orientation and adhesion of solid copper particles on (0001) sapphire substrates

The microscopic phenomena of solid copper particles equilibrating on (0001) sapphire surfaces have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Very sharp and clear silhouettes of the particles are developed. At temperatures between 900 and 1080° C, with the oxygen partial pressure lower than 10−17 atm, the copper particles tend toward their equilibrium shape as the {111} and {110} preferred faces develop eventually into truncated octahedra or tetrakaidecahedra. Recrystallization of the particles originating at the particle-substrate interface by a heteroepitaxial mechanism is discussed. The {111} plane of the copper particles does not grow parallel to the (0001) sapphire surface as previously reported, but rather with about 20° of tilt, suggesting epitaxial growth of the Cu {112} plane on the (0001) sapphire surface. The surface energy of solid copper decreases with the increase of temperature and/or oxygen partial pressure while the work of adhesion between solid copper and (0001) sapphire can be enhanced by increasing the temperature and/or decreasing the oxygen partial pressure.
High-resolution multistage MS, MS2, and MS3 matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization FT-ICR mass spectra of peptides from a single laser shot.

By combined and repeated use of sustained off-resonance irradiation (SORI) for ion dissociation, stored waveform inverse Fourier transform (SWIFT) waveforms for ion isolation, and ion axialization ...
Potential work-related bloodborne pathogen exposures by industry and occupation in the United States part I: an emergency department-based surveillance study.

Background Since the early 1990s, researchers have attempted to assess the magnitude of potential work-related bloodborne pathogen (BBP) exposures in the U.S. The only data-derived estimate of 385,000 needlestick and other sharps injuries per year was reported in 2004. The estimate was derived from a convenience sample and did not include exposures outside of hospitals. This study seeks to understand the magnitude and distribution of the exposures across all industries and occupations. Methods Data were from the 1998 to 2000 National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), a stratified probability-based sample of U.S. hospital emergency departments (EDs). NEISS covers all industries and occupations. National estimates of exposures and exposure rates (the number of exposures/1,000 full-time equivalents (FTE)) were computed. Results An estimated 78,100 potential work-related exposures to BBP were treated in hospital EDs annually in the U.S. While hospitals accounted for 75% of all these exposures, 11 other industries had a substantial number of exposures. While registered nurses accounted for 36% of all exposures, 13 other occupations had a substantial number of exposures. Hospitals had the highest exposure rate of 11.3/1,000 FTE, followed by nursing homes (2.8), and residential care facilities without nursing (1.9). Registered nurses had the highest exposure rate of 15.3/1,000 FTE, followed by clinical laboratory technologists and technicians (13.9), and physicians (7.1). Conclusions While this study begins to more completely describe the problem of potential BBP exposure in the workplace, it is but a first step in further understanding the complex issues surrounding workplace BBP exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50: 183–190, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Bem Sex-Role Inventory: A North-South Comparison

The Bem Sex-role Inventory was administered to 100 male and 100 female students in introductory psychology at the University of Georgia and at Adelphi University in New York. It was hypothesized th...
Lithium in M67

Echelle spectra recorded at the Li I 6707-A line are reported for seven main-sequence members and one cool subgiant in M67. The spectral types of the seven dwarfs studied range from about F8 at the turnoff point to about G5. The principal result is that the average lithium abundance in the three hottest main-sequence stars is 0.45 x 10 to the -9th. Any enrichment of lithium in the gas of the Galactic disk in the last 5 Gyr therefore has not exceeded a factor of about two and probably is entirely negligible, when the corresponding results for NGC 752 and the Hyades are taken into account.
War Experiences Inventory: Initial Psychometric and Structural Properties

We examined the structural and psychometric properties of the War Experiences Inventory (WEI) with data from 255 post deployed service members (224 men and 31 women). Results from principal compone...
Structural analysis of explanted microelectrode arrays

Structural analysis of explanted and Utah microelectrode arrays (MEA) was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to determine the impact of prolonged exposure to the in vivo environment. The MEAs, one designed for recording and one designed for stimulation, had been implanted in the pre- and postcentral gyri, respectively, of a rhesus macaque for 362 days, prior to explantation. Possible processing, handling or implantation damage was observed on individual electrodes on each MEA. Metal degradation/delamination was observed on the stimulating MEA while residual carbon-based matter on the electrode sites and small fissures in the insulation were observed on the recording MEA. The electrode area of the recording MEA had a 5.0x range and the stimulating MEA had a 7.6x range, which did not appear to be related to long-term exposure to tissue.
Are consumers Ricardian? Evidence for Canada

Abstract This research derives three empirical implications of a well-specified model of consumer behavior, a model that nests both the possibility that consumers are Ricardian and an alternative theory. The hypothesis that consumers are Ricardian is then tested against this alternative hypothesis. The tests reveal that the hypothesis that consumers are Ricardian cannot be rejected. Moreover, even if Canadians are not Ricardian consumers, their behavior is unlikely to differ much from that of Ricardian consumers.
A Tobit Variance-Component Method for Linkage Analysis of Censored Trait Data

Variance-component (VC) methods are flexible and powerful procedures for the mapping of genes that influence quantitative traits. However, traditional VC methods make the critical assumption that the quantitative-trait data within a family either follow or can be transformed to follow a multivariate normal distribution. Violation of the multivariate normality assumption can occur if trait data are censored at some threshold value. Trait censoring can arise in a variety of ways, including assay limitation or confounding due to medication. Valid linkage analyses of censored data require the development of a modified VC method that directly models the censoring event. Here, we present such a model, which we call the “tobit VC method.” Using simulation studies, we compare and contrast the performance of the traditional and tobit VC methods for linkage analysis of censored trait data. For the simulation settings that we considered, our results suggest that (1) analyses of censored data by using the traditional VC method lead to severe bias in parameter estimates and a modest increase in false-positive linkage findings, (2) analyses with the tobit VC method lead to unbiased parameter estimates and type I error rates that reflect nominal levels, and (3) the tobit VC method has a modest increase in linkage power as compared with the traditional VC method. We also apply the tobit VC method to censored data from the Finland–United States Investigation of Non–Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Genetics study and provide two examples in which the tobit VC method yields noticeably different results as compared with the traditional method.
Progress in design of diesel-electric switchers

THE MODERN INDUSTRIAL switching locomotive had its beginning some 60 years ago. At first it was just electric — the diesel-electric offshoot not appearing until 1925. Fundamentally it is still electric, only its source of power is different.
The epizootiology of anatid herpesvirus 1 infection in free-flying waterfowl: a comparison of latent and active infections among native waterfowl, captive-reared released ducks, and peridomestic or feral ducks.

The epizootiology of anatid herpesvirus 1 (AHV-1) infection in waterfowl is poorly understood but apparently involves persistence of the virus in latently infected birds. Epornitics have often occurred in captive waterfowl or semiwild ducks in parklike settings, and many wildlife professionals conclude that such ducks may be the source of infection for wild waterfowl. We assessed the prevalence of latent infection and viral shedding from four groups of waterfowl: naturally occurring populations of native waterfowl, captive-reared waterfowl released for shooting, introduced nonmigratory waterfowl (e.g., resident, wild Mallards; Anas platyrhynchos), and semiwild peridomestic waterfowl (e.g., park ducks) in North Carolina and Florida, USA from 2004 to 2009. A nested PCR assay was used to detect viral DNA in trigeminal ganglia and cloacal swabs. Detection of viral DNA in trigeminal ganglia, but not cloacal swabs, was assumed to indicate latent infection, whereas PCR-positive cloacal swabs indicated active she...
The role of nonlinear substrate elasticity in the wrinkling of thin films.

The role of substrate nonlinearity in the stability of wrinkling of thin films bonded to compliant substrates is investigated within the initial post-bifurcation range when wrinkling first emerges. A fully nonlinear neo-Hookean bilayer composed of a thin film on a deep substrate is analysed for a wide range of the film–substrate stiffness ratio, from films that are very stiff compared with the substrate to those only slightly stiffer. Substrate pre-stretch prior to film attachment is shown to have a significant effect on the nonlinearity relevant to wrinkling. Two dimensionless parameters are identified that control the stability and mode shape evolution of the bilayer: one specifying arbitrary uniform substrate pre-stretch and the other a stretch-modified modulus ratio. For systems with film stiffness greater than about five times that of the substrate the wrinkling bifurcation is stable, whereas for systems with smaller relative film stiffness bifurcation can be unstable, especially if substrate pre-stretch is not tensile.
A comparison of organophosphate degradation genes and bioremediation applications

Organophosphates (OPs) form the bulk of pesticides that are currently in use around the world accounting for more than 30% of the world market. They also form the core for many nerve-based warfare agents including sarin and soman. The widespread use and the resultant build-up of OP pesticides and chemical nerve agents has led to the development of major health problems due to their extremely toxic interaction with any biological system that encounters them. Growing concern over the accumulation of OP compounds in our food products, in the soils from which they are harvested and in wastewater run-off has fuelled a growing interest in microbial biotechnology that provides cheap, efficient OP detoxification to supplement expensive chemical methods. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge of OP pesticide and chemical agent degradation and attempt to clarify confusion over identification and nomenclature of two major families of OP-degrading enzymes through a comparison of their structure and function. The isolation, characterization, utilization and manipulation of the major detoxifying enzymes and the molecular basis of degradation of OP pesticides and chemical nerve agents are discussed as well as the achievements and technological advancements made towards the bioremediation of such compounds.
Marriage risks, cohabitation and premarital births in Canada.

The transition that has occurred in the Canadian family is one of the important changes of recent decades. Fewer women are marrying and many more are delaying marriage. This paper is an attempt to examine the trends in union formation among various cohorts and to identify some of the socio-demographic correlates of marital timing. The data for this study are taken from the Canadian Fertility Survey of 1984. The results indicate that there is no immediate crisis for the family in Canada, but that many are choosing cohabitation as a preferred mode of first union formation at early stages. Young women (below 25 years of age), residents of large metropolitan areas, those with a university education and those with low religious commitment are more likely than others to be delayers of marriage.
Micromechanical cantilever as an ultrasensitive pH microsensor

We report on a pH sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity based on a microcantilever structure with a lithographically-defined crosslinked copolymeric hydrogel. Silicon-on-insulator wafers were used to fabricate cantilevers on which a polymer consisting of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) with poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate was patterned using free-radical UV polymerization. As the pH around the cantilever was increased above the pKa of PMAA, the polymer network expanded and resulted in a reversible change in surface stress causing the microcantilever to bend. Excellent mechanical amplification of polymer swelling as a function of pH change within the dynamic range was obtained, with a maximum deflection sensitivity of 1 nm/5×10−5 ΔpH.
Modification of the relaxed eddy accumulation technique to maximize measured scalar mixing ratio differences in updrafts and downdrafts

A modification to the relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) flux measurement technique is proposed which maximizes the scalar mixing ratio difference in updrafts and downdrafts. This technique was developed with the goal of measuring the stable isotope ( 13 C/ 12 C and 18 O/ 16 O) ratios of updraft and downdraft air and thus the net fluxes of 13 C 16 O2 and 12 C 18 O 16 O. Current mass spectrometer precision is small relative to measured isotopic gradients in CO2 in the Earth's boundary layer, and the conventional REA approach is likely to be ineffective. The new technique, which we refer to as hyperbolic relaxed eddy accumulation (HREA), uses the conditional sampling concept of hyperbolic hole analysis to control sampling of air during only those turbulent events which contribute most strongly to the flux. Instead of basing updraft/downdraft sampling decisions strictly on vertical wind velocity, CO2 mixing ratio ((CO2)) fluctuations or those of another scalar are also used. Simulations using 10-Hz data show that a wind-based/ scalar-based sampling threshold can achieve a factor of 2.7 increase in scalar updraft/downdraft (CO2) differences over simple REA. During midday periods with strong photosynthetic fluxes, up/down (CO2) differences with HREA of 8 -10 ppm are possible, compared with 3-5 ppm for the best conventional REA case. Corresponding isotopic differences can likely be resolved with current mass spectrometers using this approach.
Lyapunov optimal feedback control of a nonlinear inverted pendulum

Liapunov optimal feedback control is applied to a nonlinear inverted pendulum in which the control torque was constrained to be less than the nonlinear gravity torque in the model. This necessitates a control algorithm which 'rocks' the pendulum out of its potential wells, in order to stabilize it at a unique vertical position. Simulation results indicate that a preliminary Liapunov feedback controller can successfully overcome the nonlinearity and bring almost all trajectories to the target.
Measurements of human cerebral GABA at 4.1 T using numerically optimized editing pulses

The goal of this work was to develop and evaluate a numerically optimized inversion pulse to be used with a homonuclear editing sequence to measure human cerebral GABA in vivo at 4.1 T in the occipital lobe. The optimized pulse was constructed using pallindromic symmetry with 30 pulses and 29 delays. The optimized pulse provided greater selectivity than the equivalent bandwidth matched DANTE pulse and sinc shaped DANTE. The improved selectivity reduced the co-editing of the macromolecule resonance, permitting the GABA edited doublet to be resolved in vivo. Using cerebral creatine as a reference, 7.1 mM, the measured GABA level was 1.15 +/- 0.13 mM in the occipital lobe.
A Review of the Relationship of Cotton Maturity and Dyeability

A comprehensive review of cotton maturity test methods is presented, and the relationship of maturity to dyeability is reviewed. The potential use of maturity test data for controlling commercial d...
Considerations in the use of laboratory robots: aspects of safety and accuracy.

. A general-purpose laboratory robot was configured to prepare blood samples for the HBsAg and anti-HIV tests. Several issues were studied in order to eliminate problems and optimize the system. These included pipetting accuracy, intersample carryover, reagent interference, splashing and aerosol generation and user-related issues. A number of general guidelines were developed to assist others in developing and implementing systems for this and similar applications.
Early Noncognitive Change in Alzheimer's Disease and Healthy Aging

Recent studies in Alzheimer's disease have focused on behavioral disturbances in the more advanced stages of the illness rather than behavioral and personality changes occurring early in the disease course. We present a new instrument, the Oregon Noncognitive Inventory for Dementia (ONID), that was developed specifically for patients in the early stages of dementia, to identify subtle behavioral alterations that may precede the more severe cognitive changes of Alzheimer's disease. Mildly demented Alzheimer's patients were compared with age-matched healthy subjects on the ONID. Caregivers of these patients reported significantly more of the behaviors addressed by the ONID than did relatives of the healthy elderly. The results indicate that changes in behavior and personality can be reliably reported by family caregivers of patients with mild dementia. Future clinical applications of the ONID might include measuring change in drug trials, longitudinal studies of the progression of change, and differentiating Alzheimer's disease from other dementias based on a characteristics pattern of change.
Differential Control of Transcription by Homologous Homeodomain Coregulators

The human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) transactivator VP16 and its homolog from bovine herpes-virus 1 (BHV-1) can each recruit the human homeodomain protein Oct-1 into a transcriptional regulatory complex. Here, we show that these two Oct-1 coregulators possess similar, if not identical, homeodomain recognition properties but possess different virus-specific cis-regulatory specificities: the HSV-1 VP-16 protein activates transcription from the HSV-1 VP16 response element, and the BHV-1 VP16 protein activates transcription from the BHV-1 VP16 response element. A distinct 3-bp segment, the D segment, lying 3' of the canonical TAATGARAT motif (where R is a purine) in the VP16 response element is responsible for the differential cis element recognition and transcriptional activation by these two homeodomain coregulators. These results demonstrate how a single homeodomain protein can direct differential transcriptional regulation by selective association with homologous homeodomain coregulators.
In-network cooperative spectrum sensing

This paper proposes a distributed average consensus algorithm in order to solve the cooperative spectrum sensing task without a cognitive base station. The proposed consensus algorithm converges to the optimal decision statistic in the limit. Since in practice the iteration number has to be finite, we derive high probability bounds on the iteration number at which all the CRs are at most e away from the optimal decision statistic. Moreover, we compute the performance characteristics of the proposed in-network cooperative spectrum sensing at a given iteration.
Identity Implications of Influence Goals: Similarities in Perceived face Threats and Facework Across Sex and Close Relationships

This study tests the generalizability of Wilson, Aleman, & Leatham’s revised analysis of face threats and facework during compliance-gaining episodes. According to this revised analysis, threats to face arise from tacit knowledge about (a) specific influence goals (e.g., giving advice, asking favors) and (b) the rules for directives (e.g., requests) that underlie any attempt to seek compliance. Both types of knowledge are shared widely; hence, the distinct face threats of advice versus favors should generalize across sex and close relationships. Message sources give reasons as facework to redress particular face threats in an episode defined by a specific influence goal; hence, patterns of reason giving also should differ in advice versus favor episodes. Participants (N = 231 undergraduates) recalled an actual conversation in which they either gave advice to or asked a favor of a close same-sex friend, opposite-sex friend, or romantic partner and then rated threats to the message target’s face and their o...
Varieties of vacua in classical supersymmetric gauge theories.

We give a simple description of the classical moduli space of vacua for supersymmetric gauge theories with or without a superpotential. The key ingredient in our analysis is the observation that the Lagrangian is invariant under the action of the complexified gauge group ${G}^{c}$. From this point of view the usual $D$-flatness conditions are an artifact of the Wess-Zumino gauge. By using a gauge that preserves ${G}^{c}$ invariance we show that every constant matter field configuration that extremizes the superpotential is ${G}^{c}$ gauge equivalent (in a sense that we make precise) to a unique classical vacuum. This result is used to prove that in the absence of a superpotential the classical moduli space is the algebraic variety described by the set of all holomorphic gauge-invariant polynomials. When a superpotential is present, we show that the classical moduli space is a variety defined by imposing additional relations on the holomorphic polynomials. Many of these points are already contained in the existing literature. The main contribution of the present work is that we give a careful and self-contained treatment of limit points and singularities.
Our city concils. III. Denver‐the lengthened shadow of the mayor

The Denver city council has lost power to the administrative department on the one hand and to the voters on the other.
Predicting Scores on the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule from Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Categories

This study provided preliminary data on the relationship between Myers-Briggs Type Indicator categories and assertiveness. The AV Form G and the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule were administered to 3...
The Descriptive Study of Imprinting in Birds from 1873 to 1953

(1963). The Descriptive Study of Imprinting in Birds from 1873 to 1953. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 333-346.