cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies in histochemistry. XXXIII. Distribution of phenolsulfatase in the adrenal of various species: a correction.

Abstract Errors in a previously published report on the quantitative distribution of phenolsulfatase in the adrenal of the rat, rabbit, hog, and cow have been corrected. High activities which had been thought characteristic of the medulla in these species were shown to be low or negligible when corrections were made for color-contributing substances in this region of the adrenal. Most of the activity was found in the fascicular and reticular zones of the rat, rabbit, and hog adrenals but no activity was demonstrated in any region of the cow adrenal. The adrenals of the monkey and dog were also studied, and the enzyme activities in the various histological zones of the monkey adrenal were found to be negligible. In the dog organ relatively high activities were observed in the fascicular region, and presumably also in the medulla although the latter is less sure. An improved procedure for the measurement of phenolsulfatase activity in microgram quantities of tissue has been given.
Phase II trial of vaginal cuff brachytherapy followed by chemotherapy in early stage endometrial cancer patients with high-intermediate risk factors.

Abstract Objective To determine the progression free survival (PFS), toxicity, and patterns of failure for early stage, high-intermediate risk (H-IR) patients in a phase II trial with adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy (VCB) and three cycles of carboplatin and paclitaxel. Methods Surgically staged patients with stage I-IIb endometrial cancer with H-IR factors were treated with VCB (2100cGy) followed by three cycles of carboplatin (AUC 6) and paclitaxel (175mg/m 2 ). The primary endpoint was PFS at 2years, with toxicity and sites of failure as secondary endpoints. Toxicity was assessed by patient report (CTCAE v. 3) as well as by delays or dose modifications in treatment. Results All patients completed VCB and 19/23 (83%) completed both VCB and 3cycles of chemotherapy. Mean time to complete VCB was 14.5days with minimal acute toxicity noted. At 6months, all toxicity related to VCB had resolved. In total 60cycles of chemotherapy were given, with one dose reduction (1.6%) for grade 2 neuropathy and seven delays (11.6%) in treatment due to hematologic toxicity. At a median follow-up of 44.5months, 91% of patients remained progression free at 2years. Four patients experienced a recurrence; they recurred both locally and distant. Conclusions Adjuvant therapy with VCB and chemotherapy is well tolerated in a population of patients with H-IR endometrial carcinoma and provides 2year PFS of 91%. A randomized trial is currently underway to assess whether combined VCB and chemotherapy reduces the rate of recurrence compared to external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in this patient population.
Adhesion of nanoscale asperities with power-law profiles

Abstract The behavior of single-asperity micro- and nanoscale contacts in which adhesion is present is important for the performance of many small-scale mechanical systems and processes, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM). When analyzing such problems, the bodies in contact are often assumed to have paraboloidal shapes, thus allowing the application of the familiar Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR), Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT), or Maugis–Dugdale (M–D) adhesive contact models. However, in many situations the asperities do not have paraboloidal shapes and, instead, have geometries that may be better described by a power-law function. An M–D-n analytical model has recently been developed to extend the M–D model to asperities with power-law profiles. We use a combination of M–D-n analytical modeling, finite element (FE) analysis, and experimental measurements to investigate the behavior of nanoscale adhesive contacts with non-paraboloidal geometries. Specifically, we examine the relationship between pull-off force, work of adhesion, and range of adhesion for asperities with power-law-shaped geometries. FE analysis is used to validate the M–D-n model and examine the effect of the shape of the adhesive interaction potential on the pull-off force. In the experiments, the extended M–D model is applied to analyze pull-off force measurements made on nanoscale tips that are engineered via gradual wear to have power-law shapes. The experimental and modeling results demonstrate that the range of the adhesive interaction is a crucial parameter when quantifying the adhesion of non-paraboloidal tips, quite different than the familiar paraboloidal case. The application of the M–D-n model to the experimental results yields an unusually large adhesion range of 4–5 nm, a finding we attribute to either the presence of long-range van der Waals forces or deviations from continuum theory due to atomic-scale roughness of the tips. Finally, an adhesion map to aid in analysis of pull-off force measurements of non-paraboloidal tips is presented. The map delineates the cases in which a simplified rigid analysis can be used to analyze experimental data.
Secretion of Apolipoprotein E by Basal Cells in Cultures of Epidermal Keratinocytes

Recently it has been shown that apolipoprotein E (apoE) secreted by keratinocytes in transplanted epidermal grafts reaches the systemic circulation. In this study we ask which cells in cultures of epidermal keratinocytes, basal or suprabasal, are the source of apoE. By fractionating disaggregated cultures in gradients of Ficoll400, the small nondifferentiated cells derived from the basal compartment were shown to be the source of apoE. The larger more differentiated cells derived from suprabasal layers could not be shown to contain or secrete apoE, although they did contain the apoE mRNA. Basal cells are the primary site for replication. However, analysis during growth in culture indicated that secretion did not correlate with cell replication but appeared to be linked to specific changes in metabolic activity of the basal cell compartment. Localization of apoE secretion to the basal compartment may provide a mechanism for lipid uptake and redistribution within the epidermis and may be viewed within the larger context of keratinocyte differentiation.
The Utility of Experiential Case Studies in Police Education: A Comparative Analysis:

Case studies have long been utilized in a variety of disciplines for educational and training purposes enhanc ing the student learning process. The experiential case study model presents a problem solving approach to a criminal justice oriented situation with no precise, clear-cut solutions. The utility of this model allows the student to apply theoretical concepts and principles to practical situations. An evaluation of the model was made in a quasi-experimental research design with two groups of criminal justice students. The results supported the experi ential approach over a traditional teaching method.
Morphogenesis of branching tubules in cultures of cloned mammary epithelial cells.

Morphogenesis (the development of biological form, usually of multicellular organisms or their parts) is generally studied in simple organisms like the slime mould Dictyostelium1, for in mammals even single tissues like the mammary epithelium discussed here appear complex. Mammary epithelium, supported by mesenchymal tissue, forms a system of branching, tubular ducts. During phases of rapid growth these ducts end in solid, swollen ‘end-buds’, and when mature in globular ‘alveoli’2. The mesenchyme influences the morphogenesis of the epithelium and may be essential for this process3,4. An unknown number of cell types are present in both the epithelium and the mesenchyme. One step towards a better-defined ‘model gland’ was taken by Yang et al.5, who recently described three-dimensional, solid, tumour-like outgrowths from clumps of mouse mammary tumour cells cultured in floating ‘collagen gel’6 instead of on a plastic surface. I now describe behaviour retaining some elements of natural morphogenesis, in a cloned line of epithelial cells and thus in the unequivocal absence of mammary mesenchyme—unless mesenchyme can arise from epithelium. On floating collagen gel Rama 25 cells (derived from a rat mammary tumour7) could generate three-dimensional structures which, although often disorganized and tumour-like, included branching, hollow tubules, sometimes with bulbous ends. Thus all the information to specify such organization resided in a single cell type and survived cloning. This raises the possibility of a simple mammalian system in which morphogenetic mechanisms, and their relation to cell differentiation, can be studied as readily as in Dictyostelium.
Effect of suramin on squamous differentiation and apoptosis in three human non‐small cell lung cancer cell lines

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is fatal in approximately 90% of all cases due to the failure of systemic therapy, secondary to resistance to chemotherapy. In such malignancies new therapeutic paradigms are needed. One such approach takes advantage of normal physiologic growth regulatory mechanisms, such as terminal cellular differentiation or apoptosis. Suramin, as an antineoplastic drug, has shown efficacy in the treatment of prostate cancer and is capable of promoting differentiation in several human cancer cell lines. Little is known about the differentiating effects of suramin in lung cancer. In the present investigation we evaluated the ability of suramin to induce cross-linked envelope (CLE) formation, as a common marker for squamous differentiation and apoptosis, in three representative human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines: NCI-H226 (squamous), NCI-H358 (bronchoalveolar [adenocarcinoma]), and NCI-H596 (adenosquamous). Among agents that we have tested, suramin demonstrated the unique ability to induce spontaneous CLE formation in the two cell lines with squamous features, NCI-H226 and NCI-H596. Suramin induced CLE formation was accompanied by DNA fragmentation, a marker for apoptosis, in NCI-H596 and NCI-H358, but not in NCI-H226. Stimulation of CLE formation by suramin correlated with the rapid induction of both type II transglutaminase (TG) activity and involucrin expression. These parameters were protein synthesis independent, suggesting posttranslational mechanisms of suramin activity. Induction of differentiation/apoptosis markers by suramin did not correlate with its effect on growth. Modulation of signal transduction is a likely candidate mechanism for suramin activity in lung cancer. The relationship between growth, squamous differentiation, and apoptosis is considered. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Newcomer Socialization and Stress: Formal Peer Relationships as a Source of Support☆☆☆

Abstract The present study examined formal peer developmental relationships within a graduate academic setting. Specifically, the relations between short-term mentoring provided by more experienced peers, multiple aspects of socialization, and stress were investigated. Data were collected from first-year MBA students working in teams which were formally assigned to second-year MBA peer mentors. Results indicated that the psychosocial mentoring provided by peers related positively to politics and performance aspects of socialization, while career-related mentoring related positively to the aspect of socialization that deals with the establishment of successful and satisfying relationships with organizational members. Both mentoring functions were positively related to the amount of help in coping with stress that respondents indicated their mentors provided. Further, mentoring was related to overall socialization, and overall socialization was related to work-induced stress; however, socialization did not mediate the relationship between mentoring and work-induced stress. The results underscore the valuable role that more experienced peers can serve in mentoring newcomers and enhancing socialization. The results also provide empirical support for expanding conventional views regarding the network of viable mentoring relationships.
Assessment of vasogenic edema in eclampsia using diffusion imaging.

We qualitatively assessed the regional distribution of vasogenic edema in a case of postpartum eclampsia. Although diffusion-weighted imaging showed no abnormalities, bilateral high signal was seen on T2-weighted images and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. ADC of 1.45 ± 0.10 mm2/s × 10–3 for the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) territory and 1.22 ± 0.12 mm2/s × 10–3 for the watershed areas were significantly higher than those in the territories of the anterior (0.85 ± 0.07 mm2/s × 10–3) and middle cerebral (0.79 ± 0.06 mm2/s × 10–3)arteries (P < 0.05). The predilection of ADC changes within the PCA territory and in a previously undescribed watershed distribution supports the hypothesis that vasogenic edema in eclampsia is due to hypertension-induced failure of vascular autoregulation.
New comprehensive metrics and methodology for metrology tool fleet matching

Measurement matching among metrology tools to the level of the precision specifications in the ITRS is highly desirable. A quantitative measure of this matching should combine single tool precision, tool-to-tool nonlinearities, and tool-to-tool offsets. In this paper we introduce Tool (under test) Matching Precision (TMP) and Fleet Measurement Precision (FMP) as these "bottom-line" metrics. TMP measures a single tool matching performance against a similar benchmark tool, while FMP measures the performance of the entire fleet. The paper describes a technique to diagnose both the tool under test and the fleet of tools when these bottom-line metrics do not meet the required specifications. Additionally, the exercise of assessing the matching of two tools or a fleet of tools requires a methodology that identifies and constructs a set of desirable artifacts, handles measurement induced sample damage, and provides a set of diagnostic metrics to aid in identifying root causes of matching problems. The methodology can be used for many different metrology systems. This case study will revolve around simulated data and actual data acquired from CD SEMs.
Toxoplasmosis complicating malignancy. Experience at the National Cancer Institute.

Severe, often fatal, infection with Toxoplasma gondii, which manifests an unusual predilection for the central nervous system, has been studied in six patients with malignancy at the National Cancer Institute. Fourteen other instances of toxoplasmosis associated with malignancy have been collected from the literature. Prominent clinical findings are those mimicking encephalitis or a mass lesion. Associated fever, rash, myocarditis and pneumonitis are also described. The major pathologic lesion is a necrotizing encephalitis of the gray matter. A striking coincidence of DNA virus infection occurred in several cases. Clinical, laboratory and pathologic details are reviewed and possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. Attention is drawn to the need for increased clinical awareness of this parasitic complication of malignancy, as it may be treatable.
Translocation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pif1 helicase monomers on single-stranded DNA

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pif1 participates in a wide variety of DNA metabolic pathways both in the nucleus and in mitochondria. The ability of Pif1 to hydrolyse ATP and catalyse unwinding of duplex nucleic acid is proposed to be at the core of its functions. We recently showed that upon binding to DNA Pif1 dimerizes and we proposed that a dimer of Pif1 might be the species poised to catalysed DNA unwinding. In this work we show that monomers of Pif1 are able to translocate on single-stranded DNA with 5′ to 3′ directionality. We provide evidence that the translocation activity of Pif1 could be used in activities other than unwinding, possibly to displace proteins from ssDNA. Moreover, we show that monomers of Pif1 retain some unwinding activity although a dimer is clearly a better helicase, suggesting that regulation of the oligomeric state of Pif1 could play a role in its functioning as a helicase or a translocase. Finally, although we show that Pif1 can translocate on ssDNA, the translocation profiles suggest the presence on ssDNA of two populations of Pif1, both able to translocate with 5′ to 3′ directionality.
Salivary Gland Lysates from the Sand Fly Lutzomyia longipalpis Enhance Leishmania Infectivity

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. The role of sand fly saliva in transmission of the disease was investigated by injecting mice with Leishmania major parasites in the presence of homogenized salivary glands from Lutzomyia longipalpis. This procedure resulted in cutaneous lesions of Leishmania major that were routinely five to ten times as large and contained as much as 5000 times as many parasites as controls. With inocula consisting of low numbers of Leishmania major, parasites were detected at the site of injection only when the inoculum also contained salivary gland material. This enhancing effect of sand fly salivary glands on cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred with as little as 10 percent of the contents of one salivary gland of one fly. Material obtained from other bloodsucking arthropods could not mediate the phenomenon.
Intradimensional and extradimensional shifts in the rat with assessment of differential instrumental generalization

Intradimensional (ID) and extradimensional (ED) shifts were compared using rats as subjects. By counterbalancing with respect to the positive cue in the shift task, it was possible to determine whether ID subjects were facilitated by favorable generalization of the instrumental response that was acquired in original learning. The results confirmed the superiority of the ID over the ED shift, previously reported by Shepp and Eimas (1964), and there was no significant evidence of differential generalization of the instrumental response. It is concluded that the Shepp and Eimas results were replicated and that the ID superiority cannot be accounted for solely in terms of favorable generalization of the instrumental response.
Occupational Asthma: An Overview

Occupational asthma is a form of asthma that is often under-diagnosed and under-reported. Unrecognized occupational asthma can lead to progression of disease and increased morbidity. The medical history is a critical element for establishing a diagnosis of OA. The history should include a detailed assessment of the workplace environment, the work process, changes in symptoms in and away from the workplace, and a review of relevant material safety data sheets that may provide clues regarding exposure(s) and the potential cause(s). Objective testing including spirometry pre- and post-bronchodilators, peak expiratory flow rate monitoring in and out of the workplace, provocation testing (i.e., methacholine challenge) to assess for airway hyperresponsiveness, and, if feasible, specific provocation by experienced personnel in a controlled setting to a suspected inciting agent are necessary for confirming a diagnosis. Skin or serologic testing for specific IgE to aeroallergens to assess the worker’s atopic status is useful especially when considering certain forms of OA where atopy is a risk factor. Specialized laboratory testing may be useful for specific OA causes. It is important to correctly make the diagnosis of OA as the impact on the worker’s future employment and earning power can be significantly affected.
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 STIMULATION OF HYPOTHALAMIC KISS-1 GENE EXPRESSION IS MEDIATED BY AKT: EFFECT OF ALCOHOL

Kisspeptin, as well as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), act centrally to stimulate luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) secretion at puberty. IGF-1 can induce KiSS-1 gene expression as an early pubertal event; however, the signaling pathway mediating this effect is not known. Since alcohol (ALC) blocks IGF-1 induced LHRH release acutely, we assessed whether this drug could affect IGF-1 stimulated prepubertal KiSS-1 gene expression following a binge type of exposure. Immature female rats were administered either ALC (3 g/kg) or water via gastric gavage at 07.30 h. At 09.00 h the ALC and control groups were subdivided where half received either saline or IGF-1 (200 ng) into the third ventricle. A second dose of ALC (1.5, 2 and 3 g/kg) or water was administered at 11.30 h. These regimens produced moderate blood alcohol concentrations of 77, 89 and 117 mg/dl, respectively, over the time course of the experiment. Rats were sacrificed 6 h after the IGF-1 injection and tissues containing the anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei were collected. IGF-1 stimulated (P<0.01) KiSS-1 gene expression in the AVPV nucleus at 6 h, but did not affect expression of the kisspeptin receptor, GPR54. While ALC did not alter basal expression of either gene, its dose dependently blocked IGF-1-induced KiSS-1 gene expression in the AVPV nucleus. No changes were observed in the ARC nucleus. Assessment of IGF-1 signaling indicated that the acute administration of IGF-1, ALC, or both did not alter the basal expression of IGF-1 receptor protein. However, IGF-1 stimulated (P<0.05) phosphorylated Akt protein over basal levels, an action blocked by ALC. Our results indicate that the IGF-1 induction of KiSS-1 gene expression is mediated by Akt activation, and that ALC alters this important prepubertal action of IGF-1.
Genetic schemes and schemata in neurophysiology

Abstract Information in nervous systems is often carried by neural ensembles — groups of neurons in transient functional linkage — and written in a code that involves the spatial locations of active neurons or synapses and the times at which activity occurs. Even in favorable neuroanatomical circumstances, studying neural ensemble function presents a serious experimental challenge. One recent strategy to overcome this challenge relies on protein-based sensors that provide direct optical images of neural activity, and on protein-based effectors that interfere with it. Because these molecules are encodable in DNA, they can be introduced into intact animals by genetic manipulation, and their expression pattern can be tailored to include — exclusively and at the same time comprehensively — the neurons of interest. Circumscribed populations of neurons can thus be studied in virtual isolation at defined stages of intact neural pathways.
Prolactin and luteinizing hormone cells of pregnant and lactating rats as studied by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay

The objective was to describe the cytological changes that occur in prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH) cells of the rat hypophysis during pregnancy and lactation and to correlate these changes with secretory activity of the two cell types. The cells were demonstrated with immunohistochemistry and secretory activity was indicated by pituitary and serum hormone concentrations as measured by radioimmunoassay. During pregnancy, two forms of prolactin cells were observed in the pars distalis. One form (prolactin cell I) was small, polyhedral, and constituted most of the prolactin cell population. A second form (prolactin cell II) was found occasionally in pituitary glands of nonpregnant rats and became prominent during pregnancy. It was polyhedral, many times larger than prolactin cell I, and had a restricted distribution in the pars distalis. During gestation prolactin cells I exhibited little change in size, number and staining capacity. Similarly, pituitary and serum prolactin concentrations indicated that the hypophysis releases little prolactin during pregnancy, except for the first few days after conception and before parturition. During lactation, the staining intensity of prolactin cells I and the pituitary prolactin concentration varied little. Prolactin cells II were lightly stained and rare throughout lactation. The staining capacity of luteinizing hormone (LH-) cells increased as pregnancy progressed in parallel with a rising pituitary concentration of LH during the first half of pregnancy. However, the immunohistochemical procedure appeared to be too insensitive to reflect the gradual fall in pituitary LH concentration during late pregnancy. During early lactation, the reduced staining capacity of LH-cells was correlated with a low pituitary concentration.
Information-seeking behavior: exploring metacognitive control in pigeons

Metacognitive control may occur if an organism seeks additional information when the available information for solving a problem is inadequate. Such information-seeking behavior has been documented in primates, but evidence of analogous behavior is less convincing in non-primates. In our study, we adopted a novel methodological approach. We presented pigeons with visual discriminations of varying levels of difficulty, and on special testing trials, we gave the birds the opportunity of making the discrimination easier. We initially trained pigeons on a discrimination between same and different visual arrays, each containing 12 items (low difficulty), 4 items (intermediate difficulty), or 2 items (high difficulty). We later provided an "Information" button that the pigeons could peck to increase the number of items in the arrays, thereby making the discrimination easier, plus a "Go" button which, when pecked, simply allowed the pigeons to proceed to their final discriminative response. Critically, our pigeons' choice of the "Information" button increased as the difficulty of the task increased. As well, some of our pigeons showed evidence of prompt and appropriate transfer of using the "Information" button to help them perform brand-new brightness and size discrimination tasks. Speculation as to the contents of pigeons' private mental states may be unwarranted, but our pigeons did objectively exhibit the kind of complex, flexible, and adaptive information-seeking behavior that is deemed to be involved in metacognitive control.
Enhanced fear recall and emotional arousal in rats recovering from chronic variable stress

Emergence of posttraumatic-like behaviors following chronic trauma is of interest given the rising prevalence of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress associated with combat usually involves chronic traumatization, composed of multiple, single episode events occurring in an unpredictable fashion. In this study, we investigated whether rats recovering from repeated trauma in the form of chronic variable stress (CVS) express posttraumatic stress-like behaviors and dysregulated neuroendocrine responses. Cohorts of Long-Evans rats underwent a 7 day CVS paradigm followed by behavioral and neuroendocrine testing during early (16 h post CVS) and delayed (7 day) recovery time points. A fear conditioning-extinction-reminder shock paradigm revealed that CVS induces exaggerated fear recall to reminder shock, suggestive of potentiated fear memory. Rats with CVS experience also expressed a delayed expression of fearful arousal under aversive context, however, social anxiety was not affected during post-CVS recovery. Persistent sensitization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocorticotropic response to a novel acute stressor was observed in CVS exposed rats. Collectively, our data are consistent with the constellation of symptoms associated with posttraumatic stress syndrome, such as re-experiencing, and arousal to fearful contexts. The CVS-recovery paradigm may be useful to simulate trauma outcomes following chronic traumatization that is often associated with repeated combat stress.
Synthetic Aperture Observations of Directional Height Spectra for 7 s Ocean Waves

Directional wave-height spectra of 7 s period ocean waves in equilibrium with the wind have been measured using Bragg scattering of LORAN-A transmissions and synthetic aperture techniques. The spectra measured have a resolution of approximately 10° and a dynamic range of at least 25 dB. Observations were carried out over an 8 d period in November 1972, during which sea and wind conditions varied slowly over periods of 24 to 48 h. The ratio of mean-square heights of wave propagating directly downwind to those propagating directly upwind is at least 300:1. The directional spectra were extremely broad, with spectral width between 90° and 180° and varied with the wind.
Specific protein phosphorylation during cyclic AMP-mediated morphological reversion of transformed cells.

Treatment of transformed Chinese hamster ovary cells with dibutyryl cAMP or other agents that elevate cAMP results in the acquisition of growth and morphology characteristic of normal fibroblasts. The role of specific protein phosphorylation in this process of morphological reversion has been examined using metabolic labelling of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with 32P-orthophosphate in the presence or absence of N6O2′-dibutyryladenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphoric acid (Bt2cAMP). Analysis of labelled cultures by SDS gel electrophoresis and radioautography demonstrate dramatic changes in the phosphorylation of only 2 cellular proteins during reverse transformation. A 55,000 dalton protein (pp55) was phosphorylated and a 20,000 dalton protein (pp20) was dephosphorylated. The time course of these events was consistent with the kinetics of morphological reversion. The lower molecular weight species, pp20, was dephosphorylated within 15–30 minutes, prior to all morphological changes except membrane tranquilization. The higher molecular weight protein, pp55, was maximally phosphorylated over 1–2 hours following addition of Bt2cAMP, paralleling early stages in the establishment of fibroblastic form. The phosphorylated forms of pp20 and pp55 were both extracted from cellular cytoskeletons by 0.5% Triton X-100, but analysis of 35S-methioninelabelled cultures suggested that unphosphorylated pp 20 may be bound to the cytoskeleton. Since pp20 was found to comigrate with the 20,000 dalton myosin light chain, it is possible that dephosphorylation of CHO cell myosin induced by cAMP may alter its interaction with actin microfilaments and modulate the assembly of stress fibers during morphological reversion.
Immunologic Properties of Enzymatically Degraded Human Keratin Intermediate Filaments

In order to gain insight into the metabolism of keratin intermediate filaments (KIF) as well as the ability of KIF degradation products to interact with the immune system, we performed enzymatic degradation of purified KIF and examined their interaction with anti-KIF autoantibodies and their ability to act as immunogens. Aliquots of KIF aggregates were exposed to 3 different enzymes, that is, α-chymotrypsin, plasmin, and trypsin, in dose- and time-dependent experiments. The effect of the digestion was monitored sequentially by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and simultaneously by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore the KIF degradation proteins were then examined for their ability to bind anti-KIF autoantibodies by immunoblot and for their immunogenicity. In addition, preincubation of KIF with anti-KIF autoantibodies prior to the digestion procedure was performed to investigate a possible protective effect of this treatment against proteolytic degradation. The experiments demonstrated that: (1) KIF are degraded by serine proteinases, (2) with prolonged incubation time intact KIF are progressively replaced by more granular-amorphous material in transmission electron microscopy, (3) anti-KIF autoantibodies bind to KIF degradation proteins, (4) preincubation of KIF with anti-KIF autoantibodies does not exert any major protective effect for KIF against proteolytic degradation, and (5) the enzymatic degradation products of KIF can function as effective immunogens causing the formation of high-titer anti-KIF antibodies.
Effective elasticities of short-fiber composites with arbitrary orientation distribution

Abstract The object of this study is the derivation of the effective elasticities of short-fiber composites with an arbitrarily specified orientation distribution of ellipsoidal fibers. The developed formalism is sufficiently general to include the cases of arbitrary material symmetry of both the fiber and the matrix. Fiber interactions and fiber geometry are accounted for by means of a generalized Mori-Tanaka assumption. The orientation distribution is described by a probability density function, the expansion of which in a series of generalized spherical harmonics permits considerable reductions in the computational work.
Methods for waste load allocation of municipal sewage sludge at the 106-mile ocean disposal site

Methods for modeling short-term (time-variable) and long-term (time-averaged) exposures in the upper mixed layer that may result from the proposed disposal of sewage sludge at the 106-Mile Ocean Disposal Site are presented. The models have not been field validated at the 106-Mile Site, but they do provide decision makers with “upper-bound” estimates of risk to the upper water column from municipal sludge loadings currently projected for disposal at the site. The methods are believed to be useful in managing disposal site operations and in determining if future loadings to the site would be permissible. The models are two-dimensional in the horizontal plane and assume complete mixing over a prescribed mixed-layer depth. Upper-bound estimates of sludge contaminant concentrations in the upper mixed layer were based on summer hydrographic conditions and an annual disposal rate of 7.2 million metric wet tons of sludge. Preliminary assessments of the potential effects of the sludge disposal were made using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency marine water quality criteria, the Food and Drug Administration tolerance level for polychlorinated biphenyl residues in edible portions of fish tissue and whole-sludge toxicity test results. Within the framework of the assumptions and limitations of this analysis, and based on the projected loading rate, the overall results indicate that there would be no violations of these criteria. The margins of safety relative to the specified criteria were estimated.
Effects of acrylamide exposure on serum hormones, gene expression, cell proliferation, and histopathology in male reproductive tissues of Fischer 344 rats

Acrylamide (AA) is a reactive monomer used in many technological applications, but it is the incidental formation during cooking of common starchy foods that leads to pervasive human exposure, typically in the range of 1 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day (d). AA is carcinogenic in multiple organs from both sexes of several rodent models and a consistent body of evidence points to a genotoxic mechanism based on metabolism to a DNA-reactive epoxide, glycidamide (GA). In F344 rats, tumorigenesis occurs in several hormonally regulated tissues (thyroid, mammary gland, and peri-testicular mesothelium), which has prompted speculation about endocrine dysregulation as a possible mechanism. The present study evaluated the effects of a 14 d exposure to AA administered through the drinking water on reproductive tissues and the hypothalamic-pituitary-testes (HPG) axis in male F344 rats. The doses selected encompass a range from approximately 2.5 mg/kg bw/d, which is carcinogenic after lifetime exposure, to 50 mg/kg bw/d, a maximally tolerable dose that causes hind limb paralysis. AA caused significant changes in serum hormones, histopathology, testicular gene expression, and cell proliferation, especially at the highest dose. Despite strong evidence for activation of the HPG axis subsequent to decreases in testosterone levels, and histopathological changes associated with significant effects on Leydig and germ cells, with concomitant mRNA expression changes, the precise mechanism(s) for AA-induced testicular toxicity remains unclear; however, the absence of evidence for increased proliferation of the peri-testicular mesothelium (Ki-67 immunoreactivity) does not support hormonal dysregulation as a contributing factor to the predisposition of this tissue to the carcinogenic effects of AA.
Classical Conditioning with Suitable Controls in the Classroom: A Refinement:

Classical salivary conditioning was demonstrated in a classroom setting with the use of experimental control procedures to ensure an actual CR was being displayed and not pseudoconditioning. The significant increase in salivation in the forward conditioning group compared to that of the backward-paired group indicates this method can be used to condition salivation classically in the classroom.
Effects of defect clustering in neutron irradiated silicon

Abstract In situations where defects are clustered and the number of defects within a cluster approaches the doping level, shallow defects states may be only partially filled in equilibrium. We have modeled both the equilibrium filling and the kinetic capture dynamics of the silicon divacancy, V 2 , in neutron damaged silicon. A simple electrostatic model that assumes that V 2 defects have the same spatial distribution as a simulation of vacancy defects following neutron irradiation is able to account for the observed capture kinetics. This electrostatic model does not, however, explain the large V 2 asymmetry typical of neutron damaged silicon.
A review of selected techniques for characterizing radiation-induced defects in solar cells

Abstract A review of three promising defect characterization techniques is presented. It is shown how deep level transient spectroscopy can provide information about energy level, density and capture cross-section of electrically active defects produced by irradiation. Both Doppler and lifetime positron annihilation spectroscopies are reviewed to show how configuration of radiation-induced defects can be identified by these techniques. Finally, the electron paramagnetic resonance technique is briefly reviewed and its usefulness is demonstrated by describing the investigations of radiation-induced Si-A center and positively charged silicon vacancy defect.
Current Activities on Exposure Limits for Humans in the Radio-Frequency Region [Telecommunications Health and Safety]

In addition to a situation where the use of wireless technology is rapidly advancing, a large variety of new radio-frequency exposure scenarios are being introduced into our daily lives. Most existing radio-frequency exposure guidelines and standards were promulgated during the late 1990s. Many guideline- and standard-recommending organizations are engaged at various stages in revisiting their current guidelines and standards, including review of the scientific evidence concerning exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields and the resulting consequences for health, accumulated since the 1990s.
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) increases resolution and informativity of Alu-directed inter-repeat PCR.

Abstract By inter-repeat PCR, multiple polymorphic loci can be targeted in parallel. To improve resolution and extend the number of detectable polymorphisms, Alu -directed inter-repeat PCR products from two large pedigrees of the Centre d»Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) were electrophoretically resolved in non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels and, separately, on the basis of sequence content by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The resolution in DGGE gels was found to be superior to that in non-denaturing gels and a higher number of fragments was detected separately. The number of polymorphic bands detected by DGGE alone, however, was lower than that after size separation. This is ascribed to the fact that because of complete melting, small polymorphic fragments can run off the gel. With three Alu -specific primers, 18 and 16 polymorphic bands per individual were detected by size separation in pedigrees 1200 and 6600, respectively. In the same two pedigrees, seven and 15 polymorphic bands, respectively, were detected by DGGE. Segregation analysis of polymorphisms in the CEPH pedigrees indicated that most polymorphisms detected by DGGE were different from those detected by size separation.
Uncertain regard: An exhibition of aboriginal art in France

Abstract This paper is a study of one component of the recent and contemporary circulation of cultural objects, the exhibition of Australian Aboriginal acrylic paintings in a French museum. The author argues that the recent emphases on ‘appropriation ‘ and the primitivizing gaze ‘ are not sufficient to understand what happens when such objects circulate. To ask what does happen in circulation, at the sites of exhibition, is to ask how they are produced, inflected, and invoked in concrete institutional settings, which have distinctive histories, purposes, and structures of their own. The gazes’ (representations) which are discussed in this French example are analyzed within the specific conditions of their production to show how such exhibitions and circulations of culture are produced in relationship to the requirements internal to museums to distinguish themselves from others, to respond to claims placed upon them by their own institutional settings.
Phytoplankton optical properties: flow cytometric examinations of dilution-induced effects.

Flow cytometry is used to measure dilution-induced changes in the optical properties of Dunaliella tertiolecta—light scatter, cell fluorescence, and refractive index. Observed changes in cell optical properties are compared to simultaneous measures of cell volume and count, extracted chlorophyll a concentration, and the 14C uptake rate. Flow cytometric measurements reveal short-term dilution effects (within 1 h of dilution) that are not evident in other morphological or physiological measurements such as cell volume, extracted chlorophyll a concentration, and 14C uptake rate. Data are presented which suggest that these short-term changes in cell optical properties are the result of changes in the real component of refractive index, possibly due to a rapid and temporary rearrangement of the internal cellular structure. Long-term changes are observed in time series measurements of cell volume and count, extracted chlorophyll a concentration, and 14C uptake rate.
From ethnocide to ethnoviolence: Layers of native American victimization

The contemporary phenomenon of ethnoviolence - otherwise known as hate crime - has its roots deeply embedded in the historical persecution of Native Americans by representatives of 'the state and private individuals alike. Genocidal policies and practices of the past have their present counterparts in anti-activist and anti-treaty violence, as well as in isolated acts of violence against individual Native Americans. This paper traces the threads that bind together the (d)evolution from ethnocide to ethnoviolence.
Can Leadership Be Taught? Perspectives From Management Educators

This article presents the results of a survey of management educators on business leadership education. The management educators consulted here generally concurred that leadership requires a partic...
Integration of ISO 31000:2009 and Supply Chain Risk Management

Supply chain risk management (SCRM) can provide companies with a long-term competitive advantage, particularly if it is integrated with enterprise risk management (ERM). Current SCRM research frameworks do not explicitly examine this integration, potentially hindering a deeper understanding of SCRM. This research uses survey data and follow-up interviews to suggest that ISO 31000:2009 provides a foundation for advancing future SCRM research, and to more successfully execute SCRM. It is also determined that ISO 31000:2009 encompasses existing SCRM frameworks, but is more exhaustive. It includes two critical steps generally omitted from SCRM frameworks: 1) developing a strategic context for SCRM, and 2) performance monitoring. Finally, it was found that firms recognize the importance of SCRM, but SCRM integration and skills are lacking.
Spatial vectorcardiography: Technique for the simultaneous recording of the frontal, sagittal, and horizontal projections. I

Abstract A technique for the simultaneous recording of a frontal, sagittal, and horizontal vectorcardiogram is described. The geometric arrangement selected for electrode placement is that of a cube. The reasons for preferring the cube arrangement to the equilateral tetrahedron are discussed.
Theory and Experiments on the Compliance Control of Redundant Robot Manipulators

This work presents a control methodology for compliant motion in redundant robot manipulators. This control approach takes advantage of the redundancy in the robot’s degrees of freedom: while a maximum six degrees of freedom of the robot control the robot’s endpoint position, the remaining degrees of freedom impose an appropriate force on the environment. To verify the applicability of this control method, an active end-effector is mounted on an industrial robot to generate redundancy in the degrees of freedom. A set of experiments are described to demonstrate the use of this control method in constrained maneuvers. The stability of the robot and the environment is analyzed.
Efficacy of povidone-iodine in pre-operative skin preparation

Summary Cultures were obtained of the microbial flora from the skin of the operation site pre-operatively and following preparation of the surgical field with povidone-iodine (PVP-I). Preliminary results indicate that PVP-I is a reasonable and effective antibacterial agent when used to prepare skin for surgical operations.
Characterization of GaAs substrates and epitaxial GaAs1−xPx layers by divergent x-ray beam diffraction

The application of the divergent x-ray beam diffraction method was studied for characterizing lattice imperfections, lattice parameters and composition variations and lattice strain in GaAs substrates and in GaAs1−xPx epitaxial layers. Reflection conics from {117}, {026}, {155} and (004) planes predominate in pseudo-Kossel back reflection patterns obtained from samples with (001) orientations. The sensitivity of pseudo-Kossel line displacements is assessed for lattice parameter and anisotropic strain distortion measurements. The lattice parameter of GaAs was determined to be 5.6435 ∢. Moseic subgrain misorientations in GaAs1−xPx epitaxial layers were found to be relatively independent of graded layer composition gradients, whereas homogeneous stress distortion was more strongly dependent.
Study of transient flow and particle transport in continuous steel caster molds: Part I. Fluid flow

Unsteady three-dimensional flow in the mold region of the liquid pool during continuous casting of steel slabs has been computed using realistic geometries starting from the submerged inlet nozzle. Three large-eddy simulations (LES) have been validated with measurements and used to compare results between full-pool and symmetric half-pool domains and between a full-scale water model and actual behavior in a thin-slab steel caster. First, time-dependent turbulent flow in the submerged nozzle is computed. The time-dependent velocities exiting the nozzle ports are then used as inlet conditions for the flow in the liquid pool. Complex time-varying flow structures are observed in the simulation results, in spite of the nominally steady casting conditions. Flow in the mold region is seen to switch between a “double-roll” recirculation zone and a complex flow pattern with multiple vortices. The computed time-averaged flow pattern agrees well with measurements obtained by hot-wire anemometry and dye injection in full-scale water models. Full-pool simulations show asymmetries between the left and right sides of the flow, especially in the lower recirculation zone. These asymmetries, caused by interactions between two halves of the liquid pool, are not present in the half-pool simulation. This work also quantifies differences between flow in the water model and the corresponding steel caster. The top-surface liquid profile and fluctuations are predicted in both systems and agree favorably with measurements. The flow field in the water model is predicted to differ from that in the steel caster in having higher upward velocities in the lower-mold region and a more uniform top-surface liquid profile. A spectral analysis of the computed velocities shows characteristics similar to previous measurements. The flow results presented here are later used (in Part II of this article) to investigate the transport of inclusion particles.