cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition in nicotine reward and dependence

The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide (AEA) exerts the majority of its effects at CB1 and CB2 receptors and is degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). FAAH KO mice and animals treated with FAAH inhibitors are impaired in their ability to hydrolyze AEA and other non-cannabinoid lipid signaling molecules, such as oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). AEA and these other substrates activate non-cannabinoid receptor systems, including TRPV1 and PPAR-α receptors. In this mini review, we describe the functional consequences of FAAH inhibition on nicotine reward and dependence as well as the underlying endocannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptor systems mediating these effects. Interestingly, FAAH inhibition seems to mediate nicotine dependence differently in mice and rats. Indeed, pharmacological and genetic FAAH disruption in mice enhances nicotine reward and withdrawal. However, in rats, pharmacological blockade of FAAH significantly inhibits nicotine reward and has no effect in nicotine withdrawal. Studies suggest that non-cannabinoid mechanisms may play a role in these species differences.
Power Analysis for Complex Mediational Designs Using Monte Carlo Methods

Applied researchers often include mediation effects in applications of advanced methods such as latent variable models and linear growth curve models. Guidance on how to estimate statistical power to detect mediation for these models has not yet been addressed in the literature. We describe a general framework for power analyses for complex mediational models. The approach is based on the well known technique of generating a large number of samples in a Monte Carlo study, and estimating power as the percentage of cases in which an estimate of interest is significantly different from zero. Examples of power calculation for commonly used mediational models are provided. Power analyses for the single mediator, multiple mediators, three-path mediation, mediation with latent variables, moderated mediation, and mediation in longitudinal designs are described. Annotated sample syntax for Mplus is appended and tabled values of required sample sizes are shown for some models.
Quick lime-gypsum interactions in stabilized soil bases for concrete highways

Abstract Lime stabilization of clayey soils is very common throughout many parts of the world. Typically if heaving is observed after quick lime (CaO) stabilization, then one may think that insufficient lime and/or poor slaking and mixing techniques may be the root of the problem. Actually, there are several other reasons for the observed heaving. One explanation is that the lime may have been hard burnt, thus rendering the lime inactive until months later. Another explanation is due to the interaction of the quick lime with gypsum (CaSO 4 . 2 H 2 O) in the soil to be stabilized. One may conclude that lime, Type I portland cement, or Class C fly ash stabilization of high gypsum bearing soils would at best produce poor results because of the possibility of expansion due to the formation of ettringite.
Series-Input Parallel-Output Modular-Phase DC–DC Converter With Soft-Switching and High-Frequency Isolation

Multiphase soft-switching high-frequency isolated dc–dc converter is proposed for power conversion in modular stacked HVDC power transmission and distribution system. Input-series output-parallel connection of current-fed full-bridge dc–dc converter modules is proposed to increase voltage blocking capability at the input and decrease current ripple at the output. Basic power electronic building block is zero-current switching (ZCS) full-bridge phase-shift pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) dc–dc converter. Phase shift between switches in each leg of the converter is adjusted to control power flow, while phase shift between gate signals of individual phases is selected according to the number of phases in order to minimize ripple of the output voltage. Converter analysis is carried out to develop a simple equivalent boost converter model of the three-phase soft-switching converter suitable for system-level analysis and simulation. Strategies are developed to ensure fast detection of faults and continued operation of the converter in the case of fault in one phase module. To verify the proposed system design and analysis, experimental results on scaled-down laboratory prototype are presented for a three-phase ZCS dc–dc converter.
A rise in cytosolic calcium is not necessary for maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes

Abstract Cytoplasmic free calcium levels during progesterone-induced meiotic maturation in Xenopus laevis oocytes were measured using the photoprotein aequorin. The resting level of [Ca 2+ ] i was 92.6 ± 30 n M . No significant changes were observed after progesterone addition, although a large pulse of [Ca 2+ ] i was observed upon activation of matured oocytes. These findings are discussed in terms of the role of calcium in maturation and it is concluded that calcium is not the second messenger for progesterone. This conclusion is further supported by the finding that 100 μ M TMB-8, a blocker of intracellular calcium release, had no effect on progesterone-induced maturation.
Magnetic properties of Co2−xTMxC and Co3−xTMxC nanoparticles

Using synthetic chemical approaches, it is now possible to synthesize transition metal carbides nanoparticles with morphology, where the transition metal layers are embedded with intervening layers of carbon atoms. A composite material consisting of Co2C and Co3C nanoparticles has been found to exhibit unusually large coercivity and energy product. Here, we demonstrate that the magnetic moments and the anisotropy can be further enhanced by using a combination of Co and other transition metals (TM). Our studies are based on mixed nanoparticles Co2−xTMxC and Co3−xTMxC, in which selected Co sites are replaced with 3d transition elements Cr, Mn, and Fe. The studies indicate that the replacement of Co by Fe results in an increase of both the magnetic moment and the magnetic anisotropy. In particular, CoFe2C is shown to have an average spin moment of 2.56 μB and a magnetic anisotropy of 0.353 meV/formula unit compared to 1.67 μB and 0.206 meV/formula unit for the Co3C. Detailed examination of the electronic str...
A polynomial goal programming approach to a class of quality control problems

Abstract The traditional quality control approach based on statistical tools has been very useful and effective when output and input qualities can be denned in terms of a single characteristic. However, in process industries such as paper, the output quality is denned in terms of two or more distinct characteristics; hence, reducing the deviation of one output characteristic from its permissible limits could result in forcing other output and/or input characteristics to deviate from their respective limits. Compounding this phenomenon is the fact that most of these industries produce substantial amounts of pollutants whose characteristics are a function of the input and output characteristics. Thus, with increasing costs of waste treatment and stringent pollution standards, there arises a notion of a trade-off between attaining market specified output characteristics and meeting federally regulated pollution standards. In this article a general process quality control problem has been formulated that reflects the above trade-off both in terms of a linear and a polynomial goal programming problem. Major advantages and differences between the two formulations are highlighted and illustrated with a practical example drawn from the paper industry. Three separate cases each with different priorities assigned to the output, pollutant and input characteristics are developed and solved under both formulations. Based on the analysis it is observed that the different solutions that result are contingent on the assumptions concerning the priorities associated with each goal and the manner by which one chooses to incorporate tradeoffs between goals in the objective function. Additionally, it is found that the solutions obtained under polynomial goal programming formulation are more conducive for implementation in practical quality control contexts.
The mansfield scientific aortic valvuloplasty registry: Overview of acute hemodynamic results and procedural complications

Between December 1, 1986 and October 30, 1987, balloon aortic valvuloplasty was performed in 492 patients with aortic stenosis (mean age 79 ± 8.4 years) enrolled in the Mansfield Scientific Aortic Valvuloplasty Registry. All procedures were performed from a femoral approach (92%), brachial approach (6%) or transseptal approach (2%) and utilized either a single balloon technique (72%) or a double balloon technique (28%). Valvuloplasty resulted in a significant improvement in aortic valve area (0.50 ± 0.18 cm2to 0.82 ± 0.30 cm2), mean aortic valve gradient (60 ± 23 mm Hg to 30 ± 13 mm Hg) and cardiac output (3.86 ± 1.26 to 4.05 ± 1.31 liters/min). Serial aortography demonstrated a moderate or severe increase in aortic insufficiency in only 2.1% of patients. Statistical analysis of the procedural factors affecting acute valvuloplasty results demonstrated significant correlations of single versus double balloon technique, total number of balloon inflations and total number of balloon exchanges with respect to the absolute change in mean aortic valve gradient occurring during the valvuloplasty procedure. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the maximal time of valvuloplasty balloon inflation with aortic valve area measured after valvuloplasty, and there were significant correlations of the total number of balloon inflations and total number of balloon exchanges with the aortic valve mean gradient measured after valvuloplasty. The overall complication rate for the procedure was 20.5%, including vascular injury in 11%, embolic phenomenon in 2.2%, ventricular perforation resulting in tamponade in 1.8%, massive aortic insufficiency in 1%, nonfatal arrhythmia in 0.8% and myocardial infarction in 0.2%. Death occurred within 24 h of the procedure in 4.9%, and within 7 days in an additional 2.6%. The results of this multicenter study suggest that balloon aortic valvuloplasty can result in acute hemodynamic improvement in patients with aortic stenosis, with only a minimal risk of increasing aortic insufficiency. Single versus double balloon technique, the total number of balloon inflations, the length of balloon inflation, and the total number of balloon exchanges are all procedural factors that may affect the immediate efficacy of the procedure. At the time of this study, complication rates for the procedure are significant, with one in five patients experiencing a complication.
Chronic morphine exposure blocks opioid effects on both the early and late inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells

Abstract The μ-opioid agonist, [ N- MePhe 3 , d -Pro 4 ] morphiceptin (PL017), significantly decreased the conductance changes measured during both the early and late inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) in CA1 pyramidal cells. Although the conductance change during the early IPSP was much larger than that during the late IPSP, the relative decrease in conductance caused by 1 μM PL017 was similar for both. Chronic morphine treatment of rats prior to hippocampal slice preparation resulted in a loss of PL017 (1 μM) effects on both the early and late IPSPs. These results suggest that opioids have an equal ability to alter both early and late IPSPs in the CA1, that these effects are equally sensitive to chronic morphine, and that these measurements are a sensitive means of determining opioid tolerance in the hippocampus.
Evidence for a central pathway in the cerebrovascular effects of spinal cord stimulation.

OBJECTIVE Cervical spinal cord stimulation (SCS) augments cerebral blood flow (CBF) in a number of animal models. The mechanisms underlying the cerebrovascular effects of SCS are not yet well delineated. In this study, we analyzed two alternative pathways in CBF alterations induced by SCS in rats, one involving direct modulation of sympathetic outflow and the other through central vasomotor influence. METHODS Resection of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), SCS alone, or SCS after SCG removal was performed in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. CBF was measured with (14)C-inosine monophosphate radiotracer studies. In another set of experiments, SCS was performed after spinalization at the cervicomedullary junction or after laminectomy alone. RESULTS Baseline CBF in the SCG removal group was 71 +/- 8 ml/100 g/min, similar to controls. SCS alone significantly increased blood flow to 100 +/- 10 ml/100 g/min (P < 0.05). Animals that underwent SCS after SCG removal demonstrated a similar robust augmentation in CBF. SCS-induced changes in CBF were completely attenuated by spinalization. CONCLUSION The profound effects of spinal cord transection on SCS-induced CBF augmentation, together with the lack of effect of surgical sympathectomy, suggest that the mechanisms underlying the effects of SCS involve central influences rather than cervical sympathetic outflow. These findings suggest a possible role for brainstem vasomotor centers in the cerebrovascular effects of SCS.
Incorporation of National Universities in Korea: Dynamic Forces, Key Features, and Challenges

Educational reform crosses national borders more frequently than it has in the past. As soon as higher education reform is initiated in one place, usually in an advanced country, a variation is soon discovered elsewhere in the world. Incorporation of national universities is one such reform. It began in the United Kingdom and migrated to other European countries, such as Germany, Austria, and France. Now we see it taking root in Asian countries, including Mainland China, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and soon Korea. The changes that accompany incorporation have serious ramifications for public institutions of higher education. Corporate status forces institutions out of their government’s administrative control and places them in a disadvantaged and uncomfortable position with regard to their former patron.
Evolution of solid rocket booster component testing

The evolution of one of the new generation of test sets developed for the Solid Rocket Booster of the U.S. Space Transportation System. Requirements leading to factory checkout of the test set are explained, including the evolution from manual to semiautomated toward fully automated status. Individual improvements in the built-in test equipment, self-calibration, and software flexibility are addressed, and the insertion of fault detection to improve reliability is discussed.
Finned-tube performance evaluations for one-row arrays and two-row staggered and in-line arrays

Etablissement d'equations donnant les transferts de chaleur et les pertes de charge d'une rangee de tubes a ailettes et de 2 rangees de tubes a ailettes alignes en quinconce en ecoulement croise
Characterizing Discourse Deficits Following Penetrating Head Injury: A Preliminary Model.

Purpose Discourse analyses have demonstrated utility for delineating subtle communication deficits following closed head injuries (CHIs). The present investigation examined the discourse performanc...
Popliteal entrapment syndrome.

A case of a type of popliteal entrapment syndrome that does not include an anomalous course of the popliteal artery is presented. In situ thrombosis secondary to entrapment-induced stasis was the presumed cause of ischemic, symptomatology. Thorough knowledge of the possible causes of entrapment and biplane angiography (of the popliteal artery) with provocative maneuvers often are required for diagnosis. As in our patient, surgical release of the entrapment can lead to complete resolution of symptoms.
DI: an interactive debugging interpreter for applicative languages

The DI interpreter is both a debugger and interpreter of SISAL programs. Its use as a program interpreter is only a small part of its role; it is designed to be a tool for studying compilation techniques for applicative languages. DI interprets dataflow graphs expressed in the IF1 and IF2 languages, and is heavily instrumented to report the activity of dynamic storage activity, reference counting, copying and updating of structured data values. It also aids the SISAL language evaluation by providing an interim execution vehicle for SISAL programs. DI provides determinate, sequential interpretation of graph nodes for sequential and parallel operations in a canonical order. As a debugging aid, DI allows tracing, breakpointing, and interactive display of program data values. DI handles creation of SISAL and IF1 error values for each data type and propagates them according to a well-defined algebra. We have begun to implement IF1 optimizers and have measured the improvements with DI.
Photochemical Reaction of Ozone and Dimethylacetylene: An Infrared Matrix Isolation and ab Initio Investigation

The photolysis of Ar/ozone/dimethylacetylene matrices (200/1/1) at λ ≥ 280 nm and 12 K yields the following stable products: dimethylketene, the E and Z configurational isomers of methyl vinyl ketone, butane-2,3-dione, and acetic anhydride. The reaction of O(3P) with dimethylacetylene to form products of molecular formula C4H6O, including dimethyloxirene, was modeled using the second-order perturbation and CCSD(T) theories. In all cases, it is concluded that spin crossing takes place early on the reaction surface to take advantage of low singlet state activation barriers. The formation of butane-2,3-dione from singlet state O2 molecules and dimethylacetylene, as well as the photolysis of DMA/O3 reactant pairs, is discussed.
Development and characterization of a pooled Haemophilus influenzae genomic library for the evaluation of gene expression changes associated with mucosal biofilm formation in otitis media.

Abstract Haemophilus influenzae is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of man. It has been etiologically associated with otitis media, otorrhea, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Identification of new genomic elements will provide novel targets to fight chronic infections caused by this organism. Objective: The new paradigm that chronic infections are caused by bacterial biofilms prompted us to study the relationship between bacterial pathogenicity, biofilm formation and bacterial communal cooperation. To do this, it is essential to determine the virulence gene sets that are involved in the above processes and whether they are present in every bacterial cell or distributed in a “communal gene-pool”, the distributed genome hypothesis (DGH). We designed, constructed and characterized a highly redundant genomic DNA library comprised of the genomes of ten low passage clinical isolates of H. influenzae carrying large numbers of genes that are not present in the laboratory strains of H. influenzae . Methods: Genomic DNA fragments of the ten clinical strains were hydro-dynamically sheared to produce a mean fragment size of 1.5–2.5 kb. The ten sheared DNAs were than pooled and used in the construction of a genomic library with 76 800 clones. Results: Our restriction endonuclease and sequence analyses of 800 clones demonstrate that 75% of the clones carry an insert larger than 0.5 kb. The library has an ∼1.5 kb average insert size, and therefore, better than 4.5× redundancy for each of the genomes of the ten clinical isolates. Our sequencing effort (∼1 million nucleotides to date) reveals that a high percentage of genes (75 clones, 11% of the 686 sequenced clones) present in this library are not represented in the genome of the reference strain H. influenzae Rd. Conclusions: The library, based on the above results, has a better than 4.5× coverage for each of the ten constituent genomes. On the basis of our preliminary sequencing data (∼1 million nucleotides) the library lacks of highly repeated sequences, therefore, the expected genome coverage (4.5×) is not degraded. Using the prevalence of non-Rd like sequences (11%) detected during characterization of the genomic library, we estimated that the library contains DNA sequences equivalent to ∼2 million bp, which are not represented in the reference genome of the H. influenzae Rd strain and that is greater in size than the genome of this reference strain, providing ample targets for innovative drug design.
Oxazolo[3,2‐a]pyridinium salts

The sulfides formed by the reaction of α-halo ketones or α-halo acetals with 2-mercaptopyridine may be cyclized in good yield to form thiazolo[3, 2-a]pyridinium salts. The presence of chloro or nitro substituents on the pyridine ring does not interfere with the synthesis. Nitration of 3-methylthiazolo[3, 2-a]pyridinium perchlorate has been found to occur at position 8.
Mutations of the βN102 Residue of HbA Not Only Inhibit the Ligand-Linked T to Re State Transition, but Also Profoundly Affect the Properties of the T State Itself†

The properties of three HbA variants with different mutations at the beta102 position, betaN102Q, betaN102T, and betaN102A, have been examined. All three are inhibited in their ligand-linked transition from the low affinity T quaternary state to the high affinity Re quaternary state. In the presence of inositol hexaphosphate, IHP, none of them exhibits cooperativity in the binding of oxygen. This is consistent with the destabilization of the Re state as a result of the disruption of the hydrogen bond that normally forms between the beta102 asparagine residue and the alpha94 aspartate residue in the Re state. However, these three substitutions also alter the properties of the T state of the hemoglobin tetramer. In the presence of IHP, the first two substitutions result in large increases in the ligand affinities of the beta-subunits within the T state structure. The betaN102A variant, however, greatly reduces the pH dependencies of the affinities of the alpha and beta subunits, K1(alpha) and K1(beta), respectively, for the binding of the first oxygen molecule in the absence of IHP. In the presence of IHP, the T state of this variant is strikingly similar to that of HbA under the same conditions. For both hemoglobins, K1(alpha) and K1(beta) exhibit only small Bohr effects. In the absence of IHP, the affinities of the alpha and beta subunits of HbA for the first oxygen are increased, and both exhibit greatly increased Bohr effects. However, in contrast to the behavior of HbA, the ligand-binding properties of the T state tetramer of the betaN102A variant are little affected by the addition or removal of IHP. It appears that along with its effect on the stability of the liganded Re state, this mutation has an effect on the T state that mimics the effect of adding IHP to HbA. It inhibits the set of conformational changes, which are coupled to the K1 Bohr effects and normally accompany the binding of the first ligand to the HbA tetramer in the absence of organic phosphates.
The effect of assisted ventilation on arterial carbon dioxide

The effect on the arterial carbon dioxide tension of assisting spontaneously breathing patients under halothane anaesthesia has been studied. A reduction in Paco2 is usually seen, but it was reduced below 40 torr in only 30 per cent of cases, while a rise was recorded in 20 per cent.
Effects of Quaternary Climatic Change on Speciation in Mammals

An ongoing controversy in evolutionary biology is the extent to which climatic changes drive evolutionary processes. On the one hand are “Red Queen” hypotheses, which maintain that climatic change is less important than biotic interactions in causing evolutionary change. On the other hand are “Court Jester” models, which recognize climatic change as a very important stimulus to speciation. The Quaternary Period (the last 1.8 million years), characterized by multiple climatic changes in the form of glacial–interglacial transitions, offers a fertile testing ground for ascertaining whether cyclical climatic changes that operate at the 100,000-year time scale appreciably influence evolutionary patterns in mammals. Despite the increased potential for isolation of populations that should occur with multiple advances and retreats of glaciers and rearrangement of climatic zones, empirical data suggests that speciation rates were neither appreciably elevated for Quaternary mammals, nor strongly correlated with glacial–interglacial transitions. Abundant evidence attests to population-level changes within the Quaternary, but these did not usually lead to the origin of new species. This suggests that if climatic change does influence speciation rates in mammals, it does so over time scales longer than a typical glacial–interglacial cycle.
Preservation of surface‐dependent properties of viral antigens following immobilization on particulate ceramic delivery vehicles

B-cell stimulation for the purpose of evoking an effective neutralizing humoral immune response is a surface phenomenon that is exquisitely specific to antigen conformation. Consequently, successful delivery of antigen, such as would be desired in a vaccine, entails preservation of an antigen's apparent native surface (conformational) properties. Prior to testing the actual vaccinating efficacy of delivered antigens, the surface properties could be assessed through a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays in which the measurement standard would be the properties of the antigens in their native state (whole virus). Using surface modified nanocrystalline carbon and calcium-phosphate ceramic particulates (carbon ceramics and brushite), we evaluated the surface activity of immobilized non-nuclear material extracted from HIV-1. Physical characterization showed that the particles with immobilized antigen („HIV decoys”) measured 50 nm in diameter (HIV = 50–100 nm) and exhibited the same ξ potentials as whole (live) HIV. In vitro testing showed that the HIV decoys were recognized by both conformationally nonspecific and specific monoclonal antibodies, were recognized by human IgG from HIV antibody-positive patients, and could promote surface agglomeration among malignant T-cells similar to live HIV. Last, in vivo testing in three vaccinated animal species showed that the HIV decoys elicited humoral and cellular immune responses similar to that evoked by whole (live) HIV. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Circadian periodicity of plasma cortisol levels: effect of random living schedule in man.

Six normal subjects lived for two weeks on disorganized schedules in which they were in bed for four 2-h periods per day at random intervals. Meals were also served on a random schedule. Subjects varied in their ability to adapt their sleep to such schedules. One subject achieved an excellent adaptation, one very good, and two fairly good. Circadian periodicity of plasma corticosteroid levels was not greatly affected by the experiment, but became ‘noisier’ in most subjects, possibly because of irregularity of individual cortisol secretory episodes within the circadian cycle. The results do not encourage the belief that circadian adrenal periodicity depends upon the cumulative effects of regular living schedules.
An empirical study of the bad smells and class error probability in the post-release object-oriented system evolution

Bad smells are used as a means to identify problematic classes in object-oriented systems for refactoring. The belief that the bad smells are linked with problematic classes is largely based on previous metric research results. Although there is a plethora of empirical studies linking software metrics to errors and error proneness of classes in object-oriented systems, the link between the bad smells and class error probability in the evolution of object-oriented systems after the systems are released has not been explored. There has been no empirical evidence linking the bad smells with class error probability so far. This paper presents the results from an empirical study that investigated the relationship between the bad smells and class error probability in three error-severity levels in an industrial-strength open source system. Our research, which was conducted in the context of the post-release system evolution process, showed that some bad smells were positively associated with the class error probability in the three error-severity levels. This finding supports the use of bad smells as a systematic method to identify and refactor problematic classes in this specific context.
Synthesis and structural features of new sterically hindered azaphosphatrane systems: ZP(RNCH2CH2)3N

Abstract The synthesis of [ZP(RNCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 N]CF 3 SO 3 wherein Z=H + and R=SiMe 3 ( 1f ), SiEt 3 ( 1g ), SiPh 3 ( 1h ), SiPh 2 Me ( 1i ) and Li ( 1j ), are reported along with that of 2f wherein Z=lp and R=SiMe 3 . Also described are the transformations of 1j to 1f – i , 2f to OP(Me 3 SiNCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 N ( 3b ), 5 to 3b , and 2f to SP(Me 3 SiNCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 N ( 3a ). The structures of 2f and 3a determined by X-ray means are also presented. Compound 2f displays a bridgehead–bridgehead distance of 3.360(7) A while that in 3a is 3.152(7) A. The smaller distance in the latter by ca. 0.1 A is attributed to the wider NPN bond angle by ca. 5° in 3a . VT 31 P-NMR studies revealed no evidence for transannulation or tautomerism in 3b .
Impurity segregation in electrochemical processes and its application to electrorefining of ultrapure silicon

Abstract A theory for impurity segregation in electrochemical processes is formulated based on the Nernst equation, which forms the theoretical foundation for electrorefining. It is found that the current two-electrode configuration, while being widely used to purify metals, is incapable of producing ultrahigh purity. A three-electrode configuration is required, in which the potential applied to the anode or the cathode with respect to the reference electrode is the key to produce ultrapure materials. The theory is applied to electrorefining of metallurgical-grade silicon to produce solar-grade silicon. It is suggested that two-step electrorefining is required to remove all the impurities, in which the anode and cathode potentials are controlled in separate steps. The precise anode and cathode potentials for each step are determined from the impurity concentrations in metallurgical-grade silicon and the target impurity concentrations for solar-grade silicon. It is also found that low process temperatures promote effective electrorefining.
On the Persistence of Small Regions of Vorticity in the Protoplanetary Nebula

The fate of small regions of vorticity in a barotropic model of the protoplanetary nebula is investigated over thousands of years using a finite difference model. It is found that the coherence time for a small island of vorticity depends on its size, strength, orientation, and radial location in the nebula. Anticyclonic vorticity retains its coherence for longer times than cyclonic vorticity due to favorable interactions with the Keplerian shear flow. Rossby waves are generated as a result of mean vorticity gradients across the disk. The two-dimensional nebula evolves from discrete vortices into an axisymmetric flow consisting of small-amplitude vortex sheets at the radial locations of the initial vorticity. These vortex sheets induce an additional small, potential flow velocity superimposed on the Keplerian rotation curve.
Volatile transport in frozen aqueous solutions I. Development of a mechanism

Abstract Frozen aqueous butanol solutions are equilibrated at constant subzero temperature over activated charcoal. A fraction of the butanol is lost within 24 hr, the remainder being retained for over 350 hr. The retained butanol is lost only with the simultaneous loss of water. Pure ice is demonstrated to be permeable to the transport of butanol. Based on experiments which remove, the free surface, the butanol loss that is independent of water loss is shown to originate from a surface layer postulated to form during freezing of the solution. Three types of butanol-ice interactions are postulated: (1) Butanol in the surface layer; (2) butanol entrapped in interdendritic spaces; (3) butanol present in pores and cracks after sorption from the vapor state.
Economic Considerations in Applying Gas Turbines to Electric Utility and Industrial Applications

Although there is tremendous interest in the gas turbine and it has become a fully recognized prime mover, there have been relatively little data collected in one paper which would aid in evaluating various gas turbine cycles. This paper presents estimating cost data which can be used for preliminary evaluations and discusses factors, unique with the gas turbine, which should be considered. Although well known, two of the common methods of evaluating power plants are discussed with particular reference to gas turbines.Copyright © 1958 by ASME
Managing cultural ecosystem services

Abstract Cultural ecosystem services (CES) substantially contribute to human wellbeing as the nonmaterial benefits of ecosystems. However, they remain poorly understood due to their often nonmarket and intangible nature. We analyzed management characteristics of coastal and watershed – based CES in contrast to provisioning and regulatory services from surveys of environmental managers in Hawaii. CES were the most frequently managed type of ecosystem service, a top management priority among local-scale decision-makers and nongovernmental organizations, and managed for security. However, only 10% of managers could articulate specific policies they used to manage CES. Follow-up interviews with a subset of managers further revealed that half of all CES managed were considered to benefit people beyond the spatial scale in which management decisions were made. Identifying management characteristics of CES will inform the development of indicators to monitor changes in CES, and develop policies that maintain the relationship between ecosystem function, CES and human wellbeing.
Rigorous bounds on the effective moduli of composites and inhomogeneous bodies with negative-stiffness phases

We review the theoretical bounds on the effective properties of linear elastic inhomogeneous solids (including composite materials) in the presence of constituents having non-positive-definite elastic moduli (so-called negative-stiffness phases). Using arguments of Hill and Koiter, we show that for statically stable bodies the classical displacement-based variational principles for Dirichlet and Neumann boundary problems hold but that the dual variational principle for traction boundary problems does not apply. We illustrate our findings by the example of a coated spherical inclusion whose stability conditions are obtained from the variational principles. We further show that the classical Voigt upper bound on the linear elastic moduli in multi-phase inhomogeneous bodies and composites applies and that it imposes a stability condition: overall stability requires that the effective moduli do not surpass the Voigt upper bound. This particularly implies that, while the geometric constraints among constituents in a composite can stabilize negative-stiffness phases, the stabilization is insufficient to allow for extreme overall static elastic moduli (exceeding those of the constituents). Stronger bounds on the effective elastic moduli of isotropic composites can be obtained from the Hashin–Shtrikman variational inequalities, which are also shown to hold in the presence of negative stiffness.
Level 0-2 fusion model for ATR using fuzzy logic

The JDL model for fusion provides a structure for fusion of multispectral data at all levels. Fused data provides improved performance in Automatic Target Recognition (ATR). Critical to the overall fusion performance, however, is the low level(0-2) fusion of sensory and context information. Loss of information must be avoided at this level, but complexity must be reduced. A model is presented that uses fuzzy sets to form entities and capture the information needed for target recognition. Examples using multi-spectral imagery will be presented.
A national inventory of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions

Emission rate vs temperature algorithms for different vegetation types, ind more than half of these emissions occur in the summer, and approximately halfarise in the SE and SW U.S. Total emission rates ofisoprene from deciduous forest and a-pincne from deciduous and coniferous forests are 4.9 and 6.6 Mt annually. Emissions from agricultural cropscontribute less than 3 % of'the annual total. The average flux of biogcnic NMHC in the U.S. is estimated to be 450 pg mm2 h- ' which is 20 times less than reported emissions of anthropogenic NMHC averaged over urban land areas in the US. Geochemical NMHCemissions from hydrocarbon rich soils in the U.S. are estimated to be negligible compared to vegetative sources. The uncertainty in the inventory is estimated IO be on the order of a factor of three. Key word index: Biogenic, hydrocarbons. isoprene, a-pinene, emission inventory, natural sources, vegetation. Estimates of natural hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from vegetation have been of interest for more than a decade. The reasons for this interest include concern for the role of natural HCs in photochemical oxidant formation, uncertainty in the global carbon cycle, and recent r~ognition of significant contributions of or- ganic acids to acidic deposition in rural and urban areas, In response to these questions about the emis- sions of natural HCs, a number of extensive, but localized studies of biogenic NC emissions rates have been conducted, Zimmerman (1979a, b) developed a vegetation enclosure procedure and made more than 600 measurements of biogenic HC emissions in Tampa Bay, FL and Houston, TX. Tkis data base covers 69 specific types of vegetation in 10 broad categories. Winer et ol. (1983) reported a similar detailed investi- gation of natural emissions in the Los Angeles basin. Vegetative enclosure samples were collected from 60 species in 5 categories. Other HC emissions data have been described by Lamb et ai. (198s) for trees and crops in Pennsylvania and Georgia and for Pse~d~zs~gff d~~glasii (Rouglas fir) in Washington state. Emission rates from Quercuf garryunu (Oregon white oak) have also been recently reported (Lamb er al., 1986). In these latter studies, emission measure- ments obtained with an enclosure technique were in reasonable agreement with results from a micro- meteorological method and with an atmospheric tracer approach. Additional estimates of HC emissions from trees have been reported by Knoerr and Mowry
Bacterial Adherence on Fabrics by a Radioisotope Labeling Method

A radioisotope labeling technique was used to quantify the adherence of Staphy lococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli on eight fabrics. The extent of bacterial adherence depends on the bacterial type, the fiber content, and the contact condition. Staphylococci adhered more than Escherichia coli, and Staph. epidermidis adhered more than Staph. aureus on all fabrics. There were apparently different degrees of bacterial adherence in the eight fabrics, but the ranking orders of adherence depended to a great extent on the contact condition. Bacterial adherence was increased by both agitation and saturated wetting due to increasing bacterial cell- fiber contact. There was an increasing trend in bacterial adherence on all fabrics as contact time increased up to 24 hours, with occasional zig-zag patterns. On most fabrics, cleaning and autoclaving did significantly influence the extent of bacterial adherence to the fabrics. The quantitative data along with the morphology of bacterial adh...
MICRO DAS: IN-VEHICLE PORTABLE DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

The evolution of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Data Acquisition System (DAS) for Crash Avoidance Research into a relatively inexpensive portable system (Micro DAS) that can be implemented in virtually any vehicle has opened up a wide range of research possibilities never before possible. Micro DAS is very small and can be installed directly into a test participant's own vehicle in a short time period. Its video recording system is capable of collecting over 22 h of full-motion video. Data collection can be triggered manually or based on events defined by the researcher. Micro DAS is also designed to collect antecedent data, allowing the information leading up to an event to be studied. These features allow the system to collect real-world information on driver behavior, driver and vehicle performance, and roadway environments in situ without concerns associated with vehicle familiarity or researcher presence. The Micro DAS philosophy, architecture, sensor array, and versatility are ...
A frequent obstructive anomaly of the mouth of the left common iliac vein

Abstract This study of the opening of the left common iliac vein into the inferior vena cava is based on the examination of 412 bodies: 97 stillborn babies and infants up to 10 months old, 28 children from 1 to 9 years of age, 23 adolescents from 10 to 19 years of age, and 264 adults up to 90 years of age. The width of the opening first increased rapidly with increasing age, and later more slowly. The curve reached its peak during the seventh decade. A valve was found to be normally present in the newborn at the lower pole of the opening, but it appeared to be worn off in an ever greater percentage as age progressed, and more so in obstructed than in normal openings. This observation seems to be significant with regard to the cause of varices of the lower extremities, which have often been explained as a result of venous valvular insufficiency. Obstruction of the orifice in the 399 cases analyzed was observed in 95 instances (23.8 per cent), with a possibility of 16 more instances in the stillborn and infants. It was less common in children and babies (4.7 per cent), although, if the 16 doubtful cases are included, the percentage rises to 17.3 per cent. In those over 10 years of age, it was found 89 times (33.8 per cent). It occurred with equal frequency in males and females, and in whites and Negroes. According to location and other criteria, the obstructions could be divided into five groups (Figs. 3 and 4). The most common site of obstruction was the upper pole of the orifice, where two-thirds of all obstructions were found. Concerning the pathogenesis of the obstructions, few, if any, were thought to be caused by faulty development, per se. They appeared to be acquired during the growth period, rarely before birth, and rarely after adolescence. As to the mechanism involved, it was observed that the obstructions occurred at a point where the right iliac artery crosses and exerts pressure on the vein. This pressure conceivably interferes with the proper development of the opening into the vena cava or causes an injury resulting in organization and fibrosis. In a small number of cases the obstructions could be shown to be organized thrombi. The clinical significance of the obstructions is apparent from the greater frequency of thrombosis in the left than in the right leg. This preponderance could be confirmed in our material, as well as in an analysis of 1,000 consecutive autopsies from one of our hospitals.
A genome-wide association study of post-traumatic stress disorder identifies the retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORA) gene as a significant risk locus

We describe the results of the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) performed using trauma-exposed white non-Hispanic participants from a cohort of veterans and their intimate partners (295 cases and 196 controls). Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) yielded evidence of association. One SNP (rs8042149), located in the retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha gene (RORA), reached genome-wide significance. Nominally significant associations were observed for other RORA SNPs in two African-American replication samples—one from the veteran cohort (43 cases and 41 controls) and another independent cohort (100 cases and 421 controls). However, only the associated SNP from the veteran African-American replication sample survived gene-level multiple-testing correction. RORA has been implicated in prior GWAS studies of psychiatric disorders and is known to have an important role in neuroprotection and other behaviorally relevant processes. This study represents an important step toward identifying the genetic underpinnings of PTSD.
A conceptual model to predict instances of international corporate bribery and extortion: A cultural analysis for business

A fundamental problem in effective understanding of the dynamics of international bribery is a lack of a clear perspective of appropriate and inappropriate means of attempting to persuade others to perform a certain act. Legitimate and illegitimate means of persuasion vary from culture to culture and are predictable by systematic analysis. By effective understanding of appropriate cultural symbols, international organizations have a greater ability to work in numerous cultural environments without placing undue pressure on individual employees to violate personal and/or organizational norms of behavior. A model to predict which means of interaction will be considered appropriate in which cultures is developed and explained.
The feasibility of near-infrared electrooptic Hadamard transform Raman spectrometry

Abstract The feasibility of observing Raman spectra in the near i.r. spectral region using a Hadamard transform spectrometer is discussed. The encoding mask for the Hadamard transform spectrometer may be fabricated from a liquid crystal spatial light modulator array (LC-SLM array). The encoding mask may also function as a variable band-pass knife-edge rejection filter for removal of the Rayleigh line to provide selective multiplexing. Hadamard transform Raman spectrometry should compare favourably with Fourier transform Raman spectrometry.
Perceived Professional Gains of Master's Level Students Following a Person‐of‐the‐Therapist Training Program: A Retrospective Content Analysis

The Person-of-the-Therapist Training (POTT) is a program designed to facilitate clinicians' ability to consciously and purposefully use themselves at the moment of contact with their clients in order to connect, assess, and intervene effectively. This qualitative study explored the experiences of 54 master's-level students who were enrolled in an accredited marriage and family therapy program in the United States and examined their perceived professional gains following a 9-month POTT course. Content analysis of trainees' reflections which they wrote at the end of the training revealed 6 primary themes: (a) increased awareness, (b) emotions, (c) improved clinical work, (d) humanity and woundedness, (e) meta-awareness, and (f) factors that contributed to the learning process. Findings suggest that key outcomes of this training curriculum are congruent with its stated goals. Clinical and training recommendations are additionally provided. Video Abstract.
A 12-year-old girl with absent radial pulse: arterial thoracic outlet syndrome with subclavian artery aneurysm and thrombosis of the brachial artery

Brachial arterial occlusion is rare in children and adolescents. Once a traumatic cause is excluded, the differential diagnosis consists of a variety of rare conditions. We report the case of a 12-year-old girl whose presenting symptoms--an absent radial pulse and Raynaud's phenomenon of the right hand--could be easily mistaken for a vasculitis. She was found to have arterial thoracic outlet syndrome with right subclavian artery compression and aneurysm formation caused by an anomalous first rib and consecutive thromboembolic occlusion of the brachial artery. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of this condition are reviewed.