cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amino acids and proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the amino acids and protein requirements of fish. Proteins are the major organic material in fish tissue, making up about 65–75% of the total on a dry-weight basis. Fish consume protein to obtain amino acids. A regular intake of protein or amino acids is required because amino acids are used continually by the fish, either to build new proteins (as during growth and reproduction) or to replace existing proteins (maintenance). Inadequate protein in the diet results in a reduction or cessation of growth and a loss of weight due to withdrawal of protein from less vital tissues to maintain the functions of more vital tissues. Fish, like other animals, do not have a true protein requirement but have a requirement for a well-balanced mixture of essential or indispensable and nonessential or dispensable amino acids. Size and age, water temperature, and maintenance requirements affect the protein requirements of fishes. Various investigators have observed improved growth and feed efficiency when experimental diets for salmonids were supplemented with indispensable amino acids to simulate levels found in isolated fish protein or the respective eggs and whole-body tissue of the species being studied. The indispensable amino acid requirements of certain fish have also been shown to correlate well with the indispensable amino acid pattern of the whole-body tissue of that fish.
Duration of fuels reduction following prescribed fire in coniferous forests of U.S. national parks in California and the Colorado Plateau

Abstract Prescribed fire is a widely used forest management tool, yet the long-term effectiveness of prescribed fire in reducing fuels and fire hazards in many vegetation types is not well documented. We assessed the magnitude and duration of reductions in surface fuels and modeled fire hazards in coniferous forests across nine U.S. national parks in California and the Colorado Plateau. We used observations from a prescribed fire effects monitoring program that feature standard forest and surface fuels inventories conducted pre-fire, immediately following an initial (first-entry) prescribed fire and at varying intervals up to >20 years post-fire. A subset of these plots was subjected to prescribed fire again (second-entry) with continued monitoring. Prescribed fire effects were highly variable among plots, but we found on average first-entry fires resulted in a significant post-fire reduction in surface fuels, with litter and duff fuels not returning to pre-fire levels over the length of our observations. Fine and coarse woody fuels often took a decade or longer to return to pre-fire levels. For second-entry fires we found continued fuels reductions, without strong evidence of fuel loads returning to levels observed immediately prior to second-entry fire. Following both first- and second-entry fire there were increases in estimated canopy base heights, along with reductions in estimated canopy bulk density and modeled flame lengths. We did not find evidence of return to pre-fire conditions during our observation intervals for these measures of fire hazard. Our results show that prescribed fire can be a valuable tool to reduce fire hazards and, depending on forest conditions and the measurement used, reductions in fire hazard can last for decades. Second-entry prescribed fire appeared to reinforce the reduction in fuels and fire hazard from first-entry fires.
Neurologic Complications of Lupus Erythematosus

Neuropsychiatric symptoms of 10 children (8 girls and 2 boys, ages 7.5 to 17 years) with systemic lupus erythematosus were studied at the Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, CA.
Structure and dynamics of a subglacial discharge plume in a Greenlandic fjord

Discharge of surface-derived meltwater at the submerged base of Greenland's marine-terminating glaciers creates subglacial discharge plumes that rise along the glacier/ocean interface. These plumes impact submarine melting, calving and fjord circulation. Observations of plume properties and dynamics are challenging due to their proximity to the calving edge of glaciers. Therefore to date information on these plumes has been largely derived from models. Here we present temperature, salinity, and velocity data collected in a plume that surfaced at the edge of Saqqarliup Sermia, a mid-sized Greenlandic glacier. The plume is associated with a narrow core of rising waters approximately 20 m in diameter at the ice edge that spreads to a 200 m by 300 m plume pool as it reaches the surface, before descending to its equilibrium depth. Volume flux estimates indicate that the plume is primarily driven by subglacial discharge and that this has been diluted in a ratio of 1:10 by the time the plume reaches the surface. While highly uncertain, meltwater fluxes are likely two orders of magnitude smaller than the subglacial discharge flux. The overall plume characteristics agree with those predicted by theoretical plume models for a convection driven plume with limited influence from submarine melting. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Funding for tuberculosis research-an urgent crisis of political will, human rights, and global solidarity.

Tuberculosis (TB) killed more people in 2015 than any other single infectious agent, but funding for research to develop better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment methods for TB declined to its lowest level in 7 years. TB research and development (R&D) is woefully underfunded, a situation best viewed as a crisis of political will and a failure on the part of governments to see unmet innovation needs in the TB response as a human rights issue requiring immediate action. Over 60% of available money for TB R&D comes from public sources, and 67% of public money comes from a single country: the USA. The election of Donald Trump to the US presidency in November 2016 has introduced great uncertainty into the support that science generally, and TB research in particular, will receive in the coming years. Advocacy on the part of all actors—from civil society to TB-affected communities to scientists themselves—is urgently needed to increase US government support for TB research moving forward.
Solution-Grown Rubrene Crystals as Radiation Detecting Devices

There has been increased interest in organic semiconductors over the last decade because of their unique properties. Of these, 5, 6, 11, 12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (rubrene) has generated the most interest because of its high charge carrier mobility. In this work, large single crystals with a volume of ~1 cm3 were grown from solution by a temperature reduction technique. The faceted crystals had flat surfaces and cm-scale, visually defect-free areas suitable for physical characterization. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that solvent does not incorporate into the crystals and photoluminescence spectra are consistent with pristine, high-crystallinity rubrene. Furthermore, the response curve to pulsed optical illumination indicates that the solution grown crystals are of similar quality to those grown by physical vapor transport, albeit larger. The good quality of these crystals in combination with the improvement of electrical contacts by application of conductive polymer on the graphite electrodes have led to the clear observation of alpha particles with these rubrene detectors. Preliminary results with a 252Cf source generate a small signal with the rubrene detector and may demonstrate that rubrene can also be used for detecting high-energy neutrons.
Energy Sparing Orexigenic Inflammation of Obesity

The neuro-immune interactions that integrate host metabolism in health and disease are unclear. A new study by Valdearcos et al. (2017) describes how sensing of high-fat diet by microglia, brain's resident innate immune cells, recruits additional bone-marrow-derived myeloid cells into the hypothalamus to produce inflammation and cause weight gain.
Optimizing the price of anarchy in concave cost sharing games

This paper focuses on the design of local agent objective functions to optimize the efficiency of the resulting equilibria in a class of resource allocation problems with concave cost functions. Our analysis focuses on two well-studied measures of efficiency, termed the price of anarchy and price of stability, which provide worst case guarantees on the performance of the (worst or best) equilibria. The main result of this paper is a characterization of the optimal local agent objective functions for concave cost sharing games. In particular, we demonstrate that the Shapley value objective function is the unique local and anonymous agent objective functions that (i) achieves the minimum price of anarchy and (ii) achieves the minimum price of stability over all designs that achieve the minimum price of anarchy.
A theoretical model of identity shift in protracted refugee situations

Refugees are increasingly spending time displaced from their home countries---either in camps or other arrangements. This prompts questions about the role of a traditional, territorially-based notion of national identity during long-term displacement. Do refugees separated from home for generations still retain their national identities? Using an algorithm based on attitude shifts, we developed a theoretical model to represent identity shifts among long-term encamped refugees. Findings from the simulation indicate that refugees, due to the limited types of interactions they may encounter when confined to a camp, may experience identity shifts away from that of their home country, as well as away from territorial nationality. The theoretical model presented in this paper serves as a starting point to question the ability of the UN's 'durable solutions' to refugee crises in a global climate where forced migration endures for increasingly long periods of time.
A Simultaneous Model of Youth Entrepreneurship and Financial Inclusion Across Developing Countries

For youth in developing countries, financial inclusion can play a key role in their decision to become an entrepreneur. At the same time, entrepreneurship can also affect their ability to access financial services. This paper uses data from the United Nation’s International Labour Organization to investigate the dual relationship between entrepreneurship and financial inclusion for working youth from 21 developing countries. Simultaneous bivariate probit models were estimated for all working youth and then separately for the most vulnerable populations by urban-rural status, gender and age. Ignoring potential interdependence can lead to misleading conclusions about the actual relationship between financial inclusion and entrepreneurship and over- or understate the true impacts of each. The results from this study indicate that dual causality exists, but the direction of causation is likely to be from financial inclusion to entrepreneurship and not from entrepreneurship to financial inclusion. Rural working youth and the youngest working youth were found to be particularly vulnerable and the most likely to be affected by changes in financial inclusion. Overall, these results have important implications for international policy and national strategies designed to help improve youth entrepreneurship in the developing world via the expansion of financial services to populations traditionally excluded from the financial markets.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Benzaldehyde Oxime Using Potassium Perchlorate in Biphasic Medium

Abstract Benzaldehyde oxime can be readily converted to the corresponding benzaldehyde in high yields. The electrochemical oxidation was optimized with various experimental parameters to result in the high yield of benzaldehyde (80%). The reaction was carried out with platinum electrodes at room temperature in an undivided cell within constant biphasic medium consisting of chloroform containing benzaldehyde oxime and an aqueous solution of potassium perchlorate as a mediator with a stoichiometric amount of H2SO4.
Selectively Targeted Anti-Neoplastic Cytotoxicity of Three Immunopharmaceuticals with Covalently Bound Fludarabine, Gemcitabine and Dexamethasone Moieties Synthesized Utilizing Organic Chemistry Reactions in a Multi-Stage Regimen

Background Unintentional passive diffusion of conventional small molecular weight pharmaceuticals across intact membranes of normal healthy cells in tissues and organ systems induces sequelae that limit therapeutic dosage and duration of administration. Selective "targeted" delivery of pharmaceuticals is a molecular strategy that can potentially provide heightened margins-of-safety with greater potency and improved efficacy. Materials and methods Monophosphate analogs of fludarabine, gemcitabine, and dexamethasone were combined with a carbodiimide reagent in the presence of imidazole to produce reactive intermediates that were subsequently covalently bound to monoclonal anti-IGF-1R or anti-EGFR IgG-immunoglobulin. The resulting covalent immunopharmaceutical end-products, fludarabine-(5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R], gemcitabine-(5'- phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R], and dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti-EGFR] were evaluated by SDS-PAGE/chemiluminescent autoradiography (fragmentation/polymerization detection), UV spectrophotometric absorbance (purity; molar-incorporation-index), cell-ELISA (retained selective binding-avidity), and cell vitality-viability (selectively "targeted" anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity). Results Maximum selectively "targeted" anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity of fludarabine-(5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti- IGF-1R], gemcitabine-(5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R], and dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti- EGFR] was detected at the pharmaceutical-equivalent concentrations of 10-5 M (94.7%), 10-7 M (93.1%), and 10-7 M (64.9%) respectively. Discussion Organic chemistry reactions were optimized in a template multi-stage synthesis regimen for fludarabine-( 5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R], gemcitabine-(5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R], and dexamethasone-( C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti-EGFR]. Attributes of the synthesis regimen include; [-i-] covalent bonding of pharmaceutical moeities at high molar incorporation indexes, [-ii-] implementation of organic chemistry reactions in a non-dedicated synthesis regimen allowing component substitution and [-iii-] optional preservation of presynthesized amine-reactive pharmaceutical intermediates for on-demand immunopharmaceutical synthesis. Attributes of the covalent immunopharmaceuticals are; absence of any synthetically introduced chemical groups, retained IgG-immunoglobulin binding-avidity and potent selective "targeted" anti-neoplastic cytotoxic potency. Under in-vivo conditions, supplemental anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity is realized through trophic receptor inhibition and activation of multiple cytotoxic host immune responses.
Strategies to Minimize Shunt Complications and Optimize Long-Term Outcomes

Hydrocephalus should be seen as a condition rather than a disease. Since different conditions can lead to hydrocephalus, the treatment has to be adapted and tailored to each patient. Whenever possible, the cause of hydrocephalus should be directly addressed. Tumor resection and endoscopic procedures for third ventriculostomy or cyst fenestration can often prevent the insertion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts. There is no ideal shunt so far; therefore, every effort and measures should be taken to avoid shunt insertion. It is so important to treat every hydrocephalous patient as individual case, and strategic planning should be made for a lifelong management.
The sensitivity of ecosystem service models to choices of input data and spatial resolution

Abstract Although ecosystem service (ES) modeling has progressed rapidly in the last 10–15 years, comparative studies on data and model selection effects have become more common only recently. Such studies have drawn mixed conclusions about whether different data and model choices yield divergent results. In this study, we compared the results of different models to address these questions at national, provincial, and subwatershed scales in Rwanda. We compared results for carbon, water, and sediment as modeled using InVEST and WaSSI using (1) land cover data at 30 and 300 m resolution and (2) three different input land cover datasets. WaSSI and simpler InVEST models (carbon storage and annual water yield) were relatively insensitive to the choice of spatial resolution, but more complex InVEST models (seasonal water yield and sediment regulation) produced large differences when applied at differing resolution. Six out of nine ES metrics (InVEST annual and seasonal water yield and WaSSI) gave similar predictions for at least two different input land cover datasets. Despite differences in mean values when using different data sources and resolution, we found significant and highly correlated results when using Spearman's rank correlation, indicating consistent spatial patterns of high and low values. Our results confirm and extend conclusions of past studies, showing that in certain cases (e.g., simpler models and national-scale analyses), results can be robust to data and modeling choices. For more complex models, those with different output metrics, and subnational to site-based analyses in heterogeneous environments, data and model choices may strongly influence study findings.
Why children follow rules: legal socialization and the development of legitimacy

There may be no more historical – nor central – question in criminology than ‘why do people obey the law’, or its converse ‘why do people offend’. There are two main ways that we can get people to obey the law: coercively or consensually. The former is one in which people obey the law in large part because of the threat of sanctions and the apparatus of the formal criminal justice system and its process, while the latter is one where people are taught to comply with the law not out of fear but instead out of their perceived responsibility and duty as members of their community and larger society. With few exceptions, the research evidence clearly suggests that the latter is much more effective than the former. The question, then, for parents, teachers, researchers, and policymakers is centered squarely on getting people to obey the law because it is the right thing to do. The process by which that occurs is known as legal socialization and Tyler and Trinkner’s new book, Why Children Follow Rules: Legal Socialization and the Development of Legitimacy, provides the many constituents who are interested in rule-following as opposed to rule-breaking with the most comprehensive treatment of this literature the field has ever seen.
Method for Rapid Impact Localization for Subsea Structures

In the subsea engineering, protective structures made from thick metallic plates are often used to house and protect fragile equipment against potential damage due to impact by debris. The ability to quickly localize impacts on the protective structure will help mitigate damage to equipment and lower the likelihood of system failure. This paper presents an innovative in-situ impact localization system with a sparse array of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sensors. The impact localization method uses linear regression, which is adaptive to expected environmental changes, such as immersion in water. Furthermore, the proposed impact localization system is not sensitive to the amplitude of the detected signal, which enables the system to bypass the interference introduced by signal saturation/clipping and be robust against sensor degradation. Results from an impact experiment on an aluminum plate verified the predictive accuracy of the linear regression models, as well as the accuracy and precision of impact localization.
Hydrogen based high strain SI:P epitaxy process development and optimization

High strain in-situ phosphorus doped silicon (called HS-Si:P) epitaxy in the source/drain (S/D) areas has been adopted for nMOS transistors for 14nm node and beyond, which can boost nMOS drive current by applying tensile strain on device channel and lower contact resistivity. N2 carrier gas were widely used for strain benefit, however, some customers still prefer to hydrogen gas as carrier gas due to better thermal conductivity. In this paper, a H2 based HS-Si:P process was developed in Applied Materials Centura® RP Epi chamber, various process tuning parameters including reaction temperature, process gas, carrier gas flow etc and their impacts on film thickness, strain and resistivity are discussed.
Reengineering Manufacturing Processes for Agility

Agility can be achieved through the partnership of different companies sharing resources, information, and manufacturing capabilities. In a virtual enterprise, products are manufactured by a network of geographically distributed manufacturing partners. In order to achieve the necessary degree of agility, the distributed manufacturing processes have to be efficiently coordinated to timely react to the changing environment. In this paper, an approach to reengineering manufacturing processes is presented. The approach involves the Integrated Definition 3 (IDEF3) methodology, decomposing the manufacturing process based on similarity of resources, and scheduling the resultant Petri nets. Specifically, a sequential cluster identification algorithm is developed to decompose a manufacturing system represented as an IDEF3 model. A scheduling approach is presented to generate an aggregated schedule from sub Petri net models. The computational experience shows that the methodology developed in this paper reduces the computational time of solving the scheduling problem without significantly affecting its solution quality.
Thyroid Function and Disease in the Female

The thyroid has attracted the interest of observers for centuries. Goiter in women is depicted in artwork from the ancient Egyptians, the Aztecs, and many other cultures. In 1656, Warton suggested that the gland was more prominent in women because its role was to round out and beautify the neck.1 Gull’s report in 1874 “On a cretinoid state supervening in adult life in women,” was one of the first descriptions which drew attention to similarities between myxedema and cretinism. A few years later, Ord provided the first comprehensive description of myxedema.1 Its title emphasized the point that this disease was seen predominantly in women. It is now clear that women are more susceptible than men to all the common thyroid diseases including autoimmune disorders (Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis), simple goiter, and thyroid neoplasia.
The De Novo Phospholipid Synthesis Effect: Occurrence, Characteristics, Underlying Mechanisms and Functional Significance in Hormone Action and Secretion

A number of hormones and other agents have been found to provoke rapid, relatively large increases in phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and diacylglycerol (DG) in certain of their target tissues. This effect is due to de novo synthesis of PA and may be the consequence of increased availability of substrate (e.g., glycerol 3-P) or increased activity of glycerol 3-P acyltransferase. This “de novo effect” appears to be a post-second messenger event and, in some tissues, may be the consequence of increases in cAMP and/or Ca2+. Increases in PA, DG, PIP and PIP2 (and possibly inositol-phosphates) may serve to alter the uptake and distribution of cellular Ca2+ and increase protein kinase C activity. Changes in local concentrations of lipids and phospholipids may also provoke direct effects on membrane-bound receptors, transporters and enzymes. The de novo phospholipid effect may be important in the following: (a) regulation of steroidogeness by ACTH, luteinizing hormone, angiotensin and K in adrenal and ovarian tissues; (b) insulin action on pyruvate dehydrogenase and glucose and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and muscle; (c) handling of Farese Ca2+ and PO4 3− in parathyroid hormone-sensitive tissues; (d) light-stimulation of the retina; and (e) glucose-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic islets.
Conflict resolution in fuzzy environment

Conflict resolution methodology is discussed with fuzzified Pareto frontier. Four solution concepts, namely, the Nash solution, the generalized Nash solution, the Kalai-Smorodinsky concept, and a solution method based on a special bargaining process are examined. The solutions are also fuzzy, the corresponding payoff values are fuzzy numbers, the membership functions of which are determined. Three particular cases are considered in the paper. Linear, quadratic, and general nonlinear Pareto frontiers with known shape are examined.
The Rule of Law in Times of Stress

A recent poll reported that support for the First Amendment has eroded significantly since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.1 The Department of Justice is actively considering a program under which everyone is encouraged to become an informant to the gov2 ernment against everyone else. A Secret Service agent of Arabic descent was refused permission to board a commercial air flight, because the pilot thought that he was potentially dangerous.3 And the courts are being asked to hold secret hearings, to sanction indefinite detentions of people whose identities are not revealed, and to draw sharp distinctions between the human rights to be accorded to U.S. citizens and to "aliens," whether the latter are legally present in the country or not. Whatever may justify any or all of those attitudes, decisions, and policies, it is fair to say that they represent a departure from the norms to which Americans have become accustomed in the last fifty years. They call into question the balance between individual rights and executive decisions undertaken in the name of state security. More fun-
Potential strain-dependent mechanisms defining matrix alignment in healing tendons

Tendon mechanical function after injury and healing is largely determined by its underlying collagen structure, which in turn is dependent on the degree of mechanical loading experienced during healing. Experimental studies have shown seemingly conflicting outcomes: although collagen content steadily increases with increasing loads, collagen alignment peaks at an intermediate load. Herein, we explored potential collagen remodeling mechanisms that could give rise to this structural divergence in response to strain. We adapted an established agent-based model of collagen remodeling in order to simulate various strain-dependent cell and collagen interactions that govern long-term collagen content and fiber alignment. Our simulation results show two collagen remodeling mechanisms that give rise to divergent collagen content and alignment in healing tendons: (1) strain-induced collagen fiber damage in concert with increased rates of deposition at higher strains, or (2) strain-dependent rates of enzymatic degradation. These model predictions identify critical future experiments needed to isolate each mechanism's specific contribution to the structure of healing tendons.
Turbulence and lateral-directional flying qualities

Flight evaluations using variable stability aircraft to determine effects of turbulence induced aerodynamic disturbances and lateral directional dynamics on pilot performance
Genetics of mouse Tas1r3-independent sucrose intake

Variation in sucrose intake among inbred mouse strains is due in part to polymorphisms in the gene Tas1r3, which encodes a sweet taste receptor subunit and engenders the Sac locus on distal mChr4. Here, we eliminated variation in this locus to discover influences of additional genetic variations on sucrose intake. We measured voluntary daily sucrose intake in an F2 intercross with the Sac locus fixed and in several other mapping populations: backcross, reciprocal consomic, and single and double congenic strains. The chromosome mapping results implicated Scq2, located on Chr9 between 105.7 and 106.9 Mb (rs33653996 to rs3023231), Scq3 on Chr14 between 9.7 and 33 Mb (rs3689508 to rs3669686), and epistasis of Scq2 with Scq1 on Chr1 (between the centromere and rs13475771). Mice with different combinations of Scq1 and Scq2 genotypes differed more than threefold in daily sucrose intake. This genotype variation was specific to high concentrations of sucrose and did not generalize to low concentrations of sucrose or to other sweeteners. To understand how these genetic variants increase sucrose intake, we measured resting metabolism, glucose and insulin tolerance, and peripheral taste sensitivity. We found that the combinations of Scq1 and Scq2 genotypes influenced thermogenesis and the oxidation of fat and carbohydrate. Results of the glucose, insulin tolerance, and taste tests and gustatory nerve recordings ruled out plasma glucose homoeostasis and, to a lesser extent, peripheral taste sensitivity as major contributors to the differences in voluntary sucrose consumption. Our results provide evidence that non-Sac genetic loci in mice strongly influence sucrose intake and change whole-body fuel oxidation.
Combinatorial Contact Cues Specify Cell Division Orientation by Directing Cortical Myosin Flows.

Summary Cell division axes during development are specified in different orientations to establish multicellular assemblies, but the mechanisms that generate division axis diversity remain unclear. We show here that patterns of cell contact provide cues that diversify cell division orientation by modulating cortical non-muscle myosin flow. We reconstituted in vivo contact patterns using beads or isolated cells to show two findings. First, we identified three contact-dependent cues that pattern cell division orientation and myosin flow: physical contact, contact asymmetry, and a Wnt signal. Second, we experimentally demonstrated that myosin flow generates forces that trigger plasma membrane movements and propose that their anisotropy drives cell division orientation. Our data suggest that contact-dependent control of myosin specifies the division axes of Caenorhabditis elegans AB, ABa, EMS cells, and the mouse AB cell. The contact pattern-dependent generation of myosin flows, in concert with known microtubule/dynein pathways, may greatly expand division axis diversity during development.
Tako-tsubo syndrome and use of paclitaxel.

e14012Background: Vasospasm and arrhythmias are the main cardiac toxic effects of cancer treatment with Paclitaxel. Chemotherapy induced stress cardiomyopathy (SC) (Tako-tsubo syndrome) has been li...
Insider Trading and the Integrity of Mandatory Disclosure

Insider trading regulation has been primarily shaped by two theories. The first argues that unequal access to material information corrupts the integrity of securities markets. The second contends that insider trading primarily undermines the property rights of a corporation. The dominance of the market integrity and property frameworks has obscured an important reason to regulate insider trading – it can undermine the integrity of the disclosure mandated by the securities laws. Such disclosure is meant to benefit all investors and should not be exploited by a few. Insider trading is particularly problematic in a periodic disclosure system where the release of significant information is deliberately delayed so it can be analyzed and verified. This Article argues that protecting the integrity of mandatory disclosure is a compelling reason for insider trading regulation. This disclosure approach suggests clearer limits to the reach of insider trading law and enforcement than the market integrity and property theories.
The effects of exercise on mood and prefrontal brain responses to emotional scenes in smokers

Abstract The benefits of exercise for smokers attempting to quit are partially dependent on physical activity levels prior to cessation. Mood disturbances can manifest within 30 min of smoking a cigarette and contribute to negative reinforcement of smoking behavior over time, whereas a single bout of aerobic exercise can reduce negative mood states and improve affect on a similar timescale in non-smokers. The acute effects of exercise among non-abstaining smokers immediately after a cigarette are unknown but may have clinical implications for smokers considering cessation. The aim of this study was to examine the concurrent effects of exercise on mood disturbance and prefrontal brain hemodynamic response to emotionally arousing scenes 30 min after smoking a cigarette and to test whether prefrontal brain hemodynamic response was correlated with affective ratings of the scenes. Fifteen cigarette smokers, averaging 47.6 cigarettes/week in the year prior to screening, served as participants. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure hemodynamic status over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Participants viewed pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral scenes prior to smoking a cigarette and 30 min later after seated rest or exercise at a preferred intensity. Mood disturbance was assessed by the Profile of Mood States-Brief Form four times: before smoking a cigarette, before and after exercise and rest, and after a post-condition (exercise/rest) exposure to emotionally arousing scenes. Compared to seated rest, cycling after a cigarette reduced mood disturbance (p = =.038) and DLPFC hemodynamic response to unpleasant (p = =.003) and pleasant (p = =.021) scenes relative to neutral scenes. DLPFC hemodynamic response was not related to affective ratings of scenes. We report that cycling for 20 min at a preferred intensity reduces mood disturbances which occur shortly after smoking a cigarette and blunts DLPFC hemodynamic response to emotionally arousing scenes. The findings encourage further investigation of exercise for smokers in the maintenance stage of smoking cessation.
Spatial ecology of coyotes in the urbanizing landscape of the Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio

Urban landscapes can present ecological challenges for wildlife species, yet many species survive, and even thrive, near dense human populations. Coyotes (Canis latrans), for example, have expanded their geographic range across North America and, as a result of their adaptability and behavioral flexibility, are now a common occupant of many urban areas in the United States. We investigated the spatial ecology of 27 coyotes fitted with Global Positioning System (GPS) telemetry collars radio-collared in the Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio. Our objectives were to quantify coyote space use, evaluate resource selection, and investigate coyote movement and activity patterns. To measure space use, we estimated home range (95%) and core area (50%) size of coyotes using the adaptive local convex hull (a-LoCoH) method. We found the mean (± SE) home range size of resident coyotes (4.7 ± 1.8 km2) was significantly smaller than ranges of transient coyotes (67.7 ± 89.6 km2). Similarly, mean (± SE) core area size of resident coyotes (0.9 ± 0.6 km2) was significantly smaller than core areas of transient coyotes (11.9 ± 16.7 km2). Home range and core area size of both resident and transient coyotes did not vary by sex, age, or season. For all coyotes, use of natural land cover was significantly greater than use of altered and developed land. When coyotes were using altered and developed land, GPS fixes were most common at night. Coyote movement patterns differed with respect to status, time period, and season; peaking during nighttime hours. A better understanding of coyote space use and movement within anthropogenic landscapes aids management of people, parks, and wildlife by providing the data necessary for research-based management decisions.
Compressive SAR Image Recovery and Classification Via CNNS

We consider synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image recovery and classification from sub-Nyquist samples, i.e., compressive SAR. Our approach is to first apply back-projection and then use a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to de alias the result. Importantly, our CNN is trained to be agnostic to the subsampling pattern. Relative to the basis pursuit (i.e., sparsity-based) approach to compressive SAR recovery, our CNN-based approach is faster and more accurate, in terms of both image recovery MSE and downstream classification accuray, on the MSTAR dataset.
Spatial-Temporal Inventory Rebalancing for Bike Sharing Systems with Worker Recruitment

Bike-sharing systems usually suffer from out-of-service events due to bike underflow or overflow. We propose to recruit workers to rebalance station loads. We partition the complex rebalancing problem in temporal and spatial domains. The temporal domain is divided into a sequence of slices with a fixed duration. In each slice, we allocate a pair of overflow/underflow stations to a worker such that the cost is minimized, which is NP-hard. A 3-approximation algorithm is proposed. We further investigate the worker shortage case and extend the matching algorithm to consider the number of unsatisfied users. Then, the configuration dynamic in the sequence of slices is captured by determining the rebalancing target for each rebalancing operation. We investigate heuristic approaches to minimize the total number of bike movements. Furthermore, we extend our scheme to dockless BSSs using clustering techniques. We simulate our algorithms on both real-world and synthetic datasets. Experiment results show that our approaches can reduce the average total detour per slice. In worker shortage, considering the number of unsatisfied users could improve the long-term performance of rebalancing. Besides, we find that our scheme could maintain worker satisfaction over multiple time slices, which indicates the sustainability of our rebalancing scheme.
Radiated High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Testing of Photovoltaic Panels

High-altitude electromagnetic pulses pose an unknown risk to the electric power grid, and the vulnerabilities will continue to arise as the structure and needs of the grid change. This is especially true with the increasing prevalence of renewable energy sources. This work investigates the vulnerability of photovoltaic modules to E1-like radiated environments with maximum field levels exceeding 100 kV/m. State of health checks via I-V curve trace measurements and physical inspection indicated no readily observable damage or degradation of the module behavior after multiple field exposures. Any variation in I-V curve data was attributable to ambient conditions at the time of measurement and was reflected in similar measurements of the experimental control. Follow-up measurements with a calibrated light source showed that all modules aligned with the experimental control and exceeding the manufacturer ratings for fill factor and efficiency, implying that no damage was incurred from field exposure. Coupled current measurements were also performed over the course of testing, showing a damped sine response in common mode and double exponential response in differential mode. The responses were observed to scale with incident field and were dependent on the module orientation.
Tunable third-harmonic generation using low-loss phase change chalcogenides

We demonstrate a new platform for reconfigurable third-order nonlinear photonic devices formed by silicon dioxide (SiO2)-Sb2S3(Sb2Se3)-SiO2 subwavelength Fabry-Perot cavities on a gold (Au) reflector, which exhibit giant third-harmonic generation (THG) modulations with enhanced efficiency. The use of the phase-change dichalcogenides (Sb2S3 or Sb2Se3) enables a wide tuning range of the THG response. The devices work at dispersion-engineered THG resonances at the crystalline phase (c-phase) of the PCC, which numerically exhibit c-phase THG flows a few 100 times more than those at the amorphous phase (a-phase) of the PCC at near-infrared excitation wavelengths.
Site 2 of the Yersinia pestis substrate-binding protein YfeA is a dynamic surface metal-binding site.

The substrate-binding protein YfeA (also known as YPO2439 or y1897) is a polyspecific metal-binding protein that is crucial for nutrient acquisition and virulence in Yersinia pestis, the causative microbe of plague. YfeA folds into a monomeric c-clamp like other substrate-binding proteins and has two metal-binding sites (sites 1 and 2). Site 2 is a bidentate surface site capable of binding Zn and Mn atoms and is a unique feature of YfeA. Occasionally, the site 2 residues of two YfeA molecules will cooperate with the histidine tag of a third YfeA molecule in coordinating the same metal and lead to metal-dependent crystallographic packing. Here, three crystal structures of YfeA are presented at 1.85, 2.05 and 2.25 A resolution. A comparison of the structures reveals that the metal can be displaced at five different locations ranging from ∼4 to ∼16 A away from the canonical site 2. These observations reveal different configurations of site 2 that enable cooperative metal binding and demonstrate how site 2 is dynamic and freely available for inter-protein metal coordination.
Oculomotor feedback rapidly reduces overt attentional capture.

Abstract People often have limited awareness of the extent to which their attention is captured by salient-but-irrelevant stimuli. In the present study, we examined how providing feedback concerning the frequency of oculomotor capture by such stimuli modulates the control of attention. Our results show that the provision of oculomotor feedback produces a rapid and dramatic decrease in the frequency of distractor fixations. Further probing of this reduction in oculomotor capture by time to fixate the first stimulus revealed further insights into the nature of this experience-dependent effect. A higher frequency of relatively slow fixation latencies was observed in the feedback group, with such responses being generally less prone to capture, reflecting a speed-accuracy tradeoff. Fixations with slower latencies were also associated with a reduced frequency of oculomotor capture in the feedback group, whereas the fastest responses were almost exclusively stimulus-driven across participants and unaffected by feedback. These effects of feedback persisted when feedback was removed and they generalized to novel stimuli. Our findings suggest that, without any instruction concerning how to use the feedback, the oculomotor system defaults to delaying saccadic responses to allow more time for goal-directed influences on selection to come online, reflecting a history-dependent shift in oculomotor processing.
Chapter III Process Technology

The planning and performance evaluation of various manufacturing processes constitute the theme of the third chapter. The first paper discusses research efforts aimed at the development of interfaces for the smooth transition of information from automated design to the Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP) system and then directly to the automated shop floor equipment. The next paper reports on the application of nonlinear goal programming to electrical discharge machining of ceramic composites, implementing a modified search technique to obtain optimal operating conditions. The third paper presents basic concepts of expert systems and then illustrates them with the prototype expert system aiding the designer of a metal-forming process of axisymmetric bars with simple extrusion. The fourth paper presents a CAPP system for generating optimal process plans for robotic assembly which uses a feature data base and a connectivity data base to generate feasible assembly sequences, which results in robot arm trajectory plans. The automated assembly of printed circuit boards is considered in the fifth paper. The author provides an analysis of the combined effects of angular and linear errors on successful part registration during assembly.
A Retrospective Analysis of Fifty Years of Open Surgery in the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux

Every evaluation of surgery for gastroesophageal reflux (GER) should address three basic questions. First, is surgery effective in stopping reflux? Second, is surgery able to stop all symptoms and, if symptoms persist, may they be due to coexisting causes? Finally, are morbidity and mortality of surgical treatment lower than those of a medical treatment?
Acquisition and extinction of context-specific morphine withdrawal

The acquisition, retention, and extinction of context-specific morphine withdrawal in rats were investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, context-specific withdrawal was observed after a placebo injection following 11 sessions in which the context was paired with either a 10-mg/kg or a 75-mg/kg dose of morphine. Contextual withdrawal was retained during 10 days of drug abstinence in both dose conditions. In Experiment 2, context-specific withdrawal (rearing) was retained after 21 days of morphine abstinence. In addition, conditioned rearing was extinguished by exposure to the drug context with or without a placebo injection. Injection cues did not contribute to conditioned withdrawal.
Reusables vs. Expendables: to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Beyond

This paper presents an overview of some of the factors that affect the mix of Reusable versus Expendable vehicles. In developing this overview, a qualitative look at the launch market requirements will be performed. The launch market requirements are broken down into four orbital markets or flight regimes: surface to low Earth orbit, orbital operations near Earth, operations at a distance from Earth and return, and deep space probes. The current need and future use of Reusable versus Expendable vehicles in these four flight regimes will be addressed and some ideas given on the infrastructure necessary to support viable space operations.
Off Whiter Readings on Race, Power, and Society

Off Whiter Readings on Race, Power, and Society. Michelle Fine, Lois Weis, Linda C. Powell and L. Mun Wong eds. New York: Routledge, 1997. 366 pp.
Team-Based Software Development Using an Electronic Meeting System: The QualityPay-off

To determine the effects of a home grown Electronic Meeting System (EMS) on product quality. We surveyed 40 software development teams and their project sponsors. Teams were part of a single software development laboratory which itself is part of a large international organization. A model of intra-group conflict management which incorporates using an EMS to reduce work uncertainty is a significant predictor of product quality. Further, teams with higher levels of experience relied less on the EMS. This leads us to believe that using the EMS acts as a conflict management surrogate for less experienced teams.
Altered End-Product Patterns and Catabolite Repression in Escherichia coli

Dobrogosz, Walter J. (North Carolina State University, Raleigh). Altered end-product patterns and catabolite repression in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 91:2263–2269. 1966.—End products formed during growth of Escherichia coli ML30 on glucose were examined under various conditions known to promote or prevent catabolite repression of the inducible β-galactosidase system in this organism. Cultures were grown under these conditions in the presence of C14-glucose or C14-pyruvate. The products formed were assayed isotopically after separation on columns of silicic acid. Under conditions known to promote catabolite repression, glucose was degraded primarily to acetate and CO2. When repression was turned off by anaerobic shock, glucose metabolism was characterized by the accumulation of ethyl alcohol in addition to acetate and CO2. The results presented in this report indicate that oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate may markedly affect the amount of energy that can be derived from glucose catabolism. In turn, the amount of energy derived from catabolic processes may play a key role in the mechanism of catabolite repression.