cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WORKING-CLASS WOMEN AND CIVIC ACTION: A CASE STUDY OF AN INNOVATIVE COMMUNITY ROLE*

This paper focuses on working-class women who are assuming public responsibility in voluntary organizations aimed at the maintenance and improvement of their city neighborhoods. Forty women were interviewed in-depth regarding their civic concerns and voluntary activities in a case study of Carondelet, a predominantly white working-class neighborhood of St. Louis. Overall, activism is well-organized and widespread with women playing a major contributing role. If the experience of Carondelet is typical, then future urban policy analysis must seriously take into account extensive female input at the grass-roots level.
Mixed-Valency in Discrete and Condensed Transition Metal Cluster Species with Classical Ligands

This paper summarizes and illustrates structural and bonding features of mixed-valence cluster compounds with emphasis on most recent developments. All cluster types from dimers through units with twelve metal atoms are surveyed among compounds with discrete cluster units. Some principles also are discussed relating extended, metal-metal bonded systems to the condensation of cluster units. Condensation of octohedral cluster units to form infinite chains, sheets and three dimensional metal- metal bonded systems is viewed from the perspective of the sharing of metal atoms on corners, edges and faces between adjacent units in the condensed systems.
Small-scale inhomogeneities in the solar corona: Evidence from meter-λ radio bursts

A number of inconsistencies between simple theory and observations of solar radio bursts indicate that mode-mode coupling in the solar corona is much stronger than predicted. The inconsistencies include the absence of predicted reversal of the sense of polarization in a type 1 storm at CMP, and the anomalously weak polarization of type II and type III emission. The strong mode coupling could be explained in terms of small scale inhomogeneities (LN≲ 100 km) throughout the relevant regions of the corona. The relevant regions are those with open magnetic field lines overlying active regions.
TAX1BP1 and A20 inhibit antiviral signaling by targeting TBK1/IKKi kinases

Induction of type I interferons by the transcription factor IRF3 is essential in the initiation of antiviral innate immunity. Activation of IRF3 requires C-terminal phosphorylation by the upstream kinases TBK1-IKKi, where IRF3 phosphorylation promotes dimerization, and subsequent nuclear translocation to the IFNβ promoter. Recent studies have described the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 as a negative regulator of IRF3 signaling by associating with TBK1-IKKi; however, the regulatory mechanism of A20 inhibition remains unclear. Here we describe the adaptor protein, TAX1BP1, as a key regulator of A20 function in terminating signaling to IRF3. Murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient in TAX1BP1 displayed increased amounts of IFNβ production upon viral challenge compared with WT MEFs. TAX1BP1 inhibited virus-mediated activation of IRF3 at the level of TBK1-IKKi. TAX1BP1 and A20 blocked antiviral signaling by disrupting Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of TBK1-IKKi independently of the A20 deubiquitination domain. Furthermore, TAX1BP1 was required for A20 effector function because A20 was defective for the targeting and inactivation of TBK1 and IKKi in Tax1bp1−/− MEFs. Additionally, we found the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF3 to play a critical role in promoting TBK1-IKKi ubiquitination. Collectively, our results demonstrate TBK1-IKKi to be novel substrates for A20 and further identify a novel mechanism whereby A20 and TAX1BP1 restrict antiviral signaling by disrupting a TRAF3-TBK1-IKKi signaling complex.
Combined endoscopic and microscopic management of pediatric pituitary region tumors through one nostril: technical note with case illustrations

Sellar and parasellar lesions in the pediatric population have traditionally been approached through either a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy or craniotomy or a combination of the two, with the surgical approach being dictated by the anatomical location and extent of the pathology. The introduction and evolution of the endonasal endoscopic technique has provided a minimally invasive method alone or in combination with the operative microscope for removal of these lesions in the pediatric population. The authors have implemented in their practice the use of endonasal endoscopic-assisted microsurgery in the pediatric population harboring sellar and/or lesions extending to the suprasellar space and report our experience in nine patients. Five craniopharyngiomas, one Rathke’s cleft cyst, and two pituitary tumors were treated via endonasal endoscopic-assisted microsurgery. Histopathologic examination revealed lymphocytic hypophysitis in one patient with an enhancing lesion in the pituitary stalk. The approach utilized by the authors is performed through one nostril without any resection of the nasal turbinates or nasal septum. The middle turbinate is displaced laterally, while the nasal septum is moved medially. Gross total, near-total, and subtotal resections and a diagnostic biopsy were obtained in six, one, one, and one patients, respectively. The authors were able to safely perform this procedure in nine pediatric patients, and the lack of turbinate or septum resection minimized postoperative discomfort.
Recognition and Management of Obstructed Pulmonary Veins Draining to the Coronary Sinus

Abstract Background . Obstruction of the pulmonary veins in total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to the coronary sinus is generally considered rare. However, if it is present, the usual treatment of unroofing the coronary sinus will lead to a poor result. Methods . Four patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to the coronary sinus with obstruction were identified over a 14-month period. Three patients in whom the diagnosis of obstruction was not made underwent coronary sinus unroofing. Retrospective review of the preoperative echocardiograms and Doppler studies showed the presence of obstruction in the vertical vein in 2 patients and in the branches in the other. In the fourth patient, obstruction in the vertical vein was recognized preoperatively with echocardiography and Doppler study. This patient underwent direct common pulmonary vein–left atrial anastomosis. Results . All 3 patients who had coronary unroofing were seen with obstructed pulmonary veins 2 to 7 months postoperatively. After reoperation, 1 died, and the other 2 have done relatively well 3½ and 15 months postoperatively. The patient who had an anastomosis between the common pulmonary vein and the left atrium is doing well 18 months postoperatively. Conclusions . Obstruction in total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage to the coronary sinus is not as rare as previously reported. To improve outcome, its presence should be sought using complete echocardiography including Doppler studies. When obstruction is present, transection of the vertical vein and common pulmonary vein–left atrial anastomosis through the superior approach is an attractive technique that also eliminates the right-to-left shunting associated with coronary sinus unroofing and simplifies closure of the atrial septal defect.
Electrophoretic Measurements of Lipid Charges in Supported Bilayers

While electrophoresis in lipid bilayers has been performed since the 1970s, the technique has until now been unable to accurately measure the charge on lipids and proteins within the membrane based on drift velocity measurements. Part of the problem is caused by the use of the Einstein–Smoluchowski equation to estimate the electrophoretic mobility of such species. The source of the error arises from the fact that a lipid headgroup is typically smaller than the Debye length of the adjacent aqueous solution in most electrophoresis experiments. Instead, the Henry equation can more accurately predict the electrophoretic mobility at sufficient ionic strength. This was done for three dye-labeled lipids with different sized head groups and a charge on each lipid of −1. Also, the charge was measured as a function of pH for two titratable lipids that were fluorescently labeled. Finally, it was shown that the Henry equation also has difficulties measuring the correct lipid charge at salt concentrations below 5 mM, ...
Annual variations in vertical distribution and density of Bathyporeia pilosa Lindström and Bathyporeia sarsi Watkin at Julebæk (North-Sealand, Denmark)

Abstract The annual variations in vertical distribution and density of Bathyporeia pilosa and B. sarsi were investigated on a locality in the near tideless inner Danish waters. The main trends in distribution could be explained by variations in water movement, temperature, desiccation and oxygen content of the interstitial water. Other factors, including permanent water cover and rather low and changing salinities seemed to be of minor importance. Predation was probably the major source of mortality. Mortality mainly took place in the reproductive period.
A new deal or a continuing dialogue of the deaf

A few months ago, I sent a letter to Dr. Francesco Montorsi pleading for a merger of the European Urology sections by diseases rather than by techniques, and he answered me that this was already his plan and mentioned the Editorial that was published recently. This editorial is rather fair, asking for more scientific analysis, aiming to improve the quality of the journal, in general, on a scientific level, and therefore the quality of the information spread to the urologic community, and ultimately to the patients. Whatever the quality of the published manuscript, we are all aware that Science is not the Truth, but a way of thinking to approach more closely the physical reality. Therefore, asking for more sound methodology and common rules across the community is nothing but common sense and it is not surprising that the editorial board of a scientific medical journal, by the mouth of his Chief Editor, asks for more founded data that could be analyzed, commented on, and confirmed, regarding such a ‘‘hot’’ topic, namely, laparoscopy. On the other hand, I do think that a journal should also be a place where discussions, opinions, and counter-opinions should be presented, making the journal more an ‘‘agora’’ rather than just an academic and cold temple. It is good if the European Urology Editorial received letters, and all the best if they are published in extenso. So, nothing is revolutionary or iconoclastic in Montorsi’s words. The surprises come from reactions that this editorial aroused: the intensity of the reaction is not at the level of the quality of the argumentation. The intent of this editorial does not deserve such an acrimony coming from both sides. The argument of Dr. Harry Herr representing the ‘‘conservative vision of the surgical urology’’ is ‘‘Bring me the evidence that you are right,’’ whereas Dr. Jens Rassweiller, representing with enthusiasm the alternative surgical approaches replies, ‘‘Why do you ask of me something you never asked of yourself?’’ The questions are both fair, but the way they are documented is not.
Modeling the thermal behavior of a surface-micromachined linear-displacement thermomechanical microactuator

Thermomechanical microactuators possess a number of desirable attributes including ease of fabrication and large force and displacement capabilities relative to other types of microactuators. These advantages provide motivation for improving thermomechanical microactuator designs that are more energy efficient and thus better suited for low-power applications. To this end, this paper describes the development and experimental validation of a finite-difference thermal model of a thermomechanical in-plane microactuator (TIM). Comparisons between the model and experimental results demonstrate the importance of including the temperature dependence of several parameters in the model. Strategies for reducing the power and energy requirements of the TIM were investigated using model simulations as a guide. Based on design insights gained from the model, the energy efficiency of the TIM has been improved significantly by operating in a vacuum environment and providing short-duration, high-current pulse inputs. These improvements have been validated experimentally.
Sex, Risk, and Education in Donor Educational Materials: Review and Critique

Abstract Food and Drug Administration guidelines prohibit men who have sex with men (MSM) from donating blood to prevent the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS). Although the deferral criteria leave "sex" undefined, donor educational materials distributed before the health questionnaire often offer a definition. This study analyzes educational materials for their contribution to the donation process and construction of HIV/AIDS. It applies a discourse analysis approach to a sample (n = 52) of such materials obtained in summer 2009 from blood collection organizations listed in the AABB (now referred to as "Advancing Transfusion and Cellular Therapies Worldwide") Directory of Community Blood Centers and Hospital Blood Banks [AABB. Directory of Community Blood Centers and Hospital Blood Banks. Bethesda, MD: AABB; 2009]. It finds that when materials define sex, the definition is "vaginal, oral, or anal sex whether or not a condom or other protection was used," and when materials define HIV/AIDS risk behaviors, the definition is, with few exceptions, "sexual contact with an infected person or by sharing needles or syringes used for injecting drugs." Widespread use of these definitions demonstrates the influence of "Making Your Blood Donation Safe." Through analysis of this document and variations upon it, this research finds that the category MSM therefore provides one component of the construction of HIV/AIDS as the providence of MSM, together with heterosexual Africans and other risk populations, conflating group membership with individual risk. Deferring MSM therefore fails as a behavior-based deferral because it collapses multiple sexual behaviors with varying risks into a single risk category. It constructs all MSM as HIV positive and implicitly constructs non-MSM as risk-free.
Unattended spectrometer and lidar for measuring atmospheric radiation at Mauna Loa, Hawaii

A combined active-passive remote sensing system has been developed to study atmospheric radiation and cirrus cloud radiative properties at the NOAA Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii. The active portion of this system is an eye-safe, dual-polarization lidar, while the passive portion is a Fourier transform spectro-radiometer operating in emission mode. The combined system allows unattended, remote measurements of infrared atmospheric emission and clouds with depolarization discrimination of ice and liquid.
The role of creativity in computer graphics education

This forum will give attendees a chance to present their own views on creativity and curriculum, as well as hear those of educators from a diverse group of colleges. Computer graphics education has grown tremendously in the last five years, particularly on the department level. Many issues have arisen related to the place of computer graphics education within a specific department's curriculum. They include the type of courses offered, challenges arising from the impact of this added educational component, and the desire to maintain traditional art education elements, such as theory and critique.Creativity has historically been addressed in theory and critique classes. It is also now being taught along with software in computer graphics classes. Outcomes from this forum will allow educators to gain insight into their approach to nurturing creativity as it relates to computer graphics education. Other topics to be discussed include interdisciplinary approaches to curriculum, creating content for courses, and the relationship of computer graphics to traditional art education. The role of creativity in computer science classes, particularly programming, will also be discussed.
The role of exotic conifer plantations in rehabilitating degraded tropical forest lands: A case study from the Kibale Forest in Uganda

Abstract Exotic softwood plantations were introduced into the Kibale Forest of western Uganda in the 1960s and early 1970s to convert grassland areas into wood fiber producing sites. Following establishment, few silvicultural activities were initiated within these plantings, and today harvesting operations are planned to remove these over-stocked stands to allow for the development of natural forest communities. During the period May–September, 1994, we inventoried the overstorey and advanced regeneration in plantations of Pinus caribeae and Cupressus lusitanica. Within 92 randomly located 0.01 ha plots per plantation type, we measured the height and diameter of all stems encountered. The pines supported approximately 1.5 times the density and diversity of native woody stems found beneath the cypress (3424 tree and shrub stems ha−1 under the pines), while the pines themselves were characterized by stocking levels, mean heights, and canopy closures which were higher than those of the cypress. We suggest that the greater natural regeneration development observed beneath the pines, when compared with the cypress, is a function of pine development (influence upon competition) and stem characteristics (influence upon seed dispersal mechanisms). We then compared our regeneration observations with those reported for unlogged and logged areas of the surrounding natural forest. Within the sapling class (diameter at breast height (dbh) less than 5 cm), which accounted for the majority of the advanced regeneration under the softwoods, the plantations failed to support the same density of tree-species stems as found in the natural forest (3077 stems ha−1 vs. 2177 and 1111 under the pines and cypress, respectively). The number of stems ha−1 in the pines approximated those in 25-year-old logged-over areas of the natural forest. Species richness beneath the conifers appears to approach the number found in the surrounding forest; however, a closer look at the species composition suggest several deficiencies in the composition of the advanced regeneration beneath the plantations (especially within the commercial class). Following 25 years of development, the advanced regeneration beneath the plantations (especially the cypress stands) is relatively impoverished compared to the levels of tree diversity and stocking characteristic of both unlogged and logged natural forest sites. The conditions beneath the pines however, suggest that a diverse community of native species may eventually exploit this environment through time. The dominance of the fast-growing, light-canopied, N2-fixing Albizia and Milletia genera, could help to nurture the further development of a well-structured, well-represented secondary forest through time. With the application of silvicultural treatments, there may be management opportunities to further enrich the quality of the advanced regeneration beneath softwood plantations. We explore future areas of research that could contribute to this end.
Implications of the Technologies for Human Learning

I would like to deal with five implications of the information technologies for human learning. I will discuss the implications of the wordcentered or logocentric tradition in education, implications of the information technologies as tools for the mind, the new role of imagery as a way of thinking and communicating, certain impacts on human learning, and speculations as to where these technologies might lead us.
An impact-parameter model for multiplicity distributions

We study a model for hadron-hadron scattering in which at each value of impact parameter the multiplicity follows a Poisson distribution whose mean is determined by the profile function. This model permits a calculation of the full multiplicity distribution once the profile function is given. Geometrical scaling and KNO scaling are linked together; the rise in σel/σtot at the $$Sp\bar pS$$ implies a violation of KNO scaling. The energy dependence of moments of the multiplicity distribution is “predicted” quite well. Implications for hard-scattering models are discussed.
Efficient simulation of blood flow past complex endovascular devices using an adaptive embedding technique

The simulation of blood flow past endovascular devices such as coils and stents is a challenging problem due to the complex geometry of the devices. Traditional unstructured grid computational fluid dynamics relies on the generation of finite element grids that conform to the boundary of the computational domain. However, the generation of such grids for patient-specific modeling of cerebral aneurysm treatment with coils or stents is extremely difficult and time consuming. This paper describes the application of an adaptive grid embedding technique previously developed for complex fluid structure interaction problems to the simulation of endovascular devices. A hybrid approach is used: the vessel walls are treated with body conforming grids and the endovascular devices with an adaptive mesh embedding technique. This methodology fits naturally in the framework of image-based computational fluid dynamics and opens the door for exploration of different therapeutic options and personalization of endovascular procedures.
The impact of multiple failure modes on estimating product field reliability

A difficulty in reliability modeling is how to capture the impact of all of the various reliability defect types. The general approach to optimizing burn-in that we describe in this article addresses a multiple-defect environment. The approach has four main parts: (i) modeling the product's failure rate distribution, (ii) establishing the Pareto distribution of reliability defects, (iii) assessing the kinetic information of each reliability defect, and (iv) estimating the DPPM under product use conditions. This article compares and contrasts the acceleration effects of various extrinsic defects found in 130- and 90-nm CMOS technology products.
A replacement policy to save energy for data cache

For a current processor, it has been reported that more than 50% of power has been consumed by an on-chip cache memory. To reduce power consumption for the cache memory, it is required to develop an effective replacement policy and mapping function, which would decide the cache memory accesses. In this paper, we introduce an ELRU-SEQ replacement policy with skewed mapping function to save energies for data caches. In addition, we develop an integrated power model by using Spectre and Cacti simulator to produce the experimental results. Our experimental results show that ELRU-SEQ with skewed mapping function works well in reducing power consumption compared to other conventional data caches.
Physico-chemical determinants of soluble intrabody expression in mammalian cell cytoplasm

Soluble antibody fragments are desirable not only as potential therapeutic and diagnostic agents for extracellular targets but also as 'intrabodies' for functional genomics, proteomics and gene therapy inside cells. However, antibody fragments are notoriously aggregation-prone when expressed intracellularly, due in part to unfavorable redox potential and macromolecular crowding in cell cytoplasm. Only a small proportion of intrabodies are soluble in cytoplasm and little is known about the sequence determinants that confer such stability. By comparing the cytoplasmic expression of several related human single-chain variable fragments and camelid V(HH)s in mammalian cells, we report that intrabody solubility is highly influenced by CDR content and is improved by an overall negative charge at cytoplasmic pH and reduced hydrophilicity. We hypothesize that ionic repulsion and weak hydrophobic interactions compensate, to different extents, for impaired disulfide bond formation in cytoplasm, thereby decreasing the risk for intrabody aggregation. As proof of principle, we demonstrate that the soluble expression of an aggregation-prone positively charged intrabody is modestly enhanced via cis or trans acidification using highly charged peptide tags (3XFLAG tag, SV40 NLS). These findings suggest that simple sequence analysis and electrostatic manipulation may aid in predicting and engineering solubility-enhanced intrabodies from antibody libraries for intracellular use.
Systematic Lossy Error Protection of Video based on H.264/AVC Redundant Slices

We propose the use of H.264 redundant slices for Systematic Lossy Error Protection (SLEP) of a video signal transmitted over an error-prone channel. In SLEP, the video signal is transmitted to the decoder without channel coding. Additionally, a Wyner-Ziv encoded version of the video signal is transmitted in order to provide error-resilience. In the event of channel errors, the Wyner-Ziv description is decoded as a substitute for the error-prone portions of the primary video signal. Since the Wyner-Ziv description is typically coarser than the primary video signal, SLEP is a lossy error protection technique which trades-off residual quantization distortion for improved error-resilience properties, such as graceful degradation of decoder picture quality. We describe how H.264 redundant slices can be used to generate the Wyner-Ziv description, and present simulation results to demonstrate the advantages of this method over traditional methods such as FEC.
Fitness variation and local distribution limits in an annual plant population.

Understanding how genetic variation shapes species’ distributions involves examining how variation is distributed across a species’ range as well as how it responds to underlying environmental heterogeneity. We examined patterns of fitness variation across the local distribution of an annual composite (Lasthenia fremontii) spanning a small-scale inundation gradient in a California vernal pool wetland. Using seeds collected from the center and edge of a population, paternal half-sib families were generated and transplanted back to the center and edge of the original population. All transplants were adapted to the conditions at the center of the population. The effect of the environment on the opportunity for selection depended on the model of selection assumed. Under a model of hard selection, variance in absolute fitness was lower among transplants at the edge of the population than at the center. Under a model of soft selection, the variance in relative fitness was similar between center and edge microhabitats. Given that this population is likely well-mixed, differences in habitat quality between center and edge microhabitats will likely cause selection at the center of the population to dominate the evolutionary trajectory of this population.
Cognitive Abilities in the Service of Wayfinding: A Functional Approach

A functionally oriented framework for examining the cognitive abilities that are involved in human wayfinding is suggested. The framework includes a categorical distinction among types of wayfinding tasks (commutes, explores, and quests) and means used most frequently to accomplish these tasks (piloting, repetition of locomotor pattern, path integration, and navigation by cognitive map). The cognitive abilities contributing to these wayfinding means have been demonstrated by research on spatial cognition and behavior or can be inferred from relevant research and theory.
Aerodynamic Predictions, Comparisons, and Validations Using Missile DATCOM (97) and Aeroprediction 98 (AP98)

The U.S. Air Force Missile DATCOM (97 version) and the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division Aeroprediction 98 (AP98) are two widely used aerodynamic prediction codes. These codes predict aerodynamic forces, moments, and stability derivatives as a function of angle of attack and Mach number for a wide range of axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric missile configurations. This study evaluates the accuracy of each code compared to experimental wind-tunnel data for a variety of missile configurations and flight conditions. The missile configurations in this study include axisymmetric body alone, body wing tail, and body tail. The aerodynamic forces under investigation were normal force, pitching moment, axial force, and center-of-pressure location. For the configurations detailed in this paper, these case studies show normal force prediction for both codes to have minimal error. Both AP98 and Missile DATCOM were effective in predicting pitching-moment coefficients, though at times limiting factors were necessary. Finally, both AP98 and DATCOM predict reasonable axial-force coefficients for most cases, though AP98 proved more accurate for the body-wing-tail and body-tail configurations evaluated in this study.
Globalization and the Good Corporation

alization and the Good Corporation." It followed our first conference that took place in 2004 and examined new modes of corporate responses to social issues through voluntary codes of conduct and other initiatives. In the conference, our attempt was to engage in a dialogue that would lead to a better understanding of societal expectations of the corporation and especially the large multinational corporation in its impact on various factors of production, sociopolitical institutions, and people in rich and poor countries around the world. Equally important were the questions of the power or discretion available to private sector institutions in determining the distribution of wealth and income among various factors of production in a manner that is efficient, feasible, and above all, equitable. Recent trends in globalization have conclusively demonstrated that economic and socio-political problems of the 21st century would need to be confronted in the context of the inter-dependent nature of the world and its inhabitants. The emerging global economic order has once again brought capitalism and its principal actor, the large multinational corporation, to the apex of social institutions. Unlike the 1960s, when the multinational corporation was seen as a threat to national sovereignty and political freedom, the new world views the multinational corporation in a more positive role, i.e., as an agent of economic growth and social-political changes across nations. The nature of heightened societal expectations of the role of the modern corporation, however, remains unclear and unsettled. And yet, it must be addressed so as to bring about a sense of social equilibrium between business and other institutions of society. It is no longer possible or even instructive to view the world through the simple prism of right and wrong, good and bad, guilt or innocence. Instead, we are faced with the dilemma that pits one type of inequality over another, and giving more to one group while taking from the other. In such a world, the distinctions between the guilty and innocent have become ambiguous. We are faced with the realization that we are living in an increasingly interdependent society where individual good is not possible without thought for the common good. It makes no sense to separate moral principles from institutional behavior, political power from economic influence, and environmental values from material rewards. To do so is to divorce the social
Automatic modularity conformance checking

According to Parnas's information hiding principle and Baldwin and Clark's design rule theory, the key step to decomposing a system into modules is to determine the design rules (or in Parnas's terms, interfaces) that decouple otherwise coupled design decisions and to hide decisions that are likely to change in independent modules. Given a modular design, it is often difficult to determine whether and how its implementation realizes the designed modularity. Manually comparing code with abstract design is tedious and error-prone. We present an automated approach to check the conformance of implemented modularity to designed modularity, using design structure matrices as a uniform representation for both. Our experiments suggest that our approach has the potential to manifest the decoupling effects of design rules in code, and to detect modularity deviation caused by implementation faults. We also show that design and implementation models together provide a comprehensive view of modular structure that makes certain implicit dependencies within code explicit.
Identification of Cell Surface Proteins as Potential Immunotherapy Targets in 12 Pediatric Cancers

Technological advances now allow us to rapidly produce CARs and other antibody-derived therapeutics targeting cell surface receptors. To maximize the potential of these new technologies, relevant extracellular targets must be identified. The Pediatric Oncology Branch of the NCI curates a freely accessible database of gene expression data for both pediatric cancers and normal tissues, through which we have defined discrete sets of over-expressed transcripts in twelve pediatric cancer subtypes as compared to normal tissues. We coupled gene expression profiles to current annotation databases (i.e., Affymetrix, Gene Ontology, Entrez Gene), in order to categorize transcripts by their subcellular location. In this manner we generated a list of potential immune targets expressed on the cell surface, ranked by their difference from normal tissue. Global differences from normal between each of the pediatric tumor types studied varied, indicating that some malignancies expressed transcript sets that were more highly diverged from normal tissues than others. The validity of our approach is seen by our findings for pre-B cell ALL, where targets currently in clinical trials were top-ranked hits (CD19, CD22). For some cancers, reagents already in development could potentially be applied to a new disease class, as exemplified by CD30 expression on sarcomas. Moreover, several potential new targets shared among several pediatric solid tumors are herein identified, such as MCAM (MUC18), MTDH (metadherin), and GPC2 (glypican-2). These targets have been identified at the mRNA level and are yet to be validated at the protein level. The safety of targeting these antigens has yet to be demonstrated and therefore the identified transcripts should be considered preliminary candidates for new CAR and therapeutic antibody targets. Prospective candidate targets will be evaluated by proteomic analysis including Westerns and immunohistochemistry of normal and tumor tissues.
The Gamut and Solmization in Early British and American Texts

The gamut and solmization, two theoretical concepts devised by the ancient Greeks and developed as pedagogical aids by subsequent theoreticians, were used extensively in the music textbooks of 17th-century Britain and 18th-century America. This study investigated these concepts in the texts of several characteristic English and Colonial models. The influence of the British texts on the American books was demonstrated, accompanied by a discussion of significant historical and educational facets of the several works.
Fragility of Brushite Stones in Shock Wave Lithotripsy: Absence of Correlation with Computerized Tomography Visible Structure

Purpose: Brushite stones were imaged in vitro and then broken with shock wave lithotripsy to assess whether stone fragility correlates with internal stone structure visible on helical computerized tomography.Materials and Methods: A total of 52 brushite calculi were scanned by micro computerized tomography, weighed, hydrated and placed in a radiological phantom. Stones were scanned using a Philips® Brilliance iCT 256 system and images were evaluated for the visibility of internal structural features. The calculi were then treated with shock wave lithotripsy in vitro. The number of shock waves needed to break each stone to completion was recorded.Results: The number of shock waves needed to break each stone normalized to stone weight did not differ by HU value (p = 0.84) or by computerized tomography visible structures that could be identified consistently by all observers (p = 0.053). Stone fragility correlated highly with stone density and brushite content (each p <0.001). Calculi of almost pure brushite...
Blog for America and Civic Involvement

Web logs (blogs) were an integral component of the 2004 presidential campaign and are a new medium for civic engagement. Arguably, the most important campaign blog was Blog for America, which served as a nerve center for Governor Howard Dean’s insurgent presidential campaign. The authors offer an initial assessment of the community that developed around Blog for America and its orientation toward civic engagement, based on an original content analysis of 3,066 unique posts encompassing every entry in the Dean blog from March 15, 2003, through January 27, 2004. The guiding hypothesis is that blog discussion centered on a set of system-affirming topics absent from or unusual in political coverage on television,particularly substantive policy debate and community action.The authors find Blog for America to be an example of how the Internet is emerging as a vehicle for enhanced civic involvement with the potential to counteract the negative effects of television on the political process.
The form and function of reconciliation in primates

▪ Abstract Sociality is favored by natural selection because it enhances group members' access to valued resources or reduces their vulnerability to predators, but group living also generates conflict among group members. To enjoy the benefits of sociality, group living animals must somehow overcome the costs of conflict. Nonhuman primates have developed an effective mechanism for resolving conflicts: They participate in peaceful postconflict (PC) reunions with former opponents. These peaceful PC interactions are collectively labeled reconciliation. There is a broad consensus that peaceful contacts among former opponents relieve stressful effects of conflict and permit former opponents to interact peacefully. Primates may reconcile to obtain short-term objectives, such as access to desirable resources. Alternatively, reconciliation may preserve valuable relationships damaged by conflict. Some researchers view these explanations as complementary, but they generate different predictions about the patterning...
The effect of substrate temperature and interface oxide layer on aluminum induced crystallization of sputtered amorphous silicon

The effect of substrate temperature and interface oxide layer on aluminum induced crystallization (AIC) of amorphous silicon (a-Si) is investigated. The effect of substrate temperature on the AIC process was studied by changing the deposition temperate of a-Si from 200 to 300°C in a Al/a-Si/glass configuration. To study the effect of interface oxide on AIC, samples with a-Si/Al/glass, a-Si/Al-oxide/Al/glass, and Al/Si-oxide/a-Si/glass configurations were prepared at a fixed substrate temperature. The samples were annealed in the temperature range from 300°C to 525°C for different periods of time. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the crystallization of the a-Si films in the various configurations. From the analysis, we report that crystallization of a-Si happen at 350°C annealing temperature in the Al/a-Si/glass configuration. However, with or without the presence of Si-oxide at the interface, crystallization saturated after annealing for 20 minutes at 400°C. On the other hand, when Al-oxide is present at the interface, higher annealing temperatures and longer annealing times are required to saturate the crystallization of a-Si. Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) mapping were used to study the surface morphology as well as the layer sequence after crystallization. This analysis revealed that Si-Al layer-exchange happens regardless of the deposited film configuration.
Debt Collateralization and Maximal Leverage

We study how allowing agents to use debt as collateral affects asset prices, leverage, and interest rates in a general equilibrium, heterogeneous-agent model with collateralized financial contracts and multiple states of uncertainty. In the absence of debt collateralization, multiple contracts are traded in equilibrium, with some agents borrowing using risky debt and others borrowing with risk-free debt. When agents can use debt contracts as collateral to borrow from other agents, margin requirements decrease, asset prices increase, and the interest rate on risky debt decreases. We characterize equilibrium for N states and L levels of debt collateralization and prove that enough levels of debt collateralization creates an equilibrium featuring maximal leverage on all debt contracts. In the dynamic model, debt collateralization creates larger asset price volatility.
In defense of the rationality of traditions

Alasdair MacIntyre has developed a theory of the rationality of traditions that is designed to show how we can maintain both the tradition-bound nature of rationality, on the one hand, and non-relativism, on the other. However, his theory has been widely criticized. A number of recent commentators have argued that the theory is either inconsistent with his own conception of rationality or else is dependent on the standards of his particular tradition and therefore fails to defuse the threat of relativism. In the present essay, I argue that this objection is mistaken.
Induction of the primary dorsalizing center in Xenopus by the Wnt/GSK/beta-catenin signaling pathway, but not by Vg1, Activin or Noggin

The molecular nature of the primary dorsalizing inducing event in Xenopus is controversial and several secreted factors have been proposed as potential candidates: Wnts, Vg1, Activin and Noggin. Recent studies, however, have provided new insight into the activity of the dorsalizing region, called the Nieuwkoop Center. (1) The activity of this dorsalizing center involves an entire signal transduction pathway that requires maternal beta-catenin (Heasman, J., Crawford, A., Goldstone, K., Garner-Hamrick, P., Gumbiner, B., McCrea, P., Kintner, C., Noro, C. Y. and Wylie, C. (1994) Cell 79, 791–803). (2) A transcription factor with potent dorsalizing activity, Siamois, is expressed within the Nieuwkoop Center (Lemaire, P., Garrett, N. and Gurdon, J. B. (1995) Cell 81, 85–94). We have used these two properties of the Nieuwkoop Center to evaluate the dorsalizing activity of the four secreted factors Wnt8, Vg1, Activin and Noggin. The requirement for beta-catenin was tested by coexpressing a cadherin, which sequesters beta-catenin at the cell membrane and specifically blocks its intracellular signaling activity (Fagotto, F., Funayama, N., Gluck, U. and Gumbiner, B. M. (1996) J. Cell Biol. 132, 1105–1114). Induction of Siamois expression was detected by RT-PCR. Of the four growth factors, only Wnt was sensitive to inhibition of beta-catenin activity and only Wnt could induce Siamois expression. Therefore, Wnt is able to induce a bonafide Nieuwkoop Center, while Vg1, Activin and Noggin probably induce dorsal structures by a different mechanism. To order the steps in the Nieuwkoop Center signaling cascade, we have tested the relationship between beta-catenin and GSK, a serine-threonine kinase that has been implicated in axis formation in a step downstream of Wnt. We found that GSK acts upstream of beta-catenin, similar to the order of these components in the Wingless pathway in Drosophila. We have also examined the relationship between the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and Siamois. We show that beta-catenin induces expression of Siamois and that the free signaling pool of beta-catenin is required for normal expression of endogenous Siamois. We conclude that the sequence of steps in the signaling pathway is Wnt-->GSK-->beta-catenin-->Siamois.
Emerging Nations: Perspectives on Past Success and Future Challenges*:

AbstractThe emerging economies experienced unprecedented growth between 2001 and 2011. They not only survived the 2008–2009 great recession, but provided the fuel for the global economic engine to ...
Effect of proton irradiation on superconductivity in optimally doped BaFe 2 ( As 1 − x P x ) 2 single crystals

Irradiation with 4 MeV protons was used to systematically introduce defects in single crystals of the iron-arsenide superconductor BaFe2(As1-xPx)2, x = 0.33. The effect of disorder on the low-temperature behavior of the London penetration depth λ(T) and transition temperature Tc was investigated. In nearly optimally doped samples with Tc ~ 29 K, signatures of a superconducting gap with nodes were observed. Contrary to previous reports on electron-irradiated crystals, we do not see a disorder-driven lifting of accidental nodes, and we observe that proton-induced defects are weaker pair breakers than electron-induced defects. Lastly, we attribute our findings to anisotropic electron scattering caused by proton irradiation defects.
SPECTRAL CLUSTERING IN HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS

Many real-world systems consist of several types of entities, and hetero- geneous networks are required to represent such systems. However, the current statistical toolbox for network data can only deal with homogeneous networks, where all nodes are supposed to be of the same type. This article introduces a statistical framework for community detection in heterogeneous networks. For modeling heterogeneous networks, we propose heterogeneous versions of both the classical stochastic blockmodel and the degree-corrected blockmodel. For commu- nity detection, we formulate heterogeneous versions of standard spectral clustering and regularized spectral clustering. We also demonstrate the theoretical accuracy of the proposed heterogeneous methods for networks generated from the proposed heterogeneous models. Our simulations establish the superiority of proposed het- erogeneous methods over existing homogeneous methods in nite networks gener- ated from the models. An analysis of the DBLP four-area data demonstrates the improved accuracy of the heterogeneous method over the homogeneous method in identifying research areas for authors.
Caeculus Pettiti, a New Species of Mite from Virginia

Banks (1899) described Caeculus americanus from two specimens collected at Palm Springs, California; the only other species of this genus that has been described from the United States is Caeculus clavatus (Banks, 1905), collected from among leaves near Washington, D. C. I have examined the type specimen of this latter species, and Jacot's material that is deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Recognition of Double-Stranded RNA by Guanidine-Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids

Double-helical RNA has become an attractive target for molecular recognition because many noncoding RNAs play important roles in the control of gene expression. Recently, we discovered that short peptide nucleic acids (PNA) bind strongly and sequence selectively to a homopurine tract of double-helical RNA via formation of a triple helix. Herein, we tested if the molecular recognition of RNA could be enhanced by α-guanidine modification of PNA. Our study was motivated by the discovery of Ly and co-workers that the guanidine modification greatly enhances the cellular delivery of PNA. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the guanidine-modified PNA (GPNA) had reduced affinity and sequence selectivity for triple-helical recognition of RNA. The data suggested that in contrast to unmodified PNA, which formed a 1:1 PNA–RNA triple helix, GPNA preferred a 2:1 GPNA–RNA triplex invasion complex. Nevertheless, promising results were obtained for recognition of biologically relevant double-helical RNA. Consiste...
Controversies in the Surgical Management of Renal Cancer

Renal tumors are a common cause of cancer, and renal cell carcinoma accounts for the vast majority of the renal tumors in the United States. The past two decades have produced numerous advances in the treatment of localized and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Nephron-sparing surgery, laparoscopic nephrectomy, and energy-ablative techniques are now in the armamentarium of the urologist. The role of adrenalectomy and lymphadenectomy are better understood today than in decades past, and recent advances in the understanding of immunotherapy, cytoreductive nephrectomy, and metastatic disease have also improved treatment for this disease. As is often the case as technology and knowledge evolve, controversies regarding the surgical treatment of renal cancer exist. This article outlines some of these controversies and reviews the evidence surrounding each.