cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cheerful pragmatists: Anglican Missionaries among the Maisin of Collingwood Bay, Northeastern Papua, 1898–1920. ∗

tions and evangelizing tactics available to individual missionaries within a sin gle mission. Between 1898 and 1920 five Anglican missionaries in succession laboured hard to bring Christianity to Maisin villages along the shores of Col lingwood Bay in northeastern Papua. They were directed by the first two bishops of the mission, each of whom articulated ideals of evangelism which were, for the time, remarkably tolerant of the indigenous culture. Yet the individual mis sionary's style and ability proved very important in a mission possessing no gener al strategy of evangelization. Anglicans in Australia had expressed casual interest in starting a mission in New Guinea, but it was not until Governor William MacGregor invited them to begin work that they considered the idea seriously.1 In 1890 the Rev. Albert Maclaren arrived in Port Moresby to negotiate a comity agreement, under Mac Gregor's auspices, with representatives of other missions.2 Maclaren pledged the Anglicans to evangelize 480 kilometres of north coast from Cape Ducie to the border of German New Guinea. The following year he led a small party to the high plateau of Dogura, overlooking Bartle Bay. The mission suffered many setbacks. Maclaren died of fever within a few months, leaving the mission disorganized, dispirited and starved of funds. Mac Gregor watched the lack of progress with increasing impatience: he supported the missions in principle, and he depended upon them to maintain order and to initiate education and 'civilization'. His thinly veiled threat to invite Roman Catholics into the area provoked a flurry of activity among the Australian sponsors of the venture. In January 1898 they reorganized the mission as a diocese, and elected Montagu John Stone-Wigg its first bishop.
A Support Layer for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Abstract The use of a perforated, ceramic layer, laminated on top of a porous electrode, as a support structure for solid oxide fuel cells is described. The support layer can be used on either the anode or cathode side and allows for the fabrication of mechanically robust, impregnated electrodes. Using fuel cells based on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), we demonstrate that the support layer can be made from YSZ or from a composite of YSZ and La 0.3 Sr 0.7 TiO 3 (LST). It is shown that there is no solid-state reaction between LST and YSZ, even after calcination at 1550 °C. Unlike pure LST, LST–YSZ composites can form a laminated structure on porous YSZ. Unlike pure YSZ, a dense LST–YSZ composite with 60-wt% LST exhibited an electronic conductivity of 7.6 S/cm at 700 °C after reduction in H 2 at 1000 °C, making the composite layer attractive for current collection in anode-supported cells.
Motivational mediators of cooperative learning

Introductory psychology students, 43 men and 44 women, participated in an experiment comparing the effects of cooperative versus individualistic learning techniques on approval and achievement motivation and test performance. Subjects in cooperative learning groups reported higher need for social approval than subjects in individualistic learning groups. Need for social approval was more highly correlated with achievement motivation for subjects in cooperative learning groups than for those in individualistic learning groups. Being in a cooperative learning group did not result in improved test performance, but results indicated that cooperative learning techniques enabled students to coordinate their approval and achievement motivation by presenting academic excellence as a socially desirable behavior.
Thickness-limited performance of CuInSe₂ nanocrystal photovoltaic devices.

This paper reports our latest results using colloidal CuInSe2 nanocrystal inks to prepare photovoltaic (PV) devices. Thus far, devices with nanocrystal layers processed under ambient conditions with no post-deposition treatment have achieved power conversion efficiencies of up to 3.1%. Device efficiency is largely limited by charge carrier trapping in the nanocrystal layer, and the highest device efficiencies are obtained with very thin layers—less than 150 nm—absorbing only a fraction of the incident light. Devices with thicker nanocrystal layers had lower power conversion efficiency, despite the increased photon absorption, because the internal quantum efficiency of the devices decreased significantly. The thin, most efficient devices exhibited internal quantum efficiencies as high as 40%, across a wide spectrum. Mott-Schottky measurements revealed that the active region thickness in the devices is approximately 50 nm.
Yaw stability control of a steer-by-wire equipped vehicle via active front wheel steering

Abstract A novel yaw stability control algorithm with active front wheel steering control of a vehicle equipped with a steer-by-wire system is presented in this paper. The proposed algorithm achieves the decoupling of the lateral and yaw motion of a vehicle and the vehicle’s yaw damping simultaneously by the feedback of both yaw rate and front steering angle. A trade-off is then made between the robust decoupling and yaw rate damping through the adjustment of the feedback gains with respect to vehicle speed. With this trade-off, the gain scheduled steering controller provides the desired yaw rate damping while keeping the yaw-lateral motion decoupled. The robustness of the yaw-lateral decoupling is achievable when arbitrary yaw damping is not required. The proposed control system is implemented on a steer-by-wire vehicle, and the experimental results are presented illustrating the benefits.
Sex steroids and the immune system

Immunology in its inception was believed to be a science dealing solely with the defense of the body against infections. The Oxford dictionary defined immunology as ‘‘the study of resistance to infection in man and animals’’ [1]. Since then, there has been an immense growth in immunology. This growth has resulted in increased awareness of the role of the immune system in disease states, such as allergic, autoimmune, and cardiovascular diseases, and its interactions with other systems of the body. An interaction between the immune system and reproductive hormones was observed as early as the 19th century. In 1898, Calzoari described the changes in the thymus following castration [2]. At that time, the thymus was believed to have no functional importance, and his observations failed to capture the attention of scientists. Much later, clinicians noted a higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases in women. Despite this evidence of sex hormonal involvement in autoimmune diseases, there were no studies addressing this issue. In 1972, a report by the National Advisory Committee on the Future of Arthritis Research sponsored by the Arthritis Foundation urged that ‘‘an explanation be sought for the remarkable female to male ratio in systemic lupus’’ [1]. A significant body of data establishes that immune responsiveness differs between men and women and that gonadal steroids are involved intimately in this immunologic dimorphism. Because autoimmune diseases result from the perturbation of normal immune function, autoimmunity also demonstrates a dimorphic pattern. This article examines the effects of sex steroids on the immune system. The sexual dimorphism that is observed in normal immune response and in susceptibility to infections and autoimmune disorders is reviewed. The effects of individual sex steroids on different aspects of the immune function are summarized.
A transformation for stability analysis of linear delay systems

Sufficient conditions for stability and asymptotic stability on a half-open time interval are derived for linear time varying dynamic systems with delay. The derivation utilizes a linear, finite dimensional, time dependent transformation. Three examples show how the new results can bo used to determine stability properties of the original system from those of the transformed system.
Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice

MUTATIONS in the mouse diabetes(db) gene result in obesity and diabetes in a syndrome resembling morbid human obesity1. Previous data suggest that the db gene encodes the receptor for the obese(ob) gene product, leptin2–7. A leptin receptor was recently cloned from choroid plexus and shown to map to the same 6-cM interval on mouse chromosome 4 as db8. This receptor maps to the same 300-kilobase interval as db, and has at least six alternatively spliced forms. One of these splice variants is expressed at a high level in the hypothalamus, and is abnormally spliced in C57BL/Ks db/db mice. The mutant protein is missing the cytoplasmic region, and is likely to be defective in signal transduction. This suggests that the weight-reducing effects of leptin may be mediated by signal transduction through a leptin receptor in the hypothalamus.
The cross-discontinuity condition inS-matrix theory

In recent work onS-matrix discontinuity equations it has been conjectured that the terms in a unitarity equation associated with a normal threshold discontinuity in one channel have no normal threshold singularities in overlapping crossed channels. AnS-matrix theory proof of this conjecture is given for simple cases, but it is shown that when intermediate states of four or more particles are involved, the conjecture is true only if the particles in the intermediate state are sufficiently near threshold. The impact of this result on previous work is discussed.
Research Policy and Review 34: The Development of Ideas of Uncertainty Representation

The historical range and current applications of important ideas about uncertainty are reviewed. It is undertaken for the benefit of decisionmakers and policy analysts who need to confront in a rigorous fashion complex problems that entail large uncertainties. Numerous ideas are addressed, gleaned from many disciplines, including philosophy, mathematics, and artificial intelligence, which can supplement the basic approaches to uncertainty associated with objective and subjective probability. This review of the literature highlights the need for additional research on a number of topics, including uncertainty kinematics, uncertainty representation, subjective uncertainty elicitation, and the synthesis of new approaches to uncertainty with more traditional decision analysis techniques.
Rat cholangiocytes absorb bile acids at their apical domain via the ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter.

Although bile acid transport by bile duct epithelial cells, or cholangiocytes, has been postulated, the details of this process remain unclear. Thus, we performed transport studies with [3H]taurocholate in confluent polarized monolayers of normal rat cholangiocytes (NRC). We observed unidirectional (i.e., apical to basolateral) Na+-dependent transcellular transport of [3H]taurocholate. Kinetic studies in purified vesicles derived from the apical domain of NRC disclosed saturable Na+-dependent uptake of [3H]taurocholate, with apparent Km and Vmax values of 209+/-45 microM and 1.23+/-0.14 nmol/mg/10 s, respectively. Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) using degenerate primers for both the rat liver Na+-dependent taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide and rat ileal apical Na+-dependent bile acid transporter, designated Ntcp and ASBT, respectively, revealed a 206-bp product in NRC whose sequence was identical to the ASBT. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the size of the ASBT transcript was identical in NRC, freshly isolated cholangiocytes, and terminal ileum. In situ RT-PCR on normal rat liver showed that the message for ASBT was present only in cholangiocytes. Immunoblots using a well-characterized antibody for the ASBT demonstrated a 48-kD protein present only in apical membranes. Indirect immunohistochemistry revealed apical localization of ASBT in cholangiocytes in normal rat liver. The data provide direct evidence that conjugated bile acids are taken up at the apical domain of cholangiocytes via the ASBT, and are consistent with the notion that cholangiocyte physiology may be directly influenced by bile acids.
Attachment styles and the evaluation of comforting responses: A receiver perspective

The current study explored emotional distress and comforting messages from a receiver's perspective. This approach differs from most comforting research, which focuses on the sender's ability to provide comfort. After reading a scenario that depicted a major distressing event or a daily distressing event, subjects selected the Burleson and Samter (1985) comforting strategy that would most alleviate their emotional distress. In an attempt to explain a subject's perceptions of comforting, attachment styles, likelihood of seeking support, and level of emotional discomfort were also assessed. Results indicated that subjects desired a mid‐level comforting response regardless of whether they were distressed over a daily event or major event. This result is counter to the sender oriented comforting research, which suggests that providing higher‐level comforting responses is optimal. Subjects in the death scenario were more upset by the event and more likely to seek social support. Secure attachment subjects desi...
Synthesis of combs, centipedes, and barbwires: Poly(isoprene-graft-styrene) regular multigraft copolymers with trifunctional, tetrafunctional, and hexafunctional branch points

The synthesis of poly(isoprene-graft-styrene) copolymers with multiple, regularly spaced branch points is reported. The synthetic strategy employs classical anionic polymerization techniques and utilizes a modular approach in which polystyryllithium and α,ω-poly(1,4-)isoprenyldilithium are sequentially incorporated into chlorosilane linking centers. Previous syntheses employing this basic strategy have yielded graft copolymers with trifunctional (“combs”) and tetrafunctional (“centipedes”) branch points. Here we further develop and extend this methodology to include a novel regular multigraft material with hexafunctional branch points (“barbwires”); these materials possess polystyrene side chains of uniform length attached in clusters of four at regularly spaced points along a narrow molecular weight distribution polyisoprene main chain. In the synthesis of barbwires, PSLi is added first to 1,6-bis(trichlorosilyl)hexane, in an incremental fashion, until 4 equiv has been incorporated into the linking silan...
Pupillary responses in a pitch-discrimination task

Pupils were measured while observers made pitch judgments under the method of constant stimuli. A substantial dilation occurs immediately after the presentation of the comparison tone, and the size of this response is closely correlated to the difficulty of the discrimination. Baseline changes occur within each block of trials, but have little effect on the magnitude of dilations. Responses to redundant stimuli, including the standard itself, decrease during the experimental session. The results support the validity of pupillary measurements as an index of processing load.
Solutions to a Filtering Problem and Convolution Equations

Abstract We investigate the Tauberian minimization problem which is to characterize the criterion for achieving inf{ I ( f ): f ∈ L 1 ( R )} = I ( g ), g ∈ L 1 ( R ). The existence of "good" filters g is equivalent to the existence of solutions to certain kinds of convolution equations. Several necessary conditions are found and the criteria for the existence are characterized in terms of the power spectrum which is the Fourier transform of the observe signal. Further, all the results are extended to similar (but slightly different) problems in stochastic processes.
Cheddar cheese aging : changes in sensory attributes and consumer acceptance

The objectives of this study were to identify and quantify changes in sensory attributes of Cheddar cheese as it ages, determine how such changes relate to liking, and predict liking for aged cheese from sensory attributes at a young age. Sensory attributes of 14 cheeses were measured by descriptive analysis of the products from 2 wk to 9 mo. Consumers rated their liking for the products when the cheeses were 3, 6 and 9 mo old. Strong flavors, off-flavors, and ‘young’ flavors increased in intensity as the cheeses aged. Off-flavors correlated negatively with liking and ‘young’ flavors correlated positively with liking regardless of age of the cheeses.
Evaluation of paleoclimatic conditions east and west of the southern Canadian Cordillera in the mid-late Paleocene using bulk organic δ13C records

Abstract Carbon isotope records from organic matter provide a key data set for constraining past fluctuations in the isotopic composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide (δ13Catm), hydrologic conditions, and plant community composition. Here we evaluate spatiotemporal shifts in these three conditions using δ13C values of bulk organic carbon (δ13Cbulk) from Paleocene strata in northwest Washington, U.S.A. and west-central Alberta, Canada. Our data set contains 352 analyses from the Chuckanut and Paskapoo formations. Mean δ13Cbulk values in the two areas are statistically indistinguishable (− 24.5‰ and − 24.4‰ (VPDB), respectively), and exhibit a wide range of values (~ 5–7‰). In both areas sequential vertical samples show large fluctuations in δ13Cbulk values, on average of ~ 1.0‰ ± 1.0 (1σ). There are no distinct up-section trends or structured excursions in the ~ 850 meter stratigraphic section in the Chuckanut Formation nor the ~ 125 meter section in the Paskapoo Formation. Furthermore, δ13Cbulk values are independent of the weight percent organic carbon (%C) and lithology of the sample. The lack of a systematic relationship and correlation between δ13Cbulk and %C values indicates isotopic fractionation during post-mortem processes, such as microbial respiration, exerted minimal influence on the isotopic patterns. The independence of δ13Cbulk values from lithology suggests variability is unrelated to local spatial gradients in vegetation community and water availability across the paleo-landscape. However, the wide range and large fluctuations in δ13Cbulk values is similar to stochastic intra-site variability of plant δ13C values within modern settings. The absence of structured, up-section trends indicates minimal secular variation in the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2, rainfall, and plant community composition. Moreover, we show that a previous carbon isotope excursion ascribed to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in the Paskapoo Formation is actually a result of aliasing related to sampling density. Finally, the statistically indistinguishable mean δ13Cbulk values in the two regions imply similarly wet and humid climatic conditions when combined with sedimentologic and paleobotanical data. The records support early Paleogene circulation models that show strong orographic precipitation patterns in the Pacific Northwest associated with incipient extensional tectonics in the region and enhanced transport of moisture-laden polar air masses southward into the Canadian continental interior.
The effect of velocity space diffusion on the universal instability in a plasma

The influence of collisions on the universal instability in a fully ionized in- homogeneous plasma is investigated by means of a simplified Fokker-Planck kinetic equation. For the Fokker-Planck model yields results qualitatively similar to the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook model, but the two models give different collisional effects in the case where b ≥ 1. Further it is shown that collisions in general enhance the temperature gradient instability in a plasma when b ≪ 1 and reduce it when b ≥ 1.
Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected monocytes exhibit increased adherence to human aortic endothelial cells.

Abstract Interactions between monocytes and endothelial cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and monocyte adhesion to arterial endothelium is one of the earliest events in atherogenesis. Work presented in this study examined human monocyte adherence to primary human aortic endothelial cells following monocyte infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae , an intracellular pathogen associated with atherosclerosis by a variety of sero-epidemiological, pathological and functional studies. Infected monocytes exhibited enhanced adhesion to aortic endothelial cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of C. pneumoniae with heat did not effect the organism’s capacity to enhance monocyte adhesion, suggesting that heat-stable chlamydial antigens such as chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (cLPS) mediated monocyte adherence. Indeed, treatment of monocytes with cLPS was sufficient to increase monocyte adherence to endothelial cells, and increased adherence of infected or cLPS-treated monocytes could be inhibited by the LPS antagonist lipid X. Moreover, C. pneumoniae -induced adherence could be inhibited by incubating monocytes with a mAb specific to the human β2-integrin chain, suggesting that enhanced adherence resulted from increased expression of these adhesion molecules. These data show that C. pneumoniae can enhance the capacity of monocytes to adhere to primary human aortic endothelial cells. The enhanced adherence exhibited by infected monocytes may increase monocyte residence time in vascular sites with reduced wall shear stress and promote entry of infected cells into lesion-prone locations.
Mouse strain differences in kainic acid sensitivity, seizure behavior, mortality, and hippocampal pathology.

Genetic influences contribute to susceptibility to seizures and to excitotoxic injury, but it is unclear if/how these susceptibilities are linked. This study assessed the impact of genetic background on mouse strain seizure susceptibility, seizure phenotype, mortality, and hippocampal histopathology. A subcutaneous (s.c.) kainic acid multiple injection protocol was developed. Five mouse strains were tested: a and b) C57BL/6J and 129/SvJ, strains commonly used in gene targeting experiments; c) C3HeB/FeJ, a strain with reported sensitivity to the convulsant effects of kainic acid (KA); d) 129/SvEms, a strain reportedly susceptible to hippocampal excitotoxic cell death; and e) a mixed genetic background strain (129/SvJXC57BL/6J) from which targeted gene deletion experiments have been carried out. Histopathological features were examined at early (7-10 day), delayed (2-4 month), and late (6-13 month) time points.Mouse background strains can be genetically segregated based on excitotoxin sensitivity, seizure phenotype, mortality, and hippocampal histopathology. When injected with KA, C3HeB/FeJ and C57BL/6J strains were resistant to cell death and synaptic reorganization despite severe behavioral seizures, while 129/SvEms mice developed marked pyramidal cell loss and mossy fiber sprouting despite limited seizure activity. The mixed background 129/SvJXC57BL/6J group exhibited features of both parental strains. In the mouse strains tested, the duration or severity of seizure activity was not predictive of subsequent hippocampal pyramidal cell death and/or synaptic reorganization. Unlike rats, mice exhibiting prolonged high-grade KA-induced seizure activity did not develop subsequent spontaneous behavioral seizures.
Final-offer arbitration under incomplete information

In recent years, final-offer arbitration FOA has become an increasingly frequent means of resolving labor disputes in the private and public sectors. The present paper models FOA when each disputant has private information bearing on the true value of the case. The model characterizes the disputants' equilibrium offer behavior and examines arbitration performance. The main conclusion is that FOA outcomes are crudely responsive to the underlying merits of the case. In its favor, FOA can be expected to be less costly to administer than arbitration procedures that attempt to extract perfect information.
Mucosal and serosal changes after gastric stapling determined by a new "real-time" surface tissue oxygenation probe: a pilot study.

Abstract Background Although tissue ischemia at surgical anastomoses can cause leakage, stricture, and ulceration, surgeons rely on nonquantitative measures of detecting ischemia (e.g., color changes, pulsation), which are not likely to detect transient or small degrees of ischemia. A new microvascular tissue oximeter probe (T-Stat) provides noninvasive real-time measurement of tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO 2 ). We measured local gastric StO 2 during stapling for transection/pouch creation to assess the reproducibility of measurements, the sensitivity of the mucosa versus serosa to ischemia, and the effect of the proximity to the staple line on the measurement. Methods Anesthetized adult swine (n = 8) underwent laparotomy to transect gastric tissue in vivo with measurements made in 2 locations using 4.8-mm staple height cartridges. Results Both mucosal and serosal StO 2 decreased significantly when measured adjacent to the staple line compared with baseline (mucosa 3.0% ± 5.6% versus 42.1% ± 13.5%, serosa 48.2% ± 15.1% versus 64.9% ± 7.6%, P 2 at baseline compared with 2 cm away (mucosa 42.1% ± 13.5% versus 32.3% ± 18.7%, serosa 64.9% ± 7.6% versus 59.9 ± 9.4; P >.05). No color or pulsation changes were observed. Conclusion Although significant reproducible mucosal and serosal decreases in StO 2 were seen in proximity to the gastric staple lines, the decrease in mucosal StO 2 was dramatic in the absence of any visible changes. The persistence of tissue ischemia with gastric stapling or in the creation of an anastomosis might contribute to the development of complications. The use of a real-time, noninvasive tissue probe could ultimately assist surgeons in identifying patients at risk of complications.
Structural geology and accretionary history of the Northwest Cascades system, Washington and British Columbia

Pre-Tertiary rock units on the western flank of the Cascades in Washington and southern British Columbia constitute the Northwest Cascades system (NWCS). This litho-tectonic package is characterized by predominantly oceanic lithologies subjected to high P/T metamorphism and structurally mixed to form a regional melange. Although the focus of this report is on rocks of the NWCS as originally defined, survey of the regional geology suggests broadening of the limits of this system to include the San Juan Islands, the Pacific Rim complex, and pre-Tertiary rocks on the western flank of the central and southern Washington Cascades. The Shuksan Metamorphic Suite, a relatively coherent and broadly exposed unit of the NWCS, contains a regionally consistent stretching lineation which provides evidence of east-northeast–directed underthrusting (subduction) during the Early Cretaceous blue-schist metamorphism. Metamorphic F2 folds are approximately normal to the stretching lineation and appear to have developed late in the same deformational event. The melange structure postdates the high-pressure regional metamorphism. It is characterized by a tectonic assemblage of diverse and unrelated rock units occurring as fragments as much as 10 or more kilometres in breadth and separated by a network of low- to high-angle north-northwest–striking faults. Pre-fault restoration is impossible. Argillaceous or serpentinitic material commonly occurs in deformation zones between more competent lithologies. Mylonite zones as much as several metres thick are widely developed and display stretched clast lineations, indicating a north-northwest–south-southeast transport direction for both low- and high-angle faults. The high-angle faults are therefore strike-slip in nature. Shear-sense indicators are mixed in thrust fault zones, but many indicate dextral movement for the strike-slip faults. K/Ar whole-rock ages of mylonites range from 20–127 Ma, but two Late Cretaceous ages of 87 and 91 ± 3 Ma are considered as best representing the time of faulting. The inferred shift in direction of tectonic transport from east-northeast–west-southwest during Early Cretaceous metamorphism to north-northwest–south-southeast during Late Cretaceous faulting and melange formation is correlated with a mid-Cretaceous change in plate interaction between the North American and Farallon/Kula plates from high- to low-angle convergence. The NWCS melange is interpreted to have formed during large dextral transform motion along the continental margin and to have reached final emplacement by thrusting against the southern end of Wrangellia and the Coast Plutonic Complex.
Synthesis and characterization of new titanium(II) carbonyls of stoichiometry TiX2(CO)2(dmpe)2: an NMR study

Abstract The titanium(II) coordination complexes trans -TiX 2 (dmpe) 2 (X  Cl, Br) react with carbon monoxide at low temperatures to afford thermally unstable eight-coordinate titanium(II) dicarbonyl complexes of stoichiometry TiX 2 (CO) 2 (dmpe) 2 . The stoichiometries have been established from NMR studies; if 13 CO is employed, the NMR spectra correpond to the X and AB parts of AA′BB′XX′ spin systems in the 13 C{H} and 31 P{ 1 H} NMR spectra, respectively. Treatment of the mixed halide complex TiClBr(dmpe) 2 with CO gives the corresponding dicarbonyl complex TiClBr(CO) 2 (dmpe) 2 , which exhibits an ABCD spin system in its 31 P{H}-NMR spectrum. The phosphorus-phosphorus, phosphorus-carbon, and carbon-carbon coupling constants for TiCl 2 (CO) 2 (dmpe) 2 , TiBr 2 (CO) 2 (dmpe) 2 , and TiBrCl(CO) 2 (dmpe) 2 suggest that these complexes adopt bi-capped octahedral structures, with the halide ligands in the capping sites and the carbonyl ligands mutually cis . When cold (−78°C) solutions of TiC exposed to carbon monoxide for short periods, an intermediate is detectable that slowly converts to TiCl 2 (CO) 2 (dmpe) 2 . The intermediate contains one bidentate and one unidentate dmpe ligand as judged from its 31 P{ 1 H} NMR spectrum. There are two equal- intensity 13 C NMR resonances for the bound carbonyl groups at δ 453.6 and 456.7; these chemical shifts are quite unusual and are among the largest measured for any 13 C nucleus. Taken together, the data suggest that this intermediate is a 16-electron seven-coordinate complex of stoichiometry TiCl 2 (CO) 2 (dmpe)( n 1 -dmpe).
Sequence and analysis of a portion of the genomes of shope fibroma virus and malignant rabbit fibroma virus that is important for viral replication in lymphocytes

Abstract The 10.7-kb Bam HI “C” restriction fragment of malignant rabbit fibroma virus (MV) contains genes that are important for its immunosuppressive activity. When this fragment is transferred to a related avirulent leporipoxvirus, Shope fibroma virus (SFV), recombinant viruses show clinical features characteristic of MV: they replicate in lymphocytes and alter immune function in vitro , induce disseminated tumors in recipient rabbits, and are immunosuppressive in vivo . The 10.7-kb Bam HI “C” restriction fragment of MV was sequenced in its entirety. Its DNA sequence and the 14 ORF's derived from analyzing this sequence are discussed. Analysis of known open reading frames to which the ORF's from MV's Bam “C” fragment show homology permits us to identify some MV ORF's showing high degrees of similarity to known and postulated proteins produced by vaccinia virus. Functions for some of these vaccinia proteins are known, while functions for others are hypothetical or unknown. Further analysis of genetic determinants of MV's virulence has indicated that two overlapping restriction subfragments of the Bam HI “C” fragment can transfer MV's virulent behavior to SFV. The 0.7-kb region in which these two subfragments overlap includes the C-terminus of MV orf C-7 and the N terminus of MV orf C-8. These correspond to the C- and N-termini, respectively, of SFV orf's D-9 and D-10 and to vaccinia orf's D-6 (early transcription factor) and D-7 (subunit of RNA polymerase). We sequenced the region of SFV's Bam HI “D” fragment in this area and illustrate here the comparative sequences of this portion of SFV's genome and orf's. On the basis of comparisons between MV, SFV, and vaccinia in this area we discuss the potential significance of these observations.
Great Lakes total phosphorus revisited: 2. Mass balance modeling

Abstract Mass balance models are used to simulate chloride and total phosphorus (TP) trends from 1800 to the present for the North American Great Lakes. The chloride mass balance is employed to estimate turbulent eddy diffusion between model segments. Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations are then simulated based on estimated historical and measured TP loading time series. Up until about 1990, simulation results for all parts of the system generally conform to measured TP concentrations and exhibit significant improvement due primarily to load reductions from the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. After 1990, the model simulations diverge from observed data for the offshore waters of all the lakes except Lake Superior with the observations suggesting a greater improvement than predicted by the model. The largest divergence occurs in Lake Ontario where the model predicts that load reductions should bring the lake to oligo-mesotrophic levels, whereas the data indicate that it is solidly oligotrophic and seems to be approaching an ultra-oligotrophic state. Less dramatic divergences also occur in the offshore waters of lakes Michigan, Huron and Erie. In order to simulate these outcomes, the model's apparent settling velocity, which parameterizes the rate that total phosphorus is permanently lost to the lake's deep sediments, must be increased significantly after 1990. This result provides circumstantial support for the hypothesis that Dreissenid mussels have enhanced the Great Lakes phosphorus assimilation capacity. Finally, all interlake mass transfers of TP via connecting channels have dropped since phosphorus control measures were implemented beginning in the mid-1970s.
Pace of work and piece rates

Abstract Using cross-industry survey data, I examine how the determinants of the pace of work affect the probability of using piece rates. Internal determinants raise the likelihood of piece rates, while response to external needs lowers the probability.
Expression patterns of mRNAs for the gap junction proteins connexin43 and connexin42 suggest their involvement in chick limb morphogenesis and specification of the arterial vasculature

Gap junctions which comprise a family of proteins called connexins have been implicated in the morphogenesis of the chick limb bud. We have examined the expression patterns of two members of the connexin family, connexin43 (Cx43) and connexin42 (Cx42), during the early development of the chick limb bud and embryo by in situ hybridization. Cx43 mRNA is expressed in high amounts in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), which promotes the outgrowth of the mesodermal cells of the limb bud, and in the ectopic AER of the limb buds of polydactylous diplopodia-5 mutant embryos. In contrast, little Cx43 expression is detectable in nonridge limb ectoderm at early stages of limb development. These results suggest that Cx43 gap junctions may integrate the activity of the cells comprising the AER and compartmentalize them into a functionally distinct entity capable of directing limb outgrowth. In addition, Cx43 exhibits high expression in the posterior subridge mesoderm of the early limb bud that is growing out in response to the AER, but little expression in the anterior mesoderm. This graded distribution of Cx43 transcripts correlates with a functional gradient of gap junctional communication along the anteroposterior (AP) axis, and suggests that Cx43 gap junctions may be involved in pattern formation across the AP axis. At later stages of development, Cx43 is transiently expressed in high amounts in the precartilage condensations of the carpals and metacarpals, at a time when critical cell-cell interactions are occurring that trigger cartilage differentiation. In contrast, in the developing limb, Cx42 is expressed exclusively by the central artery. In the remainder of the chick embryo, Cx42 is expressed in high amounts by the vessels comprising the arterial vasculature, but is not expressed by the venous vasculature. Thus, Cx42 gap junctions may be involved in specification of the arterial vasculature of the limb and embryo. Cx42, but not Cx43, is expressed in the ventricle of the heart, and by cells along the intrasclerotomal fissure that separates the rostral and caudal halves of the sclerotome of somites into distinct communication compartments. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Genetic Regulation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Composition in C. elegans

Delta-9 desaturases, also known as stearoyl-CoA desaturases, are lipogenic enzymes responsible for the generation of vital components of membranes and energy storage molecules. We have identified a novel nuclear hormone receptor, NHR-80, that regulates delta-9 desaturase gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we describe fatty acid compositions, lifespans, and gene expression studies of strains carrying mutations in nhr-80 and in the three genes encoding delta-9 desaturases, fat-5, fat-6, and fat-7. The delta-9 desaturase single mutants display only subtle changes in fatty acid composition and no other visible phenotypes, yet the fat-5;fat-6;fat-7 triple mutant is lethal, revealing that endogenous production of monounsaturated fatty acids is essential for survival. In the absence of FAT-6 or FAT-7, the expression of the remaining desaturases increases, and this ability to compensate depends on NHR-80. We conclude that, like mammals, C. elegans requires adequate synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and maintains complex regulation of the delta-9 desaturases to achieve optimal fatty acid composition.
A reinforced coagulation-sedimentation model for stratospheric aerosols

A numerical model is constructed to simulate the aging of the aerosol size distributions in the stratosphere in the presence of sources, and to calculate mean residence times in the absence of sources. It incorporates the mechanisms of thermal coagulation, gravitational sedimentation and gas reactions. Computations using this model indicate that for the rather different aerosol spectra measured by Bigg, Friend and Junge, only that of Bigg is consistent with the residence times that have been determined for stratospheric particulates. An upper limit for the stratospheric production rate of reacting gases is estimated to be of the order of 10−20 g cm−3 s−1.
Erratum to: Pulses and snakes in Ginzburg–Landau equation

R. S. Choudhury Department of Mathematics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA e-mail: choudhur@longwood.cs.ucf.edu Note however that, although simple Hopf bifurcations are impossible, the well-known Hamiltonian– Hopf bifurcation involving four bifurcating eigenvalues is of course ubiquitous in Hamiltonian systems. Note that this Hamiltonian–Hopf bifurcation cannot occur in our three-dimensional system though.
Material removal mechanisms in electrochemical–mechanical polishing of tantalum

Abstract Material removal mechanisms in tantalum chemical–mechanical polishing (CMP) and electrochemical–mechanical polishing (ECMP) were investigated using the single frequency electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Through measuring the impedance of the tantalum surface, the single frequency EIS scan made it possible to observe the CMP and ECMP processes in situ. The impedance results presented competing mechanisms of removal and formation of a surface oxide layer of tantalum. Analysis indicated that the thickness of the oxide layer formed during polishing was related to the mechanical power correlated to the friction force and the rotating speed. Furthermore, the rate of growth and removal of the oxide film was a function of the mechanical power. This understanding is beneficial for optimization of CMP and ECMP processes.
Heterogeneity of pituitary and plasma prolactin in man: decreased affinity of "Big" prolactin in a radioreceptor assay and evidence for its secretion.

Molecular heterogeneity of immunoreactive human PRL (IR-hPRL) plasma was assessed by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100 in blood drawn from 4 normal adults, 3 newborn infants, 2 late gestational women, 3 patients with primary hypothyroidism and high PRL levels, 2 with functional hyperprolactinemia, 3 with acromegaly, and 10 with PRLsecreting tumors. Three forms of PRL, each of different apparent molecular weight, were detected: the so-called big-big hPRL eluted with the void volume, big hPRL appeared after the albumin peak, and little hPRL eluted as monomeric hPRL. In normal subjects, the proportion of big-big, big, and little hPRL components was 5.1 ± 1.7%, 9.1 ± 0.9%, and 85.8 ± 2.3%, respectively, without significant change in the distribution of the different forms after TRF stimulation. In 8 of 10 patients with PRL-secreting tumors, we detected 3.9 ± 0.8%, 14.3 ± 1.1%, and 81.8 ± 1.1%, respectively, a significantly higher proportion of big PRL. In 2 additional patients with prolactinomas, the...
An optimal method for deletion in one-sided height-balanced trees

A one-sided height-balanced tree is a binary tree in which every node's right subtree has a height which is equal to or exactly one greater than the height of its left subtree. It has an advantage over the more general AVL tree in that only one bit of balancing information is required (two bits are required for the AVL tree).It is shown that deletion of an arbitrary node of such a tree can be accomplished in O(log n) operations, where n is the number of nodes in the tree. Moreover the method is optimal in the sense that its complexity cannot be reduced in order of magnitude. This result, coupled with earlier results by Hirschberg, indicates that, of the three basic problems of insertion, deletion, and retrieval, only insertion is adversely affected by this modification of an AVL tree.
Numerical simulation of ion beam optics for many-grid systems

A high specific impulse ion thruster operated at a voltage of 10 kV has been studied and the problems of direct ion impingement on the accelerating grid and charge-exchange ion production and impingement have been considered. These problems are addressed by considering the use of four -or more grids (many-grid system). In order to evaluate these many-grid systems, a three-dimensional particle simulation code that employs 1) an energy compensation method, 2) a simplified pre-sheath definition method and 3) high-speed coding was developed. It was confirmed that results from this simulation are obtained at a high-speed and in good agreement with experiment data. Using this code, several many-grid systems were evaluated.
Going Beyond Test-Taking Strategies: Building Self-Regulated Students and Teachers

Since the inception of No Child Left Behind (NCLB), standardized tests have been on the minds of students, parents, and educators, who are consistently concerned with how to increase test scores. In this article, the authors suggest that it is time to look beyond tests to enable willing, focused, and persistent - that is self-regulated - students and teachers. Self-regulated students and teachers take control of their learning, set goals, monitor progress, reflect on outcomes, are intrinsically motivated to learn, and demonstrate higher levels of achievement (Harter, 1996; Markman, 1979; Mason, Snyder, Sukhram, & Kedem, 2006; Perry, Nordby, & VandeKamp, 2003; Zimmerman, 2000, 2002). Supporting such self-regulation not only promotes more independent, competent, and motivated students and teachers, but is also likely to raise test scores (Paris & Paris, 2001). The authors suggest specific strategies for, and benefits of, the development of self-regulation in both students and teachers.
Theoretical model for electron emission from the coating-layer on the ferroelectric disk

Abstract The relation among the factors that affect the electron emission by a reversal of polarization in a ferroelectric disk, i.e. the thickness and the carrier density of the metal layer (emission grid), the polarization of the ferroelectric material, and the length of period of the external pulse (electrical, mechanical, thermal, or optical), has been established with a simple theoretical model. The parameters mentioned above could be properly determined by this model to optimize the emission efficiency. The model can only be applied to ferroelectrically induced field emission from the metal layer deposited on the emission side of the ferroelectric disk.
Localization of an adipocyte-specific retinoic acid response domain controlling S14 gene transcription.

Abstract S14 gene transcription is induced by retinoic acid (RA) in cultured adipocytes, but not preadipocytes. Transfection of 3T3-L1 cells with S14-CAT fusion genes showed that adipocyte-specific RA responsive cis-acting elements are located between −1588 and −1381 by upstream from the 5′ end of the S14 gene. This region has enhancer-like properties. In contrast, an artificial RA response element conferred RA control to a CAT gene in both preadipocyte and adipocyte phenotypes indicating that the RA regulatory network is functional in both phenotypes. These studies show that RA receptors interact with adipocyte-specific transcription factors to control S14 gene expression.
The Role of Gamma Interferon in Immune Resistance to Vaginal Infection by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Mice

We investigated the role of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in a mouse model of immunity to vaginal infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Within 8 h after immune mice were challenged intravaginally with HSV-2, IFN-gamma concentrations in vaginal secretions reached levels that can be antiviral in vitro. This rapid synthesis of IFN-gamma occurred in immune-challenged mice but not in nonimmune-challenged mice, indicating that it required memory T cells. Immunostaining and in situ hybridization revealed that the IFN-gamma was synthesized by cells whose morphological appearance suggested that they were lymphocytes and macrophage-like cells in the mucosa. The presence of IFN-gamma in vaginal secretions was correlated with upregulation of MHC class II antigens in the epithelium and with vigorous (30-fold) recruitment of T and B lymphocytes into the vagina. In vivo administration of anti-IFN-gamma to immune mice 17 h before virus challenge blocked the subsequent appearance of IFN-gamma in vaginal secretions, blocked upregulation of class II antigens, blocked adherence of T cells to endothelium and their recruitment into the vagina, and markedly reduced immunity against reinfection of the vaginal epithelium.
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Safety and Efficacy in Children, Adolescents and Adults

This review offers a perspective on the acellular pertussis vaccine efficiency trials concluded in the 1990s and presents the main conclusions of a meta-analysis of 52 studies that assessed the safety and efficacy of the diphtheria-tetanus (DT)-whole cell pertussis (DTwP) and DT-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines administered to children. A clear serological correlate of immunity to pertussis following DTaP vaccination was not identified despite an intensive analysis. It can be speculated that this may be because various combinations of antibody to agglutinogens (pertussis toxin, filamentous haemagglutinin, pertactin and fimbriae) provide protection, or because serum antibody levels and responses do not uniformly reflect mucosal IgA antibody levels. Long-term efficacy following DTaP vaccination is becoming characterised and cell-mediated immunity (T-cell memory) may have importance. DTaP vaccination appears to establish herd immunity after sufficient uptake within communities and countries. As experience with DTaP vaccine safety has accumulated, a 1–2% occurrence of large, local injection reactions with all products has been defined for booster doses. The pathophysiological mechanisms for the reactions are not established but a majority appear likely to be IgE-mediated reactive oedema and a minority to be IgG-mediated reactive Arthus-type reactions. DTwP and DTaP combinations with other vaccines have been studied and licensed; the most controversial combination products are the DTaP/Haemophilus influenzae type B polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Pertussis epidemiology is changing with a clear increase in occurrence in adolescents and adults. This development has spurred studies and licensure of safer DTaP vaccines for this older population. The economic impact of pertussis and transmission from adults to vulnerable infants provides a cost-benefit justification for widespread use of DTaP vaccines in all age groups with routine boosting every 10 years.