cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of Mental Illness Today and Tomorrow: A Literary Review of the Current Methods, Drawbacks, and Sociological Components of Mental Health with Regard to the Diagnosis of Mental Illness

The diagnosis of mental illness has sometimes been a controversial issue due to concerns about reliability and validity of diagnosis. Current methods focus on the categorical assessment of presented symptoms, however, the assessment of the factors leading up to and correlated with mental illness could be a more helpful tool for identifying mental illness itself. The position of this paper is that an analysis of these factors and in particular the integration of the sociological perspective could lead to a better method of diagnosis and understanding of mental illness. A brief overview of the three primary models of mental illness is discussed first followed by an analysis of literature around the benefits and drawbacks to the dominant models and diagnosis of mental illness. Following this, a continued analysis of previous literature around alternatives to categorical assessment of mental illness is explored and discussed.
Expression and characterization of a functional canine variant of cytochrome b5 reductase.

Abstract Cytochrome b5 reductase (cb5r), a member of the flavoprotein transhydrogenase family of oxidoreductase enzymes, catalyzes the transfer of reducing equivalents from the physiological electron donor, NADH, to two molecules of cytochrome b5. We have determined the correct nucleotide sequence for the putative full-length, membrane-associated enzyme from Canis familiaris, and have generated a heterologous expression system for production of a histidine-tagged variant of the soluble, catalytic diaphorase domain, comprising residues I33 to F300. Using a simple two-step chromatographic procedure, the recombinant diaphorase domain has been purified to homogeneity and demonstrated to be a simple flavoprotein with a molecular mass of 31,364 (m/z) that retained both NADH:ferricyanide reductase and NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase activities. The recombinant protein contained a full complement of FAD and exhibited absorption and CD spectra comparable to those of a recombinant form of the rat cytochrome b5 reductase diaphorase domain generated using an identical expression system, suggesting similar protein folding. Oxidation–reduction potentiometric titrations yielded a standard midpoint potential (Eo′) for the FAD/FADH2 couple of −273 ± 5 mV which was identical to the value obtained for the corresponding rat domain. Thermal denaturation studies revealed that the canine domain exhibited stability comparable to that of the rat protein, confirming similar protein conformations. Initial-rate kinetic studies revealed the canine diaphorase domain retained a marked preference for NADH versus NADPH as reducing substrate and exhibited kcat’s of 767 and 600 s−1 for NADH:ferricyanide reductase and NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase activities, respectively, with Km’s of 7, 8, and 12 μM for NADH, K3Fe(CN)6, and cytochrome b5, respectively. Spectral-binding constants (Ks) determined for a variety of NAD+ analogs indicated the highest and lowest affinities were observed for APAD+ (Ks = 71 μM) and PCA+ (Ks = >31 mM), respectively, and indicated the binding contributions of the various portions of the pyridine nucleotide. These results provide the first correct sequence for the full-length, membrane-associated form of C. familiaris cb5r and provide a direct comparison of the enzymes from two phylogenetic sources using identical expression systems that indicate that both enzymes have comparable spectroscopic, kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural properties.
Centromedian-Parafascicular Complex Deep Brain Stimulation for Tourette Syndrome: A Retrospective Study

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamic centromedian/parafascicular (CM-Pf) complex has been reported as a promising treatment for patients with severe, treatment-resistant Tourette syndrome (TS). In this study, safety and clinical outcomes of bilateral thalamic CM-Pf DBS were reviewed in a series of 12 consecutive patients with medically refractory TS, 11 of whom met the criteria of postsurgical follow-up at our institution for at least 2 months. Five patients were followed for a year or longer. Consistent with many patients with TS, all patients had psychiatric comorbidities. Tic severity and frequency were measured by using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) over time (average, 26 months) in 10 subjects. One patient was tested at 2-week follow-up only and thus was excluded from group YGTSS analysis. Final YGTSS scores differed significantly from the preoperative baseline score. The average (n=10) improvement relative to baseline in the total score was 54% (95% CI, 37-70); average improvement relative to baseline in the YGTSS Motor tic, Phonic tic, and Impairment subtests was 46% (95% CI, 34-64), 52% (95% CI, 34-72), and 59% (95% CI, 39-78), respectively. There were no intraoperative complications. After surgery, 1 subject underwent wound revision because of a scalp erosion and wound infection; the implanted DBS system was successfully salvaged with surgical revision and combined antibiotic therapy. Stimulation-induced adverse effects did not prevent the use of the DBS system, although 1 subject is undergoing a trial period with the stimulator off. This surgical series adds to the literature on CM-Pf DBS and supports its use as an effective and safe therapeutic option for severe refractory TS.
Jeff Bezos and Amazon.Com

Students evaluate the consistency and liability of Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos's marketing strategy. Bezos founded Amazon.com as an Internet retailer of books, and by 1999, the site also sold CDs, videos, used books, and gifts and operated an auction service.
RADIOCARBON DATING OF GLACIAL MORAINES USING THE AEOLIAN BIOME: TEST RESULTS AT BISHOP CREEK, SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA

Radiocarbon measurements on fossilized remnants of the aeolian biome, incorporated in glacial moraines in the Sierra Nevada of California, are consistent with the relative order of moraines at Bishop Creek, on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada. Holocene 14C ages correspond with periods of more effective moisture according to paleoecological and treeline data in the range, whereas Pleistocene ages are penecontemporaneous with Heinrich Events in the North Atlantic. These findings must be interpreted with caution, however, owing to a number of uncertainties, including: evidence that younger contaminants are added to till matrix; the possibility of older contaminants; the effects of pretreatment on aeolian biome remains; and processes by which organics undergo diagenesis within till matrices in different biogeochemical settings. [Key words: aeolian biome, Heinrich Events, moraines, radiocarbon dating, Sierra Nevada.]
Yes, overall crime statistics are down, but juveniles are committing more criminal offenses.

Despite a general national decline in criminal activities in the 1990s, juvenile criminal offenses continue to increase, (including violent, property, and delinquency acts). In addition increased numbers of children are being held in juvenile jails. It is all but impossible for pediatric health providers to think that "their patients" and "their practices" are immune from the epidemic of crime that affects and is caused by "just kids." Language: en
On the establishment of the people's congress system research Ombudsman

In China,the People's Congress has authority as the Constitution and the supremacy of the law and rights, but the lack of a clear body to be responsible for executive, the judiciary staff ridiculous acts supervision, leaving supervision allowed, administrative, judiciary, bureaucracy prevalent, a lot of "grey corruption" breeding. The reference to the issue of Sweden and the United Kingdom Parliamentary Ombudsman system to my stories of the people's congress system Ombudsman feasibility analysis and conceptual models, and with clear judicial oversight and administrative supervision has also been a degree of relationship thinking,aimed at making better use of the People's Congress oversight functions, My lack of administrative oversight for the system.
Physiological response of Tamarix austromongolica to NaCl stress

To understand the responses of Tamarix austromongolica Nakai to various levels of salt stress(0%,0.5%,1.0%,2.0%,4.0%) and discuss its salt tolerance,this paper conducted a study with pot experiments.NaCl at low concentration of 0.5% had tiny effect on each physiological index of the plants.Upon treatment of NaCl at high concentrations of 1.0%,2.0% and 4.0%,the plants could quickly respond at stoma adjustment,protective enzyme system and osmotic regulation substances.The plants can maintain comparatively regular growth during the early treatment period(first 8 days).With time passing and the increase of NaCl concentration,obvious effects on plants' growth show up.On the 8th day,relative conductivity of plants treated with NaCl concentration of 4.0% obviously rises to 4 times of ck and MDA content has direct correlativity with relative conductivity.Proline content of T.austromongolica Nakai under salt stress gradually rises,while soluble protein content increases in early treatment period and then gradually decreases.Activities of 3 protective enzymes all increase first and then decrease under salt stress.Activities of SOD and CAD reach the peak on the 14th day,while the activity of POD reaches the peak on the 20th day.Chlorophyll content in leaves and Pn gradually decrease and have correlativity with each other.After salt-leaching,all the indices of plants treated with NaCl concentration of 1% and 2% can be recovered,while the indices of plants treated with NaCl concentration of 4.0% can barely recover.
On the Applicable Conditions of the Precautionary Principle——from the Background of International Environmental Law

As one basic principle of international environmental law,the precautionary principle has been laid down or reflected in many multilateral environmental agreements.In the process of applying the principle,three conditions should be satisfied: the first one is the preliminary condition,including the level of perceived risk to trigger precautionary action and the level of scientific uncertainty to justified precautionary action;the second one is the condition which should be satisfied in the process of making decisions according to the precautionary principle,including the analysis of costs and benefits,and the consideration of what action to take when precaution is justified;the last one is the periodic review of the action and the collection of relevant scientific information.
Revision of the genus Stenichnaphes Franz in New Zealand (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae).

Three species of Stenichnaphes Franz were described from New Zealand: St. urbanus Franz (type species of the genus), St. peloriensis Franz and St. newtoni Franz, but the two former names were later synonymized. Basing on detailed morphological study, St. peloriensis is reinstated as a separate species, and St. newtoni is transferred to Scydmaenilla King, within Zeanilla subg. n., resulting in Scydmaenilla ( Zeanilla ) newtoni comb. n. All three species are redescribed, a previously unknown aedeagus of St. peloriensis is illustrated, and details of morphological structures of St. urbanus and Sc. newtoni are presented.
Relationships Between Fasting and Postprandial Pancreaticoduodenal Pressures, Pancreatic Secretion, and Duodenal Volume flow in the Dog

We have developed a canine model which allows simultaneous quantification of pancreatic enzyme outputs, duodenal volume flow, and pancreatic and duodenal pressures under physiological circumstances. Twelve studies on 4 conscious healthy dogs demonstrated that mean fasting pancreatic pressure was 5 to 10 cm H2O higher than mean fasting duodenal pressure. Furthermore, 8 min after ingestion of a meal, both the pancreatic and the duodenal pressure increased. Surprisingly, the mean duodenal pressure was higher than the mean pancreatic pressure 20 min after feeding. This relationship lasted for 30 min. Lastly, elevation of postprandial pancreatic pressure occurred concomitantly with increased pancreatic enzyme output, and duodenal pressure increased with increased duodenal volume flow. The observed large postprandial duodenal volume flows associated with duodenal pressures greater than pancreatic duct pressures may favor reflux of duodenal contents into the pancreatic duct. These relationships may be important in the pathogenesis of postprandial pancreatitis and in the induction of pancreatic cancer.
Overweight adolescents’ brain response to sweetened beverages mirrors addiction pathways

Many adolescents struggle with overweight/obesity, which exponentially increases in the transition to adulthood. Overweight/obesity places youth at risk for serious health conditions, including type 2 diabetes. In adults, neural substrates implicated in addiction (e.g., orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), striatum, amygdala, and ventral tegmental area) have been found to be relevant to risk for overweight/obesity. In this study, we examined three hypotheses to disentangle the potential overlap between addiction and overweight/obesity processing by examining (1) brain response to high vs. low calorie beverages, (2) the strength of correspondence between biometrics, including body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance, and brain response and (3) the relationship between a measure of food addiction and brain response using an established fMRI gustatory cue exposure task with a sample of overweight/obese youth (M age = 16.46; M BMI = 33.1). Greater BOLD response was observed across the OFC, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), nucleus accumbens, right amygdala, and additional frontoparietal and temporal regions in neural processing of high vs. low calorie beverages. Further, BMI scores positively correlated with BOLD activation in the high calorie > low calorie contrast in the right postcentral gyrus and central operculum. Insulin resistance positively correlated with BOLD activation across the bilateral middle/superior temporal gyrus, left OFC, and superior parietal lobe. No relationships were observed between measures of food addiction and brain response. These findings support the activation of parallel addiction-related neural pathways in adolescents' high calorie processing, while also suggesting the importance of refining conceptual and neurocognitive models to fit this developmental period.
Time-term analysis and geological interpretation of seismic travel-time data from the Coast Ranges of central California

Time terms resulting from an analysis of Pg seismic travel-time data from the Coast Ranges of central California yield a pattern that is remarkably consistent with other geological and geophysical estimates of depth to basement. A set of high-quality data for more than 330 paths was selected from all available travel-time observations from quarries and explosions. To assure a statistical estimate of the uncertainty of each time term, time terms were calculated only for sites recording arrivals from more than one source. Time terms ranged from 0.0 to 1.5 sec, indicating depths to the Pg refractor of near-surface to more than 6 km, depending on assumed near-surface velocities. The Pg refractor is presumed to be granitic and metamorphic rocks southwest of the San Andreas Fault and volcanic or ultrabasic rocks within or beneath the Franciscan Formation northeast of the San Andreas Fault. Small time terms (< 0.4 sec) are associated with exposed granitic basement in the Santa Cruz and Gabilan ranges and with exposures of the Franciscan Formation in the central Diablo Range and in the Santa Teresa Hills (south of San Jose). Large time terms are associated with large thicknesses of upper Cretaceous and younger sedimentary rocks in the northern Santa Cruz Mountains, in the northern part of the Diablo Range, in structural troughs between the Zayante and San Andreas faults, and between the Sargent and San Andreas faults and in the Hollister Trough. Time terms for sites athwart structural discontinuities, particularly the San Andreas Fault, vary with the direction of the approaching ray. Time terms for sites on the relatively homogeneous granitic mass of the Gabilan Range increase with elevation. The large differences in magnitude of these time terms and the nature of the distribution clearly demonstrate that the laterally inhomogeneous Earth's crust in this area must be taken into account in the location of local earthquakes where high accuracy is required. These time terms provide a firm basis for the necessary station corrections.
Suture Button Fixation Versus Syndesmotic Screws in Supination–External Rotation Type 4 Injuries: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis:

Background:In stress-positive, unstable supination–external rotation type 4 (SER IV) ankle fractures, implant selection for syndesmotic fixation is a debated topic. Among the available syndesmotic fixation methods, the metallic screw and the suture button have been routinely compared in the literature. In addition to strength of fixation and ability to anatomically restore the syndesmosis, costs associated with implant use have recently been called into question.Purpose:This study aimed to examine the cost-effectiveness of the suture button and determine whether suture button fixation is more cost-effective than two 3.5-mm syndesmotic screws not removed on a routine postoperative basis.Study Design:Economic and decision analysis; Level of evidence, 2.Methods:Studies with the highest evidence levels in the available literature were used to estimate the hardware removal and failure rates for syndesmotic screws and suture button fixation. Costs were determined by examining the average costs for patients who ...
Morpholino Knockdown of Jak2a Inhibits Primitive and Definitive Hematopoiesis in Zebrafish.

Abstract In zebrafish, the primitive wave of hematopoiesis is specified at 3 somites and is marked by two lateral stripes, which express early hematopoietic genes. The coalescence of these stripes forms the intermediate cell mass (ICM). This phase of hematopoiesis lasts about 4 days with erythrocytes entering the circulation 26 hpf. Between 36 and 42 hpf, the definitive wave of hematopoiesis commences. It is marked by the presence of hematopoietic progenitor cells in the dorsal aortic wall. Later in day 3 of development, hematopoietic stem cells from the dorsal aorta migrate into the interstitium of the mesonephros, which becomes the major hematopoietic organ in adult fish. Jak2 is a member of the Janus kinase family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases which plays an important role in hematopoiesis by transmitting cytokine-induced signals to associated STATs (signal transcription and activation transducers). The phosphorylated STATS migrate to the nucleus and induce gene transcription. The knockout of Jak2 in mice is embryonic lethal with a severe defect in erythropoiesis. We and others have observed that Jak2 is duplicated in zebrafish with one of the duplicated genes, jak2a, expressed exclusively in hematopoietic tissues. We have knocked down jak2a with anti-sense morpholinos to assess its role in hematopoiesis. O-dianisidine staining of embryos 2dpf shows a reduction in the primitive wave of erythropoiesis in the jak2a morphants. Using the CD41-GFP transgenic fish line we observed markedly reduced and, in some cases, the complete absence of circulating thrombocytes in jak2a morphants. To help understand how jak2a knockdown impairs hematopoiesis we examined the expression of a panel of early hematopoietic genes in the ICM of 20 to 24 hpf fish by whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH). There was an overall reduction in the expression of lmo2, scl, gata-1 and gata-2. Upon closer observation it was apparent that the reduction was due to the loss of certain cells from the ICM with normal staining intensity in the remaining cells. We also observed reduced cyclin D1 expression and elevated caspase 3 activity, which strongly suggested programmed cell death was activated in the jak2a morphant. We believe that there is a selective loss due to cell cycle arrest of the more mature hematopoietic cells, which require the expression of jak2a for their survival with retention of early hematopoietic progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells in the ICM. These observations in developing zebrafish embryos establish the important role of jak2a in hematopoiesis and provide new insights into the stage of hematopoiesis where jak2a is critically important.
Response of benthic macroinvertebrate communities to climate change

Abstract Aquatic ecosystems are impacted by climate change. However, the level of impacts, especially on macroinvertebrates, are not well known, which is the goal of this study. Here, three biotic indices were used. The Saginaw River Basin, the largest watershed in Michigan was selected for this study. Since no know modeling package exists to evaluate the impacts of climate change on these biotic indices, a coupled modeling approach was proposed. First, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was setup to estimate streamflow and water quality for all stream segments. Next, the results from the SWAT model in combination with long-term biological monitoring data were used to develop biotic indices predictive models using a two-phase approach. An assemblage of 42 climate scenarios (2040–2060) were obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which are biased corrected and statistically downscaled. The dataset provides two extreme Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) to account for best (RCP 4.5) and worst (RCP 8.5) case scenarios. The climate data were incorporated in SWAT and biotic indices predictive models to understand stream health conditions in the watershed. Results showed that the majority of streams have a probability of declining in values of biotic indices while streams that currently have excellent conditions are the most vulnerable streams to the climate change. This modeling approach provides a new mean to link more strongly biota indicators with flow regime indicators, which is of prime interest for the implementation of ecohydrology principles.
Bathymetry of the Amundsen Sea Embayment sector of West Antarctica from Operation IceBridge gravity and other data

We employ airborne gravity data from NASA's Operation IceBridge collected in 2009–2014 to infer the bathymetry of sub–ice shelf cavities in front of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica. We use a three-dimensional inversion constrained by multibeam echo sounding data offshore and bed topography from a mass conservation reconstruction on land. The seamless bed elevation data refine details of the Pine Island sub–ice shelf cavity, a slightly thinner cavity beneath Thwaites, and previously unknown deep (>1200 m) channels beneath the Crosson and Dotson ice shelves that shallow (500 m and 750 m, respectively) near the ice shelf fronts. These sub–ice shelf channels define the natural pathways for warm, circumpolar deep water to reach the glacier grounding lines, melt the ice shelves from below, and constrain the pattern of past and future glacial retreat.
Succeeding in an Academic Sleep Environment

The environment of sleep medicine academics is evolving as the field evolves. Succeeding in academics requires consideration of patient care, research, and academics. This article briefly looks at each of these areas and discusses topics to evaluate in choosing a position and succeeding. In an evolving field, success starts with finding the right position. In order to succeed, the sleep physician must consider and balance patient care, research, and academics. Distinct differences and subtleties in each of these areas can significantly influence an academic career and leave the individual either satisfied or dissatisfied. This differs from nonacademic positions where the primary concerns are more likely location, compensation, and workload. To be successful in academics calls for balance in all the aforementioned areas. If the individual is burdened with patient care, research and teaching will suffer. The reverse is also true. The goal of this article is to discuss these aspects of academic sleep medicine and to provide the reader with some considerations before taking a position in academics.
Computing the Additive Degree-Kirchhoff Index with the Laplacian Matrix

For any simple connected undirected graph, it is well known that the Kirchhoff and multiplicative degree-Kirchhoff indices can be computed using the Laplacian matrix. We show that the same is true for the additive degree-Kirchhoff index and give a compact Matlab program that computes all three Kirchhoffian indices with the Laplacian matrix as the only input.
Reflections on student persistence

The Feature for this issue—Reflections on Student Persistence—has been prepared by Professor Vincent Tinto, Distinguished University Professor Emeritus at Syracuse University, United States of America (USA) and a long-time friend and supporter of STARS. Vincent explores the case for motivation to be considered as a significant aspect of the tertiary student psyche by drawing on theoretical frameworks, research and practical experiences related to the issue. He synthesises this extensive, detailed, rich but often somewhat impenetrable data into a trilogy of clear and credible key dimensions of the motivation construct—student self-efficacy, sense of belonging and perceived value of the curriculum. This interpretation of the literature is a personal but informed reflection and is a timely piece which highlights the breadth and profundity of the presentations at this year’s conference in Adelaide, Australia where students in all their diversity are central to our focus on enhancing the student experience. In this opening article, Vincent refers directly to the STARS papers selected for this Conference issue of the Journal which also address the importance of student persistence, self-efficacy and building the sense of belonging within their own institutional communities (Fernandes, Ford, Rayner & Pretorius; Kahu, Nelson, & Picton; McFarlane, Spes-Skrbis T Naylor; Smallhorn). Echoing his position on social justice and his advocacy for underserved students, Vincent reminds us that educational equity gaps still exist, and he encourages us to see the issue of persistence through the eyes of the students to support their perseverance and completion and thereby help reduce educational disadvantage.
Review of global process safety regulations: United States, European Union, United Kingdom, China, India

Abstract Process safety regulations are an integral part of maintaining the safety of workers, the public, and the environment. Therefore, global regulations were analyzed to compare the extent of process safety regulations in the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, China, and India. The development of regulations is typically instigated by the occurrence of a significant process safety incident. However, the extent of the regulations and the quality of their enforcement varies greatly between countries. In general, the developed countries have better reporting procedures, enforcement of regulations, and emergency plans which increases the number of incidents reported. Developing countries are working to implement regulations, typically influenced by regulations from developed countries, but the regulations aren't currently enforced to the same extent. Overall, improvement in reporting & data collection procedures and increased communication between the government, companies and the public would help increase the effectiveness of process safety regulations.
Optimal production planning utilizing leftovers for an all-you-care-to-eat food service operation

Abstract Food service operations in an all-you-care-to-eat environment need to consider two conflicting objectives: a desire to reduce overproduction food waste (and its corresponding environmental impacts), and an aversion to shortfalls (in which some customer demands go unsatisfied). A particular challenge in such buffet-style operations is the absence of any lost marginal revenue associated with lost sales that can be used to measure the shortfall cost, complicating any attempt to determine a minimum-cost solution. This research presents a multi-criteria optimization approach to identify the efficient frontier of points lying between the minimum-waste and minimum-shortfall solutions. In particular, we identify optimal production adjustments relative to demand forecasts, demand thresholds for utilization of leftovers, and percentages of demand to be satisfied by leftovers, considering two alternative metrics for overproduction waste: mass; and greenhouse gas emissions (to account for the embodied chemical usage during farming, transportation, and landfill decomposing of overproduced food waste). A statistical analysis of the changes in decision variable values across each of the efficient frontiers can then be performed to identify the key variables that could be modified to reduce the amount of wasted food at minimal increase in shortfalls (or, alternatively, to reduce the amount of shortfalls at minimal increase in waste). We illustrate our approach with an application to empirical data from Campus Dining Services operations at the University of Missouri. Our analysis suggests that targeted production level modifications, rather than blanket increases or decreases, can allow food service providers to reduce overproduction food waste without significant increases in demand shortfalls.
Cockpit Displays of Traffic and Weather Information: Effects of 3D Perspective Versus 2D Coplanar Rendering and Database Integration

ABSTRACTObjective: The objectives were to evaluate the viability of 3-dimensional (3D) perspective aircraft hazard displays for traffic and weather, in isolation, and when the two were integrated into a single display panel.Background: Prior research identified the costs of such 3D perspective hazard displays, presented from an exocentric perspective, because of their ambiguity in presenting spatial relations in an unstructured 3D space. Research also supported the advantage of display overlay, particularly when both databases (traffic and weather) need to be integrated to make hazard avoidance judgments. The two variables had not been examined in conjunction.Method: Seventeen certified flight instructors flew a series of hazard avoidance maneuvers in a part-task simulator, with four displays, created by the combination of 3D versus 2-dimensional (2D) perspective and separate versus overlay hazard formats. Positioning of traffic and weather that would make it necessary to avoid hazards was designed to all...
Enhancing Academic Quality and Collegial Control: Insights from US Policy on the Ethical Conduct of Human Subjects’ Research

Government initiatives and regulations intended to assure academic quality have been implemented in many countries over the last 25 years. Because of reservations about the effectiveness of these externally oriented policies, they have undergone continual change and adaptation. A number of countries are now experimenting with internally oriented policies focusing on the reform or “enhancement” of a university’s own collegial processes for assuring academic quality in teaching and student learning. During these same years many developed countries also implemented national policies regulating human subjects’ research within their universities. What might be learned from the experience with national policies on human subjects’ research that could help inform the design of more effective national policies intended to improve and enhance the quality of education within universities? This question is explored through an analysis of the development of US policy on human subjects’ research as well as its implementation and impacts at a major American research university.
Pearls and pitfalls of FDG PET/CT scan in head and neck cancer: Rare and frequent normal variations. Pathological patterns appearance with correlative imaging

1104 Learning Objectives 1. To demonstrate the common as well as rare normal FDG distribution, patterns and intensities in the head and neck area. Also, to show landmarks of head and neck normal anatomy. 2. To show examples for normal increased activity with illustrative case examples and correlative images like MRI and CT scan. This includes but not limited to activity in the parotid glands, palatine and lingual tonsils, submandibular glands, sublingual glands, tongue, alveolar ridge, tonsillar pillar and vocal cords. 3. To show benign activity in brown fat, post surgical and post radiation changes in addition to physiologic activity of different muscles of the neck. 4. To demonstrate the pattern of abnormal increased FDG avidity in different types, stages and locations of Head and Neck cancer. 5. To emphasize the relationship between normal anatomy and different malignancy patterns. Summary: FDG PET/CT is effective for staging and monitoring head and neck cancer treatment. However, it can be quite challenging due to lack of anatomic landmarks, variable physiologic variation of FDG uptake. Combined PET/CT has improved the description of several physiological patterns. Every PET reader should be familiar with the detailed anatomy of the head and neck in addition to normal FDG activity to avoid potential misinterpretation.
On-orbit characterization of the VIIRS solar diffuser and attenuation screens for NOAA-20 using yaw measurements.

The follow-up visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS) housed in the NOAA-20 satellite and the first of four in the NOAA Joint Polar Satellite System satellite series, was launched on 18 November 2017. The on-orbit satellite yaw maneuver operation was carried out on 25–26 January 2018 over 15 scheduled orbits to obtain responses of the reflective solar bands (RSBs) and the solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM) over a specified angular range. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the yaw measurements that characterizes the three required input functions for the standard on-orbit RSB calibration pipeline. The characterization functions of the product of the bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs) of the solar diffuser (SD) with the vignetting function (VF) of the SD screen (SDS), dubbed the BRF-VF-products (BVPs), are derived for the two required outgoing directions from the SD, one set for the RSB BVPs from the SD to the rotation telescope assembly that directs light to the RSBs, and another set for the SDSM BVPs for the outgoing direction from the SD to the SDSM. The VFs for the attenuation screen placed in front of the Sun-view port, the Sun-view screen (SVS), are analyzed as a set of standalone functions to characterize the direct solar illumination reaching the SDSM through the SVS, but the complexity of their non-smooth two-dimensional dependence requires an additional direct treatment in the derivation of the degradation of the SD, the H-factors. The results for the RSB BVPs, SDSM BVPs, and the SVS VFs are presented and discussed, and further applied to derive the early-mission performance of H-factors and the RSB calibration coefficients, or F-factors. The overall results of the H-factors and F-factors showing smooth trends with negligible residuals indicate that the derived BVP functions and the SVS VFs have been accurately characterized or treated, and are ready for use for the standard on-orbit RSB calibration of NOAA-20 VIIRS.
Utilization of Metabolomics to Identify Biomarkers in Hematological Malignancies: Role of IDO and the Tryptophan Pathway

Abstract Drug resistance is a major problem in the treatment of cancer, particularly in hematological malignancies where many patients relapse and become refractory to current standard of care chemotherapy (SOC). In Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL), relapse post-SOC occurs in about 10-40% and 40% of patients respectively (Shi, Das et al. 2013, Thol, Schlenk et al. 2015). This highlights the critical need for the identification of drug resistance mechanisms to help physicians make better clinical decisions and improve patient outcomes. Given the emerging role of the tumor microenvironment in mediating drug resistance, we employed a targeted, quantitative metabolomics approach, utilizing Mass Spectrometry and the AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit from Biocrates Life Sciences to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers. We hypothesize one such mechanism of resistance involves catabolism of the essential amino acid Tryptophan (Trp). The catabolism of tryptophan is a central pathway maintaining an immunosuppressive microenvironment in many cancer types by regulating both innate and adaptive immunity. Trp can be catabolized by tryptophan hydroxylase into serotonin. Alternatively, it can be catabolized by Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) into kynurenine (kyn). IDO/TDO driven production of kynurenine promotes the development, stabilization, and activation of Tregs, while suppressing effector T cells (pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 pathways) all of which contribute to immune system impairment in cancer bearing individuals. A pilot study aimed at evaluating changes in the tryptophan pathway in human serum samples from commercially available AML and DLBCL patients who had undergone standard of care treatments was performed. This was accomplished through mass spectrometry analysis of tryptophan, kynurenine, and serotonin, along with 185 additional metabolites, using the Absolute IDQ p180 kit by Biocrates. Analysis was performed using MetaboAnalyst 3.0 and Graphpad prism software. As seen in Figure 1A, we found significant increases in kynurenine in the serum from the commercially available Newly Diagnosed (Newly Dx) (n=20, p Download : Download high-res image (158KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures Finger: Amgen, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Wong: Amgen, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Gray: Amgen, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Rock: Amgen, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Loberg: Amgen Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Fitzpatrick: Amgen Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Smith: Amgen, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Wang: Amgen, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. Dos Santos: Amgen Inc.: Employment.
Outcomes of complex abdominal wall reconstruction at the time of CRS and HIPEC.

Abstract Introduction Cytoreduction Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) is a treatment option for patients with peritoneal metastatic cancer. This procedure has been shown to improve survival, however, patients are often left with abdominal wall and soft tissue defects requiring further surgical correction. We aim to assess the safety and clinical outcomes of abdominal reconstruction performed concurrent with CRS/HIPEC. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review on patients with peritoneal metastases who received CRS/HIPEC therapy and abdominal wall reconstruction at tertiary center from 2012 to 2018. Records were evaluated for the patient characteristics, oncologic history, operative details, and postoperative course. Complications were graded with the Clavien-Dindo classification. Results Five patients aged 29–54 years old met the inclusion criteria. The most common type of cancer within this cohort was colorectal cancer. To close the abdomen, four patients underwent component release, biologic mesh placement, and primary fascial closure. The last patient was closed with adjacent tissue transfer. Two patients experienced Grade I complications: deep vein thrombosis and leukocytosis (both self-resolved). Three patients experienced Grade II complications: atrial fibrillation, anemia, and a wound infection which required readmission. No patients experienced grades III, IV or V complications. The follow up period was a median of 5.3 months [r: 2.6–21.9 months]. Conclusion The patients benefitted therapeutically from combined abdominal reconstruction and CRS/HIPEC with minimal complications and good long-term survival. We advocate for the coupling of these procedures as the benefits outweigh the risks, and allows wound closure at the time of surgery.
Integration of bulk materials with two-dimensional materials for physical coupling and applications.

Hybrid heterostructures are essential for functional device systems. The advent of 2D materials has broadened the material set beyond conventional 3D material-based heterostructures. It has triggered the fundamental investigation and use in applications of new coupling phenomena between 3D bulk materials and 2D atomic layers that have unique van der Waals features. Here we review the state-of-the-art fabrication of 2D and 3D heterostructures, present a critical survey of unique phenomena arising from forming 3D/2D interfaces, and introduce their applications. We also discuss potential directions for research based on these new coupled architectures. Integrating 3D bulk materials with 2D layered materials can harness promising properties and unique functions. This Review discusses the progress in the fabrication, physical coupling and potential applications of 3D/2D hybrid heterostructures.
Inertia Estimation and Speed Loop Auto-Tuning for IPMSM Self-Commissioning

This paper presents a practical procedure regarding inertia estimation and speed loop auto-tuning for sensorless interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives. In many applications, well-tuned speed controller is essential to enable dynamic and stable drive operations. However, high-performance speed controller design requires system parameters such as inertia which are unknown at the beginning of drive commissioning. Manual trial-and-error tuning is unattractive due to its blind, lengthy, non-optimal, and potentially unsafe nature. On the other hand, model-based tuning through inertia estimation has unique challenges at this step of self-commissioning. Determining the test torque for a safe and reasonably short test in inertia estimation is a real practical problem because the total inertia can be in wide range in different mechanical systems. Furthermore, feedback controllers are not usable to automatically determine the test torque due to unknown motor parameters. As a solution, this paper proposes an automated test torque selection procedure. Then it identifies the inertia and lastly tunes the speed controller using the identified parameter. Overall, a fully automated speed-loop auto-tuning method is proposed which aims minimal operator involvement. The findings are experimentally verified on an IPMSM drive. In addition, the proposed method can easily be extended to different motor types and sensored or sensorless vector control strategies.
Emil Eduard Hammers anatomische Modelle im kulturellen Kontext

Zwei Modelle des menschlichen Ohres des Modelleurs Emil Eduard Hammer befinden sich heute in der anatomischen Sammlung der Heidelberger Universitat. Ziel dieses Kapitels ist es, eine Wertschatzung dieser Modelle vor dem Hintergrund von Hammers vielschichtigen schaustellerischen, geschaftlichen und medizinischen Tatigkeiten auszufuhren. Wie die Schriften vom Otologen Friedrich Bezold zeigen, war Hammers langjahrige Erfahrung als popular ausstellender Modelleur ein wesentlicher Faktor fur die Entwicklung der Ohrmodellreihe, weil sie ursprunglich in erster Linie fur die Vermittlung von medizinischem Wissen in fur Laien organisierten Ausstellungskontexten entwickelt werden sollte. So lasst sich eine befruchtende Wirkung der popularisierenden Impulse seitens der professionellen Medizin anhand von Hammers Ohrmodellen durchaus feststellen, ohne gleich verleugnen zu mussen, dass Hammers Erfahrungen als Schausteller und Geschaftsmann zu dieser Wirkung auch beigetragen haben.
Factors Affecting Discharge Disposition after Primary Simultaneous Bilateral Joint Arthroplasty

BackgroundPredicting discharge destination following total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is important, as discharge destination has major implications for post-operative costs, clinical outcomes, and re...
Modeling the Congressional End-Run Constraint

The judicial politics literature on the role of Congress in judicial review remains inconclusive. This protracted state of uncertainty might ultimately be explained by the literature‘s undue dependence on a two-constraint paradigm. For five decades judicial politics scholars have confined their analyses to two types of congressional constraints on judicial review: curbs and overrides. But by examining recent developments in constitutional theory, one can infer a new, heretofore ignored category of constraint on judicial review. This constraint is the congressional end-run. End-runs occur where Congress seeks to mitigate the policy implications of adverse judicial review by neither formally limiting the Court‘s authority nor by substituting its preferred interpretation for that of the Court, but through a different decision which cannot, as a practical if not legal matter, be invalidated by the Court. Examples of the congressional end-run include decisions to modify grants of authority to the executive branch, adjust appropriations, amend contingent rules, or reorient the bases for legislation in an alternate constitutional clause. The strategic justices assumed by judicial politics scholars will at some points compromise their exercise of judicial review to avoid triggering end-runs damaging to their overall policy agenda. This article puts forth a formal theoretical model of the end-run. This model reveals that the traditional SOP models (which have worked within the two-constraint paradigm) have systematically underestimated the degree to which their assumed justices are constrained by Congress. Judicial politics scholars should amend their formal models and redesign their empirical studies to account for the constraining effect of the congressional end-run. This reorientation will likely give political scientists a fuller understanding of the interactions between Congress and the Supreme Court.
A Zinc Finger Transcription Factor Faithfully Dedicated to Only a Single Target Gene in Erythroid Cells

Lan et al. carry out a CRISPR-mediated genetic screen and discover that ZNF410 uniquely regulates the NuRD component CHD4 to repress γ-globin transcription in erythroid cells, establishing a novel fetal hemoglobin regulatory mechanism.
Layered Stochastic Approximation Monte-Carlo method for tall building and tower fragility in mixed wind load climates

Abstract Performance-based wind engineering has emerged as an active research field due to potential applications into design standards [e.g., by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in the United States of America]. Therefore, novel and accurate methodologies are necessary to successfully implement practice-oriented guidelines. This study will systematically examine the use of the Layered Stochastic-Approximation Monte-Carlo method, recently explored to assess of wind-induced structural dynamic analysis of vertical structures. The study will utilize a standard tall building and a monopole tower structure to investigate maximum response in terms of lateral displacement and acceleration, and the behavior of a structural member in terms of demand-to-capacity index. Both serviceability and ultimate limit states will be considered. The proposed method will be verified against standard Monte-Carlo sampling to assess its adequacy, accuracy and potential limitations. Particular consideration will be devoted to the study of wind loads and response in mixed wind climates, characterized by the presence of both tropical cyclones (hurricanes) and extra-tropical depressions.