cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Drug Therapy Problems in NCAA Division I-A Minnesota Gopher Student-Athletes

As with all competitive sports, in NCAA Division I-A athletics it is important to maximize controllable factors in order for each athlete to compete at his or her best. One important and controllable factor that has the potential for improvement is the athlete’s medication experience. When medications are used to treat the correct condition, administered at the right time, and with the correct dose, they have the potential to improve outcomes and enhance athletic performance. As an example, it is essential that a soccer player who has asthma is using the correct inhaler, at the correct time, with proper technique, and with the correct number of puffs in order to support breathing and improve oxygen transportation during a game. Ineffective and unsafe use of medications can lead to serious disease-related events and also prevent an athlete from achieving their performance goals when they are not being used correctly. The goal of this project was to explore the presence and extent of drug therapy problems (DTPs) among a college athlete population. Within the 10 student-athletes who were interviewed, there were a total of 36 drug therapy problems identified, many of which were tied to a lack of understanding for their own medication regimen. This project suggests that medication-related needs may not be appropriately addressed among the college athlete population. The addition of a pharmacist on the athletic healthcare team would ensure appropriate medication use and optimization for health outcomes and overall athletic performance. Article Type: Original Research
"Feasibility and utility of a simple computerized test for measuring saccade latency in progressive supranuclear palsy- a proof-of-concept study".

Reliable detection of slowed vertical saccades may help discriminate progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) from the subset of Parkinson’s disease patients who lack tremor (akinetic-rigid or PD-postural instability and gait disorder PIGD subtype), and from age-related oculomotor changes. We investigated the feasibility of a camera-less computerized behavioral saccade latency paradigm previously validated in PD to discriminate probable PSP-Richardson syndrome (PSP-RS) from PD-PIGD and age-matched controls. In this proof-of-concept case-control study, reflexive saccade latencies were measured in 5 subjects with probable PSP-RS, 5 subjects with PD-PIGD subtype, and 5 age-matched controls using the behavioral paradigm. The battery was repeated approximately one month later. All subjects were examined off levodopa by a movement disorders neurologist and by an ophthalmologist, who also performed a dilated eye exam. Vertical prosaccade latencies were longer in the PSP group (median = 903 ms) relative to PD (median = 268 ms) and control groups (median = 235 ms), with no overlap between groups (100% accuracy). PSP subjects also had larger vertical-horizontal discrepancies than comparison groups. Test-retest reliability for the behavioral saccade measures was good (interclass correlation coefficient = 0.948; 95% confidence interval [0.856, 0.982]), and the measures strongly correlated with clinical ratings. Computerized behavioral measurement of reflexive saccade latency is feasible in PSP, and potentially discriminates probable PSP-RS from the PD-PIGD subtype. Findings from this proof-of-concept study support utility of the approach for obtaining objective saccade metrics in clinical evaluations and for tracking change in future, larger trials of moderately advanced PSP. Future studies should also examine the behavioral paradigm in earlier presentations of PSP and other subtypes of PSP.
Superconvergence of Online Optimization for Model Predictive Control.

We develop a one-Newton-step-per-horizon, online, lag-$L$, model predictive control (MPC) algorithm for solving discrete-time, equality-constrained, nonlinear dynamic programs. Based on recent sensitivity analysis results for the target problems class, we prove that the approach exhibits a behavior that we call superconvergence; that is, the tracking error with respect to the full horizon solution is not only stable for successive horizon shifts, but also decreases with increasing shift order to a minimum value that decays exponentially in the length of the receding horizon. The key analytical step is the decomposition of the one-step error recursion of our algorithm into algorithmic error and perturbation error. We show that the perturbation error decays exponentially with the lag between two consecutive receding horizons, while the algorithmic error, determined by Newton's method, achieves quadratic convergence instead. Overall this approach induces our local exponential convergence result in terms of the receding horizon length for suitable values of $L$. Numerical experiments validate our theoretical findings.
The Relationship of Shoulder and Elbow Stresses and Upper Limb Contact Order During a Round‐Off Back Handspring

INTRODUCTION Despite high injury incidence rates in gymnastics, there is a paucity of data characterizing upper extremity injury causation and biomechanical risk factors. This study investigated contact forces across multiple joints in both upper extremities during a round-off back handspring (ROBHS), a fundamental gymnastics tumbling maneuver. OBJECTIVE (1) To characterize the three-dimensional (3-D) biomechanics of the sequential, asynchronous contact of each upper extremity with the ground during a ROBHS using 3-D motion capture, and (2) to evaluate potential correlations to upper extremity injury risk. DESIGN Observational cross-sectional study. SETTING Controlled laboratory environment. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen competitive female gymnasts aged 10-21 years (mean age: 16.6 ± 3.1 years) (1) participating on a competitive gymnastics team; (2) capable of successfully completing a ROBHS; and (3) free of reported injury at enrollment. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Variables evaluated include joint angle, torque, compression force, ground reaction force (GRF), time to peak GRF, and limb loading rates. Variables were analyzed at the wrist, elbow, and shoulder of both limbs at ground contact. The hypothesis that these dependent variables would differ by ROBHS upper extremity contact order was formulated retrospectively after data collection. RESULTS The first contact limb experienced significantly greater extension torque at the elbow (first: 48.89 ± 18.01 Nm, second: 22.49 ± 9.19 Nm; P = .014; CI 95% [14.83, 37.97]) and faster time to peak GRF (P < .001, CI 95% [-1.79, -0.99]). The second limb of contact experienced significantly greater abduction torque at the shoulder (P = .007; CI 95% [-21.58,-8.08]) and anterior-posterior GRF at contact (P = .007; CI 95% [-1.06,-0.26]). CONCLUSIONS The biomechanical differences between contact limbs during the ROBHS may lead to different injury risk. Recognition of the stresses at the elbow and shoulder for both limbs also provides new insight for rehabilitation clinicians to consider when guiding patients to return to gymnastics activity after injury.
Revealing 3D Morphological and Chemical Evolution Mechanisms of Metals in Molten Salt by Multimodal Microscopy

Growing interest in molten salts as effective high-temperature heat-transfer fluids for sustainable energy systems drives a critical need to fundamentally understand the interactions between metals...
The Refrains That Help Me Remember: An Autoethnography of Grief, Epistemological Crisis, and Discovering Hope Through Theory

Two thousand and eighteen was the worst year of my life: I lost my dad to a nine-month battle with necrotizing fasciitis (NF) and my best friend, Nick to an impaired driver. These events occurred during the second semester of my Ph.D. coursework and seriously hampered my ability to stay in my program. The incredible compassion of advisors and professors allowed me to continue my studies. From my coursework, autoethnography seemed the natural way to engage in a project about grief and hope. A crisis arose when the epistemology of multiplicity imbued in postmodern theory disturbed how I remembered my father. I struggled to tell his story adequately and ethically. I walked away from the project several times, finding it too difficult and emotional to complete. I had the grief, but I was missing hope. Discovering the deleuzoguattarian concept of the refrain gave me hope in remembering. I was able to give prominence to the memories I cherished and find meaning within the struggle of losing the two people in my life who mattered the most.
Predicting developed land expansion using deep convolutional neural networks

Abstract Many aspects of land-use management and policy making require information regarding how and where land cover and land-uses will change in the future. In this research, we propose a method for modeling and predicting developed land expansion using the idea of pixel-wise semantic segmentation through deep convolutional neural networks. This analysis is done on a watershed scale with a focus on where developed lands are predicted to expand. We introduce a method to construct data cubes of the land patches which represent important information related to diverse characteristics of the area under consideration. We model the developed land expansion using an encoder-decoder network, and then perform prediction using a simple sigmoid layer. Our results indicate a performance accuracy of 98% on the test data. The proposed technique could thus play an important role in improving our understanding, mapping, and modeling of spatially explicit landscape changes, and in facilitating land-use decision making.
Influence of Aggregates in Concrete on Fiber-Optic Based Thermal integrity Profiling Analysis of Concrete Structures

Fiber-optic sensor has drawn wide attention in the nondestructive testing and evaluation of civil engineering materials due to its high accuracy and resolution as well as cost-efficiency. Currently, using optical fiber as the temperature sensor is proposed to conduct the thermal integrity profiling (TIP) of concrete structures. However, concrete is not a thermally homogeneous material as assumed in current studies of concrete TIP. Its essential components, such as aggregates may cause thermal inhomogeneity problems when implementing fiber-optic sensors for TIP. In this paper, we use the concrete structures with different grades of aggregates to conduct numerical simulation for nondestructive thermal testing. The goal is to investigate how the thermal inhomogeneity caused by aggregates would influence the testing result. Firstly, we establish three concrete structure models with three different grades of aggregates based on the scenarios where these concrete structures will be used. Then, we numerically simulate the thermal process on these models and extract the temperature at the location where optical fiber would be installed. The influence caused by the inhomogeneity of aggregate size and distribution as well as the possible method to minimize the effect are evaluated in the paper. Overall, aggregates of concrete have a significant influence on the accuracy of TIP analysis, and defects could be veiled if no proper treatment to the data is implemented for TIP analysis.
HRVCam: robust camera-based measurement of heart rate variability.

Significance: Non-contact, camera-based heart rate variability estimation is desirable in numerous applications, including medical, automotive, and entertainment. Unfortunately, camera-based HRV accuracy and reliability suffer due to two challenges: (a) darker skin tones result in lower SNR and (b) relative motion induces measurement artifacts. Aim: We propose an algorithm HRVCam that provides sufficient robustness to low SNR and motion-induced artifacts commonly present in imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) signals. Approach: HRVCam computes camera-based HRV from the instantaneous frequency of the iPPG signal. HRVCam uses automatic adaptive bandwidth filtering along with discrete energy separation to estimate the instantaneous frequency. The parameters of HRVCam use the observed characteristics of HRV and iPPG signals. Results: We capture a new dataset containing 16 participants with diverse skin tones. We demonstrate that HRVCam reduces the error in camera-based HRV metrics significantly (more than 50% reduction) for videos with dark skin and face motion. Conclusion: HRVCam can be used on top of iPPG estimation algorithms to provide robust HRV measurements making camera-based HRV practical.
Ultrabright luminescence from all-Inorganic copper halides

Following the emergence of metal halide perovskites for optical and electronic applications, search for alternative non-toxic lead-free halides that demonstrate high environmental stability and excellent optoelectronic properties has accelerated. In this talk, our recent discoveries of brand-new families of high efficiency light-emitting materials based on all-inorganic copper halides will be summarized. These all-inorganic copper(I) halides demonstrate low-dimensional non-perovskite structures, and consequently, very flat bands around the band gap, leading to very localized charges. Such charge localization and low-dimensional structures typically result in the presence of high stability self-trapped excitons at room temperature producing record high photoluminescence efficiencies approaching unity. Our preliminary studies of the potential practical applications of these luminescent copper halides will also be discussed.
An unusual case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with trisomy 12 presenting with prolymphocytic transformation and t(8;21)(q22;q22).

First report of t(8;21)(q22;q22) in a patient with CLL. RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion gene resulting from the translocation may have played a role in the prolymphocytic transformation.
Free-Water Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Improves the Accuracy and Sensitivity of White Matter Analysis in Alzheimer’s Disease (4979)

Objective: Investigate differences in white matter (WM) integrity between Alzheimer’s and healthy subjects (HC) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and free-water (FW)-DTI. Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. DTI has been used in AD to assess WM integrity with metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA), axial/radial diffusivities (AxD and RD), and mode of anisotropy (MA). However, DTI is susceptible to the effects of extracellular FW, which can be removed using an advanced FW-DTI model. Here, we compared these two DTI techniques for assessing WM integrity in AD. Design/Methods: MRI-data were download from the OASIS-3 database; 30 HCs and 28 AD patients were included. DTI data were preprocessed using FSL. The diffusion tensor for both methods was fit using an in-house MATLAB script. FSL-Randomise tool was used to compare WM between groups using ANCOVA, with age and gender as covariates. Results: With both standard and FW-DTI, decreased FA consistent with neurodegeneration was found in AD, mainly in the corpus callosum and fornix. Widespread nonspecific increases in AxD and RD were observed with standard DTI; in contrast, AxD and RD were largely decreased with FW-DTI. Using FW-DTI, improved consistency was observed in both the spatial location of altered DTI metrics and in terms of the magnitude and direction of these alterations. With both standard and FW-DTI, increased MA coupled with increased FA in AD was found in the anterior thalamic radiation and cortical spinal tract, suggestive of a loss of crossing fibers. Higher FW was observed in AD compared to HC in several WM areas, indicative of AD-associated neurodegeneration. Conclusions: The implementation of a FW correction algorithm for DTI improves the accuracy of derived DTI metrics and better reflects the underlying pathology of AD. FW-DTI metrics may provide novel insight into AD-related WM changes. Disclosure: Dr. Walsh has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Abbvie and Wilson Therapeutics. Dr. Bergamino has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stokes has nothing to disclose.
Specific dietary practices in female athletes and their association with positive screening for disordered eating.

To determine if following specific diets was associated with reporting behaviors that are consistent with disordered eating compared to non-diet-adherent athletes. We hypothesized that athletes adhering to specific diets were more likely to report disordered eating than those not following a diet. One thousand female athletes (15–30 years) completed a comprehensive survey about athletic health and wellness. Athletes were asked to specify their diet and completed 3 eating disorder screening tools: the Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire, the Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care, and self-reported current or past history of eating disorder or disordered eating. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all study measures and chi-squared tests assessed relationships between athletes’ dietary practices and their responses to eating disorder screening tools. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Two hundred thirty-four of 1000 female athletes reported adherence to specific diets. 69 of the 234 diet-adhering athletes (29.5%) were excluded due to medically-indicated dietary practices or vague dietary descriptions. Of the 165 diet-adherent athletes, 113 (68.5%) screened positively to ≥1 of the 3 eating disorder screening tools. Specifically, athletes practicing a low-carbohydrate diet were more likely to report disordered eating vs. athletes without dietary restrictions (80% vs. 41.8%; p < 0.0001). Specific diet adherence in female athletes may be associated with reporting behaviors that are consistent with disordered eating. Health practitioners should consider further questioning of athletes reporting specific diet adherence in order to enhance nutritional knowledge and help treat and prevent eating disorders or disordered eating. Female athletes may follow special diets for various reasons including sociocultural practices, environmental concerns, or health and weight-management benefits. These practices may put them at risk for developing eating disorders, which peak during adolescence, and are more common among athletes. Eating disorders or disordered eating in athletes may lead to inadequate fueling or low energy availability and its subsequent health and performance-related complications, also known as Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). It may be difficult to detect eating disorders among athletes due to the secretive nature behind these behaviors. In addition, objective information such as low weight or body mass index (BMI) may not be reliable due to their increased muscle mass. The results of this study revealed that female athletes who reported practicing special diets, especially those who follow a low-carbohydrate diet may be associated with developing eating disorders compared to female athletes who did not report any dietary restrictions. These findings should prompt healthcare providers to evaluate these individuals further in order to enhance their nutritional knowledge and help treat and prevent consequences linked to eating disorders or disordered eating.
Safe for Decolonization: The Eisenhower Administration, Britain, and Singapore

How America left its indelible footprint on the culture and politics of Singapore In the first decade after World War II, Singapore underwent radical political and socioeconomic changes with the progressive retreat of Great Britain from its Southeast Asian colonial empire. The United States, under the Eisenhower administration, sought to fill the vacuum left by the British retreat and launched into a campaign to shape the emerging Singapore nation-state in accordance with its Cold War policies. Based on a wide array of Chinese- and English-language archival sources from Great Britain, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the United States, Safe for Decolonization examines in depth the initiatives--both covert and public--undertaken by the United States in late-colonial Singapore. Apart from simply analyzing the effect of American activities on the politics of the island, author S. R. Joey Long also examines their impact on the relationship between Great Britain and the United States, and how the Anglo-American nuclear policy toward China and the establishment of a regional security institution (the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) affected the security and decolonization of a strategic British base. Long sketches a highly detailed and nuanced account of the relations between the United States, Great Britain, and Singapore. He not only describes the often clumsy attempts by covert American operatives to sway top political leaders, infiltrate governments, influence labor unions, and shape elections, but he also shows how Eisenhower's public initiatives proved to have far-reaching positive results and demonstrates that the Eisenhower administration's policies toward Singapore, while not always well advised, nonetheless helped to lay the foundation for friendly Singapore-U.S. relations after 1960. As the first multi-archival work on the U.S. intervention in Singapore, Safe for Decolonization makes an important contribution to the literature on Southeast Asia-U.S. relations. It will be of interest to specialists in decolonization, diplomatic history, modern Southeast Asian history, and the history of the early Cold War.
Differential localization of collagen type IX isoform messenger RNAs during early ocular development.

Purpose. To determine (he temporal and spatial localization of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for the two collagen a^IX) isoforms during early development of the embryonic chicken eye. Methods. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method was used 10 amplify mRNAs for the two collagen «,(IX) isoforms. niRNA was extracted from opiic vesicles of chicken embryos at stages 14 10 19 and from microdissecied ocular tissues of older embryonic eyes. After synthesis of complementary DNA, the polymei ase chain reaction was performed for 20, 25, or 30 cycles. This ensured a reliable estimate of the relative abundance of the two mRNAs at different stages and in different ocular tissues. Data from the polymerase chain reaction were confirmed by Northern blot analysis. Results. niRNA for the shorter «,(IX) chain was present in the optic vesicle as early as stage 14, whereas mRNA for the longer «, (IX) chain was not delectable until after the optic vesicle and lens started to invaginate (stage 15; day 2.5). In later stages of development, mRNAs for both cv,(IX) chains were present predominantly in the presumptive ciliary epithelium. They were just detectable in the neural retina at stages 20 and 23 (days 3 to 3.5). By E6 no mRNA for the shorter «,(IX) isoform was detected in the retina, although a trace of the longer cv,(IX) isoform was still present. In the lens, mRNA for neither isoform was detectable at any stage. Conclusions. The two isoforms of cv,(lX) collagen mRNA are expressed differentially in space and time during early development of the embryonic chicken eye. These molecules may serve as markers for the early specialization of ciliary epithelium as a distinct region of the optic cup. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35:470-478.
Multilateral Tarriff Cooperation During the Formation of Regional Free Trade Areas

We explore the impact of the formation of regional free trade agreements on the ability of countries to maintain low cooperative multilateral tariffs. We assume that countries can not make binding international commitments, but are instead limited to self-enforcing arrangements. Specifically, we model cooperation in multilateral trade policy as involving a constant balance between, on the one hand, the gains from deviating unilaterally from an agreed-upon trade policy, and on the other, the discounted expected future benefits of maintaining multilateral cooperation, with the understanding that the latter would be forfeited in the trade war which followed a unilateral defection in pursuit of the former. In this context, we explore the way in which the formation of regional free trade agreements upsets the balance between current and future conditions, and trace through the dynamic ramifications of these effects for multilateral cooperation. Our results suggest that the emergence of regional free trade areas will be accompanied by a temporary retreat from liberal multilateral trade policies. Eventually, however, as the full impact of the emerging free trade agreement on multilateral trade patterns is felt, the initial balance between current and expected future conditions tends to reemerge, and liberal multilateral trade policies can be restored.
Analysis of complex traits: mutagenesis versus QTLs

I read with great interest the Commentary1 comparing mutagenesis and the dissection of quantitative trait loci (QTL). It reminded me of past genetic controversies2–7. Although I agree that the QTL strategy warrants criticism, in part to motivate efforts to overcome its difficulties, a balanced overview of the two strategies would have been more helpful in advancing quantitative genetic research. Expression of many common diseases (such as hypertension, diabetes, alcoholism and so on) is influenced by both ‘invariant’ genes and ‘variant’ genes. The ability of the QTL strategy to find variant genes is a major advantage that justifies its use. QTL strategies can use various tools including phenotypic selection8,9 to focus directly on sets of naturally occurring variant genes and their interactions. Mutagenesis induces variants, which include both the invariant genes and variant genes of complex traits. Considering the function of a highly complex system, mutagenesis can create perturbations in a subsystem by induced-mutation, which occurs with an extremely low probability in the natural variation of that subsystem, but it can have a major effect on another subsystem, therefore affecting the expression of the complex phenotype assayed. Although such an induced variant may be interesting to study what is possible in a system, it seems irrelevant in understanding the pathways of the naturally occurring expression of the phenotype. An induced mutation may give rise to a simulacrum of the phenotype, but we cannot rely on mutagenesis to deliver the genetic variants underlying many common diseases.
Changes in conformation and nucleotide binding of Ca, Mn, or MgG-actin upon removal of the bound divalent cation. Studies of ultraviolet difference spectra and optical rotation.

Abstract The ultraviolet difference spectra of EDTA-induced denaturation of dithiothreitoltreated actin prepared with either Ca2+, Mn2+, or Mg2+ as the strongly bound cation showed no appreciable difference, nor could any difference be found in the change of optical rotation. However, at different wavelengths the changes in the spectra have different rates and these rates do differ significantly depending on the bivalent cation bound to G-actin. The nucleotide and the cation appear to be removed simultaneously and at the fastest rate; about 50–80% is released within 1 min. The spectral changes have two phases: a fast change whose detailed kinetics have not been investigated in this paper, followed by a slower rate with first-order kinetics. The changes of optical rotation follow a single-phase first-order kinetics. The rates depend on the divalent cation, the sequence being Mn2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+. ATP release is partially reversible upon Ca2+ addition; the reversibility is diminished as the time of incubation with EDTA is increased. On rebinding of ATP and Ca2+, the spectral and optical rotatory changes are not reversed, but no further changes occur. Such an EDTA-treated actin is polymerizable after addition of Ca2+, and the G-actin obtained after polymerization and depolymerization shows the same spectral change on a second addition of EDTA as the original actin. On the basis of these observations a scheme is suggested for the denaturation of G-actin.
A Crystalline Torelli Theorem for Supersingular K3 Surfaces

I like to argue that crystalline cohomology will play a role in characteristic p analogous to the role of Ilodge theory in characteristic zero. One aspect of this analogy is that the F-crystal structure on crystalline cohomology should reflect deep geometric properties of varieties. This should be especially true of varieties for which the “p-adic part” of their geometry is the most interesting, as seems, often to be true of supersingular varieties in the sense of Shioda [26]. For example, in [19 §6] I proved that supersingular abelian varieties of dimension at least two are determined up to isomorphism by the F-crystal structure (and trace map) on H cris 1 , just as abelian varieties over ℂ are determined by the Ilodge structure on H DR 1 .
Effects of probiotics and commensals on intestinal epithelial physiology: implications for nutrient handling

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes have developed mutually beneficial relationships over millennia of evolutionary adaptation. Bacteria in our gut rely on our diet and the protected environment of our bodies just as our health depends on byproducts of microbial metabolism. Microorganisms of the gut microbiota ferment carbohydrates into short-chain fatty acids, convert dietary and endogenous nitrogenous compounds into ammonia and microbial protein, and synthesize and activate B vitamins and vitamin K. The benefit from their activity is multiplex and translates into increased energy for the gut epithelial cells, balanced absorption of salt and water, nitrogen recycling, breakdown of complex lipids and cholesterol, and detoxification of waste compounds.
National Adult Physical Fitness Survey: Some Implications

(1974). National Adult Physical Fitness Survey: Some Implications. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 25-28.
A Tale of Two Cities: A Comparison of the Role of the City in Döblin's Berlin Alexanderplatz and Bely's Petersburg

A little over a decade separates the two novels. Petersburg was first published in 1916 while Berlin Alexanderplatz appeared in 1929. There can hardly be any question of direct influence since Petersburg was, and unfortunately still is, known very little outside Slavic circles, and though Doblin has been accused of writing under the influence of James Joyce, which he denied, no connection has ever been drawn between him and Bely.
How Networks Form: Homophily, Opportunity, and Balance

Owing to rapid advances in available data and methods, social network analysis has recently been propelled into a new era: Instead of documenting patterns in static network structures, we are increasingly able to pinpoint the principles governing the evolution of these structures as well as how they emerged in the first place. In this essay, I trace the contours of this new trend. First, I describe foundational research on three mechanisms of network generation that have received particular attention in the literature: homophily, opportunity constraints, and structural balance. Next, I outline cutting-edge research that has built on this foundation. In just the past several years, scholars have broadened prior approaches into larger, encompassing analytic frameworks; disentangled the various underlying processes that give rise to observed patterns in network structures; and distinguished between attribute-driven network change and network-driven attribute change—all largely thanks to advances in modeling tools that have overcome prior obstacles and enabled theoretical progress. Finally, I discuss three directions for future research. While recent scholarship has revolutionized our understanding of network dynamics, our grasp of how tie-generating mechanisms operate and interact remains comparatively shallow; counterintuitive divisions exist between major sites of relational research and there remains much room for comparative work; and for all the promise of computational social science, there is risk that this movement will return us to the descriptive techniques of prior days but on a much larger scale. Keywords: social networks; homophily; opportunity constraints; social foci; structural balance; network dynamics; network homogeneity; co-evolution; computational social science
Monte Carlo Modeling of Light Transport in Tissue (Steady State and Time of Flight)

Monte Carlo simulations are a fundamental and versatile approach toward modeling light transport in tissues. While diffusion theory for light transport is a fast and convenient way to model light transport, it fails when close to sources or boundaries and when absorption is strong compared to scattering; in other words, whenever conditions cause the gradient of fluence rate (or photon concentration) to not be simply linear but to have some curvature. Monte Carlo steps in to treat problems when diffusion theory fails. Figure 5.1 illustrates a Monte Carlo simulation.
Copy number variation plays an important role in clinical epilepsy

Objective To evaluate the role of copy number abnormalities detectable by chromosomal microarray (CMA) testing in patients with epilepsy at a tertiary care center.
($sup 3$He,n) REACTION AT 25 MeV.

The ($^{3}\mathrm{He},n$) reaction has been studied on targets of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$, and $^{58,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}60,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}62}\mathrm{Ni}$ at an incident energy of 25 MeV. The observed resolution of the neutron time-of-flight spectrometer used in this work was about 1%. Differential cross sections were obtained for the resolvable final states over the angular range of 0-40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (L). The angular distributions were compared with the predictions of a simple, one-step, two-nucleon-transfer model. In this formalism the diproton stripped from $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ is transferred to the target retaining its $^{1}S_{0}$ relative motion. The shapes of the angular distributions were unique for a given $l$ transfer and were, in most cases, generally reproduced by the calculations. For ${0}^{+}$ targets the ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ of many final states could be assigned. Comparison of experimental with theoretical relative magnitudes permitted assignment of dominant shell-model configurations. To first approximation the relative transition strengths to final states in $^{14}\mathrm{O}$, $^{30}\mathrm{S}$, and $^{60}\mathrm{Zn}$ were consistent with the assumption of two particles coupled to an effectively "closed core."
Decreasing Recurrence Rates for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Analysis of 2996 Women Treated with Breast-Conserving Surgery Over 30 Years

Randomized trials of radiation after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) found substantial rates of recurrence, with half of the recurrences being invasive. Decreasing local recurrence rates for invasive breast carcinoma have been observed and are largely attributed to improvements in systemic therapy. In this study, we examine recurrence rates after BCS for DCIS over 3 decades at one institution. We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively maintained database of DCIS patients undergoing BCS from 1978 to 2010. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the association between the treatment period and recurrence, controlling for other variables. Overall, 363 (12 %) recurrences among 2996 cases were observed. Median follow-up for patients without recurrence was 75 months (range 0–30 years); 732 patients were followed for ≥10 years. The 5-year recurrence rate for the period 1978–1998 was 13.6 versus 6.6 % for the period 1999–2010 [hazard ratio (HR) 0.62, p < 0.0001]. Controlling for age, family history, presentation, nuclear grade, necrosis, number of excisions, margin status, radiation, and endocrine therapy, treatment period remained significantly associated with recurrence, with later years associated with a lower HR (0.74, p = 0.02) compared to earlier. After stratification by radiation use, association of recurrence with treatment period persisted in those treated without radiation (HR 0.62, p = 0.003). Recurrence rates for DCIS have fallen over time, with increases in screen detection, negative margins, and use of adjuvant therapies only partially explaining this decrease. The unexplained decline persists in women not receiving radiation, suggesting it is not due to changes in radiation efficacy but may be due to improvements in radiologic detection and pathologic assessment.
Proteus mirabilis flagella and MR/P fimbriae: isolation, purification, N-terminal analysis, and serum antibody response following experimental urinary tract infection.

Urinary tract infection with Proteus mirabilis may lead to serious complications, including cystitis, acute pyelonephritis, fever, bacteremia, and death. In addition to the production of hemolysin and the enzyme urease, fimbriae and flagellum-mediated motility have been postulated as virulence factors for this species. We purified mannose-resistant/proteuslike (MR/P) fimbriae and flagella from strains CFT322 and HU2450, respectively. Electron microscopy revealed highly concentrated preparations of fimbriae and flagella. Fimbrial and flagellar structural subunits were estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 18.5 and 41 kDa, respectively. N-terminal sequencing revealed that 10 of the first 20 amino acids of the major MR/P subunit matched the sequence of the P. mirabilis uroepithelial cell adhesin N terminus and 11 of 20 amino acids matched the predicted amino acid sequence of the Escherichia coli P fimbriae structural subunit, PapA. In addition, 90 and 80% homologies were found between the first 20 amino acids of P. mirabilis flagellin and those of Salmonella typhimurium phase-1 flagellin and the E. coli hag gene product, respectively. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using purified antigens showed a strong reaction between the MR/P fimbriae or flagella and sera of CBA mice challenged transurethrally with P. mirabilis. A possible role for MR/P fimbriae in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection is supported by (i) a strong immune response to the antigen in experimentally infected animals, (ii) amino acid sequence similarity to other enteric surface structure, and (iii) our previously reported observation that MR/P fimbriae are expressed preferentially as the sole fimbrial type in human pyelonephritis isolates. Images
Interspecies modulation of bacterial development through iron competition and siderophore piracy

While soil-dwelling actinomycetes are renowned for secreting natural products, little is known about the roles of these molecules in mediating actinomycete interactions. In a previous co-culture screen, we found that one actinomycete, Amycolatopsis sp. AA4, inhibited aerial hyphae formation in adjacent colonies of Streptomyces coelicolor. A siderophore, amychelin, mediated this developmental arrest. Here we present genetic evidence that confirms the role of the amc locus in the production of amychelin and in the inhibition of S. coelicolor development. We further characterize the Amycolatopsis sp. AA4 - S. coelicolor interaction by examining expression of developmental and iron acquisition genes over time in co-culture. Manipulation of iron availability and/or growth near Amycolatopsis sp. AA4 led to alterations in expression of the critical developmental gene bldN, and other key down-stream genes in the S. coelicolor transcriptional cascade. In Amycolatopsis sp. AA4, siderophore genes were down-regulated when grown near S. coelicolor, leading us to find that deferrioxamine E, produced by S. coelicolor, could be readily utilized by Amycolatopsis sp. AA4. Collectively these results suggest that competition for iron via siderophore piracy and species-specific siderophores can alter patterns of gene expression and morphological differentiation during actinomycete interactions.
LtuCAD1 Is a Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Ortholog Involved in Lignin Biosynthesis in Liriodendron tulipifera L., a Basal Angiosperm Timber Species

Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis and catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of monolignols. Seven CAD homologs (LtuCAD1 to LtuCAD7) have been previously identified from a basal angiosperm species Liriodendron tulipifera L., which is an important timber tree species with significant ecological and economic values. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that LtuCAD1 is the only Liriodendron CAD grouped with the bona fide CADs, the primary CAD genes involved in lignification. In this study, the predicted protein sequence of LtuCAD1 was found to have conserved domains and the same key determinant site with the bona fide CADs in other plant species. Additionally, LtuCAD1 had the highest expression level in xylem as revealed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. The expression of beta-glucuronidase (GUS) driven by the LtuCAD1 promoter was largely localized in vascular tissues in Arabidopsis. In stem cross sections, GUS staining was found exclusively in xylem and phloem. When expressed in the Arabidopsis cad4 cad5 double mutant, LtuCAD1 was able to restore the total lignin content and decrease the S/G lignin ratio. Our data indicate that LtuCAD1 is a CAD ortholog involved in lignin biosynthesis in Liriodendron.
On the jump behavior of distributions and logarithmic averages

Abstract The jump behavior and symmetric jump behavior of distributions are studied. We give several formulas for the jump of distributions in terms of logarithmic averages, this is done in terms of Cesaro-logarithmic means of decompositions of the Fourier transform and in terms of logarithmic radial and angular local asymptotic behaviors of harmonic conjugate functions. Application to Fourier series are analyzed. In particular, we give formulas for jumps of periodic distributions in terms of Cesaro–Riesz logarithmic means and Abel–Poisson logarithmic means of conjugate Fourier series.
Finite sample forecast results for vector autoregressive moving average models

Using the 'standard' approach to forecasting in the vector autoregressive moving average model, we establish basic general results on exact finite sample forecasts and their mean squared error matrices. Comparison between the exact and conditional methods of initiating the finite sample forecast calculations is presented, and a few illustrative cases are given.
Particle physics in perspective

I review the development of particle physics in the past from a historical and methodological viewpoint. Particle physics has gone through certain characteristic periods in the course of discoveries and accumulation of knowledge, both experimental and theoretical. To analyze this situation, I draw on the theses of three stages and three modes, and illustrate the points with examples, up to the present Standard Model and the speculative theories of unification. As an exercise in this analysis, a possible regularity in the quark masses is pointed out.
Pulmonary blastoma: a clinicopathologic study of 3 cases and review of literature

Pulmonary blastoma (PB) is a rare biphasic neoplasm. Surgery is the preferred treatment with no consensus on the role of other therapies. We report the clinicopathologic features of PB in three patients. We reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with PB at Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, since 2009–2012. The mean age at diagnosis was 53 years; two were male and both were heavy smokers. At diagnosis, all cases were symptomatic; two were stage IV with metastatic disease. Two out of three patients were treated with absolute curative surgical resection and both patients had no evidence of disease. Patient with stage IV and resection relapsed in 28 months, received chemotherapy and then radiation without response and died after 33 months. The other surgical patient has no evidence of disease at the end of this study. The patient with unresectable disease received chemotherapy alone attaining partial response. Pathologically, all cases showed biphasic morphology composed of epithelial and spindle cell stroma with mesenchymal differentiation. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed positivity in all cases for thyroid transcription factor, keratin, and epithelial membrane antigen in the epithelial component and negative in the mesenchymal component. In conclusion, surgery was the most beneficial intervention. Chemotherapy has shown mixed responses which is consistent with the literature. Targeted therapies should be explored as additional treatment options in PB.
Suppression of luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in bulls following adrenocorticotropin hormone treatment.

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of adrenal corticosteroids on testosterone production by the bull testis. Administration of a single i.v. dose of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; 80 IU) resulted in a corticosteroid peak which lasted approximately 6 h. During this 6 h period, no episodic increases in secretion of LH or testosterone were initiated and basal concentrations of testosterone were suppressed (P less than 0.05) below control values. Episodic secretion of LH and testosterone resumed 6--7 h after ACTH when concentrations of serum corticosteroids had returned to basal levels. These results suggest that ACTH-induced increases in serum corticosteroids suppress the episodic secretion of LH, resulting in a suppression of testosterone secretion by the bull testis.
Lineage Loss in Serengeti Cheetahs: Consequences of High Reproductive Variance and Heritability of Fitness on Effective Population Size

In natural populations, many breeders do not leave surviving offspring, and as a result many po- tential genetic lineages are lost. I examined lineage extinction in Serengeti cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus ) and found that 76% of matrilines were lost over a 25-year period. Production of future breeders was nonrandom and generally confined to a few families. Five out of 63 matrilines accounted for 45% of the total cheetah pop- ulation over the course of the study. Lineage persistence is perhaps best illustrated by the variance in lifetime reproductive success (LRS) and heritability in this parameter. In female cheetahs, variance in LRS was high, and new data show that this LRS was heritable. Variance in LRS and heritability in LRS have dramatic conse- quences for effective population size, N e . I calculated N e for cheetahs, taking into account fluctuating popula- tion size, unequal sex ratio, non-Poisson distribution of reproductive success, and heritability of fitness. The N e was most strongly affected by variance in reproductive success and especially heritability in reproductive success. The variance N e was 44% of the actual population size, and the inclusion of heritability further re- duced N e to only 15% of the actual population, a ratio similar to that of a social carnivore with reproductive suppression. The current cheetah population in the Serengeti is below numbers suggested by N e estimates as sufficient to maintain sufficient genetic diversity.
Assessing the major drivers of water-level declines: new insights into the future of heavily stressed aquifers

ABSTRACTThe major driver of water-level changes in many heavily stressed aquifers is irrigation pumping, which is primarily a function of meteorological conditions (precipitation and potential evapotranspiration). Correlations among climatic indices, water-level changes, and pumping can thus often be used to assess the impact of climatic and anthropogenic stresses. The power of this simple, first-order approach, which captures the primary excitation–response relationships driving aquifer behavior, is demonstrated for the High Plains aquifer in the central United States (Kansas). Regional correlations between water-level changes and climatic indices indicate that a repeat of the most severe drought on record would more than double water-level decline rates. More importantly, correlations between water-level changes and reported pumping reveal that practically feasible pumping reductions should stabilize water levels, at least temporarily, over much of the aquifer in Kansas. This example illustrates that wh...