cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrition and Language-Learning Development in Preschool Programs for Children with Learning Disabilities

The nutritional program used at the Pediatric Language Laboratory—A Day Care Center for children with language-learning disabilities is discussed. Some “do's'' and “don'ts'' regarding appropriate nutrition are presented. It is assumed that such dietary information is relevant to behaviors and learning skills manifested by the children attending the center.
Metaphysical Chauvinism and Perceptions of Deviance in Religion, Atheism, and Alien Realms

Metaphysical chauvinism suggests that prejudicial attitudes extend beyond earthly concerns. Two studies examined this notion with attention to potential preferential treatment accorded religious belief systems. In Study 1, participants (N = 169) were randomly assigned to rate 1 of 6 target groups (people with mental illness, atheists, people claiming alien visitations, people reporting angelic visitations, religious people, or “people like me”) regarding social, moral, and psychological normalcy—deviance. Data supported the existence of metaphysical chauvinism in social and psychological but not the moral aspects. In Study 2, using a between-subjects design, participants (N = 92) evaluated an art object ostensibly created by a person in response to an angelic visitation, an alien visitation, or a simple dream. Overt social distance measures and physical contact with the object supported the notion that angelic visitations were regarded more positively.
Discrete subaortic stenosis after successful treatment of congenital aortic valve stenosis

Two cases of discrete subaortic obstruction which developed in a previously normal left ventricular outflow tract of patients with congenital valvar aortic stenosis are described. These examples emphasize the need for careful scrutiny of the etiology of recurrent postoperative left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.
Metabolic aspects of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in rats

Whole-body retention, excretion, and tissue distribution of 54Mn were studied in rats following oral and intravenous dosing of methylcyclopentadienyl 54manganese tricarbonyl (MMT). An initial rapid excretion of most of the 54Mn occurred following both routes of exposure. Extraction of the urine and feces after dosing indicated that the MMT was metabolized and that the 54Mn was excreted in the inorganic form. The high levels of 54Mn found in the urine after MMT dosing are not typical of normal Mn excretion. The liver, kidneys, and lungs contained the highest concentrations of 54Mn following administration of MMT. In vitro experiments indicated that MMT was metabolized in the liver, lung, kidney, and to a small extent in the brain. Metabolism of MMT by kidney homogenate supported the hypothesis that biotransformation occurred in the kidney and explains the high levels of urinary excretion of inorganic 54Mn. The whole body retention curves for 54Mn labeled MMT and 54Mn Cl2 were very similar and are consistent with the hypothesis that MMT is rapidly metabolized. Both curves for 54Mn reflect the kinetics of inorganic Mn.
The effect of electrical stimulation, fasting and anesthesia on the carnitine(s) and acyl-carnitines of rat white and red skeletal muscle fibres.

Abstract 1. 1. Time courses for the effect of electrical stimulation, fasting and sampling mode (anesthesia vs decapitation) on the quantitative distribution of carnitine and its esters in fast white and fast red skeletal muscle fibres of rats were determined. 2. 2. Both fibre types responded similarly to electrical stimulation with respect to changes in acetyl- and propionylcarnitine, but the time course was very different. 3. 3. The proportion of esterified carnitine decreased with fasting and anesthesia in both fibres compared to the fed decapitated group. 4. 4. This shift in the acylation state of carnitine was mainly due to the decrease of acetylcarnitine levels. 5. 5. The data show that the use of anesthetics may induce significant quantitative changes in specific acylcarnitine levels, presumably reflecting changes in specific acylcoenzyme A levels.
Abundance of an mRNA encoding a high mobility group DNA-binding protein is regulated by light and an endogenous rhythm

A cDNA clone encoding an HMG1 protein from Pharbitis nil was characterized with regard to its sequence, genomic organization and regulation in response to photoperiodic treatments that control floral induction. The HMG1 cDNA contains an open reading frame of 432 nucleotides encoding a 144 amino acid protein of approximately 16 kDa. The predicted polypeptide has the characteristic conserved motifs of the HMG1 and HMG2 class of proteins including an N-terminal basic region, one of two HMG-box domains, and a polyacidic carboxy terminus. Within the HMG-box region, Pharbitis HMG1 deduced amino acid sequence shares 47%, 67% and 69% identity with its animal, maize, and soybean counterparts, respectively. Southern blot hybridization analysis suggests that HMG1 is a member of a multigene family. Analysis of mRNA abundance indicates that the HMG1 gene is expressed to higher levels in dark-grown tissue, such as roots, and at lower levels in light-grown tissue, such as cotyledons and stems. Following the transition to darkness, the levels of HMG1 mRNA in cotyledons were initially stable, however, after a lag time of 8 h or more, HMG1 mRNA increased in abundance to a peak level at 20 h. A second peak in mRNA levels was observed about 24 h later, indicating that the expression of the HMG1 gene is regulated by an endogenous circadian rhythm. Abundance of the HMG1 mRNA during a dark period was dramatically affected by brief light exposure (night break), a treatment which inhibits floral induction. These data indicate that the expression of HMG1 is regulated by both an endogenous rhythm and the light/dark cycle and are consistent with a role for HMG1 in maintaining patterns of circadian-regulated gene expression activated upon the transition from light to darkness.
A Team-Oriented Framework for Human-Automation Interaction: Implication for the Design of an Advanced Cruise Control System:

We describe a teamwork framework to design human-automation interactive systems. Human automation interactions have been primarily considered as supervisory systems in which communication is seen as unidirectional. As systems become more complex, sophisticated, and autonomous, the opportunity for bidirectional cooperation between the human and machine becomes feasible and advantageous. To better understand bidirectional cooperation and develop computational tools we draw on concepts from philosophy, social psychology, human factors, and artificial intelligence to define “team” and understand the requirements for efficient team interaction. We define several team properties such as mutual support, mutual commitment, machine transparency (state, behavior, control) and user transparency (state, intent, action) and responsiveness as a way to analyze and guide the design of human-machine interactions. We illustrated the applicability of the approach using a generic model of a full speed range adaptive cruise c...
Periodic Streamwise Variations of Heat Transfer Coefficients for Inline and Staggered Arrays of Circular Jets with Crossflow of Spent Air

Heat transfer characteristics were measured for inline and staggered arrays of circular jets impinging on a surface parallel to the jet orifice plate. The impinging flow was constrained to exit in a single direction along the channel formed by the jet plate and the heat transfer surface. In this configuration the air discharged from upstream transverse rows of jet holes imposes a crossflow of increasing magnitude on the succeeding downstream jet rows. Streamwise heat transfer coefficient profiles were determined for a streamwise resolution of one-third the streamwise hole spacing, utilizing a specially constructed test surface.
TIDAL‐TECTONIC PROCESSES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CHARACTER OF EUROPA'S ICY CRUST

[1] Jupiter's satellite Europa is covered by an icy crust, likely overlying a deep, global liquid water ocean. The mutually dependent relationship between the orbit and tidal processes controls Europa's rotation, heating, and stress. Observations of the surface and investigation of tidal-tectonic processes indicate that the dominant types of surface terrain have been created by frequent repeated exposure of an underlying ocean to the surface. Surface lineaments, including ubiquitous cycloidal (chains of arcs) features, are correlated with tidal stress patterns, demonstrating that they form by crustal cracking but only if a substantial ocean is present to give adequate tidal amplitude. Stratigraphy of tectonic features, combined with models of how and where they formed, demonstrates a moderate rate of nonsynchronous rotation. Tidal driving of strike-slip displacement (in which surface areas shear passed one another) by daily (85 hours on Europa) tidal stresses suggests that cracks penetrate to a liquid layer. The characteristic ridge sets that cover tectonic terrain may be built by tidal pumping of fluid and slush to the surface on a daily basis. Widespread tectonic dilation creates new surface as material rises from below. In addition to those tectonic terrains, nearly half of the surface is chaotic terrain, with morphology and other characteristics indicative of melt-through from below, consistent with the tectonic indications of thin ice and plausible tidal heating rates. Formation of both chaotic and tectonic terrains has continually resurfaced the satellite, while connecting the ocean to the surface. Surface colorants correlate with locations where ocean water reached the surface, such as along large-scale ridge systems and around chaotic terrain. As a result of tides, liquid water may have bathed crustal cracks and surfaces with heat, transporting and mixing substances vertically. Such daily transported materials would include substances from the oceanic reservoir, oxidants, and fuels created at the surface, as well as any organisms and their chemical products. Thus a variety of habitable environments likely exist in the crust. Deactivation of individual cracks after thousands of years (due to the tidally driven nonsynchronous rotation) constrains processes like ridge building and strike-slip displacement and would require any living organisms to adapt to such change.
Continual measurements in the spacetime formation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics

Abstract We study the nature and effects of some continual measurements in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, a concept introduced by R. P. Feynman in his path integral formulation of quantum mechanics. We prove the existence in various senses of mathematically rigorous objects formally equivalent to the path integrals associated with such measurements, by means of both a limiting definition and more general techniques; and we derive some quantitative results concerning the effects on the wave-function and the numerical value of certain associated probabilities.
Teaching Latin American Politics to Undergraduates in American Colleges and Universities

This essay examines how scholars teach Latin American Politics to undergraduate students in American colleges and universities. Based on an analysis of syllabi from Latin American politics survey courses, this article studies the themes, case studies, books, student participation techniques, multimedia, and online services used by teachers of Latin American Politics in the United States. The study shows some areas of consensus and disagreement among scholars. Scholars concur on what are the most frequently discussed themes and countries. Scholars tend to disagree on the required books and types of required student participation. Those who employ audiovisual materials tend to disagree less on their choice of videos. Last, an important number of scholars use online services in their Latin American Politics classes, although there are still others who do not.
Impulsivity and the multi-impulsive personality disorder

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that impulsiveness is positively related to the total number of categories of distinct impulse control incidents. That is, high impulsive individuals are more likely to be involved in more separate types of impulsive acts than low impulsive subjects. This is an extension and replication of research done by Kennedy and Grubin [(1990) British Journal of Addiction, 85, 639–643] on the multi-impulsive personality disorder [Lacey & Evans (1986) British Journal of Addiction, 81, 641–649]. The current study extends past research by: (1) studying inmates from a general prison population; (2) controlling for IQ and educational achievement; (3) the inclusion of impulsive fire-setting as a disorder; and (4) using impulsiveness subtraits as well as a global measure of general impulsiveness. Our results indicate that an impulsiveness subtrait, motor impulsiveness, was significantly related to the number of different types of impulse control incidents an individual displays. Global impulsiveness was not related to these incidents. The number of impulse control disorders an inmate displayed was not related to age, duration of present sentence (years), educational achievement or intellect. Categories of impulsive incidents used in this study were independent except for other drug abuse and sedative dependence. These results are consistent with Kennedy and Grubin's (1990) results and support Lacey and Evans' (1986) proposed multi-impulsive personality disorder.
Persistence predicts latency to relapse following inpatient treatment for alcohol dependence

Male alcoholics (N = 85) were followed for 6 months after inpatient treatment for alcohol dependence. Latency to relapse was predicted by two related persistence measures (the RD2 Persistence scale and the Orderliness/Persistence factor scale of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, TPQ) as well as by job status at the time of admission to treatment, a history of vagrancy or public intoxication, amount of prior substance abuse treatment and the number of criteria met for a diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder. Persistence predicted relapse latency even when the other predictors were used as covariates, supporting the hypothesis that normal-range personality variables may enhance the prediction of clinical outcome. Further, the relations between TPQ scales and antisocial behavior as well as the severity of alcohol dependence were examined.
On Mind Wandering, Attention, Brain Networks, and Meditation

Human attention selectively focuses on aspects of experience that are threatening, pleasant, or novel. The physical threats of the ancient times have largely been replaced by chronic psychological worries and hurts. The mind gets drawn to these worries and hurts, mostly in the domain of the past and future, leading to mind wandering. In the brain, a network of neurons called the default mode network has been associated with mind wandering. Abnormal activity in the default mode network may predispose to depression, anxiety, attention deficit, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Several studies show that meditation can reverse some of these abnormalities, producing salutary functional and structural changes in the brain. This narrative review presents a mechanistic understanding of meditation in the context of recent advances in neurosciences about mind wandering, attention, and the brain networks.
Unraveling Human Cleft Lip and Palate Research

The focus of this work is to highlight the most recent advances in the understanding of cleft lip and palate occurrence. Information regarding research on long-term outcomes, genes and their interactions with other genes, and gene-environment interactions is compiled to provide the reader with a critical and up-to-date overview on the current knowledge of the etiology of cleft lip and palate. Recent epidemiological evidence strongly suggests that individuals born with clefts have a shorter lifespan and may have a higher incidence of cancer and psychological disorders. IRF6 has been shown to be an important contributor to cleft lip and palate, but the functional variant leading to the defect has not yet been defined. Inactivation of MSX1 and genes in the FGF family has also been shown to lead to cleft lip and palate. In addition, missense mutations in several candidate genes may cause cleft lip and palate, but definitive evidence regarding the biological consequences of these mutations is yet to be unraveled. Maternal cigarette smoking increases the risk of a baby born with clefts, in particular when the mother carries the GSTT1-null variants. The latest approaches in cleft research include the analysis of several additional phenotypical features of the population, with the goal of increasing the statistical power of genetics studies.
An analysis of the effects of modelling on morphemic and syntactic features as a function of family income and age1.

Children were asked to describe pictures in alternation with an adult model who used either descriptive adjectives in one condition or no adjectives in another condition. No reinforcement or instructions to imitate were given. The variables of age and family income were also studied in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design. The effect of modelling on the children's use of adjectives was significant, as were the main effects for family income and age. All two- and three-way interactions were also significant. The significant interactions reflect the fact that the modelling effect was less strong for the preschool children, especially for those from low-income families. Inspection of the individual data for these subjects suggests that the effect was weak and inconsistent across subjects. These results only partially confirm the stronger effects found by Lahey (Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1971, 4, 19–22) using a similar population. Clear modelling effects on descriptive adjectives were found with second- and fourth-grade children at both economic levels, however. In the second part of the experiment, the effect of modelling on prepositional constructions was studied using the same procedure and design. Although a statistical test of the modelling effect was significant, no clear evidence for the influence of modelling on prepositional constructions was found.
Competition Among Molecular Fragmentation Channels Described with Siegert Channel Pseudostates

To describe multiple interacting fragmentation continua, we develop a method in which the vibrational channel functions obey outgoing wave Siegert boundary conditions. This paper demonstrates the utility of the Siegert approach, which uses channel energy eigenvalues that possess a negative imaginary part. The electron scattering energy in each such channel is rotated upward, giving it an equal and opposite imaginary part. This permits a natural inclusion of vibrational continua without requiring them to appear as explicit channels in the scattering matrix. Calculations illustrate the application of this theory to photoionization, photodissociation, and dissociative recombination.
Role of polyamines in the stimulation of synthesis and secretion of plasminogen activator from bovine aortic endothelial cells

The effects of the polyamines putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD), and spermidine (SPM) on the secretion of plasminogen activator (PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) were evaluated using cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. All three polyamines enhanced PA secretion in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with a potency rank order of SPM greater than SPD greater than PUT. The PA stimulation required both RNA and protein synthesis, as evidenced by inhibition of polyamine-induced PA secretion by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. The inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) and dl-(difluoromethyl) ornithine (DFMO) alone did not affect basal or polyamine-induced PA secretion, with the exception that MGBG reduced the effect of PUT. Polyamine-treated cells enhanced secretions of both tissue-type and urokinase-type PA. The results of the present study suggest that polyamines may play a role in the regulation of PA synthesis and secretion and that this function can be modified under pathophysiological conditions affecting cellular and tissue levels of polyamines.
Automatically Extracting Acronyms from Biomedical Text

Acronyms are widely used in biomedical literature. Knowledge of acronyms and their corresponding long forms is a fundamental pre-processing step in the mining of information from biomedical text. In this paper, we present a set of heuristics for finding acronyms and their long forms in biomedical texts. Our accurate and scalable heuristics allowed us to determine over 14,000 acronyms/long form pairs in 6 million English language PubMed abstracts. The overall precision of our term finding heuristics was 97.9%. Our heuristics found about 12,000 novel acronyms that were not in the SPECIALIST lexicon, potentially increasing the SPECIALIST lexicon acronym list by 125%. Our stemmed down acronym list is at http://www.computationalbiology.info/.
Interface tracking finite volume method for complex solid-fluid interactions on fixed meshes

We present a numerical technique for computing flowfields around moving solid boundaries immersed in fixed meshes. The mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian framework treats the immersed boundaries as sharp solid–fluid interfaces and a conservative finite volume formulation allows boundary conditions at the moving surfaces to be exactly applied. A semi-implicit second-order accurate spatial and temporal discretization is employed with a fractional-step scheme for solving the flow equations. A multigrid accelerator for the pressure Poisson equations has been developed to apply in the presence of multiple embedded solid regions on the mesh. We present applications of the method to two types of problems: (a) solidification in the presence of flows and particles, (b) fluid–structure interactions in flow control. In both these problems, the sharp interface method presents advantages by being able to track arbitrary interface motions, while capturing the full viscous, unsteady dynamics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for Type-IV emission in the solar burst of June 9, 1959 at decametric wavelengths

A major radio burst at decametric frequencies at 1638 UT on June 9, 1959 is apparently a Type-IV continuum burst of the kind that drifts from high to low frequencies. We present observations of flux variations and East-West positions of the emission at both 18 and 38 MHz. The burst moves outward at a speed of about 4700 km·sec−1 at each frequency to a height of about 3 R⊙ from the sun's center and then returns to the sun. This behavior is not simultaneous at 18 MHz and 38 MHz; the outward moving phase of 18 MHz emission occurs during the return phase of 38 MHz.
Development of a sequence-tagged site for the centromere of chromosome 10: its use in cytogenetic and physical mapping

We sequenced the alphoid centromere probe p alpha 10RP8 (D10Z1), aligned it to three published consensus sequences, and developed a sequence-tagged site (STS), sJRH-2, based upon oligonucleotide primers having two 3' mismatches with these consensus sequences. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using genomic DNA from a somatic cell hybrid panel representing all human chromosomes demonstrated amplification from only those cell lines containing chromosome 10. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of the amplified product demonstrated intense and specific hybridization of the PCR product to 10p11.1-q11.1. A human genomic yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library was screened using the sJRH-2 PCR assay, and five clones were identified. Sequence analysis of one chimeric clone (consisting of DNA segments derived from chromosomes 5p and 10cen) confirmed specificity of the STS for the centromere of chromosome 10. sJRH-2 provides a convenient cytogenetic marker for chromosome 10, which will also be useful for physical mapping of the pericentromeric region of chromosome 10, a region that harbors the gene(s) for three forms of multiple endocrine neoplasia (types 2A, 2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma). The GenBank accession number for the p alpha 10RP8 sequence is X63622.
Maximal theorems for some orthogonal series II

Abstract If {un} is the orthonormal sequence of eigenfunctions arising from a nonsingular (or sometimes a singular) Sturm-Liouville system with separated boundary conditions defined on (0, π), it has long been known that the eigenfunction expansion with respect to {un} of a function φ on (0, π) has properties similar to those of the Fourier-cosine expansion of φ. For instance, there is the classical equiconvergence theorem of Haar ([5]; see [3] pp. 1616–1622 for a general survey). In this paper, by restricting attention to two specific classes of singular Sturm-Liouville systems, we shall establish a much more precise relationship between the corresponding eigenfunction expansions and the Fourier-cosine expansions. Many results for Fourier series can then be carried over to these eigenfunction expansions. The method of proof includes as special cases Fourier-Bessel functions, ultraspherical polynomials, Jacobi polynomials and any nonsingular Sturm-Liouville system.
Effect of the deuteron d-state on the polarization and analyzing power in ln = 0 (d, p) reactions☆

Abstract The properties of a proposed method for separating proton and deuteron spin-dependent effects in l n = 0(d, p) reactions have been investigated using numerical DWBA calculations. Particular emphasis has been placed on determining the effects of the deuteron D-state on the validity and utility of this technique. Calculations for 116 Sn(d, p) 117 Sn(g.s.) at 8.22 and 18 MeV and for 90 Zr(d, p) 91 Zr ( E x = 1.21 MeV) at 12 MeV revealed that the separation of proton and deuteron spin-dependent effects is possible whether the D-state effects are included or not. The D-state contributions to the proton polarization and vector analyzing power were found to depend quadratically on the D-state parameter D 2 , rather than linearly as had been suggested by earlier work.
Differential Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Remodeling and Dynamics in Aortic Stenosis

Background Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) geometry is variable and often elliptical, which can affect aortic valve area calculation in patients with aortic stenosis (AS). Specific differences in LVOT geometry and dynamics between patients with AS and normal control subjects have not been described. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that differences in LVOT geometry in patients with AS might relate to variable LVOT remodeling and stiffness relative to normal control subjects. Methods In 54 patients with severe AS and 33 control subjects without AS, LVOT geometry, dynamics, remodeling, and stiffness were assessed by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. LVOT stiffness was measured by calculating the distensibility coefficient, defined as the percentage change in LVOT area relative to change in left ventricular pressure. LVOT remodeling was assessed by measuring the posterior LVOT wall thickness. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine independent associations with peak systolic LVOT ellipticity. LVOT area by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic planimetry was compared with areas obtained assuming circular or elliptical geometry. Results At end-diastole, LVOT geometry was similar between patients with AS and normal control subjects. In patients with AS, however, the percentage change in cross-sectional area (7.5% vs 14.7%, P P 4 vs 12.5 ± 5.3 × 10 4 mm Hg −1 , P P P = .001). Conclusions The LVOT is less distensible and undergoes remodeling in severe AS. These changes lead to greater peak systolic ellipticity and greater LVOT cross-sectional area underestimation relative to normal control subjects. These findings have important implications for the assessment of AS severity.
The blindside: Impact of monocular occlusion on spatial attention

Monocular occlusion has been posited to reduce activation of the contralateral hemisphere ("Sprague effect"), thus inducing a contralateral spatial bias (toward the viewing eye). Healthy right-handed participants bisected horizontal lines during monocular eye viewing. Although subjects tended to deviate away from the viewing eye, only left-eye viewing deviated significantly right of midline. These results suggest that eye patching may induce an attentional compensation similar to that in hemianopic patients. Alternatively, increased activation of higher cortical regions mediating spatial attention in contralateral hemispace may be an adaptive response to decreased activation of its ipsilateral superior colliculus induced by contralateral eye patching.
Arterial Stiffness, Central Pressures, and Incident Hospitalized Heart Failure in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study

Background—Chronic kidney disease is associated with an increased risk of heart failure (HF). We aimed to evaluate the role of large artery stiffness, brachial, and central blood pressure as predictors of incident hospitalized HF in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC), a multiethnic, multicenter prospective observational study of patients with chronic kidney disease. Methods and Results—We studied 2602 participants who were free of HF at baseline. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CF-PWV; the gold standard index of large artery stiffness), brachial, and central pressures (estimated via radial tonometry and a generalized transfer function) were assessed at baseline. Participants were prospectively followed up to assess the development of new-onset hospitalized HF. During 3.5 years of follow-up, 154 participants had a first hospital admission for HF. CF-PWV was a significant independent predictor of incident hospitalized HF. When compared with the lowest tertile, the hazard ratios among subject...
Nondestructive Assessment of Early Tooth Demineralization Using Cross-Polarization Optical Coherence Tomography

New methods are needed for the nondestructive measurement of tooth demineralization and remineralization to monitor the progression of incipient caries lesions (tooth decay) for effective nonsurgical intervention and to evaluate the performance of anticaries treatments such as chemical treatments or laser irradiation. Studies have shown that optical coherence tomography (OCT) has great potential to fulfill this role since it can be used to measure the depth and severity of early lesions with an axial resolution exceeding 10 μm, it is easy to apply in vivo and it can be used to image the convoluted topography of tooth occlusal surfaces. In this paper, a review of the use of polarization-sensitive-OCT for the measurement of tooth demineralization is provided along with some recent results regarding improved methods for the detection of caries lesions in the earliest stages of development. Automated methods of analysis were used to measure the depth and severity of demineralized bovine enamel produced using simulated caries models that emulate demineralization in the mouth. Significant differences in the depth and integrated reflectivity from the lesions were detected after only a few hours of demineralization. These results demonstrate that cross-polarization-OCT is ideally suited for the nondestructive assessment of early demineralization.
A history of organic farming: Transitions from Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil to USDA National Organic Program

The organic farming concept developed in the period prior to 1940 and was pioneered by Sir Albert Howard (1873–1947). Howard, born and educated in England, directed agricultural research centers in India (1905–1931) before permanently returning to England. His years of agricultural research experiences and observations gradually evolved into a philosophy and concept of organic farming that he espoused in several books. Howard's thinking on soil fertility and the need to effectively recycle waste materials, including sewage sludge, onto farmland was reinforced by F.H. King's book, Farmers of Forty Centuries. Howard developed a system of composting that became widely adopted. Howard's concept of soil fertility centered on building soil humus with an emphasis on how soil life was connected to the health of crops, livestock, and mankind. Howard argued that crop and animal health was a birthright and that the correct method of dealing with a pathogen was not to destroy the pathogen but to see what could be learned from it or to ‘make use of it for tuning up agricultural practice’. The system of agriculture advocated by Howard was coined ‘organic’ by Walter Northbourne to refer to a system ‘having a complex but necessary interrelationship of parts, similar to that in living things’. Lady Eve Balfour compared organic and non-organic farming and helped to popularize organic farming with the publication of The Living Soil. Jerome Rodale, a publisher and an early convert to organic farming, was instrumental in the diffusion and popularization of organic concepts in the US. Both Howard and Rodale saw organic and non-organic agriculture as a conflict between two different visions of what agriculture should become as they engaged in a war of words with the agricultural establishment. A productive dialogue failed to occur between the organic community and traditional agricultural scientists for several decades. Organic agriculture gained significant recognition and attention in 1980, marked by the USDA publication Report and Recommendations on Organic Farming. The passage of the Federal Organic Foods Production Act in 1990 began the era of accommodation for organic farming in the USA, followed by another milestone with official labeling as USDA Certified Organic in 2002. Organic agriculture will likely continue to evolve in response to ongoing social, environmental, and philosophical concerns of the organic movement.
Evaluating the quality of anonymous record linkage using deterministic procedures with the New York state aids registry and a hospital discharge file

Linkage of same-person records across multiple databases relies on high-quality, uniformly available identifying information. These data quality issues become increasingly important when personal names are not available for record linkage. Using deterministic decision criteria, we linked records from two population-based files in the absence of personal names. The sensitivity of anonymous record linkage procedures ranged from 32 to 85 per cent for the two years studied, and the positive predictive value (PPV) ranged from 14 to 99 per cent. Decreasing sensitivity and PPV were primarily attributed to (1) errors in computerized identifying information and (2) the deterministic decision criteria specified for record linkage. An evaluation of the contribution of personal names to the quality of record linkage found no measurable impact.
A circular passive synthetic array: an inverse problem approach

Based on the general concept of the inverse acoustic radiation problem, the temporal scanning of a stationary acoustic field along a closed contour is used to simplify the measurement approach for obtaining information on source directionality. The mathematical formulation is derived from a model of the two-dimensional acoustic field. The formulation of the inverse problem is also investigated to establish a methodology for improving the angular resolution of the array processing. The fundamental relationship between the sound sources and the circular passive synthetic array is explored, utilizing existing mathematical methods, in order to develop the processing algorithm. Other subjects of practical interest, such as directional ambiguity, effect of Doppler frequency, interference noise, and processing gain are discussed. It is concluded that the results can be used to establish guidelines for engineering design and deployment of this type of synthetic array, and to further exploit the new array signal processing technique. >
Anaerobic fermentations of cellulose to methane

The microbial populations responsible for the anaerobic degradation of cellulosic biopolymers appear to be taxonomically diverse and variable, but the basic pattern of these complex fermentations is similar wherever they occur. This in turn suggests that the common denominator of these microbial populations is overall physiology rather than taxonomy. For example, if one compares the microorganisms found in mesophilic and thermophilic fermentations of cellulose to CO2 and CH4, individual isolates from these fermentations will, by and large, be taxonomically distinct, but physiologic counterparts in terms of the overall reactions catalyzed can be readily identified in each fermentation. This is perhaps implicit in the general concept of a “food chain”; however, within this single constraint, it allows for extensive diversity in terms of pH, temperature, products, product composition, substrates, inhibitors, product and substrate tolerance and nutrition. This diversity is currently the object of a considerable research effort which should define the environmental parameters for the degradation of complex cellulosic biopolymers and lead to the isolation of new types of bacteria.
Telling Stories about Software Evolution

Software systems evolve over time. The software development community is losing a great deal of information about the systems we create because of the way we currently record history. This paper argues that we need to capture more fine-grained historical information, like the kind that spreads in a pair programming session, and use it to tell stories about how software systems evolve over time. The paper describes a tool that is currently in development that hopes to achieve this goal.
Combined external beam irradiation and external regional hyperthermia for locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Purpose: To determine the safety and efficacy of combined external beam irradiation and external regional hyperthermia in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Methods and Materials: From 1987 to 1994,30 patients received combined external beam irradiation and external regional hyperthermia for locally advanced prostate cancer. The results of the 21 patients with newly diagnosed (n = 18) or locally recurrent (n = 3) adenocarcinoma are reported herein. No patient had evidence of distant metastases. Total radiotherapy doses of 65-70 Gy to the prostate were planned using a four-field box technique. Hyperthermia treatments were delivered using an annular phased array microwave device. The treatment goal was to achieve temperatures 2 42°C in all measured points wlthln the prostate. Results: Of the newly diagnosed patients, 16 out of 18 (89%) had T3 or T4 tumors, 11 out of 18 (61%) had Gleason scores of 7-9, and the mean pretreatment Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) was 69 rig/ml. The median follow-up of all 21 patients was 36 months. None of the patients achieved the treatment goal of all intratmnoral temperatures 2 42°C. The mean CEM 43 T90 was 2.34 min. The disease-free survival at 36 months is 25%; 12 out of 18 (67%) of the patients have relapsed. The only significant predictor of relapse was pretreatment PSA. There were no complications > Grade 3. Conclusions: In spite of the inability to achieve high tumor temperatures, the relapse-free survival rate in this population of patients with very advanced localized prostate cancer treated with radiation therapy plus hyperthermia compares favorably with most series using radiation therapy alone. Further studies aimed at improving the ability to deliver hyperthermia to the prostate are warranted. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. Prostate cancer, Hyperthermia, Radiation therapy.
Sociology of science and the turn to social constructivism

Knowledge about and reflection on the epistemological developments in sociology of science is an important step towards a critical analysis of the discipline, its present, and its future. The assessment of theoretical and empirical trends within the discipline has a number of beneficial consequences. Thus, spurring a discussion about the relative merits of new trends might contribute to the clarification of the epistemological positions, the methodologies used, and the communicativeness of the arguments that are made. We believe that it is important to periodically initiate discussions on the paradigmatic developments in a particular field of study. Such discussions will increase methodological awareness and reflection and will further the methodological expertise of the scholarly community. Recently, a salient turn from positivist to constructivist approaches has come to dominate the field of sociology of science. We have contextualized the development of social constructivism in sociology of science through a brief historicist foray. This approach allows us to inform the reader about the advent of social constructivism in this domain and to present in a nutshell its claims of contributions, as well as to mention the criticisms levied against it. We have extended our contextualization even further by relating these new developments to the history of humanistic paradigms and the study of cultural phenomena like the world of ideas, knowledge, and science. Our intent has been to provide a platform for reflecting over these developments and to create a system of reference points for orientation in the realm of sociology of science thought. We hope that this article will contribute to the emergent discussion on constructivism in general, on constructivism in sociology of science, as well as on the positioning of constructivist agendas across disciplines. We believe that the present discussion will increase the methodological awareness of practicing scholars and will make them reflect on their own methodological affiliations, preferences, and biases. It is our deep conviction that in such a way we can contribute to the advancement of an epistemologically sophisticated scholarly community that navigates with ease the murky waters of methodological decision-making.
Atmospheric Dispersion of Wheat Rust Spores: A New Theoretical Framework to Interpret Field Data and Estimate Downwind Dispersion

Theoretical predictions for dispersion of heavy particles above an area source are used to formulate a new framework to interpret measurements of spore concentration above an infected field. Experimental measurements of mean spore concentration above an infected wheat field are used to validate theoretical predictions. The framework is then used to estimate total spore flux from the infected field and deposition patternsdownwind.Resultssuggestthatforthepresentcase,consistingofaverylowopencanopyandfriction velocity between 0.2 and 0.5 m s 21 , the properties of the spore plume above the source field are mostly determined by the source strength (i.e., spore release rate) and are approximately independent of turbulence properties. Turbulence conditions have a strong effect on the distance downwind from the source traveled by spores, however, and are therefore critical in the spread of the disease. In addition, effects of spore clumping on dispersal are explored, illustrating the strong effect of clumping on reducing spore dispersal distance.
Identifying Offspring of Problem-Drinking Parents: Comparison of Five Self-Report Measures

Although there is general consensus that self-report measures are reliable in offspring identification of parental problem drinking, studies in which these measures are used differ in two important ways: 1) different self-report measures are used across investigations, and 2) when identical measures are used, idiosyncratic cutoff criteria are employed. The purpose of this study was to compare five self-report measures commonly used in college-age populations to identify problem-drinking parents. When the most conservative criterion was employed, each of the five measures identified similar percentages of offspring as having problem-drinking parents (10% for fathers and 4% for mothers). Interrelationships among the five measures were examined, and each method appeared to contribute both to the common and unique variance of the construct "parental problem drinking." Therefore no one measure can capture all aspects of a parent's drinking problem as reported by their offspring.
Development of a transient air fuel controller for an internal combustion engine

This paper presents the use of a feedforward control strategy as applied to engine fuel control. A dynamic 3 state model of a spark ignition engine is described, and simulated on a computer. The nonlinear model was linearized and studied using classical control theory. A feedforward compensator was designed which canceled out the dynamics of the fuel film. A simulation was performed by applying a step-up step-down series of pulses to the throttle valve and air fuel ratio excursions were observed. An electronic fuel controller was designed and a discretized version of the compensator was implemented. A DC servo-motor was connected to the throttle of an engine mounted on a dynamometer, and a series of throttle pulses was applied. A wide range air fuel ratio sensor was used for measurement in the exhaust stream. The corresponding values of predicted and measured air fuel ratio are compared and discussed. Results indicate that enleanment during throttle step up can be eliminated, but at the expense of added noise in steady state.
Understandings of nature and grace in John Milbank and Thomas Aquinas

John Milbank is one of the most recent and arguably most radical proponents of an understanding of nature as graced. This article critically examines Milbank's understanding of nature and grace, specifically as elaborated within his reading of Thomas Aquinas. In the first part I will outline Aquinas's most direct discussions of nature and grace in the Summa Theologica, drawing attention to several central, albeit subtle, distinctions that these contain. In the second and third parts, I will examine Milbank's reading of Aquinas in Truth in Aquinas, and examine whether it adequately reflects and negotiates Aquinas's distinctions. On this basis I will argue Milbank's reading, while drawing attention to some important and often neglected areas of Aquinas's thought, ultimately remains limited.
The Negative Interest Rate: Toward a Taxonomic Critique

A basic principle of Austrian economics is that the originary rate of interest (the rate of discount of future goods compared to present, otherwise identical, goods) can never be negative. The reason for this arises not because capital is productive, nor out of man's psychology. Rather, it is embedded in the very concept of human action.
Inhibition of adenosine-induced coronary vasodilation by block of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the contribution of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (large-conductance KCa) channels to adenosine (Ado)- and nitroprusside-mediated relaxation in small coronary arteries. Canine subepicardial arteries (170 +/- 23 microns at 120 mmHg) were studied as in vitro pressurized vessels. Pressure-diameter experiments showed myogenic tone over a physiological range of pressures. Tone was increased with the thromboxane A2 analogue 9,11-dideoxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-epoxy-methanoprostaglandin F2 alpha (U-46619). Tetraethylammonium (TEA+; 1 mM) significantly inhibited Ado-induced [and by implication, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-induced] relaxations at Ado concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 microM with maximal inhibition (61 +/- 8%) at 1 microM Ado. The large-conductance KCa-channel blocker iberiotoxin (IbTX; 0.01-0.1 microM) inhibited Ado-mediated relaxation in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition by IbTX increased with increasing vessel pressure (i.e., 45 +/- 12% at 40 mmHg and 83 +/- 20% at 120 mmHg). TEA+ had a minimal effect (8 +/- 3%) on relaxation induced by nitroprusside. Similar results were found with acetylcholine and bradykinin. These results suggest that (in dog coronary arteries with diameter < 200 microns) large-conductance KCa-channel modulation may play a major role in cAMP-mediated relaxation but is not significant in guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-mediated relaxation.