cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Naloxone and diprenorphine reduce responding for brain self-stimulation in a fixed-ratio schedule in rats

Abstract Rats were implanted with bipolar stimulating electrodes in the midbrain-central gray area (MID-CG) and trained to lever-press for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) on a continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF). When behavior was stable, animals were tested in 30 min ICSS sessions following the administration of either naloxone or diprenorphine, both over the dose-range 0.001–10 mg/kg, or with vehicle. Following testing on the CRF schedule, animals were re-trained on a fixed-ratio:30 (FR:30) schedule. When behavior had again stabilized, testing with naloxone, diprenorphine and vehicle was repeated. In the CRF tests, neither naloxone nor diprenorphine had any effects on response rates over the 10,000-fold dose-range used. In the FR:30 tests, however, both drugs significantly reduced response rates at the 10 mg/kg dose, and the reduction produced by naloxone was significantly greater than that produce by diprenorphine. These results suggested that diprenorphine is qualitatively similar to naloxone in altering the rate of responding maintained by ICSS, but is less potent than the prototypical opioid antagonist in this paradigm.
Comparison of 99mTc-N-Pyridoxyl-5-Methyltryptophan and 99mTc-N-(3-Bromo-2,4,6-trimethylacetanilide)-Iminodiacetate as Hepatobiliary Radiopharmaceuticals in Rats

99mTc - N - (3-bromo-2,4,6-trimethylacetanilide)iminodiacetate (I) and 99mTc-N-pyridoxyl-5-methyl-tryptophan (II) have been described as having optimal properties as hepatobiliary radiopharmaceuticals. This study compared specificity for hepatobiliary excretion, blood disappearance, rates of biliary appearance, and pharmacokinetic parameters including hepatic clearance, volumes of distribution, and mean residence times in normal and sulfobromophthalein-treated rats. The specificity of I was higher as indicated by 94% in the bile at 90 min compared to 91% for II in normal rats and a urine excretion of 0.3% for I compared with 1.9% for II. In sulfobromophthalein-treated animals, urine excretion increases were only to 0.5 and 3.0% for I and II, respectively. In control rats, blood disappearance was similar for both I and II, but II disappeared faster in treated animals. The clearance of II was 70 mL/min/kg in normal and 47 mL/min/kg in treated rats; clearance of I was 51 and 30 mL/min/kg in normal and treated rats, respectively. Volumes of distribution were larger for II. Compound I was superior in specificity while II was superior in clearance and excretion kinetics.
Demo: real-time breath monitoring using wireless signals

This demo presents Vital-Radio, a wireless sensing technology that monitors breathing remotely, without requiring any body contact. Vital-Radio operates by transmitting a low-power wireless signal and monitoring its reflections off the human body. It uses these reflections to track motion associated with breathing, i.e., the chest movements caused by inhaling and exhaling. The demo will enable any person to sit in front of the device and check that it tracks their inhale and exhale process. The person may hold his/her breath and check that the device detects the breath holding event in real-time.
Evolutionary History and Population Dynamics of Hepatitis E Virus

Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an enterically transmitted hepatropic virus. It segregates as four genotypes. All genotypes infect humans while only genotypes 3 and 4 also infect several animal species. It has been suggested that hepatitis E is zoonotic, but no study has analyzed the evolutionary history of HEV. We present here an analysis of the evolutionary history of HEV. Methods and Findings The times to the most recent common ancestors for all four genotypes of HEV were calculated using BEAST to conduct a Bayesian analysis of HEV. The population dynamics for genotypes 1, 3 and 4 were analyzed using skyline plots. Bayesian analysis showed that the most recent common ancestor for modern HEV existed between 536 and 1344 years ago. The progenitor of HEV appears to have given rise to anthropotropic and enzootic forms of HEV, which evolved into genotypes 1 and 2 and genotypes 3 and 4, respectively. Population dynamics suggest that genotypes 1, 3 and 4 experienced a population expansion during the 20th century. Genotype 1 has increased in infected population size ∼30–35 years ago. Genotype 3 and 4 have experienced an increase in population size starting late in the 19th century until ca.1940-45, with genotype 3 having undergone additional rapid expansion until ca.1960. The effective population size for both genotype 3 and 4 rapidly declined to pre-expansion levels starting in ca.1990. Genotype 4 was further examined as Chinese and Japanese sequences, which exhibited different population dynamics, suggesting that this genotype experienced different evolutionary history in these two countries. Conclusions HEV appears to have evolved through a series of steps, in which the ancestors of HEV may have adapted to a succession of animal hosts leading to humans. Analysis of the population dynamics of HEV suggests a substantial temporal variation in the rate of transmission among HEV genotypes in different geographic regions late in the 20th Century.
Horizontal Bloch line motion in magnetic bubble materials

Horizontal Bloch line (HBL) motion in magnetic bubble materials is studied by comparing experimental results with a numerical simulation of domain wall motion. The present theory of HBL motion is reviewed and then extended by allowing both the wall position q and azimuthal angle φ to vary with position through the film thickness z. The resulting equations of motion are solved numerically for q(z, t) and φ(z,t), and the solutions are compared with results from wall oscillation experiments. In these experiments, a bias field pulse is used to produce a step change in the equilibrium position of stripe domain walls in the presence of small in-plane fields parallel to the walls, H x = 0 Oe, 4 Oe, and 10 Oe. The wall response is then measured by using a sampling photometric technique. Good quantitative agreement is found between numerical and experimental results, so that the internal processes that occur during wall motion can be inferred from the calculation. Changes in q through the film thickness play an important role in HBL motion. During the initial response, the twist structure φ(z) is similar to the initial static structure and the wall surface is relatively flat. A backward bulge soon forms near one of the film surfaces as a result of local dynamic properties. This bulge provides the additional torque necessary to form the HBL. The bulge accompanies the HBL as it moves toward the opposite film surface and provides the torque necessary for HBL propagation. Internal vibrations of the wall surface are excited by the bulge and produce irregular motion of the average wall position. Punch-through occurs when the HBL reaches the opposite surface. During this process, φ at the film surface rotates rapidly from π/2 to 3π/2. At the same time the wall section in this region moves backward. As a result, the average wall position is essentially stationary during punch-through.
Innovation and the imitative entrepreneur

Abstract This paper presents a model of the way ex-employees of an innovative, science-based entrepreneurial firm founded new enterprises based on copying the novel products of their former employer. The model focuses on the role played by the product-specific subculture of the innovative parent firm in the emergence of these imitative entrepreneurs.
Blade geometry effects on initial dispersion of chopped glass fibers

The effects of blade geometry on the initial dispersion of chopped glass fiber bundles in polystyrene during batch mixing are investigated. Roller, banbury, cam, and sigma blades are evaluated for dispersive efficiency and differences in mechanism. Processed samples are characterized by image analysis to focus upon the initial stages of dispersion. Sigma blades are found to be the most effective blades for initial chopped glass dispersion, while banbury blades prove the least effective. Analytical treatment based on the average time for a volume to pass through high stress regions does not explain the results; chopped glass fiber dispersion does not depend solely upon passage through narrow-gap, high-stress regions.
Isotopic evidence for paleohydrologic evolution of ground-water flow paths, southern great plains, United States

A confined aquifer in Triassic Dockum Group sandstone beneath the southern Great Plains was isolated from hypothesized paleorecharge areas in eastern New Mexico by Pleistocene erosion of the Pecos and Canadian river valleys and formation of hydrologic divides. Truncation of the flow system left meteoric water in the confined aquifer with mean {delta}D and {delta}{sup 18}O values that are 17{per thousand} and 2.0{per thousand}, respectively, lighter than those in the overlying High Plains aquifer. Thick upper Dockum mudstone retards downward flow from the High Plains aquifer, which has been recharged by isotopically heavy precipitation during the Holocene. Recharge to the confined aquifer occurred at altitudes of 1600 to 2200 m in proximal Dockum sandstone facies since eroded in eastern New Mexico, at a mean temperature 3 C cooler than present temperature across the southern High Plains. Effect of Pleistocene climatic change on isotopic composition of Dockum ground water could be superposed over geomorphologic effects.
Effect of Upstream Shear on Flow and Heat (Mass) Transfer Over a Flat Plate

A parametric study is conducted to investigate the effect of wall shear on a two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer. The shear is imparted by a moving belt, flush with the wall, translating in the flow direction. Velocity and mass transfer experiments have been performed for four surface-to-freestream velocity ratios (0, 0.38, 0.52, 0.65) with a Reynolds number based on the momentum thickness between 770 and 1776. The velocity data indicate that the location of the ‘virtual origin’ of the turbulent boundary layer ‘moves’ downstream towards the trailing edge of the belt with increasing surface velocity. The highest velocity ratio represents a case which is responsible for the removal of the inner region of the boundary layer. Mass transfer measurements downstream of the belt show the presence of a local minimum in the variation of the Stanton vs. Reynolds number for the highest velocity ratio. Downstream of this minimum, approximately 1 cm from the leading edge of the mass transfer plate, the characteristics of the turbulent boundary layer are restored and the data fall back on the empirical variation of the Stanton number with Reynolds number.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
A linguistic communication measure for aphasic narratives

Abstract This paper presents a linguistic communication measure (LCM) for analysis of transcriptions of aphasic and other disordered narratives. The LCM responds to three clinically important dimensions of narrative language production: the amount of information that the patient can convey in words, the proportion of informative to non-informative words produced, and the grammaticality of the expression. The measure is designed for evaluating patient progress or deterioration in either research or general clinical settings. It can be applied rapidly to any fairly short transcribed narrative text whose target meaning is known to the examiner (e.g. the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (1983) ‘Cookie Theft’ picture). The LCM requires only a short rater training period, appears to be reliable, and accords with clinical intuitions about the nature of aphasic patients' communicative difficulties, although full psychometric calibration and validation of the tool have yet to be undertaken.
Electrophoresis of rat plasma. III. Preparation of S35 labeled albumin.

Abstract A procedure involving ethanol fractionation for obtaining purified S 35 -labeled albumin from 2 ml. of rat plasma has been described. The albumin was 95% pure, as revealed by boundary electrophoresis. An apparently homogeneous product was obtained by zone electrophoresis on starch. Paper chromatography and radioautography of the hydrolyzate of albumin reveal that cystine is responsible for the greatest amount of radioactivity.
Meperidine Neurotoxicity: Three Case Reports and a Review of the Literature

This report describes three cases of neurotoxicity secondary to meperidine. Three cases highlight the unique central nervous system excitatory effect of normeperidine; one highlights the CNS depressant effects. This report also reviews the neurotoxicity literature on meperidine. Case reports, series, and review articles were identified through a search of English language articles on MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine on-line computer literature data base) (1966-1992), and the bibliographies of other articles. The case reports and series describe neurotoxicity due to meperidine in normal and high risk patients. Accumulation of normeperidine, the active metabolite of meueridine, causes numerous adverse neurotoxic effects ranging from agitation to seizures. Patients with poor renal function or sickle cell anemia are at greatest risk; however, any patient may accumulate normeperidine. Treatment of normeperidine toxicity includes discontinuation of meperidine, switching to another opioid analgesic, and sup...
Epidemiology of Cryptococcal Meningitis in the US: 1997–2009

Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) causes significant morbidity and mortality globally; however, recent national trends have not been described. Incidence and trends for CM-associated hospitalizations in 18 states were estimated using the Agency for Healthcare and Research Quality (AHRQ) State Inpatient Databases (SID) datasets for 1997 through 2009. We identified 30,840 hospitalizations coded for CM, of which 21.6% were among HIV-uninfected patients. CM in-hospital mortality was significant (12.4% for women and 10.8% for men) with a total of 3,440 deaths over the study period. Co-morbidities of CM coded at increased frequency in HIV-uninfected CM hospitalized populations included hydrocephalus and acute/chronic renal failure as well as possible predispositions including transplantation, combined T and B cell defects, Cushing’s syndrome, liver disease and hypogammaglobulinemia. Median hospitalization costs were significant for CM and higher for HIV-uninfected patients (16,803.01 vs. 15,708.07; p<0.0001). Cryptococcal meningitis remains a disease with significant morbidity and mortality in the U.S. and the relative burden among persons without HIV infection is increasing.
Total synthesis of α- and β-panasinsene

Abstract α- and β-Panasinsene have been synthesized by a route which employs intramolecular cuprous triflate catalyzed photocyclization of an olefin with an allylic alcohol.
Ferromagnetic behavior of decamethylchromocenium tetracyanoethanide [CrCp2*][TCNE]

Studies on the magnetic properties of decamethylchromocenium tetracyanoethanide, [CrCp*2][TCNE] are reported herein. Near‐zero field (H=150 mG) data indicates a ferromagnetic transition with Tc=3.65 K. The temperature dependence below Tc can be fit to a mean‐field result M=M0(1−T/Tc)1/2, and the data above Tc gives a critical exponent γ=1.2 for the dc magnetic susceptibility. Data at higher temperature indicates a strong 1‐D ferromagnetic behavior. Magnetizations at different H and T at low temperature can be scaled to a universal function with M=f(H/T3.2). The reduction in Tc in [CrCp*2][TCNE] compared with [FeCp*2][TCNE] indicates a competition between the coupling constants and the residing spins.
Coding of the Reach Vector in Parietal Area 5d

Competing models of sensorimotor computation predict different topological constraints in the brain. Some models propose population coding of particular reference frames in anatomically distinct nodes, whereas others require no such dedicated subpopulations and instead predict that regions will simultaneously code in multiple, intermediate, reference frames. Current empirical evidence is conflicting, partly due to difficulties involved in identifying underlying reference frames. Here, we independently varied the locations of hand, gaze, and target over many positions while recording from the dorsal aspect of parietal area 5. We find that the target is represented in a predominantly hand-centered reference frame here, contrasting with the relative code seen in dorsal premotor cortex and the mostly gaze-centered reference frame in the parietal reach region. This supports the hypothesis that different nodes of the sensorimotor circuit contain distinct and systematic representations, and this constrains the types of computational model that are neurobiologically relevant.
The influence of pitch and twist on blade vibrations.

Boundary Layers," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 7, No. 2, March-April 1970, pp. 137-140. Schlichting, H., Boundary Layer Theory, 6th ed., McGrawHill, New York, 1968, p. 555. Van Driest, E. R., "Turbulent Boundary Layer in Compressible Fluids," The Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 18, 1951, pp. 145-160, 216. Maise, G. and McDonald, H., "Mixing Length and Kinematic Eddy Viscosity in a Compressible Boundary Layer," AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, Jan. 1968, pp. 73-80. Klebanoff, P., "Characteristics of Turbulence in a Boundary Layer with Zero Pressure Gradient," TN 3178,1954, NACA. Horstman, C. and Owen, F., "Turbulent Properties of a Compressible Boundary Layer," AIAA Journal, Vol. 10, No. 11, Nov. 1972, pp. 1418-1424. Seebaugh, W., "An Investigation of the Interaction of a Shock Wave and a Turbulent Boundary Layer in Axially-Symmetric Internal Flow Including the Effect of Mass Bleed," Ph.D. thesis, 1968, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. Teeter, G., "An Experimental Investigation of the Interaction of a Shock Wave with a Decelerated Turbulent Boundary Layer," M.S. thesis, 1971, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. Rose, W., "The Behavior of a Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layer in a Shock-Wave-Induced Adverse Pressure Gradient," Ph.D. thesis, 1972, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
Application of staircase voltammetry with a varied current sampling time

Summary The technique of staircase voltammetry with a varied current sampling time has been evaluated with regard to its application in electrochemical kinetic studies. Instrumentation for staircase voltammetry and procedures to implement the technique and evaluate the data obtained are described. Experiments involving reactions with known kinetic parameters were used to evaluate the technique itself and the recently derived theory for staircase voltammetry.
Observation of giant flux-flow in superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ films

Abstract Measurements of field-induced changes the a-b plane surface resistance of high quality (>10 6 A/cm 2 at 77K and H =0) YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ films at 12.92 GHz reveal enormous flux-flow resistivity at temperatures several degrees below the superconducting onset temperature. Flux-flow resistivity is identified by its dependence on the Lorentz force. The results suggest that large scale effective pinning is not responsible for the high critical current density observed in these films; a reduction in structural defects and improved oxygen vacancy ordering may be of greater importance.
Some insights on active-passive hybrid piezoelectric networks for structural controls

This paper presents new insights obtained from analyzing the active-passive hybrid piezoelectric network (APPN) concept. It is shown that the shunt circuit not only can provide passive damping, it can also enhance the active action authority if tuned correctly. Therefore, the integrated APPN design is more effective than a system with separated active and passive elements. However, it is also recognized that a systematic design/control method is needed to ensure that the passive and active actions are optimally synthesized. Such a method is presented. The bandwidth issue for the APPN configuration is also addressed.
Superior resolution of γ-crystallins from microdissected eye lens by cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography

Summary A novel procedure is presented for the rapid quantitative analysis of eye lens γ-crystallins and β s -crystallin by ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography on Synchropak CM300. At least six different γ-crystallin gene products can be resolved from the soluble fraction of calf lens extract. This method is applicable to the analysis of microsections from individual lenses, and can be used to rapidly characterize spatial variations in γ-crystallin composition which occur with aging and cataractogenesis.
Effects of body position on regional pulmonary blood flow during acute pulmonary edema in dogs: A positron emission tomography study

Abstract The effect of body position on regional pulmonary blood flow (rPBF) and lung water concentration (rLWC) was studied before and after canine oleic acid (OA)-induced acute lung injury. Regional measurements were made with positron emission tomography. Eleven supine and five prone dogs were studied. In supine animals, LWC increased significantly 60 minutes after OA, primarily in gravity-dependent dorsal lung regions, with a small but still significant additional change over the next 75 minutes. Despite some redistribution, a disproportionate amount of blood flow continued to go to regions with the greatest lung water accumulation. In the prone group, LWC and rPBF were more evenly distributed than in the supine animals, both before and after lung injury. Furthermore, in the prone position, and in contrast to the supine position, regions with the greatest LWC had the least fractional flow. Thus, the benefits of the prone position on oxygenation are related to both the spatial distribution of lung water accumulation and regional pulmonary blood flow.
Reconfigurable 40 GHz BiCMOS uniform delay crossbar switch for broadband and wide tuning range narrowband applications

A wide-band crossbar switch configured as a non-blocking signal router can be used in various applications that need reconfigurable digital or analog cross connections such as network switches, CPU-memory connecting modules and wide tuning range radar switches. Current mode logic using IBM 8HP SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors having f T s of 210 GHz and a symmetrical signal path design are employed to make a 40 GHz crossbar switch capable of 80 Gb/s transmission with a fast reconfiguration time of 160 ps. A unique feature of this crossbar is that the delay through any path in the switch is constant. The f T of IBM's 8XP SiGe model is 350 GHz, which allows for faster circuits than the 8HP technology. The crossbar switch using IBM's 8XP kit is simulated to predict further performance improvement to 50 GHz (100 Gb/s for binary signals). To demonstrate the maximum operating speed, the crossbar switch is tested as a 40 GHz phase router for a phased array antenna system. The measured output of the crossbar switch is a 38.8 GHz sine wave with the selected phase delay. The phase noise of the output signal is -88.3 dBc/Hz for an input whose phase noise is -98 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. Using a 2.5 V supply, the 8HP crossbar switch consumes 2.2-5.7 W depending on the number of active channels. The power dissipation of the crossbar switch can be reduced by about 70% with the same performance by using the 8XP kit.
Rapid and marked inhibition of rat-liver RNA polymerase by aflatoxin B-1.

From 15 minutes to 2 hours after the administration of aflatoxin B 1 invivo there is a 35-to 70-percent inhibition of DNA-directed RNA synthesis. The inhibition was reversed 12 and 24 hours later.
The synthesis, molecular structure and magnetic properties of[Ni2L(μ-Cl)Cl2(H2O)2]·2H2O·(C2H5OH)0.42 and [Co2L(μ-Cl)Cl2]·(H2O)0.18 (L = 2,6-bis-(N,N′-dimethylethylenenamineformidoyl)-4-methylphenolato)

Abstract The crystal structure and magnetic properties of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) binuclear complexes are reported. The nickel(II) and cobalt(II) binuclear molecules consist of a large binucleating ligand, 2,6-bis-( N,N′ -dimethylethylenenamineformidoyl)-4-methylphenolato, and a small exogenous bridging anion, Cl − . The Curie-Weiss parameters are C =2.29 emu-K/mol, θ= + 1.7 K, for the nickel complex and C = 5.79 emu-K/mol,π= + 10.3 K for the cobalt complex. The magnetic coupling parameters in both the nickel(II) and the cobalt(II) analogs are consistent with ferromagnetic exchange between the two metal(II) centers and fits of the data with binuclear magnetic exchange models give ferromagnetic coupling parameters of J/k = + 3.6 and + 9.5 K for the nickel(II) and cobalt(II), respectively. Crystal data: [Ni 2 (C 17 H 28 N 4 O)(μ-Cl)Cl 2 (H 2 O) 2 ]· 2H 2 O·(C 2 H 5 OH) 0.42 , M r = 619.55 g/mol, space group C 222 1 , a = 10.262(4), b = 24.691(4), c = 11.632(4) A, V = 2947.3 A 3 , Z = 4, D x = 1.396 g/cm 3 , γ(Mo Kα) = 0.71073 A, μ = 15.93 cm -1 , F (000) = 1295.7, T = 100 K, R = 5.8%, R w = 9.0% with 1134 unique observed reflections; [Co 2 (C 17 H 28 N 4 O)(μ-Cl)Cl 2 ]·(H 2 O) 0.18 , M r = 531.90 g/mol, space group C 2/ c , a = 10.488(3), b = 24.505(7), c = 26.501(7) A, β = 99.89(2)°, V = 6714.3 A 3 , Z = 12, D x = 1.578 g/cm 3 , γ=0.71073 A,μ= 18.58 cm -1 , F (000) = 3273.6, T = 120 K, R = 2.9%, R w = 3.9% with 2455 observed unique reflections.
Afferent mechanisms for the reflex response to imposed ankle movement in chronic spinal cord injury

We have reported earlier that externally imposed ankle movements trigger ankle and hip flexion reflexes in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). In order to examine the afferent mechanisms underlying these movement-triggered reflexes, controlled ankle movements were imposed in 17 SCI subjects. In 13 of these subjects, reflex torques were recorded at the hip, knee and ankle in response to 5 ankle movement ranges, and 4 movement speeds. Subjects were tested using both ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion movements. The principal outcome measure, peak hip flexion torque of the induced reflexes, was used for comparing the effects of movement range and speed on the reflex response. We found that movement-triggered reflexes were sensitive to the angular range of ankle deflection, but insensitive to the velocity of the movement. Movement amplitudes sufficient to trigger hip and ankle flexion were routinely associated with increases in ankle passive force, suggesting that force-sensitive receptors participated in the reflex response. However, increases in angular range also corresponded to increases in muscle length, making it difficult to distinguish whether the response was triggered by a load-sensitive receptor (e.g., Golgi tendon organ or muscle free nerve ending) or a position-sensitive receptor responsive to absolute ankle angle (e.g., muscle spindle secondary afferent). The absence of velocity dependence of the reflex suggested that spindle Ia afferents were not major contributors. These results suggest movement-triggered reflexes originate in muscle receptors that are sensitive to either absolute muscle length, to muscle force or to both. Although receptors that are sensitive to absolute muscle length cannot be excluded with certainty, the finding that reflex responses require that ankle movements elicit an increase in passive force argues for a prominent role of nonspindle mechanoreceptors, such as group III/IV muscle afferents. These afferents are activated preferentially as muscles are stretched to near maximum length, and they appear to have potent reflex effects in spinal cord injury.
The discovery of a 97 minute periodicity in 4U 1700-37

SAS 3 observations of a complete orbital cycle (about 3.5 days) of the X-ray source 4U 1700-37 are presented. A persistent, approximately sinusoidal modulation of about 60% amplitude is present in the data at 97 minutes. Satellite orbital effects are ruled out by using other detectors pointed away from the source but sampled at the same time. The effect of such a long rotation period (if indeed the period is rotational) on current ideas involving accretion torques and stellar wind is discussed.
An introduction to log-linear analysis and implementing the Newton-Raphson algorithm in APL2

This paper introduces the method of log-linear analysis for performing hypothesis testing on contingency tables. The reader will see a brief development of this topic beginning with Pearson's classic chi-square test and examples of analyses on two and three dimensional tables. The idea of hierarchical models and backward elimination are discussed. Finally, the APL2 implementation of the Newton-Raphson algorithm is described. Newton-Raphson is an iterative procedure for finding the roots of a function. It is used in log-linear analysis to find the maximum-likelihood estimation of expected frequencies that cannot be calculated from expressions in closed form.
Interface effects in strongly correlated metals: an exact-diagonalization study of the t-t′-J model

Abstract The t-t ′- J model is solved exactly on a periodic small cluster of eight sites for the fcc lattice. A new interpolation scheme is introduced to construct interface structures. The groud-state properties and the heavy-fermionic (correlation) behavior as the function of the interface coupling are studied. New ferromagnetic heavy-fermion states are identified.
Current molecular diagnostic algorithm for mitochondrial disorders

Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders (RCD) are a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous diseases, due in part to the biochemical complexity of mitochondrial respiration and the fact that two genomes, one mitochondrial and one nuclear, encode the components of the respiratory chain. Because of the large number of genes involved, attempts to classify mitochondrial RCD incorporate clinical, biochemical, and histological criteria, in addition to DNA-based molecular diagnostic testing. While molecular testing is widely viewed as definitive, confirmation of the diagnosis by molecular methods often remains a challenge because of the large number of genes, the two genome complexity and the varying proportions of pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules in a patient, a concept termed heteroplasmy. The selection of genes to be analyzed depends on the family history and clinical, biochemical, histopathological, and imaging results, as well as the availability of different tissues for analysis. Screening of common point mutations and large deletions in mtDNA is typically the first step. In cases where tissue-specific, recognizable clinical syndromes or characteristic RC complex deficiencies and histochemical abnormalities are observed, direct sequencing of the specific causative nuclear gene(s) can be performed on white blood cell DNA. Measurement of mtDNA content in affected tissues such as muscle and liver allows screening for mtDNA depletion syndromes. The ever-expanding list of known disease-causing genes will undoubtedly improve diagnostic accuracy and genetic counseling.
More maneuvers to facilitate tracheal intubation with the GlideScope.

To the Editor: The GlideScope® (Diagnostic Ultrasound Corporation, Bothell, WA, USA), is a videolaryngoscope, which incorporates a fibreoptic and digital camera system into the blade.1 The blade displays a video output to a dedicated monitor. The flange of the blade has a 60° angulation, which facilitates better exposure of the larynx than traditional Macintosh blades.2,3 Some authors have reported difficulty intubating the trachea despite the superior view offered by the GlideScope®.1 In the largest series of Glidescope use (728 patients), 14 of the 26 failed intubations occurred in spite of achieving a Cormack-Lehane grade 1 view.4 In that study, failures resulted not from an inability to view the larynx, but in directing the endotracheal tube through the glottic opening. In our experience, the device has been successful in over 500 patients, especially those with large tongues, relatively small mouths, and in patients with limited neck mobility. We have used the device for conventional induction, in rapid sequence intubation, and for awake intubation. Because the GlideScope lifts the tongue rather than displacing it into the submental space, patients with Mallampati class III and IV airways are usually afforded CormackLehane grades 1 or 2 glottic views. We have found the following maneuvers to be helpful when intubating the trachea with the GlideScope®:
College students' cognitive and emotional reactions to simulated marital and family conflict

This study examined cognitive and emotional reactions to simulated marital and family conflicts as experienced by college students from homes with physically aggressive (PA) and nonphysically aggressive (NPA) marital relationships. Individuals from PA homes reported experiencing more physiological arousal and negative affect in response to simulated marital and family conflict than did individuals from NPA homes. In addition, PA respondents were less likely to provide spontaneous suggestions regarding how marital conflict could proceed more constructively than were NPA respondents. These results suggest that marital conflict witnessed in the home may influence young adults' thoughts and feelings regarding marital conflict in novel situations, and present the possibility that marital conflict witnessed between one's parents leads to the development of a marital conflict representation which guides social information processing of newly encountered marital interactions.
Action of pregastric esterase on synthetic triglycerides containing butyric acid.

Abstract Pregastric esterase hydrolyzed synthetic triglycerides containing butyric acid at greatly different rates. The triglycerides of lower molecular weight were attacked most rapidly. All of the diglycerides from the digestions contained butyric acid; therefore, the diglycerides were not representative of the long-chain portion and were not suitable for stereospecifie analysis. Some of the monoglycerides also contained butyric acid.
Iso-Energy Cutoff for the Calculation of Interionic Potential of Mean Force in Water

An iso-energy cutoff scheme is introduced for the calculation of the potential of mean force between two ions in water. The cutoff criterion is based on the optimal interaction of the water dipole with the ion pair, for which analytical expressions are derived. Formulas are also derived to characterize the solvent reorganization contribution to the potential of mean force. Treatment of the contributions from waters outside the cutoff is also discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detecting selection in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, using DNA sequence data from multiple nuclear protein-coding genes.

The identification of genes involved in the adaptive evolution of non-model organisms with uncharacterized genomes constitutes a major challenge. This study employed a rigorous and targeted candidate gene approach to test for positive selection on protein-coding genes of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Four genes with putative roles in physiological adaptation to environmental stress were chosen as candidates. A fifth gene not expected to play a role in environmental adaptation was used as a control. Large samples (n>800) of DNA sequences from C. sapidus were used in tests of selective neutrality based on sequence polymorphisms. In combination with these, sequences from the congener C. similis were used in neutrality tests based on interspecific divergence. In multiple tests, significant departures from neutral expectations and indicative of positive selection were found for the candidate gene trehalose 6-phosphate synthase (tps). These departures could not be explained by any of the historical population expansion or bottleneck scenarios that were evaluated in coalescent simulations. Evidence was also found for balancing selection at ATP-synthase subunit 9 (atps) using a maximum likelihood version of the Hudson, Kreitmen, and Aguade test, and positive selection favoring amino acid replacements within ATP/ADP translocase (ant) was detected using the McDonald-Kreitman test. In contrast, test statistics for the control gene, ribosomal protein L12 (rpl), which presumably has experienced the same demographic effects as the candidate loci, were not significantly different from neutral expectations and could readily be explained by demographic effects. Together, these findings demonstrate the utility of the candidate gene approach for investigating adaptation at the molecular level in a marine invertebrate for which extensive genomic resources are not available.
A reaction-transport model of GaAs growth by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using trimethyl-gallium and tertiary-butyl-arsine

Abstract A detailed model of the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of single-crystalline films of GaAs from trimethyl-gallium (TMG) and tertiary-butyl-arsine (TBA) is presented. The momentum, heat and mass balance equations are solved along the midplane of a horizontal reactor to obtain a realistic picture of the process. A kinetic scheme describing possible reactions in the gas phase and on the (100) surface of GaAs is coupled to the transport model. The model succesfully predicts observed growth rates using a single adjustable parameter, the activation energy of the surface growth reactions. A parametric study was performed and operating conditions maximizing growth uniformity and precursor utilization were identified for a typical horizontal reactor. The model predicts that above a certain substrate temperature gaseous arsenic hydrides formed in situ by thermal decomposition of TBA become the major film precursors. This prediction can explain the reported high quality of GaAs films grown by using TBA as a safer alternative to arsine. A sensitivity analysis led to a reduced surface kinetic model, which can accurately predict observed growth rates at susceptor temperatures higher than 850 K.
The separation of C6F14 isomers by gas chromatography and the effect of stationary phase concentration

Abstract The separation of the isomers of perfluorohexane by gas-liquid chromatography is difficult for two reasons: (1) the isomers have similar vapor pressures in that they all boil within a range of one or two degrees, and (2) they all show essentially identical thermodynamic behavior in any given solvent. The latter behavior precludes the existence of selective solvent effects, so useful in hydrocarbon systems, to aid in the separation. Satisfactory stationary phases for this isomer separation are hydrocarbons at concentrations of 0.3 c.c. per c.c. of column or chlorofluorocarbons at 0.05 c.c. per c.c. of column volume. Approximate retention volumes for n -C 6 F 14 are 8 c.c. per c.c. of n -hexadecane at 28°, and 77 c.c. per c.c. of Cl(CF 2 CFCl) 3 CF 2 COOC 2 H 5 at 24°. The relative behaviors of the partitioning media are explained on the basis of the G olay theory. The resolution of the hydrocarbon hexanes is poor on perfluorocarbon substrates because of large differences in the thermodynamics among the hydrocarbon isomers in these solvents.
Concentration modulation by thermal decomposition for multiplex gas chromatography.

Dans la technique decrite, la decomposition thermique est utilisee a l'entree de la colonne pour creer des impulsions de concentration dans un echantillon en ecoulement continu pour l'analyse chromatographique avec multiplexage. Le chromatogramme obtenu contient des lacunes
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) suppresses cAMP response element (CRE) activity and nuclear CRE binding protein in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells.

TNF is known to suppress gonadotropin-induced steroid secretion by Leydig cells. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs are largely unknown. Because expression of many steroidogenic proteins is regulated by the PKA pathway, effects of TNF on CRE activity were examined using MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. The cells were transfected with a CRE-luciferase construct, and stimulated with either LH or 8Br-cAMP in the presence or absence of TNF. TNF suppressed, LH-stimulated and 8Br-cAMP stimulated CRE activity. TNF also suppressed CRE activity stimulated with a PKA expression vector. Further experiments suggested that the effect of TNF on CRE activity was not mediated by the NF-κB pathway. TNF did not affect levels of either CREB or phospho-CREB in whole cell lysates; however, TNF decreased both CREB and phospho-CREB in nuclear extracts in a time-dependent manner. The decrease in nuclear CREB is likely to be a major mechanism of the suppressive effects of TNF on steroidogenesis in MA-10 Leydig cells.
Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Plasma and Intracellular Ribavirin Concentrations in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Ribavirin, a guanosine analog, is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent. Ribavirin has been a fundamental component of the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection for decades, but there is a very limited understanding of the clinical pharmacology of this drug. Furthermore, it is associated with a major dose-limiting toxicity, hemolytic anemia. Ribavirin undergoes intracellular phosphorylation by host enzymes to ribavirin monophosphate (RMP), ribavirin diphosphate (RDP), and ribavirin triphosphate (RTP). The intracellular forms have been associated with antiviral and toxic effects in vitro, but the kinetics of these phosphorylated moieties have not been fully elucidated in vivo. We developed a model to characterize the plasma pharmacokinetics of ribavirin and the difference between intracellular phosphorylation kinetics in red cells (nonnucleated) and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (nucleated). A time-independent two-compartment model with first-order absorption described the plasma data well. The cellular phosphorylation kinetics was described by a one-compartment model for RMP, with the formation rate driven by plasma concentrations and the first-order degradation rate. RDP and RTP rapidly reached equilibrium with RMP. Concomitant telaprevir use, inosine triphosphatase genetics, creatinine clearance, weight, and sex were significant covariates. The terminal ribavirin half-life in plasma and phosphorylated anabolites in cells was approximately 224 h. We found no evidence of time-dependent kinetics. These data provide a foundation for uncovering concentration-effect associations for ribavirin and determining the optimal dose and duration of this drug for use in combination with newer direct-acting HCV agents. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01097395.).
Genetic polymorphisms in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway as potential risk factors of menopausal hot flashes

Objective We sought to determine if genetic polymorphisms in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway are associated with menopausal hot flashes via hormone levels. Study Design Women (n = 639) aged 45-54 years completed a study survey and provided blood for genetic and hormone analyses. The associations were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression and generalized linear models. Results Women carrying CYP1B1 (rs1800440) GG genotype had 3-fold greater odds of experiencing hot flashes for ≥1 year compared to the AA genotype (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12–8.25). Adding serum estradiol concentrations to the confounder-adjusted model resulted in a nonsignificant association (adjusted OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 0.91–7.18). Carriers of both CYP1B1 (rs1800440) G and CYP1B1 (rs1058636) G alleles had higher odds of experiencing hot flashes for ≥1 year compared to women homozygous for the major alleles (adjusted OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.06–2.96), even after adjustment for serum estradiol. Conclusion CYP1B1 is associated with menopausal hot flashes via pathways that may involve changes in serum estradiol concentration.
Indentation damage detection in glass/epoxy composite laminates with electrically tailored conductive nanofiller:

Laminated fiber-reinforced polymer composites are known for excellent in-plane strength and stiffness per unit density, but variable susceptibility to out-of-plane impact and indentation loading on account of their relatively low interlaminar strength. Methods of monitoring damage caused by out-of-plane loads are therefore sought. This investigation aims to demonstrate the two-dimensional electrical resistance mapping method using co-cured carbon fiber electrodes, a glass fiber-reinforced composite system, and electrically tailored carbon black filler networks for sensing indentation damage. It is shown that damage sensing accuracy is improved by increasing the electrical conductivity of the carbon black network in the through-thickness direction. The anisotropic tailoring of conductivity is accomplished by using alternating-current dielectrophoresis, which entails the application of an electric field to polarize and chain the carbon black particles preferentially through the thickness during liquid proce...
On-chip bus thermal analysis and optimisation

As technology scales, increasing clock rates, decreasing interconnect pitch and the introduction of low-k dielectrics have made self-heating of the global interconnects an important issue in VLSI design. Further, high bus temperatures have had a negative impact on the delay and reliability of on-chip interconnects. Energy and thermal models are used to characterise the effects of self-heating on the temperature of on-chip interconnects. The results obtained show that self-heating of on-chip buses contribute significantly to the temperature of the bus, which increases as technology scales, motivating the need to find solutions to mitigate this effect. The theoretical analysis performed shows that spreading switching activities among all bus lines can effectively reduce the peak temperature of the on-chip bus. Based on this observation, a thermal spreading encoding scheme for on-chip buses is proposed to tackle the thermal issue. The results obtained show that this approach is very effective in reducing the transient peak temperature among bus lines, with much less overhead compared with other low-power encoding schemes. This technique can then be combined with low-power encoding schemes to further reduce the on-chip bus temperature.
SU(3) wave equations and a solution

Abstract Two SU(3) partial differential equations to be satisfied by the irreducible matrix elements of finite rotation and a solution are presented in a special parametrization which maximizes the number of cyclic coordinates.
A Simulation-Based Curriculum Can Be Used to Teach Open Intestinal Anastomosis

Background Simulation is a technique commonly used to teach technical skills such as those necessary in laparoscopic surgery. Curricula with objective, validated metrics rating performance are widely used. Simulations to develop and assess skills necessary for open surgical procedures are less common. We hypothesized that a curriculum designed to teach the skills necessary to perform open laparotomy and bowel anastomosis would result in improved knowledge of the procedure steps, increased technical skills, and improved confidence in novice surgeons. Methods A simulation-based curriculum designed to teach open laparotomy and bowel anastomosis was developed. Eleven surgical interns participated in the 6-wk curriculum. Written surveys regarding confidence in the knowledge and ability to perform these procedures were administered before and after the curriculum. Videos of the first six subjects were created on the first and final repetition of the simulation. An Objective Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) instrument was used to evaluate each video by two independent, blinded reviewers. Results Subjects demonstrated significantly improved OSATS scores for skills and knowledge in seven of nine domains assessed upon completion of the curriculum. Subject confidence in laparotomy and bowel anastomosis skills improved significantly. Conclusion A structured, simulation-based curriculum designed to teach laparotomy and hand-sewn bowel anastomosis skills is effective and increases participant confidence. Further study is required to determine whether simulation results in improved performance in the operating room.