cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on China’s Urban Development Strategy Based on Arable Land Preservation

This paper studies the trend of urbanization in China, examines the evolution of the urban scale structure in China through the development of a quadratic regression model for the urban rank-size rule and significantly improves the fitness of large-sized cities to the model, formulates a power function to simulate the relationship between urban size and urban population density, and studies the evolution trend of the function in China. This paper also includes the design of a scenario of compact urban growth according to the evolution trend of urban scale structure and urban size–population density function based on farmland preservation. In contrast to express-highway-based urban sprawl, the author advocates a railway-based compact urban growth mode in China and provides related measures to implement it, such as large city in-advance development, concentrated urban growth, urban subway system construction, high-population-density community building, filling in urban growth, and intercity high-speed railway system construction. It provides a way of urbanization with higher land-use efficiency and lower energy consumption for developing countries in the new era.
Measurements of superfluid densities and critical superfluid mass currents of pure 4 He and 3 He/ 4 He mixtures in nuclepore near the lambda transition

Measurements have been made of the relative superfluid density ϱsp/ϱ and the critical mass current I sc for the onset of dissipation in the superfluid flow of pure 4He and 3He/4He mixtures in the circular cylindrical pores of Nuclepore near the λ transition, using a double-ended Helmholtz resonator. Pore diameters of 0.03, 0.1, and 0.4 Μm were studied using 3He mole fractions of 0.0,∼0.2, and ∼0.4. For each pore diameter d p and mole fraction x our results for ϱ sp /ϱ were fitted relatively well by the form C(t − t 01)0.675 and those for I sc by the form I sc0(t−t 0c ) g , where t ≡ [T λ−T]/T λ. For each combination of d p and x the reduced onset temperatures t 01 and t 0c are in rough agreement with each other but somewhat larger than values found by others for Nuclepore. For the smaller two pore diameters, these onset temperatures are consistent with the universality hypothesis that near Tλ, ℏ2 ϱ sb ξ/m 4 2 k B T should be a constant independent of T and x. Here ħ is the reduced Planck constant, ϱ sb is the bulk superfluid density, ξ is the coherence length, m 4 is the 4He atom mass, k B is Boltzmann's constant, and T is the absolute temperature. At each value of x the amplitudes C agree well with the corresponding amplitude for ϱ sb /ϱ, and g equals 1.17 ± 0.04 for all cases. Measurements of the velocity of second sound at x = 0.000, 0.190, 0.401, and 0.450 are also reported.
Deindustrialization and regionalization: Class alliance and class struggle

The process of deindustrialization is place-specific, and is partly responsible for the redefinition of the regional structure and the transformation of the basis, function and scale of regional differentiation. Defined as a secular, uncompensated devaluation of capital, it is part of a larger spatial restructuring, associated with economic crisis. Most participants in the debate over deindustrialization have assumed that some form of class alliance is the best strategy for workers to pursue in overcoming the regional unemployment problems caused by deindustrialization. This paper argues the opposite.
Combustion of coal—water slurries: Evolution of particle size distribution for coals of different rank

The effect of coal rank on pulverized coal and coal—water slurry combustion was examined in a laboratory laminar flow reactor. Two coals were used: a low-rank lignite with high mineral matter content and a high-rank bituminous coal with low mineral matter content. The evolution of the particle size distribution of these two coals in both dry and slurry form during combustion was measured with an in situ optical particle counter. Samples were also collected after different combustion durations and were examined with a scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that the coal slurry atomization process affects the particle size distribution, but inherent coal properties associated with coal rank do not significantly affect the initial and early combustion behaviour of the pulverized coal or coal—water slurry. During char oxidation, the ash constituent of the coal dominates the small particle size distribution, while the behaviour of the large particle size distribution and agglomerates depends on the coal rank.
Bilirubin Chemistry, Ionization and Solubilization by Bile Salts

Bilirubin is a linear tetrapyrrole whose conformation is affected by internal hydrogen bonds formed between the carboxyl side chains and dipyrromethenone rings. Structural variations include: constitutional isomerism of the vinyl or carboxyethyl side chains, geometric isomerism of the methene bridges, tautomerism of the lactam groups, conformational rotations about the central methylene bridge and ionization of one or both carboxyl groups. Aggregation of the dianion into dimers and multimers may occur. The pKa' values of the two carboxyl groups are affected greatly by the environment and may differ widely in micellar solutions like bile. Solubility of bilirubin in water is less than 1 nM at pH = 7 and about 0.1 microM at pH = 8. Nonetheless, it dissolves poorly in most lipid solvents, except for asymmetrical chloroalkanes. Hydrogen bond-breaking solvents, especially dimethyl sulfoxide, are most effective in solubilizing bilirubin. In bile salt solutions, solubility of bilirubin is well above the concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin found in normal human gallbladder bile, and is impaired by lecithin but unaffected by cholesterol. At physiological pH in bile salt solutions, bilirubin is predominantly in its monoanion form that binds readily to the micelles. In such solutions, addition of physiological concentrations of calcium precipitates calcium bilirubinate, leaving residual bilirubin concentrations of up to 15 microM in 50 mM taurocholate or close to the maximum bilirubin concentrations in normal bile. Studies in which disodium bilirubinate is dissolved in bile salt solutions and pH is adjusted to the physiological range reveal that metastable supersaturation with bilirubin may occur and that a mesophase may also form in the presence of lecithin, akin to that seen with cholesterol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Does Becoming an ADL Spousal Caregiver Increase the Caregiver’s Depressive Symptoms?

This study investigated whether transitioning into the role of activities of daily living (ADL) spousal caregiver is associated with increased depressive symptoms for older husbands and wives among a sample of coresiding community-dwelling older couples. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we estimated a two-level linear model to examine the association between change in caregiver status and respondents' depressive symptoms at follow-up, controlling for other factors identified in Pearlin's stress process model (PSPM). Results indicate that both husbands and wives who become ADL caregivers have more follow-up depressive symptoms than noncaregivers. Furthermore, wives continuing as caregivers have more follow-up depressive symptoms than wives who do not provide care. Finally, the physical health of the spousal caregiver is related to depressive symptoms at follow-up. We conclude with policy and practice implications of these three main findings.
Hepatocellular carcinoma arising from ectopic liver tissue in the pancreas

Liver tissue ectopia is a well-documented phenomenon. Rarely, hepatocellular carcinoma arises from the ectopic liver tissue. In this paper, we report a case of a primary, well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma arising from ectopic liver tissue in the pancreas. The patient is a 58-year-old Hispanic man with no history of underlying liver diseases or chronic pancreatic diseases. Patient presented with a several days history of abdominal pain with radiation to his right upper quadrant. Imaging study revealed a 3.7 x 3.3-cm mass in the distal pancreas. No other lesions were identified. Preoperative fine needle aspiration revealed blood and atypical hepatocytes. The patient underwent distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy for suspected neuroendocrine tumor. Gross examination revealed a well-circumscribed 3.3-cm, beige-tan, pseudolobulated tumor with focal areas of hyperpigmentation. A microscopic examination revealed hepatoid cells arranged in a trabecular pattern with focal bile pigment. Immunohistochemistry study showed that the tumor cells were reactive with hepatocyte antigen (Hep par 1), alpha-1 antitrypsin, but negative for synaptophysin and chromogranin. Immunostain for polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen showed a typical bile canalicular pattern. These results support that this tumor in the pancreas is hepatocellular carcinoma, most likely arising from ectopic liver tissue within the pancreas.
Measurements of two-photon absorption cross sections of common blue dyes☆

Abstract For the first time, two-photon absorption cross sections have been measured at a laser wavelength of 532 nm for six different blue dyes. The dyes are Coumarin 450, Coumarin 480, DPS 390, BBQ, and Stilbene. The method described in this work can be used to measure two-photon absorption of other liquids as well.
Ictal EEG findings in an infant with benign familial neonatal convulsions

Benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC) is a syndrome of neonatal seizures with a generally benign outcome and is classified as a primary generalized epilepsy. We report the first complete ictal EEG in a newborn infant with BFNC. The EEG shows generalized electrodecrement at seizure onset, rhythmic bifrontal discharges, and no consistent focal features. This pattern is distinctly unusual for a neonatal EEG and is consistent with the classification of BFNC as a generalized epilepsy.
The nature and development of preservice science teachers' conceptions of subject matter and pedagogy

The purpose of this study was to assess the development and changes in preservice science teachers' subject matter and pedagogy knowledge structures as they proceeded through a professional teacher education program. Twelve secondary preservice science teachers were asked to create representations of their subject matter and pedagogy knowledge structures periodically (four times spanning the entirety of their subject-specific teacher education program) and participate in a videotaped interview concerning the eight knowledge structure representations immediately following student teaching. Qualitative analyses of knowledge structure representations and transcribed interviews within and between subjects were performed by one of the researchers and “blindly” corroborated by the other two researchers. Initial knowledge structure representations were typically linear and lacked coherence. Both types of knowledge structure representations were highly susceptible to change as a consequence of the act of teaching. Although there was some overlap between subject matter and pedagogy knowledge structures, they were reported to exert separate influences on classroom practice, with the pedagogy knowledge structure having primary influence on instructional decisions. Furthermore, the complexity of one's subject matter structure appeared to be a critical factor in determining whether the structure directly influences classroom practice.
Ion beam sputter deposition of low loss Al2O3 films for integrated optics

Abstract We have investigated optical waveguiding properties of Al2O3 thin films. These films were ion beam sputter deposited on thermally oxidized silicon substrates. Their excellent waveguiding properties were quite insensitive to deposition parameters. Measured attenuations were low (0.4–2.9 dB cm−1) and were further improved to as low as 0.23 dB cm−1 by thermal annealing at 550 °C. The Al2O3 refractive index ranged from 1.672 to 1.677.
THE ABCs of Arterial Blood Gasses

THE RAPID ANALYSIS, interpretation, and treatment of abnormal lab values is imperative for all perioperative patients, and this is especially true for the critically ill patient in the Phase I PACU. Because arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is the most frequently performed laboratory testing in critically ill patients, the ability to accurately interpret and report abnormal results is required by the PACU nurse. This column begins with a case study of a fictitious patient with abnormal ABG results, followed by a description of normal acid base balance, forms of compensation, and common abnormalities associated with blood gas derangement.
High-speed quantum key distribution using hyper-entangled photons

We discuss a quantum cryptography system using the timing and polarization degrees of freedom to produce a high bit rate for both technologically limited eavesdroppers and for any potential eavesdroppers.
Creatine kinase release and clearance using MM variants following repeated bouts of eccentric exercise

Purpose: This study investigated the release and clearance of plasma CK-MM (muscle) isoforms following two bouts of eccentric exercise to determine whether enhanced enzyme clearance could in part explain the blunted creatine kinase (CK) response to a second bout of exercise. Methods: Nonweight trained college-aged male subjects performed both bouts of 50 forced lengthening contractions of the forearm flexor muscles separated by 6 d either with the same arm (CON; N = 4) or with one arm followed by the contralateral arm (EXP; N = 4). Range of motion, arm circumference, maximal isometric strength, perceived muscle soreness, total CK (TCK), and MM variants were assessed. Each MM isoform was measured as a percentage of TCK activity and in absolute activity (IU.L ') following isoelectric separation and densitometry. The MM1:MM3 ratio, calculated from absolute concentrations, was used to indicate periods of release and clearance. Results: Non-CK criterion measures indicated that similar damage occurred in both arms for EXP (P > 0.05). whereas CON exhibited a blunted response on bout 2 (P< 0.01). Postbout 1, TCK peaked at 96 h for CON (3530± 927 IU.L - 1 ) and EXP (6683 ±433 IU.L -1 ) ) (P < 0.01). Postbout 2, CON TCK showed no additional increase: however, a second rise in EXP TCK reached its highest point by day 5 (3602 ± 1190 IU.L -1 ). Expectedly. %MM1 and the MM1:MM3 ratio were increased after bout I in both groups (P < 0.01). New CK release was observed postbout 2 in both groups as indicated by an increase in %MM1 (P< 0.01), despite no increase in TCK after bout 2 for CON and a smaller CK response for EXP. Conclusion: Accelerated clearance of CK seems to be one factor contributing to the blunted response of this enzyme following a repeated bout of exercise.
Robust Design of a Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Inspection Tool using the Taguchi Method

ABSTRACT The capability of a natural gas transmission pipeline inspection tool to detect cracks and corrosion is affected by a number of factors, namely, magnetization level, sensor spacing, radial liftoff, and circumferential alignment of the sensors relative to a defect. The first two factors are design parameters and are controllable factors. The last two factors are hard to control on site and are treated as noise factors. The Taguchi method is utilized to obtain an efficient set of design parameters that are robust with respect to noise and other variations in test parameters. This article first introduces the basic idea underlying the Taguchi method. Procedures for designing and simulation of experiments are given along with simulation results, which are analyzed using the main effects and analysis of variance techniques. Conclusive remarks based on the analysis are finally summarized.
Productive resources in students’ ideas about energy: An alternative analysis of Watts’ original interview transcripts

For over 30 years, researchers have investigated students' ideas about energy with the intent of reforming instructional practice. In this pursuit, Watts contributed an influential study with his 1983 paper ``Some alternative views of energy'' [Phys. Educ. 18, 213 (1983)]. Watts' ``alternative frameworks'' continue to be used for categorizing students' non-normative ideas about energy. Using a resources framework, we propose an alternate analysis of student responses from Watts' interviews. In our analysis, we show how students' activated resources about energy are disciplinarily productive. We suggest that fostering seeds of scientific understandings in students' ideas about energy may play an important role in their development of scientific literacy.
Protonated Aminocyclopentadienyl Ruthenium Hydride Reduction of Benzaldehyde and the Conversion of the Resulting Ruthenium Triflate to a Ruthenium Hydride with H2 and Base

Reaction of N-phenyl-2,5-dimethyl-3,4-diphenylcyclopenta-2,4-dienimine (6) with Ru3CO12 formed two isomers of {[2,5-Me2-3,4-Ph2(η5-C4CNHPh)]Ru(CO)(μ-CO)}2 (8-trans and 8-cis). Photolysis of 8 under a H2 atmosphere led to the formation of the aminocyclopentadienyl ruthenium hydride [2,5-Me2-3,4-Ph2(η5-C4CNHPh)]Ru(CO)2H (9-H). 9-H reduced benzaldehyde slowly at 75 °C to give benzyl alcohol and 8. Protonation of 9-H with triflic acid produced {[2,5-Me2-3,4-Ph2(η5-C4CNH2Ph)]Ru(CO)2H}OTf (11-H), which reacted rapidly with benzaldehyde at −80 °C to give benzyl alcohol and [2,5-Me2-3,4-Ph2(η5-C4CNHPh)]Ru(CO)2OTf (9-OTf). Reaction of 9-OTf with H2 and base led to the re-formation of 9-H. These reactions provide the transformations required for a catalytic cycle for hydrogenation of aldehydes.
Determination of β1,4-Galactosyltransferase Enzymatic Activity by Capillary Electrophoresis and Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection

We have developed a nonradioactive method to assay UDP-Gal:beta-d-GlcNAcbeta1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT-I) enzymatic activity. Capillary electrophoresis combined with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) was employed to provide a baseline separation of FITC-conjugated O-GlcNAc-containing substrate peptides and galactose-capped product peptides, while at the same time allowing a level of detection in the low attomole range (10(-18)). The addition of 2 mM hexamethylene diamine to the borate-based capillary electrophoretic buffer modulated the electroosmotic flow, resulting in optimum separation of the glycopeptide product from reactant. beta4GalT-I activity was dependent upon the addition of both manganese and UDP-galactose. Using this assay, we show that two beta4GalT-I constructs, predicted to localize to different intracellular compartments, are enzymatically active when expressed in vitro using a rabbit reticulocyte transcription-translation system. The high sensitivity of product detection by CE-LIF in combination with in vitro transcription-translation is applicable to the facile determination of the enzymatic activity of other newly cloned glycosyltransferases.
Use of the rabbit ear artery to serially assess foreign protein secretion after site-specific arterial gene transfer in vivo. Evidence that anatomic identification of successful gene transfer may underestimate the potential magnitude of transgene expression.

BACKGROUNDThe development of molecular strategies for the treatment of restenosis has been hindered by low efficiencies of in vivo arterial transfection. Expression of intracellular marker proteins is generally evident in < 1% of vascular smooth muscle cells after in vivo arterial transfection. Efforts to improve the efficiency of in vivo gene transfer have been further impeded by the use of transgenes encoding for intracellular marker proteins, necessitating tissue removal and limiting survey for expression to one point in time.METHODS AND RESULTSTo study gene expression on a serial basis in vivo and determine the relation between a secreted gene product and transfection efficiency after in vivo arterial gene transfer, a method for performing and serially monitoring gene expression in vivo was developed using the central artery of the rabbit ear. Liposome-mediated transfection of plasmid DNA containing the gene for human growth hormone (hGH) was successfully performed in 18 of 23 arteries. Serum hGH leve...
The structural analysis of edge-loaded plates

Abstract The behaviour of a plate module used as the core of an electrical winding prompted the investigation of plates under concentrated edge loading. The module is modeled as a rectangular homogeneous isotropic plate with two opposite sides simply supported and the remaining sides free. A concentrated normal load acts at one free edge. A standard Levy-type analysis is shown to have slow convergence problems in certain regions for the infinite series representing the moments. Thus a different solution is developed using the superposition of two solutions, one to eliminate the slow convergence problems and the other to satisfy the prescribed boundary conditions. Results for several plate geometries are given for the deflection and moments. Experiments performed on a square plate to test the validity of the analysis agreed well with theory.
Non-hexameric DNA helicases and translocases: mechanisms and regulation

Helicases and nucleic acid translocases are motor proteins that have essential roles in nearly all aspects of nucleic acid metabolism, ranging from DNA replication to chromatin remodelling. Fuelled by the binding and hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates, helicases move along nucleic acid filaments and separate double-stranded DNA into their complementary single strands. Recent evidence indicates that the ability to simply translocate along single-stranded DNA is, in many cases, insufficient for helicase activity. For some of these enzymes, self assembly and/or interactions with accessory proteins seem to regulate their translocase and helicase activities.
On price-taking equilibria in club economies with nonanonymous crowding

Abstract Competitive equilibrium in a coalition production economy or a club economy typically does not exist when there is free entry, for two reasons. First, there may be an “integer problem”, as is familiar from club theory with anonymous crowding. Second, “optimal” groups may have different compositions from the population, and then even if there is no integer problem, it may be impossible to partition the population into optimal groups. I define a notion of approximate equilibrium and show that such an equilibrium always exists in a sufficiently large economy. I focus on the optimal size of the economy rather than of clubs.
Are we as good as we think? Observers' perceptions of indirect self-presentation as a social influence tactic

Three studies tested whether indirect self‐presentation actually works as a social influence tactic in the eyes of other people—as prior research has shown that it works for the self—and, if so, whether it works to the same degree for others as it does for the self. Experiment 1 demonstrated that basking in reflected glory, an association with a positively viewed entity, did improve an audience's perceptions of the basker. Experiment 2 demonstrated that if the audience's view of the basking target changed, an identical basking strategy backfired and was perceived negatively by the audience. Experiment 3 further examined potential self–other differences in the effectiveness of indirect self‐presentation using a purportedly shared birthday association while directly comparing an observer's views to self‐views. The birthday association did change the observer's view but to a lesser degree than it changed the person's self‐views, suggesting a self–other asymmetry. Portions of this research are based on Seth C...
Tuberculosis Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs in Foreign-born and US-born Patients with Latent Tuberculosis Infection

Foreign-born individuals comprise the majority of patients treated for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in the US. It is important to understand this population’s tuberculosis-related knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KAB) as they may affect treatment acceptance and completion. KAB in 84 US-born and 167 foreign-born LTBI patients enrolled in a clinical trial assessing treatment completion at an urban public hospital were assessed at baseline. Demographic and substance use information was also collected. Results: Of 251 participants, 66.5% were foreign-born. While misconceptions existed among both US and foreign-born regarding transmission and contagiousness of LTBI, overall knowledge scores did not differ significantly between groups. With respect to attitudinal factors, foreign-born participants were less likely to acknowledge that they had LTBI and felt more “protected” from developing TB. Improved understanding of foreign-born patients’ KAB may contribute to the reduction of barriers to treatment and improved outcomes.
The denitrification capacity of sediment from a hypereutrophic lake

SUMMARY. 1 In sediment from Wintergreen Lake, Michigan, denitrification was not detectable by the acetylene inhibition method at in situ nitrate concentrations. When nitrate was added to sediment slurries, denitrification capacities up to 18.8μg N g-1 h-1 were measured. The denitrification capacities decreased with increasing sediment depth and distance from shore. 2 The high denitrification capacities in these sediments which under natural conditions had no supply of nitrate and oxygen suggested that denitrifies with alternative mechanisms for anaerobic energy conversion were present. Nitrous oxide was a significant portion of the N-gas produced immediately after the nitrate addition. Small amounts (4–5% of the total N-gas production) of nitric oxide accumulated in the early phase of nitrate reduction. Presumably after depletion of nitrate and nitrite both N2O and NO were further reduced to N2. 3 About 70%r of the added nitrate was denitrified, and the remainder was assumed to have been reduced to ammonium.
Exploitng event stream interpretation in publish-subscribe systems

Publish-subscribe messaging middleware typically offers limited and low-level options for quality of service, such as best-effort delivery versus reliable delivery, or ordered versus unordered. We propose a new, high-level approach to specifying quality of service, in which the consumer specifies an event stream interpretation function that maps an event stream into a state that represents the consumer's semantics of the stream. Under this approach, the system may deliver either the subscribed event stream, or any alternative stream whose image under the interpretation function yields the same state. Event stream interpretation gives consumers the ability to more accurately specify the tolerable distortions of perfect message delivery, and gives middleware implementations the flexibility to use more efficient protocols for message delivery and failure recovery while preserving application safety.We introduce an event stream interpretation language. We illustrate its utility by applying it to the problem of optimistic delivery of unlogged and out-of-order messages. We show how a publish-subscribe system can take an event stream interpretation program supplied by a subscriber and, using techniques derived from compiler technology, analyze it to determine which messages can be delivered optimistically, and which recovery messages must be delivered when an unlogged or out-of-order message is detected.
A review of the chronology of eruption of deciduous teeth

Recent research suggests that the traditional values for the ages at which deciduous teeth erupt need to be revised and that other investigations are necessary. The table of dental development, “Chronology of the human dentition” (Logan and Kronfeld, slightly modified by McCall and Schour), has been an accepted standard since 1940, and it still appears in current textbooks. The ages at which deciduous teeth erupt, given in that table, have never been revised, although recent investigations suggest that modifications are needed. A review of the literature on the eruption of deciduous teeth was carried out with the goal of revising the portion of the Logan and Kronfeld table related to the deciduous dentition. A revision of the traditional table, giving later ages for eruption of deciduous teeth than the previously accepted values, is presented. A longitudinal study is needed. In the article, “A review of the chronology of calcification of deciduous teeth" published in the September issue of the journal , Dr. Lunt and Dr. Law suggested revisions of ages at which deciduous teeth calcify and a corrected sequence of calcification. These modifications also are included in the proposed revision of the Logan and Kronfeld table presented here.
On newton's proof that inverse-square orbits must be conics

Summary Physicists and historians of science have always held that Isaac Newton should receive credit for the first proof that inverse-square orbits must be conics. This conviction derives from a brief argument, regarded as essentially correct, given by Newton in the Principia. Recently, however, it has been contended that this outline or sketch contains irreparable logical flaws. Here, the logical structure of this outline of Newton's, as well as the details that this outline omits, are carefully examined. We find that whilst his argument does indeed contain a flaw, it is a minor omission rather than a serious logical error. Having rectified this omission, we show how Newton's outline expands into a convincing proof that inverse-square orbits must be conics.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH ON ETHICS IN PUBLIC POLICY FROM A PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PERSPECTIVE: BARKING DOGS AND MORE

We make recommendations for ethics research in public policy based on the experience of public administration. In many ways, literature in public administration on ethics relates appropriately to public policy, albeit with specific gaps and specific peculiarities. The specific gaps apply particularly to aspects of public policy that are not especially emphasized in public administration (e.g., ethics in policy formulation and evaluation). Peculiarities include the tendency to avoid empirical and practical hands-on issues in ethics in favor of dealing with them from a theoretical and normative perspective and to assume a cohesive self-identification of public administrators with public organizations. After appropriate preliminaries, including a brief review of public administration literature on ethics, we recommend concrete and reality-oriented ethics research after the manner of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes, who took an empirical and practical hands-on approach to investigations.
The Legal Aspects of the Andover Creed

On April 10, 1931, the Supreme Judicial Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, acting under the doctrine of cypres, decreed that henceforth Andover Theological Seminary should forever be relieved of subscription to1 its creed and that “hereafter no professor should ever be called into question because of inconsistency with the creedal requirements of its Constitution and Statutes.”
Human Fanconi anemia complementation group a protein stimulates the 5' flap endonuclease activity of FEN1.

In eukaryotic cells, Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is a major structure-specific endonuclease that processes 5’ flapped structures during maturation of lagging strand DNA synthesis, long patch base excision repair, and rescue of stalled replication forks. Here we report that fanconi anemia complementation group A protein (FANCA), a protein that recognizes 5’ flap structures and is involved in DNA repair and maintenance of replication forks, constantly stimulates FEN1-mediated incision of both DNA and RNA flaps. Kinetic analyses indicate that FANCA stimulates FEN1 by increasing the turnover rate of FEN1 and altering its substrate affinity. More importantly, six pathogenic FANCA mutants are significantly less efficient than the wild-type at stimulating FEN1 endonuclease activity, implicating that regulation of FEN1 by FANCA contributes to the maintenance of genomic stability.
Low-temperature chromium(VI) biotransformation in soil with varying electron acceptors.

Effective and low-cost strategies for remediating chromium (Cr)-contaminated soil are needed. Chromium(VI) leaching from contaminated soil into ground water and surface water threatens water supplies and the environment. This study tested indigenous Cr(VI) microbial transformation in batch systems at 10 degrees C in the presence of various electron acceptors. The effects of carbon addition, spiked Cr(VI), and mixing highly contaminated soil with less contaminated soil were investigated. The results indicated that Cr(VI) can be biotransformed in the presence of different electron acceptors including oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, and iron. Sugar addition had the greatest effect on enhancing Cr(VI) removal. Less dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was consumed per amount of Cr(VI) transformed under anaerobic conditions [0.8-93 mg DOC/mg Cr(VI)] compared with aerobic conditions [1.4-265 mg DOC/mg Cr(VI)]. Toxicity of high concentrations ( 40 mg/L, aerobic conditions promoted faster Cr(VI) reduction than anaerobic conditions with nitrate or sulfate present. Biotransformation of Cr(VI) in highly contaminated soil (22,000 mg Cr/kg) was facilitated by mixing with less-contaminated soil. The study results provide a framework for evaluating indigenous Cr(VI) microbial transformation and enhance the ability to develop strategies for soil treatment.
Adsorption on a patchwise heterogeneous surface; mathematical analysis of the step-function approximation to the local isotherm

Abstract In order to estimate the energetic heterogeneity of an adsorbent, the theoretically “correct” local isotherm describing adsorption on an individual surface patch is frequently approximated by a step function. The present paper presents a general method with which the errors incurred by using this approximation can be appraised. The differences between the approximate and the exact distribution are calculated for two forms of the latter when the Langmuir local isotherm is assumed to be correct and is approximated by a step function. The differences are discussed and are shown to be directly related to the form of the Langmuir isotherm.
Hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides in astrocytes by platelet-activating factor

Abstract In primary astrocyte cultures, picomolar concentrations of platelet-activating factor (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, PAF) evoked the formation of inositol phosphates (InsP), including inositol trisphosphate. This effect was not observed with the biologically inert lyso-PAF, nor in cells pretreated with phorbol myristate acetate to downregulate receptors. PAF at concentrations ⩾ 10−9 M did not elevate InsP, suggesting some form of uncoupling of the receptor from phospholipase C. The responsiveness of astrocytes to PAF is further evidence for the role of these cells in the central nervous system response to trauma.
Filopodia as sensors

Filopodia are sensors on both excitable and non-excitable cells. The sensing function is well documented in neurons and blood vessels of adult animals and is obvious during dorsal closure in embryonic development. Nerve cells extend neurites in a bidirectional fashion with growth cones at the tips where filopodia are concentrated. Their sensing of environmental cues underpins the axon's ability to "guide," bypassing non-target cells and moving toward the target to be innervated. This review focuses on the role of filopodia structure and dynamics in the detection of environmental cues, including both the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the surfaces of neighboring cells. Other protrusions including the stereocilia of the inner ear and epididymus, the invertebrate Type I mechanosensors, and the elongated processes connecting osteocytes, share certain principles of organization with the filopodia. Actin bundles, which may be inside or outside of the excitable cell, function to transduce stress from physical perturbations into ion signals. There are different ways of detecting such perturbations. Osteocyte processes contain an actin core and are physically anchored on an extracellular structure by integrins. Some Type I mechanosensors have bridge proteins that anchor microtubules to the membrane, but bundles of actin in accessory cells exert stress on this complex. Hair cells of the inner ear rely on attachments between the actin-based protrusions to activate ion channels, which then transduce signals to afferent neurons. In adherent filopodia, the focal contacts (FCs) integrated with ECM proteins through integrins may regulate integrin-coupled ion channels to achieve signal transduction. Issues that are not understood include the role of Ca(2+) influx in filopodia dynamics and how integrins coordinate or gate signals arising from perturbation of channels by environmental cues.
Nanostructured Bulk Silicon as an Effective Thermoelectric Material

Thermoelectric power sources have consistently demonstrated their extraordinary reliability and longevity for deep space missions and small unattended terrestrial systems. However, more efficient bulk materials and practical devices are required to improve existing technology and expand into large-scale waste heat recovery applications. Research has long focused on complex compounds that best combine the electrical properties of degenerate semiconductors with the low thermal conductivity of glassy materials. Recently it has been found that nanostructuring is an effective method to decouple electrical and thermal transport parameters. Dramatic reductions in the lattice thermal conductivity are achieved by nanostructuring bulk silicon with limited degradation in its electron mobility, leading to an unprecedented increase by a factor of 3.5 in its performance over that of the parent single-crystal material. This makes nanostructured bulk (nano-bulk) Si an effective high temperature thermoelectric material that performs at about 70% the level of state-of-the-art Si0.8Ge0.2 but without the need for expensive and rare Ge.
Nest demographics and foraging behavior of Apterostigma collare Emery (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) provide evidence of colony independence

Apterostigma collare Emery is a highly derived fungus-growing ant within the Tribe Attini whose small, fungal nests are found in tropical rain forests. This study focuses on determining the colony structure of A. collare, specifically searching for evidence of polydomy or independence. We surveyed and observed nests in the field, and performed foraging bioassays and dissected nests in the laboratory. We determined the size and contents of nests in field populations. Nests found near other nests were not statistically different in size compared to nests found alone. There was also no statistical difference between near and lone nests regarding the presence of a queen in the nest. Most nests contained one queen with brood and workers, regardless of their proximity to other nests. Observations also were made of foraging and trail-marking behaviors. Foraging activity observed in the field revealed that workers left the nest area and followed trails upwards into the canopy, but they did not interact with foragers from other nearby nests. In a laboratory foraging arena, foragers marked a trail to a food source by dragging the gaster. Bioassays showed that A. collare workers preferred their own foraging trails, but not those of other conspecific colonies. All results suggest that each nest represents an independent colony, supporting a previous report that nests found in close proximity do not constitute a polydomous colony.
A Review of the Electrochemistry of Gallium

The electrochemical behavior of gallium in aqueous solutions is critically reviewed. Electro‐refining of gallium using acid sulfate solutions has so far not met with much success ; there is a marked tendency for indium and zinc to codeposit with the gallium.
Short-chain phorbol ester constituents of croton oil

Five phorbol diesters, three 4-deoxy-4α-phorbol diesters, two phorbol monoesters, and one 4-deoxy-4α-phorbol monoester were isolated from a commercial sample of croton oil and characterized spectroscopically. Their purification was achieved using combinations of droplet countercurrent chromatography, low-pressure column chromatography over phase-bonded silica gel, and preparative thin layer chromatography. All of these isolates were shown to possess short-chain ester functionalities, with 12-O-tiglylphorbol-13-isobutyrate, 12-O-(2-methyl)butyrylphorbol-13-isobutyrate, 12-O-(2-methyl)butyrylphorbol-13-acetate, 12-O-tiglyl-4-deoxy-4α-phorbol-13-isobutyrate, 12-O-tiglyl-4-deoxy-4α-phorbol-13-acetate, 12-O-(2-methyl)butyryl-4-deoxy-4α-phorbol-13-acetate, phorbol-12-tiglate and 4-deoxy-4α-phorbol-13-acetate being new compounds.
Evolution of Ime2 Phosphorylation Sites on Cdk1 Substrates Provides a Mechanism to Limit the Effects of the Phosphatase Cdc14 in Meiosis

Summary Progression through meiosis in yeast is governed by the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1, in concert with a related kinase called Ime2. It remains unclear how these kinases collaborate to meet the unique demands of meiotic progression. We demonstrate that Ime2 and Cdk1 phosphorylate an overlapping substrate set and that the two kinases overlap functionally as inhibitors of the ubiquitin ligase APC Cdh1 and replication origin licensing. Surprisingly, Ime2 phosphorylates Cdk1 substrates at distinct phosphorylation sites that are highly resistant to dephosphorylation by the phosphatase Cdc14. We propose that Ime2-dependent phosphorylation of a subset of cell-cycle proteins limits the effects of Cdc14 in meiosis.
Monsoons intensify with peak sunspot activity

Scientists are increasingly pointing toward a strong connection between sunspots and climate, driven by what appears to be a coupled response of the atmosphere all the way from Earth's surface through the stratosphere. Sunspots are dark areas that develop temporarily on the photosphere of the Sun, and when they appear in large numbers, the surface of the Sun cools. The number of sunspots waxes and wanes approximately every 11 years. During the years with the maximum numbers of sunspots, the southeast trade winds over the equatorial region of the Pacific Ocean appear to grow stronger, and the associated major atmospheric systems, like the Hadley and Walker circulations, intensify. These changes in the tropics also influence atmospheric circulation over the northern and southern Pacific as shown in a new study by van Loon and Meehl. There is no observed connection between weather and years with low or average sunspot activity.
Drug Overdose Surveillance Using Hospital Discharge Data

Objectives. We compared three methods for identifying drug overdose cases in inpatient hospital discharge data on their ability to classify drug overdoses by intent and drug type(s) involved. Methods. We compared three International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code-based case definitions using Kentucky hospital discharge data for 2000–2011. The first definition (Definition 1) was based on the external-cause-of-injury (E-code) matrix. The other two defini tions were based on the Injury Surveillance Workgroup on Poisoning (ISW7) consensus recommendations for national and state poisoning surveillance using the principal diagnosis or first E-code (Definition 2) or any diagnosis/E-code (Definition 3). Results. Definition 3 identified almost 50% more drug overdose cases than did Definition 1. The increase was largely due to cases with a first-listed E-code describing a drug overdose but a principal diagnosis that was different from drug overdose (e.g., mental disorders, or respiratory or circulatory system failure). Regardless of the definition, more than 53% of the hospitalizations were self-inflicted drug overdoses; benzodiazepines were involved in about 30% of the hospitalizations. The 2011 age-adjusted drug overdose hospitalization rate in Kentucky was 146/100,000 population using Definition 3 and 107/100,000 population using Definition 1. Conclusion. The ISW7 drug overdose definition using any drug poisoning diagnosis/E-code (Definition 3) is potentially the highest sensitivity definition for counting drug overdose hospitalizations, including by intent and drug type(s) involved. As the states enact policies and plan for adequate treatment resources, standardized drug overdose definitions are critical for accurate reporting, trend analysis, policy evaluation, and state-to-state comparison.
Alphabet Soup: Case and Order in Index Search

Through experience, adult readers have developed strong expectations about the meaning of visually distinct characters in text organization. Typically, when upper-case or bold face words are included in lists, they indicate topic headings. Through their experience with simple indexes, adult readers learn that it is efficient to use these distinctive entries to facilitate scanning. However, many computer manuals employ the convention of printing reserved words in uppercase. These words are then included in the index in alphabetical order, without regard to their possible interpretation as topic headings. We compared the accuracy of rapid index scanning under conditions where the two meanings of upper-case either were in conflict or were not in conflict. We found that subjects were less able to spot lower-case targets when they were listed preceding a similar upper-case entry than when the upper-case entry was eliminated. Recommendations for eliminating the conflict situation are discussed.
Hidden assumptions in a maximum-entropy method stacking analyses

Two models have been used to describe indefinite self-association (stacking). In the more popular isodesmic model addition of molecules to the growing stack occurs with the same equilibrium constant, while in the attenuated model successive equilibrium constants decrease in value. In an attempt to choose between the two models application was made of the maximum-entropy method. This paper points out that the conclusions drawn from this method are not proven as the application assumed specific limiting values for experimental values of a molecule in the interior of a stack, and these values are not identical in the two models for the two systems considered.
Characteristics of Lightning and Wildland Fire Ignition in the Pacific Northwest

Lightning is the primary cause of fire in the forested regions of the Pacific Northwest, especially when it occurs without significant precipitation at the surface. Using thunderstorm occurrence and precipitation observations for the period 1948‐77, along with automated lightning strike data for the period 1986‐96, it was possible to classify convective days as either ‘‘dry’’ or ‘‘wet’’ for several stations in the Pacific Northwest. Based on the classification, a discriminant analysis was performed on coincident upper-air sounding data from Spokane, Washington. It was found that a discriminant rule using the dewpoint depression at 85 kPa and the temperature difference between 85 and 50 kPa was able to classify correctly between 56% and 80% of the convective days as dry or wet. Also, composite maps of upper-air data showed distinctly different synoptic patterns among dry days, wet days, and all days. These findings potentially can be used by resource managers to gain a greater understanding of the atmospheric conditions that are conducive to lightning-induced fires in the Pacific Northwest.
Physics of power networks makes hard optimization problems easy to solve

We have recently observed and justified that the optimal power flow (OPF) problem with a quadratic cost function may be solved in polynomial time for a large class of power networks, including IEEE benchmark systems. In this work, our previous result is extended to OPF with arbitrary convex cost functions and then a more rigorous theoretical foundation is provided accordingly. First, a necessary and sufficient condition is derived to guarantee the solvability of OPF in polynomial time through its Lagrangian dual. Since solving the dual of OPF is expensive for a large-scale network, a far more scalable algorithm is designed by utilizing the sparsity in the graph of a power network. The computational complexity of this algorithm is related to the number of cycles of the network. Furthermore, it is proved that due to the physics of a power network, the polynomial-time algorithm proposed here always solves every full AC OPF problem precisely or after two mild modifications.