cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison and Estimation of Absorptive Intestinal Surface Areas in Two Species of Cichlid Fish

Abstract We developed techniques for combining scanning electron microscopy with conventional measurements to estimate intestinal surface areas in blue tilapia Tilapia aurea and redbelly tilapia Tilapia zilli. These fish have natural diets that are similarly resistant to digestion. The former feeds on detritus and the latter on macrophytes. Intestinal lengths adjusted for total body length were not significantly different between the two species, but redbelly tilapia had a greater intestinal diameter. Intestinal walls of both species consisted of longitudinal folds winding through the length of the intestine. Mean fold width was greater in redbelly tilapia, but fold height did not differ between species. Scanning electron micrographs of cross sections of intestinal walls showed columnar epithelial cells topped by a brush border (i.e., microvilli) and a lamina propria underneath the epithelium in both species. Mean microvillus height was greater in blue tilapia. Microvillus diameter did not differ between ...
β-glucanase activity in the seastar Pisaster ochraceus

Specimens of Pisaster ochraceus, an intertidal carnivorous seastar, were collected in northern Puget Sound at Post Point, near Bellingham, Washington, USA, in November 1993, and used in experimentation through September 1994. Ammonium sulfate fractions (60% precipitates) from excised pyloric caeca (digestive glands) possessed β-glucanase activity directed toward such β-linked substrates as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), partially-digested cellulose (cellodextrins) and the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside (PNDG). pH-activity and pH-stability maxima were at pH 6 and 5, respectively. No hydrolytic activity was detectable on native cellulose, native chitin or on cationic-modified celluloses such as DEAE-cellulose. Gel filtration (Sephadex G-100) of this 60% precipitate followed by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography revealed heterogeneity of β-glucanase activity, with an indication of up to 11 distinct fractions with variable activity directed toward the substrates indicated above (CMC, cellodextrins and PNDG). These fractions displayed differing ratios of hydrolytic activity on these substrates. None of the isolated fractions displayed activity toward either native cellulose or native chitin. Gut extracts from the edible mussel (Mytilus edulis), a common prey species of P. ochraceus, were shown to possess partially digested cellulose (cellodextrins). These cellodextrins were further degraded by seastar β-glucanases in vitro. The digestion of the gut contents of ingested prey provides a possible adaptive explanation for the presence of β-glucanase activity in a carnivore.
Estimate of the abundance of cardiomyopathic mutations in the β-myosin gene

The steady discovery of new β-myosin mutations causing familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHCM) suggests that only a fraction of the total number of mutations has been identified so far by clinical screenings. To test this hypothesis, data derived from seven independent genetic studies were re-analyzed using statistical methods developed by ecologists for estimating the number of species in a community. This novel approach reveals that more mutations will continue to be identified as more patients are genotyped, and highlights important differences in the distribution of β-myosin mutations across different populations. Hence, additional molecular sampling will be necessary to complete the census of the β-myosin mutations and facilitate the diagnosis and evaluation of FHCM patients.
Frequency and Voice: Perspectives in the Time Domain

Summary Frequency variation is one of the most primitive features of voice production, endowing language and communication with richness and efficiency and enhancing enjoyment of the voice arts. In the first of two tutorial articles, the subject of frequency is examined formally, beginning in the time domain. A companion article explores the topic of frequency and voice from the frequency domain perspective. Frequency is a well-defined quantity of the sinusoidal function and of periodic functions of time. However, voice is inherently nonstationary, even over short time segments, to degrees that range from minor (stable vowels of a healthy voice) to major (singing voice and voiced consonants). For signals that are not periodic, the notion of frequency is ambiguous and often altogether unclear, which has led to a multitude of frequency-measurement techniques and discrepancy of measures. This article identifies the source of these discrepancies for a variety of time-domain techniques that are examined in the absence of noise. In the time domain, the subject of frequency is inherently coupled to the topic of signal modeling, which is explored in some detail. Sinusoidal models having time-varying phase are examined with the objective of achieving a frequency description of voice that is both continuous and instantaneous. The analytic signal method of mathematical physics is discussed and applied to the technology of empirical mode decomposition to demonstrate that the frequencies of voice may be comprehensively examined from the time domain point of view.
Observation of a Rydberg series of CO in the two‐electron excited region

Using synchrotron radiation as a continuum background, the absorption spectrum of CO in the 380-470 A range was taken by using a double ion chamber. A Rydberg series in the 450 A (27.5 eV) region has been observed to converge to the F 2Pi, a two-electron excited state of CO(+). The series limit determined at 28.11 eV is in excellent agreement with the vertical ionization potential of the F 2Pi state measured by the high resolution photoelectron spectroscopy. A few dissociation processes leading to the productions of atomic ions and excited atomic fragments are also discussed.
Three-dimensional organization of local excitatory and inhibitory inputs to neurons in laminae III–IV of the spinal dorsal horn

Key points • Axons of sensory neurons that detect painful and non-painful stimulation of body tissues project centrally to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, where they are partially segregated in the superficial and deep laminae, respectively. • Interneuronal connections between superficial and deep laminae could potentially modulate sensory transmission and contribute to alterations that occur under conditions of pain hypersensitivity. • This study used a localized stimulation technique (laser scanning photostimulation) for high-resolution mapping of local interneuronal synaptic connections to laminae III–IV neurons, combined with intracellular staining for morphological analysis, in an in vitro‘slice’ preparation of the rat lumbar spinal cord. • Synaptic input from superficial laminae (I–II) was received by laminae III–IV neurons with long dorsal dendrites, supporting the idea that interlaminar connectivity is mediated via translaminar dendritic extensions and, more generally, that local connectivity is governed by rules that are specific to the laminar position and morphology of the postsynaptic neuron. Abstract Laser scanning photostimulation was used to map the distribution of the synaptic input zones (sites that give local synaptic inputs) for dorsal horn laminae III–IV neurons, in parasagittal and transverse slices of the rat lumbar spinal cord, and examine how these inputs differed for neurons of different morphologies. All neurons received local excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs from within laminae III–IV, while a subset of neurons also received excitatory input from the superficial laminae, especially lamina IIi, as well as the II/III border region. Two anatomical properties were found to be predictive of the dorsoventral position of a neuron's input zone relative to its soma: (1) both excitatory and inhibitory input zones were more dorsal for neurons with longer dorsal dendrites, and (2) excitatory, but not inhibitory, input zones were more dorsal (relative to the soma) for more ventral neurons, with the transition between the dorsal input zones of laminae III–IV neurons and the ventral input zones of lamina II neurons occurring at the II/III border. The observed morphophysiological correlations support the idea that interlaminar connectivity is mediated via translaminar dendritic extensions and that, more generally, local connectivity within the dorsal horn is governed by rules relating the position of a neuron's soma and dendrites to the position of the local presynaptic neurons from which it receives inputs, which are specific to the axis and direction (dorsal vs. ventral), whether the input is excitatory or inhibitory, and the laminar position of the postsynaptic neuron.
Exploring evolutionary biologists' use and perceptions of semantic metadata for data curation

The wide acceptance of social networking tools in online environments is prompting scientists to engage in metadata creation in not only for organizing their own digital records, but also for contributing to data and journal repositories. Understanding the behaviors and practices of these communities can help us create more effective metadata structures within our information systems.
Effects of increased intracellular cAMP on carbachol-stimulated zymogen activation, secretion, and injury in the pancreatic acinar cell

A characteristic of acute pancreatitis is the premature activation and retention of enzymes within the pancreatic acinar cell. Because ligands linked to cAMP production may prevent some forms of pancreatitis, we evaluated the effects of increased intracellular cAMP in the rat pancreatic acinar cell. Specifically, this study examined the effects of the cholinergic agonist carbachol and agents that increase cAMP [secretin and 8-bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP)] on zymogen activation (trypsin and chymotrypsin), enzyme secretion, and cellular injury in isolated pancreatic acini. Although cAMP agonists affected the responses to physiological concentrations of carbachol (1 μM), their most prominent effects were observed with supraphysiological concentrations (1 mM). When secretin was added to 1 mM carbachol, there was a slight increase in zymogen activation, but no change in the secretion of amylase or chymotrypsin. Furthermore, coaddition of secretin increased parameters of cell injury (trypan blue exclusion, lactic dehydrogenase release, and morphological markers) compared with carbachol (1 mM) alone. Although directly increasing cellular cAMP by 8-Br-cAMP caused much greater zymogen activation than carbachol (1 mM) alone or with secretin, 8-Br-cAMP cotreatment reduced all parameters of injury to the level of unstimulated acini. Furthermore, 8-Br-cAMP dramatically enhanced the secretion of amylase and chymotrypsin from the acinar cell. This study demonstrates that increasing acinar cell cAMP can overcome the inhibition of enzyme secretion caused by high concentrations of carbachol and eliminate acinar cell injury.
Matching and melioration as accounts of reinforcement and drug addiction

Heyman's view that addiction can be viewed as a natural outcome predictable by melioration and the matching law is provocative. Remaining to be explained more fully, however, are exactly how his view is an improvement on other reinforcement-based accounts. Included in these elaborations should be an account of how different “bookkeeping schemes” are developed and controlled and what new approaches to treatment and prevention of drug addiction are indicated.
Modeling the impacts of hunting on the population dynamics of red howler monkeys ( Alouatta seniculus )

Overexploitation of wildlife populations occurs across the humid tropics and is a significant threat to the long-term survival of large-bodied primates. To investigate the impacts of hunting on primates and ways to mitigate them, we developed a spatially explicit, individual-based model for a landscape that included hunted and un-hunted areas. We used the large-bodied neotropical red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) as our case study species because its life history characteristics make it vulnerable to hunting. We modeled the influence of different rates of harvest and proportions of landscape dedicated to un-hunted reserves on population persistence, population size, social dynamics, and hunting yields of red howler monkeys. In most scenarios, the un-hunted populations maintained a constant density regardless of hunting pressure elsewhere, and allowed the overall population to persist. Therefore, the overall population was quite resilient to extinction; only in scenarios without any un-hunted areas did the population go extinct. However, the total and hunted populations did experience large declines over 100 years under moderate and high hunting pressure. In addition, when reserve area decreased, population losses and losses per unit area increased disproportionately. Furthermore, hunting disrupted the social structure of troops. The number of male turnovers and infanticides increased in hunted populations, while birth rates decreased and exacerbated population losses due to hunting. Finally, our results indicated that when more than 55% of the landscape was harvested at high (30%) rates, hunting yields, as measured by kilograms of biomass, were less than those obtained from moderate harvest rates. Additionally, hunting yields, expressed as the number of individuals hunted/year/km 2 , increased in proximity to un-hunted areas, and suggested that dispersal from un-hunted areas may have contributed to hunting sustainability. These results indicate that un-hunted areas serve to enhance hunting yields, population size, and population persistence in hunted landscapes. Therefore, spatial regulation of hunting via a reserve system may be an effective management strategy for sustainable hunting, and we recommend it because it may also be more feasible to implement than harvest quotas or restrictions on season length.
Structure and luminescence of a one-dimensional uranium coordination polymer assembled through benzophenone-4,4′-dicarboxylate

Abstract Uranyl nitrate reacts under hydrothermal conditions with benzophenone-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid to produce a one-dimensional coordination polymer constructed through a double-chain motif. Upon excitation of the organic component in the near-UV, sensitized uranyl emission is observed. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrates that this material is stable until 245 °C.
Pulmonary eosinophilia requires interleukin-5, eotaxin-1, and CD4+ T cells in mice immunized with respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein

Severe illness, type 2 cytokine production, and pulmonary eosinophilia are adverse immune responses resulting from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) challenge of vvGs-immunized mice. We have shown IL-4 and IL-13 activity must be simultaneously inhibited to reduce disease severity. We now address the contributions of IL-5, eotaxin-1, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to the induction of disease-enhancing immune responses. Depletion of CD4+ T cells during immunization prevented IL-4, IL-13, and eotaxin-1 production, diminished eosinophilia, and reduced weight loss. Conversely, CD8+ T cell depletion did not decrease eosinophilia, weight loss, or type 2 cytokines but did dramatically reduce mucus production and increase eotaxin production. Anti-IL-5 administration at immunization or challenge significantly decreased pulmonary eosinophilia. Strikingly, there were not concomitant decreases in weight loss. Following RSV challenge eotaxin-1-deficient mice immunized with vvGs exhibited significantly less eosinophilia without decreased weight loss or type 2 cytokine production. We conclude CD4+ T cell production of IL-5 and induction of eotaxin-1 are required for vvGs-induced eosinophilia following RSV challenge, while CD8+ T cells appear to down-regulate eotaxin-1 and mucus production. In summary, we demonstrate that pulmonary eosinophilia 1) is a by-product of memory CD4+ T cell activation, 2) does not necessarily correlate with mucus production, and, most importantly, 3) is not required for the RSV G-induced illness in mice. These findings have important implications for the evaluation of candidate RSV vaccines.
Radiocarpal articular contact characteristics with scaphoid instability

The relative importance of the three major periscaphoid ligament complexes in maintaining the normal radiocarpal articulation was assessed. Pressure-sensitive film recorded the changes in radioscaphoid and radiolunate articular contact that occurred with sequential ligament sectioning in 12 cadaver wrists. Alterations in the radiocarpal articular contact as a result of ligament disruption are evident in the absence of the recognizable static x-ray changes of carpal instability. The scapholunate interosseous ligament is essential in preventing scapholunate diastasis and dorsoradial subluxation of the proximal scaphoid. Rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid occurs when disruption of the scapholunate interosseous ligament is coupled with disruption of either the palmar intracapsular radiocarpal ligaments or the scaphotrapezial ligament complex. These data help explain the development of degenerative arthritis caused by carpal ligamentous instability.
Dynamic key management for secure routing in MANET

A secure key management scheme for the locality caching multi-root multi-generation (LCMRMG) MANET routing algorithm is proposed. The scheme takes advantage of the multi-root nature of LCMRMG and successfully integrates public key, certification and threshold technologies. The scheme is hierarchical and fully distributed. The key management operations are flexible in secure share distribution and scalable well to large MANET. Extensive simulations have shown that the scheme is secure, robust, efficient, and scalable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction in Extraction Efficiency of Charged Particles from the Ion Source as the Cause of Matrix Effects in the GC-MS Analysis of Drugs*

Previous studies have shown that the ion response of a compound can be supressed by the presence of a large amount of a coe|uting substance in a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) system. In the present study, the change in the ion current of a constant amount of diazepam-ds in the presence of a 100-fold amount of diazepam was used to monitor this condition in the Hewlett Packard mass selective detector (MSD). It was observed that a reduced recovery of ions occurred when the potentials of the MSD source elemenls were established by the autotune algorithm. Increasing the ion focus or the entrance lens potentials or both increased the recovery of the ion current of diazepam-ds in the presence of large amounts of diazepam. The data suggested that the decreased recovery of ion current observed when the autotune source parameters were used was due to insufficient energy on the focusing lenses to extract a constant fraction of the ions from the source when a high concentration of molecules was present.
The value of reputational capital and risk in banking and finance

This survey paper considers the ‘special’ nature of financial services and traces the roots of the reputational risk that firms in the industry invariably encounter. It defines what reputational risk is and outlines the types of reputational risk facing financial services firms. It considers the key sources of reputational risk in the presence of transactions costs and imperfect information, and reviews available empirical research on the impact of reputational losses imposed on financial intermediaries, including the separation of reputational losses from accounting losses. The paper concludes by focusing on managerial requisites for dealing with reputational risk issues, notably from a corporate governance perspective.
Query optimization over web services

Web services are becoming a standard method of sharing data and functionality among loosely-coupled systems. We propose a general-purpose Web Service Management System (WSMS) that enables querying multiple web services in a transparent and integrated fashion. This paper tackles a first basic WSMS problem: query optimization for Select-Project-Join queries spanning multiple web services. Our main result is an algorithm for arranging a query's web service calls into a pipelined execution plan that optimally exploits parallelism among web services to minimize the query's total running time. Surprisingly, the optimal plan can be found in polynomial time even in the presence of arbitrary precedence constraints among web services, in contrast to traditional query optimization where the analogous problem is NP-hard. We also give an algorithm for determining the optimal granularity of data "chunks" to be used for each web service call. Experiments with an initial prototype indicate that our algorithms can lead to significant performance improvement over more straightforward techniques.
Keep Caregivers Safe: Reduce Secondary Exposure to Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy exposure during drug administration and provision of care is a known risk for oncology nurses and other healthcare workers. Guidelines to minimize exposure to hazardous drugs, such as chemotherapy, have long been in place to decrease potential health risks.
Adults' recollections and perceptions of childhood caregiving to a parent with significant physical disability.

Abstract Background Caregiving roles of children Objective To examine children's caregiving activities for their disabled parent, childhood perceptions of these activities, and adult views of this caregiving. Methods We conducted 1-h, semi-structured, open-ended interviews with 20 persons age ≥21 years who as children (age Results Interviewees' mean (standard deviation) age was 36.7 (13.8) years; 4 were male. As children, most interviewees assisted their disabled parent with activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs; some children provided more medical supports. Several parents, especially of older interviewees, did not seek their children's care. Interviewees reported both positive and negative childhood attitudes about caregiving. Roughly half recalled as children feeling proud, special, or otherwise positively toward caregiving activities, while about one-third viewed caregiving as just part of their daily reality (i.e., simply needing to be done). Approximately half remembered also feeling resentful, primarily from time demands, insufficient appreciation, and being different from their peers. Interviewees reported gender and cultural factors affecting their caregiving roles and perceptions. Conclusions Children can provide significant care to parents with physical disability. Understanding better their roles and perceptions could suggest ways to improve these experiences for both child and parent.
Quantificational Structures and Compositionality

In the course of a recent project on cross-linguistic quantification and semantic typology (in collaboration with Emmon Bach and Angelika Kratzer), it has become increasingly apparent that there are significant differences between languages, and also between constructions within languages, in the extent to which the semantic interpretation of various kinds of sentences or constructions whose interpretation is in some sense “quantificational” is explicitly signaled by or encoded in the surface syntax. Leaving aside issues concerning scope ambiguity in sentences containing multiple quantifiers and concentrating on sentences with a single quantificational operator of some sort, one can find examples of two or three different kinds. In some cases, the semantic structure seems to be completely determined by the overt phrase structure; in some cases it seems to be determined by a combination of phrase structure and topic and/or focus structures, and in some cases it may be underdetermined by both of those and may result in sentences that are linguistically ambiguous (unless one can find arguments for calling them nonspecific or indeterminate instead) and only disambiguated, if at all, by the non-linguistic context.
GPView: A program for wave function analysis and visualization.

Abstract In this manuscript, we will introduce a recently developed program GPView, which can be used for wave function analysis and visualization. The wave function analysis module can calculate and generate 3D cubes for various types of molecular orbitals and electron density of electronic excited states, such as natural orbitals, natural transition orbitals, natural difference orbitals, hole–particle density, detachment-attachment density and transition density. The visualization module of GPView can display molecular and electronic (iso-surfaces) structures. It is also able to animate single trajectories of molecular dynamics and non-adiabatic excited state molecular dynamics using the data stored in existing files. There are also other utilities to extract and process the output of quantum chemistry calculations. The GPView provides full graphic user interface (GUI), so it very easy to use. It is available from website http://life-tp.com/gpview .
Emergence of a superradiation: pselaphine rove beetles in mid‐Cretaceous amber from Myanmar and their evolutionary implications

Pselaphinae is an exceptionally species-rich, globally distributed subfamily of minute rove beetles (Staphylinidae), many of which are inquilines of social insects. Deducing the factors that drove pselaphine diversification and their evolutionary predisposition to inquilinism requires a reliable timescale of pselaphine cladogenesis. Pselaphinae is split into a small and highly plesiomorphic supertribe, Faronitae, and its sister group, the ‘higher Pselaphinae’ – a vast multi-tribe clade with a more derived morphological ground plan, and which includes all known instances of inquilinism. The higher Pselaphinae is dominated by tribes with a Gondwanan taxonomic bias. However, a minority of tribes are limited to the Nearctic and Palearctic ecozones, implying a potentially older, Pangaean origin of the higher Pselaphinae as a whole. Here, I describe fossils from mid-Cretaceous (∼99 million years old) Burmese amber that confirm the existence of crown-group higher pselaphines on the Eurasian supercontinent prior to contact with Gondwanan landmasses. Protrichonyx rafifrons gen. et sp.n. is placed incertae sedis within the higher Pselaphinae. Boreotethys gen.n., erected for B. grimaldii sp.n. and B. arctopteryx sp.n., represents an extinct sister taxon and putative stem group of Bythinini, a Recent tribe with a primarily Holarctic distribution. The Laurasian palaeolocality of the newly described taxa implies that higher pselaphines are indeed probably of Jurassic, Pangaean extraction and that the Laurasian-Gondwanan tribal dichotomy of this clade may have developed vicariantly following Pangaean rifting. Higher pselaphines probably predate the earliest ants. Their physically protective morphological ground plan may have been a preadaptation for myrmecophily when ants became diverse and ecologically ubiquitous, much later in the Cenozoic. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:36E3FE2A-B947-422D-89CA-0EF43B99C382.
Effect of Podophyllin (P) and Podophyllotoxine (PT) on the Rat Litter in utero.

SummaryThe single LD50 for the adult rat was, for P or PT, approximately 15 mg/kg i.p. Toxicity for the rat fetus was tested in groups of pregnant rats injected with varying doses and at different gestation days. The compounds were found to be more toxic to the fetuses than to the mothers, with a peak of fetus sensitivity around midterm (11th and 12th g.d.). Doses of 5 mg/kg i.p., administered on the 11th and 12th g.d. destroyed more than 90% of all fetuses. Doses of 0.5 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg i.p., given daily over longer periods of gestation, led to a loss of 18% to 75% of all fetuses. General stunting, but no gross malformation, was observed in surviving fetuses.
The Second Harmonic Generation in Reflection Mode: An Analytical, Numerical and Experimental Study

The procedure to measure the second harmonic generation has typically been restricted to relatively simple setups such as through transmission of longitudinal waves or Rayleigh surface waves on one side of a component. Since these types of setups are not always applicable for in-service components, this research investigates the second harmonic wave generation in longitudinal and shear waves reflected from a stress-free surface. This particular measurement setup potentially provides information about the local damage state in an in-service component with only single-sided access. Therefore, this measurement setup is evaluated analytically, numerically and experimentally with an aluminum specimen as an example. The setup being considered proposes two possible measurement positions, where the second harmonic and the fundamental wave amplitude can be measured to determine the nonlinearity parameter of the specimen. This proposed “reflection mode” setup is first analyzed analytically, and then is implemented in a commercial finite element code, using increasing fundamental wave amplitudes to calculate the different values of the nonlinearity parameters. The results of the simulations verify the analytical results, when taking into account assumptions and approximations of the analytical solution procedure. Furthermore, these numerical finite element results provide further insights into the intricacies of the setup, including the need to avoid interaction with the diffracted waves. On the basis of these numerical results, a recommendation for the measurement position and angle is given. Finally, the nonlinearity parameters of two similar specimens with different levels of nonlinearity are experimentally measured with the proposed measurement setup, and the results show the potential of the single-sided determination of a change in acoustic nonlinearity using reflected bulk waves.
POPULATION GENETICS OF A PARASITIC CHROMOSOME: EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PSR IN SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS.

Nasonia vitripennis is a parasitoid wasp that harbors several non-Mendelian sex-ratio distorters. These include MSR (Maternal Sex Ratio), a cytoplasmic element that causes nearly all-female families, and PSR (Paternal Sex Ratio), a supernumerary chromosome that causes all-male families. As in other hymenoptera, N. vitripennis has haplodiploid sex determination. Normally, unfertilized (haploid) eggs develop into males and fertilized (diploid) eggs develop into females. The PSR chromosome violates this normal pattern; it is inherited through sperm, but then causes destruction of the paternal chromosomes (except itself), thus converting diploid fertilized eggs (normally females) into haploid eggs that develop into PSR-bearing males. PSR is an extreme example of "parasitic" or "selfish" DNA. Because N. vitripennis has a highly subdivided population structure in nature, population-level selection may be important in determining the dynamics of PSR in natural populations. A theoretical analysis shows that subdivided population structure reduces PSR frequency, whereas high fertilization proportion (such as produced by the MSR element) increases PSR frequency. Population experiments using two deme sizes (3- and 12-foundress groups) and strains producing two fertilization proportions [wild-type (LabII)-57-67% female, and MSR (MI)-90-93% female] confirm these predictions. PSR achieved frequencies over 0.90 in 12-foundress group MSR populations in contrast to 0.20-0.40 in wild-type 12-foundress populations. PSR was selected against in wild-type populations composed of three-foundress groups. In MSR populations with three-foundress groups, presence of PSR selected against the MSR cytoplasmic element, eventually leading to low frequencies of both PSR and MSR. Complicated dynamics may occur when these two sex-ratio distorters are both present in highly subdivided populations. The existence of PSR in natural populations may depend on the presence of MSR. Results indicate that population subdivision could be important in determining the frequency of sex ratio distorters in N. vitripennis.
Orientable Cases 1, 4, and 9

Now we will construct a triangular embedding of K n into an orientable surface for each n of the form n= 12s+ 4.
Public Sociology, Engaged Scholarship, and Community Organizing

Public sociology is a dialogue between social scientists and society about how to understand the present and how to shape the future. This article seeks to contribute in three ways to recent initiatives promoting public sociology. First, by developing a broader concept of engaged social science that includes public sociology and policy or applied sociology, which solves specific social problems. Second, by suggesting ways to move toward greater engagement. Projects centered on creating new theory, the core work of professional sociology, can incorporate elements of engaged work. Policyoriented projects can grow to include the larger dialogues of public sociology. Third, by suggesting ways to manage tensions and create synergies between professional and engaged social science. These ideas are based on a project on community organizing that includes professional research and partnerships centered on policy and public sociology. The article concludes that the movement for more engaged social science should connect with similar initiatives outside the discipline if it is to be effective at individual and institutional levels.
Application on ARIMA model for epidemic forecasting of hepatitis E in Fujian Province

In order to construct the ARIMA model for forecasting and warning the monthly cases of hepatitis E in Fujian Province,the time series of monthly cases of hepatitis E from 2004 to 2010 in Fujian Province collected by Disease Information Reporting System were analyzed by the ARIMA of SAS 9.0.Rersult indicated the time series had an annual seasonal effect,and became stable.And non-white noise series after 12-lag differences was taken.The ARIMA(0,0,0)(0,1,1)12 model was the relative by optimum fitting model.Therefore,fitting a relatively optimum model for hepatitis E is practical for forecasting and warning.
Commentary: Mitochondrial DNA damage and loss in diabetes

This commentary discusses damage and loss of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in type 2 diabetes mellitus from both the clinical and experimental perspectives. Increasingly, an array of studies in experimental models and patients suggests that the cellular stresses of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes damage mtDNA, leading to loss of mitochondrial genetic content. As such, mtDNA is emerging as both a valuable monitoring tool and translational preventive target for metabolic disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technical evolution of the stent

Percutaneous coronary intervention has been hampered by restenosis since its inception. Many research projects including the use of various devices and systemic drug administration have shown disappointing results. Recently, the advent of drug-eluting stents has reduced incidence of restenosis compared with bare metal stents. This article provides an overview of the developments of drug-eluting stents, their clinical impact on the treatment of acute coronary syndrome, and their future perspectives.
Real-Time Database System Design

Due to the rapid development in the integrated circuit technology, a microprocessor can handle more computation. We can cram more computation into a small package than before. With this development, computers are increasingly used as embedded systems. Because embedded systems need to interact with the physical world, they usually have timing constraints. In other words, they are real-time systems. Increasing computational power makes the processing of more data in an embedded system possible. In addition, data storages are getting smaller and less expensive. This development in the data storage technology also helps to attract real-time applications that require to handle large amounts of data. Real-time database systems have a potential to be used frequently. An air traffic control system needs a database of planes and airports. An automobile navigation system needs a map database. There are many possibilities of real-time applications using databases.
K-Embeddings: Learning Conceptual Embeddings for Words using Context

We describe a technique for adding contextual distinctions to word embeddings by extending the usual embedding process — into two phases. The first phase resembles existing methods, but also constructs K classifications of concepts. The second phase uses these classifications in developing refined K embeddings for words, namely word K-embeddings. The technique is iterative, scalable, and can be combined with other methods (including Word2Vec) in achieving still more expressive representations. Experimental results show consistently large performance gains on a Semantic-Syntactic Word Relationship test set for different K settings. For example, an overall gain of 20% is recorded at K = 5. In addition, we demonstrate that an iterative process can further tune the embeddings and gain an extra 1% (K = 10 in 3 iterations) on the same benchmark. The examples also show that polysemous concepts are meaningfully embedded in our K different conceptual embeddings for words.
Importance of temporal and spatial scale in the analysis of mercury transport and fate: an example from the Carson River system, Nevada

It is generally accepted that the transport and fate of mercury (Hg) released to the environment from mining operations occurs over a continuum of temporal and spatial scales. Rarely, however, has Hg cycling within fluvial (river) systems been examined using data collected for the range of time and space scales over which Hg dispersal has occurred. An exception is the Carson River system of west-central Nevada, which has been intensively investigated for nearly a decade. Integration of these studies demonstrates that three fundamental aspects of the transport and fate problem vary with time and space. They are (1) the source areas from which Hg-contaminated particles are derived, (2) the factors upon which the transport, deposition, and storage of Hg are dependent, and (3) the dynamic nature of Hg transport and storage as defined by the magnitude and frequency of change in Hg concentrations through time. In general, processes that function over shorter time periods and smaller areas are more dynamic than those that function over larger scales. Moreover, the transport and fate of Hg-contaminated particles at any particular scale are dependent on the processes and controlling factors that function over larger areas and longer timeframes.
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms women may experience in the days prior to the start of their menstrual cycle. A severe form of PMS is referred to as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in the psychiatric diagnostic manual (DSM). Feminists are critical of PMDD's inclusion in the DSM, and cultural understandings of PMS as a medical disorder, as it pathologizes normal female experiences, reproduces traditional notions of femininity, and emphasizes biological versus social causes for women's experiences of premenstrual distress. By labeling PMS as a socially constructed disease, feminist researchers and activists bring to light the biosocial interactions that produce illness experience and responses to it, as well as the role gender has in normative assumptions about health, illness, and normality. Keywords: Menstruation; Health; Gender; Medicine
Factors limiting doping efficiency of Iridium in pulsed laser deposited TiO2 transparent conducting oxide

High transmittance and low resistivity make doped TiO2 films outstanding electrodes for use in optoelectronic devices operating in the infra-red region. In this work, we studied the impact of Ir doping in TiO2 thin films on the optoelectrical properties. High-quality nanocrystalline Ti1−x Ir x O2 thin films ~60 nm thick were grown by pulsed laser deposition from an Ir-doped target (x = 0–0.15 wt%). Films were deposited on quartz glass at a base pressure of 2 × 10−3 Pa and a substrate temperature of 780 K. The resistivity of the films decreased by 3 orders of magnitude when x increased from 0 to 0.10. The carrier mobility and concentrations increased by a factor of 2.55 from 18 to 46 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 5 %, and rose by ~2 orders of magnitude from 1019 to 1021 cm−3 at 15 % Ir, respectively. Optimal film properties were measured to be at x = 0.10, where resistivity, mobility, and carrier concentrations were 5 × 10−4 Ω cm, 32 cm2 V−1 s−1, and 1020 cm−3, respectively. The highest observed doping efficiency was ~1.1 which is similar to common dopants. At the same time, film transmittance was measured to be above 80 % in the visible and infrared regions, suitable for use in both spectral regimes. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Hall transport, optical transmission, and Raman spectroscopy.
Systems Approaches to Unraveling Nitric Oxide Response Networks in Prokaryotes

Publisher Summary This chapter describes various components of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) response networks and their associated regulatory circuitry. It focuses on how these components are used to identify additional regulatory components and elucidate RNS response networks as a function of RNS source and growth conditions. It summarizes the complementary nature of traditional biochemical analysis and systems-wide analysis in identification and characterization of the bacterial response to RNS. Bacteria have evolved complex regulatory networks for dealing with a variety of chemical stressors. The bacterial response to RNS is relevant to both pathogenesis and denitrification and thus has been extensively characterized. Traditional biochemical analysis has identified and characterized many of the key RNS response elements, such as flavohemoglobin hmpA and response regulator NorR. Additionally, systems-wide analysis aids in the identification of additional network components and determination of their contribution to the overall network behavior. These systems-wide analyses have led to the identification of response regulator NsrR, Fe-S cluster repair agent YtfE, and the critical NO target. The extensive body of knowledge regarding the bacterial RNS response and RNS chemistry makes the RNS response network an excellent example of the combined power of traditional biochemical analysis and systems-wide analysis.
Trajectories of cannabis use disorder: risk factors, clinical characteristics and outcomes.

Aims To estimate cannabis use disorder (CUD) trajectory classes from ages 14 through 30 and compare classes on clinical characteristics, risk factors, and psychosocial outcomes. Design Four waves (T1-T4) of data from an epidemiological study of psychopathology among a regionally representative sample. Trajectory classes described risk for CUD as a function of age. The number of classes was determined by model fit. Setting Participants were randomly selected from nine high schools in western Oregon, U.S.A. Participants The sample included 816 participants (age at T1 M = 16.6, SD = 1.2; 56% female; 92% White). Measurements Participants completed diagnostic interviews, Child Trauma Questionnaire, Social Adjustment Scale, and items adapted from the Wisconsin Manual for Assessing Psychotic-Like Experiences. Findings There were three CUD trajectory classes (Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test < .001): (1) persistent increasing risk; (2) maturing out, with increasing risk then decreasing risk; and (3) stable low risk. The persistent increasing class had later initial CUD onsets (η2 = .16, p < .001) and greater cumulative CUD durations (η2 = .26, p < .001). Male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 2.57, p = .018), externalizing disorders between ages 24 and 30 (OR = 2.64, p < .001), and psychotic experiences during early adulthood (Cohen's d = 0.44, p = .016) discriminated between the persistent increasing and the maturing out classes. Conclusions Evidence suggests three distinguishable types of trajectory for development of cannabis use disorder starting in early teens: (1) persistent increasing risk; (2) maturing out, with increasing risk then decreasing risk; and (3) stable low risk. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Atrial Fibrillation and Fall Risk: What Are the Treatment Implications?

A recent report from the National Safety Council cited falls as a major cause of accidental deaths in the United States, representing an increase of 63% over the previous decade [(1)][1]. Falls from a standing position are a frequent cause of injury, particularly among older adults. Data from a high
Viral Vector Reprogramming of Adult Resident Striatal Oligodendrocytes into Functional Neurons.

Recent advances suggest that in vivo reprogramming of endogenous cell populations provides a viable alternative for neuron replacement. Astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells can be induced to transdifferentiate into neurons in the CNS, but, in these instances, reprogramming requires either transgenic mice or retroviral-mediated gene expression. We developed a microRNA (miRNA)-GFP construct that in vitro significantly reduced the expression of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein, and, subsequently, we packaged this construct in a novel oligodendrocyte preferring adeno-associated virus vector. Ten days after rat striatal transduction, the vast majority of the GFP-positive cells were oligodendrocytes, but 6 weeks to 6 months later, the majority of GFP-positive cells exhibited neuronal morphology and co-localized with the neuronal marker NeuN. Patch-clamp studies on striatal slices established that the GFP-positive cells exhibited electrophysiological properties indicative of mature neurons, such as spontaneous action potentials and spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Also, 3 months after striatal vector administration, GFP-positive terminals in the ipsilateral globus pallidus or substantia nigra retrogradely transported fluorescent beads back to GFP-positive striatal cell bodies, indicating the presence of functional presynaptic terminals. Thus, this viral vector approach provides a potential means to harness resident oligodendrocytes as an endogenous source for in vivo neuronal replacement.