cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerators and politics in postwar Japan

ABSTRACT The destruction of Japan9s cyclotrons by Occupation Forces after the Pacific War resulted in a major setback for experimental physics in that country. Key figures such as Yoshio Nishina, Sin-itiroo Tomonaga, and Ryookichi Sagane strived to help Japan rebuild its scientific infrastructure and regain some of its former eminence in the field, but in the wake of the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the atom had new meaning. Local residents objected to the establishment of the Institute for Nuclear Study in Tanashi, Tokyo. Despite their protests, construction went ahead and the Institute of Nuclear Study (INS) opened in 1955. Within a few years, physicists sought to establish a second major accelerator facility. Sectionalism among physicists and shortage of funds plagued attempts to establish the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK) which eventually came into being in 1970. This paper reveals some of the problems that physicists faced and how they sought to overcome them within the context of a defeated Japan, wary of military research, and desperately seeking to rebuild its economy. Physicists sought to influence the direction of science policy and to deal with the concerns of citizens in a newly democratic Japan.
Perioperative Use of Octreotide in Gastrointestinal Surgery

The evolution of gastrointestinal endocrinology has led to the design and application of analogs of gut peptides to treat disease. Octreotide, a long-acting analog of the inhibitory peptide somatostatin, has proven useful in the management of disorders such as carcinoid syndrome and secretory diarrhea due to VIPoma. More recent experience suggests a role for this peptide in the management of certain complications of gastrointestinal surgery. Prophylactic use of octreotide appears warranted in the prevention of carcinoid crisis in selected patients with carcinoid syndrome undergoing invasive procedures, and in the prevention of complications in selected patients undergoing pancreatic surgery. Evidence from placebo-controlled trials supports a role for octreotide in the management of dumping symptoms in severely affected patients, at least in the short term. Octreotide appears to serve a useful adjunctive role in controlling output from postoperative gastrointestinal fistulae and may hasten closure, particularly in pancreatic fistulae. Selected patients with ileostomy diarrhea and short bowel syndrome benefit from octreotide treatment, but the long-term value of the peptide in controlling stool output is less clear. Rare patients with other forms of postoperative secretory diarrhea have been successfully treated with octreotide. Finally, animal and early human experience suggests that octreotide may have a role as an adjunctive treatment of partial small bowel obstruction. In most of these conditions, the available data is sparse and further controlled trials are warranted.
Obstetric management of adolescents with bleeding disorders

Adolescents with bleeding disorders who become pregnant must contend with the dual challenges of their bleeding disorder and their pregnancy. Adolescents are more likely to terminate a pregnancy than adult women, and when they do carry a pregnancy, they are more likely to deliver prematurely. Otherwise, they are at risk for the same complications that adult women with bleeding disorders experience, particularly bleeding complications postpartum. Since one half to two thirds of adolescent pregnancies are unplanned, issues related to reproduction should be addressed during routine visits with the pediatrician, hematologist or gynecologist. Girls who are at risk of being carriers for hemophilia A and B, severe von Willebrand disease, and other severe bleeding disorders should have their bleeding disorder status determined before they become pregnant. During pregnancy, a plan should be established to ensure that both mother and fetus deliver safely. Young women at risk for severe bleeding or at risk of having a severely affected infant should be referred for prenatal care and delivery to a center where, in addition to specialists in high-risk obstetrics, there is a hemophilia treatment center or a hematologist with expertise in hemostasis. Prior to delivery or any invasive procedures, young women at risk for severe bleeding should receive prophylaxis. Since administration of desmopressin may result in hyponatremia, whenever available, virally inactivated or recombinant clotting factor concentrates should be used for replacement as opposed to fresh frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate.
Creating Competitive Advantages Through New Value Creation: A Reverse Logistics Perspective

Conventional wisdom in value chain strategy assumes a one-directional flow of primary activities, starting from inbound logistics to operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and finally to service. Our recent study, extensive discussions with executives, and on-site visits suggest that this wisdom may not be complete for certain industries or products. Customers on average return about 6% of everything they buy. Companies need to view this as an opportunity to give this returns pile a new lease of life. Yet many companies are not used to thinking that the things they expel such as products, waste, and resources actually have value. In fact, few retailers and suppliers capture the wealth of information that is locked inside a box that has been returned to the warehouse. Elevating the returns process to a new marketing opportunity builds a loyal customer base and also attracts new ones. In this paper, we present a redefined value chain strategy that entails a closed-loop system for industries in...
A Dietary Risk Assessment for Indigenous Consumption of Natural Salt Deposits in the Darhad Valley, Northern Mongolia

ABSTRACT The nomadic herding population of the Darhad Valley, in northern Mongolia, collects and utilizes a salt precipitate, called hujir, which develops at the saline system, Tohi. This culturally important indigenous dietary supplement is consumed daily as an ingredient in a salty milk-tea and because of its essential micro- and macronutrients it is a beneficial and necessary part of their daily diet. Despite its benefits, there are increasing health concerns among the Darhad people as a result of consuming hujir. Therefore, we conducted a dietary risk assessment. Consumption rates were obtained from interviews with nomadic herders of the valley and a chronic exposure assessment was completed using chemical analyses on hujir samples. A combination of chronic toxicity threshold values, dietary reference intake recommendations, and drinking water guidelines were used to estimate dietary risks related to hujir consumption. Exposures to arsenic, fluoride, and nitrate were as high as 33, 1.2, and 1.3 times ...
Sonography of the acetabular labrum: visualization of labral injuries during intra-articular injections.

Objective. The purpose of this series was to describe the improved conspicuity in the sonographic appearance of acetabular labral injuries during routine sonographically guided intra-articular injections. Methods. Sonographic examinations of patients undergoing routine sonographically guided Intra-articular hip injections were reviewed for evidence of labral injuries (n = 21). Sonographic examinations were then correlated with magnetic resonance images of the ipsilateral hip when available (n = 14). Results. Before injection, 13 acetabular labra had linear or irregular hypoechoic clefts or fissures through the normally hyperechoic fibrocartilaginous labrum, thought to represent tears. Eight of the labra showed a more globular alteration in morphologic characteristics, with diffuse thickening and irregularity. During intra-articular injection, the visualized injected fluid outlined the labrum, yielding a "sonoarthrographic effect," providing a fluid interface along the labral boundaries, and confirming the presence of a tear by imbibition of injected material into the defect with a resultant subjective improvement in the labral injury. Conclusions. Evaluating the labrum after injection may improve visualization of labral injuries, as a result of greater labral conspicuity.
Using path-length localized RRT-like search to solve challenging planning problems

Sampling-based planning algorithms of a variety of types have demonstrated pathologically poorly-performing cases, ranging from narrow passages for PRM-based roadmap methods to bug traps for RRT-based tree search methods. This paper introduces an algorithm rooted in the expansion scheme of the RRT that uses local trees to improve performance in difficult cases without sacrificing it in straightforward ones. This method interconnects these local trees, forming a roadmap that is useable for future queries. Additionally, a viable path can be trivially extracted by treating the output as a tree, or one of improved quality can be obtained via discrete search. Experimental data demonstrate performance equal to or better than several other single-query algorithms on two-dimensional test problems and significantly better on two common SE(3) benchmark problems, the flange and the alpha puzzle.
Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: Links to Food Insecurity and Individual, Maternal, and Family Stressors

Purpose: A high proportion of adolescents living in low-income households in the United States are overweight or obese, food insecure, or exposed to high levels of individual, maternal, and family stressors. The aim of this paper was to identify the associations of food insecurity and the aforementioned stressors with an adolescent’s propensity to be overweight or obese. We hypothesized that individual, maternal, and family stressors may exacerbate the relationship between food insecurity and adolescent overweight/obesity. Methods: The sample included 1011 adolescents aged 10 to 15 years and their mothers in families with incomes below 200% of the poverty line from Wave 1 of the Welfare, Children, and Families: A Three-City Study (Three-City Study). Results: A series of logistic regressions predicted the probability of an adolescent being overweight or obese. Overall, higher levels of individual stressors increased the probability of being overweight or obese for adolescents, whereas there was no direct association between food insecurity, maternal, or family stressors and overweight or obesity. The interaction of food insecurity and maternal stressors was significantly linked to the probability of being overweight or obese; more specifically, an increase in maternal stressors amplified a food insecure adolescent’s probability of being overweight or obese. Conclusions: Policies addressing adolescent obesity should consider the benefits to reducing the individual stressors facing low-income adolescents and, for food insecure adolescents, the benefits to reducing their mothers’ stressors. 2009 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved.
Does Thoracoscopic Pneumonectomy for Lung Cancer Affect Survival

Background Although thoracoscopic pneumonectomy may be performed safely, its effect on survival is unknown. Methods Seventy patients underwent elective pneumonectomy for malignancy at a comprehensive cancer center (Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY) from 2002 to 2008. Using the same incision set as thoracoscopic lobectomy, candidates for a thoracoscopic pneumonectomy had adequate hilar visualization using flexible thoracoscopy, tissue control using novel retractors, and intrapericardial exposure when appropriate. The bronchus was divided last to prevent excessive traction on the main pulmonary artery. Results Thirty-four percent of patients had neoadjuvant therapy, proportionally distributed among groups. Patients in the thoracoscopic group had shorter lengths of stay in the hospital and less operative blood loss. Eight patients who were converted to thoracotomy had significantly more operative blood loss. The complication rates were similar among thoracoscopic, converted, and open groups. For both the thoracoscopic and open groups there was 1 death before 30 days. Between 30 and 90 days there was 1 death in the thoracoscopic group as a result of disease progression and 2 deaths in the open group as a result of cardiovascular causes. There was a modest improvement in overall survival in the video-assisted thoracic surgery group relative to the thoracotomy group, but the former group had smaller tumors. When stratified by stage, there was no survival difference. Conclusions Pneumonectomy performed either by means of thoracoscopy or thoracotomy resulted in equivalent survival. Further studies and follow-up are needed to verify the benefits of video-assisted thoracic surgery pneumonectomy for lung cancer.
Enhanced SAR ADC energy efficiency from the early reset merged capacitor switching algorithm

The early reset merged capacitor switching algorithm (EMCS) is proposed as an energy reducing switching technique for a binary weighted, capacitive successive approximation (SAR) analog to digital converter (ADC). The method uses the merged capacitor switching (MCS) architecture and optimizes the use of the V CM level during the SAR conversion. This algorithm can reduce switching power by over 12% with no additional DAC driver activity when compared to the MCS scheme. The MCS and EMCS approaches are analyzed mathematically and the EMCS energy consumption is shown to be lower than or equal to that of the MCS technique for every digital code. Static linearity improvements for this structure are also shown with the integral non-linearity (INL) reducing by a factor of two due to the utilization of the MCS three level DAC. The EMCS implementation methodology is also described.
Outcome following augmentation of superior cavopulmonary blood flow with an arteriovenous fistula.

BACKGROUND Axillary or brachial arteriovenous fistulae are occasionally created to improve systemic oxygen saturation in patients with functionally univentricular circulation after superior cavopulmonary anastomosis. Different techniques of fistula construction may account for the conflicting results. We sought to determine the impact of axillary arteriovenous fistula on systemic oxygen saturation and survival before subsequent palliation or heart transplantation. METHODS Medical records of patients who underwent a side-to-side anastomosis between an adjacent axillary artery and vein for cyanosis after superior cavopulmonary anastomosis between 1991 and 2010 were reviewed. RESULTS The median age (n = 23) at the time of fistula creation was 54 months (4-278 months). There was no operative mortality. The median duration of fistula patency was 48 months (1-174 months). Oxygen saturation improved from 71% ± 10% preoperatively to 84% ± 4% early (P < .05) and 81% ± 4% long term after the arteriovenous fistula (P < .05). Twelve patients underwent additional surgery (total cavopulmonary anastomosis 6, partial biventricular repair 2, and heart transplantation 4) after an interval of 10 to 141 months. Six patients are alive with a patent fistula without subsequent interventions after an interval of 48 to 174 months. Two patients with spontaneous closure or device closure of the fistula are alive after an interval of 76 to 80 months without subsequent interventions. Three deaths occurred with a patent fistula without subsequent interventions after an interval of 1 to 84 months. CONCLUSIONS Systemic oxygen saturation improved with creation of an axillary arteriovenous fistula after superior cavopulmonary anastomosis. The fistula extended the duration of this stage of palliation without precluding the option for additional palliation or heart transplantation.
High reliability H.F. communications to span the oceans

Long distance communications over the oceans can only be accomplished with H.F. radio or Satellites. Satellite system costs are extremely high and no significant cost reductions are being projected over the next 10-20 years. H.F. Communications systems however can be very economical but usually exhibit poor reliability and often less than desirable quality. This paper describes an automatic H.F. radio system giving greatly improved communications reliability. This improved reliability is achieved through the use of real time information of signal and interference levels on each channel allocated to a particular H.F. radio network. Automatic Selective Calling is also incorporated this eliminating manual calling and monitoring requirements.
A bibliography for the development of an Intelligent Mathematical Programming System

The purpose of this paper is to provide references in the rapidly growing area of intelligent environments for modeling and analysis, particularly for the development and use of decision support systems couched in mathematical programming. This is the focus of the project to develop anIntelligent Mathematical Programming System (IMPS). One way to divide the project's scope is: formulation, analysis and discourse. There are, however, interdependent components that pertain to model management, software engineering, learning models, and other elements taken from a variety of disciplines.
Security of Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks have been researched extensively over the past few years. They were first used by the military for surveillance purposes and have since expanded into industrial and civilian uses such as weather, pollution, traffic control, and healthcare. One aspect of wireless sensor networks on which research has been conducted is the security of wireless sensor networks. These networks are vulnerable to hackers who might go into the network with the intent of rendering it useless. An example of this would be an enemy commandeering a drone and getting it to attack friendly forces. In this paper, we review the security of wireless sensor networks. Areas that are covered include: architectures and routing protocols, security issues that include context and design as well as confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity, algorithms, and performance issues for wireless sensor network design. Performance of the Self-Originating Wireless Sensor Network (SOWSN), Practical Algorithm for Data Security (PADS), and mechanisms for in-network processing were investigated in further detail with SOWSN having the best performance as a result of it being based on realistic scenarios.
Asperity Model of an Earthquake: Dynamic Problem

A previous study that presented the static solution for an asperity model of an earthquake is extended to solve the dynamic problem that develops when failure occurs on the boundary of an asperity patch and then spreads over the surrounding displacement shadow region. The boundary integral equation method is coupled with basic constitutive equations for failure and friction to solve the dynamic problem, with different parameters used for the strong asperity patch and weak shadow region. No friction, displacement-weakening friction, and velocity-strengthening friction are all investigated. Depending on the type and amount of friction that is present, the dynamic solutions for slip on the fault exhibit a range of different features, including overshoot of the static solution and oscillation, rupture front velocities that may be greater than or less than the S velocity and change with position, and either total or partial release of the static moment. Common characteristics of the solutions are that failure on the asperity patch is almost independent of failure on the shadow region and that the displacement deficit on the shadow region is released by propagating slip pulses. The stress concentrations of the asperity model are sufficient to produce nonlinear elastic effects in a region extending outward from the fault to distances comparable with the dimensions of the shadow region. Beginning with the solutions for slip on the fault, waveforms are simulated for an earthquake of magnitude M w 1.44 and compared with data recorded at a distance of 8.65 km. Simulations that contain both source and propagation effects are capable of explaining most of the basic features of the observational data, including general agreement with the shape of the waveforms in the time domain, the levels and slopes of the spectra at low frequencies (less than 10 Hz) and at high frequencies (greater than 100 Hz), and some of the interference effects present in both the time and frequency domains.
Sequential auditor decision making: Information search and evidence evaluation*

Abstract. This paper presents the results of an experiment that examined five hypotheses related to the information search and evidence evaluation that takes place as part of an auditor's sequential decision process. The results indicate the following. (1) When given a choice, auditors examined the most reliable type of evidence. (2) Auditors who stopped at intermediate stages in the sequential task had, on average, more extreme assessments of the outcome, although there were differential effects depending on whether the auditors based their decisions on positive or negative evidence. (3) Changes in the direction of the auditor's judgments were consistent with the signal in the audit evidence. (4) Negative evidence, in general, led to greater judgment revisions than positive evidence, and the most reliable negative evidence led to the greatest revisions. (5) Auditors searched for corroborating evidence, but their evaluation of that evidence did not impact the assessment of evidence received earlier in the sequential task. Resume. Les auteurs presentent les resultats d'une experience portant sur l'analyse de cinq hypotheses reliees a la recherche d'information et a l'evaluation de l'information probante qui s'inscrivent dans le processus de decision sequentiel du verificateur. Les resultats obtenus indiquent ce qui suit: 1) lorsqu'ils ont le choix, les verificateurs examinent l'information probante la plus fiable, 2) les verificateurs qui s'arretent a des etapes intermediaires de la tâche sequentielle produisent, en moyenne, des evaluations plus extremes des resultats, bien que l'on observe des incidences marginales selon que les verificateurs ont fonde leurs decisions sur des informations probantes expresses ou tacites, 3) les modifications dans l'orientation des jugements poses par le verificateur sont conformes aux indications livrees par l'information probante, 4) l'information probante tacite mene, en general, a une revision plus importante des jugements que l'information expresse, et l'information tacite la plus fiable mene a la revision la plus approfondie, et 5) les verificateurs cherchent a obtenir des preuves de corroboration mais leur evaluation de cette information probante n'a pas d'incidence sur levaluation de l'information probante obtenue aux etapes anterieures de la tâche sequentielle.
A behavioral analysis of prey detection lateralization and unilateral transfer in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris).

It has been suggested that birds prefer to use a particular eye while learning to detect cryptic prey and that this eye preference enhances foraging performance. European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with the left, right, or both eyes available learned to detect inconspicuous cues associated with the presence of hidden prey. Acquisition scores were not significantly different between left and right-eyed birds; however, performance in the binocular condition was significantly higher than in the two monocular conditions. When binocular birds were tested with familiar and unfamiliar cues present simultaneously, the familiar cue was selected significantly more often than the unfamiliar cue, suggesting that the birds were searching for specific cue features. When monocular birds were tested using only the naive eye, performance dropped significantly. In right-eyed birds using the naive left eye, performance remained at chance levels over transfer trials. However, left-eyed birds using the naive right eye had a superior performance compared to the initial acquisition scores of right-eyed birds and also showed a significant improvement in performance over transfer trials. Thus, although there was no direct evidence of lateralization during acquisition, there was unilateral transfer of the prey detection skill from the right to the left hemisphere.
Characteristics of carbohydrate antigen binding to the presentation protein HLA-DR

Zwitterionic polysaccharide antigens (ZPSs) were recently shown to activate T cells in a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII)-dependent fashion requiring antigen presenting cell (APC)-mediated oxidative processing although little is known about the mechanism or affinity of carbohydrate presentation (Cobb BA, Wang Q, Tzianabos AO, Kasper DL. 2004. Polysaccharide processing and presentation by the MHCII pathway. Cell. 117:677-687). A recent study showed that the helical conformation of ZPSs (Wang Y, Kalka-Moll WM, Roehrl MH, Kasper DL. 2000. Structural basis of the abscess-modulating polysaccharide A2 from Bacteroides fragilis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:13478-13483; Choi YH, Roehrl MH, Kasper DL, Wang JY. 2002. A unique structural pattern shared by T-cell-activating and abscess-regulating zwitterionic polysaccharides. Biochemistry. 41:15144-15151) is closely linked with immunogenic activity (Tzianabos AO, Onderdonk AB, Rosner B, Cisneros RL, Kasper DL. 1993. Structural features of polysaccharides that induce intra-abdominal abscesses. Science. 262:416-419) and is stabilized by a zwitterionic charge motif (Kreisman LS, Friedman JH, Neaga A, Cobb BA. 2007. Structure and function relations with a T-cell-activating polysaccharide antigen using circular dichroism. Glycobiology. 17:46-55), suggesting a strong carbohydrate structure-function relationship. In this study, we show that PSA, the ZPS from Bacteroides fragilis, associates with MHCII at high affinity and 1:1 stoichiometry through a mechanism mirroring peptide presentation. Interestingly, PSA binding was mutually exclusive with common MHCII antigens and showed significant allelic differences in binding affinity. The antigen exchange factor HLA-DM that catalyzes peptide antigen association with MHCII also increased the rate of ZPS association and was required for APC presentation and ZPS-mediated T cell activation. Finally, the zwitterionic nature of these antigens was required only for MHCII binding, and not endocytosis, processing, or vesicular trafficking to MHCII-containing vesicles. This report is the first quantitative analysis of the binding mechanism of carbohydrate antigens with MHCII and leads to a novel model for nontraditional MHCII antigen presentation during bacterial infections.
Magazine Exposure and Body Dissatisfaction: The Mediating Roles of Thin Ideal Internalization and Fat Talk

The current research sought to investigate whether exposure to societal ideals via magazines is associated with thin ideal internalization, the prevalence of fat talk, and body dissatisfaction. Specifically, this study explored the relationship between magazine exposure and body dissatisfaction through a two-part mediation effect of thin ideal internalization and fat talk in serial. Female participants completed an online questionnaire in regard to fashion, health, and sports magazine exposure, as well as internalization, fat talk, and body dissatisfaction. The mediated models revealed that fashion and health magazines were associated with higher body dissatisfaction, and sports magazines were associated with lower body dissatisfaction. Connecting fat talk to media exposure suggests that women may be advocating and perpetuating the messages they view in media, signifying that both interpersonal and mass communication work together in cultivating the thin ideal.
LONG-RANGE CONNECTIONS SYNCHRONIZE RATHER THAN SPREAD INTRATHALAMIC OSCILLATIONS : COMPUTATIONAL MODELING AND IN VITRO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

Sohal, Vikaas S. and John R. Huguenard. Long-range connections synchronize rather than spread intrathalamic oscillations: computational modeling and in vitro electrophysiology. J. Neurophysiol. 80:...
Endoscopic management of esophageal strictures.

Esophageal strictures are frequently encountered by gastroenterologists. There are many endoscopic modalities to select from, yet the appropriate choice of therapy is not forthright. Treatment is dependent on a number of factors including patient characteristics, stricture configuration, and endoscopist experience. Esophageal dilation with the primary intent of relief of dysphagia can usually be achieved through means of mechanical or balloon dilators. However, challenging strictures may necessitate repeat dilation, corticosteroid injection, incisional therapy, and/or esophageal stenting.
Cartoon textures

In this paper we present a method for creating novel animations from a library of existing two-dimensional cartoon data. Drawing inspiration from the idea of video textures, sequences of similar-looking cartoon data are combined into a user-directed sequence. Starting with a small amount of cartoon data, we employ a method of nonlinear dimensionality reduction to discover a lower-dimensional structure of the data. The user selects a start and end frame and the system traverses this lower-dimensional manifold to re-sequence the data into a new animation. The system can automatically detect when a new sequence has visual discontinuities and may require additional source material.
An Historical Analysis of Journalists′ Attitudes toward Advertisers and Advertising's Influence

Abstract Journalists often seem to have contradictory attitudes toward advertisers and advertising's influence. The relationship is necessary but complicated and no studies have investigated its historic roots. Thus, this article explores the perspective of “journalism's early insiders,” through an historical analysis of autobiographies, biographies, and magazine articles written by and about early U.S. newspaper reporters and editors. Results reveal eight interrelated factors contributing to the origins of these attitudes. The article concludes with implications and future research recommendations.
Urbanization, Industrialization, and Crime in Imperial Germany: Part II

In Part I of this study, our focus was on the bases of crime in Imperial Germany during the 1880s—the “take-off” stage of German industrial development. In Part II, we will extend the time dimension of our analysis to include the period of growth between the 1880s and 1914, and we will also broaden the scope of the issues and explanatory variables to be considered. In many ways, German society in the decades prior to the outbreak of World War I represents an excellent historical context for a study of the impact of urban-industrial development on crime. The German criminologist Aschaffenburg notes: “The last twenty years [1885-1905] of German criminality are especially suitable for such an analysis, because no transfiguring upheavals have taken place; the years having been marked by a great economic and cultural advance.” German society during this time enjoyed a period of international peace unknown since the years between 1815 and 1848. This period of relative tranquility allows the scholar a chance to analyze the problem of crime in its relations to socioeconomic conditions without having to control for the serious disturbing factors induced by war. La belle epoque, as this period has been referred to by contemporary historians, also graced Germany with a respite from the bellicose domestic turmoil that it suffered in the past century. The movement for national unification had finally been completed, and the struggle for social reform had changed from the vitriolic confrontations of the watershed years of 1830 and 1848 to a peaceful and evolutionary, if no less manifest, nature.
Scaling Adjustment in Older People

Adjustment (personal or social) has often been the object of research in social gerontology. Currently this interest is expressed in the study of life satisfaction and psychological well-being. The present study explicates adjustment in terms of three referents: life satisfaction, social adjustment, and personal adjustment. Each aspect of adjustment is meaningful only when elderly people's reports are compared to explicit normative bases. A discussion of advantages and disadvantages of several proposed scaling bases is illuminated by an empirical example. Interview responses indicating personal orientation and self-reports on social activity are combined in a personal adjustment score. An empirical test demonstrates that personal adjustment and happiness are unrelated to one another in sample data.
Animal Models of Post-Traumatic Epilepsy

Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is defined as the development of unprovoked seizures in a delayed fashion after traumatic brain injury (TBI). PTE lies at the intersection of two distinct fields of study, epilepsy and neurotrauma. TBI is associated with a myriad of both focal and diffuse anatomic injuries, and an ideal animal model of epilepsy after TBI must mimic the characteristics of human PTE. The three most commonly used models of TBI are lateral fluid percussion, controlled cortical injury, and weight drop. Much of what is known about PTE has resulted from use of these models. In this review, we describe the most commonly used animal models of TBI with special attention to their advantages and disadvantages with respect to their use as a model of PTE.
UN Police Action in Lieu of War: “The Old Order Changeth”

The United Nations system is an elegant, carefully crafted instrument to make war illegal and unnecessary. To this end, in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, members are required to “refrain … from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.” If such force is used despite that prohibition, the Charter envisages two kinds of military remedies: wars of self-defense and police actions. Article 51 authorizes members to use military force in exercise of the “inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs” in violation of Article 2(4). This provision merely recognizes that the old war system may still be needed until the new system of global policing can secure the peace for all.
Effectiveness of Initial Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among Medicare Beneficiaries.

Background Optimal administration of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), the standard approach for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), requires clinical and technical expertise. We sought to evaluate whether TACE retains its effectiveness when administered across a broad range of health care settings. Furthermore, as the use of yttrium(90) (Y(90)) radioembolization has been increasing, we explored the comparative effectiveness of Y(90) as an alternative to TACE. Methods Patients with HCC diagnosed from 2004 through 2009 treated initially with TACE or Y(90) were identified from the SEER-Medicare linkage. Key covariates included prediagnosis α-fetoprotein (AFP) screening, complications of cirrhosis, and tumor extent. Effect of treatment, patient, and health care system factors on overall survival (OS) was evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards. Stratified OS estimates are provided. Propensity score (PS) weighting was used to compare effectiveness of Y(90) with TACE. Results Of 1528 patients who underwent intra-arterial embolization, 577 received concurrent chemotherapy (eg, TACE). Median OS was 21 months (95% CI, 18-23) following TACE and 9 months (95% CI, 1-41) following Y(90). Refined survival estimates stratified by stage, AFP screening, and liver comorbidity are presented. The 90-day mortality rate after TACE was 21% to 25% in patients with extrahepatic spread or vascular invasion. In the PS-weighted analysis, Y(90) was associated with inferior survival, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.39 (95% CI, 1.02-1.90). Conclusions The effectiveness of TACE is generalizable to Medicare patients receiving care in a variety of treatment settings. However, early posttreatment mortality is high in patients with advanced disease. We found no evidence of improved outcomes with Y(90) compared with TACE. Survival estimates from this large cohort can be used to provide prognostic information to patients considering palliative TACE.
Rotaxane formation by cucurbit[7]uril in water and DMSO solutions.

The cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) host forms rotaxane-type complexes with dumbbell-shaped, cationic guests bis(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium (12+) and bis(3,5-diethoxybenzyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium (22+). The kinetics of complex formation is slower with the latter guest because of its bulkier end groups. Rotaxane formation was found to be thermodynamically more favorable and kinetically faster in D2O than in DMSO-d6 solution, which highlights the importance of hydrophobic interactions in the assembly of cucurbituril complexes.
Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptors Offer Potential New Targets for Pain Therapy

The founding member of the Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor (Mrgpr) family was discovered in 1986. Since then, many more members of this receptor family have been identified in multiple species, and their physiologic functions have been investigated widely. Because they are expressed exclusively in small-diameter primary sensory neurons, the roles of Mrgpr proteins in pain and itch have been best studied. This review will focus specifically on the current knowledge of their roles in pathological pain and the potential development of new pharmacotherapies targeted at some Mrgprs for the treatment of chronic pain. We will also discuss the limitations and future scope of this receptor family in pain treatment.
Postharvest Reduction of Coliphage MS2 from Romaine Lettuce during Simulated Commercial Processing with and without a Chlorine-Based Sanitizer.

ABSTRACT Viral foodborne outbreaks are a serious threat to public health, and fresh produce is becoming increasingly recognized as a transmission vehicle. To limit foodborne disease, ready-to-eat leafy greens are typically washed with a chlorine-based sanitizer during commercial production. This study assessed the efficacy of a chlorine-based sanitizer against coliphage MS2, as a potential surrogate for foodborne viruses, on fresh-cut romaine lettuce during simulated commercial production using a small-scale processing line. Before processing, romaine lettuce was inoculated to contain approximately 105 and 106 PFU/g of MS2 for experiments with and without sanitizer, respectively. Lettuce samples were collected following each stage of processing, which included mechanical shredding, 2 min of flume washing (with or without 25 ppm of free chlorine), shaker table dewatering, and centrifugal drying. In addition, the spent centrifuge water and flume wash water were collected, with the flume water concentrated u...
Visual diagnosis: a 10-week-old infant who has jaundice.

1. Lisa Denike Bisgard, MD* 1. 2. *Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR. A 10-week-old female infant who presents to her primary care physician for her 2-month health supervision visit has jaundice (Fig 1⇓ ). She is the product of a term pregnancy, delivered via elective repeat cesarean section. Her birthweight was 3,300 g (50th percentile). The mother denies having any infections or taking medications during her pregnancy. The infant has appeared yellow since birth. She was breastfed for the first 2 months, then switched to formula feedings when her mother believed she had an inadequate milk supply. The infant has had no feeding difficulties; she is taking 4-oz feedings five to six times per day. Figure 1. Figure 1. A 10-week-old female infant who has jaundice. For the past week, the infant has been colicky and fussy, but she has had no fever, vomiting, or diarrhea. Her appetite and urine output have been unchanged. There is no history of change in stool color; the stools always have been light yellow (Fig 2⇓ ). Nothing remarkable is noted on a review of systems. Figure 2. Figure 2. Light yellow-colored stool. The infant lifts her head well when placed on her abdomen, follows a moving object to midline, and responds to a friendly face with a social smile. The patient lives with her mother and father and two siblings. All are healthy. She always has consumed treated city water, and she has not traveled recently. There is a family history of ulcer disease, and the father had a hiatal hernia. There is no family history of blood transfusions, hepatitis, or emphysema. Physical examination reveals an active, jaundiced female infant whose abdomen is distended. Her weight is 4.54 kg (10th percentile), length is 55 cm (5th percentile), and head circumference is 37.5 cm (5th percentile). Skin examination reveals an increased venous pattern over the abdomen (Fig 3 …
The Cross Product

After having studied strain, we should next study stress. Since a stress is a force acting on a certain area element, we have to see how such an area element can be expressed in tensor form. Before we can do this, we need some preparation, which is the purpose of this chapter.
Introduction of plasmid encoding for rare tRNAs reduces amplification bias in phage display biopanning

Amplification bias is a major hurdle in phage display protocols because it imparts additional, unintended selection pressure beyond binding to the desired target. One potential source of amplification bias is the inherent lack of codon optimization that occurs within phage display libraries. Here we present a method that reduces amplification bias by addition of a plasmid that encodes six low abundance tRNAs into K91 Escherichia coli. This new strain, termed K91+, is used to amplify phage during the selection process. We demonstrate the importance of rare codon usage in phage production, and our method produced an overall increase in uniformity of phage production in a random library. Both of these variables are improved in E. coli K91+ compared with the parental K91 strain. This simple solution, requiring only a commercially available plasmid and an additional antibiotic, can reduce amplification bias in phage display protocols.
Associations between Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Lipids, Lipoprotein Cholesterols, and Homocysteine.

Background: Serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels are inversely associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, mediated in part by independent positive relationships with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and inverse relationships with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), triglyceride, and homocysteine. Aims: In this study, we assessed relationships between fasting serum vitamin D and lipids, lipoprotein cholesterols, and homocysteine. Materials and Methods: We studied 1534 patients sequentially referred to our center from 2007 to 2016. Fasting serum total 25(OH) vitamin D, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, HDLC, LDLC, and homocysteine were measured. Stepwise regression models were used with total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDLC, LDLC, and homocysteine as dependent variables and explanatory variables age, race, gender, body mass index (BMI), and serum vitamin D levels. Relationships between quintiles of serum vitamin D and triglycerides, HDLC, LDLC, and homocysteine were assessed after covariance adjusting for age, race, gender, and BMI. Results: Fasting serum vitamin D was positively correlated with age, HDLC, and White race, and was inversely correlated with BMI, total and LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting serum homocysteine (P ≤ 0.0001 for all). Serum vitamin D was a significant independent inverse explanatory variable for total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol, and accounted for the largest amount of variance in serum total cholesterol (partial R 2 =3.6%), triglyceride (partial R 2 =3.1%), and LDLC (partial R 2 =2.9%) (P < 0.0001 for all). Serum vitamin D was a significant positive explanatory variable for HDLC (partial R 2 =1.4%, P < 0.0001), and a significant inverse explanatory variable for homocysteine (partial R 2 = 6.0-12.6%). Conclusions: In hyperlipidemic patients, serum vitamin D was a significant independent inverse determinant of total cholesterol, LDLC, triglyceride, and homocysteine, and a significant independent positive determinant of HDLC. Thus, serum vitamin D might be protective against CVD.
Argonne Discovery Yields Self-Healing Diamond-Like Carbon

Large-scale reactive molecular dynamics simulations carried out on the US Department of Energy's IBM Blue Gene/Q Mira supercomputer at the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, along with experiments conducted by researchers in Argonne's Energy Systems Division, enabled the design of a "self-healing" anti-wear coating that drastically reduces friction and related degradation in engines and moving machinery. Now, the computational work advanced for this purpose is being used to identify the friction-fighting potential of other catalysts.
Compressible Image Registration for Thoracic Computed Tomography Images

Four dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) image sets contain both tissue motion as well as respiratory induced changes in the CT image characteristics resulting from ventilation. Deformable image registration (DIR) provides a link between the component phase images for extraction of the motion and physiological information. Most current algorithms, such as optical flow, assume incompressibility in their formulation, which is a potential source of error for lung tissue. In this study, we derive two new DIR methods. First, the combined compressible local global (CCLG) formulation accounts for: (1) the compressible nature of the lungs, (2) noise in the images, and (3) the high computational workload required. In order to account for lung compressibility, voxel displacement is modeled by the conservation of mass equation, rather than by the constant voxel intensity assumption employed by optical flow. The effect of noise is reduced by applying a local-global approach to the conservation of mass setting. Finally, the resulting large scale linear systems are solved using a parallelizable, preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm. The local compressible interpolation (LCI) method is a less computationally intensive variant of the full CCLG method for use in cases where restrictions on computational resources prevent the application of the full CCLG method. The average spatial accuracy of the methods applied to three thoracic CT image sets was determined using large samples of expert-determined landmarks, and found to be 1.59 mm and 1.86 mm for the CCLG and LCI methods, respectively.
Emotional Variation and Fertility Behavior

Emotional influences on fertility behaviors are an understudied topic that may offer a clear explanation of why many couples choose to have children even when childbearing is not economically rational. With setting-specific measures of the husband-wife emotional bond appropriate for large-scale population research matched with data from a long-term panel study, we have the empirical tools to provide a test of the influence of emotional factors on contraceptive use to limit fertility. This article presents those tests. We use long-term, multilevel community and family panel data to demonstrate that the variance in levels of husband-wife emotional bond is significantly associated with their subsequent use of contraception to avert births. We discuss the wide-ranging implications of this intriguing new result.
National Association of Medical Examiners Position Paper: Medical Examiner Release of Organs and Tissues for Transplantation

The National Association of Medical Examiners (NAME) endorsed a position paper on the medical examiner/coroner (ME/C) release of organs and tissues in cases falling under ME/C jurisdiction in 2007;...