cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proverb explanation through the lifespan: a developmental study of adolescents and adults.

A proverb explanation task consisting of 24 low-familiarity expressions was administered to 353 individuals ranging in age from 13 through 79 years. Half the proverbs were composed of concrete noun...
Control of the DNA damage checkpoint by Chk1 and Rad53 protein kinases through distinct mechanisms

In response to DNA damage, cells activate checkpoint pathways that prevent cell cycle progression. In fission yeast and mammals, mitotic arrest in response to DNA damage requires inhibitory Cdk phosphorylation regulated by Chk1. This study indicates that Chk1 is required for function of the DNA damage checkpoint in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but acts through a distinct mechanism maintaining the abundance of Pds1, an anaphase inhibitor. Unlike other checkpoint mutants, chk1 mutants were only mildly sensitive to DNA damage, indicating that checkpoint functions besides cell cycle arrest influence damage sensitivity. Another kinase, Rad53, was required to both maintain active cyclin-dependent kinase 1, Cdk1(Cdc28), and prevent anaphase entry after checkpoint activation. Evidence suggests that Rad53 exerts its role in checkpoint control through regulation of the Polo kinase Cdc5. These results support a model in which Chk1 and Rad53 function in parallel through Pds1 and Cdc5, respectively, to prevent anaphase entry and mitotic exit after DNA damage. This model provides a possible explanation for the role of Cdc5 in DNA damage checkpoint adaptation.
Differential plasma corticosterone responses to electrical stimulation of the medial and lateral septal nuclei.

To pursue the possibility that subdivisions within the medial and lateral septal nuclei are differentially involved in adrenocortical function, plasma samples obtained prior to and following electrica
Solar radiation based calibration of a short-wave ir radiometer and a comparison of exoatmospheric solar spectral irradiance data sets

We have performed an absolute calibration comparison between the Sun and a NIST-calibrated spectral irradiance standard lamp. The comparison at seven bands ranging from 1.2 to 2.3 μm was made using a highly stable Short Wave IR Transfer Radiometer. The experiment consisted of laboratory and outdoor measurements of an irradiated diffusely reflecting panel. Outdoors, simultaneous atmospheric transmittance measurements were also obtained in order to correct for atmospheric effects. The results were used to compare three absolute exo-atmospheric solar spectral irradiance data sets currently used in various remote sensing applications to a NIST traceable radiometric calibration. The comparison with the limited set of recently produced SORCE-SIM data showed almost no differences at 1.2 and 1.6 μm; however, the comparison with three other data sets showed larger differences.
Brazil: Foreign Area Studies in College Portuguese

The possibility of including Brazilian area studies in the Portuguese college teaching program is discussed.
A comparison of sap flux-based evapotranspiration estimates with catchment-scale water balance

Many researchers are using sap flux to estimate tree-level transpiration, and to scale to stand- and catchment-level transpiration; yet studies evaluating the comparability of sap flux-based estimates of transpiration (Et) with alternative methods for estimating Et at this spatial scale are rare. Our ability to accurately scale from the probe to the tree to thewatershed has not yet been demonstrated, nor do we know the relative impact of the main sources of variability on our scaled estimates. Accounting for the variability in the radial distribution of sap flux within the sapwood, the variability of transpiration among trees and between plots within the catchment, and the variability in stand density, sapwood area, and leaf area are critical for making landscape inferences about transpiration. During 2004 and 2005, we continuously monitored 40 trees in three plots within a 13.5-ha gauged watershed comprising a 50year-old eastern white pine plantation within the Coweeta Basin in western North Carolina, USA. We scaled sap flux-based estimates of stand transpiration (Et) and surface area-based estimates of stand interception (Ei) to the catchment and compared these with water balance estimates of evapotranspiration (E, precipitation minus runoff, P Ro). For both years, the sum of sap flux scaled Et and Ei were 14 and 7% lower than evapotranspiration estimated from P Ro. Our results show that a considerable amount of variation exists at each scaling step encountered; however, a simple scaling exercise revealed that omitting among plot variation affected the sap flux scaled Et estimate by 48%. Thus, the largest source of variability in scaling to the landscape was landscape variation in stand density and sapwood area. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Quasi-steady gas phase assumption for a burning droplet

Sedimentation Potential and Rate in Gravitational Fields The irreversible thermodynamics of sedimentation phenomena have been discussed by de Grott, and Rastogi and Misra. When insoluble solid particles are allowed to fall under gravity, potential energy is converted into electrical energy and a sedimentation current flows. Moreover, in such a system, when an electric field is applied the particles move, giving rise to electrophoresis. The phenomenological relations can be written as
Principles for a Theory of Motivation

In 1645, Miyamoto Musashi was contemplating the causes of his past success as a warrior. In A Book of Five Rings he mused: When I reached thirty I looked back on my past. The previous victories were not due to my having mastered strategy. Perhaps it was natural ability, or the order of heaven, or that other schools’ strategy was inferior, (p. 35)
Defect Chemistry of Relaxor Ferroelectrics and the Implications for Dielectric Degradation

Degradation of the electrical resistance of perovskite-related dielectrics under voltage–temperature stress is a function of the concentration of the most mobile ionic species, the oxygen vacancy. Sources of oxygen vacancies in simple perovskite oxides are reviewed, and the effects of the compositional complexity of the relaxor ferroelectrics are discussed. In particular, the possibility of compositional inhomogeneity that results from partial ordering of the cations on the octa hedral sites can greatly affect the properties of the continuous, disordered matrix that controls the degradation behavior. [Key words: ferroelectrics, electrical properties, defects, capacitors, perovskites.]
The Los Alamos Crestone Project: cluster computing applications

Summary form only given. The Los Alamos Crestone Project is part of the Department of Energy's (DOE) Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative, or ASCI Program. The main goal of this software development project is to investigate the use of continuous adaptive mesh refinement (CAMR) techniques for application to problems of interest to the Laboratory. There are many code development efforts in the Crestone Project, both unclassified and classified codes. An overview of the Crestone Project, and the SAGE and RAGE codes, has been published recently in Weaver and Gittings (2003). In This work, I will give the status of the use of these CAMR codes on commodity cluster machines. One of the most economical methods for achieving supercomputing capability is to use commodity processors connected by commodity interconnects. This was highlighted recently at Virginia Tech when Dr. Varadarajan built the third fastest supercomputer in the world by connecting 1100 dual-processor Macintosh G5 machines together (see http://www.top500.org). Most commodity clusters use a form of LINUX as the operating system. We will give an overview of the current status of using the Crestone Project codes SAGE and RAGE on commodity cluster machines. These codes are intended for general applications without tuning of algorithms or parameters. We have run a wide variety of physical applications from millimeter-scale laboratory laser experiments, to the multikilometer-scale asteroid impacts into the Pacific Ocean, to parsec-scale galaxy formation. Examples of these simulations will be shown. The goal of our effort is to avoid ad hoc models and attempt to rely on first-principles physics. In addition to the large effort on developing parallel code physics packages, a substantial effort in the project is devoted to improving the computer science and software quality engineering (SQE) of the Project codes as well as a sizable effort on the verification and validation (V&V) of the resulting codes. Examples of these efforts for our project will be discussed. Recent results of the scaling of these codes on commodity clusters will be shown.
Studying the relation between temporal reward discounting tasks used in populations with ADHD: A factor analysis

Background: This study aimed at investigating the relationship between tasks that have been used in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to measure choices between smaller immediate and larger delayed rewards: real and hypothetical temporal discounting tasks, and single-choice paradigms. Methods: Participants were 55 undergraduate psychology students. Tasks included a real and hypothetical version of a temporal discounting (TD) task with choices between a large reward (10 cents) after delays up to 60 seconds, and smaller immediate rewards (2-8 cents); two versions of a hypothetical temporal discounting task with choices between a large reward ($100) after delays up to 120 months, and smaller immediate rewards ($1-$95); a Choice Delay Task with choices between one point now and two points after 30 seconds (one point is worth five cents). Results: Correlation analyses showed that the real and the hypothetical TD tasks with 10 cents were very strongly associated. However, the hypothetical TD tasks with $100 did not correlate with either the real or the hypothetical TD task with 10 cents. Principal component analysis extracted two components: one for small amounts and short delays, and a second one for large rewards and long delays. Conclusions: Temporal reward discounting is not a uniform construct. Functional brain imaging research could shed more light on unique brain activation patterns associated with different forms of temporal reward discounting.
Absidia corymbifera Infections in Neonates

We report the first two documented cases of neonatal zygomycosis caused by Absidia corymbifera. A premature infant developed disseminated disease from a cutaneous site with pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and cerebral involvement. The infant died despite amphotericin B therapy and surgical debridement. The second case occurred in a full-term infant with congenital heart disease and fungal pneumonitis. Zygomycosis was not suspected because of underlying cardiac disease and a complicated postoperative course, and this infant also died. Absidia joins a growing list of opportunistic fungal pathogens of the compromised neonate.
Argininosuccinate synthase conditions the response to acute and chronic ethanol-induced liver injury in mice.

Argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in both the urea and the L-citrulline/nitric oxide (NO·) cycles regulating protein catabolism, ammonia levels, and NO· generation. Because a proteomics analysis identified ASS and nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) as coinduced in rat hepatocytes by chronic ethanol consumption, which also occurred in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and in cirrhosis patients, we hypothesized that ASS could play a role in ethanol binge and chronic ethanol-induced liver damage. To investigate the contribution of ASS to the pathophysiology of ALD, wildtype (WT) and Ass+/− mice (Ass−/− are lethal due to hyperammonemia) were exposed to an ethanol binge or to chronic ethanol drinking. Compared with WT, Ass+/− mice given an ethanol binge exhibited decreased steatosis, lower NOS2 induction, and less 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) protein residues, indicating that reducing nitrosative stress by way of the L-citrulline/NO· pathway plays a significant role in preventing liver damage. However, chronic ethanol-treated Ass+/− mice displayed enhanced liver injury compared with WT mice. This was due to hyperammonemia, lower phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (pAMPKα) to total AMPKα ratio, decreased sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1) and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1α (Pgc1α) messenger RNAs (mRNAs), lower fatty acid β-oxidation due to down-regulation of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-II (CPT-II), decreased antioxidant defense, and elevated lipid peroxidation end-products in spite of comparable nitrosative stress but likely reduced NOS3. Conclusion: Partial Ass ablation protects only in acute ethanol-induced liver injury by decreasing nitrosative stress but not in a more chronic scenario where oxidative stress and impaired fatty acid β-oxidation are key events. (HEPATOLOGY 2012)
Work in Progress - Interactive multimedia contents and synchronous graphical communication tools for distance learning in Engineering Degrees

The curricula design in distance universities has been influenced by the fast development of communications, and Web based learning has become generalized. Typical contents are based on hypertext, with communication models between students and lecturers being based on e-mail, text-based forums, and text-based chats. These tools alone do not seem to be good enough for engineering distance education, where formulae and graphics are necessary. Therefore, a new LCMS (learning content management system) is presented in this paper. Contents are based on Web guides, short videos and e-labs or simulators, and graphical communication (synchronous and asynchronous) is possible, by means of e-boards and videoconference Web (e-classroom)
Targeted doxorubicin-containing luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue AN-152 inhibits the growth of doxorubicin-resistant MX-1 human breast cancers.

Purpose: The receptors for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor (LHRH-R) are found in >50% of human breast cancers. Doxorubicin (DOX) was linked to [D-Lys 6 ]LHRH to form a cytotoxic conjugate, AN-152, which can be targeted to tumor cells expressing LHRH-R. We evaluated the effects of AN-152 on the estrogen-independent, DOX-resistant human mammary carcinoma line MX-1, xenografted into nude mice. Experimental Design: Nude mice bearing MX-1 tumors were administered five i.v. injections of AN-152 or DOX at doses equivalent to 3 mg/kg DOX. Tumor growth was followed, and changes in the expression of LHRH-R on tumors were evaluated by radioreceptor assays, reverse transcription-PCR, and Western blotting. The effects of AN-152 on the expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 were investigated. Because LHRH-R are coupled to various G proteins, which are involved in mitogenic signaling, we determined the outcome of treatment with AN-152 on the levels of mRNA for different G proteins. Results: Treatment with AN-152 significantly ( P 3 , compared with the control tumors, which measured 2837.38 ± 515.38 mm 3 . Tumor doubling time was likewise significantly ( P i2 , and Gα 11 and the levels of HER-2 and HER-3 proteins were also significantly reduced by AN-152. Conclusions: Cytotoxic LHRH analogue AN-152 could be considered for targeted chemotherapy of DOX-resistant breast cancers expressing LHRH-R.
Iterative estimation of T2 to correct echo planar magnetic resonance images

An iterative algorithm has been developed to correct for distortions in echo planar images caused by short T2 components. The values of T2 are initially estimated from a set of images produced by the inverse Fourier-transform of the geometric mean of Hermitian symmetric points. The estimated T2 values are then used to compute k-space data, which when compared with the true data, provide error data sets and corresponding images to iteratively refine the estimates of T2. Images corrected for T2 decay are thereby generated at specified echo times. Computer simulation studies of several phantoms show good convergence under a variety of conditions. This procedure should enable wider data acquisition windows to be utilized in echo planar or spin echo images, leading to better resolution or better signal-to-noise ratio. >
Information-set soft-decision decoding

Information-set decoding is considered for soft decision channels. The sets of most plausible error patterns are represented as ellipsoids in Hamming spaces, and their minimum coverings are designed by random search. For general linear codes, maximum likelihood decoding with the lowest known complexity is obtained.
Dangers of commitment under rational expectations

Within a New Keynesian framework, interest rate rules that respond to public expectations lead to determinate and expectationally stable solutions for any level of commitment, as shown by Waters (Macroecon Dyn 13(4):421–449, 2009). That paper also demonstrates gains to commitment, under least square learning, though over-commitment can lead to some very poor outcomes for some parameter values. This paper shows an identical outcome under rational expectations. The optimal level of commitment is unchanged if there are observation errors in the policymaker’s knowledge of public expectations, which is not the case under learning. However, if there is sufficient policymaker uncertainty about the parameter values, partial commitment is best.
Interferon-γ impedes reverse cholesterol transport and promotes foam cell transformation in THP-1 human monocytes/macrophages

BACKGROUND Cholesterol 27-hydroxylase, an enzyme expressed at high levels by human monocytes/macrophages, provides a first line of defense against the development of atherosclerosis. Prior studies have suggested that the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) promotes atherosclerosis. We therefore examined the effect of IFN-g on macrophage foam cell formation and on expression of the anti-atherogenic 27-hydroxylase in THP-1 human monocytes/macrophages. MATERIAL/METHODS THP-1 monocytes and acetylated LDL-treated THP-1 macrophages were incubated in the presence or absence of IFN-gamma (500 U/ml) with or without the addition of IFN- gamma receptor blocking or neutralizing antibody. Foam cell formation was quantified based on percentage of macrophages harboring oil red O-stained globules. Cellular mRNA and protein were isolated. 27-Hydroxylase message was measured by RT-PCR and 27-hydroxylase protein by immunoblot. RESULTS IFN-gamma -treated THP-1 macrophages exhibit increased foam cell transformation compared to untreated cells under cholesterol loading conditions. IFN-gamma-promoted foam cell formation is abolished by pre-treatment with either IFN-gamma neutralizing or IFN-gamma receptor blocking antibody. IFN-gamma diminishes cholesterol 27-hydroxylase expression in THP-1, and this IFN-gamma -induced downregulation is prevented by pre-treating the cultured cells with either IFN-gamma neutralizing or IFN-gamma receptor blocking antibody. CONCLUSIONS Imbalances in cellular cholesterol flux within macrophages lead to formation of lipid-laden foam cells, a critical step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We have demonstrated that IFN-gamma, acting through the IFN-gamma receptor, decreases expression of 27-hydroxylase and increases propensity to foam cell formation in the cell line THP-1. These observations suggest that one mechanism by which IFN-g promotes atherosclerosis may involve affecting expression of cholesterol 27-hydroxylase, a cholesterol homeostatic protein.
HLTDI: CL-WSD Using Markov Random Fields for SemEval-2013 Task 10

We present our entries for the SemEval2013 cross-language word-sense disambiguation task (Lefever and Hoste, 2013). We submitted three systems based on classifiers trained on local context features, with some elaborations. Our three systems, in increasing order of complexity, were: maximum entropy classifiers trained to predict the desired targetlanguage phrase using only monolingual features (we called this system L1); similar classifiers, but with the desired target-language phrase for the other four languages as features (L2); and lastly, networks of five classifiers, over which we do loopy belief propagation to solve the classification tasks jointly (MRF).
Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States

Use of solar water heating (SWH) in the United States grew significantly in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as a result of increasing energy prices and generous tax credits. Since 1985, however, expiration of federal tax credits and decreased energy prices have virtually eliminated the U.S. market for SWH. More recently, increases in energy prices, concerns regarding emissions of greenhouse gases, and improvements in SWH systems have created new interest in the potential of this technology. SWH, which uses the sun to heat water directly or via a heat-transfer fluid in a collector, may be particularly important in its ability to reduce natural gas use. Dependence on natural gas as an energy resource in the United States has significantly increased in the past decade, along with increased prices, price volatility, and concerns about sustainability and security of supply. One of the readily deployable technologies available to decrease use of natural gas is solar water heating. This report provides an overview of the technical potential of solar water heating to reduce fossil fuel consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions in U.S. residential and commercial buildings.
Response to Repeated Frusemide Administration on Low Chloride and Low Sodium Intake in the Rat

In animals on a normal NaCl intake despite the repeated administration of a diuretic Cl and Na excretion return to baseline values after initial Cl and Na loss. In order to delineate whether this apparent resistance is consequent primarily on a decreased effect of the diuretic, or compensatory Cl and Na reabsorption when the diuretic is not acting, rats were injected with frusemide (1.5 mg twice a day intraperitoneally for 4 days) while on diets differing in Cl and Na content. On a normal NaCl diet Cl and Na excretion increased on day 1 and subsequently returned to baseline. On a low NaCl diet Cl and Na excretion remained above baseline on all 4 days, thereby demonstrating that frusemide continues to promote daily Cl and Na loss. On a low Cl-normal Na intake Na excretion returned to baseline after day 1, while Cl excretion remained above baseline on all 4 days. The increase in K and net acid excretion was highest in these studies. On a low Na-normal Cl intake Cl excretion returned to baseline after day 2, while Na excretion exceeded baseline on all 4 days. Daily K excretion increased least and net acid excretion decreased in these studies. Hourly data on all four diets indicate that frusemide always has an acute effect to promote both Cl and Na excretion. In the recovery period Cl or Na reabsorption is enhanced when the respective ion is available. The apparent resistance to daily frusemide administration on a normal NaCl intake is primarily consequent on enhanced reabsorption balancing the chloriuretic and natriuretic effects. Daily changes in K and net acid excretion are also determined, in part, by these opposing effects.
Informed Consent (1)

The principle of informed consent has become almost the cornerstone of medical ethics discussions in the West.1 Sometimes it seems as if no other principle in medical ethics can hold a candle to the supremacy of this principle. The principle derives its validity from the more basic principle of autonomy, which in turn is based on the even more fundamental principle of respect for persons. In fact the simplest and most profound conclusion of Annas’ and Grodin’s lengthy 1992 study of the Doctors’ Trial at Nuremberg is that “the need to respect the humanity and self-determination of all humans is central to the ethos not only of medicine and human experimentation but of all civilized societies.”
"Smoking Does Not Go With Yoga:" A Qualitative Study of Women's Phenomenological Perceptions During Yoga and Smoking Cessation

Introduction: Smoking cessation is often accompanied by withdrawal symptoms, cigarette craving, increased negative affect, and increased experience of stress. Because yoga has been shown to reduce stress and negative affect, it may be an effective aid to smoking cessation. The objective of this study was to examine women's phenomenological experiences of vinyasa yoga as part of a smoking cessation program. Methods: Focus groups were conducted post-intervention with women (n = 20) who participated in a pilot randomized controlled trial of yoga as a complementary therapy for smoking cessation. The 8-week vinyasa yoga intervention included twice weekly 60-minute classes that involved breathing exercises, postures (asanas), and relaxation techniques. Focus groups were audio recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis focused on descriptions of yoga, breathing, and bodily sensations including cigarette craving. Results: Focus group participants described vinyasa yoga as physically challenging. Most reported de...
Nanostructured composites for controlled drug delivery and stem cell functions

T presentation will highlight recent advances in nanostructured ceramic/polymer composites for controlled drug delivery and enhanced human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) functions for regenerative medicine applications. Specifically, we designed and fabricated nanophase ceramic/polymer composites into 2D and 3D structures at the nanoand micro-scale to mimic properties of natural bone closely. Results showed that osteoblast (bone-forming cell) functions increased the most by the nanocomposites with the closest nano-surface characteristics to bone. We further investigated the loading of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-7)-derived short peptide (DIF-7c) into the nanocomposites and studied the prolonged release of the peptide and their potential for osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Results showed that the nanocomposites promoted hMSC adhesion than the polymer controls and enhanced osteogenic differentiation (i.e. calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity) of hMSCs in vitro. In summary, the nanocomposites are promising for more effective bone tissue regeneration and should be further studied for clinical translation. Huinan Liu, J Material Sci Eng 2013, 2:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.S1.010
Impact of perovskite precursor solution temperature on charge carrier dynamics and photovoltaic performance of perovskite based solar cells

Abstract Even though perovskite based solar cells have been routinely fabricated with preheated perovskite solutions, currently the underlying mechanism of how the perovskite precursor solution temperature influences perovskite solar cells has not been studied yet. Therefore, we investigated the impacts of perovskite solution temperatures on charge carrier dynamics of perovskite film and perovskite solar cell performance that were quantitatively analyzed using steady-state photoluminescence (PL), time-resolved emission spectra (TRES), excitation-dependence of PL and current-voltage measurements. It is found that the perovskite solution temperature greatly influenced the morphologies, defect densities and states, and charge recombination dynamics of perovskite thin films. Particularly, steady-state and time-resoled PL measurements revealed that perovskite thin films prepared with the perovskite solution temperature around 70 °C produced lowest surface and bulk defect densities. In addition, it is found that the perovskite solution temperature around 70 °C led to exciton-like transitions while lower and higher solution temperatures led to defect-mediated recombination of perovskite thin films. Such recombination dynamics of perovskite films strongly influenced the light absorption and extraction efficiencies of photogenerated charge carriers which in turn influenced short-circuit current, fill factor, and open circuit voltage of perovskite solar cells. As a result, better photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells was observed when prepared with the precursor temperature around 70 °C.
Parametric Pumping of Spin Waves Using Acoustic Waves

The linear and nonlinear interactions between spin waves (magnons) and acoustic waves (phonons) in magnetostrictive materials provide an exciting opportunity for realizing novel microwave signal processing devices and spintronic circuits. Here we demonstrate the parametric pumping of spin waves by acoustic waves, the possibility of which has long been theoretically anticipated but never experimentally realized. Spin waves propagating in a thin film of yttrium iron garnet (YIG), a magnetostrictive ferrimagnet with low spin and acoustic wave damping, are pumped using an acoustic resonator driven at frequencies near twice the spin wave frequency. The observation of a counter-propagating idler wave and a distinct pump threshold that increases quadratically with frequency non-degeneracy are evidence of a nonlinear parametric pumping process consistent with classical theory. This demonstration of acoustic parametric pumping lays the groundwork for developing new spintronic and microwave signal processing devices based on amplification and manipulation of spin waves by efficient, spatially localized acoustic transducers.
Computer Science and the Liberal Arts: Hidden Synergies and Boundless Opportunities

A growing body of evidence supports the contention that many students will benefit from coursework in computer science regardless of their respective academic majors. While there are distinct advantages to learning computer science for students in the quantitative and analytical fields (i.e., Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math or STEM disciplines), the tangible benefits for students in non-STEM areas are less clear. To investigate the influence of computer science methods on students in the liberal arts, we convened a workshop of faculty equally distributed from computer science and various liberal arts disciplines. We also included two career placement professionals, one from a small college and another from a larger technical university. By defining “computer science and the liberal arts”, the group had a common designation with which to work. This consensus-based, interdisciplinary lexicon enriched and guided the group’s dialogue. Next, the group discussed and identified possible requisite computer science courses and ideologies, identified aspects of liberal arts programs that would benefit from the inclusion of principles of computer science, and estimated the possible postgraduate effects of computer science courses on students currently enrolled in liberal arts programs. Finally, workshop participants came away with a better understanding of the computing needs of liberal arts students and faculty to advance interdisciplinary collaboration, faculty research, cooperative learning, and post-graduate employment prospects.
Impact on hospital ranking of basing readmission measures on a composite endpoint of death or readmission versus readmissions alone.

Abstract Background Readmission penalties are central to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) efforts to improve patient outcomes and reduce health care spending. However, many clinicians believe that readmission metrics may unfairly penalize low-mortality hospitals because mortality and readmission are competing risks. The objective of this study is to compare hospital ranking based on a composite outcome of death or readmission versus readmission alone. Methods We performed a retrospective observational study of 344,565 admissions for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF), or pneumoniae (PNEU) using population-based data from the New York State Inpatient Database (NY SID) between 2011 and 2013. Hierarchical logistic regression modeling was used to estimate separate risk-adjustment models for the (1) composite outcome (in-hospital death or readmission within 7-days), and (2) 7-day readmission. Hospital rankings based on the composite measure and the readmission measure were compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient and kappa analysis. Results Using data from all AMI, CHF, and PNEU admissions, there was substantial agreement between hospital adjusted odds ratio (AOR) based on the composite outcome versus the readmission outcome (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 0.67; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.75). For patients admitted with AMI, there was moderate agreement (ICC 0.53; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.62); for CHF, substantial agreement (ICC 0.72; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.78); and for PNEU, substantial agreement (ICC 0.71; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.78). There was moderate agreement when the composite and readmission metrics were used to classify hospitals as high, average, and low-performance hospitals ( κ = 0.54, SE = 0.050). For patients admitted with AMI, there was slight agreement ( κ = 0.14, SE = 0.037) between the two metrics. Conclusions Hospital performance on readmissions is significantly different from hospital performance on a composite metric based on readmissions and mortality. CMS and policy makers should consider re-assessing the use of readmission metrics for measuring hospital performance.
A closed-form approach for contiguous and non-contiguous harmonic elimination with application to a three-level switching waveform

In this paper, an analytical approach is proposed for solving a special set of transcendental equations, which are often encountered for eliminating harmonics in converters. Typically, numerical solutions are used for solving the transcendental equations. The disadvantage of numerical approach is overhead in computational effort as it requires a PC with expensive software and solution time can also be a problem in real-time operations. In the proposed approach, the transcendental equations are converted to power-sum non-linear polynomials using Chebyshev expansion. Their solutions through Girard-Waring equations for higher order power-sum polynomials are prohibitive to find closed-form solutions. Here, the non-linear polynomials have been reformulated using an extraction method that simplifies them and their solution leads to a polynomial in terms of elementary functions. Its solution provides the desired switching angles of the waveform. As an application of the proposed approach, the complete solution for unipolar switching pattern is given, eliminating up to ninth harmonic in single-phase and up to thirteenth harmonic in three-phase while controlling the fundamental independently. Contrary to two solutions in existing literature, three solutions have been found for the triplen system with four switching angles.
Attachment Theory and Research

Over the last 20 years, attachment theory has fostered considerable theoretical writing and research, with the vast majority of studies concentrating initially on infancy and early childhood. Both Bowlby (1980) and Ainsworth (1989) maintain, however, that attachment processes are relevant to personality functioning across the lifespan, including the successful attainment of autonomy and the establishment of close intimate relationships beyond the family. Bowlby (1969/82) claims that attachment behaviors are characteristic of humans from “cradle to grave” (p. 127). According to the attachment perspective, parental attachment does not cease with the attainment of desirable levels of autonomy in adulthood and the formation of long-term romantic attachments. In adults, the emotional response generated by the death of a parent is just one illustration of the persistence of parental attachment bonds over the life course (Ainsworth, 1989).
Inadequate preoperative nutrition might be associated with acute kidney injury and greater illness severity postoperatively.

Abstract Objective Nutrition is vital for maintaining optimal cellular and organ function, particularly in neonates who undergo cardiac surgery. Achieving nutritional goals preoperatively can be challenging because of fluid restrictions, suboptimal oral intake, and concerns for inadequate gastrointestinal circulation. We examined preoperative caloric intake and its effects on postoperative course in neonates who underwent cardiac surgery. Methods We retrospectively reviewed records of neonates (younger than 30 days) who underwent congenital heart surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass from 2008 to 2014 at Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children. Data on multiple nutritional and postoperative variables were collected. Study outcomes included hospital length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and acute kidney injury (AKI). Results Records of 95 neonates were reviewed. Sixty-six patients (69.5%) with a median age of 5 days did not achieve preoperative caloric goal, whereas 29 patients (30.5%) with a median age of 11 days did. Of those who achieved caloric goal, 6 (20.6%) achieved it via total parental nutrition, 9 (31.1%) with a combination of total parental nutrition and enteral feeds, and 14 (48.3%) via enteral route. There was a significant difference in peak lactate ( P = .002), inotropic score ( P = .02), and duration of mechanical ventilation ( P = .013) between those who did and did not achieve caloric goal. In multivariable analysis we found that failure to achieve caloric goal preoperatively was independently associated with stage 2 or 3 AKI ( P = .04; odds ratio, 4.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-19.63) and younger age at the time of surgery ( P Conclusions Failure to achieve preoperative caloric goal might contribute to development of AKI and might be associated with greater severity of illness postoperatively.
Rate of Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Related to Intravenous tPA Administered Over Telestroke Within 4.5-Hour Window.

Abstract Background: Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the cornerstone medical treatment for acute ischemic stroke. The establishment of telestroke technology has allowed patie...
Japanese Modern Architecture 1920–2015: Developments and Dialogues

Japanese Modern Architecture 1920–2015 is a unique addition to the rapidly growing scholarship on modern architecture in Japan. Although the English language literature has expanded rapidly over th...
Limits on the Perfect Preventive State

Traditional methods of crime prevention — the punishment of the culpable and the preventive restraint of the dangerous — are slowly being supplemented and supplanted by technologies that seek to perfectly prevent crime by making criminal conduct practically impossible. For instance, the federal government is developing in-car technology that would prevent vehicle operation when a driver has a blood alcohol level in excess of the legal limit. Less directly, the anti-circumvention provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 try to prevent copyright infringement by eliminating technologies that enable such infringement. Such structural regulation of private conduct is not new, but few scholars have focused on its use to prevent crime, and fewer still have examined how structural methods to fight crime fit within legal theory. This Article begins that discussion with three aims. First, I argue that perfect prevention — the use of technology by the State to make criminal conduct practically impossible — is a novel approach to crime prevention that requires separate scrutiny from punishment and prevention. Second, I identify concerns with the use of perfect prevention and propose limitations on the perfect preventive state responsive to those concerns. Specifically, I address the impact of perfect prevention on individual autonomy, concerns raised by the blanket application of perfect prevention on all people, and the question of whether and when perfect prevention should be the preferred approach from preventing certain criminal conduct. Third, I highlight areas for future discussion of perfect prevention by scholars.
Molecular characterization of the yeast gene HSP60

The hsp60 protein isolated from the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila is induced in response to heat stress and is a member of an immunologically conserved family represented in Escherichia coli and in mitochondria of plants and animals (McMullin and Hallberg, 1987; McMullin and Hallberg, 1988). We report here the cloning and characterization of a nuclear gene, HSP60, which codes for the hsp60 homologue from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that yeast hsp60 is related to the groEL protein of E. coli (Georgopoulos etal., 1973; Sternberg, 1973; Kochan and Murialdo, 1983; Zweig and Cummings, 1973) and the RUBISCO-binding protein (RBP) of chloroplasts (Hemmingsen et al., 1988). HSP60 was found to be the genetic locus of the conditional-lethal mutation described by Cheng etal. (1989), which at nonpermissive temperature is defective in the assembly of several different multisubunit complexes in mitochondria. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the groEL-related proteins serve an evolutionarily conserved function as accessory factors facilitating the folding and/or association of individual subunits of multimeric protein complexes (Hemmingsen etal., 1988; Georgopoulos etal., 1983; Barraclough and Ellis, 1980; Ellis and van der Vies, 1988; Milos and Roy, 1984; Cannon etal., 1986; Ellis, 1988).
Religious Neoliberalism “On the Ground”: Nonprofit Authorities’ Views on Religiosity, Devolution, and Remoralization in Poverty Relief

Post-welfare reform public/private partnerships are marked by the rise of the ideology and practice of “religious neoliberalism,” which include a commitment to devolution and remoralization. To und...
Do-It-Yourself Wills

Although most testators hire lawyers, others draft their own wills. Some try to comply with the Wills Act, which requires testamentary instruments to be signed by the testator and by two witnesses. Some create holographic wills, which are valid in about half of American states, and must be in the testator’s handwriting rather than attested. Some purchase fill-in-the-blank forms. And some have started using online will-making software sold by companies like Nolo Press, LegalZoom, and Rocket Lawyer. These do-it-yourself (DIY) testamentary instruments are controversial. Proponents argue that they empower people who are too poor or too sick to consult an attorney, but critics assail them as a fertile source of litigation. Nevertheless, there is no hard data about how homemade wills compare to their professionally-drafted counterparts. This contribution to the American College of Trusts and Estates Counsel and UC Davis Law Review Symposium improves our understanding of these issues by analyzing 1,133 recently-probated estates from Alameda and San Francisco Counties, California. The Article reaches three main conclusions. First, it is unclear whether people who create their own wills are less wealthy than those who hire lawyers. Second, there is some evidence that DIY devices are particularly useful for testators who fall gravely ill. Third, even controlling for the impact of other variables through a regression analysis, holographs in Alameda County and self-made and attested wills in San Francisco County are correlated with a statistically significant increase in the odds of litigation. Accordingly, the Article provides qualified support to both sides in this debate.
Restoration of Sagebrush in Crested Wheatgrass Communities: Longer-Term Evaluation in Northern Great Basin

Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum [L] Gaertm. and Agropyron desertorum [Fisch.] Schult.), an introduced bunchgrass, has been seeded on millions of hectares of sagebrush steppe. It can establish near-monocultures; therefore, reestablishing native vegetation in these communities is often a restoration goal. Efforts to restore native vegetation assemblages by controlling crested wheatgrass and seeding diverse species mixes have largely failed. Restoring sagebrush, largely through planting seedlings, has shown promise in short-term studies but has not been evaluated over longer timeframes. We investigated the reestablishment of Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata spp. wyomingensis [Beetle & A. Young] S.L. Welsh) in crested wheatgrass communities, where it had been broadcast seeded (seeded) or planted as seedlings (planted) across varying levels of crested wheatgrass control with a herbicide (glyphosate) for up to 9 yr post seeding/planting. Planting sagebrush seedlings in crested wheatgrass stands resulted in full recovery of sagebrush density and increasing sagebrush cover over time. Broadcast seeding failed to establish any sagebrush, except at the highest levels of crested wheatgrass control. Reducing crested wheatgrass did not influence density, cover, or size of sagebrush in the planted treatment, and therefore, crested wheatgrass control is probably unnecessary when using sagebrush seedlings. Herbaceous cover and density were generally less in the planted treatment, probably as a result of increased competition from sagebrush. This trade-off between sagebrush and herbaceous vegetation should be considered when developing plans for restoring sagebrush steppe. Our results suggest that planting sagebrush seedlings can increase the compositional and structural diversity in near-monocultures of crested wheatgrass and thereby improve habitat for sagebrush-associated wildlife. Planting native shrub seedlings may be a method to increase diversity in other monotypic stands of introduced grasses.
Pacemaker function and neural responsiveness of subserosal interstitial cells of Cajal in the mouse colon

Key points Rhythmic action potentials and intercellular Ca2+ waves are generated in smooth muscle cells of colonic longitudinal muscles (LSMC). Longitudinal muscle excitability is tuned by input from subserosal ICC (ICC-SS), a population of ICC with previously unknown function. ICC-SS express Ano1 channels and generate spontaneous Ca2+ transients in a stochastic manner. Release of Ca2+ and activation of Ano1 channels causes depolarization of ICC-SS and LSMC, leading to activation of L-type Ca2+ channels, action potentials, intercellular Ca2+ waves and contractions in LSMC. Nitrergic neural inputs regulate the Ca2+ events in ICC-SS. Pacemaker activity in longitudinal muscle is an emergent property as a result of integrated processes in ICC-SS and LSMC. Abstract Much is known about myogenic mechanisms in circular muscle (CM) in the gastrointestinal tract, although less is known about longitudinal muscle (LM). Two Ca2+ signalling behaviours occur in LM: localized intracellular waves not causing contractions and intercellular waves leading to excitation-contraction coupling. An Ano1 channel antagonist inhibited intercellular Ca2+ waves and LM contractions. Ano1 channels are expressed by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) but not by smooth muscle cells (SMCs). We investigated Ca2+ signalling in a novel population of ICC that lies along the subserosal surface of LM (ICC-SS) in mice expressing GCaMP6f in ICC. ICC-SS fired stochastic localized Ca2+ transients. Such events have been linked to activation of Ano1 channels in ICC. Ca2+ transients in ICC-SS occurred by release from stores most probably via inositol trisphosphate receptors. This activity relied on influx via store-operated Ca2+ entry and Orai channels. No voltage-dependent mechanism that synchronized Ca2+ transients in a single cell or between cells was found. Nitrergic agonists inhibited Ca2+ transients in ICC-SS, and stimulation of intrinsic nerves activated nitrergic responses in ICC-SS. Cessation of stimulation resulted in significant enhancement of Ca2+ transients compared to the pre-stimulus activity. No evidence of innervation by excitatory, cholinergic motor neurons was found. Our data suggest that ICC-SS contribute to regulation of LM motor activity. Spontaneous Ca2+ transients activate Ano1 channels in ICC-SS. Resulting depolarization conducts to SMCs, depolarizing membrane potential, activating L-type Ca2+ channels and initiating contraction. Rhythmic electrical and mechanical behaviours of LM are an emergent property of SMCs and ICC-SS.