cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure gradient and subsurface shear stress on the neuropathic forefoot.

Abstract Background Stresses within the neuropathic foot’s tissues can be estimated by pressure distributions and may provide information regarding the potential for skin breakdown. The purposes of this study were to: (1) determine the magnitude of peak plantar pressure, pressure time integral, peak pressure gradient, and peak maximum shear stress; and (2) determine the association of these variables with one another. Methods Forefoot peak plantar pressure, pressure time integral, peak pressure gradient, peak maximal shear stress, and depth of peak maximal shear stress were calculated for 16 controls, 16 people with diabetic neuropathy, and 22 people with diabetic neuropathy and a history of ulceration from pressure assessments. Findings Peak plantar pressure, pressure gradient, and maximal shear stress were greater in subjects with a history of ulceration relative to control subjects (P Interpretation Although these variables are associated with one another, peak pressure gradient and peak maximal shear stress provide information concerning plantar pressure distribution and the potentially injurious internal stresses within the foot’s soft tissues. Peak pressure gradient and peak maximal shear stress may perhaps be more discriminating than peak plantar pressure alone in distinguishing between groups of individuals who are at risk for developing a foot ulcer.
Chronic meningococcemia in childhood: case report and review of the literature.

: Chronic meningococcemia is a rare form of meningococcal infection. Most reported cases occur in adults. Only about 10% of reported patients are under 18 years of age. We herein report chronic meningococcemia in a 17-month-old immunocompetent child and review the literature. Our patient had a 4-month history of several episodes of intermittent fever accompanied by widespread erythematous and purpuric, crusted papules and pustules with necrotic centers. Blood cultures were positive for group C Neisseria meningitidis. Histopathology of a skin biopsy specimen revealed leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Because the disease is uncommon and can be confused with other conditions including other infectious processes, vasculitis, and collagen vascular diseases, it is important to have a high degree of suspicion for chronic meningococcemia. This will help avoid a delayed diagnosis and/or inappropriate treatment. The positive blood culture remains the diagnostic sine qua non. Treatment with ceftriaxone was rapidly successful in our patient.
Evaluation of Teratogenic Potential of N-Formylpiperidine in Rats

The teratogenic potential of a versatile solvent, N-formylpiperidine (NFP), was evaluated in the rat. Three groups of 25 mated female Sprague-Dawley rats were given 110, 220, or 440 mg/kg/day NFP in distilled water by gavage on Days 6 through 20 of gestation. A control group of 25 animals received distilled water on a comparable regimen. Maternal animals were observed daily for signs of toxicity; body weights and food consumption were measured at regular intervals throughout the study. All animals were euthanized on Gestation Day 21 and the fetuses examined for cleft palate and external abnormalities. One-half of the fetuses in each litter were examined for visceral anomalies while the remaining fetuses were examined for skeletal malformations after appropriate staining. One female in the high dosage group died on Gestation Day 12. Clinical signs of toxicity, observed in 6 females in the high dosage group, included tremors, convulsive movements, and an apparent weakness of the legs. Maternal toxicity, in terms of significantly decreased body weight and food consumption, was observed in the mid and high dosage groups. Food consumption was also significantly depressed for the first 4 days of dosing in the low dosage group. There was a significant increase in number of resorptions in the high dosage group when compared to controls. No effects were observed on other reproductive parameters. Mean fetal body weight was significantly lower in the high dosage group when compared to controls. While the incidence of fetal malformations on a litter basis was higher in the high dosage group, this change was not statistically significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT IN THE DOG

The radiographic signs associated with implanted canine total hip prostheses include: (1) a 1 mm-or-less wide static lucent zone at the acetabular and femoral bone-cement interfaces, and (2) periosteal bone proliferation surrounding the stem of the femoral prosthesis. The radiographic signs associated with total hip replacement complications are dislocation of the femoral component, bone changes suggestive of infection involving the acetabular and femoral components, and loosening of the acetabular component. Arthrography is beneficial in determining the presence of a loose prosthesis with or without infection.
EMK: A Novel Program for Family‐Based Allelic and Genotypic Association Tests on Quantitative Traits

Summary The QTDT program is a widely-used program for analyzing quantitative trait data, but the methods mainly test allelic association. Since the genotype of a marker is a direct observation for an individual, it is of interest to assess association at the genotypic level. In this study, we extended the allele-based association method developed by Monks and Kaplan (MK method) to genotype-based association tests for quantitative traits. We implemented a novel extended MK (EMK) program that can perform both allele- and genotype- based association tests in any pedigree structure. To evaluate the performance of EMK, we utilized simulated pedigree data and real data from our previous report of GSTO1 and GSTO2 genes in Alzheimer disease (AD). Both allele- and genotype-based EMK methods (allele-EMK and geno-EMK) showed correct type I error for various pedigree structures and admixture populations. The geno-EMK method showed comparable power to the allele-EMK test. By treating age-at-onset (AAO) as a quantitative trait, the EMK program was able to detect significant associations for rs4925 in GSTO1 (P= 0.006 for allele-EMK and P= 0.009 for geno-EMK), and rs2297235 in GSTO2 (P= 0.005 for allele-EMK and P= 0.009 for geno-EMK), which are consistent with our previous findings.
Solids and Liquids in the NaF–AlF3–Al2O3 System: A High‐Temperature NMR Study

Aluminofluoride and oxyfluoride melts are essential in the electrolytic smelting of aluminum, as the precursors of fluoride glasses, and as analogue systems for molten silicates. In these systems, the quantification of the abundances of structural species is crucial in the understanding of both thermodynamic and transport properties. 27Al NMR spectroscopy at high temperatures can provide important constraints on speciation and coordination number in aluminofluoride liquids, as well as structural and dynamical changes in the crystalline fluorides. We present results on a series of solids and liquids in the NaF–AIF3–Al2O3 system. These illustrate the dramatic effects of composition and temperature on liquid structure and suggest that most Al cations are four- or six-coordinated, with a relatively low abundance of five-coordinated sites.
Differences in the labeling of axons of passage by wheat germ agglutinin after uptake by cut peripheral nerve versus injections within the central nervous system

Abstract Injections of a radiolabeled derivative of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) in the subcortical white matter of the cerebral cortex in mice do not give rise to autoradiographic labeling axons systems coursing through this fiber mass. Exposing the cut-end of mouse tibial nerve to WGA does, however, produce labeling within dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord. These findings are discussed with consideration for dissimilarity in mode of central versus peripheral administration of the tracer, as well as in the light of potential relative differences in the uptake and transport of WGA and HRP.
Identification and characterization of three immunoglobulin classes in the Northern Fur Seal Callorhinus ursinus

Abstract Three immunoglobulin classes were isolated and identified from serum pools and throat mucus of the Northern Fur Seal, Callorhinus ursinus . These classes were shown to cross-react with antigenic determinants of human IgM and IgA and porcine IgG. Data obtained from gel filtration, ultracentrifugation, and reduction experiments indicate that these immunoglobulin classes have physiochemical properties similar to those in terrestrial mammals. Fractionation of serum on DEAE anion exchangers demonstrated two distinct peaks of IgG, the first of which (designated IgG-fp) possessed an antigenic determinant not found on the second peak (IgG-sp). On this basis, we conclude that the two peaks represent subclasses of IgG.
Eleanor Roosevelt and the National and World Woman's Parties

(1996). Eleanor Roosevelt and the National and World Woman's Parties. The Historian: Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 39-57.
Mechanical Unfolding Intermediates Observed by Single-molecule Force Spectroscopy in a Fibronectin Type III Module

Domain 10 of type III fibronectin (10FNIII) is known to play a pivotal role in the mechanical interactions between cell surface integrins and the extracellular matrix. Recent molecular dynamics simulations have predicted that 10FNIII, when exposed to a stretching force, unfolds along two pathways, each with a distinct, mechanically stable intermediate. Here, we use single-molecule force spectroscopy combined with protein engineering to test these predictions by probing the mechanical unfolding pathway of 10FNIII. Stretching single polyproteins containing the 10FNIII module resulted in sawtooth patterns where 10FNIII was seen unfolding in two consecutive steps. The native state unfolded at 100(+/-20) pN, elongating (10)FNIII by 12(+/-2) nm and reaching a clearly marked intermediate that unfolded at 50(+/-20) pN. Unfolding of the intermediate completed the elongation of the molecule by extending another 19(+/-2) nm. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues in the A and B beta-strands (E9P and L19P) resulted in sawtooth patterns with all-or-none unfolding events that elongated the molecule by 19(+/-2) nm. In contrast, mutating residues in the G beta-strand gave results that were dependent on amino acid position. The mutation I88P in the middle of the G beta-strand resulted in native like unfolding sawtooth patterns showing an intact intermediate state. The mutation Y92P, which is near the end of G beta-strand, produced sawtooth patterns with all-or-none unfolding events that lengthened the molecule by 17(+/-2) nm. These results are consistent with the view that 10FNIII can unfold in two different ways. Along one pathway, the detachment of the A and B beta-strands from the body of the folded module constitute the first unfolding event, followed by the unfolding of the remaining beta-sandwich structure. Along the second pathway, the detachment of the G beta-strands is involved in the first unfolding event. These results are in excellent agreement with the sequence of events predicted by molecular dynamics simulations of the 10FNIII module.
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Urinary tract stone disease is a common affliction. As much as 10% of the North American population suffers from renal, ureteral, or bladder stones sometime in their life. Of those affected, 10% to 30% require urologic intervention. 30 The traditional approach to renal stones was through open surgical procedures that required general anesthesia and long convalescence. In the late 1970s, however, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), a minimally invasive technique for the treatment of renal calculi, was introduced. 32 Although this technique also relied on general anesthesia, it allowed effective and safe removal of most renal and some ureteral stones with shorter postoperative recovery times, and quickly became a widely accepted treatment option for renal calculi. 87 A few years later, a revolutionary device made it possible to treat most renal calculi through entirely noninvasive means. Chaussy et al 19 introduced extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL [Dornier Medical Systems, Kennesaw, GA]) for treatment of renal stones in 1980. Today, ESWL represents the initial treatment modality in approximately 90% of patients with urinary tract stones, and is done predominantly on an outpatient basis. 27 Although ESWL has eclipsed all other methods of treatment for urinary tract stones, there are situations in which it may not be beneficial. Nearly 6% of patients experience an inadequate ESWL result, and may require endourologic or operative stone removal. 8 Pregnancy and the presence of a coagulopathy are contraindications to ESWL. Large calculi and patients with distal ureteral stricture or obstruction may not be candidates for ESWL monotherapy. 87 Patients with calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium phosphate, or cystine calculi, which are resistant to fracture with ESWL, may require alternate techniques. PCNL alone or with ESWL and open surgical intervention remain alternative treatment options for these patients.
DIFFERENTIAL OXIDATION OF MANGROVE SUBSTRATE BY AVICENNIA GERMINANS AND RHIZOPHORA MANGLE

Both Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) and Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) are commonly found in anaerobic substrate. Black mangrove roots create oxidized rhizospheres substantially larger than those described for other plant species. When air cannot enter the root system through the pneumatophores, the rhizospheres become as reduced as nearby unvegetated soil. The presence of red mangrove, in contrast, appears to have no effect on the oxidation state of surrounding anaerobic soils. It is likely that these data help to explain the distributions of both species in intertidal associations.
An observation on the political economy of agricultural policy making in the European Community

The decision-making process in the European Community was analyzed using a model of the political economy of agricultural policy making within a public choice framework. The November 1989 session of the Agriculture Council was used to illustrate Community institutions as a locus of bargain and compromise between the demands of organized farm lobbies, commodity groups, Community bureaucrats, and the Ministers of Agriculture of the Member States in the development of the Common Agricultural Policy.
RKIP downregulates B-Raf kinase activity in melanoma cancer cells

The Raf-MEK-ERK protein kinase cascade is a highly conserved signaling pathway that is pivotal in relaying environmental cues from the cell surface to the nucleus. Three Raf isoforms, which share great sequence and structure similarities, have been identified in mammalian cells. We have previously identified Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) as a negative regulator of the Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway by specifically binding to the Raf-1 isoform. We show here that RKIP also antagonizes kinase activity of the B-Raf isoform. Yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicated that RKIP specifically interacted with B-Raf. Ectopic expression of RKIP antagonized the kinase activity of B-Raf. We showed that the effects of RKIP on B-Raf functions were independent of its known inhibitory action on Raf-1. The expression levels of RKIP in melanoma cancer cell lines are low relative to primary melanocytes. Forced expression of RKIP partially reverted the oncogenic B-Raf kinase-transformed melanoma cancer cell line SK-Mel-28. The low expression of RKIP and its antagonistic action on B-Raf suggests that RKIP may play an important role in melanoma turmorgenesis.
Transverse mode selection in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser by using preferential alignment of optical feedback

Effect of the alignment of optical feedback on a multi-transverse-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser is investigated experimentally. Enhancement of the fundamental mode or higher-order mode is achieved by adjusting the alignment of the feedback mirror. When the strength of feedback is strong enough, single-transverse-mode operation is obtained in a wide current range.
The flooding time synchronization protocol

Wireless sensor network applications, similarly to other distributed systems, often require a scalable time synchronization service enabling data consistency and coordination. This paper describes the Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol (FTSP), especially tailored for applications requiring stringent precision on resource limited wireless platforms. The proposed time synchronization protocol uses low communication bandwidth and it is robust against node and link failures. The FTSP achieves its robustness by utilizing periodic flooding of synchronization messages, and implicit dynamic topology update. The unique high precision performance is reached by utilizing MAC-layer time-stamping and comprehensive error compensation including clock skew estimation. The sources of delays and uncertainties in message transmission are analyzed in detail and techniques are presented to mitigate their effects. The FTSP was implemented on the Berkeley Mica2 platform and evaluated in a 60-node, multi-hop setup. The average per-hop synchronization error was in the one microsecond range, which is markedly better than that of the existing RBS and TPSN algorithms.
Long-Term Underground Corrosion of Stainless Steels

In 1970, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) implemented the most ambitious and comprehensive long-term corrosion behavior test to date for stainless steels in soil environments. Over thirty years later, one of the six test sites was targeted to research subsurface contamination and transport processes in the vadose and saturated zones. This research directly applies to environmental management operational corrosion issues and long term stewardship scientific needs for understanding the behavior of waste forms and their near-field contaminant transport of chemical and radiological contaminants at nuclear disposal sites. This paper briefly describes the ongoing research and the corrosion analysis results of the stainless steel plate specimens recovered from the partial recovery of the first test site.
Divergence between samples of chimpanzee and human DNA sequences is 5%, counting indels

Five chimpanzee bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences (described in GenBank) have been compared with the best matching regions of the human genome sequence to assay the amount and kind of DNA divergence. The conclusion is the old saw that we share 98.5% of our DNA sequence with chimpanzee is probably in error. For this sample, a better estimate would be that 95% of the base pairs are exactly shared between chimpanzee and human DNA. In this sample of 779 kb, the divergence due to base substitution is 1.4%, and there is an additional 3.4% difference due to the presence of indels. The gaps in alignment are present in about equal amounts in the chimp and human sequences. They occur equally in repeated and nonrepeated sequences, as detected by REPEATMASKER (http://ftp.genome.washington.edu/RM/RepeatMasker.html).
Structure and function of hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus with a linear RNA genome approximately 9.6kb in size (CHOO et al. 1989). This genome encodes a single polyprotein of approximately 3010 amino acids and at least ten viral proteins: NH2-C-E1 -E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B-COOH (CHOO et al. 1991; KAITO et al. 1994; RICE 1996; TAKAMIZAWA et al. 1991). The individual proteins are released from the polyprotein by both host signal peptidases and viral proteases (GRAKOUI et al. 1993; HIJIKATA et al. 1991; LIN et al. 1994 and reviewed by Reed and Rice elsewhere in this volume (pp 55–84)). Some or all of the nonstructural proteins (NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B) are believed to interact to form the viral replication machinery (HOUGHTON 1996; RICE 1996).
Microdialysis Sampling Coupled to Microchip Electrophoresis with Integrated Amperometric Detection on an All‐Glass Substrate

The development of an all-glass separation-based sensor using microdialysis coupled to microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection is described. The system includes a flow-gated interface to inject discrete sample plugs from the microdialysis perfusate into the microchip electrophoresis system. Electrochemical detection was accomplished with a platinum electrode in an in-channel configuration using a wireless electrically isolated potentiostat. To facilitate bonding around the in-channel electrode, a fabrication process was employed that produced a working and a reference electrode flush with the glass surface. Both normal and reversed polarity separations were performed with this sensor. The system was evaluated in vitro for the continuous monitoring of the production of hydrogen peroxide from the reaction of glucose oxidase with glucose. Microdialysis experiments were performed using a BASi loop probe with an overall lag time of approximately five minutes and a rise time of less than 60 seconds.
Tree algorithms for packet broadcast channels

The multiaccessing of a broadcast communication channel by independent sources is considered. Previous accessing techniques suffer from long message delays, low throughput, and/or congestion instabilities. A new class of high-speed, high-throughput, stable, multiaccessing algorithms is presented. Contentions resolving tree algorithms are introduced, and they are analyzed for specific probabilistic source models. It is shown that these algorithms are stable (in that all moments of delay exist) and are optimal in a certain sense. Furthermore, they have a maximum throughput of 0.430 packets/slut and have good delay properties. It is also shown that, under heavy traffic, the optimally controlled tree algorithm adaptively changes to the conventional time-division multiple access protocol.
Cohort study of the association of hypnotic use with mortality in postmenopausal women.

Objective Previous studies found an association between hypnotic use and mortality risk. The prospective outcome data and the many baseline risk factors included in the Women9s Health Initiative (WHI) provide an opportunity to better understand the reasons for this association. Setting The WHI is a long-term national health study that focused on strategies for preventing disease in postmenopausal women. Participants were enrolled from 1993 to 1998. Design Baseline hypnotic use was evaluated for an association with subsequent mortality or disease after adjusting for baseline risk. Subjects 148 938 postmenopausal women between the ages of 50 and 79 throughout the USA. The median follow-up was 8 years. Main outcome measures Mortality. Secondary outcomes included myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes and seven types of cancer. Results For persons who use hypnotic medications almost daily the age-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for mortality was 1.62 (95% CI 1.50 to 1.74). Greater hypnotic use was associated with less healthy levels of physical function, general health and smoking at baseline. After adjustment for these factors the HR for almost daily hypnotic use was 1.14 (1.06 to 1.23) for mortality and 1.53 (1.18 to 1.99) for melanoma; it was not significantly associated with increased incidence of other diseases tested. Less frequent hypnotic use and several types of sleeping difficulties were not associated with mortality, but sleeping more than 10 h a night had a risk-adjusted HR for mortality of 1.28 (1.01 to 1.61). Conclusions The association of hypnotic use with mortality and incident disease was greatly reduced after adjusting for baseline risk factors. These findings do not support a strong independent association of hypnotic use with most health outcomes.
Effects of light and nutrients on the net accumulation and elemental composition of epilithon in boreal lakes

1. Two experiments in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) in north-western Ontario, Canada examined the effects of light and two key elements on the net accumulation and elemental composition of epilithon. In Lake (L) 224, benthic algae were grown under different light intensity and phosphorus supply, while in L302S we provided three levels of two different carbon sources (bicarbonate and glucose) to algae colonizing nutrient-diffusing substrata. After 1 month of accumulation, we sampled biofilms for chlorophyll (chl), carbon (C), phosphorus (P) and algal C. 2. Increased C supply did not significantly affect algal growth (C or chl) or elemental composition (C/P ratios) in L302S. However, P enrichment increased chl and algal C, dramatically reduced the C/P ratio of epilithon, and did not affect total organic C in L224. Phosphorus enrichment also increased the proportion of algal material in the total particulate organic matter and altered the taxonomic composition of algae in L224 biofilms. Shading had no significant effect on the C/P ratio and total organic C in epilithon from the L224 experiment. 3. Our results demonstrate that P supply affects the elemental composition of organic matter that collects on rock substrata. It thus appears that low availability of P relative to C and light drives the formation and retention of high C/P organic matter on rock surfaces in oligotrophic boreal lakes.
INFLUENCE OF SPATIOTEMPORAL SCALE ON THE INTERPRETATION OF PALEOCOMMUNITY STRUCTURE: LATERAL VARIATION IN THE IMPERIAL FORMATION OF CALIFORNIA

Abstract Numerous paleocommunity studies of marine ecosystems have demonstrated that water depth was the primary factor structuring paleocommunities. In contrast, many ecological studies find other factors play a greater role in delineating communities; this difference in results may be owing to the spatiotemporal scale at which the study is performed. To explore this hypothesis, the present study examines a set of Imperial Formation (Pliocene, California) paleocommunities at a scale potentially fine enough to exclude depth as a control over the communities, thus facilitating recognition of fine-scale ecological and environmental processes operating at this scale. Twenty-six taxa from 21 samples were collected in situ from an 8.5-m-thick interval within a 0.32 km2 area. Cluster, Bray-Curtis (polar) ordination, and detrended correspondence analyses were used to infer community structure. Cluster and ordination analyses produced similar results independent of choice of distance measure. To test whether dept...
Pairing symmetries of several iron-based superconductor families and some similarities with cuprates and heavy-fermions

We show that, by using the unit-cell transformation between 1 Fe per unit cell to 2 Fe per unit cell, one can qualitatively understand the pairing symmetry of several families of iron-based superconductors. In iron-pnictides and iron-chalcogenides, the nodeless s ± -pairing and the resulting magnetic resonance mode transform nicely between the two unit cells, while retaining all physical properties unchanged. However, when the electron-pocket disappears from the Fermi surface with complete doping in KFe2As2, we find that the unit- cell invariant requirement prohibits the occurrence of s ± -pairing symmetry (caused by inter-hole-pocket nesting). However, the intra-pocket nesting is compatible here, which leads to a nodal d-wave pairing. The corresponding Fermi surface topology and the pairing symmetry are similar to Ce-based heavy-fermion superconductors. Furthermore, when the Fermi surface hosts only electron-pockets in KyFe2-xSe2, the inter- electron-pocket nesting induces a nodeless and isotropic d-wave pairing. This situation is analogous to the electron-doped cuprates, where the strong antiferromagnetic order creates similar disconnected electron-pocket Fermi surface, and hence nodeless d-wave pairing appears. The unit-cell transformation in KyFe2-xSe2 exhibits that the d-wave pairing breaks the translational symmetry of the 2 Fe unit cell, and thus cannot be realized unless a vacancy ordering forms to compensate for it. These results are consistent with the coexistence picture of a competing order and nodeless d-wave superconductivity in both cuprates and KyFe1.6Se2.
Power semiconductor device models for use in discrete and power IC circuit simulation

Support from the NSF-CDADIC University-lndustry Center the last seven years has resulted in an active modeling program for power semiconductor devices at the University of Washington. A variety of special circuit simulator models has been designed for the semiconductor devices used in power electronic circuits. Model validation levels are demonstrated using power diode models as examples. Model development steps and the laboratory facilities needed to validate and characterize new models are briefly outlined. The next models to be developed are for the integrated power devices used in power ICs.
Moving Beyond Strawmen and Artificial Dichotomies: Adaptive Management When an Endangered Species Uses an Invasive One

Evans et al. (Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 2008) have attempted to enmesh me in their dispute with the Florida Bureau of Invasive Plant Management about a specific system, Kings Bay/Crystal River. In so doing, they repeatedly mischaracterize my positions in order to depict, incorrectly, invasion biology as monolithic and me as a representative of one extreme of a false dichotomy about management of introduced species. In addition, they introduce an issue irrelevant in this case (extinctions) and cite incorrect data. Proposing to manage people, manatees, introduced plants, and cyanobacteria in Kings Bay by participative adaptive management, they ignore the fact that living organisms can both disperse autonomously and hitchhike. Finally, they present few details on any aspect of their management proposal and do not address the myriad problems that have beset previous attempts at scientific adaptive management, especially at large scales. Until such a management approach is fleshed out and implemented, it is impossible to assess its validity for Kings Bay, and it is very premature to suggest it as a general model for dealing with invasive species disputes.
Steroid Inhibition of Neural Micro vessel Morphogenesis In Vitro: Receptor Mediation and Astroglial Dependence

Steroid hormones alter several aspects of microvascular function within the CNS. Both microvessel formation and blood-brain barrier expression appear to be influenced by interactions between astrocytes and endothelial cells. To determine if steroids alter astrocyte-endothelial interactions, we studied their effects on astroglial-induced microvessel morphogenesis in vitro. C6 astroglial cells induce bovine retinal microvascular endothelial cells to differentiate into capillary-like structures. Dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and progesterone at 10 nM inhibited C6-induced microvessel morphogenesis by 75, 35, and 30%, respectively. Inhibition by dexamethasone was both time and concentration dependent, reaching 80-100% at 1 microM. Tetrahydrocortisone and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone had only marginal inhibitory effects. Cortexolone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, blocked inhibition by dexamethasone. Progesterone receptors were expressed in C6 but not bovine retinal microvascular endothelial cells, identifying the astroglial cell as the likely effector of progesterone-mediated inhibition. Astroglial cells were further implicated as the effectors of steroid-mediated inhibition because none of the steroids inhibited astroglial-independent capillary-like structure formation in response to a reconstituted extracellular matrix, Matrigel. These findings are evidence that steroids modulate neural microvascular endothelial cell functions indirectly through perivascular astrocytes via a receptor-mediated mechanism.
Vacuum electrospray ionization study of the ionic liquid, [Emim][Im]

Abstract An analysis is presented of positive and negative vacuum electrospray currents from the ionic liquid, [Emim][Im], wetted on a sharp tungsten needle. The source is operated in a cone–jet configuration established with a low extraction voltage of approximately ±1 kV. Emission current and mass flow are measured as a function of the emitter angle with respect to the instrument axis. Mass spectra of field evaporated ions and mass-resolved energy distributions of emitted charges are recorded as a function of emitter angle. The measurements at both source polarities indicate that the cone–jet emits a mixture of ions and charged droplets. While the charged droplets are emitted with a narrow angular distribution centered on axis, the angular distributions of ions are significantly broader than those of the droplets and centered off axis. Pure ion emission is observed at emission angles larger than ∼15°. The main mass spectral peaks are from X ± {[Emim][Im]} n ions (X = Emim or Im for positive and negative polarities, respectively) with n = 0, 1, and 2. Quantum chemical calculations of the n = 0 and 1 ions and the isolated ion pairs are presented, yielding thermochemical information on the observed ionic species. The present results demonstrate that the cone–jet emits droplets from the tip of the jet, and provide direct evidence that ions are produced in an Iribarne–Thomson field-evaporation mechanism at the transition region between the Taylor cone and jet. Electrochemical modification of the cone–jet emitter properties are observed when maintaining the emitter at a positive polarity for a prolonged (minutes to hours) period. New ions emerge consisting of clusters containing a neutralized Im − . The associated current suppression can be mitigated through polarity alternation at 1 Hz. Measurements are also presented with the tungsten needle heated to 373 K, thereby reducing the liquid viscosity and increasing the flow rate. The average mass of the droplets is observed to increase with temperature while the mass distributions of the ions are not found to change noticeably.
Errors in forecasting social phenomena

In this paper, we examine the nature of forecasting errors associated with social phenomena. We introduce the notion of predictive likelihood and conclude a) that there is a need to separate the problem of parametric estimation and inference from the problem of forecasting, b) that all forecasts linked to decisions require at least an implicit structural model, c) that conventional cost functions have adversely affected the quality of social science forecasts, and d) that there is a need to develop forecasting procedures robust to different kinds of cost functions.
New methods to infer snow albedo from the MISR instrument with applications to the Greenland ice sheet

Snow-covered surfaces have a very high surface albedo, thereby allowing little energy to be absorbed by the snowpack. As the snowpack ages and/or begins to melt, the snow albedo decreases and more solar energy is absorbed by the snowpack. Therefore, accurate estimation of snow albedo is essential for monitoring the state of the cryosphere. This paper examines the retrieval of snow albedo using data from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument over the Greenland ice sheet. Two different methods are developed and examined to derive the snow albedo: one based on the spectral information from MISR and one utilizing the angular information from the MISR instrument. The latter method is based on a statistical relationship between in situ albedo measurements and the MISR red channel reflectance at all MISR viewing angles and is found to give good agreement with the ground-based measurements. Good agreement is also found using the spectral information, although the method is more sensitive to instrument calibration, snow bidirectional reflectance distribution function models, and narrowband-to-broadband relationships. In general, using either method retrieves snow surface albedo values that are within about 6% of that measured at the stations in Greenland.
Moment Tensors and other Phenomenological Descriptions of Seismic Sources—I. Continuous Displacements

Summary. In most seismic calculations the real physical stress tensor S is replaced by a linearized isentropic elastic model stress tensor 9. Backus & Mulcahy showed how the stress glut r = 9- S gives rise to all the usual phenomenological descriptions of earthquake sources, the equivalent forces, the moment tensor densities, the stress-free strain and the seismic moment tensors of various types and degrees. In our earlier paper the displacement field s was supposed to be continuously differentiable, so discontinuous faulting could not be discussed. The present work extends our earlier paper to cover the possibility that 9 is a singular generalized function, so that s can be discontinuous or singular. Even when s is smooth, generalized functions simplify the notation. Surface and volume forces, real or equivalent, can be combined in a single distribution; boundary conditions are automatically included in the field equations; and representing a localized source by certain moment tensors of low degree amounts to approximating the source by a point source with the same moments of low degree. It is shown that all the results in our earlier paper can be extended to discontinuous s and singular 9. New results, not obtainable in our earlier paper, include these: a simple description of the most general seismic point source; a proof that every tensor with the obvious appropriate index symmetries is a forcemoment or glut-moment tensor of a seismic point source; a catalogue of point sources with no seismic effects; a new, direct derivation of the classical phenomenological descriptions of ideal fault sources which Burridge & Knopoff, Dahlen and Walton obtained from the reciprocity theorem and the impulse response; a discussion of how, unlike ideal faults, a real fault might have a seismic moment tensor with non-zero trace; and a description of a source type, the simple surface source, which may be a more accurate phenomenological description of real faults than are the classical ideal fault descriptions. It can be shown that a simple surface source with fault surface Z is uniquely determined by the motion it produces if it is developable or if the Gaussian curvature of Z never vanishes, but not if Z contains a piece of a plane.
The Effects of Different Treatment Activities on Functional Fine Motor Coordination in Adults With Brain Injury

Objectives Occupational therapists frequently work to improve the fine motor coordination skills of adults who have dexterity deficits secondary to brain injury. Most therapists use a combination of tabletop and functional activities to foster improved coordination in these clients. This study examined the effects of puzzle construction and kitchen activities on fine motor coordination in a group of 45 men with brain injury, as measured by pretest and posttest performance on two subtests of the Jebsen-Taylor Test of Hand Function. Method Subjects were randomly assigned to either a parquetry block assembly group (n = 22) or a meal preparation group (n = 23). Results Subjects in the functional meal preparation group showed significantly greater improvement in dominant-band dexterity for picking up small objects than subjects in the tabletop puzzle activity group. Other coordination test results were comparable for the two treatment groups. Conclusion These findings suggest that functional activities may be better than tabletop activities for fine motor coordination training with this population.
THE EFFECT OF FLINT ON THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF A SOFT‐FIRED MATERIAL1

The elasticity of quartz varies markedly with temperature, with an abrupt break at This paper is the result of a few preliminary tests t o ascertain the effect of quartz The results seem to indicate that the elasticity 573”. on the elasticity of a ceramic material. of a ceramic body is not dependent upon the nature of the nonplastic present.
COYOTES (CANIS LATRANS) IN GUATEMALA

Abstract Records of coyotes (Canis latrans) from Guatemala are based mostly on observational records. We review existing literature for coyotes in Guatemala and report the first specimen from this country.
Ethanolamine Signaling Promotes Salmonella Niche Recognition and Adaptation during Infection

Chemical and nutrient signaling are fundamental for all cellular processes, including interactions between the mammalian host and the microbiota, which have a significant impact on health and disease. Ethanolamine is an essential component of cell membranes and has profound signaling activity within mammalian cells by modulating inflammatory responses and intestinal physiology. Here, we describe a virulence-regulating pathway in which the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) exploits ethanolamine signaling to recognize and adapt to distinct niches within the host. The bacterial transcription factor EutR promotes ethanolamine metabolism in the intestine, which enables S. Typhimurium to establish infection. Subsequently, EutR directly activates expression of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 in the intramacrophage environment, and thus augments intramacrophage survival. Moreover, EutR is critical for robust dissemination during mammalian infection. Our findings reveal that S. Typhimurium co-opts ethanolamine as a signal to coordinate metabolism and then virulence. Because the ability to sense ethanolamine is a conserved trait among pathogenic and commensal bacteria, our work indicates that ethanolamine signaling may be a key step in the localized adaptation of bacteria within their mammalian hosts.
Swimming in a two-dimensional Brinkman fluid: Computational modeling and regularized solutions

The incompressible Brinkman equation represents the homogenized fluid flow past obstacles that comprise a small volume fraction. In nondimensional form, the Brinkman equation can be characterized by a single parameter that represents the friction or resistance due to the obstacles. In this work, we derive an exact fundamental solution for 2D Brinkman flow driven by a regularized point force and describe the numerical method to use it in practice. To test our solution and method, we compare numerical results with an analytic solution of a stationary cylinder in a uniform Brinkman flow. Our method is also compared to asymptotic theory; for an infinite-length, undulating sheet of small amplitude, we recover an increasing swimming speed as the resistance is increased. With this computational framework, we study a model swimmer of finite length and observe an enhancement in propulsion and efficiency for small to moderate resistance. Finally, we study the interaction of two swimmers where attraction does not occur when the initial separation distance is larger than the screening length.
Continuity and Change in the Field of Cognitive Development and in the Perspectives of One Cognitive Developmentalist

In this article, I examine changes in the field of cognitive development and in my own thinking over the past 40 years. The review focuses on three periods. In the first, Piaget's theory was dominant, and my research and that of many others was aimed at understanding the many fascinating changes in children's thinking that Piaget documented, and correcting inaccuracies in his theory. In the second period, which involved efforts to formulate alternatives to Piaget's approach, I generated overlapping waves theory, and attempted to specify through microgenetic methods and computer simulations how development can be produced by variability of strategy use, adaptive choices among strategies, and discovery of new strategies. In the third period, my thinking and research, and that of many others, has focused increasingly on the interface between cognitive development and education. I close by suggest that generating domain-specific integrated theories of cognitive development may provide a way forward for the field.
The Historical Motion-Picture Collections at George Eastman House

Opened in 1949 as a museum of photography and cinematography, George Eastman House contains a priceless collection of motion-picture apparatus and a library of more than seven million feet of film which is stored in specially constructed vaults. Some of its rare and historically significant cameras and projectors are described.
Measurement of the surface emmissivity of turbid waters

Abstract Knowledge of sea surface emissivity is an important factor in measuring valid thermal IR radiometric temperatures from viewing positions both near the sea surface and from satellite platforms. In the latter case, we find that the effect of as little as a 0.01 change in emissivity from a blackbody assumption may create an increase of as much as 1.0°C in recovered temperature in dry atmospheres where recovered temperatures are radiometric temperatures obtained by applying the Planck function to radiances received at the satellite. As atmospheric moisture increases to around 5 g/cm2, variations in emissivity of the same order have negligible effect on recovered sea surface temperatures. Laboratory measurements of fresh (tap) and sea water samples with a Barnes 8–14 μm PRT-5 radiometer show distinctive differences in the behavior of emissivity with changes in suspended sediment concentrations for both organic and inorganic materials. Tap water emissivity remains essentially invariant at 0.980 over a wide range of concentrations. In contrast, however, sea water emissivity values show an immediate but steady decrease from 0.975 to a value 0.970, with increasing suspended sediment loading up to around 100 mg/L, where emissivity levels off until it falls again to a value of 0.962 at concentrations of 10,000 mg/L. Consequently, emissivity variations should not be neglected in making thermal measurements of coastal waters.
Postsurgical biliary tract complications.

Abstract Cholecystectomy and other biliary tract operations are being performed with an increasing frequency due to the prevalence of gallstones and pancreaticobiliary disorders among the aging population of the United States. Even in the current era of modern medicine, however, a wide spectrum of postsurgical biliary complications are encountered. Most are the result of preventable iatrogenic trauma or technical mishaps that occur with a much higher incidence during laparoscopic cholecystectomy than the conventional open procedure. These include bile leakage from an overlooked transection of normal or aberrant bile ducts, obstructive jaundice due to inadvertent ligation of the common duct or its postsurgical stricture, instrumentation injuries induced during biliary tract exploration, and the various types of biliary fistulas. These lesions are detectable by intraoperative or T-tube cholangiography, if the examination is performed and interpreted correctly. In most instances, however, the postoperative evaluation of the abdomen by computed tomography or ultrasonography will provide the initial clues to an otherwise unsuspected lesion. Radiologic imaging and interventional techniques play a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of postsurgical biliary tract complications, as illustrated in this review article.