cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of the stability constants for the binding of sulfonated morin with Fe2

Abstract The complexation of the sodium salt of sulfonated morin (H5SM−) with Fe2+ was studied by potentiometric titration as was its deprotonation. Only four of the five hydroxy groups were deprotonated under the conditions employed. The associated pKa values are 3.80, 7.47, 9.24 and 11.48. Analysis of the titration data suggests formation of (H3SM)Fe−, (H2SM)Fe2−, (HSM)Fe3− and (HSM)2Fe8−. Log β values (based on HSM5− as the ligand species) are 24.8, 16.1, 7.1 and 11.6, respectively. Theoretical calculations predict that the 7-hydroxy group is deprotonated first followed closely by the 3-hydroxy position. Deprotonation of the 2′-hydroxy group results in proton migration from the 3-hydroxy oxygen atom. These calculations along with previous results suggest that chelation of the metal ion likely occurs at the 3-hydroxy-4-keto site.
He+ ion-scattering spectroscopy studies of UO2(hkl) surfaces

Abstract Structural aspects of the (110), (100) and (111) planar surfaces of UO 2 have been studied by 500 eV He + ISS. Measurements of the He + /U signal as a function of polar, β, and azimuthal, φ, angles of incidence indicate for the (110) that U and O are coplanar: Only one critical blocking angle at β c = 87° ± 3° was observed. In a vivid example of sensitivity to surface processes, as the temperature of (110) was raised to where faceting begins, the He + /O signal became very strong and He + /U disappeared. For the (100), two He + /U β c were observed and interpreted as resulting from oxygen in two bridge-bonding orientations. Previous (111) results were confirmed and, when extended to include other φ, were in agreement with the center-bonded oxygen model. Difficulties in establishing a defined He + /U scattering mechanism are discussed.
Influence of a magnetic field on the current instability in a ballistic field-effect transistor

A theoretical investigation is made of the plasma-wave instability mechanism in a two-dimensional (2D) electron fluid in a ballistic field-effect transistor (FET) in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. The 2D electron fluid in the FET channel has been treated within the framework of hydrodynamics applicable to the shallow water waves. We show that a relatively low dc current should be unstable because of magnetoplasma-wave amplification due to the reflection of the wave from the device boundaries. Just as in the absence of the magnetic field the instability occurs for $0l{\ensuremath{\upsilon}}_{0}ls$ and ${\ensuremath{\upsilon}}_{0}l\ensuremath{-}s,$ where ${\ensuremath{\upsilon}}_{0}$ is the local electron velocity and s the plasma-wave velocity. The external field B enhances this instability considerably as the imaginary part of the wave increases with B. Accordingly, the magnetic field can be used to compensate or overcome the stabilizing role of the external and/or internal friction on plasma-wave generation. Such a ballistic FET channel is a promising device for the generation of tunable electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz frequency range.
Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes Possess a Large Population of Stable Microtubules that is Enriched in Post-Translationally Modified Subunits

Microtubules (MTs) may be involved in several differentiation-specific cardiomyocyte functions, including myofibril organization, hypertrophic cell growth, and the negative regulation of heart cell contraction. The functional characteristics of neonatal rat heart cell MTs, which possess subsets that are enriched with either detyrosinated or acetylated tubulin subunits, were analysed. When compared with their non-myocyte neighbors, cardiomyocyte MTs were found to be more resistant to high concentrations (33 microM) of nocodazole (over 10-30 min), cold treatments (10 min to 8 h), or calcium (50-100 microM for 1-10 min, using detergent-extracted cells). These stable MTs were correlated with the modified MT population. Myocytes treated with 10 microM taxol for 4 h showed elevated levels of modified tubulin but only moderate MT bundling or rearrangement, while after an overnight treatment significant changes in intensity and distribution were noted. In contrast, non-myocytes on the same coverslip showed much greater MT rearrangements, but with only a moderate increase in the immunostaining intensity for modified MTs. Finally, hapten-labeled tubulin that was microinjected into the myocytes showed incorporation rates that were similar to those of the non-myocytes in this study as well as to fibroblast rates determined in other studies, suggesting that the modified MTs in cardiomyocytes may be only moderately stable. Thus, a significant subset of MTs in neonatal cardiomyocytes are post-translationally modified, are resistant to depolymerization by a variety of agents, but are still turning over. These MTs may help define myocyte function during heart development.
State of the occupational therapy workforce: results of a national study.

OBJECTIVE. This study determined the current status of the occupational therapy workforce in the United States with a demand-based report using current job data. METHOD. A 31-question survey was sent to rehabilitation administrators and managers from a proportional random sample of 556 facilities that hire occupational therapy practitioners in 29 states. Data were collected from November 2005 to February 2006 using structured mailing and follow-up procedures. RESULTS. The response rate was 55%. The vacancy rate was 8.9% for occupational therapists and 7.7% for occupational therapy assistants. Forty-five percent of respondents predicted an increase in occupational therapy positions in the next 2 years, and 30% predicted an increase in occupational therapy assistant positions. Sixty-seven percent reported difficulty hiring occupational therapists, and 62% reported difficulty hiring occupational therapy assistants. DISCUSSION. This study identifies a serious shortage of occupational therapy practitioners at a time when predictions of workforce demands continue to grow.
Physical dependence and tolerance development after chronic exposure to low levels of morphine in the rat

Abstract A sustained-release delivery system containing 14 C-morphine was implanted subcutaneously in rats. Measurement of urinary excretion of 14 C suggested a steady state release of approximately 640 μg 14 C morphine/day during a 10-day test period. Tolerance developed rapidly to the analgetic effects produced by an injected ED 95 dose of morphine sulfate in implanted rats tested on the hot-plate. Physical dependence, determined by naloxone-precipitated abstinence behavior, was evident in rats at 24 hr. Morphine dosage was estimated to be as low as 2.5 mg/kg/day. Peak abstinence behavior was observed on Day 4. However, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs were markedly diminished by Day 6 and essentially absent by Day 8. These results are discussed with reference to the suggestion that metabolic changes, occuring during chronic exposure to morphine, may explain the lack of abstinence behavior during a time when maximal concentrations of urinary morphine were observed and a high degree of tolerance was manifest.
ATP hydrolysis by a domain related to translation factor GTPases drives polymerization of a static bacterial morphogenetic protein

The assembly of static supramolecular structures is a culminating event of developmental programs. One such structure, the proteinaceous shell (called the coat) that surrounds spores of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, is composed of about 70 different proteins and represents one of the most durable biological structures known. The coat is built atop a basement layer that contains an ATPase (SpoIVA) that forms a platform required for coat assembly. Here, we show that SpoIVA belongs to the translation factors class of P-loop GTPases and has evolutionarily lost the ability to bind GTP; instead, it uses ATP hydrolysis to drive its self-assembly into static filaments. We demonstrate that ATP hydrolysis is required by every subunit for incorporation into the growing polymer by inducing a conformational change that drives polymerization of a nucleotide-free filament. SpoIVA therefore differs from other self-organizing polymers (dynamic cytoskeletal structures and static intermediate filaments) in that it uses ATP hydrolysis to self-assemble, not disassemble, into a static polymer. We further show that polymerization requires a critical concentration that we propose is only achieved once SpoIVA is recruited to the surface of the developing spore, thereby ensuring that SpoIVA polymerization only occurs at the correct subcellular location during spore morphogenesis.
Multicore challenges and benefits for high performance scientific computing

Until recently, performance gains in processors were achieved largely by improvements in clock speeds and instruction level parallelism. Thus, applications could obtain performance increases with relatively minor changes by upgrading to the latest generation of computing hardware. Currently, however, processor performance improvements are realized by using multicore technology and hardware support for multiple threads within each core, and taking full advantage of this technology to improve the performance of applications requires exposure of extreme levels of software parallelism. We will here discuss the architecture of parallel computers constructed from many multicore chips as well as techniques for managing the complexity of programming such computers, including the hybrid message-passing/multi-threading programming model. We will illustrate these ideas with a hybrid distributed memory matrix multiply and a quantum chemistry algorithm for energy computation using Moller-Plesset perturbation theory.
Dielectric observation of a probably antiferroelectric high pressure phase in the ferroelectric Tris-Sarcosine Calcium Chloride (TSCC)

Abstract Dielectric susceptibility and ferroelectric hysteresis measurements on TSCC show that the 2nd-order paraelectric-ferroelectric (PE-FE) phase boundary beginning at (130.8 K, 1 bar) runs with pronounced curvature to (176.8 K, 5.03 kbar), where a new phase of low dielectric susceptibility appears. This phase is hypothesized to be antiferroelectric (AFE) with 3 possible structures: orthorhombic (P212121, piezoelectric) or monoclinic ( P2 1 a or P2 1 n , centrosymmetric). The FE-AFE phase boundary was determined down to (81.0 K, 2.60 kbar) and the PE-AFE boundary up to (225.5 K, 6.82 kbar). Both the FE-AFE and PE-AFE transitions are of 1st order over the range studied.
Reliable computation by formulas in the presence of noise

It is shown that if formulas are used to compute Boolean functions in the presence of randomly occurring failures then: (1) there is a limit strictly less than 1/2 to the failure probability per gate that can be tolerated, and (2) formulas that tolerate failures must be deeper (and, therefore, compute more slowly) than those that do not. The heart of the proof is an information-theoretic argument that deals with computation and errors in very general terms. The strength of this argument is that it applies with equal ease no matter what types of gate are available. Its weaknesses is that it does not seem to predict quantitatively the limiting value of the failure probability or the ratio by which computation proceeds more slowly in the presence of failures. >
Imaging brain structure and function using optical coherence tomography

We review some of our recent progress in using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for high resolution brain imaging. Structural brain imaging using OCT permits the investigation of brain structure with 20 /spl mu/m resolution, allowing us to identify specific features and structures in the cerebral cortex, the differentiation of normal versus abnormal cerebral morphology, and the limitations on penetration depth placed on OCT by scattering in different types of neurotissues.
Adaptations in nucleus accumbens circuitry during opioid withdrawal associated with persistence of noxious stimulus-induced antinociception in the rat☆

We studied adaptations in nucleus accumbens opioidergic circuitry mediating noxious stimulus-induced antinociception (NSIA) in rats withdrawing from chronic morphine administration. Although the magnitude of NSIA in withdrawing rats was similar to that observed in naive rats despite the tolerance of withdrawing rats to the antinociceptive effects of acutely administered morphine, the involvement of nucleus accumbens opioid receptors in NSIA in withdrawing rats was different from previous observations in both naive and tolerant rats. In withdrawing rats intra-accumbens administration of the mu-opioid receptor antagonist Cys2, Tyr3, Orn5, Pen7 amide (CTOP), but not the delta-receptor antagonist naltrindole, blocked NSIA. Both antagonists blocked NSIA in the naive state, but neither was effective in tolerant rats. Also, intra-accumbens administration of the mu-agonist [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe(4,) Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) alone was sufficient to induce antinociception in withdrawing rats, whereas a combination of both mu- and delta-receptor agonists (ie, DAMGO and D-Pen(2,5)-enkephalin [DPDPE], respectively) is required to induce antinociception in naive rats. The delta- agonist DPDPE was without effect in the withdrawing rat, alone or when combined with DAMGO. Thus, although the magnitude of NSIA does not differ significantly among the 3 states, it is mediated by both mu- and delta-receptors in the naive rat, mu- but not delta-receptors in the withdrawing rat, and neither receptor type in the morphine tolerant rat. These changes may result from different degrees of tolerance, with delta-receptors being the most sensitive; however, it is not known how these changes occur without affecting the magnitude of the resultant antinociception.
Film criticism and micro‐computer courseware evaluation

What is needed today in all the workings of society is demystification in order to help people see how things work. How can we demystify the workings of microcomputer-based instruction?
Detrimental psychological outcomes associated with early pubertal timing in adolescent girls

Though often discussed as though it were a discrete event, puberty comprises one segment of a larger developmental continuum and is notable for rapid transformation across a multitude of domains. Research suggests that an earlier rate of pubertal maturation in girls correlates with a number of detrimental outcomes compared with on-time or later maturation. The present review synthesizes the research on negative psychological sequelae of early pubertal timing in adolescent girls. Emphasis is on three theoretical perspectives by which precocious development is believed to affect the emergence of adverse outcomes: biological, psychosocial, and selection effects.
Perioperative Steroids in Tonsillectomy Using Electrocautery and Sharp Dissection Techniques

Objective To determine the effect of preoperative dexamethasone sodium phosphate administration on posttonsillectomy morbidity for electrocautery ("hot") and sharp ("cold") dissection techniques. Design Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Setting University pediatric hospital and county teaching hospital. Subjects A total of 219 children, aged 9 months to 12 years, undergoing tonsillectomy. Intervention Participants who underwent tonsillectomy were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous dexamethasone sodium phosphate (1 mg/kg) or placebo. Outcome Measures Pain scores, oral intake, and emesis on postoperative day (POD) 1. Results A total of 106 subjects (62 undergoing hot and 44 cold tonsillectomies) received preoperative steroids, and 113 (56 hot and 57 cold tonsillectomies) received placebo. On POD 1, pain scores reported by patients ( P = .02), parents ( P = .002), and physicians ( P P = .02). Oral intake improved from 24.5% of normal diet (placebo) to 31.7% (steroid group) ( P = .004). When all 4 groups were compared (cold placebo, cold steroid, hot placebo, and hot steroid), pain scores reported by physicians and parents were significantly lower in the cold steroid group than in the other groups. Conclusions Perioperative dexamethasone use reduces posttonsillectomy morbidity in pediatric patients in the early postoperative period after hot or cold tonsillectomy. The combination of steroid and cold dissection technique provided the greatest advantage in reducing posttonsillectomy subjective pain levels.
Seeing the forest and the trees

Moffett (2012) misrepresents the position of Gordon, Heller, and others on supercolonies. We recognize the existence of Argentine ant supercolonies, populations of colonies all descended from common ancestors. A substantial body of work shows the common origins of certain Argentine ant populations of colonies, or supercolonies (e.g., Vogel et al. 2010). We consider that a colony, unlike a supercolony, involves functional ecological interactions among the ants. A group of ants functions as a colony when it shares resources and reproduction. Heller et al. (2008) showed that nests share resources only at scales of about 100 m. Ingram and Gordon (2003) showed that there is isolation by distance, demonstrating limited genetic mixing, also at scales of 100 m. These results indicate that there are colonies on the scale of 100 m at the study site in northern California. Ants that belong to the same supercolony have a shared ancestry, but if the supercolony spans many kilometers, or regions that ants cannot cross, then it includes ants that cannot possibly meet and thus cannot possibly share resources or interact ecologically. Many studies of Argentine ants show that ants from different locations are unlikely to fight (e.g., van Wilgenburg, Clemencet, et al. 2010). For ants, the absence of fighting is not equivalent to belonging to the same colony. It is not the case, as Moffett says, that ‘‘in a healthy society, [ants] invariably avoid or kill alien ants with different cues.’’ In fact, ants of different colonies do not always fight. Many studies of nestmate recognition show variation, in trials with ants of the same colony or in repeated trials with the same individual, in the extent of fighting or avoidance. Species differ in propensity to fight, and within a species, whether ants fight depends on context. For example, Roulston et al. (2003) showed that whether Argentine ants fight in bioassays depends on the number of ants. As the recent work of Newey (2011) and others shows, the extent of fighting is not necessarily a measure of genetic relatedness or of similarity in hydrocarbon profile. Instead, the extent of fighting, genetic relatedness, and similarity in hydrocarbon profile are related in complex ways (Sturgis and Gordon 2011) and in Argentine ants depend on many factors, including food supply (Liang and Silverman 2000), social context (Buczkowski and Silverman 2005), and familiarity (van Wilgenburg, Torres, et al. 2010). Moffett’s article proceeds by means of journalistic hyperbole rather than specific statements; as he says, many of his arguments are ‘‘semantic’’ arguments, not based on facts. He extols the unity of the Argentine ant supercolony without clearly distinguishing evidence from opinion. We hope that continued discussion of the intriguing biology of Argentine ants will be based on scientific investigation. What is needed is not further discussion of definitions but further data on the organization of tasks and resource sharing among nests within colonies, on the interactions among colonies within supercolonies, and on how these produce the spatial and genetic structure of populations of colonies.
Are the costs of directed forgetting due to failures of sampling or recovery? Exploring the dynamics of recall in list-method directed forgetting

This study investigated the costs of directed forgetting within the framework of a search model. In such models, retrieval failure can occur at either the sampling or the recovery stage of recall. Multiple measures of performance were employed to answer two primary questions of interest: (1) Where does the locus of forgetting occur in the directed forgetting paradigm? and (2) What current theory of directed forgetting can best account for the pattern of data observed? Converging evidence from these measures suggested that the costs of directed forgetting are the result of sampling issues during retrieval. Further, these results were best explained by a contextual-change account that argues an instruction to forget creates a break in context causing individuals to sample more items at retrieval. It is argued that the retrieval deficits observed in list-method directed forgetting paradigms are due, in part, to the fact that individuals sample a greater number of items (that include both targets and intrusions) during retrieval in the forget-condition, thereby creating greater response competition compared with retrieval in the remember-condition.
Childhood drownings and fencing of outdoor pools in the United States, 1994.

Objectives. To determine the prevalence of proper fencing around outdoor swimming pools among US households and to describe this fencing in relation to demographic and other household factors. To estimate the number of drownings among children <5 years of age that might be prevented by having proper fencing around all residential pools in the United States. Methods. A 1994, randomly dialed national telephone survey contacted 5238 adults who reported demographic information and household characteristics including whether the household had an outdoor swimming pool and the fencing around the pool. Data were weighted to obtain national estimates and percentages. The number of preventable drownings was estimated with a population-attributable risk equation. Results. Approximately 18.5 million American households owned or had access to an outdoor swimming pool in 1994, and 76% (13.9 million) of them appeared to have had adequate fencing. Adequate fencing was associated with household income and type of home. We estimate that 19% of pool-related drownings among children <5 years of age in 1994 (88 drownings) might have been prevented if all residential pools in the United States were properly fenced. Conclusions. Adequate pool fencing prevents a child from having access to a swimming pool if a responsible adult is not present and has been promoted as a method to prevent drowning. Our research suggests that even if all residential pools in the United States were properly fenced, most drownings among children <5 years of age would not be prevented. Thus, additional strategies to prevent drowning will be needed.
Testing and Accurate Use of Abbe-Type Refractometers

For high accuracy in commercial refractometry, refractometers should be used more strictly as comparison instruments and series of standard samples with known refractivities over a range of room temperatures should be available for frequent check measurements. Tests for various mechanical and optical defects are necessary and compensators should be examined for their possible deviation of sodium light. Care in the selection of suitable contact liquids for solid media is advisable for several reasons. Owing to inherent difficulties in the design of illuminating prisms there are possibilities of getting different readings on solids and liquids of identical refractivity. Since dispersion measurements as usually made with the compensator are necessarily less reliable than is generally realized, it is recommended that line spectra sources be employed whenever accurate dispersions are desired and that the scale be calibrated for each wave-length that is to be used.
Strained-layer 1300-nm gain-coupled DFB lasers for uncooled applications

In conclusion, we have presented single-mode operation over the full temperature range for gain-coupled devices. A low threshold current of 26 mA was achieved at 85/spl deg/C with a side-mode suppression >30 dB. this is the lowest threshold current at 85/spl deg/C reported to our knowledge to date.
Notch-dependent expression of the archipelago ubiquitin ligase subunit in the Drosophila eye

archipelago (ago)/Fbw7 encodes a conserved protein that functions as the substrate-receptor component of a polyubiquitin ligase that suppresses tissue growth in flies and tumorigenesis in vertebrates. Ago/Fbw7 targets multiple proteins for degradation, including the G1-S regulator Cyclin E and the oncoprotein dMyc/c-Myc. Despite prominent roles in growth control, little is known about the signals that regulate Ago/Fbw7 abundance in developing tissues. Here we use the Drosophila eye as a model to identify developmental signals that regulate ago expression. We find that expression of ago mRNA and protein is induced by passage of the morphogenetic furrow (MF) and identify the hedgehog (hh) and Notch (N) pathways as elements of this inductive mechanism. Cells mutant for N pathway components, or hh-defective cells that express reduced levels of the Notch ligand Delta, fail to upregulate ago transcription in the region of the MF; reciprocally, ectopic N activation in eye discs induces expression of ago mRNA. A fragment of the ago promoter that contains consensus binding sites for the N pathway transcription factor Su(H) is bound by Su(H) and confers N-inducibility in cultured cells. The failure to upregulate ago in N pathway mutant cells correlates with accumulation of the SCF-Ago target Cyclin E in the area of the MF, and this is rescued by re-expression of ago. These data suggest a model in which N acts through ago to restrict levels of the pro-mitotic factor Cyclin E. This N-Ago-Cyclin E link represents a significant new cell cycle regulatory mechanism in the developing eye.
Associations Between Egg Production and Clutch Length in Four Selected Lines of Chickens

Abstract The use of partial records to measure egg production of pedigree breeders has numerous advantages including reduced labor and generation interval. Maintaining egg production in an era where emphasis in breeding programs involves yield and feed conversion presents a challenge to primary breeders. Because breeders obtain individual egg production records, interest in the possibility of using the association of various measures of clutch length with intensity of egg production has been renewed. The correlation of maximum clutch length (prime sequence) throughout lay and during the first 10, 15, and 30 d of lay with percentage hen-day ovulations and normal eggs in four lines (two White Leghorn and two White Plymouth Rock) of chickens during each of 2 yr was measured. Although the rankings of the lines were generally consistent both years for all traits measured, correlations among the sequence lengths with percentage henday ovulations and normal eggs were line specific. Thus, poultry breeders would have to determine which of these measures is most appropriate for inclusion with other measures of egg production for each of their specific lines.
Ethnic Adaptation and Minority Status

Ethnic identity involves past cultural traditions, present sociological factors including economic conditions and social and political realities, and a psychocultural dimension related to family and peer-group socialization patterns and their interaction. Considerations are given to how social degradation is related to family cohesion and peer-group functions and how these are in turn dependent on past cultural traditions. Referring briefly to research findings in Japan as evidence, it is indicated how a study of cognitive style patterns and learning or nonlearning within the classroom must include psychocultural determinants related to social or ethnic identity and the awareness of a disparaged minority status. Identity formation for the given individual depends on how and what basic mental mechanisms are involved in the development of personality. Mechanisms of denial and repression are involved in the selective permeability to social experience that maintains an ethnic identity. The formation of an eth...
Combined distal embolization protection and rheolytic thrombectomy to facilitate percutaneous revascularization of totally occluded saphenous vein grafts.

Totally occluded saphenous vein grafts are difficult to treat percutaneously with a higher likelihood of distal embolization and slow-flow or no-reflow during percutaneous interventions. The PercuSurge system, which utilizes a distal balloon occlusive device, has been shown to improve clinical outcomes during saphenous vein graft (SVG) interventions. This device may not be optimal in the setting of heavy thrombus or debris burden, a situation frequently encountered in totally occluded SVGs. Rheolytic thrombectomy facilitates percutaneous interventions by effectively removing intraluminal thrombus and debris but lacks distal embolization protection. We report our experience with the synergistic use of balloon-based distal embolization protection (PercuSurge) and rheolytic thrombectomy (AngioJet) to optimize percutaneous revascularization of totally occluded SVGs.
Characterization of the Cytolytic Activity of CD4+ and CD8+ Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma

Previously we showed that IL2 expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from renal cell carcinoma mediated non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxicity. Phenotypic analysis showed that cultured TILs were composed mostly of T-lymphocytes with varying numbers of CD4+, CD8+, and CD56+ (Leu19+) populations. Here we compared the cytolytic activity of the two predominant TIL subsets, CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+, to that of the CD56+ populations. Using magnetic beads coated with antibodies to either CD4 or CD8, CD3+CD4+, and CD3+CD8+ TILs were isolated in a highly enriched form (>92%) and could be expanded for over 40 days in vitro with 1000 units/ml IL2. In a 4-h 51Cr release assay the CD4+ and CD8+ TILs showed minimal lytic activity, whereas unseparated cells exhibited significant levels of non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxicity. The lytic activity seen in the 4-h assay with unseparated TILs appeared to be related to the presence of CD56+ populations. With one exception none of the purified CD4+ or CD8+ TILs expressed any significant levels of CD56, while the unseparated TILs contained varying numbers of CD3+CD56+ and CD3-CD56+ populations. Cell-sorting experiments verified that the CD56+ populations were responsible for most of the lytic activity in 4 h even though CD3+CD56- cells represented the predominant cell type. Although CD3+CD56- TILs were minimally lytic in 4 h, we show here that both CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ subsets displayed substantial cytotoxicity in long-term assays. In the 18-h 51Cr release assay 5 of 6 CD4+ and 2 of 3 CD8+ TILs were lytic for the autologous tumor. In two cases, restimulation with the autologous tumor induced augmented cytolytic activity of TIL subsets and in one case induced lytic activity in 4 h. The cytotoxic activity of TIL subsets was further examined using a 72-h assay in which TILs were cocultured with a confluent layer of tumor cells. The degree of cytotoxicity was quantitated by measuring the amount of crystal violet dye that was incorporated by tumor cells which remained after the incubation period. CD4+ and CD8+ TILs typically caused greater than a 50% reduction of tumor cells in 3 days and the level of reduction was increased when IL2 was added to the cultures. All the CD4+ and CD8+ subset preparations were cytotoxic in the 3-day assay even though some were not lytic for certain targets in the 18-h 51Cr release assay. The lytic activity mediated by the CD4+ and CD8+ TILs in the long-term assay was not restricted to the autologous tumor, although in many cases the TIL subsets displayed greater activity toward autologous tumor when compared to allogeneic targets. These results demonstrate that the TIL subsets, CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ which were devoid of CD56+ expression, had substantial antitumor activity and that their mechanism of tumor cell destruction appears to be distinct from that used by CD56+ lymphokine-activated killer cell populations.
Planning of Relay Station Locations in IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) Networks

Broadband wireless access networks have received a tremendous amount of research and development in the recent years. There have also been pilot networks deployed in many cities around the globe. In the IEEE 802.16j standard, Relay Stations (RS) play a promising role of extending the range of a Base Station (BS). This architecture is suitable to areas with limited infrastructure, such as rural areas, since it is difficult to install many BSs, with each having a wired connection. In this paper, we present an optimization model that finds the number of RSs and their locations to serve a customer base. We also show how our model can be adapted to make the planning in real-life scenarios where there are obstacles, such as mountains and lakes, in the planning area.
Atrp synthesis of abc lipophilic–hydrophilic–fluorophilic triblock copolymers

New ABC triblock copolymers that contain lipophilic, hydrophilic, and fluorophilic blocks are reported. These new block copolymers were synthesized via sequential controlled/living atom transfer radical polymerization. The formation of block copolymers was confirmed by size exclusion chromatography, 1 H, and 19 F NMR. In direct comparison to the ABC copolymer, the corresponding ABA' polymer did not produce a gel up to 45 wt % polymer.
Technical Advance: Novel ex vivo culture method for human monocytes uses shear flow to prevent total loss of transendothelial diapedesis function

Monocyte recruitment to inflammatory sites and their transendothelial migration into tissues are critical to homeostasis and pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, even short-term suspension culture of primary human monocytes leads to phenotypic changes. In this study, we characterize the functional effects of ex vivo monocyte culture on the steps involved in monocyte transendothelial migration. Our data demonstrate that monocyte diapedesis is impaired by as little as 4 h culture, and the locomotion step is subsequently compromised. After 16 h in culture, monocyte diapedesis is irreversibly reduced by 90%. However, maintenance of monocytes under conditions mimicking physiological flow (5‐7.5 dyn/cm 2 ) is sufficient to reduce diapedesis impairment significantly. Thus, through the application of shear during ex vivo culture of monocytes, our study establishes a novel protocol, allowing functional analyses of monocytes not currently possible under static culture conditions. These data further suggest that monocyte-based therapeutic applications may be measurably improved by alteration of ex vivo conditions before their use in patients. J. Leukoc. Biol. 95: 000–000; 2014.
Can computerized neuropsychological testing in the emergency department predict recovery for young athletes with concussions

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine if computerized neurocognitive testing (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing [ImPACT]) in the emergency department (ED) can be used as a prognostic tool to detect young athletes at risk of having protracted concussive symptoms. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of athletes aged 11 to 18 years who presented to an ED less than 24 hours after sustaining a sports-related concussion. ImPACT was administered in the ED, and performance was categorized as "poor" if the athlete had 3 (of 4) or greater low domain scores. Participants completed the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) in the ED and by phone at 1 and 2 weeks after injury. Athletes were symptomatic if their PCSS score was more than 6 in males and more than 8 in females. RESULTS: One hundred nine patients were enrolled; 60% and 36% remained symptomatic at 1 and 2 weeks after injury, respectively. "Poor" ImPACT performance was not particularly useful in predicting athletes with protracted symptoms (at 1 week: positive predictive value, 70.8%; negative predictive value, 43.5%; at 2 weeks: positive predictive value, 47.8%; negative predictive value, 68.9%). In bivariate analysis, a higher ED PCSS score was associated with protracted symptoms (at 1 week: odds ratio, 1.1 [confidence interval, 1.0-1.1]; at 2 weeks: odds ratio, 1.0 [confidence interval, 1.0-1.1]). CONCLUSIONS: Computerized neurocognitive testing in the ED has limited usefulness in predicting protracted symptoms. Total acute symptom burden may be a useful prognostic tool in the ED evaluation of concussed young athletes, yet further research is necessary. Language: en
On the dynamics of food demand: a benefit function approach

Adequate food intake being necessary for good health and life suggests that food consumption has significant long-term effects on human welfare. This article develops an economic and econometric analysis of the dynamics of food demand. The model builds on duality and the benefit function. The research involves the specification and estimation of dynamic price-dependent demands as representations of marginal benefits. Applied to US aggregate data over the period 1948‐2010, the analysis uncovers strong statistical evidence of demand dynamics, especially for food. We find that the negative effect of food consumption on the marginal benefit of food becomes much stronger in the long run. We also find that, while food and service are always complements, the strength of this complementarity relationship increases sharply in the longer run.
Establishment of Ceuthorhynchidius horridus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), an Imported Thistle-Feeding Weevil, in Virginia

Ceuthorhynchidius horridus (Panzer), an imported European weevil which feeds on thistle rosettes, first released in the U.S. in 1974, has become established in 3 counties of Virginia. Releases at 10 selected sites infested with Carduus thistles were made between 1974–76; 3 on musk thistle ( Carduus nutans L.),2 6 on plumeless thistle ( C. acanthoides L.), and one on a mixed stand. Establishment has been confirmed in the 3 musk thistle sites, one plumeless thistle and one mixed thistle site. These are the 1st establishments of C. horridus in North America.
492 PREDICTORS OF ASTHMA EXACERBATION IN CHILDREN.

Asthma exacerbation remains prevalent among today9s asthmatics despite ready treatments and therapies. A majority of current asthma scoring systems evaluate degree of asthma control without reference to level of asthma controller therapy. Thus, a child with good control on a high level of medication would have the same score as a child with good control on little or no controller. As previously developed by the Inner-City Asthma Consortium for the Asthma Control Evaluation (ACE) study, a Comprehensive Asthma Burden Index (CABI) combines asthma control, level of controller medication, and health care utilization in order to more comprehensively characterize asthma severity. Developing a better scoring system for asthma therapy will materially aid physicians and other caregivers in deciding how closely to follow patients and, potentially, when to modify the treatment plan. This study is currently open. We aim to recruit approximately 100 patients from the greater Tucson area by their primary care physicians and other clinical physicians. Potential participants will by ages 6-17 (inclusive) and have asthma. They will not be pregnant, be a smoker, or have had life-threatening asthma. Following screening, participants will be administered four characterization indices: the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACT), CABI, exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), and CABIN (CABI + eNO). Following this first visit, participants who experience an asthma attack over the next 18 months will contact the pulmonary outpatient clinic at University Physicians, where they will receive testing related to their asthma. This visit will also include the four characterization indices. Participants will then be scheduled for a convalescence visit 2 weeks following the exacerbation visit. Chi-squared analysis with odds ratios for the outcomes will be calculated based upon a priori cut points in the indices. The primary outcome variable is the occurrence of an exacerbation in the 18-month observation period. We assume that the asthma indices being explored cannot plausibly have an inverse relationship to our primary and secondary outcomes. We anticipate an increase in risk for exacerbations of three fold, ie, an odds ratio of 3.0 in the highest index tertile as compared against the lower 2 tertiles. Our calculated need of 100 participants was based on this information as well as a target of 80% power and alpha level of 0.05.
Finance Professionals in the Financial Crisis: Values, Fairness and Culture

Finance professionals have expressed their views on values, fairness, and culture in the great debate about the global financial crisis and its aftermath. Yet, their positions remain precarious because they stand accused of instigating the crisis, because their views on values, fairness, and culture are not widely shared in society, and because they fail to persuade that their work has social benefits.
Hyperfine structure of 4fN 6S 2 configurations in 159 Tb, 161,163 Dy, and 169 Tm

The atomic-beam, laser-rf, double-resonance method has been used to measure the hyperfine structure in excited levels of the 4fN 6s2 configurations of the neutral rare earths 159Tb, 161,163Dy, and 169Tm. On combining the new information with earlier results for the lower levels, it is possible to extract many of the hyperfine radial integrals 〈〈r−3〉xy). The present results, together with work published during the last year on 165Ho and 167Er, now make it possible to plot the values of the integrals completely across the 4f shell. The ab initio calculations of Lindgren and Roien reproduce the magnetic-dipole hfs integrals well but appear to overestimate the electric-quadrupole integrals 〈r−3〉11 and 〈r−3〉13.
An Examination of the Relationship Between Middle Level School Teachers' Grouping Preferences and Their Sense of Responsibility for Student Outcomes

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between the grouping preferences of middle level teachers and their sense of responsibility for student outcomes. A sample of 151 teachers completed a modified version of the Responsibility for Student Achievement Questionnaire. Approximately two-thirds of the sample indicated they preferred to teach heterogeneously grouped classes. An analysis of the survey results indicated those teachers who preferred heterogeneously grouped classes assumed greater self-responsibility for student academic outcomes than their counterparts who preferred homogeneously grouped classes. In addition, teachers who preferred heterogenous groups tended to attribute academic failures to weaknesses in instruction while teachers who preferred homogeneous groups tended to attribute them to student ability.
Electric-field-driven magnetization switching and nonlinear magnetoelasticity in Au/FeCo/MgO heterostructures

Voltage-induced switching of magnetization, as opposed to current-driven spin transfer torque switching, can lead to a new paradigm enabling ultralow-power and high density instant-on nonvolatile magnetoelectric random access memory (MeRAM). To date, however, a major bottleneck in optimizing the performance of MeRAM devices is the low voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) efficiency (change of interfacial magnetic anisotropy energy per unit electric field) leading in turn to high switching energy and write voltage. In this work, employing ab initio electronic structure calculations, we show that epitaxial strain, which is ubiquitous in MeRAM heterostructures, gives rise to a rich variety of VCMA behavior with giant VCMA coefficient (~1800 fJ V−1m−1) in Au/FeCo/MgO junction. The heterostructure also exhibits a strain-induced spin-reorientation induced by a nonlinear magnetoelastic coupling. The results demonstrate that the VCMA behavior is universal and robust in magnetic junctions with heavy metal caps across the 5d transition metals and that an electric-field-driven magnetic switching at low voltage is achievable by design. These findings open interesting prospects for exploiting strain engineering to harvest higher efficiency VCMA for the next generation MeRAM devices.
Sex Differences in Financial Barriers and the Relationship to Recovery After Acute Myocardial Infarction

BackgroundFinancial barriers to health care are associated with worse outcomes following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Yet, it is unknown whether the prevalence of financial barriers and their...
A Novel Seven-Level Shunt Active Filter for High-Power Drive Systems

In high-power adjustable speed motor drives, such as those used in electric ship propulsion systems, active filters provide a viable solution to mitigating harmonic related issues caused by diode or thyristor rectifier front-ends. To handle the large compensation currents and provide better thermal management, two or more paralleled semiconductor switching devices are often used. In this paper, a novel topology is proposed where two active filter inverters are connected with tapped reactors to share the compensation currents. The proposed active filter topology can also produce seven voltage levels, which significantly reduces the switching current ripple and the size of ripple filters. Based on the joint redundant state selection strategy, a current-balancing algorithm is proposed to keep the reactor magnetizing current to a minimum. It is shown through simulation that the proposed active filter can achieve high overall system performance. The system is also implemented on a real-time digital simulator to further verify its effectiveness.
Demonstration of nanoparticle detection using a local evanescent array coupled biosensor

Nanoparticles with diameter and refractive index similar to viruses were detected by using a local evanescent array coupled biosensor with an integrated photodetector array on a CMOS chip.
Catalytic activation of carbon–carbon bonds in cyclopentanones

In the chemical industry, molecules of interest are based primarily on carbon skeletons. When synthesizing such molecules, the activation of carbon-carbon single bonds (C-C bonds) in simple substrates is strategically important: it offers a way of disconnecting such inert bonds, forming more active linkages (for example, between carbon and a transition metal) and eventually producing more versatile scaffolds. The challenge in achieving such activation is the kinetic inertness of C-C bonds and the relative weakness of newly formed carbon-metal bonds. The most common tactic starts with a three- or four-membered carbon-ring system, in which strain release provides a crucial thermodynamic driving force. However, broadly useful methods that are based on catalytic activation of unstrained C-C bonds have proven elusive, because the cleavage process is much less energetically favourable. Here we report a general approach to the catalytic activation of C-C bonds in simple cyclopentanones and some cyclohexanones. The key to our success is the combination of a rhodium pre-catalyst, an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand and an amino-pyridine co-catalyst. When an aryl group is present in the C3 position of cyclopentanone, the less strained C-C bond can be activated; this is followed by activation of a carbon-hydrogen bond in the aryl group, leading to efficient synthesis of functionalized α-tetralones-a common structural motif and versatile building block in organic synthesis. Furthermore, this method can substantially enhance the efficiency of the enantioselective synthesis of some natural products of terpenoids. Density functional theory calculations reveal a mechanism involving an intriguing rhodium-bridged bicyclic intermediate.