cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impulsive and Compulsive Buying

Impulsive and compulsive buying are terms that are frequently confused for each other, but represent behaviors that differ greatly in their frequency, cause, outcome and severity. Impulsive buying is a more common and ordinary behavior. Almost everyone makes a purchase on impulse (without much deliberation) from time to time. Impulse buying is defined as a sudden and powerful urge in the consumer to buy immediately. It occurs when desire for a product or brand outweighs one's willpower to resist. Research on impulse buying focuses on characteristic of individuals that make them more or less likely to engage in impulse buying. These include mood states, personality characteristics, and situational factors such as proximity and depletion in resources needed for self-control. Compulsive buying, on the other hand, is a psychological disorder where one experiences an uncontrollable urge to buy. Failing to act on this urge creates increasing tension that can only dissipate with buying. Frequently, this urge is triggered by negative events or feelings. Ultimately, this behavior leads to extreme negative consequences for the individual. Many compulsive buyers never use the items they purchase. Thus, compulsive buying appears to be more about obtaining short-term relief from negative feelings than about a desire for specific goods. Keywords: impulsive/impulse; compulsive; excessive buying; mood; buying; shopping; consumer
Integrable pressure gradients via harmonics-based orthogonal projection

In the past, several methods based on iterative solution of pressure-Poisson equation have been developed for measurement of pressure from phase-contrast magnetic resonance (PC-MR) data. In this paper, a non-iterative harmonics-based orthogonal projection method is discussed which can keep the pressures measured based on the Navier-Stokes equation independent of the path of integration. The gradient of pressure calculated with Navier-Stokes equation is expanded with a series of orthogonal basis functions, and is subsequently projected onto an integrable subspace. Before the projection step however, a scheme is devised to eliminate the discontinuity at the vessel boundaries. The approach was applied to velocities obtained from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of stenotic flow and compared with pressures independently obtained by CFD. Additionally, MR velocity data measured in in-vitro phantom models with different degree of stenoses and different flow rates were used to test the algorithm and results were compared with CFD simulations. The pressure results obtained from the new method were also compared with pressures calculated by an iterative solution to the pressure-Poisson equation. Experiments have shown that the proposed approach is faster and is less sensitive to noise.
Congress as Culprit: How Lawmakers Spurred on the Court’s Anti-Congress Crusade

Poor Congress. Twenty-seven of its laws have been struck down in just over six years.' According to the New York Times, Congress is now "The High Court's Target."2 And to law professors, the Court is increasingly "obliterating a role for Congress as a separate institution"3-so much so that examining the "Causes of the Recent Turn in Constitutional Interpretation" and sorting out whether it is time to
A Review of Scattering From Surfaces With Different Roughness Scales

An examination and review of various theories for scattering from surfaces with different roughness scales has appeared in a recent report by Barrick and Peake. This note briefly summarizes the report by presenting some of the more important results contained therein.
Evidence for dual coupling of the murine luteinizing hormone receptor to adenylyl cyclase and phosphoinositide breakdown and Ca2+ mobilization. Studies with the cloned murine luteinizing hormone receptor expressed in L cells.

The murine receptor for luteinizing hormone (LHR) was cloned and expressed in L cells. This LHR (mature protein of 674 amino acids) is very similar to that of the rat (same length, 36 amino acid differences) but differs significantly more from that of man (673 amino acids, 109 differences). Expression of the murine LHR in L cells led to the appearance of binding sites for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) with a Kd of 150 pM and an LH- and hCG-stimulable adenylyl cyclase activity (EC50 = 50-100 pM hCG). Upon labeling pools of phosphoinositides with [3H]myo-inositol, L cells expressing the murine LHR responded to hCG with an increase in their rate of phosphoinositide hydrolysis (EC50 = 2,400 pM hCG). This was accompanied by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ [( Ca2+]i), as determined by the Fura2 method. This increase in [Ca2+]i in response to hCG was dependent on the LHR, for HCG did not affect [Ca2+]i in L cells not expressing the LHR. The effect was not due to the cAMP-forming activity of the LH receptor, for neither forskolin nor prostaglandin E1, which both increase cAMP levels in L cells, had a similar effect in either control or LHR-expressing cells and isoproterenol had no effect in L cells expressing a functionally active hamster beta-adrenergic receptor. The effect was also not due to overexpression of a Gs-coupled receptor, for L cells expressing 8-fold higher levels of the human V2 vasopressin receptor did not mimic the Ca(2+)-mobilizing response of the LH receptor. We conclude that the LH receptor has the capability of activating two intracellular signaling pathways: one leading to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and resulting in increases in cAMP and a second leading to stimulation of phospholipase C and resulting in formation of inositol phosphates and elevations in [Ca2+]i. These data correlate positively with and provide a mechanistic explanation for previous reports on the ability of hCG to mobilize phosphoinositides and increasing [Ca2+]i in luteal and granulosa cells (e.g. Davis, J. S., West, L. A., and Farese, R. V. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 15028-15034).
School Shootings, Crises of Masculinities, and the Reconstruction of Education: Some Critical Perspectives

There are many causes to the explosion of events such as the Columbine and Virginia Tech massacres and subsequent school shootings. Complex historical events such as the Virginia Tech, Columbine, and other school shootings, require a multiperspectivist vision to interpret key factors that constitute the constellation from which events can be interpreted, explained, and understood. The causes of school shootings involve a range of apparently disparate factors such as male socialization and ultramasculine male identities, gun culture and militarism, and a media culture that promotes violence and retribution while circulating and sensationalizing media spectacle and a culture of celebrity. In this chapter, I present a critical diagnostic of school shootings that suggests preventative measures such as the reconstruction of masculinities and schooling.
Edward Blyden and the Politics of Language

Descending from nineteenth-century Ethiopianism while anticipating both the Negritude movement and postcolonial theory, Edward W. Blyden well represents the transatlantic flow of ideas informing West African cultural nationalism at the turn of the twentieth century. Famous for espousing the idea of “Africa for the Africans” as well as his educational leadership, Blyden nevertheless keenly acknowledged the challenges involved in traveling back to Africa as both colonist and intellectual. He observed how Euro-American educated members of the African diaspora like himself often felt “alienated” from themselves, and he frequently attempted to counter such estrangement through language. Famous for his impeccable English and his deployment of classical and biblical references, Blyden could be perceived as excessively “putting on the white world,” in Frantz Fanon’s terms, in order to be recognized as fully human. Blyden, however, held no illusions about some of the effects of his impressive education. Whether reworking the significance of “Ethiopia stretching out her hands unto God” or contemplating the psychic violence enacted on the traveling “Ethiopian” through the mundane exclamation “Look, look, there is a black man and he speaks English,” he carefully attended to the powers of language, challenging some of the central assumptions of whiteness from within.
Imagery in psychotherapy

A comprehensive survey of the research evidence for our capacity to generate images, and the processes involved, by a premier researcher of daydreaming and imagination for more than 50 years. Drawing on a lifetime of experience both practicing psychotherapy and training clinicians, Singer argues forcefully that using imagery in psychotherapy is easily integrated into a variety of therapeutic approaches. Clinicians are shown how to make use of their patients' as well as their own ability to generate images and that these techniques can be used regardless of the clinician's theoretical orientation. Includes case examples and autobiographical material.
A hemocyte-specific integrin required for hemocytic encapsulation in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.

Upon encountering an object recognized as foreign, insect hemocytes aggregate in multiple layers on the surfaces of the object in a process known as encapsulation. For encapsulation to occur, hemocytes must switch from their usual nonadherent state to an adherent state, presumably by regulating the activity of adhesion proteins. Although detailed knowledge exists regarding the adhesion receptors for cells of the mammalian immune system, comparable information on adhesion molecules of insect hemocytes and their function in immune responses is extremely limited. We report here the identification of an integrin present exclusively on the surface of hemocytes in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Monoclonal antibodies MS13 and MS34, which bind to plasmatocytes and block encapsulation, were used for immunoaffinity chromatography to isolate their corresponding hemocyte antigen, which was revealed to be the same integrin β subunit. A cDNA for this M. sexta integrin β1 was cloned and characterized. Integrin-β1 mRNA was detected by Northern analysis in hemocytes and not in other tissues tested. MS13 and MS34 were demonstrated to bind to a recombinant fragment of integrin β1 consisting of the I-like domain, consistent with their blocking of a ligand-binding site and subsequent disruption of plasmatocyte adhesion. Injection of double stranded integrin-β1 RNA into larvae resulted in decreased integrin β1 expression in plasmatocytes and significantly suppressed encapsulation. These results indicate that activation of ligand-binding by the hemocyte-specific integrin plays a key role in stimulating plasmatocyte adhesion leading to encapsulation.
A variational theory of porous media

Abstract A theory of porous elastic solids, either dry or saturated by a compressible fluid, is presented which is based upon Hamilton's extended variational principle. The theory uses a more extensive kinematical description of the materials than is used in the Biot theory and includes the effects of the local expansions and contractions of the porous structure (microinertial effects). Unlike Biot's formulation, the constitutive relations for the porous solid and for the fluid depend only upon kinematical variables associated with the solid and with the fluid, respectively. The relation of the present theory to the Biot theory is discussed and it is shown that the theories are equivalent in the limit of large wavelengths. Wave propagation results are presented based on data for Berea sandstone and it is shown that the microinertial effects substantially alter the dispersion and attenuation behavior predicted by the Biot theory.
Subjective memory symptoms in surgical and nonsurgical coronary artery patients: 6-year follow-up.

Background Self-reported cognitive and memory complaints after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations are common. Several studies have attempted to quantify the incidence of such complaints and to examine the relationship between subjective and objective cognitive functioning, but the etiology and longitudinal course of these self-reports remain unclear. Methods Measures of subjective memory complaints were compared in two groups: 220 CABG patients and 92 nonsurgical cardiac patients at 3 months, and 1, 3, and 6 years. At 6 years, additional measures were used to quantify memory self-assessment. The frequency of subjective complaints at each time point was determined, and associations with objective cognitive performance as well as depression were examined. Results At early (3-month or 1-year) follow-up, subjective memory complaints were reported more often by the CABG than the nonsurgical group (45.5% vs 17.0%, p Conclusions Subjective memory complaints are more frequent early in follow-up in patients undergoing CABG than in controls, but are similar by 6 years. The increase in subjective complaints over time may be related to progression of underlying cerebrovascular disease. Unlike previous studies, we found that subjective memory assessments were correlated with objective performance on several memory tests. Although subjective memory complaints are more common in patients with depression, they cannot be explained by depression alone.
Cohesive modeling of dynamic fracture in functionally graded materials

The dynamic fracture of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is modeled using an explicit cohesive volumetric finite element scheme that incorporates spatially varying constitutive and failure properties. The cohesive element response is described by a rate-independent bilinear cohesive failure model between the cohesive traction acting along the cohesive zone and the associated crack opening displacement. A detailed convergence analysis is conducted to quantify the effect of the material gradient on the ability of the numerical scheme to capture elastodynamic wave propagation. To validate the numerical scheme, we simulate dynamic fracture experiments performed on model FGM compact tension specimens made of a polyester resin with varying amounts of plasticizer. The cohesive finite element scheme is then used in a parametric study of mode I dynamic failure of a Ti/TiB FGM, with special emphasis on the effect of the material gradient on the initiation, propagation and arrest of the crack.
Why is the 3500 kcal per pound weight loss rule wrong

We welcome the recent article by Thomas et al.1 criticizing the commonly used 3500 kcal per pound weight loss rule. This echoes our research showing that the 3500-kcal rule leads to overestimation of weight loss in individuals and populations.2,3 Despite our agreement with the spirit of the article, we believe it has the potential to generate confusion about exactly why the 3500-kcal rule is wrong. The most serious error of the 3500-kcal rule is its failure to account for dynamic changes in energy balance that occur during an intervention. Unfortunately, we feel that this error is obscured by the equation of Thomas et al.1 meant to represent the predictions of the 3500-kcal rule: W(t) = W0 + ΔEB × t/3500, where the change in energy balance, ΔEB, was defined as the difference between the rates of energy intake and expenditure. What the authors failed to stress was that they calculated ΔEB as the initial difference between the energy intake and expenditure rates and assumed it to be a static quantity. In reality, ΔEB is dynamic and, if accurately estimated over time, then the above equation provides a reasonable estimate of weight change. Mathematical models attempt to correct this deficiency by estimating the dynamic changes in ΔEB.4 Thomas et al.1 correctly demonstrated that the typical assumption of a static ΔEB leads to exaggerated weight loss predictions with no plateau. However, the static ΔEB assumption was not explicitly stated and the reader may be led to the erroneous conclusion that the deficiency of the 3500-kcal rule is the numerical value ‘3500’. Conservation of energy requires that the cumulative energy deficit (that is, the integral of ΔEB) equals the energy lost from the body. The 3500-kcal rule was motivated by calculating that a pound of adipose tissue stores approximately 3500 kcal.5 A more accurate accounting of body composition changes demonstrated that this value is appropriate for modest weight changes in overweight and obese people, but is an overestimate in others.6 However, using a ‘corrected’ numerical value for the energy content of lost tissue does not repair the 3500-kcal rule without also accounting for the ΔEB dynamics.
The selectin family of carbohydrate-binding proteins: Structure and importance of carbohydrate ligands for cell adhesion

Protein-carbohydrate interactions have been found to be important in many steps in lymphocyte recirculation and inflammatory responses. A family of carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins, termed selectins, has been discovered and shown to be involved directly in these processes. The three known selectins, termed L-, E- and P-selectins, have domains homologous to other Ca(2+)-dependent (C-type) lectins. L-selectin is expressed constitutively on lymphocytes, E-selectin is expressed by activated endothelial cells, and P-selectin is expressed by activated platelets and endothelial cells. Here, we review the nature of the carbohydrate determinants in tissues recognized by these selectins. The expression of specific sialylated, fucosylated and sulfated carbohydrates in activated endothelium and high endothelial venules promotes interactions with L-selectin on leukocyte surfaces. In contrast, E- and P-selectins recognize specific carbohydrate determinants related to sialyl Le(x) antigen on neutrophil and monocyte surfaces. The discovery of the selectins has generated excitement among glycoconjugate researchers that other carbohydrate-binding proteins and their cognate ligands will be found to function in regulating many types of cellular interactions.
A model of dual control mechanisms through anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex interactions

A computational model is presented that describes dual mechanisms of cognitive control through interactions between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). One mechanism, reactive control, consists in the transient activation of PFC, based on conflict detected in ACC over a short time-scale. The second mechanism, proactive control, consists in the sustained active maintenance of task-set information in a separate PFC module, driven by long time-scale conflict detected in a separate ACC unit. The computational function of the first mechanism is to suppress the activation of task-irrelevant information just prior to when it could interfere with responding. The role of the second mechanism is to prime task-relevant processing pathways prior to stimulus-onset, in a preparatory fashion. The model provided an excellent fit to both the behavioral and brain imaging data from a previous detailed empirical study on humans performing the color-word version of the Stroop task. The model captured changes in reaction times across conditions, accuracy, and transient and sustained activity dynamics within lateral PFC and ACC.
A note on strong mixing of ARMA processes

We establish that certain stationary autoregressive moving average (ARMA) processes are strong mixing.
Note on organic dormancy of estuarine Ruppia maritima L. seeds

Information on seed dormancy is one of the primary requirements for successful seedling propagation of submerged aquatics and seagrass. Studies on Ruppiamaritima seed germination have been done, but the presence, requirements, and the types of dormancy have not been well understood. A laboratory study was conducted to understand presence and types of organic dormancy of the seeds of estuarine R. maritima collected from Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, USA. Our study results indicate that the brackish estuarine R. maritima population produces seeds that do not have any noticeable initial morphological, physical, and physiological dormancy. Although dry stratification reduced seed viability and final germination rates, drying seems to induce an earlier germination in R. maritima. Desiccation also appears to induce an environmental dormancy that can be disrupted by exposure to water. Further study on environmental dormancy is needed to provide information to develop methods for long-term seed storage that can be employed in greenhouse seedling propagation.
Observation of the correlated O 3Pj1, 3Pj2 state distribution from the predissociation of O2 B 3Σ−u

Abstract A fast beam photofragment translational spectroscopy study of the predissociation of the O 2 B 3 Σ − u state is presented. A 5 keV beam of vibrationally excited O 2 X 3 Σ − g is prepared via photodetachment of O − 2 . The B 3 Σ − u (gn′=7)←X 3 Σ − g (ν″=4) transition of the Schumann-Runge band is then excited, resulting in predissociation to two O 3 P j atoms. We determine the photofragment kinetic energy angular distribution using a time- and position-sensitive detector. Our energy resolution (10 meV) is sufficient to resolve the energy splittings of the O atom spin-orbit levels, enabling us to determine the correlated ( j 1 , j 2 ) fine structure distribution for the photofragments. These results do not appear to be consistent with predictions based on a recent model of O 2 B 3 Σ − u state predissociation.
Prediction of expansive soil swelling based on four micro-scale properties

A comprehensive study of expansive soil behavior includes understanding the surface phenomena of clay particles within the soil matrix. This research studies four micro-scale properties of four remolded expansive soils––matric suction, pH, surface conductance and percentage of montmorillonite––in order to predict soil swelling. An approach to approximate surface conductance is presented. Linear regression analyses were undertaken in an attempt to predict percent swell and swell pressure based on each of these micro-scale properties. Matric suction was found to be the most accurate predictor of the swelling behavior of the studied soils, which were initially compacted at optimum moisture content. Surface conductance, which is a combination of specific surface area, cation exchange capacity and cation mobility, also gave good predictions, except for one soil with high acidity.
Neuroanatomy of the male rhabdosphincter

Abstract Objectives The external striated urethral sphincter (rhabdosphincter) is a tubular muscle sleeve that extends from the prostato-membranous urethra and perineal membrane to the bladder neck. The male rhabdosphincter neuroanatomy remains unclear, and a better understanding of its innervation may provide insight into potential modifications of radical pelvic surgery to improve urinary continence. Methods Fresh cadaveric dissections of 12 male hemipelves were undertaken to investigate the neuroanatomy of the urinary rhabdosphincter. Results Neuroanatomic courses of the nerve supply to the rhabdosphincter revealed that, in the perineum, the perineal nerve (a terminal branch of the pudendal nerve) provided branches directly to the bulbospongiosus muscle and the urinary rhabdosphincter. In the pelvis, the course of the pelvic nerve was as follows: (1) arising from the inferior hypogastric plexus, it had a weblike course beneath the muscle fascia of the levator ani muscle; (2) traveling posterolateral to the rectum, it gave many branches that perforated into the lateral rectum; and (3) at the level of the prostatic apex, still beneath the levator ani muscle fascia (superior fascia), it sent multiple direct branches to the inferolateral aspect of urinary rhabdosphincter. The pudendal nerve traversed the pelvis in the pudendal canal, and, before leaving the pelvis to enter the perineum, it gave an intrapelvic branch that courses with the pelvic nerve to innervate the rhabdosphincter. Conclusions Our understanding of the neuroanatomy of what may be the continence nerves has been improved by fresh cadaveric dissection. The rhabdosphincter receives nerve fibers from the pelvic nerve and dual innervation from an intrapelvic branch and a perineal branch of the pudendal nerve. Better understanding of these anatomic findings may have potential surgical significance with respect to improvement in post-operative urinary continence.
Multimode instabilities for a standing-wave cavity containing a saturable absorber

Abstract The stability of a coherently driven standing-wave cavity containing a saturable absorber is analyzed in the mean-field limit. Instabilities for a cavity tuned to resonance and a cavity tuned midway between resonances are compared. With the absorber appropriately positioned in the cavity a one-to-one correspondence exists between optical bistability in a resonant cavity and self-oscillation in a cavity tuned between resonances.
Attention and Semantic Priming: A Review of Prime Task Effects

The single-word semantic priming paradigm is a tool for investigating how and when word meaning (semantic) activation occurs during visual word recognition. The prime task effect refers to the elimination of the typically robust semantic priming effect by a nonsemantic prime task (e.g., subjects search the prime word for a letter). The purpose of this paper is to provide a tutorial review of the literature examining the prime task effect. Understanding the nature of this effect has implications for delineating how selective attention modulates evidence for semantic activation during word reading. These implications are outlined. Additionally, speculations for how these issues of selective attention relate to awareness are offered.
Prophylactic versus standby cardiopulmonary support for high risk percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Objectives. Data from a national registry of 23 centers using cardiopulmonary support (CPS) were analyzed to compare the risks and benefits of prophylactic CPS versus standby CPS for patients undergoing high risk coronary angioplasty. Background. Early data from the CPS registry documented a high angioplasty success rate as well as a high procedural morbidity rate. Because of this increased morbidity some high risk patients were placed on standby CPS instead of prophylactic CPS. Methods. Patients in the prophylactic CPS group had 18F or 20F venous and arterial cannulas inserted and cardiopulmonary bypass initiated. Patients in the standby CPS group were prepared for institution of cardiopulmonary bypass, but bypass was not actually initiated unless the patient sustained irreversible hemodynamic compromise. Results. There were 389 patients in the prophylactic CPS group and 180 in the standby CPS group. The groups were comparable with respect to most baseline characteristics, except that left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in the prophylactic CPS group. Thirteen of the 180 patients in the standby CPS group sustained irreversible hemodynamic compromise during the angioplasty procedure. Emergency institution of CPS was successfully initiated in 12 of these 13 patients in <5 min. Procedural success was 88.7% for the prophylactic and 84.4% for the standby CPS group (p = NS). Major complications did not differ between groups. However, 42% of patients in the prophylactic CPS group sustained femoral access site complications or required blood transfusions, compared with only 11.7% of patients in the standby CPS group (p < 0.01). Among patients with an ejection fraction ≤20%, procedural morbidity remained significantly higher in the prophylactic CPS group (41% vs. 9.4%, p < 0.01), but procedural mortality was higher in the standby group (4.8% vs. 18.8%, p <0.05). Conclusions. Patients in the standby and prophylactic CPS groups had comparable success and major complication rates, but procedural morbidity was higher in the prophylactic group. When required, standby CPS established immediate hemodynamic support during most angioplasty complications. For most patients, standby CPS was preferable to prophylactic CPS during high risk coronary angioplasty. However, patients with extremely depressed left ventricular function (ejection fraction < 20%) may benefit from institution of prophylactic CPS.
Development of a rapid method using oxalic acid to assess resistance among hosta cultivars to petiole rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii var. delphinii.

Abstract A rapid assay was developed to assess hosta cultivars for resistance to petiole rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii var. delphinii. Leaves of greenhouse-grown hosta (Hosta kikutii and Hosta s...
Neurotrophins, but not depolarization, regulate substance P expression in the developing optic tectum.

Neurotransmitter expression can be regulated by both activity and neurotrophins in a number of in vitro systems. We examined whether either of these factors was likely to play a role in the in vivo optic nerve-dependent regulation of a substance P-like immunoreactive (SP-ir) population of cells in the developing optic tectum of the frog. In contrast to our previous results with the adult system, blocking tectal cell responses to glutamate release by retinal ganglion cells with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3 dione (CNQX) did not affect the percent of SP-ir cells in the developing tectum. Treatment with d-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (d-AP-5) was also ineffective in this regard, although both it and CNQX treatment disrupted visual map topography. Chronic treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) produced increases in SP-ir cells in the treated lobes of normal animals, which were significant in the case of NT-4/5. Both substances also prevented the decrease of SP cells that would otherwise occur in the deafferented lobe of unilaterally optic nerve-transected tadpoles. These changes in the percent of SP-ir cells occurred without any detectable changes in the overall number of tectal cells. NGF had no effect on SP expression. Nor did it affect topographic map formation, which was disrupted by treatment with either BDNF or NT-4/5. Our results demonstrate that different mechanisms regulate SP expression in the developing and adult tectum. They indicate that neurotrophin levels in the developing optic tectum may selectively regulate a specific neuropeptide-expressing population of cells. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 48: 131–149, 2001
Optimizing the V&V process for critical systems

In the design of critical systems and software, validation and verification (VV a subset must be chosen that maximizes the chances of mission success by reducing risk while meeting budget constraints. By explicitly modeling the contributions that various V&V activities make to reducing risks, and the costs of these activities, we are able to convert this to a classical optimization problem. We then use search, clustering and visualization algorithms to examine the large space of options.
Winter Storms over the San Juan Mountains. Part I: Dynamical Processes

Abstract The Colorado River Basin Pilot Project was conducted over the San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado and ran for five winter seasons, terminating in 1974–75. The objective of the project was to demonstrate the feasibility of increasing the amount of snowpack and, therefore, the amount of available runoff. The Bureau of Reclamation, through its contractors, conducted the project. A number of statistical evaluations of the program have been made. This series of papers represents the principal physical evaluation of the seeding potential of San Juan storms. The synthesis of several well-documented San Juan storms indicates that most storms evolve through four distinct stages which are related to thermodynamic stability. The stages in sequence are stable, neutral, unstable and dissipation. During the stable stage, much of the flow below mountain top level is blocked and diverted toward the west. During the neutral stage, the storm is deep; it typically extends throughout much of the troposphere....
Abstract 5271: p16-LUC: an in vivo reporter allele for de novo tumor formation and therapeutic response

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The p16INK4a tumor suppressor is upregulated and serves to limit proliferation in response to cellular stressors and oncogenic events. Induction of p16INK4a is highly dynamic during tumorigenesis and aging, ranging from undetectable in unstressed cells to >105 mRNA copies per cell when maximally activated. This property, along with the well established activation of p16INK4a in response to a variety of oncogenic stressors, led to the hypothesis that p16INK4a could be an excellent marker of tumorigenesis and aging. Toward that end, we developed a novel knock-in mouse model, p16-LUC, wherein the endogenous p16INK4a promoter drives single-copy expression of firefly luciferase. Using homologous recombination in ES cells, the open reading frame of firefly luciferase was inserted in-frame at the transcriptional start site of p16INK4a, preserving the structure and regulation of other genes (p19ARF and p15INK4b) encoded by the Cdkn2a/b locus. Murine embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from p16-LUC animals demonstrate marked (>105) upregulation of luciferase activity with culture, paralleling that observed for the endogenous allele. Such induction can also be monitored dynamically in vivo following treatment with DNA damaging stressors such as ionizing radiation. To test the ability of this allele to serve as a biomarker of oncogenic stress, we crossed the p16-LUC mouse to numerous genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of human cancer. In these mice, potent induction of luciferase activity was apparent in tumors driven by a wide variety of oncogenes. Moreover, weeks before visual or palpable tumors could be detected, p16-LUC expression localized to future tumor sites. Treatment of these mice with a wide range of chemotherapeutic compounds also revealed novel insights into therapeutic efficacy and potential toxicities. Overall, the p16-LUC model has potential to advance the study of de novo tumor formation, therapeutic efficacy and toxicology by providing a reagent to conduct long-term, in vivo studies of GEMMs and potential anti-cancer compounds. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5271. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5271
The scale problem in robust regression M-estimates

Regression M-estimates require an auxiliary scale to determine which residuals are so large that the point should be down weighted. This paper investigates several ways of incorporating scale into the estimation process and compares them theoretically and by Monte Carlo. Computational methods are presented that are superior to those now in common use.
Chelating Polymers. II. Amino Acetic Acid Chelating Polymers Derived from Hydroxyarylamino Acetic Acids

Abstract The prototype dimeric chelating compounds 3,3′-methylenebis-[N(4-hydroxyphenyl) iminodiacetic acid] and 3,3′-methylenebis-[N(4-methoxyphenyl) iminodiacetic acid] were synthesized and characterized by composition analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and potentiometric titration data. Their chelating characteristics with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Zn(l1) ions were established by composition analysis and comparative infrared spectroscopy. The results suggest chelation and structures of the usual iminodiacetatometal complex type for the Ni(II), Co(II), and Zn(I1) compounds of 3,3′methylenebis-[N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) iminodiacetic acid] and for the Cu(I1, Ni(II), and Co(I1) compounds of 3,3′-methylenebis-[N-(4-methoxyphenyl) iminodiacetic acid]. The composition analysis of each of these compounds indicates 1:2:2 mole ratios of ligand to metal ion to water. Square planar structures are proposed wherein the two iminodiacetatometal chelate moieties are essentially independent of each other. The composition ana...
BH3 mimetics reduce adhesion and migration of hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Abstract Advanced stages of tumour and development of metastases are the two major problems in treating liver tumours such as hepatoblastoma (HB) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in paediatric patients. Modulation of apoptosis in HB cells enhances the sensitivity of these cells towards various drugs and has been discussed to enforce treatment. We analysed the effect of apoptosis modulators, BH3 mimetics, on mechanisms of dissemination such as adhesion or migration of HB and HCC cells. BH3 mimetics such as ABT-737 and obatoclax can reduce cell migration in a scratch assay as well as adhesion of HB and HCC cells to matrigel. Immunofluorescence staining of F-actin demonstrated that development of lamellipodia, which are important for migration, decreased. BH3 mimetics increase the level of activated caspases 3 and 7 in HUH6 cells. This results in the degradation of GTPase Cdc42, which can be determined by western blot analysis. A pan-caspase inhibitor can block the migration and degradation of Rho-GTPase. In summary, our study showed that BH3 mimetics not only enhance drug sensitivity but also may prevent metastasis by inhibiting HB and HCC cell motility.
REDUCING SOLID WASTE : LINKING RECYCLING TO ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE CONSUMERISM

A survey of several communities was conducted to investigate the public’s response to solid waste issues. This study examines the relation between respondents’ beliefs about environmentally respons...
Decision analysis: Perspectives on inference, decision, and experimentation

This paper illustrates by using a simple coin-tossing example how the new discipline of decision analysis sheds light on the perennial problems of inference, decision, and experimentation. The inference problem is first discussed from the classical viewpoints of maximum likelihood estimation and hypothesis testing, and then from the viewpoint of subjective probability and Bayesian updating. The problem is next placed in a decision setting to demonstrate how an estimate is related to the nature of the loss structure. Experimental possibilities are evaluated for the case where the size of the experiment must be determined a priori and for the case where experimentation can cease at any point. The decision-analysis philosophy allows consideration of all these problems within one philosophical and methodological framework.
Average-value model of the brushless D 120 degrees inverter system

An average-value model of a 120 degrees brushless DC motor is developed by transforming the stator variables to the rotor reference frame and expressing the average applied voltages in this reference frame over a switching interval of the inverter. The performance as predicted by the average-value model is shown to be accurate for normal operation by comparison with the performance calculated using a detailed model. The average-value model becomes less accurate when the phase-shift angle is varied markedly from normal. This model should be very useful to the control system analyst and as an educational tool, since it allows a straightforward comparison with the equations which describe the 180 degrees brushless DC motor. >
Endoscopic lifts from PGL3 to G2

We determine essentially completely the theta correspondence arising from the dual pair has depth zero.
Simulated catagenesis of marine amorphous protokerogen

Abstract Simulated catagenesis experiments were conducted in which a predominantly marine, amorphous protokerogen isolated from Recent carbonate sediments of northern Belize was pyrolyzed in the presence of water. Reaction products were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The principal gases that evolved during hydrous pyrolysis were CO 2 (65%), light hydrocarbons (23%), N 2 (10%) and H 2 S (1%). The relative abundance of light hydrocarbons was as follows: C 4 > C 1 > C 3 > C 2 > C 5 . Light alkenes include C 2 , C 3 and C 4 isomers. The saturate hydrocarbon fraction of the solvent extract of the pyrolyzate was analyzed for n -alkanes, hopanes and steranes. Among the heavy n -alkanes, the C 15 C 19 and C 20  23 compounds predominate. The principal pentacyclic triterpanes that were identified are the C 29 and C 30 compounds, with lesser amounts of the C 27 and C 31  33 components. Relatively low quantities of steranes were detected, with the C 27 and C 29 compounds present in subequal amounts. The aromatic fraction of the pyrolyzate includes benzothiophenes, phenanthrenes and anthracenes. The above results are used to assess the advantages and limitations of hydrous pyrolysis for simulating the thermal evolution of marine organic matter.
Children's fright reactions to television and films

Abstract This article describes a research program in which children's fright reactions to television and films are studied from a cognitive developmental perspective. Based on a series of experiments and surveys, generalizations are made regarding the types of mass media stimuli and events that frighten children at different ages. Preschool children are more responsive than older children and adults to salient visual images; that is, something that looks frightening will be more likely to frighten young children than something with a more benign exterior that is actually harmful. Younger children are also more likely than their older counterparts to respond with fear to blatantly fantastic happenings, and less likely to respond to threats communicated in a more abstract manner. The potential for long-term effects is discussed and some findings relevant to this issue are presented. Finally, research is presented which supports developmental differences in the effectiveness of strategies for preventing or reducing media-induced fright reactions. In general, noncognitive, automatic strategies are more effective for preschool children, whereas older elementary school children benefit more from strategies with a cognitive component.
Direct reconstruction of difference images from optimal spatial-domain projections

We consider direct minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) reconstruction of difference images without explicit reconstruction of the two images at the two time instants. We first derive the MMSE reconstruction operator and show that it depends on the cross-correlation between the two images taken at different times. We then consider the reconstruction performance of different strategies for measuring linear spatial projections of the two images. Performance is evaluated by using measured video imagery of an urban intersection as the input into a simulation that models the linear projections.
Allocating leaf nitrogen for the maximization of carbon gain: Leaf age as a control on the allocation program.

Simulations using a biochemically-based model of leaf photosynthesis make it possible to predict the distribution of leaf nitrogen contents that maximizes photosynthetic carbon gain over the canopy of an entire plant. In general, the optimal nitrogen content increased with increasing daily photosynthetically active photon irradiance.
Effect of chronic administration of morphine on mouse brain aminoacyl- -trna synthetase and trna-amino acid binding.

Summary Effects of the chronic administration of morphine to mice on the activity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and the amino acid-tRNA binding were investigated. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNAs were purified partially from brains of control mice and mice chronically treated with increasing doses of morphine (up to 100 mg/kg). The partially purified brain synthetase from the control and morphine-treated mice catalyzed thein vitro binding of [14C]labeled arginine, leucine and phenylalanine with unfractionated tRNAs obtained fromE. coli, mouse brains and mouse liver. However, the synthetase purified from the brains of the morphine-treated mice had lower specific activities than that purified from the brains of control mice. The decreased specific activities of synthetase of brains of morphine-treated mice were fairly proportional to the doses of morphine administered and persisted for 5 days after withdrawal of morphine. Administration of a single dose of morphine produced no significant decrease in synthetase activity. Moreover, chronic administration of morphine did not significantly alter physico-chemical properties and amino acid-binding capacities of tRNAs from the brains of mice chronically treated with morphine. Morphine did, however, moderately inhibit the binding of amino acids withE. coli tRNA in the presence of synthetase isolated from brains of either control mice or morphine-treated mice. The pretreatment of purified synthetase with morphine caused slight decreases of synthetase activity. Morphine did not bindin vivo with synthetase or tRNA in the presence of synthetases isolated from brains of either control mice or morphine-treated mice. The pretreatment of purified synthetase with morphine caused slight decreases of synthetase activity. Morphine did not bindin vivo with synthetase or tRNA during chronic administration of morphine nor with purified synthetase or tRNAin vitro.
The Influence of Chemical Inhibitor Addition on Reverse-Jet Flame Stabilization

Flame stability limits produced by a reverse-jet flameholder are experimentally studied with a chemical inhibitor added to the gas stream issuing from the reverse-jet. The result of this addition is a reduction of flame stability limits. Such a reduction indicates the importance of the chemical rate processes in the flameholding phenomenon.Copyright © 1968 by ASME
Method of data reduction for accurate determination of acoustic backscatter coefficients

In previous methods of data reduction used to determine ultrasonic backscatter coefficients, various approximations were made. One frequently used is that there is an abrupt cutoff in the lateral extent of the scattering volume interrogated. Another approximation in all previous methods is that the effect of time gating the received echo signals can be written as a function of the distance along the axis of the interrogating beam. In the present paper we show that the backscatter coefficient can be derived from experimental data without making such approximations. The cases of narrow‐band and broadband pulses are treated, and the method is applicable whatever the distance between the interrogated volume of scatterers and the transducer face. It is shown that, for a given pulse form, the gate duration must be sufficiently long in order to attain a specified accuracy for the measured backscatter coefficient. A test of the method was done using a phantom with well‐defined scattering properties. Very good agreement was found between measured values of backscatter coefficients and those calculated using a first‐principles theory.
An improved Lamb-shift source for polarised negative hydrogen ions

Abstract An improved source polarized negative hydrogen ions is described. The polarization is increased by a simple method using static fields only.
A Field-Note Form for General Insect Collecting

How often the insect taxonomist remarks, “If I only had some basic ecological data about this species, I would be in a much better position to evaluate its taxonomic position!” or, “If I only had some basic ecological data about this unusual specimen I would be able to collect a series adequate to determine if it represents a new species!” It is more often the case than not for the general-insect collector to be lax in his responsibility to collect biological data along with his specimens. Apart from negligence, the reason usually is his lack of a note-keeping system which is both simple to use and adequately inclusive. I have found the form[3][1] offered here (Fig. 1, 2), to be successful in systematizing my own notetaking and helpful in motivating other collectors to do the same. [1]: #fn-1