cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unmasking the Black Knights: Sanctions Busters and Their Effects on the Success of Economic Sanctions

Despite clear expectations that sanctions busters undermine the effectiveness of economic sanctions, most empirical studies of the phenomenon fail to find that they significantly affect sanctions outcomes. One explanation for these puzzling results is that past studies have almost all relied on [Hufbauer, Schott, and Elliott's (1990)][1] dichotomous, time-invariant “black knight” variable to operationalize the occurrence of sanctions-busting. This piece develops a more nuanced account of how the timing, quantity, and nature of sanctions-busting trade affects sanctions' outcomes and codes a new set of sanctions-busting variables that capture these distinctions. Two competing accounts of sanctions-busting are tested in the analysis, one that asserts that only politically motivated sanctions busters (i.e., black knights) negatively affect sanctions' success and one that asserts that commercially and politically motivated sanctions busters jointly undermine their success. These rival accounts are tested using a competing risks analysis of 96 episodes of US-imposed sanctions from 1950 to 2006. The results indicate that while black knights alone do not make sanctions more likely to fail, in conjunction with commercially-motivated sanctions busters they do exercise a potent, negative effect on sanctions' success. These findings have important implications for how third party responses affect sanctions outcomes. [1]: #ref-21
Major Cellular Structures Involved in Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Numerous cellular structures are involved with the process of excitation-contraction coupling (E-C coupling) in cardiac muscle cells. This chapter serves to introduce some of these components from an ultrastructural perspective, and key functional components will be discussed in greater detail in subsequent chapters. Figures 1 and 2 are schematic drawings of the structure of amphibian skeletal muscle (Fig 1) and mammalian ventricular muscle (Fig 2) from a classic ultrastructural study by Fawcett & McNutt (1969; also based on the work of Peachey, 1965).
ALE Shock Calculations Using a Stabilized Serendipity Rezoning Scheme

A rezone stencil for ALE shock calculations has been developed based on a stabilized variant of the serendipity element. This rezone stencil is compared to the Winslow rezone stencil. Unlike the Winslow stencil, which equalizes element volumes as well as node angles, the serendipity stencil equalizes node angles only. This may be advantageous for calculations involving strong density gradients such as those associated with shock compression.
Islamic Architecture and Institutions in the Late Medieval City

There are a number of competing and complementary analytic keys to understanding the architecture and institutions of the late medieval Islamic city. My discussion of the socioeconomic place of Islamic architecture within the late medieval city is built around three arguments. The first point is that by the late medieval period, there were a number of crucial institutions, many with recognizable building types, which could be found in most cities in the lands of Islam. Some of these buildings, such as the madrasa, were distinctively Muslim in that they answered to specific needs within Muslim society, in general, and the late medieval period in particular. Others, such as the mausoleum, though found in many societies, formed crucial parts of the late medieval cities of the Islamic world. My second theme is that the study of Islamic architecture and urbanism of the past two decades tells us as much about changes in historiographic focus as it does the special role of architecture within society. Part of this is due to the fact that the field of Islamic urban studies is a relatively new one that has been enriched as well as caught in the search for its own identity. Searches for Iranian, Turkish, and Arab elements not to mention Mediterranean or Asian ones have pushed the field in a number of sometimes conflicting directions that make the study of Islamic architecture and institutions difficult, but as my third point argues, not impossible. My third point is reflected in new and exciting scholarship that focuses on the great urban historians of the medieval period who have left us detailed descriptions of the cities and buildings of the Muslim world.
Rhodobacter capsulatus genes involved in early steps of the bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic pathway.

Abstract Three open reading frames in the Rhodobacter capsulatus photosynthesis gene cluster, designated F0, F108, and F1025, were disrupted by site-directed mutagenesis. Mutants bearing insertions in these reading frames were defective in converting protoporphyrin IX to magnesium-protoporphyrin monomethyl ester, protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide a, and magnesium-protoporphyrin monomethyl ester to protochlorophyllide, respectively. These results demonstrate that the genes examined most likely encode enzyme subunits that catalyze steps common to plant and bacterial tetrapyrrole photopigment biosynthetic pathways. The open reading frames were found to be part of a large 11-kilobase operon that encodes numerous genes involved in early steps of the bacteriochlorophyll a biosynthetic pathway.
Perturbation size and harmonic limitations in affine approximation for time invariant periodicity preservation systems

Affine approximation is a technique used to model time-invariant periodicity preservation (TIPP) systems, which represent a broad class of wireless system nonlinear components. This approach approximates the harmonic transfer characteristics of a nonlinear system and, as a consequence, is expected to be very useful in both waveform design and circuit optimization. While this approach is useful, there are limitations of this approximation based on the strength of the nonlinearity, the size of the perturbation imposed on the large-signal operating condition, and the number of harmonics used to approximate the signal. This paper examines some sample TIPP nonlinearities and show that the affine approximation accuracy often degrades for increasing perturbation size and when a reduced number of harmonics is used to approximate system results for waveforms containing significant harmonic content.
Computer models for identifying instrumental citations in the biomedical literature

The most popular method for evaluating the quality of a scientific publication is citation count. This metric assumes that a citation is a positive indicator of the quality of the cited work. This assumption is not always true since citations serve many purposes. As a result, citation count is an indirect and imprecise measure of impact. If instrumental citations could be reliably distinguished from non-instrumental ones, this would readily improve the performance of existing citation-based metrics by excluding the non-instrumental citations. A citation was operationally defined as instrumental if either of the following was true: the hypothesis of the citing work was motivated by the cited work, or the citing work could not have been executed without the cited work. This work investigated the feasibility of developing computer models for automatically classifying citations as instrumental or non-instrumental. Instrumental citations were manually labeled, and machine learning models were trained on a combination of content and bibliometric features. The experimental results indicate that models based on content and bibliometric features are able to automatically classify instrumental citations with high predictivity (AUC = 0.86). Additional experiments using independent hold out data and prospective validation show that the models are generalizeable and can handle unseen cases. This work demonstrates that it is feasible to train computer models to automatically identify instrumental citations.
Hidalgo, I. J., Raub, T. J., and Borchardt, R. T.: Characterization of the Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Line (Caco-2) as a Model System for Intestinal Epithelial Permeability, Gastroenterology, 96, 736–749, 1989—The Backstory

In 1983, I was offered the opportunity to become Chairman and Solon E. Summerfield Distinguished Professor in the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry in the School of Pharmacy at The University of Kansas (KU), Lawrence, KS. Prior to that time, I had been a faculty member in the Departments of Biochemistry and Medicinal Chemistry at KU for 12 years and my research interests were focused on the design and synthesis of enzyme inhibitors having potential medical applications in the treatment of viral and parasite infections and neurological diseases.
Effect of retraction procedures on the periodontium in humans

On the basis of wound healing and gingival recession caused by the three procedures, the copper-band retraction method was the most satisfactory. This tentative conclusion is based on the following reasons: 1. Retraction methods must be evaluated relative to the impression procedure and fit of the restoration. The long-range effects of the marginal fit are probably the most important factor for enhancing periodontal health. 2. This study involved only healthy periodontia of adolescent patients. Different healing might be observed in tissues characterized by gingivitis or periodontitis. 3. A broader study involving a greater range of procedures and conditions is recommended to evaluate each retraction technique. 4. This study involved teeth which had an adequate zone of attached gingiva. More complicated healing and perhaps altered sequences might be observed if the procedures were performed on gingival margins of alveolar mucosa, thin gingival walls, or areas of root prominence and thin cortical bone.
Use of streptokinase as a recall antigen for lymphocyte proliferation testing in vitro

The use of streptokinase (SK) as a recall antigen (Ag) for stimulation of human lymphocyte proliferation in vitro was evaluated. SK is a potent stimulant, inducing a greater response than three other Ags, tetanus toxoid, Candida albicans extract, or streptolysin. The optimum stimulatory concentration is 1000 U/ml, and peak stimulation occurs between days 6 and 8. Human cord-blood lymphocytes do not respond to SK, suggesting that it is an Ag and not a mitogen. The response rate in an adult population was 82%, higher than the rate of two other Ags tested (tetanus toxoid or Candida). These findings demonstrate the ability of SK to act as a potent recall Ag for human lymphocyte proliferation in vitro.
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replicates to High Levels in Naturally Infected African Green Monkeys without Inducing Immunologic or Neurologic Disease

African green monkeys can maintain long-term persistent infection with simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVagm) without developing AIDS and thus provide an important model for understanding mechanisms of natural host resistance to disease. This study assessed the levels and anatomic distribution of SIVagm in healthy, naturally infected monkeys. Quantitative competitive reverse transcriptase PCR assays developed to measure SIVagm from two African green monkey subspecies demonstrated high levels of SIV RNA in plasma (>6 x 10(6) RNA copies/ml) in sabaeus and vervet monkeys. Infectious virus was readily recovered from plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and shown to be highly cytopathic in human cell lines and macrophages. SIVagm DNA levels were highest in the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that the gut is a major site for SIVagm replication in vivo. Appreciable levels of virus were also found within the brain parenchyma and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with lower levels detected in peripheral blood cells and lymph nodes. Virus isolates from the CSF and brain parenchyma readily infected macrophages in culture, whereas lymph node isolates were more restricted to growth in human T-cell lines. Comparison of env V2-C4 sequences showed extensive amino acid diversity between SIVagm recovered from the central nervous system and that recovered from lymphoid tissues. Homology between brain and CSF viruses, macrophage tropism, and active replication suggest compartmentalization in the central nervous system without associated neuropathology in naturally infected monkeys. These studies provide evidence that the nonpathogenic nature of SIVagm in the natural host can be attributed neither to more effective host control over viral replication nor to differences in the tissue and cell tropism from those for human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected humans or SIV-infected macaques.
PARITY CONSERVATION AND POLARIZATION PHENOMENA FOR BREAK-UP REACTIONS.

Abstract The conservation of parity is known to place restrictions on the polarization observables for nuclear reactions. For reactions which lead to a final state which contains two particles, the number of non-zero polarization observables is reduced by about a factor of two. The purpose of the present paper is to establish restrictions on the various polarization observables resulting from parity conservation for reactions in which the final state contains three particles. It is shown that for certain special cases the restrictions have a form similar to that for reactions in which the final state contains two particles.
A note on the characterization of the max and min operators

Abstract In this note we obtain a characterization of the max and min operators, a characterization motivated by three simple set theoretic properties. The role of this characterization in the context of fuzzy set unions and intersections is also examined.
Signal Detection Analysis of Conditioning Data

Summary Signal detection analysis of learning and conditioning data provides for a greater distinction to be made between learning and performance through the use of the two signal detection parameters, d' and B. The use of the two parameters permits alternative interpretation of several types of data sets discussed. This analytic technique may be used with either discrete trial or free-response data. The present article reviews applications of signal detection parameters in the literature, and provides for their extension to other uses.
Rapid induction of tolerance to the antipunishment effects of ethanol

Tolerance to ethanol was tested with 24 adult, male, Wistar rats using a modified Geller-Seifter paradigm. This design consisted of three components: an unpunished random interval-30 sec (RI-30) schedule, a time-out period, and a punished plus continuous reinforcement (conflict) schedule. This procedure allowed for a distinction to be made between the sedative and the "anxiolytic" effects of ethanol. Rats were trained on this procedure until response rates stabilized. They were then randomly divided into three groups. One group served as a control group for two experiments. In the first experiment, the test group received ethanol (0.75 g/kg IP) on days 2-8 and saline on days 1 and 9. For the second experiment, the control group received saline and the test group received ethanol three times in one day at three hour intervals. The "anxiolytic" action (defined as an increase in the rate of punished responding or antipunishment effect) was observed to undergo rapid tolerance (by day 4 in experiment one and by the second session in experiment two), while tolerance to the sedative action (defined as a decrease in the rate of unpunished responding) developed more slowly (only by day 7 in experiment one, but by the third session in experiment two). These results suggest that rapid tolerance develops to the "anxiolytic" actions of ethanol and this may have important implications for the development of ethanol abuse.
The effect of DTC advertisement content on belief tenacity: a study of appeals and argument types.

Abstract Background Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) has an influence on patients' perceptions, awareness, and behaviors. Inoculation theory and the model of belief processing provide insights into cognition that stand to increase our understanding of how patients process the information presented in these advertisements and form beliefs about medications. Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sidedness of appeals and argument types in understanding beliefs that are formed after exposure to advertisements. DTCA and negative experiences were used to study these constructs. Methods A 2 (1-sided vs 2-sided appeals)×2 (causal vs authoritative arguments) factorial study design was used. A total of 263 undergraduate students were assigned to view 1 of the 4 mock flu-medication advertisements and complete a questionnaire. Subjects were then presented with a negative scenario and were asked to fill out a questionnaire based on the information in the ad and in the negative scenario. The dependent measures included belief change, change in intent to inquire, and standardized price change. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance. Results Subjects exposed to 2-sided appeals showed lower belief change, standardized price change, and change in intent to inquire following a negative experience than subjects exposed to 1-sided appeals ( P Conclusions Some support for aspects of inoculation theory and theory of belief formation was found. The findings suggest that complying with the "fair-balance" requirement may be beneficial to pharmaceutical marketers as 2-sided appeals increase the tenacity of consumers' beliefs. Higher initial belief and intent to inquire when causal arguments are used in 2-sided promotional messages suggest that use of data to substantiate claims in advertisements may result in enhanced beliefs about the merits of advertised medication.
Structure-based Protocol for Identifying Mutations that Enhance Protein–Protein Binding Affinities

The ability to manipulate protein binding affinities is important for the development of proteins as biosensors, industrial reagents, and therapeutics. We have developed a structure-based method to rationally predict single mutations at protein-protein interfaces that enhance binding affinities. The protocol is based on the premise that increasing buried hydrophobic surface area and/or reducing buried hydrophilic surface area will generally lead to enhanced affinity if large steric clashes are not introduced and buried polar groups are not left without a hydrogen bond partner. The procedure selects affinity enhancing point mutations at the protein-protein interface using three criteria: 1) the mutation must be from a polar amino acid to a non-polar amino acid or from a non-polar amino acid to a larger non-polar amino acid, 2) the free energy of binding as calculated with the Rosetta protein modeling program should be more favorable than the free energy of binding calculated for the wild type complex and 3) the mutation should not be predicted to significantly destabilize the monomers. The Rosetta energy function emphasizes short-range interactions: steric repulsion, Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and an implicit solvation model that penalizes placing atoms adjacent to polar groups. The performance of the computational protocol was experimentally tested on two separate protein complexes; Gαi1 from the heterotrimeric G-protein system bound to the RGS14 GoLoco motif, and the E2, UbcH7, bound to the E3, E6AP from the ubiquitin pathway. 12 single-site mutations that were predicted to be stabilizing were synthesized and characterized in the laboratory. 9 of the 12 mutations successfully increased binding affinity with 5 of these increasing binding by over 1.0 kcal/mol. To further assess our approach we searched the literature for point mutations that pass our criteria and have experimentally determined binding affinities. Of the 8 mutations identified, 5 were accurately predicted to increase binding affinity, further validating the method as a useful tool to increase protein-protein binding affinities.
Nanocomposite films with magnetic field sensing properties

Abstract La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 (LSMO) and LSMO:ZnO nanocomposite thin films were fabricated on SiO 2 /Si and (0001) Al 2 O 3 substrates through solution deposition routes. The LSMO grain size reduced in the composite films as compared to that in pure LSMO film resulting in a larger volume fraction of grain boundaries. Further, compositional or magnetic disorder at the grain boundary region resulted in a reduction of the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic and metal–insulator transition temperatures in LSMO:ZnO films. The magnetoresistance (MR) behavior in the composite films was revealed to be dominated by extrinsic effects with large values of MR at low temperatures and low applied fields. A maximum low-field MR value of −23.9% was observed at 0.5 T and 10 K with the field applied parallel to the current for LSMO:ZnO film on Al 2 O 3 , with a maximum field sensitivity of 632%/T.
Relationship between liver and kidney levels of glutathione and metallothionein in rats

The purpose of this study was to test if the tissue levels of glutathione and metallothioneins were inter-related. In rats, intraperitoneal administration of diethyl maleate or bromobenzene decreased glutathione levels in both the liver and kidney before doubling the metallothionein concentration in the liver and increasing that in kidneys by 40% starting from 6 h after intraperitoneal administration. Both Zn and Cd produced an increase in hepatic and renal metallothionein levels. However, unlike the responses to diethyl maleate and bromobenzene, the increase in metallothionein caused by the metals was not preceded by any significant changes in glutathione levels. Cd decreased the concentration of glutathione in the liver (at 36 h) and kidneys (at 24 h). In contrast, Zn produced an increase and no change in hepatic and renal glutathione concentrations, respectively. The conclusion is that tissue levels of metallothionein and glutathione are not always interrelated.
Some thoughts shared with Helena Maria viramontes

(2001). Some thoughts shared with Helena Maria viramontes. Women's Studies: Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 647-662.
The Reproductive Effects of Family Planning Programs in Rural Ghana: Analysis by Gender:

This article examines the effect of family planning programs on reproductive attitudes and contraceptive use behaviors. It aims to investigate the degree to which family planning programs enable Africans to shift to western contraceptive use from traditional and null contraceptive practices. It also examines the impact of the programs for both men and women. Data from the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, the 1988–99 Ghana Living Standards Survey, and the 1988 Ghana Population Census are used. Categorical data analysis techniques are used to analyze these data. This study finds that access to family planning services is associated with reduced family size preferences, increased approval of family planning, and knowledge of, and desire to use, contraception among both men and women in rural Ghana. As Ghana, like many parts of rural Africa, is a highly underdeveloped and pro-natalist area, this article concludes that family planning programs have the ability to influence reproductive attitudes and b...
The Bantustan Proposals for South-West Africa

WHAT Southern Africa will look like a generation from now is an immediate problem for the South African Government's top policy makers, who realise the precarious nature of apartheid. These planners have rejected both the do-nothing approach of the right-wing elements (e.g. the Republican Party) in South Africa and the multi-racial society solution pressed by Mrs Helen Suzman, the only Member of Parliament of the (relatively) left-wing Progressive Party. Between these two alternatives a host of partition schemes have been advocated, and one of them has been accepted: the 'Bantustan' proposals. By geographical isolation of each of the non-White ethnic groups into separate homelands or 'Bantustans', leaving the remainder of the territories of South Africa and South-West Africa to the Whites, the Nationalist Government is proceeding to change the face of Southern Africa. For they firmly believe that only by such drastic physical separation of the 'races' will the rest of the world cease its unrelenting threats of attacking the white minority now ruling all of Southern Africa.1 And they hope that world public opinion will look kindly on the Bantustans once they exist defacto, since the physical separation of peoples means that no prejudicial discrimination can possibly occur. The Bantustan plan first evolved in South Africa itself and was transformed into limited reality in 1963 with the creation of a single Bantustan in the Transkei.2 World reaction, however, was not at all favourable;3
Financial liberalization, low world interest rates and global imbalances: a note with a simple two-country model

We can understand the role of the liberalization of capital outflows on the global imbalances, the increasing share of US equities in foreign investors’ portfolio and the decline in the world interest rate and the S&P dividend–price ratio, facts observed during the last three decades, when taxes on international asset holdings are reduced in a simple two-country model with costs of portfolio adjustment.
Characterization of AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures grown in a multichamber OMVPE apparatus

Abstract Organometallic vapor phase epitaxial (OMVPE) growth of compound semiconductors is carried out in a multichamber apparatus under reduced hydrogen pressure. Provided the transit times of the reactant fluxes through the reaction cell are small compared to time required for their fluxes to broaden spatially by diffusion, a condition achievable at low pressure, each reactant may be localized to a portion of reaction cell. By positioning substrates by rotation in these localized growth zones with the appropriate combination of the sources; trimethylgallium, trimethylaluminum, and arsine, abrupt AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures are formed. With this technique AlAs/GaAs superlattices of 12 A period are observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Also Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence are used to characterize the effects of rotation speed and the growth rate on the resulting heterostructures. By combining these superlattices into separate confining laser structures high efficiency, low threshold injection lasers are demonstrated.
A review and rationale for studying the cardiovascular effects of drinking water arsenic in women of reproductive age

Drinking water arsenic has been shown to be associated with a host of adverse health outcomes at exposure levels >300 microg of As/L. However, the results are not consistent at exposures below this level. We have reviewed selected articles that examine the effects of drinking water arsenic on cardiovascular outcomes and present a rationale for studying these effects on women of reproductive age, and also over the course of pregnancy when they would potentially be more susceptible to adverse cardiovascular and reproductive outcomes. It is only recently that reproductive effects have been linked to drinking water arsenic. However, there is a paucity of information about the cardiovascular effects of drinking water arsenic on women of reproductive age. Under the cardiovascular challenge of pregnancy, we hypothesize that women with a slightly elevated exposure to drinking water arsenic may exhibit adverse cardiovascular outcomes at higher rates than in the general population. Studying sensitive clinical and sub-clinical indicators of disease in susceptible sub-populations may yield important information about the potentially enormous burden of disease related to low-level drinking water arsenic exposure.
The value of historic shipwrecks: Conflicts and management

Underwater cultural resources, such as historic shipwrecks, recently have emerged as an important class of marine resources. Since World War II, advances in underwater exploration technology have increased the demand for these resources substantially, and institutions through which the beneficial attributes of historic shipwrecks are provided to the public have increased in number. These factors have exacerbated conflicts among different user groups. As a result, coastal and marine cultural resource managers now face difficult problems of shipwreck resource allocation and management. However, because of the lack of information about “nonmarket”; benefits associated with different management alternatives, it is likely that historic shipwreck resources are being allocated inefficiently among different user groups. In this article, we develop a conceptual framework for underwater cultural resource management. We characterize historic shipwrecks as “quasinatural resources, “ and we argue that methods of estim...
On the rate-limiting step in the β-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the heart

Abstract This study was conducted to determine if the activity of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase limits the rate of cardiac β-oxidation of highly unsaturated fatty acids. Although growth hormone treatment of hypophysectomized rats caused a 3-fold increase in the activity of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, β-oxidation of docosahexaenoate in cardiomyocytes was not stimulated by this treatment. Since cardiomyocytes oxidized oleic acid more rapidly than docosahexaenoic acid, the utilization of energy did not limit β-oxidation. Respiration measurements with coupled rat heart mitochondria revealed that the rates of β-oxidation with palmitoyl-CoA and palmitoylcarnitine as substrates were virtually identical but were 3- to 4-fold higher than the rates obtained with either docosahexaenoyl-CoA or docosahexaenoylcarnitine. Although the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) was 5 times higher with palmitoyl-CoA as substrate than with docosahexaenoyl-CoA, this reaction is only one of several that may limit the β-oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid. Surprisingly, an incremental inhibition of CPT I resulted in a parallel inhibition of respiration supported by either palmitoyl-CoA or docosahexaenoyl-CoA. This observation agrees with the notion that CPT I may also be a regulatory enzyme in cardiac fatty acid oxidation. It is concluded that the reduction of double bonds by 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase does not restrict the cardiac β-oxidation of highly unsaturated fatty acid, like docosahexaenoic acid.
Mixed finite element methods for the approximation of time‐dependent problems

A given elliptic boundary problem can, in general, be approximated by several different mixed finite element methods, depending on what physical unknowns are most desired. The use of certain mixed methods for time-dependent problems has been proposed by Johnson and Thomee [5]. We analyze here some additional mixed methods for the time-dependent case which can be used to obtain direct approximations to alternate physical quantities of interest.
2000 F.N. Speller Award Lecture: Stress Corrosion Cracking in Pressurized Water Reactors Interpretation, Modeling, and Remedies

Abstract The aging of water-cooled and moderated nuclear steam supply systems inevitably has given rise to many material corrosion problems of which stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is one of the mo...
High performance cache replacement using re-reference interval prediction (RRIP)

Practical cache replacement policies attempt to emulate optimal replacement by predicting the re-reference interval of a cache block. The commonly used LRU replacement policy always predicts a near-immediate re-reference interval on cache hits and misses. Applications that exhibit a distant re-reference interval perform badly under LRU. Such applications usually have a working-set larger than the cache or have frequent bursts of references to non-temporal data (called scans). To improve the performance of such workloads, this paper proposes cache replacement using Re-reference Interval Prediction (RRIP). We propose Static RRIP (SRRIP) that is scan-resistant and Dynamic RRIP (DRRIP) that is both scan-resistant and thrash-resistant. Both RRIP policies require only 2-bits per cache block and easily integrate into existing LRU approximations found in modern processors. Our evaluations using PC games, multimedia, server and SPEC CPU2006 workloads on a single-core processor with a 2MB last-level cache (LLC) show that both SRRIP and DRRIP outperform LRU replacement on the throughput metric by an average of 4% and 10% respectively. Our evaluations with over 1000 multi-programmed workloads on a 4-core CMP with an 8MB shared LLC show that SRRIP and DRRIP outperform LRU replacement on the throughput metric by an average of 7% and 9% respectively. We also show that RRIP outperforms LFU, the state-of the art scan-resistant replacement algorithm to-date. For the cache configurations under study, RRIP requires 2X less hardware than LRU and 2.5X less hardware than LFU.
Neuere Entwicklungen in der Chemie der Naturstoffe

Strukturelle Ubereinstimmungen von Naturstoffen legen gleiche biogenetische Aufbauprinzipien nahe. Fur die Alkaloide gelingt es, drei Reaktionsmerkmale herauszuarbeiten, die, verbunden mit einer Ringspaltung, den Bau vieler Alkaloide so eindeutig zu beschreiben vermogen, das man u. U. an der Richtigkeit von Alkaloid-Formeln, die dem nicht entsprechen, zweifeln darf. Sind derart fur die Alkaloid-Bildung das Zusammentreffen von basischem Stickstoffatom, Aldehyd-Gruppe und einem Kohlenstoffatom von welchem Elektronen zur Herstellung einer Bindung abgezogen werden konnen wesentlich, so werden als Vorstufen fur pilzliche Stoffwechselprodukte (Antibiotica u. a.) Polycarbonyl- bzw. Polypropionsaure-Verbindungen nachgewiesen.
Transcriptional Regulation of the Rat Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene by Hypoxia

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenic factor and endothelial cell-specific mitogen, is up-regulated by hypoxia. However, the mechanism(s) responsible for hypoxic induction of VEGF has not been clearly delineated. We report that the steady state VEGF mRNA levels are increased 12 +/- 0.6-fold, but the transcriptional rate for VEGF is increased only 3.1 +/- 0.6-fold by hypoxia in PC12 cells. In order to investigate cis-regulatory sequences which mediate this response to hypoxia, we cloned the rat genomic sequences encoding VEGF and identified a 28-base pair element in the 5' promoter that mediates hypoxia-inducible transcription in transient expression assays. This element has sequence and protein binding similarities to the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 binding site within the erythropoietin 3' enhancer. Post-transcriptional mechanisms have also been suggested to play a role in the hypoxic induction of VEGF. Evidence is provided that a frequently used polyadenylation site is 1.9 kilobases downstream from the translation termination codon for rat VEGF. This site is 1.5 kilobases further downstream from the polyadenylation site previously reported for VEGF. This new finding reveals sequence motifs in the 3'-untranslated region that may mediate VEGF mRNA stability.
Learning in systematically designed networks

The authors describe a network design methodology that is capable of specifying the structure of neural networks that are predisposed to satisfy the syntactic constraints of problems. This methodology is observed to produce networks that might also be vulnerable to certain unfeasible equilibria. However, a training strategy that is developed allows these systematically designed networks to learn from solutions that they autonomously develop. The result is an adaptation of the Hopfield model that can learn to generate only solutions to the original problem. As a consequence of the fact that the network has been predisposed to find solutions, learning can take place without producing a training set prior to the training session. Furthermore, training only occurs when a solution is found, and since the set of solutions is typically much smaller than the total number of possible states, training time is reduced. >
Calculating populations of subcellular compartments using density matrix formalism

In our earlier paper (Ref. 1) we developed an integrated probabilistic system for predicting the subcellular localization of proteins and estimating the relative populations of the various compartments in yeast. To justify our formulas we show here that there is a one-to-one correspondence between our previous calculations and the prediction of a state of a many-particle quantum system. The equivalence between these two types of predictions can be easily established if one maps the probability of finding a particular protein in a certain subcellular compartment to the probability of measuring the corresponding quantum particle in one of the possible quantum states (the number of proteins being equal to the number of particles in the system, and the number of compartments being equal to the number of achievable quantum states). Once the sought correspondence is established, we can utilize a well-known formula from quantum statistical mechanics to calculate the overall occupation of a particular quantum state, associating the state with the corresponding subcellular compartment. In the present work we present the details of how we arrived at the formula for the compartment population, borrowing the tools from quantum statistical mechanics. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Maternal behavior changes after immune challenge of neonates with developmental effects on adult social behavior

To examine whether maternal responsiveness during interactions with endotoxin-treated pups contributes to long-term effects on social development, neonatal mice were fostered on postnatal day 1 to dams from three selectively bred lines that differ in social behaviors. On day 5, neonates were administered saline or 0.5 mg/kg endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, i.p.). Observations of undisturbed dams and litters on days 2, 4, 6, and 8 showed modest line differences in maternal behaviors. At the peak intensity of the transient illness induced by endotoxin (3 hr postinjection on day 5), dams increased licking and decreased time off-nest for endotoxin, but not saline-treated pups. As adults, fostered-reared males were observed in brief social interactions. Males exposed to endotoxin early in life showed changes in adult social behaviors that depended on foster dam line as well as individual differences in maternal responsiveness. Maternal responsiveness to stressed neonates can ameliorate the social–developmental effects of early illness. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 17–34, 2003.
Performance of implanted children with developmental delays and/or behavioral disorders: retrospective analysis

Abstract Deaf children with additional disabilities are receiving cochlear implants with increasing frequency. Although it has not been the routine policy of the House Ear Institute/House Ear Clinic team to implant children with developmental delays and/or behavioral disorders, a small number of our implanted children have shown evidence of such disabilities, either before or after implantation. Retrospective analysis of the post-implant performance and educational status of 10 of these children shows that most have made only minimal gains in functional oral communication ability, despite appropriate educational and therapy services. Although we believe that some children with developmental delays or disorders may benefit from implantation, these gains may not be tapped using our current metrics of post-implant performance. Furthermore, we have found that the educational programs available to many implanted children with additional needs do not adequately support both implant-facilitated language growth and the development of alternative forms of communication.
A solution for the sudden and unexplained extinction of the Rocky Mountain grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae).

The Rocky Mountain grasshopper, Melanoplus spretus (Walsh), was the most serious agricultural pest in the western United States and Canada before 1900. Immense swarms periodically migrated from the northern Rocky Mountain region and destroyed vast quantities of crops throughout the western and central portions of the United States and Canada during the mid-1800s. However, in the late 1800s, this species began a precipitous decline, and the last living specimen was collected just after 1900. There has been no satisfactory explanation for the sudden disappearance of M. spretus . Macroscale changes in the western United States (i.e., climatic events, loss of Indians and bison, and the introduction of cattle) do not appear to have been of sufficient ecological intensity to explain the extinction. However, because the distribution of the insect was extremely compressed due to a natural population crash in the early 1880s, small-scale changes may account for the disappearance of M. spretus . Within the region that this species occupied in the late 1800s, oviposition and early nymphal development occurred almost exclusively in riparian habitats. Intensive anthropogenic effects (i.e., tillage; irrigation; loss of the beaver; and introduction of cattle, plants, and birds) were associated with virtually the entire range of M. spretus in the late 1800s. We suggest that localized agricultural destruction of the insect's habitat and the introduction of exotic species caused the extinction of M. spretus .
PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY OF A PHYCOCYANIN‐LESS MUTANT OF CYANIDIUM

Abstract— 1. R-II is a u.v. induced mutant of cyanidium caldarium which lacks the major accessory pigment phycocyanin. 2. Loss of phycocyanin does not impair photosynthesis or the Hill reaction. 3. The action spectrum for the quantum yield indicates an efficiently operating photosynthetic mechanism which is shifted in peak efficiency toward longer wavelengths when compared to the wild-type spectrum. The red drop is also shifted toward the far red in R-II. 4. Although 30 per cent enhancement was obtained in wild-type Cyanidium, no enhancement was observed when phycocyanin was absent. 5. A pigment absorbing at 720 nm has been observed and may possibly represent a chlorophyll-phycocyanin complex.
MAM testbed data analysis: cyclic averaging

The micro-arcsecond metrology testbed (MAM) provides a testing ground for SIM to perform optical path difference measurements with picometer (pm) precision. Because of imperfect optics and non-ideal laser sources it is inevitable that the cyclic bias is one of the major error sources for SIM. Many experiments have been conducted to diagnose and to characterize cyclic bias in the laser gauges, and in white light fringe detection. Our data analysis indicates that cyclic bias in MAM has a predictable frequency and a relatively stable amplitude. It has been proposed to use phase measurements at different wavelengths to solve for the cyclic bias. The experiment results have shown that the cyclic bias in SAVV are reduced from nm level to the level of hundred picometers. Besides the cyclic bias the effective wavelengths of spectral channels have to be calibrated also. At present, a new method using FFT technique and new metrology gauge demonstrates that the wavelength determination has a precision of 10-4. The spectrometer in MAM is stable. The changes of effective wavelengths in a few weeks is about one nanometer, or less. Systematic biases above must be periodically calibrated.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterizing the Scale of Liquid Crystalline Textures: Rheinberg Differential Color Contrast

Abstract The limitations of referring to domain size as a unit of microstructural Scale are discussed. A more practically useful measure of scale is given by the defect density. For this purpose, the distribution of defects in a texture can be highlighted with maximum contrast and resolution by using Rheinberg differential color illumination.
Natural Supramolecular Building Blocks: Cysteine-Added Mutants of Cowpea Mosaic Virus

Wild-type Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) displays no cysteine side chains on the exterior capsid surface and is therefore relatively unreactive with thiol-selective reagents. Four CPMV mutants bearing cysteine residues in one of two exterior positions of the asymmetric unit were created. The mutants were shown to aggregate by virtue of disulfide bond formation in the absence of added reducing agent, bind to metallic gold, and undergo selective reactions at the introduced thiol residues. Controlled aggregation by virtue of biotin-avidin interactions was demonstrated, as was the independent derivatization of reactive lysine and cysteine positions. The ability to introduce such reactivity into a system that can be readily prepared and isolated in gram quantities should open new doors to applications in biochemistry, materials science, and catalysis.
Isolation of a 0.5S gamma 2-globulin from normal human plasma.

Eine homogene Fraktion wurde aus normalem Humanplasma isoliert. Die Sedimentationskonstante dieser Globulinfraktion erwies sich als 0.5S und ihre elektrophoretische Beweglichkeit entsprach derjenigen derγ2-Globuline.
Absorption spectra of mixed monomolecular films of chlorophyll and photosynthetic electron carriers at a gas-water interface

Abstract Absorption spectra of mixed monomolecular films containing chlorophyll and endogenous redox reagents are studied at a gas-water interface. Overlapping absorption spectra are resolved by difference spectroscopy and fourth derivative analysis. Monomolecular films are formed in a Langmuir trough using a Wilhelmy film balance. A reaction between vitamin K 1 and chlorophyll is observed both in the dark and after illumination. A smaller interaction occurs between α-tocopherolquinone and chlorophyll. A light-driven reaction occurs between oxidized plastocyanin and chlorophyll, but not between reduced plastocyanin and chlorophyll. An interaction is observed between cytochrome c and chlorophyll both in the dark and after illumination. Evidence is obtained indicating that the presence and amount of aggregated species of chlorophyll are dependent on the presence of specific reagents. We suggest that redox reagents of Photosystem II and Photosystem I of photosynthesis also serve to “induce” the formation of distinct chlorophyll species.
Synthesis and characterization of mixed methyl/allyl monolayers on Si(111).

The formation of mixed methyl/allyl monolayers has been accomplished through a two-step halogenation/alkylation reaction on Si(111) surfaces. The total coverage of alkylated Si, the surface recombination velocities, and the degree of surface oxidation as a function of time have been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and microwave conductivity measurements. The total coverage of alkyl groups, the rate of oxidation, and the surface recombination velocities of Si(111) terminated by mixed monolayers were found to be close to those observed for CH3−Si(111) surfaces. Hence, the mixed-monolayer surfaces retained the beneficial properties of CH3−Si(111) surfaces while allowing for convenient secondary surface functionalization.
Lightning at "The Master's": An Evaluation of April Thunderstorms in and Near the Augusta National Golf Club

April lightning production in Richmond County, Georgia, from 1995 to 2003 is considered with regard to the associated risk to golfers and spectators at the Master's Golf Tournament and courses throughout the county. An examination of the April lightning climatology of Georgia, focusing on Richmond County, reveals a minimum in lightning activity during the time of the tournament (the first full week of April). A discriminant analysis of Richmond County lightning production utilizes several meteorological variables in order to discern between three categories of April lightning days: little or no lightning activity, minimal lightning activity, and high lightning activity. The analysis distinguishes relatively well between the categories with only 13.5% of the events misclassified. A composite regional analysis of the three lightning categories illustrates the environmental differences between these events. Although the little or no lightning and high lightning categories are somewhat similar environmentally...