cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological Observations on Three Oak Leaf tiers: Psilocorsis quercicella, P. reflexella, and P. cryptolechiella in Massachusetts and Missouri

The life history and habits of 3 species of Psilocorsis oak leaftiers were studied in Massachusetts and Missouri. P. quercicella Clemens and/*, cryptolechiella Chambers are bivoltine and have 5 larval stages. P. reflexella Clemens is univoltine with 6 larval stages. Eggs are usually deposited between overlapping leaves or within previously formed leaf ties. All species overwinter as pupae in leaf litter. Adult flight periods and the duration of immature stages were longer in Missouri than in Massachusetts. Larvae are skeletonizers and construct distinct feeding tunnels between leaves tied with silk. White oak was the preferred host. Damage was most prevalent on understory foliage and regions of canopies where foliage density was greatest. Several species of insect parasites and predators are reported for Psilocorsis spp. Additional insect species were collected in leaf ties constructed by Psilocorsis spp.
Identity, the Identity Statuses, and Identity Status Development: A Contemporary Statement

Abstract The perspectives offered in van Hoof's critique of the identity status and identity status development literature (van Hoof, this issue) misrepresent the views of theorists and researchers working with identity status constructs. The identity status paradigm is strongly grounded in Erikson's psychosocial theory; the content domains covered in the Identity Status Interview are areas Erikson focused on in his writings; identity status theorists and Erikson share a substantial number of common theoretical propositions though notable differences exist as well; while all operational definitions of identity represent only a portion of Erikson's conceptualization of identity, the operational definition of identity in terms of exploration and commitment represents the construct at least as well as other available operational definitions; and using commonly accepted definitions of construct validity, the identity statuses have been amply validated as elements of the broader identity construct. Six propositions within the theory of identity status development are presented and research in support of these propositions is referenced. The literature reviewed by van Hoof is reexamined with a view to the extent to which the studies incorporate better design elements for assessing identity status development. Substantial support for developmental hypotheses is provided by the literature as a whole, and more extensive support is provided by those studies incorporating better design features.
Residues 45 and 404 in the murine reduced folate carrier may interact to alter carrier binding and mobility.

Abstract The reduced folate carrier (RFC), a facilitative transporter, plays a major role in the delivery of reduced folates and antifolates into cells. Previous studies indicated that mutations of E45K in the first transmembrane domain (TMD), and K404L in the 11th TMD, produce selective and opposite alterations in binding of natural folate substrates to murine RFC. The former mutation is frequently associated with antifolate resistance. The current study was designed to determine whether there might be an interaction between these sites by comparing the transport properties of RFC-null cell lines stably transfected with K404E, E45K, or E45K/K404E carriers. These studies demonstrated that: (1) All mutant carriers were inserted into the plasma membrane. (2) In the K404E mutant, the influx K t 's for 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate were markedly increased, and to a much smaller extent folic acid, as compared to L1210 cells. However, with introduction of a second E45K mutation the influx K t for these folates reverted to those of the E45K cells which retained wild-type binding for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and enhanced binding of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and folic acid. (3) The influx V max of the E45K mutant was markedly reduced. Introduction of the second K404E mutation doubled this parameter and the ratio of V max to K t for 5-formytetrahydrofolate was restored to ∼50% that of the wild-type carrier consistent with a substantial increase in function. (4) Chloride inhibits wild-type RFC but the E45K mutant requires chloride for activity. The K404E mutant is also suppressed by chloride but introduction of the K404E mutation decreased the chloride-dependence of E45K. The results suggest that there is an interaction between the E45 and K404 residues in the first and 11th TMDs, respectively, but that the E45 residue appears to be the more dominant determinant of binding and anion sensitivity.
Concurrent automata, database computers, and security: a “new” security paradigm for secure parallel processing

Declustering has been proposed to speed up parallel database machines. However, the security requires clustering. In this paper, we use temporal clustering to reconcile the apparent conflict. Automata theory is applied to high level architecture design. Based on Petri net theory a database machine is proposed. The classical notion of clustering is extended to temporal dimension and is imported to parallel database systems. The proposed database machine not only has the linear speedup, its capability (modeling power) also is increased in the order of magnitude. The computational model (in terms of automata) of the total system is strictly higher than the union of that of individual machine. It also efficiently supports the security.
Diversity Competent Group Work Supervision: An Application of the Supervision of Group Work Model (SGW)

This article emphasizes the need for concrete descriptions of supervision to promote diversity-competent group work and presents an application of the supervision of group work model (SGW) to this end. The SGW, a supervision model adapted from the discrimination model, is uniquely suited for promoting diversity competence in group work, since it allows integration of awareness of self, awareness of client's worldview, and diversity-appropriate interventions with the individual, interpersonal, and group-as-a-whole dimensions of group work. Strategies to prepare for and conduct supervision, and a case analysis that highlights key issues for diversity-competent group work supervision and illustrates a potential supervision process, are presented. Implications for supervisors, group workers, and future research are also provided.
An outbreak of tuberculosis among hospital personnel caring for a patient with a skin ulcer.

Excerpt Hospital personnel are at risk for acquiring tuberculosis through exposure to patients with active pulmonary disease (1). Although extrapulmonary disease is rarely considered contagious, an...
Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Sepsis and Septic Shock.

The optimal therapy for the treatment of sepsis and septic shock remains controversial. Many protocols are followed, using different strategies for initial resuscitation, cardiovascular monitoring, hemodynamic intervention, and eradication of infection. Overall, an aggressive approach to the management of cardiovascular dysfunction in septic shock is warranted. Initially, large volume fluid resuscitation is instituted. Our first choice of resuscitation fluid is 0.9% normal saline. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring using a flotation pulmonary artery catheter as well as invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring is a necessity in the hemodynamic management of septic shock. If the patient remains hypotensive (mean arterial pressure < 65 mm Hg) after adequate volume resuscitation has been established (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 12 to 15 mm Hg), then vasopressor agents must be instituted. Our first choice is usually dopamine. In patients who remain hypotensive after maximal doses of dopamine are reached, norepinephrine is added. If these agents generate excessive tachycardia or if tachyarrhythmias develop, phenylephrine can be substituted or added. Inotropic agents are useful if the patient demonstrates hypotension with a low cardiac output state. Dobutamine is the agent of choice. We initiate broad-spectrum empiric antibiotics at presentation, modifying the exact regimen based on 1) site of infection; 2) prevailing organisms and antibiotic resistance patterns in the patient’s environment; and 3) other specific risk factors (immunosuppression, chronic disease, exposure and vaccination history, invasive medical devices). When appropriate, aggressive surgical debridement is pursued. Currently, there are no clinical data to support the use of antagonists for sepsis mediators, although various clinical trials remain underway. Steroids are contraindicated except for adrenal replacement therapy.
Adipose tissue signaling by nuclear receptors in metabolic complications of obesity

In recent years white adipose tissue inflammation has been recognized to be associated with obesity. Adipocytes and adipose tissue associated macrophages (ATMs) secrete bioactive molecules, including adipokines, chemokines/cytokines and free fatty acids that modulate the development of low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance responsible for obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Nuclear receptors, notably peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors, are sensors of dietary lipids and control transcriptional programs of key metabolic and inflammatory pathways in adipocytes and macrophages. This review focuses on mechanisms by which nuclear receptors maintain white adipose tissue homeostasis. The identification of ATMs as active players in the initiation of chronic inflammation and the links between inflammatory signaling and metabolic dysfunction will be presented, followed by discussion of recent evidence for nuclear receptors in ATM function, with an emphasis on the paracrine interaction between adipocytes and ATMs.
Yankee City and the Bicentennial: Warner's Study of Symbolic Activity in a Contemporary Setting*

The social-anthropological studies of “Yankee City” by W. Lloyd Warner are reconsidered, with concentration on his taxonomy of symbolic activities. Several of Warner's central analytic foci are reviewed and applied to a modern context. The American Revolution Bicentennial is characterized as a societal-level symbolic observance, directly analogous to civil ceremonies in Yankee City. Three major themes from Warner's studies of that community's symbolic life—types of symbolism, socializational effects of symbolism, and rhetorical persuasion—are analyzed with regard to the Bicentennial observance. Illustrative data provide some conceptual and empirical support for the generalizability of Warner's taxonomy to other civil religious phenomena.
Influence of Surface Residual Stress State on Crack Path Evolution in Polycrystalline Alumina

The residual stress distribution in polycrystalline alumina is estimated by an object-oriented finite element method. By combining the microstructural image, individual grain orientation, and the crystal elastic properties, the residual stress distribution under a plane stress assumption is obtained by an analysis cooling of the sample through 1000°C. Furthermore, the residual stresses associated with grain boundary areas are investigated and discussed in the context of the concomitant influence on the observed crack path.
An ambiguity in the description of ALGOL 60

When Algorithm 355 [Comm. ACM 12 (Oct. 1969), 562] was originally submitted to the Algorithms Department it contained a construct which pointed up an ambiguity in the description of ALGOL 60 [Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60, Comm. ACM 6 (Jan. 1963), 1-17]. This ambiguity was not mentioned by Donald Knuth [The Remaining Trouble Spots in ALGOL 60, Comm. ACM 10 (Oct. 1967), 611-618].
Towards supporting on-demand virtual remodularization using program graphs

OOP style requires programmers to organize their code according to objects (or nouns, using natural language as a metaphor), causing a program's actions (verbs) to become scattered during implementation. We define an Action-Oriented Identifier Graph (AOIG) to reconnect the scattered actions in an OOP system. An OOP system with an AOIG will essentially support the dynamic virtual remodularization of OOP code into an Action-Oriented View. We have developed an algorithm to automatically construct an AOIG, and an implementation of the construction process. To automatically construct an AOIG, we use Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to process the natural language clues left by programmers in source code and comments, and we connect code segments through the actions that they perform. Using a reasonably sized program, we present several applications of an AOIG (feature location, working set recovery, and aspect mining), which demonstrate how the AOIG can be used by software engineering tools to combat the tyranny of the dominant decomposition.
An empirical study of parents' reaction to the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in infants.

Health care professionals assume that parents of newborn babies diagnosed with congenital heart disease experience more negative feelings of sadness, anger, fear and guilt than parents of normal newborns. Since there have been no previous empirical studies, this study sought to challenge those assumptions. Results of the study suggest that parents of such infants were indeed more fearful than parents of normal babies. The data also indicates that all parents experience sadness, anger and fear, but parents of normal babies experience less anger and sadness. Many implications for social work practice education and research are indicated as a result of this study.
When teaching “works”: Stories of communication in education

(1993). When teaching “works”: Stories of communication in education. Communication Education: Vol. 42, When Teaching “Works”: Stories of Communication in Education, pp. 279-281.
Newton-Raphson iterative method applied to circularly towed cable-body system

Abstract In this study a solution method based on Newton-Raphson iterations is developed for a broad class of oceanic cable problems under steady-state conditions. The solution method is demonstrated by application to the problem of towing of a tethered body in a circular path. Accurate results are obtained with relatively few iterations required.
Morphology and stability of (Ti0.9Zr0.1) Si2 thin films on Si(111) and Si(100) formed in UHV

Abstract This study explores the temperature stability and surface morphology of (Ti 0.9 Zr 0.1 )Si 2 films formed from reaction of TiZr alloys on Si. Titanium and zirconium alloy films (200 A) were deposited on atomically clean Si surfaces in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) electron beam deposition system, and the wafers were annealed in UHV to form the alloy silicide. In-situ Raman experiments were performed to identify the phases of the (Ti 0.9 Zr 0.1 )Si 2 films. The surface morphologies were studied using scanning electron microscopy, and the root mean square surface roughness was measured using atomic force microscopy. Sheet resistivity measurements were also performed. The results indicate that (Ti 0.9 Zr 0.1 )Si 2 films are stable in the C49 phase for temperatures up to 1000 °C. In addition, the surface roughness is substantially less than similarly prepared TiSi 2 films at high temperatures indicating that agglomeration is reduced for the C49 alloy films. The sheet resistances of the alloy films are less than those of the TiSi 2 films annealed at the same temperatures (>800 °C) because of decreased agglomeration. The (Ti 0.9 Zr 0.1 Si 2 films showed little degradation of sheet resistance for annealing temperatures up to 900 °C.
Modelling of time-temperature effects on bacteria populations during cooling of Cheddar cheese blocks

Differences in cooling rate of Cheddar cheese from pressing (35C) to aging temperature (3.5–12C) has been reported to be responsible for flavor variation within a production lot. During aging, starter and nonstarter bacteria contribute extensively to flavor quality. Temperature effects on these bacteria were quantified using cheese from a local processor. At day 1, starter counts were 8 × 107 cfu/g but as aging continued, starter counts decreased and non-starters became dominant. At 35C, starter counts reached 3 × 106 cfu/g by day 3 and were below 106 cfu/g by day 5. At 25, 20, 15 and 12C, starter bacteria were below 106 cfu/g by day 10, 20, 24 and 40, respectively. Nonstarter counts, initially at 104 cfu/g, reached = 108 cfu/g at increasingly shorter times with higher temperatures. Kinetic analysis of growth in cheese and in a liquid medium suggested the possibility of diffusion growth limitations in cheese. Computer simulations for the growth of nonstarters suggests the individual cooling of small blocks (18 kg) would reduce the contribution of nonstarter counts to Cheddar cheese aging.
Numerical simulation of vortical flow over an elliptical-body missile at high angles of attack

Numerical solutions to the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are given for the flow about an elliptical body missile (3:1 ellipse) at a Mach number of 2.5 and a unit Reynolds number of 6.56 x 10 to the 6th/m. At high angles of attack, the flow is dominated by large-scale free vortices which occur in the lee-side flow field due to crossflow boundary-layer separation. Emphasis is focused on the accurate prediction of the lee-side vortical flow. Solutions are presented for both symmetric and asymmetric (body rolled 45 deg) configurations at 10 deg and 20 deg angle of attack. The computed results are compared with experimental surface pressure coefficients and vapor-screen photographs. Excellent agreement is obtained in all cases.
Evaluation of continuing medical education: Making a difference

Abstract This article is the fifth in a series of continuing health professional education and it focuses on the evaluation of continuing medical education (CME). Evaluation is the final step in the overall instructional design cycle in that it measures the effectiveness of CME. This article presents a decision-making flow chart which illustrates a means of determining what kind of an evaluation is appropriate for a given educational activity. The major types of evaluations are formative and summative, each having cognitive, psychomotor and affective categories. The evaluation data sources should be triangulated and may be either objective or subjective. There should be clear linage between the course goals/objectives, the evaluation measures and the results of the evaluation. This will improve the CME process and make it more cost effective.
Convective Heat Transfer Distributions on a Plate Cooled by Planar Water Jets

Convective heat transfer distributions have been measured for planar water jets impinging on a plate. The cooling effectiveness of two nozzles, each with a different discharge width, is compared for a range of impingement velocities. Measurements were made under transient conditions, and results are presented both during and after the period for boundary layer growth on an initially dry plate. Heat transfer correlations and discussions of pertinent parametric effects are provided.
Effect of reserpine on sympathetic vasoconstrictor responses.

SummaryThe effects of reserpine on the responsiveness of the sympathetic nervous sytem was assessed in 10 subjects. The Valsalva overshoot was significantly inhibited and the digital reflex vasoconstrictor response to a deep breath was blocked in the majority of the subjects tested. On assuming the upright position recovery of blood pressure was moderately impaired following reserpine although symptomatic or t hos tatic hypo tension did not occur. These results indicate mild impairment of sympathetic reflex vasoconstrictor responses. By contrast, the cold pressor response was not inhibited. The latter effect may be due to failure of the drug to inhibit adrenal release of catecholamines or to the fact that the cold test is a more potent stimulus to the sympathetic nervous system.
A unique case of a myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm with distinct histiocytic and dendritic cell outgrowths

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) are rare histiocytic disorders with multisystem involvement. Both are considered distinct entities with characteristic clinical, radiological, and pathological features. A limited number of cases have been reported of patients with ECD in association with LCH. We report a case, for the first time to our knowledge, of a patient with ECD, coexisting LCH, a third histiocytosis of less defined lineage, and a myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN).
A personal-contact weight-loss maintenance intervention reduced weight regain in overweight and obese adults.

Source Citation Svetkey LP, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ, et al. Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: the Weight Loss Maintenance randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:1139-48. 183...
A MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF NUCLEAR COLLECTIVE PROPERTIES

After discussing the concepts of nuclear shape, deformation and softness, the various microscopic theories of collective motion are reviewed and the problem of their relationship is raised. The adiabatic time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation is treated in more detail.
Acousto-elastic measurements and baseline-free assessment of bolted joints using guided waves in space structures

Integrity of bolted joints is critical for successful deployment and operation of space structures. Conventional structural qualification tests span weeks if not months and inhibit rapid launch of space systems. Recent developments in the embedded ultrasonic acousto-elastic method offer fast diagnosis of bolted joints and opportunities for locating the fault. However, in current acousto-elastic measurement procedures, a baseline representing the healthy condition of the joint is necessary. To mitigate a requirement of the baseline, a new methodology based on relative amplitude and phase measurements is developed. The approach has been validated on laboratory specimens, and modifications were suggested for applications in realistic structures. The paper discusses principles of the baseline-free acoustoelastic method, its practical realization, and respective advantages and disadvantages. Comparison of baseline and baseline-free approaches is presented showing the utility of the recently proposed methodology. Fundamentals of the acousto-elastic response were studied in experiments involving guided wave propagation in a thin plate under tension. The results indicate a difference between acousto-elastic responses collected using sensors oriented parallel and perpendicular to the applied stress. It is suggested that this effect may be used to infer stress orientation in the sample. Practical issues related to acousto-elastic measurements in realistic complex structures are discussed, damage diagnosis algorithms are presented, and potential extensions of the acousto-elastic technique are proposed.
Democracy and Organized Crime Activities: Evidence from 59 Countries

Organized crime has become one of the main security concerns in democratic and democratizing societies in the post-Cold War world. Criminal syndicates and the democratization process co-exist in a paradoxical tension characterized by symbiosis and incompatibility. A comparative analysis of 59 countries was conducted to investigate the association between different levels of democracy and organized crime activities as perceived by business executives. Findings revealed that higher perceptions of victimization by organized crime were reported in moderately democratic countries than in both authoritarian societies and advanced democracies. It is theorized that the easiest and quickest achievements of the democratization process (ie expansion of political rights and free elections) also precisely represent primary growth opportunities for criminal syndicates. But with the progress of further democratization, organized crime becomes effectively controlled, as more complex liberal institutions (ie a professional and independent judiciary and investigative journalism) gradually take form. Security implications for democratic societies are discussed.
Nonconservation of Muon Number in a Broken SU(4) ⊗ U(1)Gauge Theory

We suggest a unified gauge theory based on a spontaneously broken SU(4) x U(1) symmetry. It is the presence of additional gauge bosons in our model which is responsible for muon-number-nonconserving processes. We have considered specifically ..mu.. ..-->.. e..gamma.., ..mu.. ..-->.. 3e, and ..mu.. + N ..-->.. e + N, and find that the last process is the most amenable to experimental detection.
Experimental study of natural convection in fluid-superposed porous layers heated locally from below

Abstract An experimental study of natural convection in fluid-superposed porous layers heated locally from below is reported. Measurements are made in a rectangular chamber with 3 mm DIA glass beads as the porous layer and distilled water as the saturating fluid. The effects of the heater-to-cavity length ratio and the porous layer-to-cavity height ratio on the overall heat transfer coefficients are reported. Average heat transfer coefficients over the heated surface increase with a decrease in porous layer-to-cavity height ratio, but no clear effect of heater-to-cavity length ratio is seen. Temperature profiles in the domain reveal a plume like flow with a single pair of circulating cells and evidence of convective motion inside the porous layer.
Biologic therapies for dyslipidemia

Biologic therapies involve the utilization of proteins, DNA, antibodies, or other substances derived or synthesized from living tissue for therapeutic effects. There are several biologic therapies in clinical development for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. The most advanced in human trials are apolipoprotein mimetics, which include apolipoprotein A-1 Milano and phospholipid complexes. Infusions of these apolipoprotein mimetics have been demonstrated to reduce atherosclerotic development in both animal models and humans. Autoimmunization to create neutralizing antibodies to cholesteryl ester transfer protein is also in human trials. Gene therapies to reduce low-density lipoproteins and increase high-density lipoproteins are on the horizon, but the ability to safely prolong gene expression in humans will require the development of novel vectors.
On singularity of a nonlinear variational sine-Gordon equation

Abstract We study a sine-Gordon-type of nonlinear variational wave equation whose wave speed is a sinusoidal function of the wave amplitude. This equation arises naturally from long waves on a dipole chain in the continuum limit, which provides a crude model for some polymers. Using characteristic methods, we describe a blow-up result for the one-dimensional nonlinear variational sine-Gordon equation, which shows that smooth solutions breakdown in finite time.
New tools for discovering the role sRNA plays in cellular regulation

We have used single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) to study cell-to-cell heterogeneity of messenger RNA (mRNA) copy numbers for human host cells subject to a variety of external stimuli. In order to study the effect of various stimuli and genetic modifications on mRNA copy number, we have constructed an automated highthroughput multiplexed imaging system and data analysis package capable of localizing large numbers of individual mRNA transcripts in three dimensions. These experimental distributions of mRNA are used to refine and down-select regulatory models. Here we present a case example of Interleukin 1 alpha mRNA production in response to immune system stimulation. We propose a methodology for extending these methods to study the effect of small RNA on genetic expression by combining multiplexed imaging and numerical modeling at the system-level.
Retailing and Supply Chains in the Information Age

Abstract This article describes how information technologies have reconfigured retailing and in turn the operation of a core US manufacturing industry, apparel. “Lean retailers” exchange point-of-sales information with their suppliers and require them to replenish orders quickly based on actual sales. This shifts part of the risk arising from changing consumer tastes from retailers and onto suppliers. In response to this shift in risk, we argue that manufacturers must reshape planning methods, cost models, inventory practices, production operations, and sourcing strategies. We then show that suppliers that adopt comprehensive changes to their manufacturing processes perform better along a number of dimensions compared to firms that have not.
Salt: A Tasty Ceramic.

The author has developed an essay-based approach for teaching and evaluating Materials Science and Engineering, centered on the writing, and use of thematic essays, called The World of Materials. Each essay concentrates on one material only, and each essay is constructed around the four elements of materials science and engineering: structure, properties, processing and performance. However, each essay also contains relevant societal and historical information on the use and importance of that material. Where appropriate, biographical information on persons who are associated with that material is also included in the essay. The essays serve several functions in both college and high school including: Student feedback is generally very positive. In particular, the students like the regular, biweekly deadlines, and the linkage between the essay components and the course structure
Single subject pharmacological-MRI (phMRI) study: Modulation of brain activity of psoriatic arthritis pain by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor

We use fMRI to examine brain activity for pain elicited by palpating joints in a single patient suffering from psoriatic arthritis. Changes in these responses are documented when the patient ingested a single dose of a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (COX-2i). We show that mechanical stimulation of the painful joints exhibited a cortical activity pattern similar to that reported for acute pain, with activity primarily localized to the thalamus, insular, primary and secondary somatosensory cortices and the mid anterior cingulum. COX-2i resulted in significant decreased in reported pain intensity and in brain activity after 1 hour of administration. The anterior insula and SII correlated with pain intensity, however no central activation site for the drug was detected. We demonstrate the similarity of the activation pattern for palpating painful joints to brain activity in normal subjects in response to thermal painful stimuli, by performing a spatial conjunction analysis between these maps, where overlap is observed in the insula, thalamus, secondary somatosensory cortex, and anterior cingulate. The results demonstrate that one can study effects of pharmacological manipulations in a single subject where the brain activity for a clinical condition is delineated and its modulation by COX-2i demonstrated. This approach may have diagnostic and prognostic utility.
Does learning a complex task have to be complex? A study in learning decomposition.

Many theories of skill acquisition have had considerable success in addressing the fine details of learning in relatively simple tasks, but can they scale up to complex tasks that are more typical of human learning in the real world? Some theories argue for scalability by making the implicit assumption that complex tasks consist of many smaller parts, which are learned according to basic learning principles. Surprisingly, there has been rather sparse empirical testing of this crucial assumption. In this article, we examine this assumption directly by decomposing the learning in the Kanfer-Ackerman Air-Traffic Controller Task (Ackerman, 1988) from the learning at the global level all the way down to the learning at the keystroke level. First, we reanalyze the data from Ackerman (1988) and show that the learning in this complex task does indeed reflect the learning of smaller parts at the keystroke level. Second, in a follow-up eye-tracking experiment, we show that a large portion of the learning at the keystroke level reflects the learning even at a lower, i.e., attentional level.
A common, cost-effective information system for rehabilitation

This paper describes a process to design and implement a cost-effective information system which meets the clinical needs of rehabilitation with initial efforts on cardiac rehabilitation. Issues of platform selection, user interface, database design, data capture and sharing, automated reasoning and decision support are addressed.
Carving and Replaying Differential Unit Test Cases from System Test Cases

Unit test cases are focused and efficient. System tests are effective at exercising complex usage patterns. Differential unit tests (DUT) are a hybrid of unit and system tests that exploits their strengths. They are generated by carving the system components, while executing a system test case, that influence the behavior of the target unit, and then re-assembling those components so that the unit can be exercised as it was by the system test. In this paper we show that DUTs retain some of the advantages of unit tests, can be automatically generated, and have the potential for revealing faults related to intricate system executions. We present a framework for carving and replaying DUTs that accounts for a wide variety of strategies and tradeoffs, we implement an automated instance of the framework with several techniques to mitigate test cost and enhance flexibility and robustness, and we empirically assess the efficacy of carving and replaying DUTs on three software artifacts.
Hamiltonian Description of Fluid and Plasma Systems with Continuous Spectra

We show how to transform a large class of infinite degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian systems into normal form. The energy-Casimir method that is widely used for ascertaining stability in Hamiltonian fluid and plasma systems is only the first step. A complete description involves changing to coordinates in which the energy is diagonal. This amounts to a transformation to action-angle variables. Because fluid and plasma systems typically have a continuous eigenspectrum, this transformation is nontrivial. It will be shown that a family of integral transforms, which is a generalization of the Hilbert transform, yields action-angle variables for a large class of fluid and plasma systems.
On the efficiency of 'A new efficient algorithm to compute the two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform'

The commenter suggests that the efficiency claims made by I. Gertner in the above-titled paper (IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol.36, no.7, p.1036-50, July 1988), based on a Radon transform for reducing the number of 1-D discrete Fourier transform (DFTs) to compute a 2-D DFT, are offset by a costly increase in the number of additions required to perform the Radon transform. Gertner replies that the algorithm has an efficiency claim based on its parallelization of the 2-D task into smaller independent tasks and on its reduction of the number of DFTs required to complete the calculation. >
Determination of Formaldehyde by Argento-Metric Potentiometric Titration Using an Iodide-ion Selective Electrode

Abstract An argentometric potentiometric method for the precise determination of formaldehyde using an iodide -ion electrode is described. Formaldehyde was determined by titrating the iodide-ion generated by the reaction with iodine in an alkaline medium. The accuracy and precision were better than 0.1% under the optimum condition.
Angiotensin II in the Elderly: Impact of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Sensitivity on Peripheral Hemodynamics

Exercise hyperemia is attenuated in the elderly, which may be attributed to local vasoregulatory pathways within the skeletal muscle vasculature. Therefore, we sought to determine whether healthy aging is associated with changes in angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor sensitivity through measurements of leg blood flow in resting and exercising skeletal muscle. In 12 (n=6 young, 24+/-1 years; n=6 older, 68+/-3 years) healthy volunteers, we determined changes in leg blood flow (ultrasound Doppler) before and during intra-arterial infusion of Ang II (0.8 ng/mL of leg blood flow per minute). Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, common femoral artery diameter, and mean blood velocity were measured at rest and during knee-extensor exercise at 20% and 40% of the maximal work rate (WR(max)). At rest, Ang II infusion decreased leg blood flow to a greater extent in older (-61+/-8%) subjects compared with younger subjects (-31+/-5%). Compared with rest, Ang II-mediated vasoconstriction (leg blood flow) during exercise was diminished in both older and younger subjects at 20% (older: -7+/-5%; younger: -21+/-2%) and 40% WR(max) (older: -5+/-4%; younger: -9+/-3%). These data identify a clear age-related hypersensitivity to Ang II in the resting leg, which may contribute to the recognized decrement in leg blood flow in this cohort. However, the diminished vasoconstriction to Ang II during exercise suggests that the elevation in Ang II type 1 receptor sensitivity documented at rest does not contribute significantly to the blunted exercise hyperemia experienced with advancing age.
Cantina: a content-based approach to detecting phishing web sites

Phishing is a significant problem involving fraudulent email and web sites that trick unsuspecting users into revealing private information. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of CANTINA, a novel, content-based approach to detecting phishing web sites, based on the TF-IDF information retrieval algorithm. We also discuss the design and evaluation of several heuristics we developed to reduce false positives. Our experiments show that CANTINA is good at detecting phishing sites, correctly labeling approximately 95% of phishing sites.
Gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: administered dose in relationship to United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines

Summary The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently recommended that the label dose of Gadolinium (Gd)based contrast agents (GBCA) not be exceeded. The primary concern for high dose GBCAs application is nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). For the majority of conventional GBCA, the label dose is 0.1 mmol/kg. GBCA use for evaluation of myocardial disease is currently considered off-label use in the United States. Little information is present in the literature regarding optimal GBCA dose for CMR. Therefore, we evaluated the current status of GBCA use for CMR of the myocardium as presented in the peer-reviewed literature, emphasizing trends before and after nephrogenic fibrosis guidelines were issued in 2008. This meta-analysis showed that the median GBCA dose for English peer reviewed publications on CMR (19,934 patients) was 0.2 mmol/kg. Further, no change in mean or median gadolinium dose was present before, versus after the FDA issued GBCA black box warnings (p>0.05). This appears surprising, given the amount of attention and many publications regarding NSF. It remains to be seen if future CMR studies will incorporate and report lower gadolinium doses. Clinical trials should be supported to determine the appropriate doses of gadolinium enhancement of the myocardium. Background Myocardial delayed enhancement MRI was originally validated using higher than label-recommended doses of gadolinium chelate. The objective of this study was to evaluate available evidence for various gadolinium dosing regimens used for cardiac MRI. The relationship of gadolinium dose warnings (due to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis) announced in 2008 to gadolinium dosing regimens was also examined. Methods
Noun phrases without nouns

In this paper, I investigate the theoretical status of noun phrases without nouns, i.e. noun phrases that do not contain a noun or pronoun, but only words that otherwise occur as modifiers of nouns. I investigate six possible analyses for such noun phrases: (1) that they are elliptical, (2) that the apparent modifiers are nouns, (3) that the apparent modifiers are heads, (4) that the determiner is the head, (5) that they are headless, (6) that all noun phrases are headless. Although the answers vary depending on the language investigated, I argue that the last hypothesis is generally the most plausible one.
Cognitive Bias and the Constitution of the Liberal Republic of Science

This essay uses insights from the study of risk perception to remedy a deficit in liberal constitutional theory — and vice versa. The deficit common to both is inattention to cognitive illiberalism — the threat that unconscious biases pose to enforcement of basic principles of liberal neutrality. Liberal constitutional theory can learn to anticipate and control cognitive illiberalism from the study of biases such as the cultural cognition of risk. In exchange, the study of risk perception can learn from constitutional theory that the detrimental impact of such biases is not limited to distorted weighing of costs and benefits; by infusing such determinations with contentious social meanings, cultural cognition forces citizens of diverse outlooks to experience all manner of risk regulation as struggles to impose a sectarian orthodoxy. Cognitive illiberalism is a foreseeable if paradoxical consequence of the same conditions of cultural pluralism that make a liberal society conducive to the growth of scientific knowledge. The use of scientific knowledge to mitigate the threat that cognitive illiberalism poses to those very conditions is integral to securing the constitution of the Liberal Republic of Science.
TACE/ADAM17 Is Essential for Oligodendrocyte Development and CNS Myelination

Several studies have elucidated the significance of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase proteins (ADAMs) in PNS myelination, but there is no evidence if they also play a role in oligodendrogenesis and CNS myelination. Our study identifies ADAM17, also called tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE), as a novel key modulator of oligodendrocyte (OL) development and CNS myelination. Genetic deletion of TACE in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPs) induces premature cell cycle exit and reduces OL cell survival during postnatal myelination of the subcortical white matter (SCWM). These cellular and molecular changes lead to deficits in SCWM myelination and motor behavior. Mechanistically, TACE regulates oligodendrogenesis by modulating the shedding of EGFR ligands TGFα and HB-EGF and, consequently, EGFR signaling activation in OL lineage cells. Constitutive TACE depletion in OPs in vivo leads to similar alterations in CNS myelination and motor behavior as to what is observed in the EGFR hypofunctional mouse line EgfrWa2. EGFR overexpression in TACE-deficient OPs restores OL survival and development. Our study reveals an essential function of TACE in oligodendrogenesis, and demonstrates how this molecule modulates EGFR signaling activation to regulate postnatal CNS myelination.
Temperature dependence of the Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2) in the ventricles of tuna and mackerel

Recent physiological studies on the cardiovascular performance of tunas suggest that the elevated heart rates of these fish may rely on increased use of intracellular sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca...
An optical see-through head mounted display with addressable focal planes

Most existing stereoscopic head mounted displays (HMDs), presenting a pair of stereoscopic images at a fixed focal distance, lack the ability to correctly render the naturally coupled accommodation and convergence cues. Psychophysical studies have shown that such displays may cause many adverse consequences such as visual fatigue, diplopic vision, degraded oculomotor response, and depth perception errors. In this paper, we present a see-through HMD with addressable focal planes utilizing a novel active optical element - a liquid lens. The element, with a varying optical power from -5 to 20 diopters, is able to address the focal distance of the HMD from infinity to the near point of the eye. A monocular prototype was built from off-the-shelf elements and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed designs. We also describe both subjective and objective measurements of the accommodation responses of the viewer to the focal distances presented by the prototype.
Aging, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and influenza vaccine responses

Influenza vaccination is less effective in elderly as compared to young individuals. Several studies have identified immune biomarkers able to predict a protective humoral immune response to the vaccine. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the effects of aging on influenza vaccine responses and on biomarkers so far identified, and we discuss the relevance of latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on these vaccine responses.
Glucose and amino acid kinetic response to graded infusion of rhIGF-I in the late gestation ovine fetus.

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has anabolic effects and is thought to be important in fetal development. The present study was designed to determine the dose response of recombinant human (rh...
Review of Piagetian Infancy Research

This review primarily is addressed to research published in the English language on Piaget’s notions of the object concept. The infant’s achievement of the concept of the object can be viewed as the cardinal achievement of the sensorimotor period. To have the idea that the world is populated with enduring, independent objects, including persons and events, implies that the infant has a scheme of cause, space, and time within a coherent framework. Further, Piaget has argued that the conceptions of cause, space, and time develop consistently with an invariant reference point, which is nothing else but the concept of the object. As we shall discuss below, Piaget’s theory of what is object awareness and how it is achieved contrasts strongly with empiricistic views. The infant does not become increasingly aware of the nature of objects through repeated exposure to them. Rather, the infant constructs, in stages, a scheme of the object of his knowledge through his sensorimotor activity in the physical and social world of things and persons. Piaget (1954) diagnoses the stages from the infant’s responses to hidden objects. He describes six stages. In the first two, the infant shows no special behavior related to objects. In the next two stages, the infant’s orientation to hidden objects is determined by how he acted on them while they were in view. In the fifth stage, the infant’s search is free of prior activity; he need only see where the object disappears to find it. But it is only in the sixth stage that the infant can consistently imagine and identify the location of objects, even when their place of disappearance is subsequently obscured.
Closed Population Honeybee Breeding. 2. Comparative Methods of Stock Maintenance and Selective Breeding

SummaryLarge, closed populations lose sex alleles more slowly than small ones, and are therefore better able to maintain acceptable levels of brood viability, and desirable genetic characteristics. The rate of loss of sex alleles can be decreased by selecting a single random-mated daughter replacement queen from each stock queen in each generation. An excess of heterozygous individuals can be obtained by subdividing the population and ensuring that cross-matings take place only between individuals belonging to different subpopulations.New sex alleles can be introduced into closed populations with a minimum of undesirable germ plasm only after adequate testing and identification of queens with new sex alleles. Selection for characters other than brood viability can accelerate the loss of sex alleles in a closed, random-mating population. However, concomitant selection for high brood viability may result in a decreased rate of loss of sex alleles, and consequently in a higher average brood viability in the ...