cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metaphors of Synchrony: Emergence and Differentiation of Online Chat Devices

Through a detailed account of the history of online chat devices, this article shows the emergence, over time, of two distinct interactional formats underlying these social media. They may be captured by two generic metaphors of synchrony: conference (a gathering in a virtual place where unfocused interactions and group sociability occur) and copresence (where practices are centered on the sustainment of contact between individuals who know each other). Internet Relay Chat (IRC) appears as the archetype of the conference format. This notion of chat involves the existence of a relatively persistent shared space—conjured up by various specific metaphors: room, channel, and so on—inside which users get together and through which they are able to find other users, with whom they may weave electronic social ties that may possibly lead to offline relationships. The other format is associated with instant messaging (IM) devices, on the model of “ICQ” software. Although there seems to be a decline in interest for...
Transforming the Terminal Associates of Applied Science into a Four-Year Degree: A Win-Win Situation for Students, Community Colleges, Universities, and Businesses

Associates of Applied Science (AAS) degrees were once considered terminal degrees and were developed for people seeking technical skills to join the workforce. This paper discusses the transformation from a transferable degree into technical four-year baccalaureate degree. It also discusses survey results of students currently in a degree completion program that includes motives for their progression to a four-year degree.
Registration-Based Regional Lung Mechanical Analysis: Retrospectively Reconstructed Dynamic Imaging versus Static Breath-hold Image Acquisition

The lungs undergo expansion and contraction during the respiratory cycle. Since many disease or injury conditions are associated with the biomechanical or material property changes that can alter lung function, there is a great interest in measuring regional lung ventilation and regional mechanical changes. We describe a technique that uses multiple respiratory-gated CT images and non-rigid 3D image registration to make local estimates of lung tissue expansion. The degree of regional lung expansion is measured using the Jacobian (a function of local partial derivatives) of the registration displacement field. We compare the ventral-dorsal patterns of lung expansion estimated in both retrospectively reconstructed dynamic scans and static breath-hold scans to a xenon CT based measure of specific ventilation and a semi-automatic reference standard in four anesthetized sheep studied in the supine orientation. The regional lung expansion estimated by 3D image registration of images acquired at 50% and 75% phase points of the inspiratory portion of the respiratory cycle and 20 cm H2O and 25 cm H2O airway pressures gave the best match between the average Jacobian and the xenon CT specific ventilation respectively (linear regression, average r 2 =0 .85 and r 2 =0 .84). The registration accuracy assessed by 200 semi-automatically matched landmarks in both the dynamic and static scans show landmark error on the order of 2 mm.
Intramolecular carboxylate capture of an intermediate in aromatic electrophilic substitution. The 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-7.11-methano-7H-cycloocta[ de ]naphthalene-9- endo -carboxylic acid system

Abstract The α, α′-annelation of the enamine of 1,3-dihydro-2-phenalenone with methyl α-(bromomethyl)acrylate affords an aromatic bicyclic framework, methyl 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-7,11-methano-12-keto-7H-cycloocta( de )-naphthalene-9- endo -carboxylate having the ester function positioned over the aromatic ring. The 9- exo -methyl-12, 12-dimethoxy ketal carboxylate anion derivative reacts with excess Br 2 in aqueous solution affording the bromo lactone epoxide derived through capture of the intermediate of electorphilic attack on the naphthalene ring, 12, 12-dimethoxy-2, 3- endo -epoxy-11a- endo -hydroxy-1- exo , 4-dibromo-7, 11-methano-9-methyl-11a, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11-octahydro-7 H-cycloocta [ de ] naphthalene-9- endo -carboxylic acid δ lactone.
Catalysis of coal char gasification by alkali metal salts

Abstract A study has been made of the gasification behaviour, in carbon dioxide and steam, of a number of coal chars doped with small amounts of alkali metal carbonates. For a given additive, the magnitude of the catalytic effect increased with the rank of the parent coal. A progressive loss in catalytic activity on thermal cycling during steam gasification was associated with reaction of the alkali salts with mineral matter in the chars. The kinetic data were consistent with catalytic mechanisms involving oxidation/reduction cycles on the char substrates.
Peer Socialization into Gendered L2 Mandarin Practices in a Study Abroad Context: Talk in the Dorm

This article reports on the peer socialization of gendered Mandarin practices between three American students and their Chinese roommates in a college dorm in China. Gender is often perceived to be a salient identity category among adult L2 learners overseas. Drawing on the language socialization framework (Ochs and Schieffelin 1984), this study focuses on how gender is constructed and indexed through language as the American students learn to use Mandarin sentence-final particles. Sentence-final particles constitute a unique repertoire to achieve affective work in Mandarin. They have further become a resource among China’s urban youth to enact a cute female speech style. In this case study, I employ a qualitative approach with an embedded quantitative component to examine the participants’ use of the particles over the course of one semester. The findings show how the American students become socialized into using these particles as gendered linguistic practices in the dorm conversations.
Space Vehicle Attitude Determination and Surface Vessel Position Fixing: A Common Analytical Solution

The problem of determining the spin-axis attitude of a spin stabilized spacecraft is approached from a geometrical standpoint, and a method of solution is derived for the case of two independent reference angle measurements. The method is shown to be valid for surface navigation, resulting in a complete, analytical procedure for unambiguously determining the latitude and longitude from two star altitudes. The method is then shown to be applicable to the position-fixing problem of interplanetary navigation, and finally, generalized to determination of the inertial orientation of an arbitrary dextral, orthonormal triad of body axes, from two vector measurements of reference body directions.
A dancing arch: Formalization and singularity in Kleist, Shelley, and de Man

(1998). A dancing arch: Formalization and singularity in Kleist, Shelley, and de Man. European Romantic Review: Vol. 9, Romanticism and Its Others, pp. 161-176.
Epistemology, necessity, and evolution: a critical review of Michael Ruse’s Philosophy After Darwin

Michael Ruse’s new anthology Philosophy After Darwin provides great history and background in the major impacts Darwinism has had on philosophy, especially in ethics and epistemology. This review focuses on epistemology understood through the lens of evolution by natural selection. I focus on one of Ruse’s own articles in the collection, which responds to two classic articles by Konrad Lorenz and David Hull on the two major forms of evolutionary epistemology. I side with Ruse against Lorenz’s account of the necessity we think our principles of reasoning have, though I disagree with Ruse’s particular example. I also argue that Ruse’s alternative explanation is lacking. Against Hull, I side with Ruse in his doubts that a sociobiological approach to science will prove fruitful, though I point out that it has certain advantages other approaches do not have. Although I side with Ruse on the issue, I conclude that the two views do not really come into direct conflict and so one needs not reject either. Finally, I discuss Ruse’s positive view and raise questions for his conception of evolutionary epistemology. I conclude that his arguments are insufficient to overcome opposing views and his view has at least as many unintuitive conclusions as the alternatives.
Phosphorylation of Adenylyl Cyclase III at Serine1076 Does Not Attenuate Olfactory Response in Mice

Feedback inhibition of adenylyl cyclase III (ACIII) via Ca2+-induced phosphorylation has long been hypothesized to contribute to response termination and adaptation of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). To directly determine the functional significance of this feedback mechanism for olfaction in vivo, we genetically mutated serine1076 of ACIII, the only residue responsible for Ca2+-induced phosphorylation and inhibition of ACIII (Wei et al., 1996, 1998), to alanine in mice. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis showed that the mutation affects neither the cilial localization nor the expression level of ACIII in OSNs. Electroolfactogram analysis showed no differences in the responses between wild-type and mutant mice to single-pulse odorant stimulations or in several stimulation paradigms for adaptation. These results suggest that phosphorylation of ACIII on serine1076 plays a far less important role in olfactory response attenuation than previously thought.
Thermal conductivity of carbon tetrafluoride with argon and helium

The paper presents new measurements of the thermal conductivity of the binary mixtures of carbon tetrafluoride with helium and argon. Measurements were performed in a transient, hot-wire instrument at a nominal temperature of 27.5°C and over a range of densities (pressure up to 12 MPa). The accuracy is estimated to be 0.4%, deteriorating to 0.7% around the critical density. The paper provides polynomial fits which represent the data with a standard deviation of 0.4%. An analysis in terms of the Monchick-Pereira-Mason theory, with the translational contributions computed on the basis of earlier measurements of the viscosity of these mixtures, leads to a reasonable representation of the composition dependence of the zero-density thermal conductivity; the collision numbers ζij are treated here as adjustable parameters to obtain an optimum fit for each mixture.
Power/ground supply voltage variation-aware delay test pattern generation

VLSI technology scaling leads to a significant increase in power/ground supply voltage variation and resultant VLSI performance variation, which needs to be taken into account in timing verification and delay test. In this paper, we present a PIG supply voltage variation-aware path delay test pattern generation method. Our experimental results on an AES cipher show that our proposed method finds a maximum of 2.76% power supply voltage drop and 2.62% resultant critical path delay increase, while random test pattern generation of 60 runs finds a maximum of 1.52% power supply voltage drop and 0.31% resultant critical path delay increase in average for two power supply network configurations.
Control of the dual mode operation of generator/motor in SOFC/GT-based APU for extended dynamic capabilities

The integrated solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)/gas turbine (GT) system is an appealing power generation solution for mobile applications from energy conversion efficiency point of view. The relatively poor dynamic capabilities of the SOFC/GT system, which are often the results of system characteristics and SOFC operation safety considerations, limit their widespread applications and must be enhanced to meet safe, efficient and fast load following requirements. To this end, the SOFC/GT system can be augmented by an energy storage unit (e.g., battery) and a dual operating generator/motor (G/M). This paper focuses on investigating the G/M dual mode operation and its implications on system transient performance and battery requirements. Active shaft load control is achieved to manage the load transients through: (a) pre-conditioning of the generator power for load step-up transients; (b) absorbing the excessive power by motoring operation for load step-down transients. By taking full advantage of the bi-directional operation of G/M, we show that better trade-offs between power tracking and thermal management can be achieved, power and energy requirements for the energy storage (battery) can be reduced, and overall system performance can be enhanced.
Pregnanediol excretion in the urine of newborn male infants.

Pregnanediol is found in small quantities in the urine of newborn male infants. It disappears from the urine progressively during the first week of life. The smallest amounts of pregnanediol were found in urines of premature infants born to normal mothers. Considerably higher amounts were found in term infants and in premature infants delivered by cesarean section to diabetic mothers treated with progesterone and stilbestrol throughout pregnancy. The difference between premature infants born to normal mothers and premature infants born to progesterone-treated diabetic mothers is interpreted as indicating that parenterally administered progesterone may, under certain circumstances, cross the placental membrane. Evidence that progesterone is elaborated by the fetus, possibly in the adrenal cortex, is discussed, and the hypothesis offered that the placenta may permit the passage of progesterone in either direction.
Intracellular pH Transients of Mammalian Astrocytes

Intracellular pH (pHi) is an important physiologic variable that both reflects and influences cell function. Glial cells are known to alter their functional state in response to a variety of stimuli and accordingly may be expected to display corresponding shifts in pHi. We used fine-tipped, double-barreled, pH-sensitive microelectrodes to continuously monitor pHi in glial cells in vivo from rat frontal cortex. Cells were identified as glia by a high membrane potential and lack of injury discharge or synaptic potentials. Continuous, stable recordings of pHi from astrocytes were obtained for up to 80 min but typically lasted for approximately 10 min. Resting pHi was 7.04 +/- 0.02 with a membrane potential of 73 +/- 0.9 mV (mean +/- SEM; n = 51). With cortical stimulation, glia depolarized and became more alkaline by 0.05–0.40 pH (n = 50). During spreading depression (SD), glia shifted more alkaline by 0.11–0.78 pH (n = 26). After stimulation or SD, glia repolarized and pHi became more acidic than at resting levels. Superfusion of the cortical surface with 0.5–2 mM Ba2+ caused glia to hyperpolarize during stimulation and completely abolished the intracellular alkaline response. The predominant pH response of the interstitial space during stimulation or SD was a slow acidification. With superfusion of Ba2+ an early stimulus-evoked interstitial alkaline shift was revealed. The mechanism of the intracellular alkaline shift is likely to involve active extrusion of acid. However, internal consumption of protons cannot be excluded. The sensitivity of the response to Ba2+ suggests that it is triggered by membrane depolarization. These results suggest that glial pHi is normally modulated by the level of local neuronal activity.
A MARKOV CHAIN CHOICE PROBLEM

Consider two independent Markov chains having states 0, 1, and identical transition probabilities. At each stage one of the chains is observed, and a reward equal to the observed state is earned. Assuming prior probabilities on the initial states of the chains it is shown that the myopic policy that always chooses to observe the chain most likely to be in state 1 stochastically maximizes the sequence of rewards earned in each period.
Effect of dietary soybean oil and soybean protein concentration on the concentration of digestible amino acids in soybean products fed to growing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to mea- sure the effect of adding soybean oil to soybean meal (SBM) and soy protein concentrate (SPC) on appar- ent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of CP and AA by growing pigs. A second objective was to compare AID and SID of AA in a new high-protein va- riety of full fat soybeans (FFSB) to values obtained in other soybean products. Commercial sources of FFSB (FFSB-CV), SBM, and SPC, and of a new high-protein variety of FFSB (FFSB-HP) were used in the experi- ment. Four diets were prepared using each soybean product as the sole source of CP and AA in 1 diet. Two additional diets were formulated by adding soybean oil (7.55 and 7.35%, respectively) to the diets containing SBM and SPC. A nitrogen-free diet was also used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The 2 sources of FFSB were extruded at 150°C before being used in the experiment. Seven growing barrows (initial BW = 26.2 kg) were prepared with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square design. Ileal digesta were collected from the pigs on d 6 and 7 of each period. All digesta samples were lyophilized and analyzed for DM, CP, AA, and chromium, and val- ues for AID and SID of CP and AA were calculated. The addition of oil improved (P < 0.05) the SID of most in- dispensable AA in SBM and SPC. The SID for 6 of the indispensable AA in FFSB-HP were greater (P < 0.05) than in FFSB-CV, and the SID for all indispensable AA except Met was greater (P < 0.05) in FFSB-HP than in SBM. However, the SID for most AA in FFSB-HP was similar to SBM with oil and SPC, but these values were lower (P < 0.05) than in SPC with oil. In conclu- sion, the addition of oil improved the SID of most AA in SBM and SPC fed to growing pigs, and the SID of AA in FFSB-HP were greater than in SBM and similar to the SID of AA in SBM with oil and in SPC.
The Manager's Dilemma: Role Conflict in Marketing

Norris Brisco, Melvin Copeland, Henry Erdman, Benjamin Hibbard, George Hotchkiss, Leverett Lyon, Stanley Resor, Clarence Saunders, Harry Tosdal, Roland Vaile: Who are these people? They are great men in the history of marketing, according to Wright and Dinsdale (1974). They are marketing heroes. But riot society’s heroes. Rather than hero, the marketing man is usually a villain in novels; he is the butt of jokes; and respondents to surveys think poorly of him.
Pricing growth-rate risk

We characterize the compensation demanded by investors in equilibrium for incremental exposure to growth-rate risk. Given an underlying Markov diusion that governs the state variables in the economy, the economic model implies a stochastic discount factor process S and a reference stochastic growth process G for the macroeconomy. Both are modeled conveniently as multiplicative functionals of a multidimensional Brownian motion. To study pricing we consider the pricing implications of parameterized family of growth processes G , with G 0 = G, as is made small. This parameterization denes a direction of growth-rate risk exposure that is priced using the stochastic discount factor S. By changing the investment horizon we trace a term structure of risk prices that shows how the valuation of risky cash ows depends on the investment horizon. Using methods of Hansen and Scheinkman (2009), we characterize the limiting behavior of the risk prices as the investment horizon is made arbitrarily
3-D outside cell interference factor for an air-ground CDMA "cellular" system

We compute the outside-cell interference factor of a code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system for a three-dimensional (3-D) air-to-ground (AG) "cellular-like" network consisting of a set of uniformly distributed ground base stations and airborne mobile users. The CDMA capacity is roughly inversely proportional to the outside-cell interference factor. It is shown that for the nearly free-space propagation environment of these systems, the outside-cell interference factor can be larger than that for terrestrial propagation models (as expected) and depends approximately logarithmically upon both the cell height and cell radius.
Programming parallel processors

Programming parallel processors , Programming parallel processors , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Disambiguating Between Generic and Referential "You" in Dialog

We describe an algorithm for a novel task: disambiguating the pronoun you in conversation. You can be generic or referential; finding referential you is important for tasks such as addressee identification or extracting 'owners' of action items. Our classifier achieves 84% accuracy in two-person conversations; an initial study shows promising performance even on more complex multi-party meetings.
Lung Cancer Highlights

Have we made any progress in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) over the past 15 years? After hearing the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 1594 presented by Dr. Joan Schiller at the plenary session of the 36th Annual Meeting of ASCO, it is hard to be certain. SCHILLER: reported the results of one of the world's largest randomized trials in metastatic lung cancer comparing four platinum-based doublets. There were no differences in survival (primary endpoint) or response between these four regimens, although the cisplatin/gemcitabine arm had a superior time to progression. In her commentary on this study, Dr. Francis Shepherd concluded that progress in the treatment of metastatic lung cancer has occurred at "a snail's pace." Despite the disappointing results of ECOG 1594, there were notable trials describing new agents with novel mechanisms of action reported at this year's ASCO meeting. In small-cell lung cancer, the combination of cisplatin/ irinotecan was found to be superior to cisplatin/etoposide. For NSCLC, novel agents Iressa anti-epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody appear promising.
Agroecological and social characteristics of New York city community gardens: contributions to urban food security, ecosystem services, and environmental education

There is growing public interest and participation in food-producing urban community gardens in North America, yet little research has examined agricultural production and ecological processes in these spaces. We describe the agroecological and social characteristics of 61 food-producing gardens in New York City, drawing on gardener interviews, land-use maps, plant species inventories, arthropod scouting, and soil sampling and analysis. Gardens contained agricultural crops, food production infrastructure, ornamental plants, and recreational areas in varying proportions, indicating that gardens serve multiple and distinct purposes depending on community needs and interests. On average, gardeners devoted the greatest proportion of garden area (44 %) to food production, and supplied a large share of their households’ produce needs from their community gardens. Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, and Cucurbitaceae crops dominated food crop areas, hindering effective crop rotation to prevent disease and pest problems. Most gardeners grew crops in raised beds constructed with clean fill and compost. These soils generally had sandy textures, low water-holding capacity, high organic matter levels (with a large proportion from recent inputs) and excessive nutrient levels. Soil water content at field capacity increased exponentially with total soil carbon, suggesting that organic matter enhances water-holding capacity. Insect pest densities greatly exceeded action thresholds in nearly all gardens for aphids and whiteflies on Brassica crops, aphids on Cucurbit crops, and two-spotted spider mites on tomatoes. Predator and parasitoid densities were generally low (less than one per plant on average), perhaps partially due to low floral and woody perennial cover in most gardens (12 % and 9 % on average, respectively). Dominant groups of natural enemies were minute pirate bugs, spiders, and parasitoid wasps. A wide variety of people of differing experience levels, incomes, and ethnicities participate in community gardening in NYC, and most gardens host multiple languages. Promising directions for urban gardening research, education, and practice include: 1) Cover cropping to improve soil quality and nutrient management, and diversify crop rotations; 2) Improving access to soil testing and guidance on appropriate use of soil amendments, 3) Enhancing habitat for arthropod natural enemies that provide biological control of insect pests with floral and woody perennial plantings; and 4) Incorporating ecological knowledge and inquiry-based approaches into gardening workshops, educational materials, and technical support, and offering these resources in multiple languages.
Relationship of amniotic fluid estriol to maternal urinary estriol.

Abstract Amniotic fluid estriol and amniotic fluid volume were measured in 16 normal and 8 abnormal third trimester gestations. A wide and overlapping range in the amniotic fluid estriol was found in both groups. However, values less than 100 µg per liter were consistently indicative of fetal jeopardy. While amniotic fluid volume did not correlate with the amniotic fluid estriol, this latter parameter had a fairly close correlation with maternal urinary estriol. It is suggested that amniotic fluid estriol might reflect the fetal status better than maternal urinary estriol.
A Surrogate Discrete Element Method for Terramechanics Simulation of Granular Locomotion

Numerical modeling methods, such as the discrete element method (DEM), are an increasingly popular alternative to traditional semi-empirical terramechanics techniques. While DEM has many advantages, including the ability to model more complex running gear and terrain profiles, it has not reached widespread popularity due to its high computation costs. In this study a surrogate DEM model (S-DEM) was developed to maintain the simulation accuracy and capabilities of DEM with reduced computation costs. This marks one of the first surrogate models developed for DEM, and the first known model developed for terramechanics. By storing wheel-soil interaction forces and soil velocities extracted from constant-velocity DEM simulations, S-DEM can quickly perform new dynamic wheel locomotion simulations. Using both DEM and S-DEM, wheel locomotion simulations were performed on flat and rough terrain. S-DEM was found to reproduce drawbar pull and driving torque well in both cases, though wheel sinkage errors were significant at times. Computation costs were reduced by three orders of magnitude in comparison to DEM, bringing the benefits of DEM modeling to vehicle design and control. The techniques used to develop S-DEM may be applicable to other common DEM applications, such as soil drilling, excavating, and plowing.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A Comparison of T-Units and Cohesive Ties Used By First and Third Grade Children

The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the language abilities of first and third grade children through an examination of their narratives. Narratives were analyzed for differences in T-units and the use of two cohesive ties, reference and conjoining. Results indicated that the older children used longer T-units and generally more cohesive ties within their narratives. Implications for assessing expressive language in disordered populations are discussed.
Frontiers in microbial 1-butanol and isobutanol production

The heavy dependence on petroleum-derived fuel has raised concerns about energy sustainability and climate change, which have prompted researchers to explore fuel production from renewable sources. 1-Butanol and isobutanol are promising biofuels that have favorable properties and can also serve as solvents or chemical feedstocks. Microbial production of these alcohols provides great opportunities to access a wide spectrum of renewable resources. In recent years, research has improved the native 1-butanol production and has engineered isobutanol production in various organisms to explore metabolic diversity and a broad range of substrates. This review focuses on progress in metabolic engineering for the production of these two compounds using various resources.
Sputum Studies in Lobar Pneumonia. Extra-Cellular Encapsulated Pneumococci

In a previous report concerning rusty sputum from cases of lobar pneumonia, 3 types of phagocytosis and the effect of serum therapy were described.1 The present communication deals with the number of extracellular capsulated pneumococci in rusty sputum as an index of the severity of the pneumonia. No attempt will be made at present to relate the counts to therapy.Seventy-eight roentgenographically proved cases of pneumonia with the following type distribution have been studied: 20 cases of type I, 30 type II, 3 type III, 2 type V, 1 type VI, II type VII, 3 type VIII, 1 type IX, 3 type XII, 1 type XVI, and 2 mixed. Thin smears were made directly from representative rusty portions of the sputum and treated with Wright's blood stain for 3 to 7 minutes. Without the addition of buffer the stain was flooded off with water and the slides were air dried. The capsules of the pneumococci usually did not stain but were readily visualized as clear or occasionally as pink zones around the dark blue diplococci. The muc...
Application of an Empirical FBRM Model to Estimate Crystal Size Distributions in Batch Crystallization

Monitoring crystal size distributions in situ is a challenge in crystallization engineering. Such a capability provides comprehensive information on the crystallization, which can be used to improve the quality of products. We developed an empirical focused-beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) model to provide such estimates. By experimentally fixing the CSD as a system input and the chord-length distribution (CLD) from the FBRM as the output, we constructed the model as a linear transformation from CSD to CLD. A regularized least-squares algorithm, which considers the mass balances on solid and liquid phases, was used to estimate the CSD. The results of batch cooling crystallization experiments show that estimates of the evolution of CSD are in accordance with the general understanding of crystallization kinetics, and the CSD estimates of final product agreed with the CSD obtained from sieving. The simplicity and practicality of the model make it a significant enhancement to the use of FBRM in monitoring,...
In vitro vomitoxin exposure alters IgA and IgM secretion by CH12LX B cells - Relationship to proliferation and macromolecular synthesis

The CH12LX cell line was used as a clonal model to assess the direct effects of vomitoxin on IgM and IgA secretion in B cells. When vomitoxin was included in LPS-driven CH12LX B cell cultures, it had multiple effects on Ig secretion. Whereas vomitoxin doses of 115 and 120 ng/ml caused 50% inhibition(ID50) of IgA and IgM production, respectively, toxin concentrations in the 5 to 50 ng/ml range slightly stimulated IgA production. However, low vomitoxin doses did not induce switching of membrane IgM+ CH12LX B cells to membrane IgA+. Total cell number was unaffected at vomitoxin concentrations up to 100 ng/ml but dropped markedly at 200 ng/ml (ID50=170 ng/ml). Using the MTT reduction assay as another measure of viability and cell function, vomitoxin was also inhibitory (ID50=130 ng/ml). Both thymidine incorporation and leucine incorporation were also inhibited by the toxin with estimated ID50s being 120 and 110 ng/ml, respectively. The results indicate that although at high doses, vomitoxin inhibits proliferation, Ig secretion and DNA/protein synthesis in the clonal B cell model, the toxin marginally stimulated IgA secretion at lower doses.
Preparing School Counselors-in-Training to Conduct Large Group Developmental Guidance: Evaluation of an Instructional Model.

In this article, we introduce a model for preparing school counselors-in-training to conduct large group developmental guidance. Additionally, we present findings from a focus group and individual interviews evaluating participants’ perceptions of the model. We identified 7 themes representing school counselors’-in-training perceptions of the model for large group guidance preparation: (a) practice facilitating guidance, (b) observing guidance in action, (c) planning for guidance lessons, (d) content and structure for preparing guidance lessons, (e) helpful guidance resources, (f) confidence in facilitating guidance, and (g) unique role in the school. We discuss implications for school counselor educators and supervisors.
Government Service as a Public and Personal Good

The concerted, strategic efforts of government leaders can create rapid accelerations in knowledge and the application of that knowledge for the public good. Government service can represent part or all of one's career. Working at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) early in my career helped me develop a macro-level understanding of how the NIH operates, what forces propel change, how priorities are set, and how programs are developed. While leading a large division at the National Cancer Institute later in my career, after many years in a research institution and academia, we created new models for collaboration, including transdisciplinary centers, the first NIH unit focused on dissemination (now implementation science), and tools that enabled citizens, scientists, and others to access and use effective interventions, new data sets, and ways to aggregate data to show local cancer profiles. In this article, I provide my own career as an example of the opportunities afforded by federal service-for both individuals in government service and the public good.
Planning for Floods at the University of Iowa: A Challenge for Resilience and Sustainability

Why does a large institution build in a flood-prone area and how does it respond when flooding causes great damage? This is a case study of a major flood event—the 2008 Iowa–Cedar River flood—and t...
Composition of the Whole Body and Component Fractions in Mature Ewes from Seven Breeds

In a sheep production system, effects of body composition on nutrient requirements for maintenance, tissue deposition and lean meat production may be important. Composition of body fractions differing in expected metabolic activity was measured for 12 nonpregnant, nonlactating, 3- to 4-yr-old ewes from each of seven breeds representing diverse body size and performance characteristics. Half the ewes in each breed had ad libitum access to feed and half were fed at maintenance levels for an average of 41 d. Ewes were slaughtered after a 72-h fast. Empty bodies were divided into visceral organs and blood (ORB); gastrointestinal tract and internal fat (GIF); head, hooves and pelt (HHP); and carcass (CAR). Water, fat, ash and the remaining fat-free dry organic matter (FFDOM) contents were determined for each fraction. Mean empty body weight (EBW) was 60.8 kg and mean composition was 47.6% water, 34.1% fat, 14.8% FFDOM and 3.5% ash. Among breeds, larger mature size generally was associated with a higher percentage of fat and a lower percentage of water (P less than .01), in agreement with carcass composition. Ewes with ad libitum access to feed had more fat and less water in their EBW than did those fed at maintenance levels, especially in the GIF fraction. Distribution of EBW averaged 58.1%, CAR, 19.0%, GIF, 15.4% HHP and 7.5% ORB. The larger, faster growing breeds had the highest proportion of the EBW and of each chemical component located in the carcass. The smaller, more prolific breeds had the highest percentages of EBW in the ORB and GIF fractions. Effects of these large genetic differences in body composition and tissue distribution on production efficiency need to be evaluated.
Metabolism of puromycin aminonucleoside in transformed human lung fibroblasts and the mechanism of its inhibition of RNA synthesis

SV-40-transformed human lung fibroblasts (WI38-VA13 cells) were incubated for 4 hr with highly purified, tritium-labeled puromycin aminonucleoside (AMS), together with unlabeled AMS at a final concentration of 340 µM (100 µg/ml). Approximately 90% of AMS was found unchanged in the acid-soluble pool. Phosphorylated forms of the demethylated derivative of AMS, 3'-amino-3'-deoxyadenosine (3'-AmA) were also found; one form was shown to be the 5'-monophosphate, and the other a 5'-triphosphate. Tracer concentrations of AMS (0.066 µM) were converted to phosphorylated derivatives to a larger extent, and nonphosphorylated 3'-AmA was not found in the acid-soluble pool even at the higher AMS concentration, indicating that the demethylating step is slower than the phosphorylating reactions. Alkaline hydrolysis of the RNA from AMS-treated cells released only nonphosphorylated 3'-AmA. AMS or its derivatives were not detected in the DNA of treated cells. The results indicate that AMS is successively demethylated and phosphorylated, and that the resultant 3'-AmA triphosphate is incorporated into the terminal positions of nascent RNA chains. Further elongation of the growing RNA polynucleotide is prevented by the 3'-amino group of the analog, thus causing premature termination of RNA synthesis. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Our thanks are due to Mr. Robert Lockwood, whose assistance was invaluable in the early stages of this work, to Mrs. Marsha Trocola for technical help, to Dr. Ethel Somberg of Rutgers University for the use of the high-voltage electrophoresis apparatus, and to Dr. Bonnie Seidel for her assistance in the operation of this apparatus.
Effects of Reverberation and Compression on Consonant Identification in Individuals with Hearing Impairment.

Objectives Hearing aids are frequently used in reverberant environments; however, relatively little is known about how reverberation affects the processing of signals by modern hearing-aid algorithms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acoustic and behavioral effects of reverberation and wide-dynamic range compression (WDRC) in hearing aids on consonant identification for individuals with hearing impairment. Design Twenty-three listeners with mild to moderate sloping sensorineural hearing loss were tested monaurally under varying degrees of reverberation and WDRC conditions. Listeners identified consonants embedded within vowel-consonant-vowel nonsense syllables. Stimuli were processed to simulate a range of realistic reverberation times and WDRC release times using virtual acoustic simulations. In addition, the effects of these processing conditions were acoustically analyzed using a model of envelope distortion to examine the effects on the temporal envelope. Results Aided consonant identification significantly decreased as reverberation time increased. Consonant identification was also significantly affected by WDRC release time. This relationship was such that individuals tended to perform significantly better with longer release times. There was no significant interaction between reverberation and WDRC. The application of the acoustic model to the processed signal showed a close relationship between trends in the behavioral performance and distortion to the temporal envelope resulting from reverberation and WDRC. The results of the acoustic model demonstrated the same trends found in the behavioral data for both reverberation and WDRC. Conclusions Reverberation and WDRC release time both affect aided consonant identification for individuals with hearing impairment, and these condition effects are associated with alterations to the temporal envelope. There was no significant interaction between reverberation and WDRC release time.
Normen im Bereich der Computer-Graphik

Normen im Bereich der Computer-Graphik wurden zur Verwirklichung jeweils eines der drei folgenden Ziele entwickelt [HER88]: Portabilitat von Programmen, die graphische Interaktionen beinhalten Austausch von Bilddateien Vereinheitlichung der Graphikgerateschnittstelle.
Front-end electronics for a 1 mm 3 resolution avalanche photodiode-based PET system with analog signal multiplexing

We are developing a 1 mm3 resolution breast-dedicated Positron Emission Tomography (PET) system with 4608 Position Sensitive Avalanche Photodiode (PSAPD) detectors. This paper focuses on three aspects of the system’s front-end electronics: multiplexing of the PSAPD analog output signals, scaling the dynamic range of the PSAPD output signals using charge attenuation, and positioning of individual interaction energy depositions that are below the 511 keV photo-peak.
Cyp2c44-mediated decrease of 15-HETE exacerbates pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disease characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. According to latest estimations, a PH incidence accounts for 1% of total global population (up to 5 million people) and the median survival rate for patients diagnosed with PH is predicted at 2.8 years. Emerging evidence suggests an important role for cytochrome P450 in the development and progression of PH, as a newer member of cytochrome family Cyp2c44 has been recently implicated in mediating hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery remodeling. Recent studies show that Cyp2c44 effects on the pathophysiology of PH are driven by its ability to produce 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE). In this article, we discuss new mechanisms by which Cyp2c44 and 15-HETE contribute to the progression of PH.
Helicity-dependent scattering in layered Weyl semimetals

Abstract Weyl fermions are characterized by definite helicity, a relation between orientation of the spin and momentum. We investigate controlling helicity utilizing helicity-dependent dynamics due to separation between the Weyl points. We study transport properties of a multilayer structure formed by piece-wise constant scalar and vector potentials and separations between the Weyl points. We show that the transmission spectrum is determined by a relation between the electron momentum and momenta corresponding to Klein tunneling, when the barrier is fully transparent regardless of its width. The helicity dependence of the “Klein momenta” is shown to yield a helicity filtering effect.
Trench schottky rectifiers with non-uniform trench depths

A design methodology to optimize the drift region doping properties in trench Schottky rectifiers has been presented. Advanced lithography is being used for trench devices that are designed for smaller die sizes in wireless applications. Such devices feature narrow active trenches to maximize active area utilization in combination with a wide termination trench to support the breakdown voltage. Such different trench aspect ratios create a depth mismatch, if they are formed in a single etch step. It has been shown that designing the drift region while accounting for the trench depth difference is vital to properly optimize the device electrical parameters. A new trench architecture has also been proposed which features alternating deeper active trenches. The new trench architecture is shown to have the best performance trade-off at the cost of one additional mask step.
Update on Lyme Disease Vaccine: Focus on Dosing and Adverse Events:

With the rapid pace of immunologic research, it is more important than ever for readers to understand rational immunodiagnosis, immuno-prophylaxis, and immunotherapy. This column is intended to hel...
Continuous-flow chemistry for the determination of comonomer reactivity ratios

Presented herein is an operationally simple and reliable approach to the determination of comonomer reactivity ratios using continuous flow. The benefits of continuous-flow chemistry include the precise control of reaction time, heat transfer, and the ability to dynamically alter continuous variables within a single experiment. The flow system produces nine samples reacted to low conversions with systematically varied comonomer compositions in under one hour. The polymer compositions were fit to a model of terminal copolymerization resulting in point estimates for comonomer reactivity ratios. The continuous-flow system was validated by the determination of five comonomer reactivity ratios that provided good agreement with literature values. The method is demonstrated to streamline the determination of especially challenging comonomer systems, such as those with fast kinetics or disparate reactivity. Using sustainably-derived lignin-based methacrylates, our continuous-flow approach enabled the determination of reactivity ratios for three comonomer pairs that have not been previously reported. We envision the continuous-flow method will catalyze the further exploration of statistical copolymers in both batch and continuous flow.
Different conceptions of place: Alternative food networks and everyday meals

Abstract This review uses the concepts of place and space to provide insights into recent critical geographic approaches to food and agriculture. For alternative foods, the use of the term “alternative” has changed markedly from indicating a contrast with conventional food to signifying a broader commitment to progressive politics. In contrast, everyday meals highlight how people navigate conflicting claims on their limited resources. For everyday meals, the moral economy is a flexible concept that reveals how food connects people both economically and morally. Food creates powerful connections for linking people together through food chains, regional identities, and progressive politics. This critical review of the role of place for food raises important questions about how progressive politics are applied to different places and the evolving role of critical food scholars.
The Sublime, the Beautiful, and the Political in Burke’s Work

Following on his O’Neill’s earlier work on Wollstonecraft’s political rereading of Burke, O’Neill now details Burke’s own rereading and appropriation of some tenets that are visible in the Philosophical Enquiry in his later work. He shows that the Enquiry already encapsulates views on the role of power, e.g., in interpersonal relationships and institutions, which can be seen to have political import. In other works of this period, such as the English History and the Account, Burke merged political and aesthetic aspects in his analyses. Finally, in the Reflections, and in his arguments in defence of empire, these two strands of his thought are explicitly brought in relation to each other. Here, Burke appropriated the categories of the sublime and the beautiful that he had developed decades before in the Enquiry, in order to refashion them for explicitly political goals.
Framework of a machining advisory system with application to face milling processes

A unique advisory system is developed for machining processes. It is unique in using analytical and simulation models for the induction of rules, rules which must otherwise be generated from experiments. These rules are combined with heuristic rules for inferring optimal machining parameters. The utility and accuracy of the process models are illustrated and the architecture of the advisory system is described. Also described are its capability to incorporate other application programs through functions, regardless of the programming language, and to address constraints in decision making. Face milling is described as a specific application.
Who Is the Subject of Phenomenology? Husserl and Fink on the Transcendental Ego

One long-running conundrum in Husserlian phenomenology revolves around the question of the identity of what Husserl calls the transcendental ego, a mysterious figure that he identifies as the subje...
Religion and Democratic Citizenship: A Multilevel Examination

We conduct a multilevel examination of the relationship between religiosity and democratic citizenship norms and behaviors using International Social Survey Program data. We analyze how democratic engagement varies according to individual and national average religious involvement in 28 predominantly-Christian democracies. We find that (1) individual-level religious attendance is positively linked to both what people say (norms) and what they do (participation); (2) nations with higher aggregate national attendance participate less politically; and (3) the relationship between individual-level religious engagement and citizenship varies by national religious context. More specifically, individual religious attendance matters more where it is more distinctive (i.e., in more secular countries). Individual-level religious participation is generally conducive to citizenship, but its impact is context-dependent.