cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Amplitude Vacillation in a Rotating, Differentially Heated Fluid Determined by a Multi-Probe Technique.

Abstract The radial distribution of the azimuthally averaged temperature at one depth in a rotating, differentially heated annulus of fluid undergoing “amplitude vacillation” is measured with an array of 48 thermocouples suspended on fine wires in the fluid. The properties of amplitude vacillation and the feasibility of making measurements with multi-probe arrays (properly staggered in the fluid to avoid disrupting the organized flow) are discussed.
Relation of oxygen consumption to size and temperature in desert arthropods.

. 1. Oxygen consumption was determined for ninety-three taxa of desert-inhabiting arthropods of various life stages over the temperature range 10–40dC. Regression analysis of O2 consumed/individual/h on the mean dry weight of individual adult insects yielded a slope of 0.70 (r= 0.87) while the same analysis for non-insect arthropods gave a slope of 0.74 (r - 0.87). 2. Average Q10 for all insects was 2.16 ± 0.66 over the 10–40dC temperature range. Q10was not significantly different among orders of arthropods at each 10d temperature interval but decreased significantly with an increase in temperature. 3. Per cent water content ranged from a mean of 60% for Coleoptera to 78% for Lepidoptera larvae and indicated the necessity of using dry weight values in analyses of the relationship between size and oxygen consumption rates. 4. Models are supplied for each taxon to calculate the minimum energy for basic metabolism of field populations per unit time and area.
Power law and fractional calculus model of viscoelasticity

Mathematical relationships between the power law model and the fractional calculus model of viscoelastic behavior are developed. It is demonstrated that the two models have mathematically similar relaxation spectra. This similarity is seen to produce an asymptotic equivalence of the models at long relaxation times and correspondingly low frequencies of motion in the lower transition and rubbery regions. The divergent behavior of the models at higher frequencies in the transition and glassy regions is presented. Porposals to take advantage of the similarities between power law and fractional calculus models are discussed
Fibroblast growth factor-2 signaling in neurogenesis and neurodegeneration.

Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), also known as basic FGF, is a multi-functional growth factor. One of the 22-member FGF family, it signals through receptor tyrosine kinases encoding FGFR1-4. FGF2 activates FGFRs in cooperation with heparin or heparin sulfate proteoglycan to induce its pleiotropic effects in different tissues and organs, which include potent angiogenic effects and important roles in the differentiation and function of the central nervous system (CNS). FGF2 is crucial to development of the CNS, which explains its importance in adult neurogenesis. During development, high levels of FGF2 are detected from neurulation onwards. Moreover, developmental expression of FGF2 and its receptors is temporally and spatially regulated, concurring with development of specific brain regions including the hippocampus and substantia nigra pars compacta. In adult neurogenesis, FGF2 has been implicated based on its expression and regulation of neural stem and progenitor cells in the neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. FGFR1 signaling also modulates inflammatory signaling through the surface glycoprotein CD200, which regulates microglial activation. Because of its importance in adult neurogenesis and neuroinflammation, manipulation of FGF2/FGFR1 signaling has been a focus of therapeutic development for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and traumatic brain injury. Novel strategies include intranasal administration of FGF2, administration of an NCAM-derived FGFR1 agonist, and chitosan-based nanoparticles for the delivery of FGF2 in pre-clinical animal models. In this review, we highlight current research towards therapeutic interventions targeting FGF2/FGFR1 in neurodegenerative disorders.
Endothelin-1 Induces Cholestasis Which Is Mediated by an Increase in Portal Pressure

Abstract Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoactive peptide which generally exerts its effect on target cells by increasing [Ca++]i. Both vasoconstriction (resulting in an increase in perfusion pressure) and increased [Ca++]i are actions of ET-1 that may result in cholestasis. Single-pass isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) were used, and [Ca++]i was measured in both populations of hepatocytes and single cells. ET-1 (0.1-100 nM) induced a dose-dependent increase in perfusion pressure and decrease in bile flow. Perfusion pressure increased by 112% (p 0.18 vs basal) and the rise in perfusion pressure was decreased (by 62%; p
Scientific opportunities at the advanced light source

Abstract The Advanced Light Source (ALS) is a national user facility for the production of high-brightness and partially coherent X-ray and ultraviolet synchrotron radiation. Now under construction at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory with a projected completion date of September 1992, the ALS is based on a low-emittance electron storage ring optimized for operation at 1.5 GeV with insertion devices in eleven long straight sections. It will also have up to 48 bending-magnet ports. Scientific opportunities in materials science, surface science, chemistry, atomic and molecular physics, life science and other fields are reflected in Letters of Interest received for the establishment of beamlines.
CULTURAL VALUES AND THE RISKY SHIFT: A CROSS‐CULTURAL TEST IN UGANDA AND THE UNITED STATES1

To investigate the hypothesis that the “risky shift” is a function of a cultural value favoring risk, group and individual decisions of Ugandan and U. S. students were compared on two tasks: the choice dilemmas devised by Kogan and Wallach and the actual-consequence situation of Wallach, Kogan, and Bern. On both tasks the individual decisions of the Ugandans were more conservative, supporting the premise that Ugandan students are less favorably disposed to risk taking than are the U. S. students. For the Ugandan sample, group discussions produced no evidence of a risky shift. For the U. S. sample, there was evidence of a risky shift, but not to the extent reported by other investigators. The results were interpreted as consistent with the cultural-value hypothesis; some reservations were discussed.
Reviewing Core Kindergarten and First-Grade Reading Programs In Light of No Child Left Behind: An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACT This article describes the findings of our review process for core reading programs and provides a preliminary rubric emanating from this process for rating core reading programs. To our knowledge, this is the first published review of the current Reading First guidelines and includes all five components of scientifically based reading research (SBRR): phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. A research team independently examined all six core reading programs, completed a coding sheet, and recorded field notes. The research team was reliable in rating whether all five components were present and if the instructional routines were of good quality. Core programs aligned with Reading First shared several features that could support teachers in their mission to leave no child behind: a clearly articulated theoretical rationale for SBRR, explicit instructional strategies, and consistent instructional routines and organization.
Neotropical ant gardens : I. Chemical constituents.

In ant gardens of lowland Amazonia, parabiotic ant speciesCamponotus femoratus andCrematogaster cf.limata parabiotica cultivate a taxonomically diverse group of epiphytic plants, whose establishment is restricted to arboreal carton ant nests. Epiphyte seeds are collected by workers ofCa. femoratus, the larger of the two ants, and stored unharmed in brood chambers where they subsequently germinate. Although seeds of some ant-garden epiphytes bear nutritional rewards, previous studies have shown that these rewards are not sufficient to explain the pattern of ant attraction to seeds. Five aromatic compounds occur frequently in and on the seeds of most ant-garden epiphytes and may be chemical cues by which ants recognize propagules of their symbiotic plants. The most widely distributed of these is methyl 6-methylsalicylate [6-MMS]1, previously reported as a major mandibular gland product in relatedCamponotus species and present in trace quantities inCa. femoratus males. (−)-Citronellol6 (previously unreported inCamponotus) was the principal volatile constituent in extracts of male heads, and (−)-mellein7 was present in small quantities. Discovery of 6-MMS inside the mandibular glands of maleCa. femoratus (and its presence in analogous glands of related ants) offers preliminary support for Ule's (1906) hypothesis that seeds attract ants by mimicking ant brood. In addition, the likely fungistatic activity of seed compounds suggests that they could retard microbial pathogens of ants and plants in the organic detritus of nest gardens. While the presence of identical seed compounds in so many unrelated plant lineages might represent a remarkable case of convergent evolution, other interpretations are possible.
the interaction of work adjustment and attachment theory: employment counseling implications

Career development is a lifelong process beginning with career choice. However, career choice alone does not guarantee career success. Rather than focus on choosing a career, the theory of work adjustment (TWA) focuses on the process of becoming an exemplary employee through each stage of an individual's career. Within TWA, employee relationships with peers and bosses create reputations that may help or hinder promotion. Understanding attachment theory in relation to TWA may help clients to become more successful in their career. Case examples explain how employment counselors may integrate TWA and attachment theory with clients.
Effects of the Family Environment on Adolescent Substance Use, Delinquency, and Coping Styles

This study examines the overall and relative contributions of a variety of family environment measures to a child's alcohol, marijuana and other drug use, delinquent activity, and dysfunctional methods of coping with problems. The family environment variables tapped aspects of parental behaviors and attitudes, parenting styles, and family harmony and cohesion. Data were collected as part of a prospective, longitudinal study that examined the acquisition and maintenance of a variety of behaviors. Data were gleaned at two points in time, spanning 3-year intervals, from subjects ranging in age from early to late adolescence. In general, alcohol use among the younger subjects was more strongly determined by the use and attitudes of the same sex parent. In contrast, among older subjects, father's alcohol use was important to the offspring's use. While models predicting illicit drug use and the extent of problems related to alcohol and marijuana use fared least well, it was generally found that hostility and lack of warmth on the part of the parents contributed most to these outcomes in subjects. Finally, hostility displayed by both parents helped to determine the incidence of delinquency among sons and the use of dysfunctional coping methods among sons and daughters.
Creep behavior of fine grained Cu-2.8 Al-1.8 Si-0.4 Co alloy

Abstract The elevated temperature creep properties of a fine grained copper alloy (CDA 638) was investigated between 673 and 798 K at strain rates ranging from 10 −6 s −1 to 2 × 10 −2 s −1 . The mechanical data were analyzed in order to establish the stress, temperature, and grain size dependence of the strain rate. The double logarithmic plot of stress vs strain rate at constant temperature and grain size revealed four distinct regions. It is suggested that the rate controlling deformation mechanisms for these four regions are, in terms of increasing strain rate values: region I, dislocation climb controlled creep; region II, a transition from climb-controlled to viscous glide controlled creep; region III A, viscous glide controlled creep, and; region IIIB, a transition region from viscous glide creep to obstacle-limited glide in the so-called “Power Law” breakdown regime.
Agriculture's Three Economies in a Changing Resource Environment

For many years abundant and relatively inexpensive industrial raw materials contributed to a resource environment favoring industrialization of U.S. agriculture. Their gradual depletion and rising prices now create a counter pressure. The pace of industrialization has slowed, with different manifestations in the three economies of agriculture—crops, livestock, and marketing. The economics of extractive industries, a subject long neglected, will henceforth be an integral part of the economics of agriculture. Cited here are conceptual formulations the author published in a precursor article of 1962, formulations that go back to the "empty economic boxes" and the writings of Joan Robinson.
Functional analysis of Plp1 and Plp2, two homologues of phosducin in yeast.

Mammalian phosducins are known to bind G protein βγ subunits in vitro, and are postulated to regulate their signaling function in vivo. Here we describe two homologues of phosducin in yeast, called PLP1 andPLP2. Both gene products were cloned, expressed, and purified as glutathione S-transferase fusions. Of the two isoforms, Plp1 bound most preferentially to Gβγ. Binding was enhanced by pheromone stimulation and by the addition of GTPγS, conditions that favor dissociation of Gβγ from Gα. Gene disruption mutants and gene overexpression plasmids were prepared and analyzed for changes in signaling and nonsignaling phenotypes. Haploid spore products bearing the plp2Δ mutant failed to grow, suggesting that PLP2 is an essential gene. Cell viability was not restored by a mutation in STE7 that blocks signaling downstream of the G protein. Haploid products bearing theplp1Δ mutant were viable and exhibited a 6–7% increase in pheromone-mediated gene induction. Cells overexpressingPLP1 or PLP2 exhibited a 70–80% decrease in gene induction but no change in pheromone-mediated growth arrest. These data indicate that phosducin can selectively regulate early signaling events following pheromone stimulation and has an essential role in cell growth independent of its regulatory role in cell signaling.
A solar spectrograph for occultation and solar flux measurements in the solar system

A compact solar spectrograph based on the Rowland grazing-incidence design has been developed that covers 200-3200 A and has no moving parts; it will record the entire spectrum within its range in a single exposure on the basis of pinhole optics. Three gratings are used and these are recorded on a single CCD focal plane detector. Methods used to minimize the effects of scattering include its suppression with coatings and optical components; a detector layout that subtracts scattered light effects, and a photocathode that discriminates against long wavelengths.
Screening of instantons in the quark gas

Abstract The grand partition function of quark matter is developed about an arbitrary classical gauge field configuration in a systematic weak coupling expansion. In the presence of a finite density massless quark gas the instanton induced effective quark interaction is modified by a factor exp[−2 N F ( ωϱ ) 2 ], i.e. the baryon number chemical potential μ acts as an intrinsic infrared cutoff on the instanton scale size ϱ. The equation of state of the quark matter is also briefly discussed.
Contour Integral Representation for Near Field Backscatter From a Flat Plate

We consider the near field backscatter from a flat plate illuminated by a dipole source. The physical optics scattering integral is reduced to a contour integral evaluated around the boundary edge of the plate.
A New Formulation of the Exchange of Mass and Trace Constituents between the Stratosphere and Troposphere

Abstract Using a dynamical definition of the tropopause, a diagnostic model of stratosphere–troposphere exchange is presented. The net transport across the tropopause is independent of the vertical coordinate. When the transport is partitioned into contributions from individual transport mechanisms, the isentropic coordinate system provides the most straightforward physical interpretation. The physical mechanisms responsible for the exchange of mass and trace constituents between the stratosphere and troposphere include diabatic processes, temporal movement of the tropopause, and transport along isentropic surfaces which intersect the tropopause. The mechanism of the isentropic transport operates in several meteorological settings of different spatial scales; the best-documented examples include tropopause folding near extratropical and subtropical jet streams and cutoff lows, as well as transverse circulations around quasi-steady jet streams. The relative importance of various mechanisms in the stratosph...
Evaluation of mobile phase composition for enhancing sensitivity of targeted quantification of oligonucleotides using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry: Application to phosphorothioate deoxyribonucleic acid

Abstract LC–MS based assays are a promising approach for the bioanalysis of oligonucleotide therapeutics due to their selectivity and structure identification capabilities. However, the lack of sensitivity and complicated sample preparation procedures remain a barrier for application of LC–MS based assays to preclinical and clinical studies. Numerous studies have shown that the mobile phase composition, especially organic solvent type, has a significant impact on the MS sensitivity of oligonucleotides. In this study, we systematically investigated the type of organic solvents and concentration of organic modifiers for their effect on electrospray desorption efficiency, chromatographic separation and LC–MS signal intensity and provide mechanisms for these effects. 25 mM HFIP, 15 mM DIEA and the use of ethanol as an organic solvent were observed to achieve a two order of magnitude increase in LC–MS signal intensity when compared to the most commonly used LC–MS mobile phase composition. Phenol–chloroform LLE in combination with ethanol precipitation was demonstrated to be effective for quantitative bioanalysis of therapeutic oligonucleotides. Various conditions for ethanol precipitation were evaluated and >75% absolute recovery was achieved using an optimized extraction procedure. No increase in column pressure or deterioration of separation was observed for >500 injections of biological samples. The method run time was 5 min and the LOQ was 2.5 ng/ml. The accuracy (% error) and precision (%RSD) are
Ligand mobility modulates immunological synapse formation and T cell activation

T cell receptor (TCR) engagement induces clustering and recruitment to the plasma membrane of many signaling molecules, including the protein tyrosine kinase zeta-chain associated protein of 70 kDa (ZAP70) and the adaptor SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP76). This molecular rearrangement results in formation of the immunological synapse (IS), a dynamic protein array that modulates T cell activation. The current study investigates the effects of apparent long-range ligand mobility on T cell signaling activity and IS formation. We formed stimulatory lipid bilayers on glass surfaces from binary lipid mixtures with varied composition, and characterized these surfaces with respect to diffusion coefficient and fluid connectivity. Stimulatory ligands coupled to these surfaces with similar density and orientation showed differences in their ability to activate T cells. On less mobile membranes, central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC) formation was delayed and the overall accumulation of CD3ζ at the IS was reduced. Analysis of signaling microcluster (MC) dynamics showed that ZAP70 MCs exhibited faster track velocity and longer trajectories as a function of increased ligand mobility, whereas movement of SLP76 MCs was relatively insensitive to this parameter. Actin retrograde flow was observed on all surfaces, but cell spreading and subsequent cytoskeletal contraction were more pronounced on mobile membranes. Finally, increased tyrosine phosphorylation and persistent elevation of intracellular Ca2+ were observed in cells stimulated on fluid membranes. These results point to ligand mobility as an important parameter in modulating T cell responses.
The nucleotide sequence of the 3′-terminal region of dasheen mosaic virus (Caladium isolate) and expression of its coat protein in Escherichia coli for antiserum production

A caladium isolate of dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV-Ch) was cloned as cDNA from genomic RNA. The sequence of the 3′-terminal 3 158 nucleotides, which consisted of the 3′-terminus of the NIa gene, the NIb gene, the coat protein (CP) gene, and a 246-nucleotide non-coding region, was between 57–68% similar at the nucleotide level and 72–82% similar at the amino acid level when compared with other potyviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of aligned, selected potyviral CP sequences indicate that DsMV-Ch is similar to DsMV isolates infecting taro and closely related to the bean common mosaic virus subgroup in the genus Potyvirus. A recombinant DsMV-Ch CP (∼39 kDa) expressed in E. coli was used as an immunogen and the resulting antiserum reacted with DsMV and several other potyviruses in Western blots and indirect ELISA.
Computational test of the factorization of differential cross sections in the sudden approximation

Abstract The factorization expression for degeneracy averaged differential cross sections reported by Goldflam et al. and also by Khare is tested using accurate close coupling input for He CO. The results illustrate the accuracy of factorization expressions in describing detailed scattering phenomena.
Energy transfer from N2(A3Σu+) as a source of O(1s) in the aurora

Laboratory measurements have shown that deactivation of N2(A3Σu+) by ground state atomic oxygen often results in a metastable O(1S) atom. This source has been overlooked in discussions of the auroral green line. Rocket borne photometer observations are discussed in light of this energy transfer source, but a number of established observational results cannot be accounted for by large contributions from this mechanism.
Weight Perceptions and Desired Body Size in a National Sample of African-American Men and Women with Diabetes

Historically, African-American men and women have had higher rates of overweight and obesity when compared with other racial and ethnicity groups. It has been hypothesized that the acceptance of larger body sizes may be due, in part, to a possible prevailing cultural notion within the African-American community that being “skinny” is associated with being unhealthy or malnourished. This acceptance of larger body sizes among African-American men and women may be a manifestation of African-American cultural norms. This exploratory analysis sought to probe self-perceptions of weight and desired body size among a socioeconomically diverse, national sample of African-American men and women diagnosed with diabetes. Results showed that the majority of men and women whose BMI placed them in the obese category, indicated that they would like to weigh less. However, close to half of those men and women whose BMI placed them in the overweight category, stated that they would like to maintain their same weight.
THE DEMONSTRATION OF LESIONS AND VIRUS IN THE LUNGS OF MICE RECEIVING LARGE INTRA-PERITONEAL INOCULATIONS OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS.

Following the intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with large doses of epidemic influenza virus (50,000 to 1 million intranasal M.L.D.) it can be recovered from the lungs in high concentration, and pulmonary lesions of moderate extent may be observed. The virus reaches its highest titer in the lungs 48 to 72 hours after intraperitoneal injection and may persist for 10 days. Virus may be recovered from the blood in the first 24 hours, but is readily detected in the omentum and peritoneum for 5 to 6 days. Mice which as a result of the intraperitoneal injection of virus show a high concentration of virus in the lungs do not die but become solidly immune to intranasal infection. Moreover, as early as 24 to 48 hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of large amounts of virus the animals may exhibit resistance to infection with fatal doses of virus given intranasally. Influenza virus given intravenously to mice is rapidly removed from the blood but persists in the lungs and induces pulmonary lesions. Virus can also be recovered from the liver for several days. With subcutaneous inoculation of influenza virus, however, the virus does not reach the blood or lungs in detectable amounts although the regional lymph nodes may yield considerable quantities of the agent. A brief consideration is presented of the mechanisms of infection and resistance which may be involved.
Extrapontine myelinolysis in a 4 year old with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Abstract Extrapontine and central pontine myelinolysis (EPM/CPM) are rare events in pediatric neurology but can have devastating consequences. They are most commonly associated with rapid correction of hyponatremia but have been reported in other situations as well. This condition is relatively more common in adult neurology, not surprisingly, as alcoholism and associated malnutrition are often predisposing conditions. There have been few case reports in children with regards to this. We describe a 4-year old who presented with focal neurological deficits in the setting of diabetic ketoacidosis and the ensuing underlying osmotic imbalances. The patient made a remarkable recovery with no deficits of note—cognitive or motor. To our knowledge this is the youngest case reported so far of EPM in a child with diabetic ketoacidosis. The history of the condition, early animal experiments, clinicopathologic correlates, previous case reports and other scenarios in which this unusual event can occur are discussed—though the exact pathogenesis of this condition still remains unclear. We hope to bring to the attention of clinicians caring for children in the acute care setting, the importance of gradual correction of serum osmolality to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy and photometry of VV Puppis during a high accretion state

We determine the physical properties of the accretion region of the AM Her-type binary VV Puppis using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) medium-resolution spectroscopy and photometry obtained with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) observatory. The EUV continuum from VV Pup was detected in the wavelength range from 75 to 135 A and was simultaneously recorded with the Deep Survey/Spectrometer (DS/S) imaging telescope, allowing for the extraction of an accurate light curve. VV Pup appeared to have entered a high-accretion state just prior to the pointed EUVE observations. We use the EUV light curve to infer the diameter of the accretion region (d = 220 km) assuming a hemispherical geometry and a radius of 9000 km for the white dwarf. We perform a model atmosphere analysis and, based on the light curve properties and assuming a distance of 145 pc, we derive an effective temperature of the accretion region in the range 270,000 is less than T(sub eff) is less than 360,000 K and a neutral hydrogen column density in the local interstellar medium of n(sub H) = 1.9 - 3.7 x 10(exp 19)/sq cm. The total EUV/soft X-ray energy radiated by the accretion region is approximately 3.5 x 10(exp 32) ergs/s. Our results provide a first verification of past suggestions that deep heating of the white dwarf surface produces the soft X-ray flux from the polars. We present a possible detection of O VI absortion features, and we suggest that extensive EUVE observations targeting high-accretion events may result in oxygen and heavier element abundance determination in the accretion region.
Incorporation of 5-methyltryptophan into the protein of Escherichia coli

Abstract 1. 5-Methyltryptophan stimulated protein synthesis 100 % in tryptophan-starved cells of Escherichia coli. When tryptophan-starved cells were incubated in the presence of 5-[3H]methyltryptophan, tritium was incorporated into the protein. Pronase hydrolysis and paper chromatography yielded a radioactive spot with the same chromatographic mobilities as 5-methyltryptophan. 2. 5-Methyltryptophan stimulated RNA synthesis in stringent cultures starved for tryptophan and treated with 5 μg/ml chloramphenicol. 3. Under these conditions, the 5-methyltryptophan treatment also caused the tryptophan-specific tRNA to be charged (periodate-insensitive). 5-[3H]Methyltryptophan was attached enzymatically to tryptophan-specific tRNA by an extract of E. coli. 4. The stimulation of RNA and protein synthesis by 5-methyltryptophan during amino acid starvation was not associated with tryptophan contamination of the 5-methyltryptophan, increased biosynthesis of tryptophan or increased protein turnover. 5. We conclude that 5-methyltryptophan is incorporated slowly into the protein in tryptophan-starved cells, probably as a utilizable analog of tryptophan. The rate of 5-methyltryptophan activation in stringent tryptophan-starved cells by the tryptophan activation system is sufficient to restore RNA synthesis, provided that the rate of protein synthesis is greatly reduced by chloramphenicol treatment.
Enterococcal cytolysin: activities and association with other virulence traits in a pathogenicity island

Enterococcal cytolysin is a structurally novel bacterial toxin expressed by some strains of E. faecalis and is distantly related to the class of bacteriocins known as lantibiotics. The cytolysin can be encoded by large pheromone-responsive plasmids, or on the chromosome within pathogenicity island. It is produced by a complex process that involves the products of eight genes, designated cylR1, cylR2, cylLL, cylLS, cylM, cylB, cylA, and cylI. The cytolysin toxin, maturation and regulatory genes are organized into two divergent transcripts: a structural transcript cylLLLSMBAI, and a regulatory transcript cylR1R2. The active cytolysin subunits, CylLL" and CylLS", are synthesized ribosomally as non-identical peptides, post-translationally modified, then secreted and activated. The cytolysin operon is repressed by the activities of two proteins, CylR1 and CylR2, and derepressed by a quorum-sensing process involving secreted autoinducer CylLS". The cytolysin operon within the E. faecalis pathogenicity island is associated with other virulence determinants, including aggregation substance and enterococcal surface protein, Esp.
Distinguishing authentic mitochondrial and plastid DNAs from similar DNA sequences in the nucleus using the polymerase chain reaction.

DNA sequences similar to those in the organellar genomes are also found in the nucleus. These non-coding sequences may be co-amplified by PCR with the authentic organellar DNA sequences, leading to erroneous conclusions. To avoid this problem, we describe an experimental procedure to prevent amplification of this “promiscuous” DNA when total tissue DNA is used with PCR. First, primers are designed for organelle-specific sequences using a bioinformatics method. These primers are then tested using methylation-sensitive PCR. The method is demonstrated for both end-point and real-time PCR with Zea mays, where most of the DNA sequences in the organellar genomes are also present in the nucleus. We use this procedure to quantify those nuclear DNA sequences that are near-perfect replicas of organellar DNA. This method should be useful for applications including phylogenetic analysis, organellar DNA quantification and clinical testing.
THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERNAL DIRECTIVES OF THE UNIVERSITY FOR THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION

In this paper, we investigate the management system for intellectual property (IP) within the Center for Technology Transfer (CTT) currently operating in the University Science Park–organizational unit of the University of Žilina. The CTT deals with procedural issues: acquisition of intellectual property rights, IP protection, and IP commercialization. In solving selected issues involving the Internal Directive´s content regulating the IP protection and commercialization in CTT of the University of Žilina, we are using available information and knowledge of the directives from both domestic and international universities. This investigation helps the CTT in formulating more effective directive contents for University Science Park in Žilina. The entire system of research and development funding through projects requires accurate and complex monitoring of the use of allocated funds for various activities and persons. For internal usage, it is necessary to obtain discreet evidence that would allow accurate identification of funding received directly from IP creation-related projects.
Health and Functioning in Grandparents After a Young Grandchild's Death.

This cross-sectional study examined the physical and mental health, grief and role functioning of 136 grandparents in the first year after death of their young grandchild (newborn through 6 years). Grandparents were 36–77 years old; 73 % female; 24 % Hispanic, 38 % Black/African American, and 38 % White. Mean age of the 115 deceased grandchildren was 12.8 months (SD = 20.71) with 37 % <1 month old; 65 % were male, 77 % died in the hospital. Grandparents were recruited through state death records and interviewed by telephone. Grandparents experienced: clinical depression (31 %), PTSD (35 %); illnesses (28 %), hospitalizations, new chronic health conditions (mental disorders, hypertension, angina, cancer), and medication changes. Grandparents who provided care for the deceased grandchild had more intense symptoms of grief, depression and PTSD and more trouble focusing at their jobs. Severity of depressive and/or PTSD symptoms were more likely to be at clinically important levels for grandparents who had provided childcare for the deceased grandchild than for non-caregiving grandparents. Black grandparents had more severe symptoms of PTSD and thought more about their deceased grandchild on the job than White grandparents. The interaction effect of race/ethnicity and provision of child care was significant for PTSD and Blame and Anger. Hispanic grandparents who provided some child care for their deceased grandchild had less severe PTSD symptoms than caregiving Black and White grandparents. Caregiving Hispanic grandparents also experienced less Blame and Anger than White caregiving grandparents.
Individual Differences and Stimulus Discriminability in Visual Comparison Reaction Time

Individual subjects' reaction time functions in a simple visual comparison task were found to be substantially correlated with measures of spatial ability. In an additional task requiring responses to target stimuli flanked by stimuli associated with competing responses, a sample of high spatial subjects showed little deficit in performance, while a sample of low spatial subjects showed large deficits in performance compared to reaction time to a target stimulus presented alone. These results were interpreted in terms of the interaction between human aptitude and task requirements. The experiments reported are part of an ongoing investigation of spatial ability and visual information processing. Language: en
Functional assessment of the arm following breast cancer treatment using the DASH survey.

Abstract #4096 Treatment of the axilla with surgery and radiation therapy (RT) has a risk of lymphedema and diminished function of the arm. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand survey (DASH) as a potential functional assessment tool post breast cancer treatment by comparing it to the Lymphedema and Breast Cancer Questionnaire (LBCQ), a lymphedema-specific questionnaire, the SF12, and functional arm measurements. A series of patients presenting to the Johns Hopkins Hospital Avon Foundation Breast Center for follow-up of breast cancer were collected. Inclusion criteria are patients > eighteen years receiving either a sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or axillary node dissection (ALND) at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Exclusion criteria were individuals who reported mental illness, prior deficits of the arm, or any bilateral procedure for treatment of breast cancer. Dependent variables are the DASH, LBCQ, and SF12 scores. Independent measures are arm circumferences and range-of-motion measurements of both arms. The study population included 41 female individuals presenting either prior to or following surgical procedures in the axilla. See Table 1 for demographics. Of those undergoing lumpectomy, 95.24% had RT, none received axillary RT, and 31.58% of the mastectomy patients had RT to the axillary basin. Subjects receiving RT (65.85%) either had whole breast RT (74.07%) or axillary RT (25.93%), others received chemotherapy (53.66%), and a small percentage received herceptin (7.32%). Internal validation of the quality of life surveys were highly correlated to each other. (Table 2). External validity was determined by comparing the quality of life surveys to the physiologic measures. The physical component of the SF-12 was significantly correlated to moderate lymphedema (p=0.019), which is defined as a difference in arm circumference of 2.0 to 3.0 cm. The patient sample included 11 patients with lymphedema, therefore the sample size was insufficient to assess the correlations between arm circumference and range of motion with the DASH and LBCQ. The DASH, LBCQ, and SF-12 are appropriate and valid measures of post-operative quality of life in the patient population post breast cancer treatment. Further patient recruitment is necessary to adequately determine the external validity of the DASH as a measure of the quality of life of patients with lymphedema. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 4096.
Comparison of spin echo T1-weighted sequences versus fast spin-echo proton density-weighted sequences for evaluation of meniscal tears at 1.5 T.

At our institution, fast spin-echo (FSE) proton density (PD) imaging is used to evaluate articular cartilage, while conventional spin-echo (CSE) T1-weighted sequences have been traditionally used to characterize meniscal pathology. We sought to determine if FSE PD-weighted sequences are equivalent to CSE T1-weighted sequences in the detection of meniscal tears, obviating the need to perform both sequences. We retrospectively reviewed the records of knee arthroscopies performed by two arthroscopy-focused surgeons from an academic medical center over a 2-year period. The preoperative MRI images were interpreted independently by two fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologists who graded the sagittal CSE T1 and FSE PD sequences at different sittings with grades 1–5, where 1 = normal meniscus, 2 = probable normal meniscus, 3 = indeterminate, 4 = probable torn meniscus, and 5 = torn meniscus. Each meniscus was divided into an anterior and posterior half, and these halves were graded separately. Operative findings provided the gold standard. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to compare the two sequences. There were 131 tears in 504 meniscal halves. Using ROC analysis, the reader 1 area under curve for FSE PD was significantly better than CSE T1 (0.939 vs. 0.902, >95% confidence). For reader 2, the difference met good criteria for statistical non-inferiority but not superiority (0.913 for FSE PD and 0.908 for CSE T1; >95% non-inferiority for difference at most of −0.027). FSE PD-weighted sequences, using our institutional protocol, are not inferior to CSE T1-weighted sequences for the detection of meniscal tears and may be superior.
Small Wideband Double-Loop Antennas Using Lumped Inductors and Coupling Capacitors

Miniature footprint double-loop antennas, loaded with lumped inductors and coupling capacitors, are introduced. Through band diagram analysis, it is shown that frequency separation between the two radiating modes can be controlled to achieve wider bandwidth. For verification, three wideband antennas are designed by adjusting the inductive and capacitive loadings to create resonances at two closely spaced frequencies around 2.45 GHz. The first antenna is fabricated on a 125-mil-thick Rogers TMM10i substrate and has 2.1% |S11| ;1.2 dB gain using a λ0/9.8 × λ0/9.8 × λ0/39.4 footprint. It is shown that the antenna has 49% smaller footprint area than a standard patch and exhibits the same bandwidth performance at the expense of lower gain. The second antenna is fabricated on a reduced-size substrate comparable to its footprint size. This antenna still exhibits the same bandwidth performance as the standard patch. The third antenna is on a 250-mil-thick substrate and exhibits 14.7% bandwidth and 4.34 dB gain with λ0/9.8 × λ0/9.8 × λ0/19.7 footprint.
Phosphorylation of the Pol II CTD by KIN28 enhances BUR1/BUR2 recruitment and Ser2 CTD phosphorylation near promoters

Cyclin-dependent kinase BUR1/BUR2 appears to be the yeast ortholog of P-TEFb, which phosphorylates Ser2 of the RNA Pol II CTD, but the importance of BUR1/BUR2 in CTD phosphorylation is unclear. We show that BUR1/BUR2 is cotranscriptionally recruited to the 5' end of ARG1 in a manner stimulated by interaction of the BUR1 C terminus with CTD repeats phosphorylated on Ser5 by KIN28. Impairing BUR1/BUR2 function, or removing the CTD-interaction domain in BUR1, reduces Ser2 phosphorylation in bulk Pol II and eliminates the residual Ser2P in cells lacking the major Ser2 CTD kinase, CTK1. Impairing BUR1/BUR2 or CTK1 evokes a similar reduction of Ser2P in Pol II phosphorylated on Ser5 and in elongating Pol II near the ARG1 promoter. By contrast, CTK1 is responsible for the bulk of Ser2P in total Pol II and at promoter-distal sites. In addition to phosphorylating Ser2 near promoters, BUR1/BUR2 also stimulates Ser2P formation by CTK1 during transcription elongation.
Habermas, same-sex marriage and the problem of religion in public life

This article addresses the debate over religion in the public sphere by analysing the conception of ‘religion’ in the recent work of Habermas, who claims to mediate the divide between those who defend public appeals to religion without restriction and those who place limits on such appeals. I argue that Habermas’ translation requirement and his restriction on religious reasons in the institutional public sphere rest on a conception of religion as essentially apolitical in its origin. This conception, I argue, remains embedded in a standard secularization framework, despite Habermas’ claim to offer a new account of secularization. This approach betrays the complex reality of the political constitution of religion and the religious constitution of politics, as demonstrated by the current debate about marriage rights in the USA. In mischaracterizing the inherently public and political dimensions of religion, Habermas undermines the effectiveness of his normative framework.
The covalent labeling of proteins by 17β-estradiol, retinoic acid, and progesterone in the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MCF-7/AdrR

Abstract In this study we analyzed the covalent binding of proteins of 17β-estradiol (E2), retinoic acid (RA), and progesterone in MCF-7 and MCF-7/Adr R cells. MCF-7 cells have receptors for E2 and progesterone. MCF-7/Adr R cells do not have these receptors. After a 1-day incubation period with either [ 3 H]E2, [ 3 H]progesterone, or [ 3 H]RA the levels of covalently bound radioactivity was between 1.4- to 2-fold greater in MCF-7 cells than in MCF-7/Adr R cells. We analyzed the labeled proteins with two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and fluorography. About 40 proteins were labeled by E2 in MCF-7 cells and about 10 of these proteins were the only proteins labeled by E2 in MCF-7/Adr R cells. We saw that the same 8 proteins were labeled by RA in both cell lines. Progesterone labeled 2 proteins with M r values of 37,000 and 20,000 in MCF-7 cells. These 2 proteins had mobilities that were the same as proteins that were labeed by either E2 or RA in both MCF-7 and MCF-7/Adr R cells. Besides these 2 proteins, we saw proteins of M r 51,000 (p51) and 55,000 that were covalently labeled by E2 in MCF-7 cells and by RA in both MCF-7 and MCF-7/Adr R cells. The p51 had the same mobility on 2D-PAGE as an 8-azido-[ 32 P]cAMP-labeled protein. This protein is probably RII α , the type II cAMP-binding regulatory subunit of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase. These results suggest that the estrogen receptor, while not obligatory, might still modulate the covalent linkage of E2 to protein. In addition, our results raise the possibility that some effects of some ligands of the thyroid/sterioid hormone receptor family may involve the covalent linking of these hormones to proteins, including RII α .
Patterns of intron gain and loss in fungi.

Little is known about the patterns of intron gain and loss or the relative contributions of these two processes to gene evolution. To investigate the dynamics of intron evolution, we analyzed orthologous genes from four filamentous fungal genomes and determined the pattern of intron conservation. We developed a probabilistic model to estimate the most likely rates of intron gain and loss giving rise to these observed conservation patterns. Our data reveal the surprising importance of intron gain. Between about 150 and 250 gains and between 150 and 350 losses were inferred in each lineage. We discuss one gene in particular (encoding 1-phosphoribosyl-5-pyrophosphate synthetase) that displays an unusually high rate of intron gain in multiple lineages. It has been recognized that introns are biased towards the 5′ ends of genes in intron-poor genomes but are evenly distributed in intron-rich genomes. Current models attribute this bias to 3′ intron loss through a poly-adenosine-primed reverse transcription mechanism. Contrary to standard models, we find no increased frequency of intron loss toward the 3′ ends of genes. Thus, recent intron dynamics do not support a model whereby 5′ intron positional bias is generated solely by 3′-biased intron loss.
Noise-induced bistability at the T-I-T-II transition in superfluid He II

We present preliminary experiments which indicate a dramatic effect of external noise on superfluid turbulence in thermal counterflow. This turbulent system is in many ways ideal for the study of noise-driven nonlinear dynamical systems. It contains a well-defined continuous transition (the T-I\char21{}T-II transition), and noise can be easily imposed on the driving heat current. Previous work has shown that the superfluid turbulence system is described by a single nonlinear amplitude equation, and it can be expected to show some of the rich noise-induced behavior found in theoretical treatments of such systems. We find that external noise dramatically modifies the T-I\char21{}T-II transition and induces bistability.
Agonizing over pain terminology

Pain terminology as used by basic and clinical scientists as well as clinicians is frequently inconsistent. Too often people use the same word to mean mechanistically different things or avoid the dilemma by coining their own terms. It is the purpose of this article to point out some of these instances and to encourage open-minded reevaluation of current pain terminology.
Improving cooling efficiency by increasing fan power usage

An innovative cooling technique was developed in an effort to significantly improve the system level cooling efficiency by increasing fan power usage and to extend the envelope of forced air-cooling technology. It involves a ductwork that can deliver cooling air to specific locations with optimized airflow velocity and volume with respect to specific cooling requirements. In addition, cooling efficiency is further improved by utilizing turbulence and air impingement regardless of component locations on a PWB and within an equipment enclosure. Experimental results revealed that this technique is far more efficient and effective than the conventional system level forced air-cooling technique.