cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Web Services Design Quality Using Dimensionality Reduction Techniques

In this paper, we propose a dimensionality reduction approach based on PCA-NSGAII to address the Web services modularization problem. Our approach aims at finding the best reduced set of objectives (e.g. quality metrics) that can generate near optimal modularization solutions to fix quality issues in Web services interface. The algorithm starts with a large number of Web service quality metrics as objectives that are reduced based on the correlation between them. This correlation is identified during the execution of the multi-objective algorithm by mining the execution traces of the generated solutions and their evaluations. We evaluated our approach on a set of 22 real world Web services, provided by Amazon and Yahoo. Statistical analysis of our experiments shows that our dimensionality reduction Web services interface modularization approach performed significantly better than the state-of-the-art modularization techniques in terms of generating well-designed Web services interface for users.
Intracorporeal Anastomosis for Right Colon Resection: Should This Be the Preferred Method?

Intestinal anastomosis can be performed in many ways. To date, there is no standardized method that all surgeons agree upon. With the advent of stapling devices, most surgeons agree that intestinal anastomoses have been greatly simplified by using these instruments. However, there are multiple stapling devices and multiple ways of completing an anastomosis without one way showing superiority over another. This is true in traditional open surgery and laparoscopic surgery. In general, laparoscopic intestinal anastomosis is performed in either an extracorporeal (including hand assist) or intracorporeal manner. There are no randomized controlled trials demonstrating the best technique. Over the years, I have migrated to an intracorporeal anastomosis for ileocolic, right colon, left colic, and occasional high ileosigmoid anastomoses. This chapter will detail the advantages of intracorporeal vs extracorporeal, show the technique in detail, and discuss the skillset required to complete the anastomosis.
How Marriage/Romance, Parenting, Education, and Work Are Different for Emerging Adults

Changes in marriage, parenthood, education, and employment have had a marked influence on the development on emerging adulthood as a distinct stage of the life course. Each of these factors are examined from a historical perspective, as well as how changes have altered the nature of young adulthood. A discussion of how each works for emerging adults is presented.
Dynamically Scalable Distributed Virtual Framework Based on Agents and Pub/Sub Pattern for IoT Media Data

The Internet of Things (IoT) continues to expand; as daily new smart-devices are connected to Internet and adding to a deluge of data created by our society. Compounding the challenges is that this data is very heterogeneous, including device or human activity trace data, structured data, sensor information, and media data. The computing needs for the IoT continue to rise in terms of scalable compute power, storage, and complex data processing pipelines to accommodate these diverse sources of data. For this reason, it becomes essential to develop a flexible framework that is able to efficiently manage the IoT data in a real-time and scalable approach. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to handle IoT data. Our framework is dynamically extensible, lightweight, resources efficient, and has the ability to handle stream data as well as batch data. We leverage autonomous agents along with the publish-subscribe pattern to achieve a run-time extensible, event-driven, and high-performance computational architecture. Additionally, we have incorporated localized and centralized databases into the framework to support structured and unstructured data for compute processing and analytical tasks. We have implemented the proposed framework and evaluated its performance using a visual object-detection case study on both a local cluster and within cloud-computing infrastructure. Our analysis shows that this framework utilizes the CPU, memory, and network resources efficiently. Additionally, the framework can scale horizontally as adding more processing nodes reduces the time and increases the goodput.
Complete nucleotide sequences of functional clones of the virus associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, HTLV-III/LAV.

There is considerable evidence that the human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/ LAV) is the etiological agent in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related syndromes [1]. The most convincing line of evidence is the recapitulation with in vitro infection of the major manifestation of the disease, depletion of T4 cells [2]. Definition of the viral determinants of this lymphocytopathic activity is critical to understanding the pathogenesis of AIDS. With this goal in mind we have established an in vitro model which will facilitate this analysis. In this system, plasmid clones with the full HTLV-III/LAV proviral sequence are transfected into normal human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell cultures. This results in production of virus particles with a morphology typical of HTLV-III/LAV and in death of the cell culture (Fig. 1).
Firm CFO board membership and departures

Abstract I investigate firm financial management when the CFO has greater authority by being on the board and the corresponding changes when the CFO position leaves the board. After the 2002 regulatory changes to board composition requirements, determinants of CFO board membership shift from being driven by firm financing needs to being driven by managerial transition and the local supply of outside directors. Shareholders react negatively to CFO board departure announcements, especially in the post-Sarbanes-Oxley period and when the firm is expected to have their CFO on the board. When the CFO is on the board, firms have lower cash holdings, exhibit faster adjustment toward their optimal capital structure following shocks and are less financially constrained. These measures of greater financial flexibility diminish when the CFO position leaves the board, particularly for cash management activities. In sum, board membership is an important CFO characteristic affecting firm financial management decisions.
Burden Associated With Selecting and Using Health Insurance to Manage Care Costs: Results of a Qualitative Study of Nonelderly Cancer Survivors.

This qualitative study explored cancer survivors’ experiences selecting and using health insurance and anticipating out-of-pocket care costs. Thirty individuals participated in semistructured inter...
Quasi-Digital Output Low Power CMOS Temperature Sensor

Embedded systems, such as IoT devices, benefit from low power sensors. We propose a fully-integrated proportional to frequency temperature sensing system. The temperature sensor replaces power hungry ADCs and on-chip time references with a frequency dependent digital output. The system consumes 195 nW, with 0.5 V power supply. The maximum temperature accuracy of 0.2 $C^{\circ}$ is achieved across 0° to 50° in a total area of 0.008mm2 in 130 nm technology. Experimental measurements of the temperature to voltage circuit is demonstrated, and post layout and Monte Carlo simulations verify that the total system design meets performance requirements and is suitable for arrayed applications.
Patient Selection, Pretransplant Management, Donor and Recipient Matching

The prevalence of advanced heart failure (HF) is on the rise and patients today are older, more complex and at higher risk of poor outcomes. Despite advances in evidence-based therapies, or in some instances a result of, there is often progression towards end stage HF. Timely referral to advanced HF specialists is imperative to improve quality of life, and in select patients, prolong life expectancy.
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Many parts of different plants are used as fruits or vegetables. They may be roots; tubers; bulbs; stems and shoots; leaves; flowers and fruits; or pods and seeds. The characteristic texture of a fruit or vegetable depends on the presence and the relative proportions and arrangement of the various types of cells. An important textural characteristic of plant foods is juiciness, which pertains to the quality of having extractable liquid in cells and tissues. Much of the appeal of fresh fruits and vegetables is in their varied colors. The attractive color of the raw fruit or vegetable is, however, subject to change under various conditions associated with use, often resulting in unattractiveness. The characteristic flavor of a fruit or vegetable is attributable to a mixture of many compounds, some of which are present in small amounts. The nutritive value of vegetables also varies with cooking method. This chapter discusses the cooking of dried legumes and the production and use of tofu.
Cytokine Genetic Variants and Health-Related Quality of Life in Crohn's Disease: An Exploratory Study.

Background:Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory condition that has deleterious effects on patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors contri...
The Distant Reader: Tool for Reading

The Distant Reader science gateway can be used to automatically create and analyze text corpora at a scale of thousands of user-supplied documents. These processing steps are deployed on a dynamic virtual cluster deployed on XSEDE's Jetstream academic cloud computing resource and are accessed through a Web interface. The science gateway uses Apache Airavata middleware to manage the interactions between the Web interface and the virtual clusters. The gateway leverages the Science Gateway Platform as a service (SciGaP) infrastructure at Indiana University, which provides user authentication, authorization, and identity management as well as access to the Distant Reader tools. The Distant Reader is designed to assist in the process of using & understanding corpora -- reading.
Influence of Film Thickness on the Permeation Resistance Properties of Unsupported Glove Films

Permeation data, where available to date, cover only one style in any product line. Most unsupported glove product lines are made in several styles, generally differing in thickness. This is a report on an investigation of the effects of these differences in thickness on measured permeation properties. Five typical industrial chemicals were tested: aniline, dimethylformamide (DMF), hexane, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), and toluene. Film specimens were made in thicknesses of about 15 mils and about 25 mils from each of five unsupported glove formulations. Two of these formulations are available commercially as Edmont 29-series neoprene and Sol-Vex nitrile gloves; the other three were experimental butyl latex systems. All the tests were run in duplicate using apparatus and procedures from the ASTM Test for Resistance of Protective Clothing Materials to Permeation by Hazardous Liquid Chemicals (F 739-81). The collecting medium was a continuous stream of dry nitrogen, sampled at intervals with a gas sampling valve. The samples were passed through the analytical column of a Gow-Mac gas chromatograph and detected by flame ionization detection (FID). For 3 of the possible 25 combinations of chemicals and protective films, no breakthroughs were observed. In 5 others, the chemical did not break through the film soon enough or in sufficient quantity to provide complete data on the effects of film thickness. For 10 combinations, the change in thickness had a much greater effect on breakthrough time than on permeation rate. In only 6 cases did an increase in thickness reduce the measured steady-state permeation rate, and the breakthrough time was increased for 5 of these. One case was an anomaly, since the thicker specimen had a longer breakthrough time but a higher rate measurement. Repeat tests confirmed this anomaly. We conclude that a change in thickness is more likely to affect breakthrough time than steady-state permeation rate.
Perioperative Bridging/Cessation of Antiplatelet Agents: 2020 Update

Perioperative management of patients receiving antiplatelet therapy is common and must carefully balance the risk of ischemia or thrombosis with bleeding. Here we describe pathways of platelet aggregation unique to the perioperative period and mechanisms of commonly encountered antiplatelet medications, and review current literature evaluating strategies for antiplatelet management surrounding elective noncardiac and cardiac surgery. Antiplatelet therapies demonstrate unique risk profiles for stent thrombosis and bleeding that may be dependent on individual genetic polymorphisms. Use of scoring systems or point-of-care platelet function assays may identify patients especially vulnerable to alterations in perioperative antiplatelet management, and guide timing of surgery. Prior guidelines, which recommend a minimum 6-month delay in elective surgery for patients receiving dual-antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), may be amended to 3 months in certain cases in which newer generation antiplatelet therapies are administered. While use of intravenous bridging agents may reduce platelet reactivity during cardiac surgery, there is no single antiplatelet strategy which consistently reduces rates of major bleeding or cardiovascular events. There is insufficient evidence to support any specific perioperative antiplatelet strategy. Cases should be individualized to balance the risks of stent thrombosis and bleeding. Current recommendations may be modified if the risk of delaying surgery outweighs the risk of stent thrombosis. It is reasonable to guide management by utilizing scoring systems and point-of-care platelet function assays.
Parameterization of Submesoscale Symmetric Instability in Dense Flows Along Topography

We develop a parameterization for representing the effects of submesoscale symmetric instability (SI) in the ocean interior. SI is an important contributor to water mass modification and mesoscale ...
Localization of Stationary Source of Floor Vibration Using Steered Response Power Method

It is sometimes necessary to locate the source of machinery-induced vibrations in buildings when the generated vibration exceeds the acceptable limits. The objective of this study is to localize stationary source of vibration using floor vibration measurements with the steered response power (SRP) method. While this method has been used in microphone array processing and acoustic imaging systems, this paper describes the first application of this method to surface wave vibrations in structures. Source locations are derived from shifted and summed version of received signals by accelerometers to search and find the maximum likelihood of source location. Similar to the time difference of arrival (TDOA) method, the accuracy of the estimate is degraded by the frequency dependent propagation speed and attenuation of concrete floor, which lead to changes in the shape of the received signals. However, the SRP method is more robust than TDOA. Additional processing steps will be applied to reduce the effect of the aforementioned issues. The accuracy of the SRP method is validated through series of experiments in a building. To estimate the wave propagation speed, which is needed for SRP method, cross-correlation is used to compute delays between received signals. The accuracy of this method depends on the location of the source on the bay. Experiments showed an average error of 1 m or less for a single bay with a size of approximately 13.4 by 8.2 m when the source is located at mid bay. The results for SRP method as well as its advantages and shortcomings are discussed.
Prosthetic graft infection after vascular trauma.

A 25-year-old man presented to the trauma center with gunshot wounds to the left shoulder and left lower quadrant. The patient was combative and diaphoretic with a systolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg and a heart rate of 132 beats per minute. He had a single gunshot wound to the soft tissue of the superior aspect of the left shoulder, with normal pulses at the left wrist and a normal neurological examination in the left upper extremity. His abdominal examination was significant for a gunshot entrance wound in the left lower quadrant and diffuse peritonitis. The right femoral pulse was not palpable. After blood was drawn for type and cross-match, a surgeon-performed ultrasound was ‘negative’ for a hemopericardium and a left hemopneumothorax. A massive transfusion protocol was initiated, and a cephalosporin antibiotic was administered. On the first set of arterial blood gases, the pH was 7.11 with a base deficit of −17.5. After transport to the operating room, the patient was intubated, a midline exploratory laparotomy was performed and 2 L of hemoperitoneum were evacuated. There were multiple enterotomies in the small bowel, transection of the right external and internal iliac arteries and near transection of the right spermatic cord. Intestinal clamps were rapidly placed at the sites of enterotomies. Progressive hypotension mandated manual compression of the supraceliac abdominal aorta. A vascular clamp was then applied to the right common iliac artery, and the distal end of the right internal iliac artery was clamped and ligated. As the distal end of the right external iliac artery had retracted under the inguinal ligament, the midline abdominal incision was extended obliquely across the inguinal ligament into the right groin. A vascular clamp was then applied to the distal end of the right external iliac artery. The right spermatic cord was ligated. …
Worlds Apart: A Documentary History of US–Iranian Relations, 1978–2018

A relationship beset with extraordinary acrimony, the US and Iran rarely see eye-to-eye, if only to avoid war or nuclear catastrophe. What is at the core of this troubled rivalry that has stymied policymakers and scholars alike? Using a carefully selected collection of White House, CIA, State Department, and other records, Worlds Apart provides a comprehensive answer to this question: starting from the 1979 revolution and hostage crisis, through the Iran-Iraq War and the spread of radical Islam, to 9/11 and the nuclear impasse, to the 2009 Green Movement and the Obama and Trump presidencies. The records, which form the heart of the book, offer a rare, unfiltered view into the perspectives and experiences of the American and Iranian governments over 40 years. Providing timelines, glossaries, discussion questions, and a guide on reading declassified documents, Byrne and Byrne explore this complicated relationship accessibly and innovatively in this unique documentary history.
Light-ray radon transform for Abelian and non-Abelian connections in three- and four-dimensional space with a Minkowski metric

We have a real manifold of dimension three or four with a Minkowski metric, and with a connection for a trivial GL(n,C) bundle over that manifold. To each light ray on the manifold we assign the data of parallel transport along that light ray. It turns out that these data are not enough to reconstruct the connection, but we can add more data, which depend now not on the lines but on two-planes, and which in some sense are the data of parallel transport in the complex lightlike directions; then we can reconstruct the connection up to a gauge transformation. There are some interesting applications of the construction. (1) In four dimensions, the self-dual Yang-Mills equations can be written as the zero curvature condition for a pair of certain first-order differential operators; one of the operators in the pair is the covariant derivative in complex lightlike direction we study. (2) There is a relation of this radon transform with the supersymmetry. (3) Using our radon transform, we can get a measure on the space of two-dimensional planes in four-dimensional real space. Any such measure gives rise to a Crofton two-density. The integrals of this two-density over surfaces in R givemore » rise to the Lagrangian for maps of real surfaces into R, and, therefore, to some string theory. (4) There are relations with the representation theory. In particular, a closely related transform in three dimensions can be used to get the Plancherel formula for representations of SL(2,R). {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
A framework for classifying the content of online reviews of formalwear rented online

While online reviews are regarded as a key ingredient in product success, little is known about the content of online reviews of apparel products. This study focuses on online reviews found on Rent the Runway (RTR), a very successful firm, which provides consumers who want to wear designer formalwear for special occasions the opportunity to rent at a fraction of the retail price.
Constructing Geometrical Spaces from Acoustical Representations

This paper presents several models for constructing geometrical spaces from acoustical representations. Through specific spectral representations and associated distance measures each model is designed to highlight or ignore certain types of relationships within the given pitch sets. Dimensionality reduction is employed to obtain low dimensional embeddings from spectral representations. The viability of these models is demonstrated for the resulting low dimensional embeddings with respect to a number of group actions including octave shifts, permutation, transposition and inversion.
Probabilistic Solar Energetic Particle Models

To plan and design safe and reliable space missions, it is necessary to take into account the effects of the space radiation environment. This is done by setting the goal of achieving safety and reliability with some desired level of confidence. To achieve this goal, a worst-case space radiation environment at the required confidence level must be obtained. Planning and designing then proceeds, taking into account the effects of this worst-case environment. The result will be a mission that is reliable against the effects of the space radiation environment at the desired confidence level. In this paper we will describe progress toward developing a model that provides worst-case space radiation environments at user-specified confidence levels. We will present a model for worst-case event-integrated solar proton environments that provide the worst-case differential proton spectrum. This model is based on data from IMP-8 and GOES spacecraft that provide a data base extending from 1974 to the present. We will discuss extending this work to create worst-case models for peak flux and mission-integrated fluence for protons. We will also describe plans for similar models for helium and heavier ions.
An assessment of the one-child policy in China from 1980 to 1985.

An analysis of second and third live birth conceptions, from January 1980 to July 1984, in the two Chinese provinces of Hebei and Shaanxi from the In-Depth Fertility Surveys showed: (1) in urban areas third live birth conceptions were quite rare, and higher economic development was associated with lower second live birth conception risks; and (2) in the countryside the preference for sons was a strong predictor of both second and third live birth conceptions, and higher household income was followed generally by lower risks of second and third live birth conceptions, while other socioeconomic factors had little effect.
Mass Informatics in Differential Proteomics

Systems biology aims to understand biological systems on a comprehensive scale, such that the components that make up the whole are connected to one another and work in harmony. As a major component of systems biology, differential proteomics studies the differences between distinct but related proteomes such as normal versus diseased cells and diseased versus treated cells. High throughput mass spectrometry (MS) based analytical platforms are widely used in differential proteomics (Domon, 2006; Fenselau, 2007). As a common practice, the proteome is usually digested into peptides first. The peptide mixture is then separated using multidimensional liquid chromatography (MDLC) and is finally subjected to MS for further analysis. Thousands of mass spectra are generated in a single experiment. Discovering the significantly changed proteins from millions of peaks involves mass informatics. This paper introduces data mining steps used in mass informatics, and concludes with a descriptive examination of concepts, trends and challenges in this rapidly expanding field.
Zur Theorie der Wechselspannungs‐Polarographie

Es wird eine theoretische Analyse der Wechselspannungs-Polarographie gegeben. Die Theorie unterliegt folgenden Voraussetzungen: 1. Der Elektrodenvorgang enthalt nur einen einzigen potentialbestimmenden Schritt und der Transport der am Elektrodenvorgang beteiligten Stoffe erfolgt ausschlieslich durch Diffusion unter Mitwirkung der durch das Tropfenwachstum verursachten Konvektion. 2. Die Amplitude der uberlagerten Wechselspannung ist so klein, das die Nichtlinearitat der Elektrodencharakteristik fur den Wechselspannungsbereich vernachlassigbar ist. Unter diesen Voraussetzungen werden allgemeine Formeln fur den augenblicklichen und den uber die Tropfzeit gemittelten Wert der Wechselstrom-Komponente abgeleitet [Gleichung (29, 30)]. Die so erhaltenen Formeln werden dann auf die zwei Falle der Uberlagerung durch rechteck- und sinusformige Wechselspannung angewandt. In jedem Falle wird fur eine Reihe von Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und Durchtrittsfaktoren der betreffenden Entladungsreaktion der Verlauf der gemittelten Wechselstrom-Komponente in Abhangigkeit von der angelegten Gleichspannung numerisch ausgerechnet und graphisch dargestellt. [Gleichung (36) und Abb. 3 fur Rechteckwechselspannung, Gleichung (64a, b, c) und Abb. 5 fur sinusformige Wechselspannung]. Weiterhin werden die zwei Grenzfalle der reversiblen (Seite 982 und 985) und irreversiblen (Seite 983 und 985/6) Entladungsreaktion genauer behandelt und dabei ergeben sich die expliziten Ausdrucke fur die Spitzenstrom-starke, das Spitzenpotential und die Halbwertsbreite. Schlieslich wird der Kapazitatsstrom berechnet (Seite 987). Es ergibt sich, das dieser unter normalen polarographischen Bedingungen klein ist im Vergleich zu dem Durchtrittsstrom einer reversiblen Elektroden-reaktion, aber von gleicher Grosenordnung im Falle einer irreversiblen Elektrodenreaktion. Bei sinusformiger Wechselspannung last sich durch phasenabhangige Gleichrichtung der Kapazitatsstrom vollstandig eliminieren.
Author's response to “Comment on “Does ferric gluconate lower epoetin requirements in hemodialysis patients with high ferritin levels?””

Author's response to “Comment on “Does ferric gluconate lower epoetin requirements in hemodialysis patients with high ferritin levels?””
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Driving Safety in Housestaff

Sleep deprivation is known to affect driving safety. Housestaff (HS) are routinely sleep-deprived when on call. We hypothesized that this would affect their driving. We therefore administered questionnaires regarding driving to 70 pediatric HS, who were on call every fourth night, and to 85 faculty members (FAC), who were rarely disturbed at night. HS were questioned about events during their residency, and FAC were questioned about events during the preceding three years. There was an 87% response rate for each group. HS slept 2.7 +/- 0.9 (SD) hours when on call vs 7.2 +/- 0.8 hours when not on call (p < 0.001). 44% of HS had fallen asleep when stopped at a light, vs 12.5% FAC (p < 0.001). 23% of HS had fallen asleep while driving vs. 8% FAC (ns). A total of 49% of HS had fallen asleep at the wheel; 90% of these events occurred post-call. In contrast, only 13% of FAC had fallen asleep at the wheel (p < 0.001). HS had received a total of 25 traffic citations for moving violations vs. 15 for FAC and were involved in 20 motor vehicle accidents vs. 11 for FAC. One traffic citation clearly resulted from HS falling asleep at the wheel vs. none for FAC. We conclude that HS frequently fall asleep when driving post-call. We speculate that current HS work schedules may place some HS at risk for injury to themselves and others. Further study, using prospectively objective measures is indicated.
Some fundamental differences in the adhesion and friction of rough versus smooth surfaces

ABSTRACT Recent Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) experiments have shed new light on the roles of surface roughness and surface deformations, both at the molecular and microscopic scales, in determining adhesion and friction. Depending on the roughness, but also on other factors such as the stiffness and viscoelasticity of surfaces, these effects can cause the effective adhesion force to be orders of magnitude lower or higher than the thermodynamic (equilibrium) value, which in turn determines the frictional behaviour. The interactions of ‘ideal’, i.e., molecularly smooth, undamaged, surfaces are now quite well understood, both theoretically and experimentally. However, this is not the case for rough surfaces, which are difficult to define and characterize, and for which rigorous theories and reliable experimental data are lacking. Yet, most real or ‘engineering’ surfaces are rough on the nanometer to micrometer scale. This significantly affects their short-range interactions, their tribological behavior (adhesion, friction and lubrication) and their failure mechanisms (fracture and wear). Even when great care is taken to ensure smoothness, it is generally very difficult to produce a surface with a roughness of less than 25 A except over small areas (usually for research purposes) and it is known that even a few nm of roughness can reduce the adhesion force between hard surfaces by more than an order of magnitude, and totally change their tribological behavior. To date there is no general theory for the interactions of rough surfaces nor any systematic experiments that identify the main trends; for example, how does the adhesion force or friction coefficient of a particular surface depend on its roughness? Indeed, one of the major problems is that roughness itself is not well defined. Simply quoting the RMS roughness of a surface is too simplistic, whereas describing it rigorously in terms of its Fourier components is too impractical. This whole issue has recently come to be appreciated as central to many tribological questions. We have recently performed measurements, using the SFA and scanning lateral probe techniques, on various surfaces having different roughness in an attempt to uncover some general trends and principles that describe the dependence of adhesion, friction and wear on roughness. We find, for example, that there is a generic, approximately exponential, relationship for the repulsive force between two rough surfaces, and that for non-adhering surfaces the friction force is proportional to the load (not the real contact area) at the molecular level. These and other, such as the dynamic, aspects of the tribological interactions between rough surfaces are described and discussed.
Are We Having Fun Yet? an Exploration of the Transformative Power of Play:

In an effort to understand the transformative potential of adult play, this article explores a developmental model that outlines the unfolding complexity of play in light of the evolution of consciousness. It correlates specific play forms with developmental stages and shows how forms of play can both instigate and support transitions between stages. It further outlines how characteristics intrinsic to play support the evolution of consciousness.
Cytotaxonomy of the Seychelles tree frog,Megalixalus seychellensis (Duméril and Bibron) (Amphibia: Hyperoliidae)

The Seychelles tree frog,Megalixalus seychellensis has 2n=24 chromosomes of gradually decreasing length. Pairs 2, 3, and 4 are submetacentric, and the remaining pairs are metacentric. The karyotype affirms hyperoliid assignment of this species, and indicates a link between the Seychellean fauna and the African-Madagascan faunas.
The Impact of Pesticides on the Pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Independent of Potential Hosts

Amphibians around the world are experiencing the greatest organismal decline in recent history. Xenobiotics, such as pesticides, and pathogenic biotic perturbations, including the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), have played major roles in amphibian decreases. We conducted laboratory culture studies to determine the effects of three pesticides {carbaryl, glyphosate, and thiophanate-methyl [TM; Topsin-M(R) (Cerexagri-Nisso LLC)]} on Bd zoospore production and zoosporangia growth. We applied Bd to pesticides mixed in an agar culture to simulate pathogen introduction to a system with pre-existing pesticides (Bd addition). Alternatively, pesticides were applied to pre-established Bd to simulate pesticide introduction after Bd establishment (pesticide addition). We then measured Bd zoosporangia and zoospore production. All pesticides significantly inhibited zoospore production; however, glyphosate and TM were more effective at doing so than carbaryl. In addition, only carbaryl and glyphosate inhibited zoosporangia production. Our data suggest that carbaryl and glyphosate are equally effective at inhibiting both zoosporangia and zoospore production; however, TM is selectively toxic to zoospores but not zoosporangia. One possible explanation for this observation could be that TM is toxic to zoospores but not the protective zoosporangia. In the case of pesticides applied to established Bd cultures, all pesticides caused significant mortality in both zoosporangia and zoospores, and no differences were found among pesticides. We conclude that examining pesticide and pathogen interactions independent of hosts provides mechanistic understanding of such interactions before and after host infection or contamination.
Electromechanical actuation and current-induced metastable states in suspended single-crystalline VO2 nanoplatelets

Current-induced electromechanical actuation enabled by the metal-insulator transition in VO(2) nanoplatelets is demonstrated. The Joule heating by a sufficient current flowing through suspended nanoplatelets results in formation of heterophase domain patterns and is accompanied by nanoplatelet deformation. The actuation action can be achieved in a wide temperature range below the bulk phase transition temperature (68 °C). The observed current-sustained heterophase domain structures should be interpreted as distinct metastable states in free-standing and end-clamped VO(2) samples. We analyze the main prerequisites for the realization of a current-controlled actuator based on the proposed concept.
An agile enabler framework: Architecting services in the clouds

The new operational environment is exemplified by continuously shifting mission requirements that challenges our Information Systems to dynamically add functionality, increase throughput and overcome threats to deliver new capabilities, quicker, with less cost, and more accuracy. It is essential that we engineer a flexible design and follow an agile development process to keep up with these rapid changes. Security considerations should continue to be architected in the initial system capability and implemented in an agile environment to ensure security of the environment, protection of contents, control resources and authentication of users are accomplished in the new Information Technology systems. Today's systems are being tasked to ingest process and analyze dramatically different, high volume data sets than they were originally designed to handle while they have to interact with multiple new systems that were unaccounted for at design time. Agile development of modular systems based on commercial standards has proven to be the best way to achieve these dynamic requirements and continuously meet the ever-changing security threats and providing the required service levels.
Prostaglandin inhibition of apomorphine-induced circling in mice

Abstract The effect of prostaglandins (PGs) on apomorphine (apo)-induced circling was examined in unilaterally lesioned mice. Intraventricularly injected PGD 2 , PGE 2 , and PGF 2α at a dose of 1.0 nmole/g all inhibited apo-induced circling. When injected directly into the striatum, these same PGs also inhibited circling in a dose range of 0.01–0.1 nmole/g, while the PGE 2 metabolite, 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE 2 , was inactive at 0.1 nmole/g. For both routes of administration, PGF 2α appeared to be the most potent of the PGs tested. PGs administered alone by either route to unilaterally lesioned mice did not produce circling. Pretreatment with the PG synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin, caused the apo treated mice to circle at significantly higher rates than control animals. These results are the first report suggesting that within dopamine (DA)-mediated pathways PGs act at sites postsynaptic to the dopaminergic synapse.
Presolution dimensional shifts in concept identification: A test of the sampling with replacement axiom in all-or-none models ☆

The experiment tests an all-or-none theory for concept learning. The assumption tested is that the subject tries out cues (hypotheses) randomly without utilizing information from the past sequence to limit his search. The test condition run involved multiple shifts in relevancy of two cues during the course of learning. Contrary to prediction, this procedure retarded learning. A proposed revision assumes that the subject eliminates inconsistent cues but after awhile forgets that they had been eliminated. Quantitative assumptions to this effect accurately fit the present results. Related research is discussed which also is consistent with the revised sampling rule.
Feline Aortic Thromboemboli and the Potential Utility of Thrombolytic Therapy with Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Feline aortic thromboembolism is a common and devastating clinical condition for which there is presently no effective therapy. Thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator represents a promising, relatively noninvasive method for resolution of the clinical syndrome. In clinical trials in man, tissue plasminogen activator is proving to have advantages over previously available thrombolytic agents. Previously available thrombolytic agents require intensive monitoring and commonly cause complications that entail large monetary and manpower costs to monitor and control. Being specific for thrombus-associated plasminogen, t-PA enables more safe and effective thrombolysis without the hazards previously associated with thrombolytic therapy. In cats with aortic thromboemboli, early clinical trials are promising with regard to acute thrombolytic efficacy but raise questions concerning the risks and benefits of therapy and will require more controlled studies. It is estimated that t-PA therapy for a cat with aortic thromboemboli will cost approximately +500 to +1500, including hospitalization and drugs. This compares favorably with what most veterinary clients are willing to spend for quality veterinary care. However, before we can look upon t-PA therapy as a useful therapeutic advance, we must consider the etiopathogenesis and probability of rethrombosis. The results of controlled studies have not been published, but it is generally considered that there is a high probability of recurrence in cats. Fifty per cent of cats treated with t-PA have rethrombosed despite aspirin therapy at the recommended dose of 25 mg per kg every third day. Finding a cure for feline myocardial diseases (cardiomyopathies) and/or an effective method for safely anticoagulating cats at risk would help justify the monetary and manpower costs associated with thrombolytic therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
SURMOUNTING A LEGACY: The Expansion of Racial Diversity in a Local Anti-Rape Movement

Historical dynamics around feminism, race, and rape discouraged extensive early Black involvement in anti-rape work in the United States. In Los Angeles, concern among women of color in the movement and a state initiative to fund poorly served areas converged to produce two new Black rape crisis centers in the mid-1980s. Ironically, state funding, an otherwise conservative influence on the anti-rape movement, has facilitated the progressive goal of expanding racial and ethnic diversity in the Los Angeles anti-rape movement. Racially homogeneous organizations contributed more to diversifying the movement than integration within organizations. Despite differences in political perspective, women from older feminist groups and the new community-oriented centers now successfully work in coalition.
Oligemic Hypoperfusion Differentially Affects Tau and Amyloid-β

Decreased blood flow to the brain in humans is associated with altered Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related pathology, although the underlying mechanisms by which hypoperfusion influences AD neuropathology remains unknown. To try to address this question, we developed an oligemic model of cerebral hypoperfusion in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD. We bilaterally and transiently occluded the common carotid artery and then examined the molecular and cellular pathways by which hypoperfusion influenced tau and amyloid-β proteins. We report the novel finding that a single, mild, transient hypoperfusion insult acutely increases Aβ levels by enhancing β-secretase protein expression. In contrast, transient hypoperfusion markedly decreases total tau levels, coincident with activation of macroautophagy and ubiquitin-proteosome pathways. Furthermore, we find that oligemia results in a significant increase specifically in tau phosphorylated at serine212 and threonine214, a tau epitope associated with paired helical filaments in AD patients. Despite the mild and transient nature of this hypoperfusion injury, the pattern of decreased total tau, altered phosphorylated tau, and increased amyloid-β persisted for several weeks postoligemia. Our study indicates that a single, mild, cerebral hypoperfusion event produces profound and long lasting effects on both tau and amyloid-β. This finding may have implications for the pathogenesis of AD, as it indicates for the first time that total tau and amyloid-β are differentially impacted by mild hypoperfusion.
Negative pattern fabrication using laser exposure of positive photoresist

The method of simultaneous positive and negative pattern formation on a single positive photoresist layer is described. A negative photoresist pattern was fabricated by using local laser exposure to crosslink a positive resist layer, consecutive UV flood exposure, and resist developing. The positive pattern is obtained on the same photoresist layer in the areas masked from the UV flood exposure. Effects of laser energy and resist processing parameters on height and width of negative type resist structures were investigated. Metal line grid structures with lines in the region of 3 to 30 micrometers in width were manufactured on a 5' X 5' glass substrate using this technique. The proposed method of positive/negative pattern formation significantly reduces the number of technological steps in the fabrication of diffractive elements for dual-wavelength applications.
Application of a New Nonlinear Programming Code with Decomposition to the Regional Wastewater-Collection and Treatment-Location Problem

A new, highly reliable nonlinear programming algorithm is coupled with decomposition to find the optimal solution to a regional sewage-treatment system for an area in Monongalia County surrounding Morgantown, West Virginia. A regional model with trade-offs between the cost of transporting wastewater to centrally located plants for treatment and the economies of scale accruing to large centralized treatment plants is developed. Possible cost savings of an optimal system are demonstrated.
A review of the current understanding of redox capacity in natural, disequilibrium systems

Abstract This paper reviews the conceptual significance of the redox capacity in natural systems that are typically in a state of redox disequilibria. Redox capacity has been shown to be thermodynamically undefinable in disequilibrium systems. Comparisons are made between poising capacity and the acid base analog, buffer capacity. Alternate methods of assessing redox capacity that do not necessitate solution equilibrium are discussed.
Arguing about definitions

What are the implications of taking seriously Chaim Perelman's proposition that “definitions are rhetorical”? Efforts to find Real Definitions are dysfunctional to the extent they direct argumentation toward pseudo “is” claims and away from explicit “ought” claims about how words are to be used. Addressing definitional disputes explicitly as propositions ofought rather thanis could put on the agenda the pragmatic concerns of definitional choice that might otherwise remain tacit.
Sae2 promotes DNA damage resistance by removing the Mre11–Rad50–Xrs2 complex from DNA and attenuating Rad53 signaling

The Mre11–Rad50–Xrs2/NBS1 (MRX/N) nuclease/ATPase complex plays structural and catalytic roles in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and is the DNA damage sensor for Tel1/ATM kinase activation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sae2 can function with MRX to initiate 5′-3′ end resection and also plays an important role in attenuation of DNA damage signaling. Here we describe a class of mre11 alleles that suppresses the DNA damage sensitivity of sae2Δ cells by accelerating turnover of Mre11 at DNA ends, shutting off the DNA damage checkpoint and allowing cell cycle progression. The mre11 alleles do not suppress the end resection or hairpin-opening defects of the sae2Δ mutant, indicating that these functions of Sae2 are not responsible for DNA damage resistance. The purified MP110LRX complex shows reduced binding to single- and double-stranded DNA in vitro relative to wild-type MRX, consistent with the increased turnover of Mre11 from damaged sites in vivo. Furthermore, overproduction of Mre11 causes DNA damage sensitivity only in the absence of Sae2. Together, these data suggest that it is the failure to remove Mre11 from DNA ends and attenuate Rad53 kinase signaling that causes hypersensitivity of sae2Δ cells to clastogens.
Constructing disjoint paths for failure recovery and multipath routing

Applications such as Voice over IP and video streaming require continuous network service, requiring fast failure recovery mechanisms. Proactive failure recovery schemes have been recently proposed to improve network performance during the failure transients. These proactive failure recovery schemes need extra infrastructural support in the form of routing table entries, extra addresses etc. In this paper, we study if the extra infrastructure support can be exploited to build disjoint paths in those frameworks, while keeping the lengths of the recovery paths close to those of the primary paths. Our evaluations show that it is possible to extend the proactive failure recovery schemes to provide support for nearly-disjoint paths which can be employed in multipath routing for load balancing and QoS.
Perceptions of Middle School Assessment: An Ecological View.

Background: The ecology of physical education is created through the interaction of three task systems: managerial task system, instructional task system, and the student social system. Within the ecological framework tasks are presented and task development is influenced by concepts such as ambiguity, risk, and accountability. Teachers' and students' perceptions of assessment tasks have been examined to some extent in physical education; however, they have not been investigated through an ecological lens. Purpose of study: The purpose of this study was to examine middle school students' and their teacher's perceptions of assessment through an ecological lens in order to investigate how assessment influenced both the teacher's and the students' agenda in the classroom. Setting: The research took place in a suburban middle school located in the western part of Massachusetts. Participants: Participants were an intact class of 36 seventh-grade students and their teacher. Research design: Qualitative case stu...
Role of experiments in mechanics

Aspects of scientific inquiry—discovery, characterization, and verification—are examined through historical and personal examples. Specifically, the role of experiments in developing an understanding of materials and structures is discussed.