cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An intervention to increase fluid intake in nursing home residents : Prompting and preference compliance

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a three-phase, behavioral intervention to improve fluid intake in nursing home (NH) residents. DESIGN: Controlled clinical intervention trial. SETTING: Two community NHs. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-three incontinent NH residents. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized into intervention and control groups. The intervention consisted of three phases for a total of 32 weeks: (1) 16 weeks of four verbal prompts to drink per day, in between meals; (2) 8 weeks of eight verbal prompts per day, in between meals; and (3) 8 weeks of eight verbal prompts per day, in between meals, plus compliance with participant beverage preferences. MEASUREMENTS: Between-meal fluid intake was measured in ounces by research staff during all three phases of the intervention. Percentage of fluids consumed during meals was also estimated by research staff for a total of nine meals per participant (3 consecutive days) at baseline and at 8 and 32 weeks into the intervention. Serum osmolality, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine values were obtained for all participants in one of the two sites at the same three time points. RESULTS: The majority (78%) of participants increased their fluid intake between meals in response to the increase in verbal prompts (phase 1 to 2). A subset of residents (21%), however, only increased their fluid intake in response to beverage preference compliance (phase 3). There was a significant reduction in the proportion of intervention participants who had laboratory values indicative of dehydration compared with the control participants. Cognitive and nutritional status were predictive of residents' responsiveness to the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: A behavioral intervention that consists of verbal prompts and beverage preference compliance was effective in increasing fluid intake among most of a sample of incontinent NH residents. Verbal prompting alone was effective in improving fluid intake in the more cognitively impaired residents, whereas preference compliance was needed to increase fluid intake among less cognitively impaired NH residents.
Magnetic studies of free nonferromagnetic clusters.

Recent calculations have indicated the possibility of large permanent magnetic moments for clusters of nonferromagnetic materials. Here we describe Stern-Gerlach measurements of aluminum, chromium, palladium, and vanadium clusters, none of which are ferromagnetic in the bulk. No deflections were observed in any of these systems. Upper limits of the magnetic moments are reported.
Seasonal and Spatial Coarse Particle Elemental Concentrations in the Los Angeles Area

The concentrations of trace metals and elements in the coarse fraction of atmospheric particulate matter (CPM, particles smaller than 10 and larger than 2.5 μm in diameter, PM10–2.5) and their spatial and temporal trends were investigated in the greater Los Angeles area. Ten distinct sampling sites were chosen to encompass a variety of CPM sources, including urban, rural, coastal, inland, and near-freeway sites. Time-integrated 24-h CPM samples were collected at each location once a week, for an entire year, from April 2008 to March 2009, to characterize drivers of the seasonal and spatial patterns of the CPM trace metal content. Metals were quantified using sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). Trace metals in CPM displayed distinct seasonal and temporal variations, and a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to aid the identification of the CPM sources underlying these variations. The probable sources of each principal component were identified using elemental...
Adipose tissue of Drosophila melanogaster. 3. The effect of the ovary on cell growth and the storage of lipid and glycogen in the adult tissue.

Cytometric analysis was made on the adult adipose tissue of sectioned abdomens of normal and experimentally treated adult Drosophila melanogaster. The adipose cells of two week old males and females are equal in size. The male cells contain 72% glycogen and 7% lipid, whereas the female cells contain 60% glycogen and 23% lipid. The adipose tissue of males containing a mature, transplanted ovary is similar to the female adipose tissue with regard to the cell size and amounts of lipid and glycogen. The adipose cells of castrated females are about 1.4 times larger than those of normal females, but the amount of lipid and glycogen per cell remains somewhat feminine. The adipose cells of genetically sterile, fes, females are about 1.4 times larger than those of normal females, but the amount of lipid and glycogen per cell remains somewhat feminine. The adipose cells of genetically sterile, fes, females are about 1.5 times larger than normal cells and are similar to normal male cells with regard to the proportions of reserve substances. The adipose cells of fes females containing a transplanted, normal ovary shrink to the same size as those of normal flies; and are similar to those of the normal females with respect to amount of glycogen, but are similar to those of normal males with respect to the amount of lipid. The ovary's stimulatory effect on the growth of the larval and repressive effect on the growth of the adult tissue is discussed.
DRUM: A Dynamic Range Unbiased Multiplier for Approximate Applications

Many applications for signal processing, computer vision and machine learning show an inherent tolerance to some computational error. This error resilience can be exploited to trade off accuracy for savings in power consumption and design area. Since multiplication is an essential arithmetic operation for these applications, in this paper we focus specifically on this operation and propose a novel approximate multiplier with a dynamic range selection scheme. We design the multiplier to have an unbiased error distribution, which leads to lower computational errors in real applications because errors cancel each other out, rather than accumulate, as the multiplier is used repeatedly for a computation. Our approximate multiplier design is also scalable, enabling designers to parameterize it depending on their accuracy and power targets. Furthermore, our multiplier benefits from a reduction in propagation delay, which enables its use on the critical path. We theoretically analyze the error of our design as a function of its parameters and evaluate its performance for a number of applications in image processing, and machine classification. We demonstrate that our design can achieve power savings of 54% -- 80%, while introducing bounded errors with a Gaussian distribution with near-zero average and standard deviations of 0.45% -- 3.61%. We also report power savings of up to 58% when using the proposed design in applications. We show that our design significantly outperforms other approximate multipliers recently proposed in the literature.
Environmental relationships and vegetation associates of columnar cacti in the northern Sonoran Desert

The environmental distribution, habitat segregation, and vegetation associates of the columnar cacti Carnegiea gigantea, Stenocereus thurberi, and Lophocereus schottii were examined in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Three primary environmental gradients were identified with principal components analysis of environmental data: soil texture, elevation/nutrients, and xericness (based on slope aspect and angle). Environmental influents of spatial variation in density were modeled with ordinary least squares regression analysis, and common associates were identified with two-way indicator species analysis for each cactus. Of the three cacti, Carnegiea gigantea occurred over the broadest ecological range of habitats, but was densest on coarse, granitically derived alluvial soils of flat upper bajadas and basin floors, where it was associated with Larrea tridentata, Ambrosia deltoidea, and Opuntia fulgida. Stenocereus thurberi reached its maximum densities on coarse sandy soils of steep, south-facing granitic slopes, with Encelia farinosa, Jatropha cuneata, and Opuntia bigelovii as associates. Lophocereus schottii was restricted to very coarse, granitically derived alluvial soils in the southern part of the monument, where it occurred along wash banks with Beloperone californica, Hymenoclea salsola, Acacia greggii, and Opuntia arbuscula.
A satellite-asteroid mystery and a possible early flux of scattered C-class asteroids

The C spectral class implied by the neutral spectra and low albedo of probably capture-originated satellites orbiting Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars is noted to contradict evidence that class-C objects are native only to the outer half of the asteroid belt. It is presently suggested that Jupiter resonances may have scattered a high flux of C-type objects out of the belt as well as throughout the primordial solar system, at the close of planet accretion, when extended atmospheres could figure in their capture. The largest scattered object fluxes come from the resonance regions primarily populated by C-class objects, lending support to the Pollack et al. (1979) capture scenario invoking extended protoatmospheres.
Enhancing es-hyperneat to evolve more complex regular neural networks

The recently-introduced evolvable-substrate HyperNEAT algorithm (ES-HyperNEAT) demonstrated that the placement and density of hidden nodes in an artificial neural network can be determined based on implicit information in an infinite-resolution pattern of weights, thereby avoiding the need to evolve explicit placement. However, ES-HyperNEAT is computationally expensive because it must search the entire hypercube, and was shown only to match the performance of the original HyperNEAT in a simple benchmark problem. Iterated ES-HyperNEAT, introduced in this paper, helps to reduce computational costs by focusing the search on a sequence of two-dimensional cross-sections of the hypercube and therefore makes possible searching the hypercube at a finer resolution. A series of experiments and an analysis of the evolved networks show for the first time that iterated ES-HyperNEAT not only matches but outperforms original HyperNEAT in more complex domains because ES-HyperNEAT can evolve networks with limited connectivity, elaborate on existing network structure, and compensate for movement of information within the hypercube.
Fabrication of an aluminum, Caribbean-style, musical pan: Metallurgical and acoustical characterization

Abstract We report herein the first development and fabrication of a 6061 aluminum alloy pan and compare its tuning and acoustic spectra for selected notes with a standard low-carbon steel Caribbean pan fabricated from a 210-L barrel. The experimental aluminum alloy pan was completely manufactured by welding a 1.68-mm-thick head sheet to a 9-mm 2 aluminum alloy hoop, sinking the head by pneumatic hammering and welding a 1.15-mm-thick aluminum alloy side or skirt to the hoop. This experimental pan was 0.66 m in diameter, in contrast to the 210-L steel barrel standard, which had a diameter of 0.57 m. Chromatic tones were observed for most rim notes on the aluminum alloy pan, but the highest octave range notes at the pan bottom were not tuned. Microstructural characterization by light optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy illustrated the necessity for high dislocation densities and associated hardness in order to stabilize the notes and to assure their chromatic tuning.
Nonlinear morphological control of growing crystals

Abstract In this paper, we study the nonlinear stability of growing crystals and the development of protocols for controlling their shapes. We focus on the effects of surface tension anisotropy on the morphology of a 2D, non-circular crystal growing in a supercooled melt. We use a spectrally accurate boundary integral method to simulate the long-time, nonlinear dynamics of evolving crystals and to characterize the nonlinear morphological stability during growth. Our analysis and simulations reveal that under critical conditions of an applied far-field heat flux, there is nonlinear stabilization leading to the growth of compact crystals even though unstable growth may be significant at early times. The crystal morphologies are determined by a complex competition between the heat transport (far-field flux) and the strength of surface tension anisotropy. In particular, we observe three types of behavior: universal, limiting and oscillatory. Universal behavior occurs when the shape of the evolving crystal tends to a shape that is independent of both time and the initial condition. Limiting behavior occurs when the shape of the crystal tends to a shape that is independent of time, but depends on the initial condition. Oscillatory behavior occurs when the shape depends on both time and the initial condition, though its growth is bounded. Unlike the isotropic case where universal shapes have an arbitrary symmetry that depends only on the far-field flux [S. Li, J. Lowengrub, P. Leo, V. Cristini, Nonlinear Stability Analysis of Self-similar crystal growth: control of Mullins-Sekerka instability, J. Crystal Growth 277 (2005) 578–592.], here the surface tension anisotropy selects the symmetry of the universal shape. The results are presented as a phase diagram that characterizes the long time evolution behavior in a plane parameterized by the far-field flux and the strength of surface tension anisotropy. The phase diagram delineates the parameter ranges for the observed behaviors and can be used to design a nonlinear protocol to control the shapes of growing crystals that might be able to be carried out in an experiment. Finally, the analysis developed here may provide insights on the control of pattern formation in other physical and biological systems.
Utilization of fluorescein for identification and preservation of the facial nerve and semicircular canals for safe mastoidectomy: a proof of concept laboratory cadaveric study.

OBJECTIVE: Mastoidectomy can be a very challenging procedure for many reasons. The normal anatomy can be distorted because of inflammatory processes and tumors and recurrences. Avoiding injuries to the semicircular canals (SCCs) and facial canal is mandatory, and there is need to find a way to recognize the facial nerve and SCCs for safe performance of mastoidectomy. We describe, as a proof of concept, a novel technique to drill the mastoid while allowing the surgeon to recognize and avoid injuries to vital structures, in the cadaver. METHODS: Four fresh cadaveric heads (8 sides) were prepared by cannulating the major vessels at the level of the neck. After removal of the mastoid cortex, indocyanine green was injected in the vessels. The sigmoid sinus alongside the facial nerve and SCCs was skeletonized using the drilling guidance provided by the fluorescence. The mucosa covering the air cells of the mastoid is very well vascularized compared with the thick bone representing the outer layer of the SCCs and facial canal. Consequently, after the indocyanine green injection, the mucosa shines whereas the bone does not. The fluorescence guides the drilling displaying air cells that are safe to remove. RESULTS: Eight mastoidectomies were performed, resulting in optimal drilling with no injuries to the facial canal and SCCs. CONCLUSION: With this novel technique, it is possible to perfectly skeletonize the facial nerve and the SCCs in the cadaver. We think that this technique can be an adjunct in the armamentarium of trainees that are not familiar with the anatomy of the temporal bone and eventually of neurosurgeons facing lesions that require the removal of various degrees of the mastoid.
The origin of flow during wetting of solids

Abstract During wetting processes a fluid interface moves along a solid surface which it contacts. This motion can occur only if flow arises near the contact line. A mechanism is proposed for the origin of such flow. Flow along the fluid interface near a solid-liquid-gas contact line is produced, for example, by the action of intermolecular forces on the liquid near the contact line. Whether flow is toward or away from the contact line depends both on the relative magnitude of liquid-liquid and liquid-solid intermolecular forces and on the size of the contact angle. A simple theoretical analysis correctly predicts that at an advancing contact line, i.e., one where liquid replaces gas in contact with the solid, the contact angle exceeds its equilibrium value and flow along the fluid interface is toward the contact line. Similar predictions are obtained for receding contact lines. The predicted variation of equilibrium contact angle for different liquids on a single solid is also consistent with experimental data.
Five symbolic roles of the external consultant – Integrating change, power and symbolism

Power and politics have long been accepted as often detrimental elements of change processes. An element of the political arena that has received limited attention, however, is the inadvertent symbolism associated with the presence of an external consultant or change agent. Presents a retrospective analysis of role symbolism of two consultants during a 14‐month change project. Using concepts drawn from theories on organizational power, stages of change, and symbolism, a framework of five symbolic roles of the external consultant is presented. These roles include symbol of change‐to‐come, symbol of changing norms and values, symbol of power redistribution, symbolic wishing well, and symbol of organizational empowerment. The emergence, significance and implications of these symbolic roles during different change stages are explored. Implications are developed for researchers, change agents and external consultants in general.
Vertical dimensions of seasonal trends in the diurnal temperature range across the central United States

[1] Many investigators have used near-surface air temperature measurements to document a downward global trend in the diurnal temperature range (DTR). In this paper, we use radiosonde-based tropospheric measurements to examine vertical dimensions in trends in the DTR over the central United States. We find declining trends in DTR only at 85 kPa and the surface in the high-sun season, with the absolute trend at 85 kPa being greater than the trend at the surface suggesting that the trend in DTR is far more than an urban artifact in the data. There are no significant trends in DTR from 70 kPa to 25 kPa in any season. These results suggest that DTR trends in the low troposphere are likely influenced by near-surface processes such as variations in cloudiness, vegetation, or precipitation but not dominated by urban effects.
Chemiluminescence study of the Ca(1D) + BrCN reaction: Estimate of the CaCN dissociation energy

Chemiluminescence resulting from the reaction of Ca(1D) + BrCN under single-collision conditions has been observed. The spectra show the major chemiluminescence channel to be the formation of the excited calcium monocyanide. From the short-wavelength cutoff of the chemiluminescence spectrum, a lower bound of 3.91 ± 0.05 eV is placed on D00(CaCN). An absolute chemiluminescence cross section of 19.0 ± 1.0 A2 has been found for the above reaction.
The growth of γ-MnS crystals in sodium silicate gels

Abstract Single crystals of γ-MnS and α-MnS have been grown in silica gels at temperatures between 4° and 41°C. Tabular hexagonal crystals of γ-MnS up to 1 mm across have been characterized optically, spectrochemically, and by x-ray diffraction. γ-MnS is uniaxial positive, with a birefringence of approximately 0.022–0.032.
Category-Based and Feature-Based Cognitive Processes: The Role of Unfavorable Information1

Recent research on selection decisions suggests that favorable features (e.g., attractive physical features or positively-evaluated personality traits) can enhance ratings of applicant suitability, but little research has examined the impact of unfavorable features. Theories of person perception distinguish between two information processing strategies: category-based and feature-based. We predicted that unfavorable features would influence selection decisions only when raters used feature-based processing strategies. Results suggest that applicant features' prototypicality and favorability can compensate for one another, with applicants' negative features resulting in a disadvantage only when the applicant is perceived as nonprototypical.
Geometric compensation of (100) single crystal silicon disk resonating gyroscope for mode-matching

In this paper, we show two methods for modifying the design of a Disk Resonating Gyroscope (DRG) to compensate for the mechanical anisotropy in single crystal silicon. This method is validated through experimental characterization of more than 70 different devices. With the proposed methods, the frequency split of the 250kHz DRG “wineglass” modes in single crystal silicon was reduced from >10kHz to as los as 96Hz without any electrostatic tuning. These results allow development of high-performance miniature DRGs tuned for degenerate-mode operation from high-quality crystalline silicon material.
A Global Site of Heritage? Constructing Spaces of Memory at the World Trade Center Site

Phenomenological studies of space have shown how people create meaningful places through ritualised performances in and through space. The World Trade Center (WTC) site may be considered a heritage site, first created through the daily work of individuals visiting the site. The following paper applies phenomenological theories of space and landscape to understand how visitors’ daily movements at the WTC site during the first year after 11 September led to the construction of memorial spaces at the site that began to situate those events as global heritage. This investigation pays particular attention to the role of material boundaries and other spatial restrictions on heritage making, and examines how everyday, vernacular memorialisation, always in dialogue with more official modes, plays a vital role in the creation of global sites of heritage.
Tritium as a Product of Fission

Experiments are described which indicate that the triton is a previously unrecognized fission product. Tritium was shown to be present in a ratio of one triton per (1-2) x 10/sup 4/ fissions in samples of irradiated natural and enriched uranium and in an irradiated mixture of transuranium isotopes. The Li content of the sample was proven not to be the source of the tritium. (W.D.M.)
NT-3 weakly stimulates proliferation of adult rat O1(-)O4(+) oligodendrocyte-lineage cells and increases oligodendrocyte myelination in vitro.

The transplantation of fibroblasts, genetically modified to secrete neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and/or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), into spinal cord-injured rats increases the production of new oligodendrocytes and myelination (McTigue et al. [1998] J. Neurosci. 18:5354–5365). This experiment did not fully resolve whether the effect was exerted on oligodendrocyte precursors or on oligodendrocytes, or whether there was stimulation of both proliferation and differentiation of the oligodendrocyte lineage cells. To clarify the effects of NT-3 and BDNF, adult rat spinal cord was dissociated to produce cultures in which both oligodendrocyte precursors (O1−O4+) and oligodendrocytes (O1+) were present. Thymidine labeling of cells was determined in the presence and absence of added NT-3 and/or BDNF. In addition, the effect of these neurotrophins on myelination was determined by treating purified adult O1+ oligodendrocyte/embryonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron cocultures with neurotrophins, only during the myelination period. O1+ oligodendrocyte proliferation was not stimulated by NT-3 or BDNF; however, the proliferation of O1−O4+ cells was increased in NT-3-treated cultures to a labeling index (LI: 24 hr) of 15–20%. This effect was observed at 5 but not at 10 days in vitro. In comparison, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induced the proliferation of both O1+ oligodendrocytes (LI ∼60%) and O1−O4+ cells (LI ∼75%). The amount of myelin formed in purified O1+ oligodendrocyte/DRG neuron cocultures was significantly increased in NT-3-treated cultures compared to untreated cultures. These results indicate that NT-3 is weakly but transiently mitogenic for adult-derived oligodendrocyte precursors and support the suggestion that NT-3 promotes the maturation of O1+ oligodendrocytes into myelin-forming cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 62:329–335, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Automated liver segmentation using a normalized probabilistic atlas

Probabilistic atlases of anatomical organs, especially the brain and the heart, have become popular in medical image analysis. We propose the construction of probabilistic atlases which retain structural variability by using a size-preserving modified affine registration. The organ positions are modeled in the physical space by normalizing the physical organ locations to an anatomical landmark. In this paper, a liver probabilistic atlas is constructed and exploited to automatically segment liver volumes from abdominal CT data. The atlas is aligned with the patient data through a succession of affine and non-linear registrations. The overlap and correlation with manual segmentations are 0.91 (0.93 DICE coefficient) and 0.99 respectively. Little work has taken place on the integration of volumetric measures of liver abnormality to clinical evaluations, which rely on linear estimates of liver height. Our application measures the liver height at the mid-hepatic line (0.94 correlation with manual measurements) and indicates that its combination with volumetric estimates could assist the development of a noninvasive tool to assess hepatomegaly.
Predictors of J-point elevation in a cross sectional US cohort.

Apurva O. Badheka , Nileshkumar J. Patel , Vikas Singh , Abhishek Deshmukh , Neeraj Shah , Peeyush Grover , Ankit Rathod , Ankit Chothani , KathanMehta , Ghanshyam Savani , Robert J. Myerburg , Raul D. Mitrani , Mauricio G. Cohen a,⁎ a University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States b Staten Island University Hospital, NY, United States c University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR, United States d Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre, LA, CA, United States e Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, United States f Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Excitation and imaging of resonant optical modes of Au triangular nanoantennas using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy

Cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging spectroscopy is an important technique to understand the resonant behavior of optical nanoantennas. The authors report high-resolution CL spectroscopy of triangular gold nanoantennas designed with near-vacuum effective index and very small metal-substrate interface. This design helped in addressing issues related to background luminescence and shifting of dipole modes beyond visible spectrum. Spatial and spectral investigations of various plasmonic modes are reported. Out-of-plane dipole modes excited with a vertically illuminated electron beam showed high-contrast tip illumination in panchromatic imaging. By tilting the nanostructures during fabrication, in-plane dipole modes of antennas were excited. Finite-difference time-domain simulations for electron and optical excitations of different modes showed excellent agreement with experimental results. Their approach of efficiently exciting antenna modes by using low index substrates is confirmed both with experiments and n...
Dynamic Surface Tension and Adsorption Kinetics from Micellar Solutions on Planar Surfaces

Abstract A qualitative theory of the dynamic surface tension and adsorption kinetics from micellar surfactant solutions on a planar surface is developed for the kinetic–diffusive-controlled adsorption process obeying any adsorption kinetics on a planar surface and any micellization–demicellization kinetics in the bulk. The time-dependent adsorption and dynamic surface tension is obtained in an analytical form for short and long times. It is shown that the adsorption process and dynamic surface tension over a wide range of surfactant (monomer) concentrations is governed by: (I) the adsorption kinetics of monomers and micelles for short times (0 ≤t ≤ tcr1), (II) the adsorption kinetics of monomers and micelles on a planar surface and the micellization–demicellization kinetics in the bulk, and the diffusion of monomers and micelles for intermediate times (tcr1≤ t ≤ tcr2), and (III) the diffusion of monomers and micelles for long times (t ≥ tcr2). Formulas were derived to estimate the relaxation timestcr1,tcr2, and the parameters characterizing the adsorption process over a wide range of times. The existence of the (I), (II), and (III) regimes are justified by using the experimental data for the dynamic surface tension of a micellar Brij 58 solution.
Pulp Pulpits: Self‐Disclosure on “Donahue”

This study examines why people choose to self-disclose on “Donahue” and what role television plays in their lives prior to disclosure. Focused interviews were conducted with 29 informants between the ages of 12 and 68 who had appeared on the program. Analysis revealed that an evangelical fervor underpinned their decision, overshadowing other concerns about disclosure in a public forum. Informants generally reported low levels of television viewing. They held a pragmatic view of talk shows as avenues to reach a dual audience that included the mainstream public and members of their out-groups. Television disclosure is a tactic in a counterhegemonic struggle. Respondents utilized numerous impression management techniques in their efforts to manage their stigmatized status. Participants on “Donahue” risk co-optation, but running the gauntlet of criticism and ridicule allows an opportunity for delabeling rarely afforded to out-groups.
An Analysis of Implanted Antennas in Xilinx FPGAs

FPGA interconnects are typically utilized as digital resources to connect the logical building blocks of an FPGA. Because of the flexibility in the FPGA interconnect, all of the wires in the interconnect will never be simultaneously utilized. These unutilized wires can combined into a single net on the FPGA while retaining a specific physical shape. When this shape is excited, energy is emitted from this shape, much like a radio transmitter. This is then captured by a wide-band antenna this is controlled by an automated testing apparatus. This research extends previous efforts by evaluating multiple shapes on the same FPGA, utilizing a wide-band antenna from two measurements distances, automating the collection of results with a fine grain resolution, and monitoring the stability of the FPGA while the transmission is occurring.
Late Cenozoic marine deposition in the United States Atlantic Coastal Plain related to tectonism and global climate

Abstract Major hiatuses in upper Cenozoic marine deposits in the United States Atlantic Coastal Plain are recognized on the basis of molluscan faunal changes at erosional unconformities. These hiatuses generally coincided with periods of global cooling and ice sheet formation. Such hiatuses provide information to supplement global climatic data. Major hiatuses are recognized within the early Miocene (23-20 m.y. ago), at the end of the middle Miocene (∼ 11-10 m.y. ago), at the end of the late Miocene (∼6.5-5 m.y. ago), at the end of the early Pliocene (∼4.0–2.5 m.y. ago), at the end of the late Pliocene (∼1.9 or 1.8 m.y. ago), within the Pleistocene (∼1.1-0.5 m.y. ago) and several times within the last 0.4 m.y. Estimates of the amount of water contained in ice sheets at different times in the Pliocene and Pleistocene facilitate calculation of probable minimum sea levels on the Coastal Plain during different high stands of the sea. The altitudes of dated shoreline deposits in the Atlantic Coastal Plain show that the amount of uplift in the Cape Fear area has averaged at least 1.3 cm per 1000 years since the beginning of Pliocene time. The Coastal Plain of Georgia has apparently experienced relatively little vertical deformation during this same time.
Patient Compliance and the Role of the Expert

The failure of patients to follow recommendations made to them by health experts usually represents a hazard to the patient's health, a waste of health resources, and a source of frustration to the health expert. Many studies of such failure lead to the conclusion that every patient should be considered as potentially “non-compliant.” The most promising site for intervention is in the expert-patient interaction. Viewing compliance as a property of the transaction between expert and client, it is appropriate to see the responsibility for establishing compliance as shared between expert and client. From this viewpoint, several models of the expert-client relationship are reviewed. Three areas of responsibility can be assigned to experts—exploring the individual patient's situation fully; anticipating the patient's difficulties in following recommendations; and communicating information in a way that will maximize its effectiveness. Recognition of these responsibilities will have numerous consequences for those who teach health professionals and for psychologists engaged in the study of communication processes.
Preparation of Large Porous Deslorelin-PLGA Microparticles with Reduced Residual Solvent and Cellular Uptake Using a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Process

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to prepare large-porous peptide-encapsulating polymeric particles with low residual solvent that retain deslorelin integrity, sustain drug release, and exhibit reduced epithelial and macrophage uptake. We hypothesized that supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) pressure-quench treatment of microparticles prepared using conventional approach expands these particles and extracts the residual organic solvent.
Pressure-volume-temperature relations of hexafluorobenzene

Abstract Use of an unsymmetrical force field best describes the nonideal behavior of hexafluorobenzene as deduced from comprehensive experimental measurements of its gaseous state properties. Experimental measurements of gas density from 225 to 350 °C and 0.75 to 6.5 mol dm −3 , vapor pressure from 1 atm to the critical, orthobaric liquid and vapor densities, and the critical properties t o = (243.52±0.02) °C, P o = (32.304±0.010) atm, and V o = (0.3351±0.0017) dm 3 mol −1 were made. Derived values of the parameters for the Cox vapor pressure equation, the second, third, and fourth virial coefficients, and the empirical parameters of a Stockmayer potential function characterize hexafluorobenzene as a key substance for definitive studies of intermolecular behavior.
Daily electronic portal imaging of implanted gold seed fiducials in patients undergoing radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to measure interfraction prostate bed motion, setup error, and total positioning error in 10 consecutive patients undergoing postprostatectomy radiotherapy. Methods and Materials: Daily image-guided target localization and alignment using electronic portal imaging of gold seed fiducials implanted into the prostate bed under transrectal ultrasound guidance was used in 10 patients undergoing adjuvant or salvage radiotherapy after prostatectomy. Prostate bed motion, setup error, and total positioning error were measured by analysis of gold seed fiducial location on the daily electronic portal images compared with the digitally reconstructed radiographs from the treatment-planning CT. Results: Mean (± standard deviation) prostate bed motion was 0.3 ± 0.9 mm, 0.4 ± 2.4 mm, and −1.1 ± 2.1 mm in the left–right (LR), superior–inferior (SI), and anterior–posterior (AP) axes, respectively. Mean set-up error was 0.1 ± 4.5 mm, 1.1 ± 3.9 mm, and −0.2 ± 5.1 mm in the LR, SI, and AP axes, respectively. Mean total positioning error was 0.2 ± 4.5 mm, 1.2 ± 5.1 mm, and −0.3 ± 4.5 mm in the LR, SI, and AP axes, respectively. Total positioning errors >5 mm occurred in 14.1%, 38.7%, and 28.2% of all fractions in the LR, SI, and AP axes, respectively. There was no significant migration of the gold marker seeds. Conclusions: This study validates the use of daily image-guided target localization and alignment using electronic portal imaging of implanted gold seed fiducials as a valuable method to correct for interfraction target motion and to improve precision in the delivery of postprostatectomy radiotherapy.
Bending relationships between the modified couple stress-based functionally graded Timoshenko beams and homogeneous Bernoulli–Euler beams

The Bernoulli–Euler and Timoshenko beam theories are reformulated using a modified couple stress theory and through-thickness power-law variation of a two-constituent material [functionally graded material (FGM)]. The model contains a material length scale parameter that can capture the size effect in a FGM. The equations are then used to develop algebraic relationships for the deflections, slopes, stress resultants of the Timoshenko beam theory (TBT) for microstructure-dependent FGM beams in terms of the same quantities of the conventional Bernoulli–Euler beam theory (BET). The relationships allow determination of the solutions of the TBT for microstructure-dependent FGM beams whenever solutions based on the BET are available. Examples of the use of the relationships are presented using straight beams with simply supported and clamped boundary conditions.
Two-star photoelectric photometer

A three-detector photoelectric photometer system being developed for use on the 46-cm telescope (and on a planned 80-cm telescope) at the Appalachian State University Dark Sky Observatory is described. One (PIN-diode) detector is used to obtain sky brightness, while the other two can be aligned for simultaneous observations of two objects by adjusting the separation and position angle with stepper motors. Fiber-optic image conduits mounted beside the detectors feed a CCD video camera, permitting field acquisition and microcomputer-based control of the stepping motors from the observatory warm room. Consideration is given to the full-field filter system, the detector characteristics, the data-acquisition and control electronics, and the control software. Plans call for initial testing on the telescope in 1990 and operational status in 1991.
Understanding human behavior from motion imagery

Computer vision is gradually making the transition from image understanding to video understanding. This is due to the enormous success in analyzing sequences of images that has been achieved in recent years. The main shift in the paradigm has been from recognition followed by reconstruction (shape from X) to motion-based recognition. Since most videos are about people, this work has focused on the analysis of human motion. In this paper, I present my perspective on understanding human behavior.Automatically understanding human behavior from motion imagery involves extraction of relevant visual information from a video sequence, representation of that information in a suitable form, and interpretation of visual information for the purpose of recognition and learning about human behavior.Significant progress has been made in human tracking over the last few years. As compared with tracking, not much progress has been made in understanding human behavior, and the issue of representation has largely been ignored. I present my opinion on possible reasons and hurdles for slower progress in understanding human behavior, briefly present our work in tracking, representation, and recognition, and comment on the next steps in all three areas.
Portrait of the “Ideal Principal”: Context and Self:

An idealized view of the principal's role ignores both the importance that context plays and the unique and dynamic quality of individual principals. Yet, there are three things that good principals do: understand the context, understand themselves, and focus on what is best for students. This article identifies the major community, school, and reform contexts in which principals work and discusses components of self-understanding that are important to enacting the role in a reform setting.
On the Low-Frequency Transport Processes in a Shallow Coastal Lagoon

The low-frequency transport processes in a small, shallow coastal lagoon (Indian River Bay, Delaware) are examined based on a set of data derived from tide gauges, near-bottom current meter measurements, and drifter releases. The subtidal sea-level fluctuations in the interior of the lagoon are forced primarily by the coastal sea-level fluctuations off the mouth of the inlet, which connects the lagoon with the coastal ocean. The effect of local wind plays a secondary role in modifying the coastally forced sea level inside the lagoon. Given the continuity constraint which links sea-level fluctuations to the depth and laterally integrated barotropic transport, the coastal pumping effect would be expected to be the dominant factor in controlling the subtidal barotropic exchange within the bay. However, the dominance of the coastal pumping effect on the barotropic exchange does not readily translate into the dominance of this effect on the transport and distribution of waterborne material in the bay at subtidal frequencies. The observed nearbottom subtidal current fluctuations are not coherent with the coastal sea-level fluctuations. The observed current is also much stronger than the barotropic current inferred from the continuity constraint. This suggests the presence of a depth-dependent flow field, with current in the upper layer fluctuating in opposite direction to that at depth. Furthermore, the observed near-bottom current also shows significant spatial variability within the bay. As for the mean current, the residual flow field shows distinctly different patterns between the surface and the bottom. The residual current at the surface exhibits a consistent mean flow out of the bay. At the bottom, the residual current shows a mean flow into the estuary in the upper part of the lagoon and a spatially variable flow in the lower part of the lagoon. A competition between gravitational circulation and tidally rectified current may contribute to the observed vertical and horizontal variabilities in the residual flow field.
Growth of single crystal GaAs and metastable (GaSb)1−xGexAlloys by sputter deposition: Ion-surface interaction effects

Abstract High quality single crystal GaAs films and metastable (GaSb) 1- x Ge x alloys have been grown on (100) GaAs substrates by sputter deposition. Low energy ion bombardment of the growing films was used to control elemental incorporation probabilities and hence doping concentrations in the case of the GaAs films and was an essential feature in allowing the growth of the metastable alloys. The results in both cases are discussed in terms of the operative mechanisms including trapping processes, preferential sputtering, surface segregation, and collisional mixing. Unintentionally doped GaAs films were high resistivity 10 5 -10 6 Ω cm n-type with room temperature mobilities as high as 5000 cm 2 /V·s. Multitarget rf sputtering was used to grow epitaxial metastable p-type (GaSb) 1- x Ge x alloys with compositions across the pseudobinary phase diagram. The maximum growth temperature ranged from 490 to 520°C depending on the alloy composition and annealing experiments indicated that the films exhibit good high temperature stability. While the free energy difference between the single phase metastable and the two phase equilibrium states is on the order of 20 meV/atom, the measured activation barrier for the transformation is ≈3 eV.
Molecular cloning and sequencing of a cDNA for an auxin-repressed mRNA: correlation between fruit growth and repression of the auxin-regulated gene.

A complementary DNA (cDNA) library has been constructed in λgt10 from poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from auxin-deprived strawberry receptacles. By differential plaque filter hybridization, a cDNA (λSAR5) to an auxin-repressed mRNA has been isolated. The expression of the auxin-repressed gene is studied at various stages of normal fruit development and in fruits of variant strawberry genotype using λSAR5 as a probe. Northern analyses of RNA isolated from pollinated and unpollinated fruits of various developmental stages revealed that mRNA corresponding to the λSAR5 clone is repressed during normal fruit development, and the level of λSAR5 mRNA is regulated by endogenous auxin. Furthermore, results with both normal and variant genotype strawberry fruit indicate that there is a positive correlation between growth of strawberry fruit and repression of mRNA corresponding to the λSAR5 clone. The λSAR5 cDNA has been sequenced and is 723 nucleotides in length. The deduced protein has 111 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 12.5 kDa. The putative polypeptide starts at nucleotide position 20 and ends at 352. The molecular weight of the predicted polypeptide is in agreement with the molecular weight of the in vitro translated polypeptide of hybrid selected mRNA. A comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of λSAR5 with nucleotide and protein sequences in data banks has not revealed any homology to known proteins.
Chromogenic lactate-leukocyte esterase substrates.

The first successful reported use of lactate-based chromogenic, colorimetric substrates for a serine protease-based enzyme is described. A series of hydroxy-protected 5-phenyl-3-hydroxypyrrolyl l-lactate substrates of the general formula RO-Lac-OPP were prepared and formulated into reagents for the determination of leukocytes in dry phase formats.
The synthesis and structure of potassium cyanotrimethylaluminate

Abstract The reaction of KCN with Al(CH3)3 to form K[Al(CH3)3CN] is greatly facilitated by the presence of an aromatic solvent: for p-xylene a solid complex, K[Al(CH3)3CN]·C6H4(CH3)2, has been isolated. The crystal structure of potassium cyanotrimethylaluminate has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray data measured by counter methods. K[Al(CH3)3CN] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with cell dimensions a = 19.902(7), b = 9.211(4), c = 9.615(4) A, β = 107.74(5)°, and pcalcd. = 1.09 g cm−1 for Z = 8. Least squares refinement gave a conventional weighted R factor of 4.9% for 807 independent reflections. The monomeric [Al(CH3)3CN]− units possess no crystallographic symmetry, and the packing in the unit cell is such that the nitrogen atoms on three such units approach the potassium atom to within 3.11 A. The average aluminum-methyl carbon bond distance is 1.971 (7) A, while the aluminum-cyano carbon distance is 2.047 (7) A. This significant lengthening is attributed to partial electron deficiency in the aluminum-cyano carbon bond.
Individual differences in depressive symptoms are associated with impaired incentive, but not aversive motivation

Abstract The emotion context insensitivity model asserts that depression is associated with deficits in emotional reactivity to positive and negative emotion cues. Although there is support for this formulation, discrepant findings have prioritized the identification of factors that lend themselves to greater or lesser model support. One such factor may be the measure used to index emotional reactivity. The current study hypothesized a specific pattern of divergence from model predictions when emotion modulated startle was used to index emotional reactivity. Forty-one undergraduates viewed a series of pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures while the startle reflex was periodically elicited. Controlling for sex and trait anxiety, CES-D depression scores were unrelated to startle reactivity during viewing of unpleasant pictures (attack: r = −.01; contamination: r = .06), but positively correlated with startle reactivity during viewing of pleasant pictures (erotica: r = .33). These patterns represent intact reactivity to unpleasant emotion cues, but impaired reactivity to incentive-laden erotic cues, among individuals highest in depressive symptoms. Identical findings emerged when “depressed” and “nondepressed” groups, formed on the basis of CES-D clinical cutoffs, were examined. Results sharpen the theoretical utility of the ECI model and underscore the impairments in incentive motivation that characterize depressed mood.