cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Equilibrium Model of Pseudo-Hydroxide Extraction in the Separation of Sodium Hydroxide from Aqueous Solutions using Lipophilic Fluorinated Alcohols and Phenols

Abstract So‐called pseudo‐hydroxide extraction has been proposed as a method for separating alkali metal hydroxide from alkaline salt solutions by use of weak‐acid cation exchangers such as lipophilic phenols or fluorinated alcohols. Under extraction conditions, these lipophilic weak acids (HAs) are converted to their salt forms when dissolved in a suitable water‐immiscible polar diluent like 1‐octanol. Upon contact with water, the loaded solvents release alkali metal hydroxide to the aqueous phase by hydrolysis, thereby regenerating the extractant. This type of cycle has been demonstrated in previous work, wherein it was shown that bulk concentrations of sodium hydroxide could be selectively separated from alkaline high‐level waste simulants. In the present work, it has been the aim to identify the controlling equilibria and predominant species involved in the extraction process within the framework of a thermochemical model. Using 1‐octanol as the diluent, distribution ratios for sodium (D Na) extractio...
Chloromethane surface chemistry on Fe3O4(111)-(2 × 2) : A thermal desorption spectrometry comparison of CCL4, CBR2Cl2, and CH2Cl2

Abstract The surface chemistry of CBr 2 Cl 2 on the Fe 3 O 4 (1 1 1)–(2 × 2) selvedge of single-crystal α-Fe 2 O 3 (0 0 0 1) has been investigated using temperature programmed reaction and desorption (TPR/D) measurements. The spectra obtained in this case show that strong chemisorption occurs and that a series of adsorbed halogenated reaction products are present. By comparison, studies of the adsorbed phase of CH 2 Cl 2 show that only physisorption occurs. The TPR/D spectra of CBr 2 Cl 2 show that dissociative formation of CCl 2 followed by its reaction with lattice oxygen is central to the monolayer reaction chemistry in this chloromethane. The branching ratios of the various desorbed products are compared with those obtained from CCl 4 adsorbed on the same (2 × 2) surface.
Pictures to print: a software scaffold to written literacy.

BACKGROUND Successful school placements require effective written literacy skills. When a student has traumatic brain injury (TBI), written literacy instruction may need to be individualized and intense to facilitate optimal reintegration into the school program. Software products can provide a method that assists in creating the needed individualized, intense experiences. Written literacy-learning experiences span a continuum from preconventional messages expressed through pictures, to conventional printed expressions designed to convey meaning, to the literate writing needed to create stories and reports. DESIGN This article is designed to familiarize rehabilitation and research professionals in TBI with the range of written literacy software and to stimulate clinical applications and research related to their use with students who have sustained a TBI.
Demystifying Application-Based Multiple-Choice Questions

Multiple-choice exams are often the standard in large, introductory college courses. Although students sometimes report that multiple-choice exams are easier than essay exams, the multiple-choice format often proves to be more difficult. This may be true because multiple-choice exams in college are often composed predominantly of application questions. They ask students to grapple with scenarios and recognize concepts in context, which proves to be difficult for many students. The author details the changes she has made in her introductory sociology curriculum and discusses some of the indicators of success.
Zonal methods for the parallel execution of range-limited N-body simulations

Particle simulations in fields ranging from biochemistry to astrophysics require the evaluation of interactions between all pairs of particles separated by less than some fixed interaction radius. The applicability of such simulations is often limited by the time required for calculation, but the use of massive parallelism to accelerate these computations is typically limited by inter-processor communication requirements. Recently, Snir [M. Snir, A note on N-body computations with cutoffs, Theor. Comput. Syst. 37 (2004) 295-318] and Shaw [D.E. Shaw, A fast, scalable method for the parallel evaluation of distance-limited pairwise particle interactions, J. Comput. Chem. 26 (2005) 1318-1328] independently introduced two distinct methods that offer asymptotic reductions in the amount of data transferred between processors. In the present paper, we show that these schemes represent special cases of a more general class of methods, and introduce several new algorithms in this class that offer practical advantages over all previously described methods for a wide range of problem parameters. We also show that several of these algorithms approach an approximate lower bound on inter-processor data transfer.
Calculations of the bending potentials of MgOH and BeOH

Abstract Self-consistent field and perturbation calculations for the bending potentials of MgOH and BeOH are presented. Each molecule's potential is found to be primarily a quartic function of the displacement from linearity. Recent spectroscopic observations confirm this prediction for MgOH.
The properties of phosphorus in polycrystalline silicon - A nuclear magnetic resonance study

Phosphorus segregation at grain boundaries in thin film polycrystalline silicon has been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Amorphous silicon thin films were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition with 1% phosphine in silane. The films were subsequently annealed at 700°C and 800°C to produce a fine grained polycrystalline material. All of the phosphorus atoms were found to be four-fold coordinated at the grain boundary. The P atoms were found to have three different environments in the grain boundary region. These results will be discussed in relationship to the carrier trapping and dopant segregation models.
Some senoi semai planting techniques

The People. This paper summarizes the planting techniques of the Senoi Semai, aboriginal Austroasiatic-speaking swidden horticulturists of central Malaya (see Map 1), numbering about 12,750 people in 1965. From 1962 to 1963, my wife and I spent about seven months in each of two Semai settlements.2 One of the two settlements in which we lived was in "cluster" III, in Pahang State, east of the Main Range which runs down the center of Semai country (see Map 2). The other was west of the Main Range, in "cluster" XIII, in Perak State. We also visited and were visited by people from "clusters" II, IV, IX in Pahang and XIV in Perak. The notion of "clusters" requires some clarification. The Semai have little sense of "tribal unity," since people from one major river basin tend not to make the laborious journey across the hills that separate them from people in an adjacent watershed. There is, therefore, much variation in dialect and culture between mutually distant river basin populations, as indicated in Table I. Another cause of variation between these clusters is that the people in one major river basin are likely to be in contact with a different set of non-Semai than are Semai in other watersheds. For example, cluster XV is heavily influenced by the Malays who surround it, while the main "outside" contact of the people in cluster III is with another aboriginal people, the Temiar.
Reliability of Self-Report of Alcoholics

Fifty male volunteer chronic alcoholic patients at a VA Medical Center were exposed to a 56-item assessment questionnaire as part of screening for a behavioral research and treatment program. The questionnaire included items in the following areas: family history, demographic information, drinking history, drinking rate and pattern, drinking antecedents and consequences, symptoms, occupational, psychological, and social adjustment. Test-retest reliability coefficients of 15 of the 56 items were above .70, indicating high reliability of both item content and verbal report of the alcoholic patients. Areas of item content were examined for reliability and survival rates. Items which did not survive were discarded or modified and new items added to construct a new 65-item questionnaire.
Charge transfer excited-state dynamics in DNA duplexes substituted with an ethynylpyrenyldeoxyuridine electron source and a fluorodeoxyuridine electron trap.

Studies of six 5-(pyren-1-yl-ethynyl)-2‘-deoxyuridine (UPY)-substituted DNA duplexes in this work test and support the conclusions reported by Gaballah et al. (J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 5927−5934...
Authorship Determination Using Letter Pair Frequency Features with Neural Network Classifiers

Une experience d'analyse par reseaux neuronaux portant sur la frequence d'apparition conjointe de caracteres, dans le but de determiner certaines attibutions d'auteurs
Japan's Ecological Shadows Over Malaysia

Abstract Japan has been the world's major timber importer for close to four decades. In order to meet its demand for timber, Japan has extended its ecological shadows in many parts of Southeast Asia, and has had a significant indirect impact on Southeast Asia's commercial forests. This paper will cast light on the effects of past and current timber resource exploitation in the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak by focusing on concepts of cronyism and Japan's ecological shadows. The article closes with some suggestions for possible ways to harvest in a more sustainable manner, and internalize externalities of the timber market.
Atraumatic Compartment Syndrome: A Manifestation of Toxic Shock and Infectious Pyomyositis in a Child

Compartment syndrome of the extremity is a condition in which elevated pressure within a fascial compartment compromises perfusion of the enclosed tissues and ultimately leads to loss of function of the extremity1. Presenting acutely, compartment syndrome is usually induced by trauma and requires urgent treatment with fasciotomy to lower compartment pressure and to reduce the amount of myonecrosis that may occur. We present an unusual case of compartment syndrome that was caused by infection and that was not secondary to injury. Our patient and her family were informed that data from the case would be submitted for publication. A previously healthy eleven-year-old girl presented to the emergency room with pain in the left leg and an inability to walk. The leg had become increasingly swollen and painful during the two-day period prior to admission, even though there was no history of trauma. The patient had had fever for eight days preceding the appearance of symptoms in the leg, and this condition had been treated by her primary care provider as influenza. She had had no contact with ill individuals at home, and there was no history of recent travel. Her immunizations were up to date. In the emergency room, she was febrile with a temperature as high as 38.5°C. The systolic blood pressure was in the range of 80 to 90 mm Hg. The left leg was swollen, the leg compartments were tense to palpation, and the patient had severe calf pain with passive dorsiflexion of the ankle. Pitting edema was evident in the dorsum of the left foot, which was erythematous and had a loss of sensation. The active motor examination was limited due to pain. The patient had a palpable dorsalis pedis pulse, and the foot was warm to the touch. An erythematous macular rash of …
Thermochemistry of germanium monoselenide, and the GeSe bond dissociation enthalpy

Abstract The standard molar enthalpy of formation ΔfHmo of GeSe(cr) has been determined by fluorine-combustion calorimetry to be −(51.4±1.5) kJ·mol−1 at T = 298.15 K and po = 101.325 kPa. Combination of this result with auxiliary enthalpies of formation and sublimation from the literature gave the bond-dissociation enthalpy Dmo(GeSe) = (485±4) kJ·mol−1 at T→0 for the reaction: GeSe(g, 1 ∑ + ) = Ge(g, 3 P 0 ) + Se(g, 3 P 2 ) . Dissociation enthalpies of the other germanium chalcogenides are also discussed. Thermodynamic quantities for GeSe(cr) from 298.15 to 800 K have been calculated and tabulated.
Dynamical Global Downscaling of Global Reanalysis

Abstract With the aim of producing higher-resolution global reanalysis datasets from coarse-resolution reanalysis, a global version of the dynamical downscaling using a global spectral model is developed. A variant of spectral nudging, the modified form of scale-selective bias correction developed for regional models is adopted. The method includes 1) nudging of temperature in addition to the zonal and meridional components of winds, 2) nudging to the perturbation field rather than to the perturbation tendency, and 3) no nudging and correction of the humidity. The downscaling experiment was performed using a T248L28 (about 50-km resolution) global model, driven by the so-called R-2 reanalysis (T62L28 resolution, or about 200-km resolution) during 2001. Evaluation with high-resolution observations showed that the monthly averaged global surface temperature and daily variation of precipitation were much improved. Over North America, surface wind speed and temperature are much better, and over Japan, the diu...
Optical transitions in amorphous boron films

Abstract The optical constant of amorphous boron have been obtained in the energy range 0.6–6.0 eV. From the spectral dependence of the imaginary part of the dielectric constant e (ω), the values of the indirect and direct energy gaps are estimated. These values and the characteristics of the spectrum at energies above the fundamental absorption edge are compared with those of crystalline boron.
Charge neutrality of atoms and magnetic monopoles.

Under the assumption that charge conservation and charge quan- tization are exact, it is pointed out that the expectation values f the charges can still deviate from the exact quantized eigenvalues, as long as the charge superselection rule is not absolute. The deviations can be suppressed by a large energy scale, identified as the mass of the magnetic monopole. Existing experimental results are consistent with \ensuremath{\Delta}${Q}_{p}$+\ensuremath{\Delta}${Q}_{e}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}20}$e and \ensuremath{\Delta}${Q}_{n}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}-3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}20}$e, where \ensuremath{\Delta}${Q}_{i}$ is the deviation for particle i. Implications, in particular \ensuremath{\approxeq}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}20}$e, are discussed.
Heating System Supervisory Control for Residential Energy Conservation

For most households space heating and domestic hot water production constitute the largest portion of energy consumption, which for a typical home space and water heating can comprise over 60% of the total energy usage. Therefore significant energy savings can be accomplished by using energy sources and systems for heating more efficiently. An approach discussed in this work uses system controls to better manage available resources and balance user comfort with efficient use of energy systems. In this work the results of a supervisory control approach applied to residential heating system are presented. The control system is characterized by a supervisory unit that controls the subsystems. The subsystems of this analysis include a thermal source and an energy storage unit. Dynamic thermal system control is demonstrated using a real-time, pseudo-hardware-in-the-loop test bench. The results show the potential reduction of energy consumption through advanced control implementation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity of isoprene in rats and mice: comparisons with 1,3-butadiene

As with 1,3-butadiene (BD), inhalation exposure of B6C3F1 mice to isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) caused a macrocytic anemia; induced increases in sister chromatid exchanges in bone marrow cells and in levels of micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood; and produced degeneration of the olfactory epithelium, forestomach epithelial hyperplasia, and testicular atrophy. Most notable was the finding that like BD, isoprene induced neoplasms in the liver, lung, Harderian gland, and forestomach of mice. The carcinogenic effects of isoprene were observed after a 26-week exposure (6 h/day, 5 days/week) of male mice to 700 ppm or higher concentrations of isoprene followed by a 26-week recovery period. Unlike BD, isoprene did not induce lymphomas or hemangiosarcomas of the heart in mice under these conditions nor did it induce chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow cells. No toxicological effects were evident in rats exposed for 13 weeks to either isoprene or BD at concentrations up to 7000 ppm or 8000 ppm, respectively. Interstitial cell hyperplasia of the testis was observed in male F344 rats exposed to 7000 ppm isoprene for 26 weeks, and following a 26-week recovery period, there was a marginal increase in benign testicular interstitial cell tumors.
Unitary qubit lattice simulations of complex vortex structures

A quantum vortex is a topological singularity with quantized circulation, unlike a classical vortex with its continuous circulation strength. Quantum turbulence, envisaged as strong tangle of quantum vortices, of a Bose–Einstein condensate is examined by developing a unitary qubit lattice algorithm for the solution of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation. Earlier, it was shown that a certain class of initial conditions had a very short Poincare recurrence time for this Hamiltonian system. Here it is shown quantitatively that increasing the internal energy of the initial state leads to a systematic degradation of this class of solutions. Coupled Bose–Einstein condensate systems are investigated for a Hopf link class of initial conditions in which a vortex ring core is threaded by a linear vortex core that then closes toroidal around the vortex ring. These states are known as skyrmions and play a role in particle physics, astrophysics and condensed matter physics.
Utilization of Medical Specialists by Anxiety Disorder Patients

The purpose of this study was to determine the utilization of medical specialists by anxiety disorder patients. The setting was a university's clinical outpatient drug trails for anxiety disorders. The participants were subjects identified by advertisement and diagnosed by psychiatric interviews and, in some instances, also by structured interviews. The main outcome measures were the subject responses on a questionnaire listing medical specialists. A total of 94 subjects were surveyed. Primary care physicians (family medicine and internal medicine) were seen more often by panic disorder (PD) subjects than by obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) subjects. Gastroenterologists were seen most frequently by the GAD subjects; dermatologists and cardiologists by the OCD subjects; and otolaryngologists, obstetricians-gynecologists, neurologists, and urologists by the PD subjects. The PD subjects saw more specialists than the subjects with the other disorders. Medical specialists need to increase identification of patients with various anxiety disorders to relieve suffering, improve health care practices, and obtain favorable cost:benefit ratios.
Three-dimensional object representation by array grammars

A new approach for representing 3-d objects by 3-d array grammar is introduced. The concept of universal array grammar is proposed for 3-d object representation. it uses parallelism for pattern generation. Many interesting 3-d objecis can indeed he represented by this universal 3-d array grammar which paves a ground for 3-d object recognition. description and understanding. Keywords: 3-d array grammars. universal array grammars pattern generation. object representation parallel generation I.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Parameters of adiabatic rapid passage in the 0-0 hyperfine transition of /sup 87/Rb

The parameters of adiabatic rapid passage (ARP) in the ground-state 0-0 hyperfine transition of /sup 87/Rb have been investigated. These parameters relate to how adiabatic and how rapid the passage through resonance must be in order to maximize the degree of population reversal. We find both experimentally and theoretically that the adiabaticity requirement is rather weak; and that once satisfied, it is more important to pass through the resonance rapidly. Furthermore, interpreting our results in the Bloch-vector model of ARP, we find that the Bloch vector is only required to precess a half revolution about the effective field in order to follow a 90/sup 0/ change in the direction of that field. The applicability of the present results to ARP in general is discussed.
Plakins: Goliaths that link cell junctions and the cytoskeleton

Plakins comprise a family of proteins that crosslink cytoskeletal filaments and attach them to membrane-associated complexes at cell junctions. They were originally found associated with intermediate filaments and were believed to function primarily in maintaining epithelial tissue integrity. However, new plakins with unique isoforms that are enormous in size have been identified in the past few years. These new plakins have highlighted further functions in all the cytoskeletal networks, as well as in non-epithelial cells.
Effectiveness of Product Warning Labels: Effects of Consumers’ Information Processing Objectives

Based on Wyer and Srull's (1986) model of social information processing, it was hypothesized that compared with consumers who use an impression-set information-processing objective when examining products, consumers using a memory-set processing objective would 1) devote more time to examining products' labels, 2) recall more product information from the label, 3) perceive the products as safer, and 4) be more likely to comply with safety recommendations. Subjects were instructed only once either to memorize as much information as they could or to form an impression from a jar of oven cleaner. After filling out a questionnaire, they examined a jar of prescription cough medicine. Results confirmed the hypotheses for both products. Even though the processing objective instructions were not repeated before the subjects examined the cough medicine, the effects of the objective carried over to the cough medicine.
World views and the concept of development: A reply to Lerner and Kauffman

Abstract I reply here to the argument of R. M. Lerner and M. B. Kauffman (1985, Developmental Review , 5 , 309–333) that an adequate concept of human development is incompatible with a mechanist “world view” but rests instead on a principled integration of contextualist and organicist “world views.” I review how each of these metatheoretical positions is described by the philosopher who proposed them and conclude that the version of contextualism and organicism presented by Lerner and Kauffman is so diluted as to lose the essence of their original meaning. In consequence, the concept of development they propose, which includes the notion of integrative levels, causal variables that interact differently at different times in the course of ontogeny, and probabilistic outcomes is more compatible with the mechanistic metatheory they eschew than with the contextualist and organismic ones they ostensibly espouse.
Microporous Whey Protein Isolate Gel Sorbent

Abstract Microporous adsorbents made of whey protein isolate (WPI) gel were developed and tested as a cation exchanger using copper ions as a challenge material. Isotherms as a function of pH were also determined and described by a modified Langmuir‐style isotherm, with values of qm, Km, and k1 of 68 mg/g, 1.4 mg/mL and 7.634×10−3 M, respectively.
Control of doppler shift compensation in the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

FlyingRhinolophus ferrumequinum lower the frequency of the constant frequency part (f A ) of the emitted sounds in order to compensate for Doppler shifts caused by the flight speed. The echo frequency (f E ) is kept constant within a frequency band of about 200 Hz, the center frequency of which is about 150 Hz above the average or resting frequency (f R ) emitted by roosting bats shortly before take off. For the compensation they use a feedback control system in which the emission frequency is changed to hold the echo frequency at a criterion value. This feedback system was demonstrated by experiments with bats flying in an experimental wind tunnel and in a He-O2-micture. In the wind tunnelRhinolophus lowers the emission frequency in order to compensate for Doppler shifts which are caused by the ground speed flown by the bat. In the He-O2-mixtureRhinolophus compensates for Doppler shifts which correspond to the different sound speeds in the gas mixture.
Chromosomal Localization of an Exocytosis Mutant in Tetrahymena thermophila

. Exocytosis mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila are deficient in mucus release. Experiments to chromosomally locate two of these mutants are described, using the technique of deletion mapping with nullisomic strains. One exo locus has been assigned to chromosome 5.
Violence Exposure and Adjustment in Inner-City Youth: Child and Caregiver Emotion Regulation Skill, Caregiver?Child Relationship Quality, and Neighborhood Cohesion as Protective Factor.

This short-term, longitudinal interview study used an ecological framework to explore protective factors within the child, the caregiver, the caregiver–child relationship, and the community that might moderate relations between community violence exposure and subsequent internalizing and externalizing adjustment problems and the different patterns of protection they might confer. Participants included 101 pairs of African American female caregivers and one of their children (56% male, M = 11.15 yrs, SD = 1.28) living in high-violence areas of a mid-sized southeastern city. Child emotion regulation skill, felt acceptance from caregiver, observed quality of caregiver–child interaction, and caregiver regulation of emotion each were protective, but the pattern of protection differed across level of the child's ecology and form of adjustment. Implications for prevention are discussed.
Levels of 2-Dodecylcyclobutanone in Ground Beef Patties Irradiated by Low-Energy X-Ray and Gamma Rays

Food irradiation improves food safety and maintains food quality by controlling microorganisms and extending shelf life. However, acceptance and commercial adoption of food irradiation is still low. Consumer groups such as Public Citizen and the Food and Water Watch have opposed irradiation because of the formation of 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs) in irradiated, lipid-containing foods. The objectives of this study were to measure and to compare the level of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB) in ground beef irradiated by low-energy X-rays and gamma rays. Beef patties were irradiated by low-energy X-rays and gamma rays (Cs-137) at 3 targeted absorbed doses of 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 kGy. The samples were extracted with n-hexane using a Soxhlet apparatus, and the 2-DCB concentration was determined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 2-DCB concentration increased linearly (P 0.05) at all targeted doses.
Discrete Green's functions and random walks on graphs

We prove an explicit formula of Chung-Yau@?s Discrete Green@?s functions as well as hitting times of random walks on graphs. The formula is expressed in terms of two natural counting invariants of graphs. Uniform derivations of Green@?s functions and hitting times for trees and other special graphs are given.
Can chest and abdominal trauma CT eliminate the need for plain films of the spine? – Experience with 329 multiple trauma patients

Purpose: To compare the accuracy of spine plain films with chest and abdominal trauma CT in detection of spine fractures. Methods: The study prospectively enrolled 329 multiple trauma patients. Of these, 38 patients had both chest CT for trauma and thoracic spine plain films, and 87 patients had both abdominal CT for trauma and lumbar spine plain films. Results: Of the fractures visible at either chest trauma CT or thoracic spine plain film examination, all were diagnosed on CT and 62 % on plain films. Of fractures visible at either abdominal trauma CT or lumbar spine plain films, 94 % were diagnosed on CT and 67 % on plain films. The one false negative CT involved an articular process fracture, which was visible but not mentioned, in a patient with a sacral fracture. Conclusion: Evaluation of the digital scout images and bone windows when a patient has chest and abdominal trauma CT appears to be as accurate as thoracic and lumbar spine plain films in the evaluation of spinal trauma.
Rapid melting dynamics of amorphous Si films

Utilizing front-side and backside time-resolved reflectance (TRR) analysis, we examine in this paper the details of excimer-laser-pulse induced melting scenarios and dynamics of as-deposited as well as ion-irradiated LPCVD a-Si films on quartz substrates. It is found that melting dynamics of as-deposited films show distinct contrast when compared to the ion-irradiated films in that the reflectance signals reveal that a buried molten layer initiates and propagates promptly upon initial formation of a thin surface liquid layer. This occurs while the surface is still being irradiated by the pulse and, therefore, can be followed by remelting of the explosively crystallized Si. The melting behavior of ion irradiated LPCVD a-Si films, in contrast, simply involves initiation and subsequent propagation of the liquid-amorphous interface. We attribute this dramatic difference to the presence in as-deposited Si films of a larger number of pre-existing crystalline Si clusters.
Visualizing presynaptic function

Synaptic communication in the nervous system is initiated by the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release. In the 1980s, this process was characterized by electron microscopy, albeit without the ability to follow processes in living cells. In the last two decades, fluorescence imaging methods have been developed that report synaptic vesicle fusion, endocytosis and recycling. These probes have provided unprecedented insight into synaptic vesicle trafficking in individual synaptic terminals and revealed heterogeneity in recycling pathways as well as synaptic vesicle populations. These methods either take advantage of uptake of fluorescent probes into recycling vesicles or exogenous expression of synaptic vesicle proteins tagged with a pH-sensitive fluorescent marker at regions facing the vesicle lumen. We provide an overview of these methods, with particular emphasis on the challenges associated with their use and the opportunities for future investigations.
Purification of a high specific activity methane monooxygenase hydroxylase component from a type II methanotroph.

Abstract The purification of the hydroxylase component of a 3 component methane monooxygenase from the type II methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b is reported. The enzyme (240 kDa) has an (αβγ) 2 subunit structure as observed for hydroxylases isolated from other Type I and Type II methanotrophs, but it exhibits a 5 to 10 fold higher specific activity and is isolated in 2 to 10 fold higher yield. EPR and Mossbauer spectra of the hydroxylase show that it contains a coupled iron center containing an even number of iron atoms. The spectra are similar to those of proteins known to contain oxo-bridged binuclear iron centers. The presence of such a center is unprecedented in a monooxygenase and suggests that a novel mechanism is utilized.
Analyticity, amphigory, and the semantic interpretation of sentences

The empirical validity of the semantic sentence categories of Informative (synthetic), Redundant (analytic), Contradictory, and Amphigory (absurd, nonsensical) was assessed. In a sentence sorting task, each of 28 Ss sorted 156 sentences solely on the basis of examples given for the four postulated categories. The results strongly support the validity of the semantic categories. An account of the competence underlying Ss′ ability to interpret sentences with respect to such categories is proposed. This account is based on such notions as semantic features, a hierarchy of semantic dimensions, rules of semantic interaction, and rules of sentence interpretation.
Test challenges in designing complex 3D chips: what is on the horizon for EDA industry?

Recent advances in semiconductor process technology especially interconnects using Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) enable heterogeneous system integration where dies are implemented in dedicated, optimized process technologies and then stacked together to form a system. Compared to conventional wire-bond chip interconnections, TSVs offer several advantages such as high density, low latency, low power, and possibly lower cost. TSVs provide vertical interconnects and hence naturally used for 3D vertical stacking of multiple dies, However, TSVs also have attractive benefits in interconnecting dies, which are placed next to each other on top of a passive silicon interposer.TSMC has proposed CoWoS (Chip-on-Wafer-on-Substrate) process as the standard design paradigm to assemble interposer-based 3D ICs. Figure 1 shows an example of a CoWoS design with three heterogeneous (RF, logic and memory) dies. In order to reach quality requirements for volume production, several challenges need to be resolved for 3D ICs. Many of these challenges open up new horizon for the EDA industry and academia as they require innovative and compute efficient approaches.One of the critical challenges is effective and efficient testing of 3D ICs. Just like traditional 2D chips, 3D chips need to be tested for possible manufacturing defects. To minimize any yield loss and reduce overall cost, each die should not only be fully tested before stacking, but also post-stacking re-testing of individual dies is required to confirm that the stacking process did not damage the individual die. In addition, a new kind of test must be performed to check that inter-die interconnects are defects free. Furthermore, the passive silicon interposer needs to be tested in order to not become the bottleneck and the major yield killer in the overall design process. In this paper, we describe some of the innovative solutions developed by TSMC in this direction. The paper highlights complexities and issues related to test architecture development and automation, test flow optimization as well as testing of passive interposer that requires special focus from the EDA industry.
Reduction of lipid peroxidation with intraoperative superoxide dismutase treatment decreases intimal hyperplasia in experimental vein grafts

Abstract Background. Vein graft failure is commonly attributed to the development of intimal hyperplastic lesions. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In this study we examined the effects of local intraoperative treatment with polyethylene glycolated superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) on lipid peroxidation and on the development of intimal hyperplasia in experimental vein grafts. Materials and methods. Forty-one New Zealand White male rabbits had a right carotid interposition bypass graft using the ipsilateral reversed jugular vein. Sixteen animals received local PEG-SOD (4,100 units) treatment; 9 animals received the polyethylene glycol (PEG) vehicle without SOD; 16 animals were used as controls. Postoperatively, malondialdehyde (MDA, a product of lipid peroxidation) concentration and SOD activity were assessed in 3-day vein grafts by colorimetric spectrophotometry. To determine wall dimensions and vasomotor function, morphometric and isometric tension studies were performed on 28-day vein grafts. Results. MDA concentration was increased 5.7-fold ( P P P P P = ns). The vasomotor functions of 28-day PEG-SOD-treated vein grafts to norepinephrine, serotonin, bradykinin, nitroprusside, and acetylcholine were not significantly changed when compared to controls. Treatment with PEG alone did not significantly alter lipid peroxidation, wall dimensions, or vasomotor function of vein grafts. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that intraoperative local treatment of vein grafts with PEG-SOD increases SOD activity and decreases lipid peroxidation for at least 3 days, resulting in reduced intimal hyperplasia at 28 days. These findings further implicate oxidative stress in the hyperplastic response of vein grafts and suggest a potential therapeutic role for PEG-SOD in the prevention of vein graft failure.
Easy as πo: on the interpretation of recent electroproduction results

Our original suggestion to investigate exclusive ?o electroproduction as a method for extracting from data the tensor charge, transversity and other quantities related to chiral odd generalized parton distributions is further examined. We now explain the details of the process: (i) the connection between the helicity description and the Cartesian basis; (ii) the dependence on the momentum transfer squared Q2 and (iii) the angular momentum, parity and charge conjugation constraints (JPC quantum numbers).
Functional expression and subcellular localization of an anion exchanger cloned from choroid plexus.

Abstract We have isolated rat brain cDNA clones encoding AE2, a homologue of the erythrocyte anion exchanger, band 3 (AE1). Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization reveal that, in brain, AE2 expression is restricted to the basolateral membrane of the choroid plexus epithelium. Expression of a full-length mouse AE2 cDNA in COS-7 cells resulted in chloride- and bicarbonate-dependent alterations in intracellular pH, demonstrating that AE2 is a Cl/HCO3 exchanger. Cation replacement studies indicate that AE2-mediated exchange is independent of extracellular sodium. COS-7 cells expressing a mutant rat AE2 cDNA clone that lacks the cytoplasmic NH2-terminal 660 amino acids exhibit identical responses to cation and anion substitution. These results indicate that this domain does not play a significant role in either correct insertion of the transporter into the plasma membrane or anion exchange.
The effect of acute thermal dehydration on blood lactate accumulation during incremental exercise

Abstract Numerous investigators have suggested that dehydration may alter carbohydrate metabolism in muscle. Theoretically, altered glycolytic flux in exercising muscle could change the rate at which lactate accumulates in the blood and thus alter the onset of blood lactate accumulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute dehydration on blood lactate accumulation during incremental exercise. Six trained male subjects performed an incremental test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer during which the work rate was increased by 30 W every three minutes. Ventilation (V E), gas exchange measures, and blood samples for lactate analysis were obtained every third minute during the test. The onset of blood lactate accumulation was defined as the VO 2 at which there was a systematic rise in blood lactate concentration. Subjects were tested twice, once in a normal state of hydration (N) and once after acute thermal dehydration (D). The treatment order was counterbalanced. Thermal dehydr...
The time machine in our mind.

This article provides the first comprehensive conceptual account for the imagistic mental machinery that allows us to travel through time—for the time machine in our mind. It is argued that language reveals this imagistic machine and how we use it. Findings from a range of cognitive fields are theoretically unified and a recent proposal about spatialized mental time travel is elaborated on. The following novel distinctions are offered: external versus internal viewing of time; ‘‘watching” time versus projective ‘‘travel” through time; optional versus obligatory mental time travel; mental time travel into anteriority or posteriority versus mental time travel into the past or future; single mental time travel versus nested dual mental time travel; mental time travel in episodic memory versus mental time travel in semantic memory; and ‘‘seeing” versus ‘‘sensing” mental imagery. Theoretical, empirical, and applied implications are discussed.
The moral legitimacy of intellectual property and copyright as policy and code: Librarians, pirates, and the myth of the intellectual commons

Purely intra-disciplinary discussions about the legitimacy of intellectual property rights (e.g., a purely legal discussion or a theoretical discussion from within just one discipline) tend to provide an incomplete picture of the current research on this important ethical issue. This panel will address both research and practice by showcasing a triangulated approach to current thoughts on ethical issues of intellectual property rights. One approach, from philosophy, critiques the argument that intellectual property rights are illegitimate because they deplete the information commons and finds this view wanting. A second approach addresses the ethics of intellectual property infringement from the point of view of the digital pirate, asking if an ethic exists for virtual property. The third member of the panel surveys libraries and library association ethics codes that actually reference copyright and intellectual property responsibilities for the librarian. The final presentation illustrates a practitioner's approach of technical writers and web designers to intellectual property. These four views in conjunction present a holistic picture of research and practice of the ethics of intellectual property policies from philosophical, legal, and professional communities.
Irrigation water policy effects on regional crop allocations in Peru

Abstract Production patterns for two agricultural areas of Peru were analyzed. Policies related to irrigation water prices on the coastal area were observed for possible effects on regional crop production and resource allocation. Corn and rice demands for water were derived from the effects of these policies. Price policy for corn and rice and limitations on labor reallocation were more decisive in determining the inter-regional distribution of the crops than were the policies related to the pricing of irrigation water.
Pion cloud contributions to baryon magnetic moments

Pion cloud contributions to the nucleon magnetic moment contain two-body terms which cannot be summarized in the quasiparticle picture implied by the naive quark model. Modification of the quark model to include these effects gives different predictions for Σ and Ξ moments.
Research and Design of a Massive Offline Data Analysis System Based on Hadoop

According to the rapid growth of the scale of the data at present, the traditional model of data analysis based on stand-alone can't meet to the storage and processing of massive data. With the rise of big data technology, integrating the traditional method of data analysis with big data platform to improve the efficiency of data analysis has become a research direction. This paper analyzes the integration of offline data processing and the Hadoop HDFS, MapReduce, designs a large offline data analysis system platform based on Hadoop, and introduces the core function module.
Macroorganization of Chlorophyll a/b Light-Harvesting Complex in Thylakoids and Aggregates: Information from Circular Differential Scattering

Circular dichroism (CD) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra were recorded for spinach thylakoids and for isolated, aggregated chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting pigment-protein complex, in random and magnetically aligned states of orientation at room and low temperatures. The shape and magnitude of the CD signal of most bands strongly depended on the orientation of the thylakoid membranes or the aggregated pigment-protein complex. In both thylakoids and aggregated light-harvesting complexes, however, the MCD spectra of the two different orientations were almost identical. Random and magnetically aligned samples exhibited anomalous, large CD signals outside the bands of pigment absorbance. Lack of similarity between the corresponding MCD and CD spectra showed that the large CD signals are not produced as a distortion of CD of absorbance by light scattering. Instead, these anomalous spectral features are believed to originate in differential selective scattering of circularly polarized light. The results lead to the conclusion that the light-harvesting pigment-protein complex in thylakoid grana forms a helical macroarray with dimensions commensurate with the wavelengths of the anomalous circular dichroism signals. A hypothesis is put forward suggesting a role for these macrodomains in granal organization.
HARTOGS' SEPARATE ANALYTICITY THEOREM FOR CR FUNCTIONS

We show that moments on vertical and horizontal affine slices of certain perturbations of the boundary of the ball are sufficient to detect the existence of a holomorphic extension to the interior. For one domain, the result is proved for L∞ functions.
Population variation among alcoholism treatment facilities.

This is a study of variation of population characteristics between subjects admitted for treatment at four different alcoholism treatment facilities; an Aversion-Conditioning Hospital, an Outpatient Clinic, a Half-way House, and a Police Work Center. Subjects were interviewed upon admission at each of the four facilities to assess demographic characteristics, characterological traits, life adaptation, and attitudes and expectations regarding treatment. A sample of 121 subjects was obtained for analyses. Significant differences were found between each of the four population in each of the four major areas of assessment. Employing the concept of “social competence,” the four populations were found to demonstrate a continuum of social competence that maintained internal consistency between the various types of data obtained. Ranging from highest social competence to lowest, the populations are, in order: the Aversion-Conditioning Hospital, the Outpatient Clinic, the Half-Way House, and the Police Work Center...
Immunological and chemical comparison of heterogeneous basic glycoproteins in human parotid saliva

Abstract Closely related glycoproteins have been isolated from individual samples of parotid saliva. The heterogeneous nature of these glycoproteins has been established by chromatographic, electrophoretic, and immunologic studies. Substantial differences in specific carbohydrate moieties and overall charge densities are also evident. These results are discussed in terms of previous salivary glycoprotein reports. Family studies to define heritable facets of this polymorphism are now indicated.
Density and Hardness Changes Produced by Plastic Deformation in KCl Crystals

A study has been made of the density changes which accompany plastic deformation in compression of potassium chloride crystals and of their annealing. Also hardness changes, their annealing, and slip-line formation have been investigated. Up to about 11% deformation, the slip is predominantly simple with some admixture of double slip, and no change of density is observed. At 11% deformation, multiple slip presumably sets in accompamied by a rapid decrease of density. The rate of formation of vacancies is 3.02 x 10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/ per percent deformation. A comparison of this value with the results of the experiments of Ueta and Kanzig leads to the ratio of about four vacancies per electron trap. Vacancies seem to have no measurable influence on hardmess which thus appears to be primarily associated with changes in the dislocation density or their configuration during plastic deformation. (auth)