cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An 8 Dipole Transceive and 24 Loop Receive Array for Non-Human Primate Head Imaging at 10.5T

Abstract A 32-channel RF coil was developed for brain imaging of anesthetized non-human primates (Rhesus Macaque) at 10.5 tesla. The coil is composed of an 8-channel dipole transmit/receive array, close-fitting 16-channel loop receive array headcap, and 8-channel loop receive array lower insert. The transceiver dipole array is composed of eight end-loaded dipole elements self-resonant at the 10.5 tesla proton Larmor frequency. These dipole elements were arranged on a plastic cylindrical former which was split in two to allow for convenient animal positioning. Nested into the bottom of the dipole array former is located an 8-channel loop receive array which contains 5×10 cm2 square loops arranged in two rows of four loops. Arranged in a close-fitting plastic headcap is located a high-density 16-channel loop receive array. This array is composed of 14 round loops 37 mm in diameter and two partially detachable, irregularly shaped loops that encircle the ears. Imaging experiments were performed on anesthetized non-human primates on a 10.5 tesla MRI system equipped with body gradients with a 60 cm open bore. The coil enabled submillimeter (0.58 mm isotropic) high resolution anatomical and functional imaging as well as tractography of fasciculated axonal bundles. The combination of a close-fitting loop receive array and dipole transceiver array allowed for a higher channel count receiver and consequent higher SNR and parallel imaging gains. Parallel imaging performance supports high resolution fMRI and dMRI with a factor of three reduction in sampling. The transceive array elements during reception contributed approximately one quarter of SNR in the lower half of the brain which was farthest from the close-fitting headcap receive array.
Isolated Open Dislocation of the Capitate: A Case Report.

CASE We present a case of an isolated palmar, open dislocation of the capitate that occurred after a crush injury from an all-terrain vehicle rollover accident. The capitate was completely dislocated, rotated 90 degrees in the coronal plane with only soft-tissue attachments palmarly, and associated with a 4 cm open wound. A successful outcome was achieved via surgical reduction with percutaneous fixation. A follow-up at 44 months demonstrated good range of motion and no pain. CONCLUSION Capitate dislocations are extremely rare. Prompt identification and surgical reduction can lead to successful outcomes.
Abstract 8847: Racial Differences in Competing Risks for First Cardiovascular Events and Non-Cardiovascular Death in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Background: Standard survival models may over-estimate risks of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) if they do not account for the competing risk of non-CVD death. No studies to date have compared first CVD events and non-CVD death between races in a competing risks framework. Methods: Using data from 2 multi-center, NHLBI-sponsored cohorts (ARIC and CHS), we used competing Cox models to estimate hazards for first CVD events and non-CVD death within and between races. Results: Of 14569 ARIC study participants (ppts) aged 45-64y with mean follow up of 10.5y, 11.6% had CVD and 5.0% had non-CVD death as a first event; among 4237 CHS study ppts aged 65-84y and followed for 8.5y, these figures were 43.2% and 15.7%, respectively. Figures 1 and 2 show competing cumulative incidence curves for ARIC men for specific event types. CVD events were significantly more likely to occur first rather than non-CVD death in all sex-race groups. Compared with whites, middle-aged blacks were 1.4-2.1 times more likely to have non-CVD death or CVD as first events; these disparities disappeared by older adulthood. After adjustment for CVD risk factors (RFs), however, middle-aged black men were less likely than whites to experience a first CVD event. Most likely first CVD events were CHD in white men and heart failure in black men and all women. Conclusions: Our finding that CVD events are more likely than non-CVD death to occur first in all sex-race groups re-affirms the importance of broadly applied CVD prevention programs. CVD affects blacks at a younger age than whites; the earlier burden of CVD among black men may be due to elevated CVD RF levels. Racial disparities in first CVD incidence disappear by older adulthood.
Doing and Teaching Disciplinary Literacy with Adolescent Learners: A Social and Cultural Enterprise.

In this essay, Elizabeth Birr Moje argues that educators can make radical change in student learning and well-being if they reframe teachers' work with youth as less about meeting standards and more about teaching youth to navigate the multiple literacy contexts in which they live, learn, and work. To that end, Moje offers a take on disciplinary literacy instruction that puts the process of inquiry at its center. In contrast to a frame that ignores or removes value, purpose, affect, emotion, imagination, social interaction, and the learning and challenging of cultural conventions from the work of adolescent literacy teaching, she presents a teaching heuristic designed to capitalize on the social and cultural nature of disciplinary inquiry and support students in navigating multiple literacy contexts as part of the teaching of disciplinary literacy, characterized by what she terms the 4Es: engage, elicit/engineer, examine, and evaluate.
The Economic Importance of Communal Net Hunting Among the BaAka of the Central African Republic

This article examines current net hunting practice by BaAka Pygmies of central Africa. In terms of time allocation, net hunting remains the single most important activity for the BaAka, But net hunting is only one in a range of subsistence and economic activities among which individuals switch on a daily basis. Returns from net hunting are roughly equivalent to those from competing activities. Several factors encourage the decline of net hunting and its replacement with snare hunting: enforcement of park regulations, higher individual returns to snare hunting, and greater involvement in formal employment and agriculture. However, net hunting has not been abandoned completely for several reasons: the local market demand for bushmeat is growing, numerous forest products besides meat are collected on net hunts, and economic alternatives remain irregular and unreliable.
The New Institutional Economics of Markets: Comment

I discuss papers presented at the session The New Institutional Economics of Markets at the 10th ISNIE conference in Boulder, Colorado. RICHTER [2007] provides a model of a market organization illustrated by the example of the American tobacco industry. EGBERT [2007] analyzes the culture of open-air horse markets in Germany. HAUCAP, Pauly, AND Wey [2007] discuss why the inefficient legislation regulating the German labor market has proved so stable and difficult to reform. I suggest possible extensions to the model suggested by Richter [2007] and discuss them, based on the case studies provided by the other two papers. (JEL: D 02)
Thyroxine degradation. Antioxidant function and nonenzymatic degradation during microsomal lipid peroxidation.

Abstract These studies were undertaken with the aim of demonstrating an interaction of the phenoxyl free radical of thyroxine with a component of liver microsomes. The probability of such an interaction had been suggested by the prior study of the degradation of thyroxine by rat liver microsomes. The microsomal degradation reactions of thyroxine are initiated by ferrous iron. Rapid oxidation in microsomes is also initiated by ferrous iron. Such rapid oxidation is terminated by thyroxine and similar compounds. The material rapidly oxidized in microsomes in the presence of ferrous iron is a lecithin. Thyroxine and related compounds function as highly specific antioxidants exceeding the effectiveness of vitamin E, ascorbate, cysteine, glutathione or epinephrine. Study of the features of the antioxidant reaction suggests that thyroxine terminates the oxidations by reaction with the propagating species of a chain oxidation. During the course of such chain termination in peroxidizing lecithin, thyroxine is itself nonenzymatically degraded to yield the same products as those formed during microsomal degradation initiated by ferrous iron. The study supports the hypothesis that thyroxine participates in a system of free radical reactions, and as a consequence of these reactions it is degraded.
Prediabetes and the association with unrecognized myocardial infarction in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis

Background With one-quarter of initial myocardial infarctions (MI) being unrecognized MI (UMI), recognition is critical to minimize further cardiovascular risk. Diabetes mellitus is an established risk factor for UMI. If impaired fasting glucose (IFG) also increased the risk for UMI, it would represent a significant public health challenge due to the rapid worldwide increase in IFG prevalence. We compared participants with IFG to those with normal fasting glucose (NFG) to determine if IFG was associated with UMIs. Methods We performed cross-sectional analyses from the MESA, a population-based cohort study. There were 6,814 participants recruited during July 2000 to September 2002 from the general community at 6 field sites. After excluding those with diabetes mellitus or missing variables, 5,885 participants were included. At baseline, there were 4,955 participants with NFG and 930 participants with IFG. The main outcome was an UMI defined by the presence of pathological Q waves or minor Q waves with ST-T abnormalities on initial 12-lead electrocardiogram. Logistic regression was used to generate crude ORs and adjust for covariates. Results There was a higher prevalence of UMI in those with IFG compared with those with NFG [3.5% (n = 72) vs 1.4% (n = 30)]. After adjustment for multiple risk factors, there was a higher odds of an UMI among those with IFG compared with those with NFG [OR: 1.60 (95% CI: 1.0-2.5); P = .048]. Conclusions Impaired fasting glucose is associated with unrecognized myocardial infarctions in a multi-ethnic population free of baseline cardiovascular disease.
Dietary Zinc Alters Early Inflammatory Responses during Cutaneous Wound Healing in Weanling CD-1 Mice

Zinc deficiency is a well-known health problem associated with delayed wound healing, yet the precise mechanisms that underlie the delay remain unknown. We hypothesized that zinc deficiency delays wound healing as a result of decreased nuclear factor (NF)kappaB activation, reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha], and a decrease in neutrophil infiltration during the early stage of cutaneous wound healing. We used a cutaneous, full-thickness excisional wound model in CD-1 mice to examine the rate of wound closure as well as mRNA levels of inhibitory (I)kappaBalpha, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha and infiltration of neutrophils at the wound site of mice fed a diet containing <1 (deficient), 50 (control), 500, or 1000 microg zinc/g diet. Zinc deficiency reduced the rate of wound closure and mRNA levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha and attenuated infiltration of neutrophils at the wound site compared with controls. Interestingly, zinc supplementation at 1000 microg/g delayed the rate of wound closure and decreased mRNA levels of TNF-alpha and infiltration of neutrophils compared with mice fed the control diet. These findings demonstrate that zinc deficiency and high-dose zinc supplementation delay wound healing as a result of altered inflammatory responses and suggest that adequate zinc supplementation may have beneficial effects on the inflammatory responses to enhance cutaneous wound healing.
Beginning Reading Instruction and Later Academic Achievement

This study attempted to examine the long range effects of ITA, four years after its inception as a method of beginning reading instruction. IQ and achievement data were collected for both ITA and conventional (TO) reading groups. With achievement test subscores at the end of grade four as the criterion variable, results of 2-way analysis of variance designs indicated significant differences between the reading groups in four of twelve comparisons. Compared with TO, the ITA group achieved significantly higher mean scores on measures of word meaning, average reading, word study skills, and science. Although there were no interactions of mental ability with reading method in any of the twelve analyses, reading scores increased as IQ level increased regardless of the reading method considered.
Heme oxygenase 2 of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is induced under a microaerobic atmosphere and is required for microaerobic growth at high light intensity

Cyanobacteria, red algae, and cryptomonad algae utilize phycobilin chromophores that are attached to phycobiliproteins to harvest solar energy. Heme oxygenase (HO) in these organisms catalyzes the first step in phycobilin formation through the conversion of heme to biliverdin IXα, CO, and iron. The Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 genome contains two open reading frames, ho1 (sll1184) and ho2 (sll1875), whose products have in vitro HO activity. We report that HO2, the protein encoded by ho2, was induced in the cells growing under a microaerobic atmosphere [0.2% (v/v) O2], whereas HO1 was constitutively expressed under both aerobic and microaerobic atmospheres. Light intensity did not have an effect on the expression of both the HOs. Cells, in which ho2 was disrupted, were unable to grow microaerobically at a light intensity of 40 μmol m−2 s−1, but did grow microaerobically at 10 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity. These cells grew normally aerobically at both light intensities. Comparative analysis of complete cyanobacterial genomes revealed that possession of two HOs is common in cyanobacteria. In phylogenetic analysis of their amino acid sequences, cyanobacterial HO1 and HO2 homologs formed distinct clades. HO sequences of cyanobacteria that have only one isoform were most similar to HO1 sequences. We propose that HO2 might be the more ancient HO homolog that functioned under low O2 tension, whereas the derived HO1 can better accommodate increased O2 tension in the environment.
Distal Occluder and Rheolytic Thrombectomy of a Saphenous Vein Graft Lesion with a Large Associated Thrombus

Percutaneous intervention in thrombus-containing lesions is frequently associated with complications, including distal embolization and no-reflow. In saphenous vein bypass grafts (SVG), friable atheroma and associated thrombus make interventions particularly difficult. Distal protection strategies are in development, but complete protection with removal of all potentially embolic material is challenging. This case illustrates a novel technique using a distal occluder balloon and rheolytic thrombectomy followed by stent deployment to treat a SVG lesion. This combination therapy was technically feasible, resulted in no angiographic complications and normal creatine kinase levels throughout follow-up, and can be used during high risk SVG interventions.
Spinal Fluid Creatine Phosphokinase Abnormalities Following LSD Usage

(1970). Spinal Fluid Creatine Phosphokinase Abnormalities Following LSD Usage. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 85-87.
Maternal and child health services in the twenty-first century: critical issues challenges and opportunities.

Poor women, their children, and families use public-funded maternal and child health (MCH) services worldwide. However, with the decline in public-funded health services and the growing role of private-financed systems, poor women and their children are at risk of falling through the cracks of business-driven health systems. This article is an overview of (a) critical MCH global health and non-health issues, and (b) 10 MCH challenges in the twenty-first century. MCH advocates can turn these challenges into unique opportunities for MCH clients by developing public/private partnerships at local, state, national, and international levels that will assure the provision of basic clinical and public health services in either public- or private-financed health systems.
Fetal neostriatal transplants in the rat: A light and electron microscopic Golgi study

Abstract Fetal striatal neurons were transplanted into the ibotenic acid lesioned rat striatum. Three months after transplantation the grafted tissue was Golgi-impregnated and examined at the light microscopic level to determine the morphological characteristics of the transplanted neurons. Golgi-impregnated neurons were then gold-toned and examined at the electron microscopic level. The transplanted neurons were classified by both somatic size and somatic and dendritic morphology, which demonstrated that at least seven distinct cell types are present in striatal grafts. Type I large neurons had aspinous somata, sparsely spined dendrites, and indented nuclei, whereas type II large neurons displayed somatic spines, sparsely spined dendrites, and indented nuclei. Type I medium neurons exhibited aspinous somata and proximal dendrites, heavily spined distal dendrites, and unindented nuclei. Type II medium neurons had somatic spines, sparsely spined dendrites, and indented nuclei. Type III medium neurons had aspinous somata, poorly branched and sparsely spined dendrites, and indented nuclei, while type IV medium neurons had aspinous somata, highly branched and sparsely spined dendrites, and indented nuclei. Type V medium neurons displayed aspinous somata, varicose dendrites, and indented nuclei. These results demonstrate that transplanted fetal striatal neurons differentiate into morphologically and ultrastructurally distinct striatal cell types.
Foliage constituents of douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae)): Their seasonal variation and potential role in douglas fir resistance and silviculture management

Seasonal changes in the production of primary nutrients (soluble carbohydrates) and secondary metabolites (terpenes, monomeric phenolics, and tannins) in the current needle tissue of Douglas fir were investigated. All four classes of compounds showed significant seasonal changes in concentration during foliage development. Most terpenes increased significantly in concentration from June 11 to August 3, and then showed declining concentrations to September 20. The most dramatic and significant seasonal increases occurred inα-pinene, camphene, and bornyl acetate concentrations. The monomeric phenolics chlorogenic acid, taxifolin glucoside, quercetin galactoside, and those unknown phenolics showed an overall trend of declining in concentration from June 11 through September 20. However, considerable variation between sampling dates in the concentration of these phenolics was noted. Tannin concentration decreased significantly from June 11 to July 9, and then increased in concentration to the September 20 sampling date. Fructose, galactose, glucose, and sucrose tended to decrease from June 11 to September 20. However, significant variation between sampling dates was evident in these compounds as well. Galactose was the major compound in the soluble carbohydrate fraction, amounting to almost 80% of the total concentration throughout the growing season. These data suggest that if phenolics and tannins function as defenses, they would only affect second- and possibly third-instar budworm larvae during the time that these instars mine the buds. Camphene,α-pinene, and bornyl acetate increased in concentration throughout the growing season and may be effective deterrents to the budworm. Both bornyl acetate and camphene have been shown in field and laboratory studies to increase larval mortality and adversely affect budworm larval growth. Carbohydrates generally act as nutrients that enhance herbivore growth. However, in a previous study, galactose was found to cause reduced budworm larval growth and increased larval mortality.
How We Learned to Love the Russians: American Media and the Soviet Union During World War II

(1974). How We Learned to Love the Russians: American Media and the Soviet Union During World War II. The Historian: Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 455-478.
Topological characterization of the simian virus 40 transcription complex

We have used sedimentation analysis as well as agarose gel electrophoresis to characterize the topological state of the DNA of the Simian Virus 40 (SV40) transcription complex. We found that the complex DNA contained constrained topological tension, presumably resulting from nucleosome-like structures, but no detectable unconstrained (i.e., relaxable) topological tension. These results contradict previous conclusions that the SV40 transcription complex contains only unconstrained topological tension. Our findings are also the opposite of what has been proposed to be the case for the 5S gene analyzed in Xenopus oocytes. Thus the proposal that expression from the 5S gene is associated with substantial topological tension is not valid for expression from the SV40 late gene.
Clinical research nursing: A critical resource in the national research enterprise

Translational clinical research has emerged as an important priority for the national research enterprise, with a clearly stated mandate to more quickly deliver prevention strategies, treatments and cures based on scientific innovations to the public. Within this national effort, a lack of consensus persists concerning the need for clinical nurses with expertise and specialized training in study implementation and the delivery of care to research participants. This paper reviews efforts to define and document the role of practicing nurses in implementing studies and coordinating clinical research in a variety of clinical settings, and differentiates this clinical role from the role of nurses as scientists and principal investigators. We propose an agenda for building evidence that having nurses provide and coordinate study treatments and procedures can potentially improve research efficiency, participant safety, and the quality of research data. We also provide recommendations for the development of the emerging specialty of clinical research nursing.
Distribution of Coxsackie virus in experimentally infected cockroaches, Periplaneta americana.

SummaryGastrointestinal tracts removed at 5-day intervals for up to 20 days from cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, fed a single meal of Coxsackie virus contained sufficient virus to paralyze and kill test mice. Salivary glands removed after 5 days from the test cockroaches also caused paralysis and death in test mice; in one experiment, salivary glands removed 5, 10 and 20 days after a single feeding of virus caused Coxsackie infection in test mice.
On the unimodality and combinatorics of Bessel numbers

The Bessel numbers are reparametrized coefficients of Bessel polynomials. The paper investigates the analogies between Stirling numbers and Bessel numbers. A generating function for the Bessel numbers is obtained, and a proof of their unimodality is given. Stirling numbers and Bessel numbers are applied to the enumeration of orbit decompositions of various powers of permutation representations.
An Array-Based Method to Identify Multivalent Inhibitors

Carbohydrate−protein interactions play a critical role in a variety of biological processes, and agonists/antagonists of these interactions are useful as biological probes and therapeutic agents. Most carbohydrate-binding proteins achieve tight binding through formation of a multivalent complex. Therefore, both ligand structure and presentation contribute to recognition. Since there are many potential combinations of structure, spacing, and orientation to consider and the optimal one cannot be predicted, high-throughput approaches for analyzing carbohydrate−protein interactions and designing inhibitors are appealing. In this report, we develop a strategy to vary neoglycoprotein density on a surface of a glycan array. This feature of presentation was combined with variations in glycan structure and glycan density to produce an array with approximately 600 combinations of glycan structure and presentation. The unique array platform allows one to distinguish between different types of multivalent complexes o...
Design and fabrication of 0.25- mu m MESFETs with parallel and pi -gate structures

The design and fabrication of 0.25- mu m MESFETs with a channel length of 2.3 mu m is reported. A comparison of the effect of the FET geometry ( pi and parallel gate structures) on device performance is described. MESFETs were fabricated using a hybrid optical/e-beam lithography process on active layers grown by MBE. FETs show a transconductance of 260 mS/mm and a threshold voltage of -3.0 V. No short-channel effects were observed. From RF measurements, an f/sub max/ of 90-120 GHz was obtained. Excellent device yield across a 3-in wafer and wafer to wafer was achieved. >
Peer Effects on the Motivation of Adolescents with Learning Difficulties

ABSTRACT Recent research on motivation for academic achievement is reviewed with reference to Learning Disabled adolescents. Increase in peer effects during adolescence is related to the reciprocal relationship between motivation and learning. The implications of impairment or delay in cognitive, social or emotional development are juxtaposed with school expectations of main-streamed L.D. adolescents. The review concludes by identifying some common elements of effective curricula programs.
Supraventricular tachycardia in patients with right hemisphere strokes.

The physiological basis for the arrhythmias commonly observed after a stroke is not well understood. Based on evidence that the right and left cerebral hemispheres influence cardiac function in different ways, we sought to determine whether the nature and severity of cardiac arrhythmias in the context of an acute stroke vary in relation to whether the stroke is located in the left or the right hemisphere.Data were obtained from the medical records of nineteen patients with left hemisphere strokes and nineteen patients with right hemisphere strokes who had also had 24-hour electrocardiographic (Holter) recordings within 2 weeks of admission to a stroke unit. Written Holter monitor reports already on file were used for the data analysis.All four patients with supraventricular tachycardia had right hemisphere strokes (p = 0.05). There was a nonsignificant trend for left hemisphere stroke patients to have more severe ventricular arrhythmias.These data provide partial support for the hypothesis that the two ce...
Pesticide Use and Safety Training in Mexico: The Experience of Farmworkers Employed in North Carolina.

Migrant and seasonal farmworkers in the United States are now overwhelmingly immigrants from Mexico. Pesticide exposure among these farmworkers is a major occupational health concern; however, little research has considered the agricultural pesticide use and safety experiences of these workers in their communities of origin. This analysis uses survey data collected by the PACE project to delineate the farming and pesticide use experiences of Mexican-born farmworkers in North Carolina. Over 80 percent of the 277 Mexican-born farmworkers had done agricultural work in Mexico, including work on their own farms (93%) and as hired farm labor (35%). Almost two-thirds of those farmworkers with farming experience had used pesticides, but only about one-third of those who used pesticides had received pesticide safety training or information. Most of those who used pesticides had used some form of safety equipment. Those who had worked as hired farm labor in Mexico were more likely to have used pesticides and safety equipment, and to have received safety training and information. Those who spoke an indigenous language at home rather than Spanish were less likely to have used pesticides and to have received safety training and information. These results demonstrate that farmworkers coming to the U.S. from Mexico arrive with a variety of experiences with pesticide usage and pesticide safety training. Such experiences form the framework within which farmworkers understand the relationship of pesticide usage to human health. It is important for occupational health and safety programs directed to farmworkers in the U.S. to consider the experiences these workers bring from their communities of origin.
Neighbor influences and seasonal growth patterns for Vallisneria americana in a mesotrophic lake

Biomass of the submersed macrophyte Vallisneria americana rose steadily from early June to 50 g dry wt·m-2 in ealry August. Leaves dominated the biomass of this perennial from mid-June through August, after which plants senesced to leave only winter buds as perennating organs. Only 24% of plants sampled flowered during the 1978 growing season, yielding a population mean of less than 0.6% of dry weight allocated to sexual reproduction, with a maximum value of 7.8% for one plant. In contrast, allocation to winter buds accounted for 11% of total dry weight at the close of the growing season.Total dry weight, leaf length, stolon length, rosette number, and winter bud production of Vallisneria americana at the close of the growing season had significantly higher mean values for individual plants in a monospecific stand of Vallisneria than at sites dominated by Potamogeton amplifolius or Chara vulgaris. The basis of site differences in growth by V. americana is unknown, although we demonstrate significantly higher interstitial soluble reactive phosphorus concentration and organic content of sediment at a Vallisneria site.Removal of neighbors of some Vallisneria plants at the Vallisneria, Potamogeton, and Chara sites resulted in longer leaves, but fewer rosettes for plants with neighbors than plants without neighbors. It appears that this changing growth pattern permitted Vallisneria plants to compensate for the presence of neighbors, and thereby attain similar biomass and sustain similar winter bud production in the presence and absence of neighbors.
High-fat load: mechanism(s) of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle from sedentary obese patients is characterized by depressed electron transport activity, reduced expression of genes required for oxidative metabolism, altered mitochondrial morphology and lower overall mitochondrial content. These findings imply that obesity, or more likely the metabolic imbalance that causes obesity, leads to a progressive decline in mitochondrial function, eventually culminating in mitochondrial dissolution or mitoptosis. A decrease in the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to insulin represents one of the earliest maladies associated with high dietary fat intake and weight gain. Considerable evidence has accumulated to suggest that the cytosolic ectopic accumulation of fatty acid metabolites, including diacylglycerol and ceramides, underlies the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. However, an alternative mechanism has recently been evolving, which places the etiology of insulin resistance in the context of cellular/mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox systems biology. Overnutrition, particularly from high-fat diets, generates fuel overload within the mitochondria, resulting in the accumulation of partially oxidized acylcarnitines, increased mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) emission and a shift to a more oxidized intracellular redox environment. Blocking H2O2 emission prevents the shift in redox environment and preserves insulin sensitivity, providing evidence that the mitochondrial respiratory system is able to sense and respond to cellular metabolic imbalance. Mitochondrial H2O2 emission is a major regulator of protein redox state, as well as the overall cellular redox environment, raising the intriguing possibility that elevated H2O2 emission from nutrient overload may represent the underlying basis for the development of insulin resistance due to disruption of normal redox control mechanisms regulating protein function, including the insulin signaling and glucose transport processes.
The feeding behavior of planktotrophic echinoderm larvae: Mechanisms, regulation, and rates of suspensionfeeding

Abstract Feeding mechanisms, rejection mechanisms, and feeding rates of planktotrophic echinoderm larvae of 15 species of four classes have been compared; larvae of 12 species were cultured from fertilization through metamorphosis. The currents created by the ciliated and adoral bands and the mechanisms of removing algae from suspension are similar in the larvae of all four classes. The major differences in feeding are related to the density of cilia in the circumoral field and the differences in overall configuration which distinguish the auricularia and the bipinnaria from the larvae of the pluteus type. In all the larvae the cilia of the ciliated band produce a water current away from the circumoral field. The posteriorly directed components of these currents result in forward swimming. During feeding, particles are retained at the inner side of the ciliated band but water is passed over the band. Particles are transported toward the mouth by water currents, by cilia of the circumoral field, and probably by cilia of the ciliated band. There is little exchange of water in the buccal cavity. Distribution of epidermal secretory cells varies with species. The larvae can cease feeding by directing particles over the ciliated band. Particles can be ejected from the buccal cavity by ciliary reversal and from the esophagus by contraction of esophageal muscles. These types of rejection are often aided by contractions of other muscles in varying combinations. The sets of muscles aiding rejection differ among the classes. The echinoplutei and ophioplutei frequently reverse the ciliary beat along most of the ciliated band to aid such rejection. The auricularia ( Parastichopus ), ophiopluteus ( Ophiopholis ), and echinopluteus ( Brisaster, Dendraster, Allocentrotus, Strongylocentrotus ) can move backwards by reversing the beat of all or most of the ciliated band. The bipinnaria ( Luidia, Patiria, Evasterias, Pisaster, Pycnopodia ) were not observed to reverse beat but turn by muscular contractions. Particles are sorted in the gut. The rate of passage through the gut is determined largely by the rate of passage from upper to lower stomach. The larvae ingested Sephadex spheres of diameters slightly less than the diameter of the esophagus. The larvae ate rods ( Ditylum ) longer than 100 or 200μ depending on the stage and species of larva. In Ophiopholis and Strongylocentrotus the presence of Ditylum interfered with feeding on smaller cells. Most fully developed larvae cleared suspensions of Amphidinium at rates of 3 to 4 μl/min and probably clear Cricosphaera and some other particles at twice this rate. Fully developed Luidia larvae cleared Amphidinium at 9 μl/min. The clearance rate is roughly proportional to the length of the ciliated band. The clearance and ingestion rates vary with concentration of food as in other suspension feeders. Questions are raised concerning the larval nervous system, the evolution of clearance rates, and ways in which each larval type may be suited to the development of juveniles of its class.
Multistage epilepsy surgery: safety, efficacy, and utility of a novel approach in pediatric extratemporal epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and utility of a novel surgical strategy consisting of multiple (more than two) operative stages performed during the same hospital admission with subdural grid and strip electrodes in selected pediatric extratemporal epilepsy. METHODS Subdural grid and strip electrodes were used for multistage chronic electroencephalographic monitoring in 15 pediatric patients (age, <19 yr) with refractory localization-related epilepsy and poor surgical prognostic factors. Initial resective surgery and/or multiple subpial transections were performed, followed by further monitoring and additional resection and/or multiple subpial transections. RESULTS Mean patient age was 9.7 years. Mean duration of total invasive monitoring was 10.5 days (range, 8-14 d). The first monitoring period averaged 6.5 days, and the second averaged 3.9 days. Additional surgery was performed in 13 of 15 patients. Two patients who did not undergo additional surgery had a Class I outcome. Rationales for reinvestigation included incomplete localization, multifocality, and proximity to eloquent cortex. Complications were minimal, including two transfusions. There were no cases of wound infection, cerebral edema, hemorrhage, or major permanent neurological deficit. Minimum duration of follow-up was 31 months. Outcomes were 60% Engel Class I (9 of 15 patients), 27% Class III (4 of 15 patients), and 13% Class IV (2 of 15 patients). CONCLUSION In a very select group of pediatric patients with poor surgical prognostic factors, the multistage approach can be beneficial. After failed epilepsy surgery, subsequent reoperation with additional intracranial investigation traditionally is used when a single residual focus is suspected. Our results, however, support the contention that multistage epilepsy surgery is safe, effective, and useful in a challenging and select pediatric population with extratemporal medically refractory epilepsy.
Strategies and techniques for revitalizing a nonsexual marriage

If one adopts an arbitrary criterion of being sexual less than 10 times a year, approximately 20% of married couples have a nonsexual relationship. This is a major mental health problem that poses a threat to marital satisfaction and viability. The strategy in confronting a nonsexual marriage is to treat it as a couple issue. The prescription for change is to take personal responsibility for sexuality, rebuild intimacy, reintroduce nondemand pleasuring, and add erotic stimulation.
Dielectric barrier discharge induced boundary layer suction

Boundary layer downdraft suction and through-surface fluid removal is demonstrated with a streamwise oriented dielectric barrier discharges fabricated into a flat plate immersed in a 3.8 m/s freestream flow (Re = 72000). The velocity field is obtained by particle image velocimetry. Suction with through-surface fluid removal is found to thin the boundary layer and increases the velocity gradient in the vicinity of the wall by extracting slower fluid from the inner layer region. The effect of this suction on the boundary layer persists away from the center of the exposed electrode without inducing significant disturbances to the freestream flow.
Alkyl inductive effects on molecular ionization potentials—XV n-alkanes

Abstract The first ionisation potentials, EI, of n-alkanes are found to be a linear function of the inductive substituent constants, ΣσI. The correlation is obtained by considering that a σ-bonding electron is ejected from the most central CC bond in the alkane RR′. The equation for the regression is EI = 17·19 + 60·2 ΣσI ± 0·04 eV, with correlation coefficient 0·998. An equation is also deduced relating EI to the number of carbon atoms, nc, and hydrogen atoms, nH, in the n-alkane: EI = 4·70(nH - 1)/nc, from which EI for polymethylene, (CH2)x, is found to be 9·40 eV.
Laminar tube flow with a thermosetting polymerization

Two models describing the laminar flow of a polymerizing liquid through a tube have been developed and tested experimentally. One model is a full finite difference solution of the balance equations. The other is an approximate analytical solution which assumes that flow ceases after viscosity increases about tenfold. The models are compared to two experimental cases: (1) the pressure rise needed to keep the flow rate through the tube constant and (2) the flow rate decrease when pressure at the tube entrance is held constant. The finite difference model is more accurate in the early stages of polymerization while the approximate analytical model is more accurate at long times. The models have application to runner flow in reaction injection molding, to nozzles in thermoset molding, to thermoset dispensing equipment and to continuous reactive polymer processes in general.
Clinical observations of nebulized flunisolide in infants and young children with asthma and bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is frequently associated with asthma. The combination is often severe enough to necessitate corticosteroid therapy. There are no commercially available nebulizer solutions of corticosteroids for use in infants and young children. Seven infants and small children with very severe BPD and asthma aged 6-24 months, were treated with flunisolide, 187-250 micrograms q.i.d. in the form of nasal spray delivered by nebulizer. After treatment for 2.5-20 months, four patients showed clinical improvement, one initially improved but later deteriorated and died of cardiac failure, and two patients showed no improvement and died within 3 months. The number of days of hospitalization was significantly reduced from 8.4/month to 2.5/month (P less than 0.05). No side-effects were detected and it was felt that the three patients who died, did so as a consequence of very severe BPD and its cardiac consequences. The suspension remained stable for 80 min when mixed with normal saline, cromolyn sodium, albuterol, or acetylcysteine. It is concluded that nebulized flunisolide is a potentially useful treatment for infants and young children with asthma and BPD.
Manifestation determination: rulings of the courts

A legal history of the logic behind the manifestation determination meeting was compiled based on a review of the literature. In addition a search of the Individuals with Disabilities Education law Reporter (IDELR) was conducted to identify manifestation determination cases decided after 1994 and before 2003. This time frame gave an indication of the rulings before and after the 1997 IDEA enactment, in order to examine the impact of these regulations. The result of this research indicates that more cases went to hearing after the 1997 enactment. School districts rely on administrative professionals to be aware of the legal procedures regarding manifestation determination decisions and that eighty nine out of ninety nine cases where decided strictly on these procedural issues. It also indicated that the school is not following correct procedures on nearly 50% of the cases that were reported.
The Effect of Color Perception on Success in High School Biology

Scores on a test of color blindness and intelligence test scores were correlated with semester grades in biology for eighty-one rural high school students. No relationship was found between color blindness and intelligence, however a significant negative correlation was found between color blindness and success in high school biology. This was taken to mean that students suffering a disability in color perception would have greater difficulty in achieving success in biology than would students not so handicapped.
Electrochemistry of Stainless Steel in Sulphuric Acid

IN a study of the electrochemical behaviour of stainless steels, the electrode potential has been continuously recorded during the transformation of an air-stable oxide film to the surface state that exists in dilute, aerated sulphuric acid at temperatures between 25° and 90° C. Several definite inflexions or stages in the process have been observed which are similar in certain respects to the oscillograms obtained by Bonhoeffer and Vetter1 in the activation and re-passivation of carbon steel in nitric acid. With stainless steel, the processes are much slower than those observed with carbon steel, so that the details of the several stages may be more readily studied. Thus, Fig. 1 shows the results obtained at 85° C. when a niobium-stabilized steel (type 347) was heated in air at 445° C. for 2 hr. and then placed in an aerated 0.1 N mixture of sulphuric acid and sodium sulphate which had a pH of 1.46. A vibrating-reed electrometer measured the potential between the steel electrode and a reference electrode kept at 24° C, so that all potentials to be given include a small potential due to the thermal gradient in the bridge. Dissolved iron was determined at intervals spectro-photometrieally by use of thioglycollic acid2.
Rabbit immunoglobulin allotype A12: a new agglutinating specificity.

A new allotype, A12, present on rabbit IgG is described. This allotype is detected by inhibition-of-agglutination techniques similar to those employed for the previously described allotype A11. The specificity is on the H chain in the hinge region of IgG. It can be associated with any of the H chain group a allotypes. A11 and A12 are transmitted by codominant autosomal genes.
Quantitative comparisons of neutrophil chemotaxis in four animal species

Abstract The in vitro chemotactic responsiveness of human, rabbit, guinea pig, and porcine peripheral blood neutrophils has been assessed by a serum-free modification of the “chemotaxis under agarose” method. Complement-activated sera from the different animals, homogeneous human, and porcine C5a, their respective des Arg derivatives, and synthetic N -formylmethionyl oligopeptides all served as chemoattractants. Human, rabbit, and guinea pig neutrophils show a directed migratory response toward complement-derived chemotactic factors present in human, rabbit, porcine, and guinea pig sera as well as toward the synthetic N -formylmethionyl peptides. Porcine neutrophils behave in a distinctly different fashion than cells from the other sources, responding only to complement-related chemotactic factors of porcine origin and to human C5a. In addition, porcine neutrophils do not respond to purified bacterial chemotactic factors or to synthetic N -formylmethionyl oligopeptides, even at elevated concentrations of these factors. Furthermore, binding studies fail to demonstrate the presence of N -formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine receptors on the porcine neutrophil.
The deepest dark detector

In the heart of a mountain in China's Sichuan province, underneath 2400 meters of stone, researchers are powering up the most ambitious effort yet to directly detect some of the strangest stuff in the universe: dark matter. Early this year, the PandaX (Particle and Astrophysical Xenon) experiment will start collecting data in hopes of finding evidence of the elusive particles, thought to constitute more than 80 percent of the matter in the universe.
Pre-Qualification of a Typical Annular Tank

The objective of this paper is to develop the vessel design pre-qualification for a typical annular tank. The pressures and pressure combinations being considered are first combined maximum working internal pressure plus static pressure second combined maximum accidental internal pressure plus static pressure and third combined internal working pressure plus static pressure plus seismic. The FEA modeling method is used to determine if the Annular Tank’s deflection remain within the criticality deflection tolerance and ASME Code stresses are not exceeded. If the tank’s deflection and/or stresses are exceeded, tank original design is modified and new analysis is performed. This process is repeated until the Annular Tank’s design is within the acceptable range of ASME Code stresses and deflection.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A quantitative study of in vitro hepatic metabolism of tacrolimus (FK506) using secondary ion and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.

The identification and simultaneous quantification of Tacrolimus and its hepatic metabolites in baboons has been achieved using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry and static secondary-ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Little fragmentation, high sensitivity and tolerance to contamination are the major advantages of these methods, allowing facile identification and quantification of metabolites produced in vitro with minor analyte isolation. Based on the MALDI and TOF-SIMS results, seven metabolites have been identified: de-methylated, di de-methylated, hydroxylated, di hydroxylated, de-methylated hydroxylated, dihydrodiol, and di de-methylated hydroxylated. The concentrations of the parent drug and its major metabolites (e.g. de-methylated, di de-methylated) were measured using Rapamycin as an internal standard. The time course of Tacrolimus and its major metabolites as a function of incubation time was calculated. Good correlation between SIMS and MALDI results was obtained.