cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Policing in the Era of Big Data

Fifty years ago, the 1967 President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice urged the rapid adoption of information technology to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and fairness of the criminal justice system, including policing. They predicted that we could make great progress on the challenge of crime if only we could deliver the right information to the right police officer at the right time. In this twenty-first century era of Big Data, all the technologies described in the 1967 Commission report are widely available and accessible to police departments. This review characterizes what Big Data means for policing, discusses the technologies making Big Data possible, describes how police departments are putting Big Data to use, and assesses how close we are coming to realizing the vision offered in 1967. Although police may be rich in data, we still need to improve the extraction of information and knowledge from that data and put them to use to decrease crime and improve clear...
Renal Transplant Acute Rejection with Lower Mycophenolate Mofetil Dosing and Proton Pump Inhibitors or Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists

Background Pharmacokinetic data show reduced mycophenolic acid levels in renal transplant recipients taking mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) concomitantly. This reduced exposure could increase rejection risk. The typical initial MMF dose post renal transplantation is 2 g/day, which often requires dose reduction secondary to side effects. Existing studies have not shown significant acute rejection differences for patients taking MMF-PPI versus patients taking MMF-ranitidine. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes in renal transplant recipients receiving a lower MMF dose than previously studied (1.5 g/day) and either a PPI or histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H2RA). Methods This retrospective cohort study included adult subjects receiving a renal transplant between January 1, 2009, and June 30, 2013. Comparison groups were defined based on acid-suppressing therapy class prescribed at discharge from transplantation. The primary outcome was acute rejection incidence within 1 year posttransplantation. Results Of 728 renal transplant recipients screened, 522 were included: 183 taking a PPI and 339 taking an H2RA. There was no significant difference in acute rejection within 1 year (H2RA 19% versus PPI 14%, p=0.12) or 3 months (4% vs 5%, p=0.44, respectively) posttransplantation. Maintenance immunosuppression (MMF dose and tacrolimus troughs) was similar between groups at 3 months and 1 year. Graft and patient survivals were favorable (> 95%), and graft function at 1 year was stable and similar between groups. Conclusion Despite taking lower MMF doses than previously studied, subjects on a PPI compared to an H2RA were not at increased risk of acute rejection within 1 year posttransplantation.
An Experimental Test of How Selfies Change Social Judgments on Facebook

Selfies are everywhere on social media. Research has focused only on who is posting selfies and has not addressed the audience members viewing selfies. This study aims to fill this gap by analyzing the judgments people make of selfies posted on Facebook. Using an online experiment, we test how including a selfie on a Facebook status update changes people's appraisals of narcissism, message appropriateness, and social attraction. We also consider how the valence and intimacy of the status update text interplay with the selfie to change social judgments. Participants rated posts with selfies as more narcissistic and inappropriate, and less socially attractive. Selfie evaluations also depended upon the valence and intimacy of the status update text. Gender of the selfie poster did not influence evaluation of posts. One implication from these results is that posting selfies on social media may lead to negative judgments about the poster.
Cognitive control and language ability contribute to online reading comprehension: Implications for older adult bilinguals:

Aims:Previous research has indicated that young adults form predictions for the meaning of upcoming words when contexts are highly constrained. This can lead to processing benefits when expectations are met, but also costs, as indicated by a late, frontally distributed and positive event-related potential (ERP), when an unexpected word is encountered. This effect has been associated with the conflict that arises for prediction errors, as well as attempts to suppress a previously formed prediction. However, individual differences have been found for young adult bilingual and older adult monolingual readers, whereby only those who exhibited better language regulation and executive function skill showed this pattern. The goal of the current study was to investigate how these executive functions influence comprehension skill and behavior for elderly bilinguals.Approach:We asked whether older adult monolinguals and bilinguals were capable of generating predictions online, and whether cognitive control and lang...
Modeling and impacts of the latent heat of phase change and specific heat for phase change materials

We model the latent heats of crystallization and fusion in phase change materials with a unified latent heat of phase change, ensuring energy conservation by coupling the heat of phase change with amorphous and crystalline specific heats. We demonstrate the model with 2-D finite element simulations of Ge2Sb2Te5 and find that the heat of phase change increases local temperature up to 180 K in 300 nm × 300 nm structures during crystallization, significantly impacting grain distributions. We also show in electrothermal simulations of 45 nm confined and 10 nm mushroom cells that the higher amorphous specific heat predicted by this model increases nucleation probability at the end of reset operations. These nuclei can decrease set time, leading to variability, as demonstrated for the mushroom cell.
Interaction Between Fatigue Crack Growih, Yielding and Nonlinearly Visoous Material Response

Viewing extension of crack by fatigue as a sequence of discreet growth steps of finite magnitude, we employ the concept of a cyclic R-curve to provide theoretical estimates of the fatigue crack growth rates for yielding and/or nonlinearly viscous materials. Influence of the material parameters such as ductility, tearing modulus and strain hardening exponent on the rate da/dN has been investigated.
Glutathione regulation in rat hepatic stellate cells: Comparative studies in primary culture and in liver injury in vivo

Lipid peroxidation accompanies many types of liver injury and is believed to promote liver fibrosis. Cellular antioxidants are likely to play an important role in modulating this process; however, little is known about antioxidants in hepatic stellate cells, the major collagen-producing cells of liver. In this study, we measured glutathione homeostasis in stellate cells isolated from rat liver. Glutathione, measured by HPLC in stellate cell homogenates, increased significantly when the cells were plated in primary culture. The rise in glutathione coincided with pretranslational up-regulation of the synthetic enzyme γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS). Additional experiments were performed to determine whether stellate cell glutathione and GCS are similarly altered during liver injury in vivo. Two types of hepatic insults, namely, bile duct ligation (8 days) and carbon tetrachloride treatment (4 weeks), failed to provoke an increase in either stellate cell glutathione or GCS. This disparate behavior of stellate cells in culture and in vivo is unusual; the data suggest that stellate cells might respond variably to oxidants depending on their glutathione status.
Estimates of variances due to direct and maternal effects for growth traits of Romanov sheep.

Records of growth traits of 2,086 Romanov lambs were used to estimate variance components for an animal model and genetic correlations between growth traits. Traits analyzed were birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WW), 90-d weight (W90), and daily gain for the periods birth to weaning (DG1) and weaning to 90 d (DG2). Weaning was at approximately 40 d. Variance components were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood with an animal model including fixed effects for year x season, sex, rearing type, and litter size and random effects for the direct genetic effect of the animal (with relative variance h2), the maternal genetic effect (with relative variance m2), the permanent environmental effect (with relative variance c2), and random residual effect. Genetic correlations were estimated for a model with the same fixed effects and only additive genetic effects. Estimates of the variances of random effects, h2, m2, and c2, respectively, as a proportion of phenotypic variance were .04, .22, .10 (BWT); .34, .25, .0 (WW); .09, .01, .07 (W90); .26, .17, .02 (DG1); and .15, .01, .03 (DG2). Estimates of genetic correlations were .12 (BWT with WW); .24 (BWT with W90); .48 (WW with W90); .69 (DG1 with DG2); -.01 (BWT with DG1); .05 (BWT with DG2); .59 (WW with DG1); .47 (WW with DG2); .67 (W90 with DG1); and .98 (W90 with DG2). Results suggest that selection should be effective for WW, DG1, and DG2 but less effective for BWT and W90. An important maternal effect was observed for BWT, WW, and DG1. The estimates of genetic correlations showed no genetic antagonisms among the traits.
Standing and the Precautionary Principle

In Massachusetts v. EPA, the Supreme Court upheld Massachusetts' standing to challenge EPA's refusal to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from mobile sources. The majority and dissent disputed whether the science of global warming was sufficient to establish standing. Absent from both opinions was discussion of whether there would be standing if the science were uncertain but the potential harms large and irreversible. This Paper argues that 'precautionary-based standing' - grounded upon a fundamental principle of environmental law, the precautionary principle - should apply in such cases. Precautionary-based standing would not upset existing standing doctrine. First, its application would be limited, and could further be limited to cases brought by a sovereign. Second, there already are less stringent standing requirements in areas where society has deemed precaution to be appropriate. Third, the catastrophic and uncertain nature of the injury in a precautionary-based standing would satisfy Article III. The argument here is important in several ways. First, reliance upon the precautionary principle might attract the support of people who question the certainty of the science but recognize the large risks associated with global warming. Second, precautionary-based standing would be available to address future environmental crises where scientific understanding that the threat is real may lag. Third, precautionary-based standing eventually may generate a broader evolution of standing jurisprudence. Fourth, importation and application of the precautionary principle to questions of standing will provide a logical and stable setting in which the precautionary principle might develop and flourish.
Automating land parcel classification for neighborhood-scale urban analysis

Homeowners’ Associations (HOAs) dictate landscape structure and management through legally enforceable land covenants at the neighborhood scale in the USA. Determining the location and spatial exte...
Study of lithium vapor flow in a detached divertor using DSMC code

Abstract A detached divertor is predicted to be necessary to handle the heat fluxes of a demonstration fusion power plant. The lithium vapor box divertor localizes dense lithium vapor to cause stable detachment. This localization is formed by local evaporation and nearby condensation. We provide a simulation of lithium vapor flow using the SPARTA Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code. Simulations of a baffled vapor box divertor’s lithium mass flow are within a factor of two of an ideal-gas choked nozzle flow calculation. Lithium flow and density within each chamber are given for a 200 MW power input Demo-scaled vapor-box example configuration. We find the lithium exits the baffles of this configuration at a rate of ∼ 4 g/s. This should be acceptable since ionization of ∼ 60 g/s of lithium is taking place to cause detachment [3]. A simple model of the Fusion National Science Facility (FNSF) divertor plasma is also explored. We compare our simulations using SPARTA to a similar UEDGE simulation, showing the lithium ionizations rates can be emulated to a reasonable degree. The addition of baffles causes a decrease in far SOL ionization by a factor of eight. Changes in detachment front position over a range of 19cm can cause more than a factor of 18 increase in ionization rate, indicating detachment location is highly stable to variations in heatflux. Unbaffled results are more modest, but nonetheless promising with a factor of six change in ionization over the same region.
Physical Layer Performance of a Cooperative Amplify and Forward Scheme for MIMO WLANs

This paper proposes a novel cooperative amplify and forward (CAF) architecture for MIMO WLANs to improve their coverage and transmission rates, without requiring any modifications in the IEEE 802.11 standards at the clients. System models are used for analyzing the physical layer of CAF networks, and compared with the conventional amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) networks. Numerical results demonstrate that the CAF network clearly outperforms conventional 802.11 networks, and AF and DF networks in terms of coverage and throughput.
The Private Voice: Homeschooling, Hannah Arendt, and Political Education

What becomes of the political orientation of American education when children are educated in the home rather than in public schools? Homeschooling critics raise concerns over the larger consequenc...
The psychology of the wait time experience - what clinics can do to manage the waiting experience for patients: a longitudinal, qualitative study.

Wait time, defined as time spent in the waiting and exam rooms waiting to see a provider, is a key quality metric in a number of national patient experience surveys. However, the literature on wait time does not show a consistent correlation between long waits and worse overall patient care experiences. Herein, we examine contextual factors that can shape the manner in which patients may respond to different wait times. We also identify actions providers and clinics can take to promote positive wait experiences and mitigate negative ones. We conducted over 130 h of semi-structured interviews with patients new to two HIV primary care clinics in Houston, Texas. We interviewed patients before the first provider visit, again within two weeks of the first visit, and again at 6–12 months. We analyzed the interviews using directed and conventional content analysis. Our study showed that patients’ “willingness to wait” is the product of the actual wait time, individual factors, such as the perceived value of the visit and cost of a long wait, and clinic and provider factors. Analyses revealed key steps providers and clinics can take to improve the wait time experience. These include: 1) proactively informing patients of delays, 2) explicitly apologizing for delays, and 3) providing opportunities for diversion. Patients noted the importance of these steps in curtailing frustrations that may result from a long wait. Our study highlights key steps cited by patients as having the potential to improve the wait time experience. These steps are practical and of particular interest to clinics, where waits are oftentimes inevitable.
What Do Biased Estimates Tell Us about Cognitive Processing? Spatial Judgments as Proportion Estimation.

ABSTRACTSimilar estimation biases appear in a wide range of quantitative judgments, across many tasks and domains. Often, these biases (those that occur, for example, when adults or children indica...
Evaluating Association Between Coronary Calcifications Visualized During Invasive Coronary Angiography With Total Mortality.

Background High calcium score is independently associated with a greater cardiac event rate. Using a large database of patients who underwent coronary angiography for clinical reasons, we evaluated the association between reported degree of coronary calcification with mortality and baseline risk factors. Methods Using angiographic data of 1917 patients from 1993 to 1997, we studied any association between the locations of coronary calcium that were seen during coronary angiography with coronary artery risk factors. Furthermore, we correlated the locations of calcium with all cause mortality. Results A total of 1917 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization from 1993 to 1997 were studied. Total mortality was 22.9%. There was no association between the classic coronary risk factors (history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes mellitus and family history) or race (White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian) with the occurrence of angiographic visible calcium in any location. Furthermore, we did not find any association between the locations of coronary calcium with all cause mortality. (All cause mortality occurred in 21.8% of patients with left main calcification vs. 23.3%, P = 0.63, in 24.6% of patients with left anterior descending artery calcification vs. 22.7%, P = 0.48, in 25.6% of patients with circumflex calcification vs. 23.1%, P = 0.52, in 25.7% of right coronary calcification vs. 22.7%, P = 0.47, in 24.6 of any coronary calcification vs. 22.5%, P = 0.4). Conclusions Race, coronary risk factors, and all cause mortality are not associated with angiographic documented coronary calcification in any location in patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography.
A Case for Maximal Leakage as a Side Channel Leakage Metric.

Side channels represent a broad class of security vulnerabilities that have been demonstrated to exist in many applications. Because completely eliminating side channels often leads to prohibitively high overhead, there is a need for a principled trade-off between cost and leakage. In this paper, we make a case for the use of maximal leakage to analyze such trade-offs. Maximal leakage is an operationally interpretable leakage metric designed for side channels. We present the most useful theoretical properties of maximal leakage from previous work and demonstrate empirically that conventional metrics such as mutual information and channel capacity underestimate the threat posed by side channels whereas maximal leakage does not. We also study the cost-leakage trade-off as an optimization problem using maximal leakage. We demonstrate that not only can this problem be represented as a linear program, but also that optimal protection can be achieved using a combination of at most two deterministic schemes.
Array-Based Epigenetic Aging Indices May Be Racially Biased

Epigenetic aging (EA) indices are frequently used as predictors of mortality and other important health outcomes. However, each of the commonly used array-based indices has significant heritable components which could tag ethnicity and potentially confound comparisons across racial and ethnic groups. To determine if this was possible, we examined the relationship of DNA methylation in cord blood from 203 newborns (112 African American (AA) and 91 White) at the 513 probes from the Levine PhenoAge Epigenetic Aging index to ethnicity. Then, we examined all sites significantly associated with race in the newborn sample to determine if they were also associated with an index of ethnic genetic heritage in a cohort of 505 AA adults. After Bonferroni correction, methylation at 50 CpG sites was significantly associated with ethnicity in the newborn cohort. The five most significant sites predicted ancestry with a receiver operator characteristic area under the curve of 0.97. Examination of the top 50 sites in the AA adult cohort showed that methylation status at 11 of those sites was also associated with percentage European ancestry. We conclude that the Levine PhenoAge Index is influenced by cryptic ethnic-specific genetic influences. This influence may extend to similarly constructed EA indices and bias cross-race comparisons.
Cybersecurity: The need for data and patient safety with cardiac implantable electronic devices

Remote monitoring of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has become routine practice as a result of the advances in biomedical engineering, the advent of interconnectivity between the devices through the Internet, and the demonstrated improvement in patient outcomes, survival, and hospitalizations. However, this increased dependency on the Internet of Things comes with risks in the form of cybersecurity lapses and possible attacks. Although no cyberattack leading to patient harm has been reported to date, the threat is real and has been demonstrated in research laboratory scenarios and echoed in patient concerns. The CIED universe comprises a complex interplay of devices, connectivity protocols, and sensitive information flow between the devices and the central cloud server. Various manufacturers use proprietary software and black-box connectivity protocols that are susceptible to hacking. Here we discuss the fundamentals of the CIED ecosystem, the potential security vulnerabilities, a historical overview of such vulnerabilities reported in the literature, and recommendations for improving the security of the CIED ecosystem and patient safety.
Initial Design, Manipulation, and Moral Responsibility

This is a critical notice of Alfred Mele’s, Manipulated Agents: A Window to Moral Responsibility. I agree with Mele that moral responsibility is a historical phenomenon, but give some considerations (based on analogous phenomena) in favor of a positive, rather than negative, historical condition for moral responsibility. I focus on Mele’s Zygote Argument, which is intended to present a challenge for compatibilism. I contend that the challenge can be met, and I offer an error theory of the appeal of the Zygote Argument.
Asset pricing implications of a non-expected recursive utility function: A review

Abstract Employing a recently developed non-expected recursive utility function in which intertemporal substitution and risk aversion are disentangled, this paper reviews general equilibrium asset pricing in a pure exchange representative consumer economy. Assuming that the growth rates of aggregate dividends are independently and identically distributed over time, we derive closed-form formulas for stock and bond prices (and returns), and equity premium are derived. Using these formulas, various issues in asset pricing, including the respective roles played by the two disparate preference components—intertemporal substitution and risk aversion, are discussed.
PhotochemCAD spectra viewer for web-based visualization of absorption and fluorescence spectra

PhotochemCAD is a Microsoft Windows-based software program composed of spectral databases and program modules for diverse photochemical calculations and is aimed at addressing fundamental needs of the scientific community. Since initiation in the late 1980’s, ~1000 absorption/fluorescence spectra of ~500 organic compounds of interest across the wide photosciences field have been collected and are now available in PhotochemCAD 3. The spectra are accompanied by quantitative parameters (molar absorption coefficient, fluorescence quantum yield) where available and citations to the original source literature. Many web-based absorption/fluorescence spectra viewers are publicly accessible but are typically aimed at commercial sales by sponsoring companies. Here, a web-browser-based PhotochemCAD spectra viewer is described that enables overlay of spectra for comparative evaluation, can be used on any platform (Windows, Mac, Linux), and does not require downloading or installation of the program. The PhotochemCAD program, databases, and spectra viewer are accessible for free use at http://www.photochemcad.com.
Shortcomings of SARS-CoV-2 genomic metadata.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has prompted one of the most extensive and expeditious genomic sequencing efforts in history. Each viral genome is accompanied by a set of metadata which supplies important information such as the geographic origin of the sample, age of the host, and the lab at which the sample was sequenced, and is integral to epidemiological efforts and public health direction. Here, we interrogate some shortcomings of metadata within the GISAID database to raise awareness of common errors and inconsistencies that may affect data-driven analyses and provide possible avenues for resolutions. Our analysis reveals a startling prevalence of spelling errors and inconsistent naming conventions, which together occur in an estimated ~ 9.8% and ~ 11.6% of “originating lab” and “submitting lab” GISAID metadata entries respectively. We also find numerous ambiguous entries which provide very little information about the actual source of a sample and could easily associate with multiple sources worldwide. Importantly, all of these issues can impair the ability and accuracy of association studies by deceptively causing a group of samples to identify with multiple sources when they truly all identify with one source, or vice versa.
Novice and experienced music teacher resilience: A comparative case study:

In many schools, both urban and rural, children living in poverty face daily stressors including lack of parental support, lack of resources, unsafe living conditions, and poor nutrition. As teache...
Truth as Composite Correspondence

Is a substantive standard of truth for theories of the world by and for humans possible? What kind of standard would that be? How intricate would it be? How unified would it be? How would it work in “problematic” fields of truth like mathematics? The paper offers an answer to these questions in the form of a “composite” correspondence theory of truth. By allowing variations in the way truths in different branches of knowledge correspond to reality the theory succeeds in rendering correspondence universal, and by investigating, rather than taking as given, the structure of the correspondence relation in various fields of knowledge, it makes a substantive account of correspondence possible. In particular, the paper delineates a “composite” type of correspondence applicable to mathematics, traces its roots in views of other philosophers, and shows how it solves well-known problems in the philosophy of mathematics, due to Benacerraf and others.
Oxidation and the Effects of High Temperature Exposures on Notched Fatigue Life of an Advanced Powder Metallurgy Disk Superalloy

Oxidation and the effects of high temperature exposures on notched fatigue life were considered for a powder metallurgy processed supersolvus heat-treated ME3 disk superalloy. The isothermal static oxidation response at 704 C, 760 C, and 815 C was consistent with other chromia forming nickel-based superalloys: a TiO2-Cr2O3 external oxide formed with a branched Al2O3 internal subscale that extended into a recrystallized - dissolution layer. These surface changes can potentially impact disk durability, making layer growth rates important. Growth of the external scales and dissolution layers followed a cubic rate law, while Al2O3 subscales followed a parabolic rate law. Cr- rich M23C6 carbides at the grain boundaries dissolved to help sustain Cr2O3 growth to depths about 12 times thicker than the scale. The effect of prior exposures was examined through notched low cycle fatigue tests performed to failure in air at 704 C. Prior exposures led to pronounced debits of up to 99 % in fatigue life, where fatigue life decreased inversely with exposure time. Exposures that produced roughly equivalent 1 m thick external scales at the various isotherms showed statistically equivalent fatigue lives, establishing that surface damage drives fatigue debit, not exposure temperature. Fractographic evaluation indicated the failure mode for the pre-exposed specimens involved surface crack initiations that shifted with exposure from predominately single intergranular initiations with transgranular propagation to multi-initiations from the cracked external oxide with intergranular propagation. Weakened grain boundaries at the surface resulting from the M23C6 carbide dissolution are partially responsible for the intergranular cracking. Removing the scale and subscale while leaving a layer where M23C6 carbides were dissolved did not lead to a significant fatigue life improvement, however, also removing the M23C6 carbide dissolution layer led to nearly full recovery of life, with a transgranular initiation typical to that observed in unexposed specimens.
Subcellular localization of regulator of G protein signaling RGS7 complex in neurons and transfected cells

The R7 family of regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) is involved in many functions of the nervous system. This family includes RGS6, RGS7, RGS9, and RGS11 gene products and is defined by the presence of the characteristic first found in Disheveled, Egl-10, Pleckstrin (DEP), DEP helical extension (DHEX), Gγ-like, and RGS domains. Herein, we examined the subcellular localization of RGS7, the most broadly expressed R7 member. Our immunofluorescence studies of retinal and dorsal root ganglion neurons showed that RGS7 concentrated at the plasma membrane of cell bodies, in structures resembling lamellipodia or filopodia along the processes, and at the dendritic tips. At the plasma membrane of dorsal root ganglia neurons, RGS7 co-localized with its known binding partners R7 RGS binding protein (R7BP), Gαo, and Gαq. More than 50% of total RGS7-specific immunofluorescence was present in the cytoplasm, primarily within numerous small puncta that did not co-localize with R7BP. No specific RGS7 or R7BP immunoreactivity was detected in the nuclei. In transfected cell lines, ectopic RGS7 had both diffuse cytosolic and punctate localization patterns. RGS7 also localized in centrosomes. Structure-function analysis showed that the punctate localization was mediated by the DEP/DHEX domains, and centrosomal localization was dependent on the DHEX domain.
The Constitution in the National Surveillance State

During the last part of the twentieth century the United States began developing a new form of governance that features the collection, collation, and analysis of information about populations both in the United States and around the world. This new form of governance is the National Surveillance State. In the National Surveillance State, the government uses surveillance, data collection, collation and analysis to identify problems, to head off potential threats, to govern populations, and to deliver valuable social services. The National Surveillance State is a special case of the Information State - a state that tries to identify and solve problems of governance through the collection, collation, analysis and production of information. The War on Terror may be the most familiar justification for the rise of the National Surveillance State, but it is hardly the sole or even the most important cause. Increasing use of surveillance and data mining by public and private entities is a predictable result of accelerating developments in information technology. In fact, most surveillance in the National Surveillance State is likely to be in private hands. The question is not whether we will have a surveillance state in the years to come, but what sort of state we will have. The National Surveillance State poses three major dangers for our freedom. The first danger is that government will create a parallel track of preventative law enforcement that routes around the traditional guarantees of the Bill of Rights. The second danger is that traditional law enforcement and social services will increasingly resemble the parallel track. Once governments have access to powerful surveillance and data mining technologies, there will be enormous political pressure to use them in everyday law enforcement and for delivery of government services. Private power and public-private cooperation pose a third danger. Because the Constitution does not reach private parties, government has increasing incentives to rely on private enterprise to collect and generate information for it, thus circumventing constitutional guarantees. Corporate business models, in turn, lead companies to amass and analyze more and more information about individuals in order to target new customers and reject undesirable ones. The Administrative and Welfare State raised problems not only for the Constitution, but also for the rule of law itself. The same is true for the National Surveillance State. Changing methods of government demand new strategies to preserve constitutional values and democratic self-government. We mastered at least some of the problems caused by the rise of the Administrative and Welfare state; we must hope that we can do so the same for the National Surveillance State, which is already here.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Alcohol Problems: Self‐Medication or Trait Vulnerability?

Background and Objectives Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSD) and problem alcohol use (ALC) commonly co-occur, but the nature of this co-occurrence is unclear. Self-medication explanations have been forwarded, yet traits such as tendency toward negative emotionality and behavioral disconstraint also have been implicated. In this study we test three competing models (Self-Medication, Trait Vulnerability, Combined Dual Pathway) of PTSD–ALC prospectively in a college sample. Method Participants (N = 659; 73% female, M age = 18) provided data at college matriculation (Time 1) and 1 year later (Time 2). Results Structural equation models showed disconstraint to meditate the path from PTSD symptoms to alcohol problems, supporting a trait vulnerability conceptualization. Findings regarding negative emotionality and self-medication were more mixed. Negative emotionality played a stronger role in cross-sectional than in prospective analyses, suggesting the importance of temporal proximity. Conclusions and Scientific Significance Self-regulation skills may be an important focus for clinicians treating PTSD symptoms and alcohol misuse disorders concurrently. (Am J Addict 2014;23:108–116)
Reading the World as Scripture: Hugh of St Victor’s De Tribus Diebus

Hugh of St Victor’s De tribus diebus is a difficult work to classify. Strictly speaking, it is neither an hexaemeral commentary nor a cosmological treatise, although it bears affinities to both the...
Particle Acceleration and Transport at CME‐Driven Shocks

The theory of shock acceleration is first reviewed briefly including a discussion of the basic diffusive transport equation and a list of its successes in accounting for many energetic particle populations throughout the heliosphere, in particular many energetic storm particle (ESP) events. The difficulties in applying the theory to the acceleration of solar energetic particles (SEPs) in gradual events at a CME-driven shock wave are then enumerated: complex temporal and spatial dependence, sensitivity of the predictions to the values of the transport coefficients, unknown injection rates, the importance of nearly scatter-free propagation in interplanetary space, and competing adiabatic deceleration in the solar wind. Nevertheless, a CME-driven shock is the most promising origin for the gradual ion events. It is shown that finite shock lifetime, while providing an energy cutoff of ∼ 1 MeV/nucleon at the orbit of Earth (consistent with ESP events), may actually allow the acceleration of ions to ∼ 100 MeV/nucleon when the shock is at ∼ 20 solar radii. The shock origin also accounts for the observed elemental and charge-state composition of gradual events, and the global scale of their origin near the Sun.
Anthropology of the Memorial: Auto/Ethnographic Notes on Cultural Rituals Associated with Death

This essay is both performance-based and auto/ethnography, and is a meditation on contemporary rituals in the United States associated with death and funerals, in this case, the memorial. There are social expectations at memorials, rituals of talking good about the deceased, rituals of grief, rituals of crying. Friends and family come together, old rivalries or anger are set aside for this social gathering. Strangers connect by their mutual connection to the dead. Anthropologists have always studied, with fascination, death rituals of remote tribes - if a member of these remote tribes observed Western death rituals, they would probably find it just as exotic as we find theirs. Every culture and society has its own set of rituals and rules when it comes to honoring and admiring the dead. In this essay, I reveal my own inner ritual, a personal memory, of a friend and former lover who passed.
Noninvasive Ventilation in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Illness

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) for pediatric acute respiratory illness reduces work of breathing, improves ventilation, and potentially avoids complications associated with endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Modalities of NIV include continuous positive airway pressure and bilevel positive airway pressure, which have been used in a range of pediatric diseases. In addition, high-flow nasal cannula is a newer modality that is increasingly used in pediatric patients. This article describes the properties of different modalities of NIV and reviews the medical literature regarding use of NIV in pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness.
Global decentralized adaptive control for large scale nonlinear systems without strict matching

Decentralized adaptive control design is developed for a class of large-scale interconnected nonlinear systems which do not satisfy the strict matching restriction. To this end, large-scale nonlinear systems transformable to the decentralized strict feedback form are considered. The interconnections are assumed to be bounded by unknown polynomials in states. The controller maintains a global uniform boundedness of the model reference tracking error to a compact set which can be made arbitrarily small based on appropriate choice of control gains. In the regulation case, global asymptotic performance is achieved.
Evidence for specific inhibition of translocation of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid by the pretreatment of ribosomes of Bacillus subtilis with p-chloromercuribenzoate.

The biological activities of Bacillus subtilis ribosomes pretreated with 0.5, 1, or 2 mmp-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) were examined. The ribosomes treated with 1 or 2 mm PCMB lost their capacity to synthesize polyphenylalanine as well as the capacity to bind phenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid. On the other hand, approximately 70% of the polyphenylalanine synthesis capacity was lost with ribosomes pretreated with 0.5 mm PCMB. This inhibition was found to be due to a specific inhibition of the translocation step. The effect of 0.5 mm PCMB was reversed by 20 mm Mg2+ without the loss of PCMB bound to ribosomes, while β-mercaptoethanol partially reversed the inhibitory effect with concomitant loss of bound PCMB.
Kawasaki Syndrome in an Adult: Endomyocardial Histology and Ventricular Function During Acute and Recovery Phases of Illness

Kawasaki syndrome, an acute systemic inflammatory illness of unknown origin usually affecting children, may develop into a serious illness complicated by coronary artery aneurysms or myocarditis. This report describes an adult with Kawasaki syndrome studied by right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy and cardiac catheterization during the acute and recovery phases of illness. The initial biopsy specimen showed acute myocarditis and was associated with hemodynamic evidence of biventricular dysfunction, a severely depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and global hypokinesia. With time, there was spontaneous and rapid resolution of the inflammatory cell infiltrate with concurrent return to normal myocardial function. Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy studies early in the course of the cardiac disease associated with Kawasaki syndrome may correlate with ventricular function and may be useful for monitoring immunosuppressive therapy in patients with this syndrome.
Aspiration cytopathology of middle-ear neuroendocrine carcinoma

Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid tumor) is among the rarest of middle-ear (ME) neoplasms, with only a rare case of metastatic disease having been reported. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed in a 51-yr-old male with a two-decade history of multiple local recurrences from a right middle-ear neoplasm, with the most recent surgical excision 2 yr ago. He currently presented with an enlarged right parotid gland, and a right infratemporal mass. Aspirate smears showed a monotonous population of cytologically bland cells with a small to moderate amount of pale granular cytoplasm, round to oval nuclei, inconspicuous nucleoli, and finely granular chromatin. Rare, isolated large cells were occasionally seen. Immunohistochemical staining of the cell block made from the aspirated material showed strong cytoplasmic positivity for chromogranin, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), serotonin, and cytokeratin cocktail, and negative staining for S100 protein. Review of tissue slides from the patient's prior middle-ear tumor showed an identical immunoprofile and morphology, and led to a revision of the original diagnosis of paraganglioma. Middle-ear neuroendocrine carcinoma has a low but definite metastatic potential, which can be diagnosed using FNAB if ancillary immunohistochemical studies are available.
Bis(2-alkylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methylidenes as Chiral Acyclic Diaminocarbene Ligands

2-Alkylpyrrolidines were used as building blocks for acyclic diaminocarbenes (ADCs). First, ureas were made from the corresponding amines, and then the ureas were converted to chloroamidiniums. The chloroamidiniums served as direct precursors to ADCs, and palladium complexes were made utilizing oxidative addition, whereas lithium−halogen exchange was performed to generate rhodium complexes. The carbene ligands were characterized through use of NMR, mass spectrometry, and X-ray analysis, and from X-ray structures, steric parameters were calculated as % VBur values. The ability of these ligands to direct stereochemistry and enhance activity was explored in the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction and the 1,2 addition of arylboronic acids to aldehydes.
The effect speed and replenishment flexibility has on overall costs of sourcing apparel products

This research investigates the sourcing of basic and seasonal garments as a function of lead time as well as the ability that providing in-season replenishment orders has on overall costs. Most sourcing decisions are made on the basis of the first cost of the garment with little regard to the potential impact of large hidden costs (i.e. lost sales, inventory costs, markdowns, etc.). A small survey administered to apparel manufacturers and retailers is used to gather perspectives on sourcing from various regions of the world. However, its primary purpose is to gather information and data to drive a variety of case studies. The Sourcing Simulator™ is used to determine the effect that lead times, forecasting error, product drift and seasonality have on retail performance (i.e. service levels, gross margins and inventory levels) for these case studies. Analysis is performed to attempt to quantify some of these hidden costs. Results show that choosing suppliers with shorter lead times provides significant adva...
Creation and annihilation operators for anharmonic oscillators

Positive elliptic operators from the Helffer-Robert classes of pseudodifferential operators on the line can be approximately factored as products of creation and annihilation operators. Operators of anharmonic oscillators belong to these classes.
Physicochemical studies of microbial cell walls. I. Comparative electrophoretic behavior of intact cells and isolated cell walls

Abstract The surface properties of intact cells and of the isolated, unfragmented cell walls of four species of bacteria and a yeast have been studied by cell electrophoresis in media with different electrolytes, ionic strenghts and pH. The mobilities of isolated walls were as homogeneous and reproducible as those of intact cells and exhibited a similar species-dependent behavior. In general a striking parallelism between the mobilities of isolated walls and the corresponding cells was observed. Over wide ranges of ionic strength and pH the mobilities of walls were lower than those of the cells by 5–15% for bacteria and about 25% for yeast. With some bacterial species less regular differences were observed at low pH. The mobility differences between intact cells and their walls are more likely to be due to a difference in a physical property such as conductivity rather than to real differences in the surfaces.
Effect of fluctuation coupling on the spectrum of squeezing

Using a two-photon correlated-spontaneous-emission laser (CEL) as an example, I show that a non-Lorentzian spectrum of squeezing is the result of fluctuation coupling and that the narrow peak at the center of the spectrum is a reflection of the fluctuations in the conjugate quadrature. More than 90% extracavity phase squeezing can be generated by the two-photon CEL near threshold with large one-photon detunings.
A Dynamical Approach to Symplectic and Spectral Invariants for Billiards

The Lazutkin parameter for curves which are invariant under the billiard ball map is viewed symplectically in a way which makes it analogous to the sum of the values of a generating function over a closed orbit. This leads to relations among lengths of closed geodesics, lengths of invariant curves for the billiard map, rotation numbers, and the Lazutkin parameter. These relations establish the Birkhoff invariant and the expansion for the lengths of invariant curves in terms of the Lazutkin parameter as symplectic and spectral invariants (for the Dirichlet spectrum) and provide invariants which characterize a family of ellipses among smooth curves with positive curvature. Geodesic flow on a bounded planar region gives rise to several geometric objects among which are closed reflected geodesics and invariant curves-closed curves whose tangents are invariant under reflection at the boundary. On a bounded domain, the map that assigns to each geodesic segment its successor after reflection at the boundary is called the billiard ball map and its dual (in the cotangent bundle for the boundary) is called the boundary map.
The quality of licensed technology

This paper extends the licensing literature to allow firms to choose the age of the technology which is licensed as well as the structure of payment for the license. When newer technology is equated with technology of higher quality, firms may use the age of the technology in conjunction with the royalty level in order to maximize licensing profits and discourage imitation. When newer technology is equated with technology of more uncertain quality, older technology may be licensed because its licensing contract requires less rent-sharing.
Assault victimization and suicidal ideation or behavior within a national sample of U.S. adults.

Data from a nationally representative sample of 5,238 U.S. adults were used to examine the extent to which physical assault victimization was associated with suicidal ideation or behavior (SIB). The results from multivariable logistic regression analyses indicate that physical assault victimization was positively associated with SIB after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and alcohol use (OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 2.4-5.5). Those who were injured during the most recent physical assault (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.2-6.0) and those who were assaulted by a relative (OR = 3.4; 95% CI= 1.0-11.0) or intimate partner (OR = 7.7; 95% CI = 2.7-22.5) were significantly more like to report SIB than victims who were not injured or were assaulted by a stranger. Also, those who were victimized but not injured (OR = 5.6; 95% CI = 3.8-8.2) and those who were victimized by a stranger (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.4-6.0) were more likely to report SIB than non-victims. These results highlight the need for legal, medical, mental health, and social service providers to address the co-occurrence of violent victimization and suicidal ideation, particularly, but not exclusively, victimization by family members and intimates.