cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single cell optical imaging and spectroscopy.

In his 1665 treatise, Micrographia, Robert Hooke described the many observations he had made using a microscope, including compartment-like structures in cork samples that he termed ‘cells’.1 In the three and a half centuries since Hooke’s day, both the microscope and our understanding of the cell have been vastly improved upon, and the current outlook suggests that the symbiotic relationship between the microscope and the cell will continue to flourish into the foreseeable future. The cell is a basic yet complicated ‘unit’ of interest to biology, just as the atom is to chemists. Ultimately, scientists want to ‘see to believe’ when it comes to an explanation of the complex inner workings of cells, but therein lies a complication. Seeing is not always a possibility in biological systems. Size, speed, sensitivity, and additional concerns plague the microscopist who wants to peek inside of a cell. Enter a variety of molecular and nanoparticle probes that are capable of tagging and pinpointing the location of biological components that would otherwise be invisible under the microscope. Advances in laser, camera, and imaging processing technologies have also played a crucial role in the burgeoning field of single cell imaging, because they have brought into view the fast processes that would normally escape the human eye. The purpose of this review is to highlight the key advances that have occurred in the past several years in the field of single cell optical imaging. It is not our intent to provide a comprehensive review of the types of experiments or the areas of cell research that are ongoing. Reviews with a distinctly biological flavor have been published recently, and these alternative reviews focus on specific details of the cell and the processes that occur within.2-7 Likewise, exceptional review papers that have discussed the full spectrum of nanoparticle probes and their properties have appeared recently.6-12 This review is designed to give an overview of the tools that are being specifically used to accomplish single cell imaging. As such, much of our emphasis in the first several sections of this paper is on imaging platforms, with a focus on design details that are important to single cell imaging experiments. Next we emphasize specific imaging experiments that highlight the types of findings that are possible at the nexus of microscopy, nanoprobes, and live cells. Particular attention is paid to the emerging orientation and rotational tracking of single probes linked to mechanistic functions and differentiated structures of biological interest. Finally, we provide a brief, yet rather complete, summary of single cell manipulation techniques.
Holocaust‐Denial and the compelling force of reason

(1992). Holocaust‐Denial and the compelling force of reason. Patterns of Prejudice: Vol. 26, No. 1-2, pp. 64-76.
Quench study investigation of the peritectic reaction as a function of crystallite size in YBa2Cu3O7-x

Abstract A quench study was performed to investigate the effect of the precursor powder size on the microstructure of bulk samples. At 1030°C, the size of 211 in samples produced from coarse powders was larger than that produced from fine powders and more inhomogeneously distributed. On cooling from 1030°C, 123 was not formed until 980°C for samples made from either coarse or fine powder. On quenching from 980°C after being fired to 1030°C, a large difference in the degree of surface orientation between samples prepared from coarse and fine powders was observed. This may be due to the difference of 211 size and its phase distribution in the melt.
Cardiac Certificate of Need regulations and the availability and use of revascularization services.

Background Many states enforce Certificate of Need (CON) regulations for cardiac procedures, but little is known about how CON affects utilization. We assessed the association between cardiac CON regulations, availability of revascularization facilities, and revascularization rates. Methods We determined when state cardiac CON regulations were active and obtained data for Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 years old who received coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between 1989 and 2002. We compared the number of hospitals performing revascularization and patient utilization in states with and without CON regulations, and in states which discontinued CON regulations during 1989 to 2002. Results Each year, the per capita number of hospitals performing CABG and PCI was higher in states without CON (3.7 per 100 000 elderly for CABG, 4.5 for PCI in 2002), compared with CON states (2.5 for CABG, 3.0 for PCI in 2002). Multivariate regressions that adjusted for market and population characteristics found no difference in CABG utilization rates between states with and without CON (P = .7). However, CON was associated with 19.2% fewer PCIs per 1000 elderly (P = .01), equivalent to 322 526 fewer PCIs for 1989 to 2002. Among most states that discontinued CON, the number of hospitals performing PCI rose in the mid 1990s, but there were no consistent trends in the number of hospitals performing CABG or in PCIs or CABGs per capita. Conclusions Certificate of Need restricts the number of cardiac facilities, but its effect on utilization rates may vary by procedure.
Why VLSI implementations of associative VLCNs require connection multiplexing

A discussion is presented of some of the implementation constraints imposed on VLSI architectures for emulations of very large connectionist/neural networks (VLCNs). Specifically, the authors show that multiplexing of interconnections is necessary for networks exhibiting poor locality. They show that it is more feasible to build a VLCN system with sharing or multiplexing of interconnections than to build one with dedicated wires for each connection. This is true unless the network exhibits extreme locality and all CNs are connected to others within some small-radius region. Unfortunately, association requires some global connectivity. >
The Primacy of Self-Regulation in Health Promotion

© International Association for Applied Psychology, 2005. Published by Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA. Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. Oxford, UK APPS pplied Psychology: an International Review 0269-994X © Int rnational Association for Applied Psychology, 2005 ri 2005 54 2 riginal Arti le PRIMACY OF SELF-REGULATION ANDURA The Primacy of Self-Regulation in Health Promotion
A Comparative Analysis of Demographic and Academic Success Characteristics of On-line and On-Campus RN-to-BSN Students

Despite their proliferation, little is known about how registered nurse–to–bachelor of science in nursing (RN-to-BSN) students enrolled in on-line programs compare to those in on-campus programs. This article reports on a comparative analysis of 3,802 students (332 on-campus, 3,470 on-line) conducted to better understand characteristics and educational outcomes of individuals who select on-line learning options. Programs were compared for student demographic characteristics (gender, race, age, and prior degree status) and outcome variables (progression to graduation and time to completion). Students in the on-line program were significantly older than on-campus students, and significantly more Caucasian/White students were in the on-line program. There were no significant differences in gender between groups. Among only those students who had already graduated, on-campus students took significantly less time to graduate than on-line students and had a higher graduation rate. However, the rate of program discontinuation was similar in both groups, and most on-line students who had not graduated were still progressing in the program. Implications of these findings are that students enrolled in an on-line RN-to-BSN program specifically designed to provide them with flexible 5-week terms and substantive student supports can have similar educational outcomes.
Sudden death of two horses associated with pulmonary aspergillosis

The sudden death of two horses was attributed to the rapid and acute development of pulmonary aspergillosis. One horse was making excellent postoperative progress after a jejunal resection and anastomosis for intestinal adhesions. The other horse was being treated routinely for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Signs of fever and an increased respiratory rate were detected shortly before death in the first horse, but no premonitory clinical signs characteristic of pulmonary infection were detected in the horse being treated for EPM. Both horses developed rapidly debilitating, acute pulmonary mycosis and died unexpectedly.
Osteonecrosis of the Jaw and the Use of Antiangiogenic Agents: Just an Association?

Disclosure: The article discusses the use of bevacizumab (Genentech) for prostate cancer and thalidomide (Celgene) for prostate cancer. The content of this article has been reviewed by independent peer reviewers to ensure that it is balanced, objective, and free from commercial bias. No financial relationships relevant to the content of this article have been disclosed by the authors, planners, independent peer reviewers, or staff managers.
Pathology and Pathways of Alzheimer's Disease with an Update on New Developments in Treatment

As our understanding of the complex pathology of Alzheimer's disease improves, more targets for therapy emerge. These include the actions of beta amyloid, the inflammatory cascade, pathobiology of tau proteins' conversion to neurofibrillary tangles, oxidative neuronal damage, and neurotransmitter depletion. Many agents now under investigation target the early stages of the disease process, aiming to prevent or slow the development of symptoms. This article reviews the current understanding of the course and pathology of Alzheimer's disease as it relates to emerging therapies, then summarizes some promising current research directions in primary prevention, secondary prevention, and treatment.
The Foreslope and Toe-of-Slope Facies of the Middle Triassic Latemar Buildup (Dolomites, Northern Italy)

ABSTRACT The Latemar buildup was a circular carbonate buildup (4 km wide) with a central platform core (flat-bedded interior platform and massive reef margin) flanked on all sides by slope facies. Steeply dipping (30-35°) foreslope breccias are present adjacent to the margin and flat-lying graded grainstones at the toe of slope. Slope facies relate directly to depositional profile and slope angle. The steeply dipping foreslopes consist of lobate breccia beds that are 25 m thick and a few tens of meters across, and extend tens to hundreds of meters downslope. Some beds are conformably overlain by thinner (< 1 m thick) beds of finer-grained carbonate sediment. The basal surfaces of the breccias are erosional and are anastamosing in both strike and dip views. The breccia rains was derived principally from margin boundstones and deposited by rockfalls and avalanches. Planar clinoforms extend the entire height of the foreslope (hundreds of meters) and bracket depositional units (clinothems) tens of meters thick. Clinoforms appear to be shear surfaces formed during large slope failures (avalanches?). Graded grainstone beds less than 1 m thick are present at the nearly flat-lying toe of slope. These consist of redeposited shallow-water (platform-interior and reef-margin) carbonate sands, some with nodular limestone caps, that are interpreted as proximal carbonate turbidites. Toe-of-slope breccias are the downdip extensions of foreslope breccias and pinch out abruptly basinward. Some slope depositional processes are related to high-frequency (fourth-order and fifth-order) sea-level changes: toe-of-slope graded grainstones correspond to times of platform submergence. In contrast, foreslope breccia was deposited during both platform submergence and exposure. The slope deposits do not record the high-frequency cyclic rhythms identified in shallow-water platform sections. This is attributed to the nature of slope deposition. Downslope talus transport was episodic and localized; graded grainstone beds reflect storm redeposition.
Conductivity and Crystal Phase Change in Phthalocyanines

The crystal phase transition in phthalocyanines is shown to have no influence on the electrical conductivity; the intrinsic conductivities are identical. The changes in intermolecular overlap are too small to be discerned. The stronger propensity of the α phase to absorb oxygen is the source of the apparently higher conductivity of the α phase.
Seasonal variation in lamellar-type cytosomes, dopa decarboxylase activity and average beating rate of the oyster crassostrea virginica

Abstract 1. Cytosomal lamellations, DOPA decarboxylase and ciliary activity were observed in the central and peripheral neuronal elements and/or ctenidia of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). 2. The largest numbers of cytosomal transformations were seen in the 5%o S habitat oysters. 3. The lowest numbers of this organelle was observed in 30%o habitat animals. 15%o S habitat oysters showed an intermediate number. 4. In all habitat populations of oysters, enzymatic activity was inversely correlated to number of mature cytosomal transformations. 5. In addition, the 5%o S habitat organisms proved to be the most sensitive to all eight parameters measured in this study. 6. In particular, zero basal beating rates were recorded in response to oxygen deprivation, and to exogenous EGTA and dopamine application.
Empiricism and the biogeographical black box: concepts and methods in marine palaeobiogeography

Abstract This paper reviews the concepts of palaeobiogeography in the wider context of biogeography as a whole, and discusses the principal kinds of methods used in palaeobiogeography, especially for reconstructing palaeogeography and geological history. Examples are mostly given from marine studies. The emphasis is on the need for a more empirical approach, especially in distinguishing between concepts of process and evidence of pattern, and on the greater use of analytical methods. Biogeographical processes are very largely conjectural and are therefore envisaged collectively as a “black box”. These processes can be grouped into three suites: maintenance, distributional change and origination, according to a previously published scheme. The variety of possible processes by which distributions arise can be expressed conceptually as alternative pathways through the black box. Empiricism in biogeography is hindered (a) by this synergism, and (b) by the conflict between biogeography's different aims and the assumptions about processes embodied in these aims. Biogeography has conflicting geological and biological aims, and there are six basic rationales (with palaeobiogeographical equivalent) applied to these aims: 1. (1) biogeographical raw data → biogeographical patterns 2. (2) biogeographical raw data → biogeographical patterns → biogeographical processes 3. (3) biogeographical raw data → biogeographical patterns → biogeographical processes → geological processes 4. (4) (biogeographical raw data → biogeographical patterns) + assumption of biogeographical processes → geological processes 5. (5) (biogeographical raw data → biogeographical patterns) + assumption of geological processes → biogeographical processes 6. (6) (biogeographical raw data → biogeographical patterns) + assumption of geological processes → biogeographical processes → biological processes. The different rationales, especially their assumptions, constrain the choice and quality of data used, as well as choice of analytical method. Methods can be grouped according to the kinds of pattern they generate. Different kinds of pattern reflect different kinds of biogeographical process (or black box pathway). Diversity of methodologies is therefore important, because their results may provide complementary information. Critical appraisal of methods is not yet possible because there have been so few objective tests of them. Greater use of extrinsic criteria for assessing methods is advocated, to supplement current emphasis on methodological theory. In any case, regardless of rigour in pattern analysis, it is difficult to find satisfactory constraints for interpreting biogeographical patterns, because the influence of geological processes on living systems is inadequately understood. This particularly hinders use of distributions of organisms to reconstruct palaeogeography and geological history.
Drainage basin evolution in Noachian Terra Cimmeria, Mars

[1] Geomorphic mapping of a ∼1 million square kilometer section of Terra Cimmeria on Mars (1:1M scale) indicates that prolonged, intense fluvial erosion occurred during the period of heavy bombardment. Crater counts date the termination of ubiquitous, intense erosion to the late Noachian, although some valleys may have continued downcutting into the early Hesperian. Stratigraphic and topographic relationships indicate that early erosional processes created large, integrated drainage basins, affected primarily by large impact basin structures and regional slopes. This terrain is not consistent with an origin purely by volcanic or impact processes. Cratering competed with drainage basin development, minimizing valley length, catchment area, and valley network integration. Drainage basin disruption resulted from impacts on valley thalwegs, or when the ejecta of large (usually >75 km) craters created low divides. Near-level upland intercrater plains are lightly dissected, in part because smaller craters could interrupt flow paths on gently sloping or flat terrain. Some closed drainage basins became integrated by continued erosion of drainage divides and stream capture, overflow of the divides, or headward growth of valleys fed by groundwater collected in closed basins. Drainage divide breaching was most effective on steeper (>0.5°) regional slopes, where observed drainage density is also highest. This is due to greater runoff volumes and velocity encouraging valley incision, as well as steep slopes allowing valleys to bypass or breach superimposed craters. Valley systems commonly extend nearly to the crests of sharp drainage divides, and spatially ubiquitous valley source points throughout the higher elevations suggest that runoff derived largely from precipitation.
A finite difference method for free boundary problems

Fornberg and Meyer-Spasche proposed some time ago a simple strategy to correct finite difference schemes in the presence of a free boundary that cuts across a Cartesian grid. We show here how this procedure can be combined with a minimax-based optimization procedure to rapidly solve a wide range of elliptic-type free boundary value problems.
Divergent Thinking as an Indicator of Creative Potential

Divergent thinking (DT) tests are very often used in creativity studies. Certainly DT does not guarantee actual creative achievement, but tests of DT are reliable and reasonably valid predictors of certain performance criteria. The validity of DT is described as reasonable because validity is not an all-or-nothing attribute, but is, instead, a matter of degree. Also, validity only makes sense relative to particular criteria. The criteria strongly associated with DT are detailed in this article. It also summarizes the uses and limitations of DT, conceptually and psychometrically. After the psychometric evidence is reviewed, alternative tests and scoring procedures are described, including several that have only recently been published. Throughout this article related processes, such as problem finding and evaluative thinking, are linked to DT.
Initial experience with the adjustable gastric band in morbidly obese US adolescents and recommendations for further investigation

ABSTRACTBackground:The public health crisis of obesity has spread to the pediatric population. In morbidly obese (MO) adolescents, early weight loss intervention can reduce and prevent obesity-related comorbidities and mortality and improve quality of life. The present study was performed to evaluat
A prospective study of the health effects of alcohol consumption in middle-aged and elderly men. The Honolulu Heart Program.

BACKGROUNDThe study objective was to determine the association between reported alcohol consumption and total mortality, mortality from selected causes, and incident nonfatal chronic disease events in middle-aged (51 to 64 years old) and elderly (65 to 75 years old) men during an approximate 15-year follow-up period.METHODS AND RESULTSWe conducted a prospective epidemiological study of Japanese-American men who were participating in the Honolulu Heart Program and were free from coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer at baseline examination and at subsequent reexamination 6 years later. Self-reported alcohol consumption was determined twice: at the baseline examination in 1965 through 1968 and at reexamination approximately 6 years later (1971 through 1974). Four primary alcohol consumption groups who reported similar alcohol intake at the time of these two clinical examinations were considered: abstainers and light (1 to 14 mL of alcohol per day), moderate (15 to 39 mL of alcohol per ...
The Political Philosophy of James Burnham

Examines the political philosophy of James Burnham (1905‐87) and attempts to place him within the context of American conservatism. Focuses on his methodology, view of human nature, perception of change, and his thoughts on the State and society. Concludes that Burnham – who moved from being a Trotskyite to a neo‐conservative – does not fit into the two main American conservative traditions. His thought does not mesh comfortably with American libertarianism or American Burkeanism. James Burnham′s political philosophy is unique.
Efficacy of various vaccines against pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle: a meta-analysis

The objective of this study was to compare the protective efficacy induced by various experimental and commercial vaccines used in the past 12 years (1982–1994) against bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. All studies using an experimental-challenge model to evaluate protective efficacy induced by vaccine preparations were identified using a combination of VETCD, CAB, and MEDLINE searches. A total of 72 trials were identified in 27 studies. Age groups of animals used, sample sizes used, vaccine types, route of vaccination, dose of vaccine, adjuvant types, booster times, time of challenge since first vaccination, challenge methods, challenge doses, challenge route, observation times postchallenge, and raw mean lung-lesion scores (defined as percent lung involved) were extracted from each publication and used in the analysis. Vaccine types were grouped into 11 categories as controls, live, potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) extract, phosphate buffered saline extract (PBSE), 30 kDa recombinant protein, bacterin, streptomycin dependent live (SmD live), sodium salicylate extract (SSE), sarkosyl outer membrane protein extract (sarkosyl OMP), or culture supernatant (CS) categories based on the subunit content in each preparation. In a second analysis, the chemically altered live vaccine was grouped together with live SmD group as modified live vaccines. The leastsquares means of the postchallenge lung-lesion scores of each vaccine type were then compared after controlling for all the above-mentioned variables in an analysis of variance using Fischer's protected least significant difference. The statistical analysis was done using the general linear models procedure of Statistical Analysis Systems Institute Inc.. Protective indices for each vaccine type were calculated as a function of independent probabilities of protection among vaccinates and controls. The protective indices of each vaccine type were then compared in a similar model. Cattle vaccinated with live vaccines had the smallest lung-lesion scores (9 ± 8) which significantly differed from that of controls (44 ± 8), bacterins (23 ± 6), and live SmD (38 ± 12) or modified live (31 ± 10). KSCN extract (9 ± 10), bacterin, and CS (20 ± 9) also had significantly lower (P < 0.05) lung-lesion scores compared to controls. The CS and KSCN vaccines showed a significantly (P < 0.05) better protective index (PI) (0.70 and 0.68 respectively) than bacterins (0.50) or bacterin + CS (0.44) vaccines. Saline extract and live vaccines had better (P < 0.05) PI (0.60 and 0.70 respectively) compared to bacterins.
Absence of Cyclooxygenase-2 Exacerbates Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension and Enhances Contractility of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Background— Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is upregulated in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) during hypoxia and may play a protective role in the response of the lung to hypoxia. Selective COX-2 inhibition may have detrimental pulmonary vascular consequences during hypoxia. Methods and Results— To investigate the role of COX-2 in the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia, we subjected wild-type and COX-2–deficient mice to a model of chronic normobaric hypoxia. COX-2–null mice developed severe pulmonary hypertension with exaggerated elevation of right ventricular systolic pressure, significant right ventricular hypertrophy, and striking vascular remodeling after hypoxia. Pulmonary vascular remodeling in COX-2–deficient mice was characterized by PASMC hypertrophy but not increased proliferation. Furthermore, COX-2–deficient mice had significant upregulation of the endothelin-1 receptor (ETA) in the lung after hypoxia. Similarly, selective pharmacological inhibition of COX-2 in wild-type mice exacer...
Hydrodynamics of Knik Arm: Modeling Study

An adaptive hydraulics (AdH) model was applied to lower Knik Arm near the Port of Anchorage, Alaska, to assess its ability to model a macrotidal system with complex hydrodynamics, including the formation and evolution of numerous gyres that are prominent at this site. Lower Knik Arm is an ideal system for this model evaluation because of the large tide range (approximately 10 m at Anchorage) and complex geometry of the system, which results in high velocities and the formation of numerous eddies throughout the study area. One eddy of primary importance is the one generated by Cairn Point, which occurs near the Port of Anchorage. Limitations of previous modeling studies and the availability of recent field data enabled this evaluation. The AdH results were compared with field data (water surface elevations, fluxes, and velocities) collected in August of 2002 and 2006, and favorable comparisons obtained for tidal amplification and eddy generation indicate that AdH reasonably reproduces the complex hydrodynamic conditions in lower Knik Arm. Simulations were also performed to investigate the importance of eddy viscosity specification, frictional specification, and bathymetry on the generation/evolution of eddies present in the system. Upon completion of the model validation, simulations were performed with modified Cairn Point configurations to investigate the impact to the eddy generated at the port. These results illustrate the variation in eddy generation through lengthening, lowering/reducing, or raising Cairn Point.
Leadership: An Overview

Despite the influence of leadership in our lives, it remains poorly understood by most of us. This review defines leadership as "a combination of position, responsibilities, attitude, skills, and behaviors that allows someone to bring out the best in others, and the best in their organization, in a sustainable manner." There are many traits and skills demonstrated by leaders. These include talent, drive, willpower, practical wisdom, loyalty, ethical behavior, emotional intelligence, integrity, self-awareness, and resilience. However, to best understand leadership we focus on what leaders are actually required to do, rather than on the skills and traits used to accomplish these tasks. We review nine functions that are at the core of leadership: serve as the public face of the organization; articulate the vision and mission; create culture; strategic planning; decide what to focus on; select, and develop, the right people; establish a decision-making process; manage your boss; and be responsible 24/7. All leaders operate in a specific context, during a unique point in the history of their organization, with a unique set of circumstances. What is required of the leader in one set of circumstances will change as those circumstances change. If the leader understands her core responsibilities, and if she develops the people, culture, and processes necessary to deal with a changing environment, she will have the self-awareness and support necessary to continue to lead successfully.
OPERA: options price evaluation and risk analysis system

This paper describes a decision-support system written in APL and implemented on a Personal Computer. The purpose of the system is to assist in the management of a portfolio of stock and commodity options, so that exposure to risk will be detected as early as possible and corrective action can be effected. The system incorporates an extended version of the Black-Scholes stochastic model for determining the fair value for an option price and its sensitivity, based on the variables stock and option exercise prices, time, interest rate, and stock price volatility. Option prices and 'deltas' are computed for a range of these variables and saved in an APL database from which they are later combined with stock position information to produce tabular and graphical output showing risk exposure across the dimensions of stock price change and the passage of time.
Restoring Wetland Plant Diversity: A Comparison of Existing and Adaptive Approaches

Most restoration projects are not designed or assessed in ways that identify cause–effect relationships.When plants die, even detailed postmortem examinations cannot pinpoint causes; e.g., mortalities of 7% vs. 90% in two salt marsh transplantation projects were attributable to differences in hypersalinity and sedimentation, but other effects could not be ruled out. Adaptive restoration (the experimental testing of alternative approaches in restoration sites), however, can clarify cause–effect relationships, while simultaneously restoring plant diversity and informing future restoration efforts. Projects in Tijuana Estuary (California) and Greene Prairie (Wisconsin) demonstrate the approach: (1) A large field experiment at Tijuana Estuary showed that species-rich plantings of halophytes accelerated the development of ecosystem structure and function (over single-species plantings) while simultaneously vegetating an intertidal plain. The six-species assemblages produced more complex canopies and accumulated more biomass and nitrogen than singlespecies and unplanted plots. (2) Also at Tijuana Estuary, an experiment is testing the ability of tidal creek networks to accelerate revegetation and increase food-web support (via increased growth of plants, invertebrates, and fish) in an 8-ha project that simultaneously restored tidal flushing. (3) In Greene Prairie, the ability to establish 33 native species is being tested as replacements for an invasive grass (Phalaris arundinacea). In each case, the adaptive approach informs both the science and practice of restoration. Without experimentation, restorationists are hard-pressed to explain past mortality and to suggest better methods for restoring structure and function. Adaptive restoration can provide the knowledge required, especially when large projects are implemented as sequential modules with experiments that sequentially provide essential information.
Search for new, long-lived, neutral particles.

We have searched for new particles of charge zero, a mass between 1.5 and 7.5 GeVc/sup 2/, and lifetimes between 10/sup -8/ and 2 x 10/sup -6/ sec, produced by 400-GeVc protons striking a beryllium target. The experiment looked for structure in the transverse-momentum spectrum of charged particles arising from decays in the Fermilab M3 neutral beam. No new particles were found. We place upper limits on the production cross section of any such particle.
Intravitreous silicone injection. Histopathologic findings in a human eye after 12 years.

• Histopathologic changes occurred in a human eyeball enucleated 12 years after intravitreous silicone injection for the treatment of complicated retinal detachment with massive preretinal membrane. Silicone "bubbles" (droplets) were found in the chamber angle, iris, ciliary body, retina, and preretinal and subretinal membrane, as well as in the optic nerve. Clinically, glaucoma developed in the eye. A review of the literature indicates that the common late complications of intravitreous silicone injection are cataract, glaucoma, and retinal changes.
Effect of tri-o-tolyl phosphate pretreatment on the toxicity and metabolism of parathion and paraoxon in mice☆☆☆

Abstract Mice receiving po 400 mg/kg of tri-o-tolyl phosphate (TOTP) showed, 24 hr later, decreased mortality following parathion, Co-Ral, EPN, and DFP given po; increased mortality following TEPP, eserine and Guthion po; and no change in mortality following paraoxon po. TOTP administered ip also protected mice against parathion given po. TOTP pretreatment po increased mortality following ip and sc administration of parathion and paraoxon. Rate constants were obtained representing the change in brain cholinesterase activity with time following po or ip administration of parathion and paraoxon to control and TOTP-pretreated mice. The alteration of rate constants by TOTP pretreatment reflected the alteration of toxicity. Other effects of TOTP pretreatment included: (a) decrease in plasma but no change in liver A-esterase activity, (b) apparent decrease in tissue binding of paraoxon, (c) slight increase in the rate of conversion of parathion to paraoxon in liver microsomes and intestinal strips, and (d) decrease in hexobarbital but no change in barbital sleeping time. Liver microsomal nitrogen and liver weight were unaltered. It is suggested that TOTP pretreatment either increases the activity of liver detoxifying enzymes other than A-esterase or decreases the rate of absorption of parathion and paraoxon from the gut, or both.
Maximal Voluntary Static Force Production Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle in Children 8-11 Years of Age

Abstract Maximal voluntary isometric muscle contraction force-time curves for 32 normal, healthy children, age 8-11 years, 15 girls and 17 boys, performing three tasks representing separate muscle groups-finger flexors, forearm flexors, and forearm extensors—were recorded over trials and over days. Children's pattern of force production and degree of consistency over trials and days has not been reported in the literature. The primary objective was to identify curve components reproduced with sufficient consistency over trials and days to suggest possible value for providing new and unique information regarding muscle function. Each task was recorded three consecutive trials per day over two days separated by one week. Analog tracings of instantaneous and integrated force were obtained using a Daytronic Linear Voltage Transformer in series with a Brush Mark 280 recorder. Trial to trial and day to day consistency in force production by each muscle group represented by 14 curve variables was assessed using ...
Spallation neon, argon, krypton, and xenon in an iron meteorite

Abstract The abundances of the 21 stable isotopes of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon were measured in the Costilla Peak iron meteorite. We observe a pronounced spallation component in all four of the gases; and that the neon and argon results agree with previous iron meteorite measurements. Integration of a recent Rudstam formula over the Arnold, Honda, and Lal cosmic ray spectra accurately predicts the isotopic composition of the observed spallation component in all cases except, possibly, neon. Calculated production rates for 21 Ne and 38 Ar give cosmic ray exposure ages of 560 m.y. and 500 m.y., respectively, for a sample depth of 100 g/cm 2 . We obtain large variations in the exposure ages based on krypton and xenon, which might be explained by lack of knowledge about target element abundances. The small and questionable amount of 129 Xe in addition to the trapped and spallation components indicates a longer 129 I- 129 Xe formation interval for Costilla Peak than for the Chondrites.
Analysing a Biblical Text: Some Important Linguistic Distinctions

Sometimes exegetes differ from one another not so much because they have seen different data but because they are in fact looking for different types of ‘meaning’. For this reason, it is useful to classify different types of analysis of a text, and different types of ‘meaning’ resulting from such analysis.The need for such classification has increased with the progress of biblical scholarship. Biblical exegetes and theologians have long had to deal with questions like ‘What is the meaning of this word of Scripture?’ and ‘What is the meaning of this verse, paragraph, section, or book?’ The intrinsic difficulties of recovering meaning from dead languages and sometimes unfamiliar cultural settings are often challenge enough. But, as increasing refinement and exactitude are sought, another kind of difficulty can arise, namely a difficulty with kinds of ‘meaning’. Is it indeed true that there is always only one meaning which is the meaning of a text? Is this the case even in poetic passages that may suggest or allude to new perspectives and comparisons without explicitly teaching them?1 Moreover, supposing that someone has arrived at ‘the meaning’ of a text, how is he to communicate this to someone else? In a commentary? In a sermon? In a form like Kittel's Theological Dictionary of the New Testament? Or perhaps even in the form of a painting or a new social and political organisation?
Fluorescence monitoring of a benzo[a]pyrene metabolite using a regenerable immunochemical-based fiber-optic sensor

Abstract Microscale regenerable biosensors are described and utilized to measure the natural fluorophor benzo[ a ]pyrene tetraol (BPT). The sensors combine laser-excited/fiber-optic remote sensing principles with a unique capillary tube delivery system to make repetitive, heterogeneous fluoroimmunoassay measurements. Two sensor configurations and modes of operation are described. Concentrations of BPT in the nanomolar range are easily measured with a reproducibility of 10% or better, depending on the sensor design, selective measurements can be made in ca. 20 min, then the sensor can be regenerated by delivering new reagents to the sensing chamber, without removing the sensor from the sample.
Role of hexavalent chromium in the inhibition of corrosion of aluminum alloys

Abstract Selection of alternatives to hexavalent chromium for inhibitors and inhibiting films for Al and its alloys requires a clear understanding of how hexavalent chromium inhibits corrosion. To this end, the following hypotheses have been proposed: residual chromate in conversion coatings provides self healing; hydrated Cr(III) oxide films are uniquely inert and hydrophobic; oxyanions of Cr(VI) rapidly passivate secondary phases in the highly unstable Cu-rich aluminum alloys; and adsorption of hexavalent chromium on passive aluminum oxide makes it less susceptible to chloride attack. Evidence supporting these hypotheses come from X-ray spectroscopic analysis (XANES) of conversion coatings on aluminum, characterization of Cr(VI) oxyanion adsorption on anodized aluminum via a piezo–electrokinetic (PEK) method, and the electrochemical current vs. voltage response model intermetallic compounds.
Adhesion-guided in vitro morphogenesis in pure and mixed cell cultures

The ability to understand and control the morphogenesis of mammalian cells is a fundamental objective of cell and developmental biology and tissue engineering research. Numerous processes, both biochemical and biophysical in nature, have been studied in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this behavior. We focus here on the contributions of biophysical phenomena to the morphogenetic behavior of pure and mixed cell populations on solid surfaces in vitro. These principles are illustrated using characteristic liver tissue cells as a model system. The studies discussed demonstrate that cell-substratum and cell-cell adhesive forces are critical determinants of the ultimate morphology, cytoarchitecture, and organization achieved by these cells in vitro.
Tat acetylation modulates assembly of a viral-host RNA-protein transcription complex.

HIV-1 Tat enhances viral transcription elongation by forming a ribonucleoprotein complex with transactivating responsive (TAR) RNA and P-TEFb, an elongation factor composed of cyclin T1 (CycT1) and Cdk9 that phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Previous studies have shown that Lys-28 in the activation domain (AD) of Tat is essential for HIV-1 transcription and replication and is acetylated by p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), but the mechanistic basis of the Lys-28 requirement is unknown. Here, we show that Lys-28 acetylation modulates the affinity and stability of HIV-1 Tat–CycT1–TAR complexes by enhancing an interaction with the CycT1 Tat–TAR recognition motif. High-affinity assembly correlates strongly with stimulation of transcription elongation in vitro and Tat activation in vivo. In marked contrast, bovine lentiviral Tat proteins have evolved a high-affinity TAR interaction that does not require PCAF-mediated acetylation of the Tat AD or CycT1 for RNA binding, whereas HIV-2 Tat has evolved an intermediate mechanism that uses a duplicated TAR element and CycT1 to enhance RNA affinity and consequently transcription activation. The coevolution of Tat acetylation, CycT1 dependence, and TAR binding affinity is seen in viral replication assays using Tat proteins that rely on CycT1 for TAR binding but are acetylation deficient, where compensatory mutations rapidly accrue in TAR to generate high-affinity, CycT1-independent complexes reminiscent of the bovine viruses. Thus, lysine acetylation can be used to modulate and evolve the strength of a viral-host RNA–protein complex, thereby tuning the levels of transcription elongation.
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis with an atypical presentation in an adult man

We present the case of a 33-year-old man with no significant medical history who developed right scapular pain, left-sided sacroiliac joint pain, and lower back pain, and was eventually diagnosed with chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). Imaging demonstrated multiple scattered T2-hyperintense lesions on MRI at the spine and the left SI joint, some of which progressed and one regressed in size on follow-up. Histopathology demonstrated only non-specific chronic inflammation compatible with CRMO. No evidence of infectious organisms or neoplastic processes was found. The pain was relapsing and remitting in nature. Laboratory investigations were notable for no evidence of hematologic malignancy or infection, but only a mild increase in alkaline phosphatase. This case highlights that CRMO, despite being thought of as a childhood-onset disease, can present in adults as well, and also provides illustrative examples of imaging and histological findings.
To Adopt or Not to Adopt: A Perception-Based Model of the EMR Technology Adoption Decision Utilizing the Technology-Organization-Environment Framework

For several decades the information systems field has studied the individual-level decision to adopt Information Technology (IT) with the primary goal of making it easier for organizations to derive value out of IT by increasing their effective and efficient use of the deployed IT. While the topic of non-adoption has been discussed within the literature, the focus in previous work has been upon the perceptions of the individual towards the innovation (or a micro-level of analysis), neglecting the broader context within which the adoption/non-adoption decision takes place (or a macro-level of analysis). However, what about situations in which there is institutional pressure influencing an adoption decision? This paper posits that institutional pressure external to an organization may alter the directionality and outcome of the decision. This study adopts the Technology-Organization-Environment framework to examine the context of a physician's decision about whether or not to adopt Electronic Medical Record (or EMR) technology. It reports on a multiple state study within the United States that examines the technology, organization, and environmental factors that discriminate between adopters and non-adopters.
Polarization observables in hard rescattering mechanism of deuteron photodisintegration

Abstract Polarization properties of high energy photodisintegration of the deuteron are studied within the framework of the hard rescattering mechanism (HRM). In HRM, a quark of one nucleon knocked-out by the incoming photon rescatters with a quark of the other nucleon leading to the production of two nucleons with high relative momentum. Summation of all relevant quark rescattering amplitudes allows us to express the scattering amplitude of the reaction through the convolution of a hard photon–quark interaction vertex, the large angle p – n scattering amplitude and the low momentum deuteron wave function. Within HRM, it is demonstrated that the polarization observables in hard photodisintegration of the deuteron can be expressed through the five helicity amplitudes of NN scattering at high momentum transfer. At 90° CM scattering HRM predicts the dominance of the isovector channel of hard pn rescattering, and it explains the observed smallness of induced, P y and transfered, C x polarizations without invoking the argument of helicity conservation. Namely, HRM predicts that P y and C x are proportional to the φ 5 helicity amplitude which vanishes at θ cm =90° due to symmetry reasons. HRM predicts also a nonzero value for C z in the helicity-conserving regime and a positive Σ asymmetry which is related to the dominance of the isovector channel in the hard reinteraction. We extend our calculations to the region where large polarization effects are observed in pp scattering as well as give predictions for angular dependences.
Some Additional Proposals.

Suggestions for “decentering” the media, studying the effects of society on the media, and looking at what researchers do to, for, and against television and its viewers.
Kinetics and Thermodynamics Make Different Contributions to RNA Folding In Vitro and in Yeast

RNAs somehow adopt specific functional structures despite the capacity to form alternative nonfunctional structures with similar stabilities. We analyzed RNA assembly during transcription in vitro and in yeast using hairpin ribozyme self-cleavage to assess partitioning between functional ribozyme structures and nonfunctional stem loops. Complementary insertions located upstream of the ribozyme inhibited ribozyme assembly more than downstream insertions during transcription in vitro, consistent with a sequential folding model in which the outcome is determined by the structure that forms first. In contrast, both upstream and downstream insertions strongly inhibited assembly of the same ribozyme variants when expressed as chimeric mRNAs in yeast, indicating that inhibitory stem loops can form even after the entire ribozyme sequence has been transcribed. Evidently, some feature unique to the intracellular environment modulates the influence of transcription polarity and enhances the contribution of thermodynamic stability to RNA folding in vivo.
Direct Evidence of a Role for Heterochromatin in Meiotic Chromosome Segregation

We have investigated the mechanism that enables achiasmate chromosomes to segregate from each other at meiosis I in D. melanogaster oocytes. Using novel cytological methods, we asked whether nonexchange chromosomes are paired prior to disjunction. Our results show that the heterochromatin of homologous chromosomes remains associated throughout prophase until metaphase I regardless of whether they undergo exchange, suggesting that homologous recognition can lead to segregation even in the absence of chiasmata. However, partner chromosomes lacking homology do not pair prior to disjunction. Furthermore, euchromatic synapsis is not maintained throughout prophase. These observations provide a physical demonstration that homologous and heterologous achiasmate segregations occur by different mechanisms and establish a role for heterochromatin in maintaining the alignment of chromosomes during meiosis.