cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design optimization of a solenoid-based electromagnetic soft actuator with permanent magnet core

Abstract This paper discusses design optimization of an electromagnetic soft actuator composed of two antagonistic solenoids that share a permanent magnet core. First, calculation of the magnetic field and applied force of a solenoid with a permanent magnet plunger is presented as the principal component of this electromagnetic actuator. Design optimization of the coil is discussed considering the geometrical parameters of the coil, including its length, inner and average diameters, number of turns and packing density while the power consumption is bounded. The impact of the actuator size on the resultant force is presented and scaling limitations are discussed. Then, due to the soft nature of the actuator's component, the impact of the cross-section, i.e. lateral deformation of the actuator on the magnetic field at the center of section is investigated as well. The deformation might happen to the actuator due to the load in the transverse direction, especially when the actuator is made of flexible materials.
CuZnS hole contacts on monocrystalline CdTe solar cells

We report a monocrystalline CdTe/MgCdTe double-heterostructure solar cell with a CuZnS hole contact and ITO electrode. Similar designs have utilized other contact materials in pursuit of high open-circuit voltages and short-circuit current densities-namely, a-Si:H or ZnTe. Cu x Zn 1-x S is a tunable material system with a low-cost deposition method (chemical bath deposition), which can provide a number of options in terms of bandgap, band offsets, and conductivity. Devices utilizing several different copper compositions, namely $\mathbf{x}=\pmb{15\%, 25\%}$ , and 65%, have been developed and characterized yielding a maximum active-area power conversion efficiency of 12.9%, open-circuit voltage of 956 mV, fill factor of 63.5% and a short-circuit current density of 21.2 mA/cm2, Analysis on the effects of the CuZnS layer on various loss parameters, such as both shunt and series resistance, induced built-in voltages, and parasitic absorption, is also presented.
Associations between vertebral body fat fraction and intervertebral disc biochemical composition as assessed by quantitative MRI.

BACKGROUND There is an interplay between the intervertebral disc (IVD) and the adjacent bone marrow that may play a role in the development of IVD degeneration and might influence chronic lower back pain (CLBP). PURPOSE To apply novel quantitative MRI techniques to assess the relationship between vertebral bone marrow fat (BMF) and biochemical changes in the adjacent IVD. STUDY TYPE Prospective. SUBJECTS Forty-six subjects (26 female and 20 male) with a mean age of 47.3 ± 12.0 years. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3 T MRI; a combined T1ρ and T2 mapping pulse sequence and a 3D spoiled gradient recalled sequence with six echoes and iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL) reconstruction algorithm. ASSESSMENT Using quantitative MRI, the vertebral BMF fraction was measured as well as the biochemical composition (proteoglycan and collagen content) of the IVD. Furthermore, clinical Pfirrmann grading, Oswestry disability index (ODI), and visual analog scale (VAS) was assessed. STATISTICAL TESTS Mixed random effects models accounting for multiple measurements per subject were used to assess the relationships between disc measurements and BMF. RESULTS The relationships between BMF (mean) and T1ρ /T2 (mean and SD) were significant, with P < 0.05. Significant associations (P < 0.001) were found between clinical scores (Pfirrmann, ODI, and VAS) with T1ρ /T2 (mean and SD). BMF mean was significantly related to ODI (P = 0.037) and VAS (P = 0.043), but not with Pfirrmann (P = 0.451). In contrast, BMF SD was significantly related to Pfirrmann (P = 0.000) but not to ODI (P = 0.064) and VAS (P = 0.13). DATA CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates significant associations between BMF and biochemical changes in the adjacent IVD, both assessed by quantitative MRI; this may suggest that the conversion of hematopoietic bone marrow to fatty bone marrow impairs the supply of available nutrients to cells in the IVD and may thereby accelerate disc degeneration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1219-1226.
Abstract 214: Functional Analysis of the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Using Saturation Mutagenesis Strategies

Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) genetic mutations are well-documented to cause familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in patients. These mutations affect a broad range of LDLR functions, includ...
Effect of green tea polyphenol EGCG on COX-2 expression in human colon cancer cells

5211 Tea, one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, has been shown to have anti-cancer activity in various cancers including colon cancer. It has been demonstrated that overexpression of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) occurs during colon tumorigenesis and inhibition of COX-2 by NSAIDs is chemopreventive. To determine whether the anti-cancer effect of green tea is associated with the alteration of COX-2 expression, human colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and HCA-7, which constitutively express COX-2, were treated with various concentrations of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant and effective polyphenol of green tea. We found that EGCG inhibited cell growth in both cell lines. Furthermore, EGCG treatment significantly attenuated PGE2 synthesis that correlated with decreased COX-2 mRNA and protein expression. We further investigated the mechanism responsible for EGCG dependent regulation of COX-2 gene expression. Luciferase reporter constructs indicated that EGCG inhibited COX-2 promoter activity and decreased mRNA stability through the COX-2 3’UTR, suggesting that EGCG regulates COX-2 expression at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. The signaling pathways related to the inhibitory effect of EGCG on COX-2 expression were determined. We observed that EGCG inhibited the constitutive activation of ERK1/2 and Akt in colon cancer cells. In contrast, EGCG slightly activated p38. Different effects of EGCG on signaling transduction pathways led us to examine their downstream transcription factors. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that EGCG decreased activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) DNA binding activity. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that EGCG inhibits constitutive COX-2 gene expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in colon cancer cells. This data provides a mechanism for the anti-proliferative effect of green tea and implies that dietary factors have the potential to be anti-cancer agents.
Using ClassDojo as a Mechanism to Engage and Foster Collaboration in University Classrooms.

AbstractEncouraging engagement and collaboration amongst students can sometimes be difficult in university classrooms. Merging current technologies as a platform to incorporate collaborative practi...
Spanish use in the English classroom: a study of Dominican students in an English-only environment

The native language use in the target language classroom has recently gained the attention of second language acquisition research. This study analyzes such issue in the context of Dominican university students, ranging from 18 to 35 years old, studying in an English immersion program, who have been speaking their native language, namely, Spanish too often in their classrooms. This research focuses on identifying the causes for students to use their native language in the class, and their attitude towards both, Spanish and English, by implementing a survey to 37 of these students. To better understand the problem and create potential strategies to address it, firstly, literature has been visited by presenting relevant research related to second language learning and acquisition. Secondly, the methodology is explained so that the research context can be more readily understood. Subsequently, results from surveys are analyzed in the light of current second language acquisition research. As a conclusion, this study revealed that students use their native language primarily when prompted by their partners, when in need of clarification, when unable to understand a concept, and overwhelmingly as a means to making oneself clear. The teaching implications of these findings are also discussed in the end.
Rumination and executive functions: Understanding cognitive vulnerability for psychopathology.

Abstract Introduction Both rumination, a pattern of repetitive, self-focused thought in response to distress, and deficits in executive functions (EFs), a set of cognitive abilities that facilitate higher-order thinking, have transdiagnostic associations with psychopathology. Although empirical studies suggest associations between EFs and rumination, this literature has not examined subtypes of rumination and different components of EFs. It also has not examined whether rumination and EFs explain overlapping variance in psychopathology, which is relevant to theoretical models suggesting that rumination might mediate the EF–psychopathology association. Methods We used structural equation modeling to examine the association between latent factors for two types of rumination (anger and depressive) and three components of EF (a Common EF factor, and factors specific to updating working memory and shifting mental sets) and whether they independently relate to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in a population sample of 764 young adults (mean age 23 years) from the Colorado Longitudinal Twin Study. Results Depressive and Anger Rumination showed small correlations with a Common EF factor (rs = –.09 to –.11). Anger Rumination and Common EF ability were associated with independent variance in externalizing psychopathology, whereas Depressive Rumination, but not Common EF, was associated with internalizing psychopathology. Limitations Examination of cross-sectional relations in a population sample led to low symptom endorsement for psychopathology and necessitated examination of lifetime, rather than past-year, psychopathology. Conclusions Inconsistent with mediation hypotheses, Common EF abilities and rumination are correlated yet largely independent constructs that both predict psychopathology.
Elucidating the Growth of Metal-Organic Nanotubes Combining Isoreticular Synthesis with Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Metal–organic nanotubes (MONTs) are tunable porous 1D materials that are envisioned to be complementary to carbon nanotubes for anisotropic applications. To date, characterization of MONTs relies on single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) to determine structure and composition. This requires crystals on the micrometer regime, effectively rendering bulk 3D materials. By tracking the growth of a MONT as a function of time with liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM), TEM, and SCXRD, it was possible to ascertain that the material in the bulk phase matches the nanomaterial in terms of molecular structure. This result allowed for the first measurements of finite bundles of MONTs on the nanometer scale. By employing in situ LCTEM, a time course of the formation of small bundles of MONTs could be acquired which provided mechanistic information on MONT formation which is of utility in reaction optimization and applications development.
HCV screening, linkage to care, and treatment patterns at different sites across one academic medical center.

Background It is unclear whether sites that screen large numbers of patients for Hepatitis C Virus but achieve limited follow-up are more or less effective at having patients succeed through linkage and treatment than lower volume sites that have higher linkage percentages. The objective was to compare the rates of HCV identification, linkage to care, and treatment success between different study sites including the Emergency Department, 3 outpatient clinics with unique patients, and the inpatient setting at one medical center. Methods This is a descriptive analysis of 2 years of data from a protocol that integrated HCV screening and treatment into clinical services throughout multiple departments in one medical center. The program used a best practice advisory to prompt testing at all sites, with different triggers for it to fire at each site, and one central navigation program that attempted to link all patients diagnosed with hepatitis C virus to outpatient care. Outcomes included volume of tests performed in each site, Antibody and RNA rates at each site, demographic data, navigation and linkage outcomes, and post-linkage treatment completion. Results 28,435 patients were screened across 5 clinical locations. RNA+ rates and absolute numbers linked to MD (linkage rates among all RNA+) were: ED 7.2% RNA+, 224 (22.6%) linked; Inpatient 14.8% RNA+, 27 (17.6%) linked, General Internal Medicine 3.9% RNA+, 269 (65.8%) linked, Infectious Diseases 4.0% RNA+, 34(70.8%) linked, Family Medicine 2.0% RNA+, 28 (75.7%) linked. Demographics, linkage barriers, and treatment initiation rates were different at all sites. Conclusion Among sites there were differences in the sociodemographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with HCV, as well as differences in the success linking patients to outpatient care. At this medical center, the ED screened the most patients, the inpatient area had the highest RNA positivity rate, the FM clinic had the highest linkage rate, GIM linked the most patients by absolute number, and GIM also had the highest number of patients start treatment.
EVOLVING ADRENAL DYSFUNCTION AFTER BILATERAL ADRENAL INFARCTION: A CASE REPORT.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe a case of sequential bilateral adrenal infarction and hemorrhage resulting in an unusual pattern of adrenal function over time. Methods: A 50-year-old male with auto...
Technology-based mental health assessment and intervention

Abstract The number of older Americans will double by 2060. This increase in the number of older Americans signifies growing mental health needs for which we are not prepared. Multiple factors will make it difficult to meet these needs without re-conceptualizing how we deliver care. First, the United States faces a severe geriatric mental health workforce shortage in that there are not enough trained providers or trainees in the pipeline to meet the future mental health needs. Second, barriers, such as mobility and transportation difficulties, impede older adults’ access to care. Third, the migration of older adults to rural areas diminishes older adults’ access to mental health services, as fewer providers are available in these locations. Technologies, such as telephones, telehealth, computers, the Internet, and mobile devices, may provide solutions to the growing geriatric mental health needs. Technology has the potential to support older adults’ needs ranging from increasing social connectedness to facilitating medication management and supporting independent living. Moreover, technology-delivered assessment and interventions are scalable, can be delivered where older adults live, and can deliver evidence-based interventions with less provider time and contact compared with traditional face-to-face interventions.
Growing knowledge: Epistemic objects in agricultural extension work

Abstract We introduce a novel form of experimental knowledge that is the result of institutionally structured communication practices between farmers and university- and local community-based agronomists (agricultural extension specialists). This form of knowledge is exemplified in these communities’ uses of the concept of grower standard. Grower standard is a widely used but seldom discussed benchmark concept underpinning protocols used within agricultural experiments. It is not a one-size-fits-all standard but the product of local and active interactions between farmers and agricultural extension specialists. Grower standard is in some ways similar to more familiar epistemic objects discussed in philosophy of experiment, such as controls or background conditions. However, we argue that grower standard is epistemically novel, due to how knowledge arising from it is coproduced by farmers and agricultural extension specialists. Further, in the United States, this knowledge coproduction is institutionally structured by federal legislature dating back to the 19th century. We use our analysis of grower standard to focus a discussion of the positionality of the coproducers as well as the epistemic products of this form of knowledge coproduction, and we explore the role extension work plays in shaping agricultural science more broadly.
Tunable Hydrophobicity via Dimensionally Confined Polymerization of Organometallic Adducts.

Fabrication of tunable fine textures on solid metal surfaces often demands sophisticated reaction/processing systems. By exploiting in situ polymerization and self-assembly of inorganic adducts derived from liquid metals (the so-called HetMet reaction) with concomitant solidification, solid metal films with tunable texture are readily fabricated. Serving as a natural dimensional confinement, interparticle pores and capillary-adhered thin liquid films in a pre-packed bed of undercooled liquid metal particles lead to the expeditious surface accumulation of organometallic synthons, which readily oligomerize and self-assemble into concentration-dictated morphologies/patterns. Tuning particle size, particle packing (flat or textured), and reactant concentration generates diverse, autonomously organized organometallic structures on a metal particle bed. Concomitant solidification and sintering of the underlying undercooled particle bed led to a multiscale patterned solid metal surface. The process is illustrated by creating tunable features on pre-organized metal particle beds with concomitant tunable wettability as illustrated through the so-called petal and lotus effects.
Breaking the fibrinolytic speed limit with microwheel co-delivery of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen

Abstract Fibrinolysis is the enzymatic degradation of fibrin, the biopolymer that gives blood clots their mechanical integrity. To reestablish blood flow in vessels occluded by clots, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can be used; however, its efficacy is limited by transport to and into a clot and by the depletion of its substrate, plasminogen. To overcome these rate limitations, we design a platform to co-deliver tPA and plasminogen based on microwheels (μwheels), wheel-like assemblies of superparamagnetic colloidal beads that roll along surfaces at high speeds and carry therapeutic payloads in applied magnetic fields. By experimentally measuring fibrinolysis of plasma clots at varying concentrations of tPA and plasminogen, the biochemical speed limit was first determined. These data, in conjunction with measurements of μwheel translation, activity of immobilized tPA on beads, and plasminogen release kinetics from magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (mMSN), were used in a mathematical model to identify the optimal tPA:plasminogen ratio and guide the coupling of plasminogen-loaded mMSN to tPA functionalized superparamagnetic beads. Once coupled, particle-bead assemblies form into a co-delivery vehicle that rolls to plasma clot interfaces and lyses them at rates comparable to the biochemical speed limit. With the addition of mechanical action provided by rotating μwheels to penetrate clots, this barrier was exceeded by rates 40-fold higher lysis by 50 nM tPA. This co-delivery of an immobilized enzyme and its substrate via a microbot capable of mechanical work has the potential to target and rapidly lyse clots that are inaccessible by mechanical thrombectomy devices or recalcitrant to systemic tPA delivery.
Gait Speed Trajectory During the Six-Minute Walk Test in Multiple Sclerosis: A Measure of Walking Endurance.

Background: The six-minute walk (6MW) test is a validated assessment method in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) research. While the total distance covered during six minutes (6MWTD ) is often used as the standard measurement of gait capacity (i.e., the maximum distance one can achieve), we hypothesize that endurance (i.e., ability to maintain speed over a prolonged time) can be inferred by the gait speed trajectory (GST) during the 6MW test (6MWGST ). Objective: To characterize group differences in 6MWGST between MS patients and healthy controls (HCs), and to assess information added by 6MWGST for discerning between MS patients and HCs. Methods: We performed a secondary data analysis on a cross-sectional cohort of 40 MS and 20 HC subjects with three repeated 6MW tests. We modeled 6MWGST using a linear mixed-effects model with time in minutes and replicated walks nested within individuals. We compared the discernibility of 6MWGST with that of conventional metrics using likelihood ratio tests and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis on logistic regression models. Results: MS subjects showed a concave, quadratic GST during 6MW tests, slowing down more than the HC subjects, especially at the beginning of 6MW tests. Despite accelerating at the end of the 6MW, MS subjects were unable to attain or surpass their initial 6MW gait speeds. 6MWGST added useful information (p = 0.002) to the conventional metrics (e.g., 6MWTD ) for discerning between MS and HC subjects, and increased the area under the ROC curve from 0.83 to 0.93 (p = 0.037). Conclusions: The distinctive 6MWGST pattern of MS patients provided increased discernibility compared with currently used gait metrics. Both gait capacity measured by the 6MWTD , and gait endurance measured by parameters of 6MWGST , are significant functional indicators for the MS population.
Lifestyle Counseling for Medication Adherence in Glaucoma.

Background Medication adherence in glaucoma patients remains sub-par despite proven benefits of regular administration. The objective was to analyze medication adherence before and after lifestyle counseling in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) or primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (mild, moderate, severe). Methods Prospective cohort study from May to July 2018 at a single academic center. From 391 consecutive records, 247 were excluded based on exclusion criteria with 28 patients not meeting inclusion criteria resulting in the final sample of 116 patients (33 had OHT, 83 had POAG - 28 mild, 39 moderate, 16 severe). Scripted lifestyle counseling focusing on diet, exercise, vitamin intake, stress management, and medication adherence was administered by a team of trained medical students. Primary outcome measure was self-reported medication adherence, defined as not missing an eye drop administration in the past month. A 2-3 week follow-up with scripted telephone survey assessing medication adherence, diet, and exercise was collected. Results At baseline, in 116 patients, 59.5% were adherent to their medication with a breakdown of 42.4% OHT, 64.3% mild, 66.7% moderate, and 68.7% severe and an increasing trend in medication adherence was found across increasing disease severity (p=0.055). Of the 76 (65.5%) patients reached for follow-up, 17 (22.4%) became adherent following lifestyle counseling (p=0.02) increasing overall adherence to 78.9% from 62.5%. Conclusion In our study, comprehensive lifestyle counseling succeeded in increasing medication adherence in patients with OHT and POAG.
Syncerus caffer nanus (Congo buffalo)

Skin biopsies of one male and one female animal were kindly made available by Dr. H. Heck, Catskill Game Farm, New York, USA. This species differs from the larger African buffalo, Syncerus caffer caffer, (Folio 145, Vol. 3), in that it has two fewer metacentrics and four more acrocentrics. A Robertsonian system is likely with two acrocentrics making up the third pair of metacentrics in Syncerus c. caffer.
Selective Remembrance: Narratives of Ethnic Reconfiguration and Spatial Displacement in the Life of Queho, 1880s-1940

Social memories and collective representations act as vehicles for configuring, legitimizing, and sustaining particular constructs of knowledge and power in the world of lived relations, while simultaneously marginalizing or negating others. This paper explores constancy and change in popular and official histories of a Southern Paiute man who lived in southern Nevada from the 1880s-1940. Accused of killing between seven and thirty people between 1910 and 1940, Queho became the center of multiple historical accounts written over the course of one hundred years. This diachronic analysis highlights the continuous reconfiguration of Queho's ethnicity and place of origin followed by a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of reconstructing these social memories.
Spinal Metastases From Gastrointestinal Malignancies

Among 965,000 new patients with cancer occurring yearly in the United States, bone metastases will eventually develop in 30 to 70% (1). The most common site of metastases is the spine occurring in 50 to 70% of those with bone metastases (1). In adults, malignant bone tumors arise most frequently from extraosseous epithelial primaries, whereas children usually have primaries from within bone (2). Primaries most commonly associated with bone metastases are breast, prostate, lung, kidney, and thyroid carcinoma (1,3). Pain occurs in some, but not all, bone metastases as 33 to 50% of patients with skeletal metastases do not have pain (4). The experience of pain is not particular to gender or primary tumor-related, nor is it predictable based on radiological appearance. The primary site of malignancy remains unidentified in 10% of patients with skeletal and spinal metastases. In most series of bone and spinal metastases, gastrointestinal primaries make up a similar percentage of those with unknown primaries (3). The distribution of metastases within the spine follows the same pattern regardless of the primary site with few exceptions (3). Spinal cord compression is the most feared complication of spinal metastases and the distribution of metastases within the spine does not correlate with the same risk of cord compression. The thoracic spine is most vulnerable.
Relational Spirituality, Gender, and Power: Applications to Couple Therapy

Relational spirituality describes experiences of connecting intimately with one’s higher power. This chapter explores the definition of relational spirituality as it intersects with relational feminism and the four components of Socio-Emotional Relationship Therapy’s (SERT) Circle of Care: shared vulnerability, mutual attunement, shared relational responsibility, and mutual influence. A relational feminist lens emphasizes how attending to gender and power issues impacts relational spirituality in couple processes and distinguishes how couples relatively skilled at practicing mutuality versus those struggling to practice mutuality seem to engage with both God and each other in (1) more intimate versus obligation-based relational patterns and (2) more mutually reciprocal versus non-reciprocal directions of dialogue. Specific case examples from clinical work and supervision highlight how relational spirituality can enhance couple interactions as seen through the Circle of Care and illustrate how each of the seven SERT clinical competencies may be applied when working with spiritual concerns.
Melting Hearts of Stone: Clarence Darrow and the Sweet Trials

Detroit seemed to Dr. Ossian Sweet a good place to launch a medical practice in 1921. Ossian Sweet understood racial violence all too well. Growing up in Orlando, Ossian had witnessed a large crowd of whites running a black boy down a dusty road. Seeing racial hatred in its ugliest forms instilled in Sweet a deep race consciousness and determination not to let bigotry prevent him from achieving his own personal goals. He decided to move into his new home at 2905 Garland, whatever the risks to him and his family. Clarence Darrow associated with many causes over his long career, but the most constant of all was that of black Americans. From his early identification with the sacred cause of abolition to his charitable support of the NAACP, Darrow always stood out as one of the Negro's best white friends. On the evening of September 9, with the occupants of the Sweet house huddled together a crowd gathered, then increased, stones came through the window and shots came from the house and two members of the crowd lay on the ground wounded, one mortally. After presenting his seventy witnesses, the Prosecutor would tell the jury that the case was simple: Leon Breiner, peacefully chatting with his neighbor at his doorstep enjoying his God-given and inalienable right to live, is shot through the back from ambush. You can't make anything out of these facts but cold-blooded murder.... Darrow wanted the Sweet trial to be about more than the events of one night in Detroit. He wanted the trial to be about a history of black suffering in America. Clarence Darrow wanted the jury to understand the fear felt inside 2905 Garland on the night of September 9. Through a series of defense witnesses, Darrow presented a very different version of the scene. This essay details the trial that resulted first in a hung jury and mistrial. After the second trial resulted in a verdict of not guilty Darrow told the press, "The verdict meant simply that the doctrine that a man's house is his castle applied to the black man as well as the white man. If not the first time that a white jury had vindicated this principle, it was the first time that ever came to my notice."
Adam Smith in the Courts of the United States

Be it on topics of property, contract, commerce, trade, tax, legal history, or other matters, jurisprudence in the United States often invokes economic thinking in providing a rationale for legal outcomes. Consequently, I wondered how often the appeal to economic thinking in the courts included a reference to Adam Smith, the founder of modern economics. This essay traces the citations to Adam Smith in the judicial opinions of the Federal Courts starting with the first two cases to cite Smith in 1796; 214 years ago. The essay provides a brief contextual discussion about Smith and the way in which he has been cited over the years. This is followed by a report on the full set of citations to Adam Smith in the case opinions of the Federal Courts and in the legal briefs filed in those cases. Between the years 1796 and 2009, Adam Smith is directly referenced in 162 cases, and in legal briefs filed in 213 cases. Over time Smith is cited for different purposes. He is cited in case opinions dealing with a range of topics including: tax, trade, commerce, labor, antitrust, and private property. The way in which Smith is referenced over time also changes. In general, references to Smith shift over time as he goes from being an authoritative reference on matters of taxation to being a mere iconic punctuation point in the arguments of those seeking to promote free markets and laissez-faire. The article offers quotations from case opinions and establishes a record of Adam Smith’s appearances in the Courts of the United States. Interestingly, 70% of the citations to Smith occur since 1970. Hopefully, the article will be a fun piece to read no matter what one’s specialized research or teaching area may be.
Taxonomy and Models of Eye Movements

Almost all normal primate eye movements used to reposition the fovea result as combinations of five basic types: saccadic, smooth pursuit, vergence, vestibular, and physiological nystagmus [(miniature movements associated with fixations; Robinson (1968)].
Modulation of the Folate Receptor α Gene by the Estrogen Receptor Mechanism and Implications in Tumor Targeting

The folate receptor (FR) type alpha is a promising target for diagnostic imaging agents and therapeutic intervention in major subtypes of gynecological malignancies; however, the receptor levels in the tumors are variable and are generally relatively low in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors. Here we report that the FR-alpha gene promoter is repressed in the presence of 17beta-estradiol and derepressed by the antiestrogens tamoxifen and ICI 182780 in a promoter-specific and ER-alpha-dependent manner in carcinoma cell lines including HeLa (cervical carcinoma), BG-1 (ovarian carcinoma), and IGROV-1 (ovarian carcinoma). The ligand and ER dose response of the FR-alpha promoter and its time course paralleled those of a classical estrogen response element-mediated effect. Antiestrogens produced an ER-dependent increase of up to 36-fold in the expression of the endogenous FR-alpha gene. Deletion analysis and FR-alpha/SV40 promoter chimeras showed that the ER effect is mediated exclusively within the G/C-rich region in the TATA-less P4 promoter of FR-alpha; electrophoretic mobility shift analysis demonstrated interaction of ER at only one of three G/C-rich elements. ER-beta only modestly affected FR-alpha promoter activity but did not diminish the ER-alpha-mediated effects. The ER corepressor, SMRT, enhanced the repression by 17beta-estradiol/ER, but ER coactivators, including SRC family members, did not appreciably impact the ER ligand response. The results suggest that in ER+ tumors, FR-alpha expression is directly and actively suppressed and predict that a brief treatment with antiestrogens will boost FR-alpha expression by passive derepression, enhancing the efficacy of FR-targeted diagnostic and therapeutic applications. They also reveal novel aspects of gene repression by ER.
A cryptographic method for secure watermark detection

We present a semi-public key implementation of quantization index modulation (QIM) watermarking called Secure QIM (SQIM). Given a signal, a watermark detector can learn the presence of an SQIM watermark without learning anything anything else from the detection process. The watermark detector first transforms the signal with a secret transform, unknown to the detector, and then quantizes the transform coefficients with secret quantizers, also unknown to the detector. This is done with the use of homomorphic cryptosystems, where calculations are performed in an encrypted domain. A low-power, trusted, secure module is used at the end of the process and reveals only if the signal was watermarked or not. Even after repeated watermark detections, no more information is revealed than the watermarked status of the signals. The methods we present are for watermark systems with quantizers of stepsize 2.
Using Game Engines for Designing Traffic Control Educational Games

Game-based education in transportation has been explored over the past 10 years. Previous research proved that game-based education is an effective way to deliver transportation engineering concepts. However, past research also found that effective education games are difficult to develop. In this work, we used a game engine to develop a multi-level 3D web game for teaching concepts in traffic signal control. We then tested the game using an experiment with student participants. The results showed that: the game engine was a suitable tool for developing educational games, the game significantly improved students' understanding of the target concepts, and students' understanding improved at different rates.
Convergence analysis of a coupled method for time‐dependent convection‐diffusion equations

The coupling of two locally mass conservative methods is formulated and analyzed for the time-dependent convection-diffusion problem. Finite volume method is used in some subdomains and interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method is used in other subdomains. Numerical examples show the advantages of the proposed hybrid method, namely an accurate approximation obtained at a reduced computational cost. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 30: 133–157, 2014
High Alcohol Concentration Products Associated With Poverty and State Alcohol Policies.

Objectives. We examined the associations among zip code demographics, the state alcohol policy environment, and the retail outlet availability of multiple fruit-flavored alcoholic drinks in a can (MFAC).Methods. In a nationally representative sample of zip codes (n = 872), we merged data from 4 sources: publicly available marketing information from 2 major MFAC producers, the US Census Bureau, state alcohol regulatory agencies, and recent research on state alcohol policies. We used zero-inflated negative binomial regression models to examine MFAC outlet availability in the United States.Results. More than 98% of MFAC outlets were off-premises alcohol establishments. After we controlled for population size and the number of licensed on- and off-premises alcohol outlets within zip codes, more families below the poverty line and weaker state alcohol control policies were associated with greater MFAC outlet availability.Conclusions. Economic conditions and alcohol policy environment appeared to be related to ...
Intensity-resolved multiphoton ionization: Circumventing spatial averaging

A persistent problem in traditional high-field photoionization experiments is the intensity averaging caused by the use of focused laser beams. We show that it is possible to deconvolve ionization probabilities directly from data for experiments in which the detection volume is restricted. The inversion technique is outlined and as an example we apply it to multiphoton multiple-ionization measurements of xenon.
Toward pest control via mass production of realistic decoys of insects

The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis , is an invasive species of beetles threatening the ash trees of North America. The species exhibits a mating behavior in which a flying male will first spot a stationary female at rest and then execute a pouncing maneuver to dive sharply onto her. The pouncing behavior appears to be cued by some visual signal from the top surface of the female's body. We have adopted bioreplication techniques to fabricate artificial visual decoys that could be used to detect, monitor, and slow the spread of EAB populations across North America. Using a negative die made of nickel and a positive die made of a hard polymer, we have stamped a polymer sheet to produce these decoys. Our bioreplication procedure is industrially scalable.
Bankruptcy Prediction: The Case of the CLECS

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 led to the creation of the competitive local exchange carriers, known as CLECS (pronounced sea‐lecks). Despite a strong beginning and great optimism, between January 2000 and September 2002, almost half of the publicly held CLECS filed for bankruptcy. Though their path to bankruptcy was typical, the atmosphere surrounding the CLECS was not. They enjoyed the strong support of Wall Street analysts in the form of positive reports and buy ratings, as well as support from institutional investors in the form of investments, for much of their lives. This support may have been the consequence of the telecommunications mania that marked the late 1990s and part of 2000, or, it has been alleged, the result of unethical and possibly illegal behavior on the part of some of Wall Street analysts. Though this situation will no doubt generate a great deal of research in the coming years, this paper examines one of the most important issues that is prompted by the question: Using metrics that are readily available, could investors, analysts and other interested parties have predicted which CLECS would file for bankruptcy prior to the filings? This study attempts to respond to this question by envisioning a scenario in which an investor, analyst, or other observer learns in 2001 that three of the CLECS filed for bankruptcy in 2000. In response, the interested party reads some of the literature on predicting bankruptcy, and then uses certain of the methods described to determine which of the remaining CLECS are likely to become insolvent in 2001 and 2002.
Argand representations of the mutual electromagnetic coupling of loops on a two-layer earth

Abstract We present quantitative results for the mutual electromagnetic coupling between small co-planar loops on a two-layer model of the earth's crust. The dependence of the loop spacing, frequency, and layer conductivities are illustrated concisely by plotting the data in the complex mutual impedance plane. Among other things, we show that the resolution of the electromagnetic method is very poor if the lower layer has a relatively small conductivity. On the other hand, for the converse situation when the lower-layer conductivity is high, a single measured value of the mutual impedance will yield the model parameters without ambiguity.
Potato protein determined by the bromphenol blue dye-binding method and other methods

A rapid quantitative method for tuber protein is needed for screening large populations of potatoes in a breeding program. The Neotec Grain Quality Analyzer, the Orange G or Udy method and the Bromphenol Blue dye-binding method have been evaluated. Protein values determined by Neotec or Orange G did not correlate with those from routine methods. Protein values determined by the Bromphenol Blue method correlate well with those determined by the Potty procedure and amino acid analyses.
IMPACT OF TOTAL STENT LENGTH ON 1-YEAR CLINICAL OUTCOMES AFTER PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION WITH BIOLIMUS-ELUTING STENT AND EVEROLIMUS-ELUTING STENT

Total stent length (TSL) after first-generation drug-eluting stents implantation was associated with adverse cardiac events. However, it remains unclear whether TSL after newer-generation drug-eluting stents implantation has impacts on clinical outcomes. Our aim was to assess the relationship
Macrophage activation by T cells

In the past year, the application of biochemical and molecular approaches to the analysis of macrophage activation by T cells has provided new information concerning the regulation of gene expression during the activation process, and advanced our understanding of the multiple mechanisms that influence the development of macrophage function during an immune response.
Mechanism and rate constants for 1,3-butadiene decomposition

Data on the decomposition of 1,3-butadiene have been analyzed. The numerous isomerization processes that have recently been proposed as additional channels for decomposition have been considered. Energy transfer effects have been taken into account through the solution of the time-dependent master equation. We confirm recent supposition that direct formation of ethylene and acetylene is a major reaction channel during the thermal decomposition of 1,3-butadiene. The isomerization to 1,2-butadiene and its subsequent decomposition to form propargyl and methyl is the next most important process. Almost no vinyl radicals are produced. The formation of the isomerization products, in contrast to those from the initial reactant, is generally characterized by long transients before the attainment of a steady state. Standard methods of treating processes where such reactions are important must be carefully analyzed. The calculations are calibrated with experimental results. It proved not to be possible to fit simultaneously all the experimental observations with the model. Rate expressions for the major decomposition and isomerization channels are presented.
Demographic effects on tax ratios in developing countries.

Abstract Although the impact of demographic variables on economic development is an issue of great concern, population characteristics have not been systematically analyzed in the literature on tax ratios and economic development. This paper examines the issue of demographic effects on tax ratios using a cross-section econometric model derived from simple structural relationships, permitting inferences to be made regarding the strengths of supply versus demand influences on tax ratios.
TH-C-M100F-10: Neutron Dose From Thin, Thick Targets and Passive Proton Beam Delivery Systems

Purpose: Due to possible radiobiological implications that neutrons might have during proton therapy this work focuses on the determination of which components of a proton therapy treatment nozzle contribute the most to neutron production for passive systems. Method and Materials: The LANL Code MCNPX is used to simulate a proton beam interacting with components of a passive treatment nozzle. Several treatment nozzle geometries are simulated. During the first simulations, a 200 MeV proton beam interacts with targets of 10 MeV, 20 MeV thickness and stopping (thick) targets. Several materials were used as targets: lead,aluminum,graphite, water, and polyethylene. The neutron flux was scored in a water phantom 1 m away from the point of maximum neutron production in the target and used to determine the neutrondose asfunction of neutron emission angle. The second set of simulations is for a double scatter passive system. A 200 MeV proton beam interacts with a high‐Z to low‐Z (lead‐lucite) rotational modulation wheel, a low‐Z to high‐Z (lucite‐lead) scatterers and a collimation system. The resultant neutrondose for 100 mm spread‐out Bragg Peak (SOBP) is investigated. Results: The neutrondose was higher for thick targets than for thin targets. This behavior was consistent among all target's materials. The neutron production was forward‐peaked with a maximum at around 15°. For low‐Z and high‐Z materials, there was a large neutron flux contribution for energies below 20 MeV. For thin and thick targets the high‐Z materials produced the greatest amount of neutrons, although the thin targets produced the most energetic ones. Conclusion: We noted that the high‐Z material components are producing the highest amount of neutrons while decreasing the energy of the beam by 10% produces an increment of approximately 30% increase in neutron production.
Bone changes in leucemia

Abstract A case of leucemia with osseous dysplasia in the mandible and maxilla is described. Bone changes are rare and are not diagnostically significant. These changes are usually osteolytic but may also be productive.