cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Application of the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle in Learning Monotonic Boolean Functions

In this paper, we consider the inference problem for monotone Boolean structure functions (for example, Torvik and Triantaphyllou, 2002 and 2005; or Judson et al., 2005). We follow Judson’s algorithm (in Judson, 1999; or Judson et al., 2005), except with two possible changes. First, when choosing a vector to test, we consider simply evaluating the “value” of a given number of random vectors (instead of using Judson’s “neighbor” algorithm to find test vectors). Second, we consider a new way of calculating the value of a vector, which makes use of the inclusionexclusion principle from combinatorics. Via testing on some 10-component systems, we find that the “random” approach is better than the “neighbor” approach, and that the inclusionexclusion method is an improvement whenever the size of the boundary of the “unknown vector set” is small.
Decreased acid suppression therapy overuse after education and medication reconciliation

Summary Background: Acid suppression therapy (AST) is commonly overprescribed in hospitalised patients. This indiscriminate use increases cost and drug-related side effects. Minimal data is available on interventions aimed at reducing the burden of overprescription. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of education and medication reconciliation forms use on admission as well as discharge, on AST overuse in hospitalised patients. Methods: A retrospective chart review of randomly selected patients admitted to the general medicine service at University of Florida Health Science Center/Jacksonville was performed prior to and after the introduction of interventions (education/medication reconciliation) aimed at reducing AST overuse. The percentage of patients started on inappropriate AST, the admitting diagnosis, indications for starting AST and discharge on these medications was compared in the pre and postintervention groups. Results: Acid suppression therapy use declined from 70% (279/400) in the preintervention period to 37% (100/270) postintervention (p < 0.001). There was a reduction in inappropriate prescriptions from 51% (204/400) pre to 22% (60/270) postintervention (p < 0.02). Stress ulcer prophylaxis in low-risk patients or the concomitant use of ulcerogenic drugs continued to motivate inappropriate AST therapy in most patients. Postintervention, only 20% (12/60) of patients were discharged on unneeded AST compared with 69% (140/204) in the preintervention group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Interventions consisting of education and use of medication reconciliation forms decreased inappropriate prescription of AST on admission and discharge. This can significantly decrease cost to the healthcare system and the risk of drug interactions.
Addressing Urban African American Youth Externalizing and Social Problem Behavioral Difficulties in a Family Oriented Prevention Project

Summary The current article examines the secondary effects of an inner-city Community-University Collaborative HIV-Prevention and Adolescent Mental Health Family Program (CHAMP) in reducing externalizing (i.e., aggressive and rule-breaking behavior) and social problem behaviors for children with significant levels of externalizing behavior. Data were provided by parents for a sample of 50 youth assigned to the CHAMP Family Program and 299 comparison children. Among the CHAMP Family Program participants at pretest, 40% (n = 20) of parents reported their children exhibited significant levels of externalizing behavior. Among the comparison group, 38% (n = 113) of parents reported their children exhibited significant levels of externalizing behavior. There was a significant reduction in child externalizing scores for children in the CHAMP Family Program from pretest to posttest, bringing their mean scores of externalizing behavior from clinical to sub-clinical levels. Posttest only comparisons revealed that c...
Biodiversity Loss in the Ocean: How Bad Is It?

The Research Article Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services By B. Worm et al. (3 Nov. 2006, p. [787][1]) projects that 100 of seafood-producing species stocks will collapse by 2048. The projection is inaccurate and overly pessimistic. ![Figure][2] CREDIT: DIGITAL VISION/
The relationship between packaging uniformity and variety seeking

This research explores the effect of product packaging uniformity on variety seeking. It is shown that the incidence of variety seeking is greater in product categories where packaging is similar among competitors, and thus the packaging display has relatively low arousal potential, as compared to categories where the packaging is less uniform across brands and therefore has higher arousal potential. Two experiments test and support these propositions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gamma rays from compton scattering in the jets of microquasars : Application to LS 5039

Recent High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) observations show that microquasars in high-mass systems are sources of very high energy γ-rays. A leptonic jet model for microquasar γ-ray emission is developed. Using the head-on approximation for the Compton cross section and taking into account angular effects from the star's orbital motion, we derive expressions to calculate the spectrum of γ-rays when nonthermal jet electrons Compton scatter photons of the stellar radiation field. The spectrum of Compton scattered accretion disk radiation is also derived by approximating the accretion disk as a point source of radiation located behind the jet. Numerical results are compared with simpler expressions obtained using δ-function approximations for the cross sections, from which beaming factors are derived. Calculations are presented for power-law distributions of nonthermal electrons that are assumed to be isotropically distributed in the comoving jet frame and applied to γ-ray observations of LS 5039. We conclude that (1) the TeV emission measured with HESS cannot result only from Compton scattered stellar radiation (CSSR), but could be synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission or a combination of CSSR and SSC; and (2) fitting both the HESS data and the EGRET data claimed to be associated with LS 5039 requires a very improbable leptonic model with a very hard electron energy distribution. Because the γ-rays would be variable in a leptonic jet model, the data sets are unlikely to be representative of a simultaneously measured γ-ray spectrum. We therefore attribute EGRET γ-rays primarily to CSSR emission and HESS γ-rays to SSC emission. Detection of periodic modulation of the TeV emission from LS 5039 would favor a leptonic SSC or cascade hadron origin of the emission in the inner jet, whereas stochastic variability alone would support a more extended leptonic model. The puzzle of the EGRET γ-rays from LS 5039 will be quickly solved with GLAST.
Extensible Auditory Progress Bar Design: Performance and Aesthetics

This study investigated performance and preference differences for three different extensible Auditory Progress Bar (APB) designs. Four durations (30 s, 60 s, 120 s, 240 s) of the three APBs (Sine, Cello, and Electronic) were used in the study. There were 105 participants who listened to all durations of a single-stimulus type and were asked to determine the length of time they had listened to the stimulus and to rate the stimuli on aesthetic quality. Participants were significantly worse at time estimation with the Electronic APB. The Sine APB was preferred significantly less than either the Cello or Electronic APBs. Regardless of the stimulus, time estimation was more variable and more accurate as the duration of the APB increased. The results indicate that although they were originally envisioned as a supplement for the visual progress bar, APBs can be effective when used alone. Further, it was found that, even within the small design space presented here, APB design can influence the performance of li...
Amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease: some possible therapeutic opportunities.

Abstract Cerebral deposition of fibrils formed from the β/A4 amyloid protein is an invariable feature of Alzheimer's disease. Evidence suggests that generation of such fibrils may be involved in the etiology of this disease, since mutations in the coding region of the β/A4 amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene segregate with familial cerebral amyloidoses, including familial Alzheimer's disease. Transgenic models of cerebral amyloidosis have been produced, and some progress has been made in elucidating the cell biology of amyloidogenesis. For example, agents that alter protein phosphorylation are potent modulators of the expression and proteolytic processing of APP. Sam Gandy and Paul Greengard review these recent studies, and discuss those that may provide rational therapeutic opportunities.
To Martyr or Not to Martyr: Jihad is the Question, What Policy is the Answer?

The question of what policies may deter risk-taking actors who willingly commit suicide is not only theoretically challenging, but also of major importance to policymakers. Traditional deterrence theory, which is largely state-oriented, but has also delved into the realm of ordinary criminality, has not been adequately prepared to deal with individual or non-state actors who seem “irrational” because of their high propensity for risk taking and cost bearing. The present article seeks to adapt the notions of deterrence and risk taking developed in the context of interstate relations to such actors, especially terrorist groups whose members engage in martyr-style operations. First, a brief, non-technical review of the essentials of the rational choice approach to deterrence is provided. Second, the article indicates how this approach can be adapted to the deterrence of terrorist actions, especially the crucial role of risk and its correlate, uncertainty, on decision making. Finally, by way of examples, it s...
Definability by constant-depth polynomial-size circuits

A function of boolean arguments is symmetric if its value depends solely on the number of l's among its arguments. In the first part of this paper we partially characterize those symmetric functions that can be computed by constant-depth polynomial-size sequences of boolean circuits, and discuss the complete characterization. (We treat both uniform and non-uniform sequences of circuits.) Our results imply that these circuits can compute functions that are not definable in first-order logic. In the second part of the paper we generalize from circuits computing symmetric functions to circuits recognizing first-order structures. By imposing fairly natural restrictions we develop a circuit model with precisely the power of first-order logic: a class of structures is first-order definable if and only if it can be recognized by a constant-depth polynomial-time sequence of such circuits. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Particle dynamics: The continuum of bedrock to alluvial river segments

Abstract Particle dynamics refers to production, erosion, transport, and storage of particulate material including mineral sediment and organic matter. Particle dynamics differ significantly between the end members of bedrock and alluvial river segments and between alluvial river segments with different grain-size distributions. Bedrock segments are supply limited and resistant to change, with relatively slow, linear adjustments and predominantly erosion and transport. Particle dynamics in alluvial segments, in contrast, are transport limited and dominated by storage of mineral sediment and production of organic matter. Alluvial segments are resilient to change, with relatively rapid, multidirectional adjustments and stronger internal influences because of feedbacks between particles and biota. Bedrock segments are the governors of erosion within a river network, whereas alluvial segments are the biogeochemical reactors. Fundamental research questions for both types of river segments center on particle dynamics, which limit network-scale incision in response to base level fall (bedrock segments) and habitat, biogeochemical reactions, and biomass production (alluvial segments). These characterizations illuminate how the spatial arrangement of bedrock and alluvial segments within a river network influence network-scale resistance and resilience to external changes in relative base level, climate, and human activities.
Effects of different adjuvants on rotavirus antibody responses and protection in mice following intramuscular immunization with inactivated rotavirus.

I.m. immunization of mice with inactivated rotavirus particles protects against subsequent infection. To optimize protection, the effects of different adjuvants (QS-21, QS-7, QUIL A, PCPP and RAS) with potential for human use were compared. Twenty-eight days after i.m. immunization with 20 μg of purified, UV/psoralen-inactivated murine rotavirus (EDIM), either with or without adjuvant, BALB/c mice were orally challenged with live EDIM and virus shedding was measured. All five adjuvants stimulated large (P<0.001) increases in rotavirus antibody, but significant differences were found between adjuvants. The order of rotavirus IgG responses, i.e. no adjuvant<RAS<QS-7<Quil A<QS-21<PCPP, was the same as the order of protection except that QS-21 and PCPP were reversed. These results establish the importance of adjuvants during i.m. immunization with rotavirus and identify those with the greatest potential.
Study of xenon binding in cryptophane-A using laser-induced NMR polarization enhancement

In solution, spin-polarization transfer between laser-polarized xenon and the hydrogen nuclei of nearby molecules leads to signal enhancements in the resolved 1H NMR spectrum, offering new opportunities for probing the chemical environment of xenon atoms. Following binding of laser-polarized xenon to molecules of cryptophane-A, selective enhancements of the 1H NMR signals were observed. A theoretical framework for the interpretation of such experimental results is provided, and the spin polarization-induced nuclear Overhauser effects are shown to yield information about the molecular environment of xenon. The observed selective 1H enhancements allowed xenon−proton internuclear distances to be estimated. These distances reveal structural characteristics of the complex, including the preferred molecular conformations adopted by cryptophane-A upon binding of xenon.
Chloride-dependent Na-H exchange. A novel mechanism of sodium transport in colonic crypts

The mechanism of sodium movement across apical membrane of colonic crypt cells of rat distal colon was examined in studies of both 22Na uptake by apical membrane vesicles (AMV) and the rate of intracellular pH (pHi) recovery from an acid load by the addition of lumen sodium. In the presence of chloride but not in its absence, 22Na uptake in crypt AMV was stimulated by an outward gradient of either [H+] or [Na+]. 22Na uptake stimulated by an outward [Na+] gradient was also observed in the presence of other halides in the order of chloride > bromide > fluoride > iodide. pHi recovery from an acid load was both lumen sodium- and chloride-dependent, and the rate of pHi recovery by lumen sodium in the presence of chloride was 65-fold greater than that in the absence of chloride (dpH/dt is 655.4 and 10.2 in the presence and absence of chloride, respectively). One mM amiloride inhibited both [H+] gradient-stimulated 22Na uptake in the presence of chloride in crypt AMV (80%) and lumen sodium- and chloride-dependent pHi recovery in crypt cells (96%). [H+] gradient stimulation of 22Na uptake by crypt AMV in the presence of chloride was less sensitive to amiloride than amiloride inhibition of Na-H exchange in colonic surface AMV. These studies provide compelling evidence that a chloride-dependent Na-H exchange that is relatively amiloride-resistant is present in the apical membrane of colonic crypt cells. As prior studies have not identified a chloride-dependent Na-H exchange, the molecular and functional basis of this novel transport process is not known.
Prophylactic oral ganciclovir compared with deferred therapy for control of cytomegalovirus in renal transplant recipients.

5 Barnes-Jewish Hospital. 6 Health Administration Program, Washington University School of Medicine. 7 Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine. 8 Department of General Surgery, Transplantation Section, Washington University School of Medicine. t This work is dedicated to the memory of James A. Crook, our patient and teacher.
Cosmopolitanism and Working-through the Past

Certain of Kant’s political essays suggest that the project of socio-political emancipation should be seen as a process of working ourselves out of affective attachments to pathological social relations. This aspect of Kant’s thinking is read through Marx’s materialist notion of commodity fetishism, which provides a paradigmatic approach to understanding the ways in which concrete forms of sociality either thwart or facilitate the process of emancipation. It is then suggested that Freud’s notion of the work of mourning can help to clarify the possibility of breaking with the fixated attachments that contribute to our own domination. In this light, the author considers the respective accounts of the relationship between Freudian theory and Kantian cosmopolitanism given by Julia Kristeva and Judith Butler in light of Theodor Adorno’s materialist account of working-through the past. Reading Freud with Adorno offers a more coherent clarification of the concrete conditions of possibility of cosmopolitanism.
Oxide materials with low thermal conductivity

A heuristic approach to identifying candidate materials with low, temperature-independent thermal conductivity above room temperature is described. On the basis of this approach, a number of compounds with thermal conductivities lower than that of 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia and fused silica have been found. Three compounds, in particular, the Zr 3 Y 4 O 12 delta phase, the tungsten bronzes, and the La 2 Mo 2 O 9 phase, exhibit potential for low thermal conductivity applications. As each can exhibit extensive substitutional solid solution with other, high atomic mass ions, there is the prospect that many more compounds with low thermal conductivity will be discovered.
Factors leading to cannibalism in Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidia) held in intensive culture

Abstract Ecologically, sea urchins are an important species in marine habitats around the world. Economically, sea urchins are prized for their gonads (uni). With fisheries declining worldwide, intensive sea urchin culture has been proposed. For urchins in commercial culture, any factor that affects survivorship negatively should be addressed to maximize cost benefit. One potential obstacle to optimizing culture of sea urchins is cannibalism. Approximately 2000 adult and juvenile Lytechinus variegatus (1 g–45 g) were collected from Port Saint Joseph Peninsula State Park, FL between June and September 2009. Urchins were held in recirculating tanks at different sizes, densities, and feeding regimes for 4 weeks. Starvation and high density contributed to the highest level of cannibalism among small (12–21 g) urchins (percent cannibalism = 18.8%), whereas fed, high density conditions contributed to the highest level of cannibalism among large (32–37 g) urchins (percent cannibalism = 18.4%). These results suggest that (1) small urchins cannibalize at higher rates than large urchins, and (2) increased density is an important contributing factor leading to cannibalism. We quantified stress, defined as a decrease in production as a result of environmental conditions, by evaluating weight gain within each treatment and suggest that weight loss or minimal weight gain is an indicator of stress. We hypothesize increased stress caused by competitive interference can lead to increased cannibalism and decreased growth rates, even when food is not limiting. Ecologically, there are no reports of cannibalism of urchins in wild populations. Consequently, the role of cannibalism in regulating sea urchin community structure is not known. However, factors affecting cannibalism of L. variegatus in the laboratory may provide insight into the conditions that could result in cannibalism in wild populations. From an aquaculture perspective, it is important to determine those factors that contribute to the incidence of cannibalism in sea urchins so that the appropriate culture conditions can be maintained to reduce the incidence of cannibalism.
Wallowa Russet: A full season long Russet for processing and fresh market

The Agricultural Experiment Stations of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington and the U.S. Department of Agriculture jointly released Wallowa Russet in 2002. This late maturing variety is most suitable for frozen french fry use, but may find limited fresh market potential because of outstanding flavor and texture when baked. Wallowa Russet was evaluated as AO87277-6 in Oregon irrigated trials from 1993 through 1999, and in western regional trials from 1997 through 1999. Averaged over 13 locations in seven states, Wallowa Russet produced total yields of 55.6 mt/ha compared to 53.5 and 45.7 mt/ha for Russet Burbank and Russet Norkotah, respectively, and U.S. No.1 yields of 44.4 mt/ha compared to 30.7 and 36.0 mt/ha for Russet Burbank and Russet Norkotah. Specific gravity is consistently higher for Walowa Russet than for Russet Burbank and fry color is as light or lighter; sugar end development is less than that observed in Russet Burbank. Wallowa Russet is similar to Russet Burbank in susceptibility toVerticillium wilt, foliar early blight (Alternaria solani), and potato leafroll virus (PLRV). However, Wallowa Russet develops less net necrosis than Russet Burbank from PLRV infection. Wallowa Russet is more susceptible to common scab (Streptomyces scabies) than Russet Burbank. It has moderate resistance to potato virus Y (PVY). Tubers of Wallowa Russet are less susceptible to tuber infection and decay caused by potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) than Russet Norkotah and Ranger Russet. Wallowa Russet has less hollow heart, brown center, blackspot bruise, and fewer growth cracks than Russet Burbank but is more susceptible to shatter bruise. Vitamin C is higher for Wallowa Russet (30.4 mg/100 g fresh weight) than for Russet Burbank (21.9) or Russet Norkotah (22.0), and protein content averaged 5.6% compared to 4.7% and 4.9% for Russet Burbank and Russet Norkotah, respectively.
Ultra‐High Expression of a Thermally Responsive Recombinant Fusion Protein in E. coli

Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are recombinant peptide-based biopolymers that contain repetitive sequences enriched in glycine, valine, proline, and alanine. Because of the unusually large fraction of these amino acids in ELPs as compared to other cellular proteins, we hypothesized that intracellular pools of these amino acids can be selectively depleted and limit protein yields during expression. In this study, we examined how culture conditions and individual medium components affect protein yields by monitoring cell growth and protein expression kinetics of E. coli expressing an ELP tagged with a green fluorescent protein (GFP). By determining the underlying principles of superior fusion protein yields generated by the hyperexpression protocol, we further improved protein yields through the addition of glycerol and certain amino acids such as proline and alanine and found that amino acid concentrations and the type of basal medium used strongly influenced this beneficial effect. Surprisingly, amino acids other than those that are abundant in ELPs, for example, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamine, and glutamic acid, also enhanced protein yields even in a nutrient-rich medium. Compared to commonly used Luria-Bertani medium, the protein yield was improved by 36-fold to the remarkable level of 1.6 g/L in shaker flask cultures with a modified medium and optimized culture conditions, which also led to a 8-fold reduction in the cost of the fusion protein. To our knowledge, this is the highest yield of an ELP-fusion protein purified from E. coli cultured in shaker flasks. This study also suggests a useful strategy to improve the yields of other ELP fusion proteins and repetitive polypeptides.
Developmentally regulated production of platelet-derived growth factor-like molecules

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is thought to mediate the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in injured arteries, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis1. PDGF-like molecules from non-platelet sources may also play a role in the regulation of cell activity in other circumstances. Transformation of cells by a wide range of oncongenic agents appears to activate a cellular gene encoding a PDGF-like molecule2–6, possibly accounting for the ability of transformed cells to grow without addition of exogenous mitogens7–12. We show here that a molecule (PDGF-c) which can compete with 125I-PDGF for binding to PDGF receptors is secreted by cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (rASMC) isolated from 13 to 18-day-old rats (pups) but not from three-month-old animals (adults). Thus, production of PDGF-c appears to be developmentally regulated and may be a factor in the more rapid proliferation of rASMC and synthesis of connective tissue components which occurs during growth of the aorta in vivo.
Post-electoral politics in Italy: institutional problems and political perspectives

A dysfunctional electoral law and an obsolete bicameral Parliament contributed to the surprising results of the 24–25 February 2013 Italian elections, which have solved none of Italy's institutional and political problems. This article briefly analyses the distribution of votes, stressing especially that the success of the Five Stars Movement derives from the dissatisfaction and the protest of a significant sector of the electorate. Beppe Grillo, like Silvio Berlusconi, is a political entrepreneur, who through patience, hard work and commitment has constructed an organization with a wide geographical following. The presence in Parliament of the Five Stars Movement made the election of the President of the Republic very difficult. President Napolitano was obliged to accept an unprecedented second term and then led the Democratic Party, the People of Freedom and Civic Choice to form an unusual government, almost a sort of Grand Coalition. The government is here briefly assessed. The article ends underlining...
Separately developing axonal uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine in the fetal ileum of the rabbit.

Abstract Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by adult and fetal rabbit's ileum was studied. The adult myenteric plexus accumulated tritium when incubated with tritiated 5-HT. However, in addition to labeled 5-HT, tritiated 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and, when monoamine oxidase (MAO) was inhibited, 5-HT-o-glucuronide were found in the tissue. Two uptake processes differing in affinity could be defined. Only the high affinity process was saturable. Fetal ileum took up tritiated 5-HT but glucuronidation did not occur when MAO was inhibited. The uptake of tritiated 5-HT by the fetal ileum was due to a single, saturable, temperature sensitive (Q 10 at 27−37 °C= 2.4) process inhibited by ouabain. It was identical to the high affinity uptake found in adult tissue. This specific high affinity uptake could be found as early as the 16th day of gestation, 5–8 days before uptake of norepinephrine (NE) begins. Light and electron microscopic radioautography revealed that the uptake of 5-HT was primarily into axons and a characteristic structure called the expanded process, both in the myenteric plexus. Both contained dense-cored vesicles. Axons were not labeled by tritiated NE until after 24 days and the expanded process was never labeled by tritiated NE. This study shows that uptake of 5-HT is a property of a distinct system of axons in the mammalian myenteric plexus which develops prior to adrenergic axons during ontogeny.
A dynamic model of the global iodine cycle and estimation of dose to the world population from releases of iodine-129 to the environment

Abstract A dynamic linear compartment model of the global iodine cycle has been developed for the purpose of estimating radiological impacts on the world population from releases of 129 I to the environment. The time-invariant fractional transfer rates, which describe the transport of 129 I between environmental compartments comprising the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and terrestrial biosphere, are estimated from an analysis of available data on concentrations for naturally occurring stable iodine and data on the global hydrologic cycle. The global radiological impacts on man from a given release of 129 I are estimated from the calculated compartment inventories as a function of time and models for the intake of iodine by a reference adult. For a constrant population of 12.2 billion, the estimated worldwide complete population dose commitment to the thyroid is 76 man-Sv/GBq (2.8 × 10 5 man-rem/Ci) released. Estimated values of the incomplete population dose commitment at various times after a global-scale release to the atmosphere are also presented.
Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in a pre-Columbian Peruvian mummy

The existence of tuberculosis in the pre-Columbian Americas is controversial because the morphology of the lesion is not specific, the organism is culturally nonviable in ancient tissues, and nonpathogenic soil mycobacteria can contaminate buried bodies. We report the recovery of DNA unique to Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a lung lesion of a spontaneously mummified, 1000-year-old adult female body in southern Peru. This provides the most specific evidence possible for the pre-Columbian presence of human tuberculosis in the New World.
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, WHEY SEPARATION, AND MICROSTRUCTURE IN SET‐STYLE YOGURT: EFFECTS OF HEATING TEMPERATURE AND INCUBATION TEMPERATURE

The effects of heat treatment and incubation temperature on the rheological and microstructural properties of yogurt were studied. A central composite experimental design and response surface methodology were used for data analysis. The rheological properties were determined by dynamic low amplitude oscillation and the amount of spontaneous whey separation was quantified by the volumetric flask test. Confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to examine the gel structure. The storage moduli of yogurts increased with an increase in heating temperature and a decrease in incubation temperature. The maximum loss tangent value during gelation, permeability, and amount of spontaneous whey separation of yogurts increased with a decrease in heating temperature and with an increase in incubation temperature. These parameters indicated an increased possibility for rearrangements, which was confirmed by presence of large pores in the gel network. Second order polynomial models successfully predicted the effects of heating temperature and incubation temperature on the rheological properties, permeability, and whey separation of yogurts. Whey separation was negatively correlated with storage modulus (r= -0.66), and was positively correlated with the maximum loss tangent (r= 0.63) and permeability (r= 0.78). This study demonstrates that weak yogurt gels, which have high loss tangent values, favor rearrangements in the network and the resulting network has larger pores (high permeability) and exhibits greater whey separation.
A Calorimetric Study of Liquid Crystal/Polymer Mixtures: Cure Temperature Effects and Unusual Phase Behavior

Abstract Cure kinetics and energetics and phase behavior of a liquid crystal (LC)/matrix mixture have been investigated. This research complements a previous study of phase separation in mixtures of low molecular weight liquid crystals with an organic matrix. In the present case we used a LC with a molecular weight about twice that of the previous ones. For some samples we found evidence for phase separation and an anomalous phase transition (possibly a smectic induced by confinement of the LC in microvolumes). The effects of cure temperature. T cure, on the cure kinetics and energetics were similar to those found for previously studied UV-cured systems. Plots of the heats of cure for the pure matrix and LC/matrix mixtures go through maxima at temperatures where the extent of matrix cure is greatest. The fact that the nematic-isotropic (NI) transition enthalpy is maximum in the same temperature range confirms previous conclusions that phase separation is greatest when the matrix is most fully cured, The t...
Low-pressure phase equilibria: Measurement of VLE

Abstract Techniques for measurement of low-pressure VLE are surveyed, with emphasis on developments of the past decade. Modern static and dynamic devices allow the speedy collection of good data, and current output of isotherms appears to exceed that of isobars by a healthy margin. Special interest in limiting activity coefficients has spurred the perfection of methods for measurement of VLE in dilute systems.
Identification of chick thymidine kinase determinant in somatic cell hybrids of chick erythrocytes and thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cells.

Abstract Disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (disc PAGE) analyses of chick-mouse somatic cell hybrids [LM(TK−)/CRB]isolated from fusion mixtures of chick erythrocytes and thymidine (TdR) kinase-deficient mouse [LM(TK−)]cells have demonstrated that the somatic cell hybrids contain only chick cytosol TdR kinase F and mouse mitochondrial TdR kinase A activities. Karyotypes were analysed by the method which sequentially reveals Q- and C-bands. Four hybrid clones contained the full complement of mouse chromosomes and 1 to 3 chick micro-chromosomes. Counterselection of the LM(TK−)/CRB hybrids in 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) medium resulted in the loss of chick cytosol TdR kinase F activity and at least one of the chick chromosomes, but mouse mitochondrial TdR kinase A activity was unaffected. Unlike the LM(TK−)/CRB somatic cell hybrids, the BUdR-resistant clones could not grow in HATG (hypoxanthine-aminopte-rin-thymidine-glycine) medium. The results demonstrate that: (1) the chick cytosol TdR kinase F gene is on a member of the micro-chromosomes; and (2) selection in HATG- and BUdR-containing medium involves only cytosol TdR kinase F.
Zonal separations by density-gradient centrifugation

Summary Zonal separations in the centrifuge have been obtained by floating a layer of a solution of particles on a second solution which has a density gradient and in which the particles are soluble. During subsequent centrifugation all those particles of the same size, shape, and density sedimented as a zone. The method has been applied to potato yellowdwarf virus (Aureogenus vastans) using sucrose solutions for the density gradient. Using crude preparations of virus, infectivity assays showed that 90–95% of the virus was in the visible zone after horizontal centrifugation. Less than 50% of the virus was in the visible zone after angle centrifugation. The virus was not in a density-equilibrium position in either case. Except for a somewhat greater zone width, results obtained were those to be expected if the virus particles sedimented as individuals and not as aggregates. It has been shown that densitygradient centrifugation followed by photometric scanning can be used as a method of analysis. As little as 0.05 mg. virus could be determined in this manner. A zone corresponding to 0.001 mg. was visible to the unaided eye.
Polar factorization of Fourier phase operators in the coherent state basis

Coherent-state expectation values of Fourier-phase-operator products (of arbitrary order) are shown to exhibit polar factorization, and to be identical for the Susskind-Glogower and the Pegg-Barnett quantum phase operators. Concurrently, it follows that {ital q} deformation only directly affects the radial part (the Higgs modes) and not the phase part (the Nambu-Goldstone modes) of these expectation values. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Transition of the buckling load of beams by the use of piezoelectric layers

This paper studies the transition or jump of the buckling load of beam structures by application of a follower tensile force induced by the piezoelectric materials. A beam with its left end fixed and its right end restrained by a translational spring is investigated for the analytical solution. The transition of the buckling load for the beam is discussed versus the variation of the spring stiffness and the length of the piezoelectric layer through numerical simulations. The voltage needed for the transition of the buckling load is also obtained. This jump in the buckling load by the use of piezoelectric layers can only be achieved, as is indicated from analyses, if the stiffness of the spring is small enough, owing to the allowable voltage applied to the piezoelectric layers. This research provides a way for great enhancement of the buckling load for beam structures using smart materials. It also opens a door for the application of smart materials in the buckling control of structures.
Power in Africa: An Essay in Political Interpretation

Preface - PART 1: THE MEANINGS OF POLITICAL INTERPRETATION - Introduction - Paradigms Lost: Development Theory - Class Theory - Underdevelopment Theory - Revolutionary Theory - Democratic Theory - PART 2: CONCEPTS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF POWER IN AFRICA - Introduction - The Political Community - Political Accountability - The State - Civil Society - Production - PART 3: THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE AFRICAN POST-COLONIAL POLITICAL ORDER - Introduction - The Crisis of Nationality and Sovereignty - The Crisis of Legitimacy and Representation - The Crisis of Accumulation and Inequality - The Crisis of Good Government and Political Morality - The Crisis of Violence and Survival - PART 4: POLITICAL CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN CONTEMPORARY AFRICA - Introduction - The Dynamics of Political Africanisation - The Dialectics of the Hegemonic Drive - The Politics of Dependence - The Reproduction of Power - Notes - Index
On Universal Representation of Random Graphs

It is shown that every probability measure μ on the interval [0, 1] gives rise to a unique infinite random graph g on vertices {v 1 , v 2 , . . .} and a sequence of random graphs gn on vertices {v 1 , . . . , v n } such that $$ \mu (g_n \rightarrow g) $$ . In particular, $$ \mathbf{P}(G-n(Q)) $$ for Bernoulli graphs with stable property Q, can be strengthened to: ∃ probability space (Ω, F, P), ∃ set of infinite graphs G(Q) ∈, F with property Q such that $$ P (G_n(Q) \rightarrow G(Q)) = 1 \quad \mathrm{and}\quad \mathbf{P}(G-n(Q)) = P(G_n(Q)) $$ .
On Three Procedures of Unequal Probability Sampling without Replacement

Abstract In this paper we consider three well-known procedures of unequal probability sampling without replacement. Using an asymptotic approach, Hartley and Rao [3] have obtained compact expressions for variance and estimated variance for one of these procedures. Here we develop formulae for variance and estimated variance for the other two procedures, using their asymptotic approach. It is shown that for large and moderate size populations the three procedures have almost the same variance so that there is little to choose between the three procedures on the basis of variance alone. Therefore, some discussion of other factors for choosing between the three procedures is given.
Physiological activity of the ichthyotoxin from Prymnesium parvum

Abstract The toxin of Prymnesium parvum (Chrysophyceae) blocks neuromuscular transmission in the frog sartorius preparation, while nerve and muscle remain directly excitable. The toxin acts as a non-depolarizing blocking agent on the postsynaptic membrane of the end-plate. In crayfish and lobster deep abdominal extensors, neuromuscular transmission is also blocked at a toxin concentration of 0·5γ/ml. A dual effect is observed on the ventricular action potential, namely depolarization and shortening of the action potential plateau. Since atropine and morphine counteract the shortening of the action potential plateau this effect is probably caused by the release of ACh from the vagus.
The role of the Internet on free-riding: An exploratory study of the wallpaper industry

Abstract This study discusses the role of the Internet on possible free-riding activities for product categories where retail services are a critical part of the completed consumer purchase transaction. The study investigates free-riding in terms of consumer pre-purchase activities during the information search stage (how they process shopping information) and actual purchase decisions with a literature review. The study's empirical findings indicate that full-service retailers’ beliefs about online consumers’ choice of purchase outlet are predominantly influenced by online retailer prices rather than availability of a variety of products (place) on the Internet. This, in turn, indicates the possibility of strong free-riding opportunities in the sample wallpaper market. The study, in this context, proposes strategies and policies to eliminate many of the destructive effects of the opportunities for free-riding provided by the Internet for long-lasting channel and market effectiveness and efficiency.
A new switching strategy for addressing Euler parameters in dynamic modeling and simulation of rigid multibody systems

This paper presents a new numerical strategy to address the extraneous coordinates in the Euler parameters. These parameters are unit quaternions with four variables, which have been used to describe the three rotational degrees-of-freedom (DOF) of a rigid body. This redundancy avoids the singularity issue that appears in the other rotational description methods including, Euler angles (3 parameters), direction cosines (9 parameters), and the Rodrigues parameters (3 parameters). However, these parameters must satisfy a normality constraint. A numerical and online constraint embedding method is invoked to address this holonomic constraint implicitly. It leads to a reduction of the equations of motion to a minimal form. However, the proposed method requires a procedure for the selection of the dependent Euler parameters. Several alternatives were examined and the best one is proposed as the method to use in this situation. They check specific conditions including, condition number of the mass and constraint matrices, to make a decision about retaining or switching the current dependent parameter. The effectiveness of the three different selection algorithms are examined using a 3D double pendulum with ball-and-socket joints. The results show the ability of the proposed strategy to handle drifting and singularity issues.
The Normal and the Painful Shoulders During the Breaststroke Electromyographic and Cinematographic Analysis of Twelve Muscles

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare electrical activity patterns in 12 shoulder muscles during the breaststroke in 25 competitive swimmers who had normal shoulders and in 14 who had painful shoulders while they performed this stroke in a pool. The electromyographic analysis was synchronized with high-speed cinematography to discern phases of the breaststroke. Means, standard deviations, and t-tests were done for each phase. The differences in muscle activity between the two groups of swimmers demonstrated an increase in the internal rotators in the group with painful shoulders. They also demonstrated a decrease in the teres minor, supraspinatus, and the upper trapezius muscles. These factors increase the risk of impingement. Both the serratus anterior and teres minor muscles in the swimmers with normal shoulders consistently fired at or above 15% manual muscle test throughout the breaststroke cycle and were thus subject to fatigue. Based on these results, exercises for the breaststroke swimmer should be directed toward endurance training of the serratus anterior and teres minor muscles while balancing the internal and external rotators of the shoulder as well as the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles.
GENETIC LINKAGE OF SUBGROUP C ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS‐INDUCED TUMOR EXPRESSION IN CHICKENS TO THE IR‐GAT LOCUS OF THE B COMPLEX

Two B complex genotypes, B1B1 and B19B19, of outbred line S1, were tested for low and high immune response to GAT, from which four recombinants were recovered: B1B1 GAT-hi and -lo, and B19B19 GAT-hi and -lo. Also included in the study were birds of B2B2 genotype with an intermediate level of immune response to GAT. A total of 225 birds of these groups were challenged with the Bryan strain of Rous Sarcoma virus subgroup C, RSV (RAV-7), by inoculation into the wing web at five weeks of age. The B1B1 genotype had the lowest percentage of regressors (17.6%), B19B19 had the highest (42.2%), and the B2B2 genotype was intermediate (23.7%). Combining the results of GAT response over the B1B1 and B19B19 genotypes, 14.0% of GAT-lo and 37.8% of GAT-hi regressed their tumours, respectively. The highly significant (P less than or equal to 0.01) difference between the combined GAT-hi and -lo groups would suggest that the Rs locus controlling tumour regression induced by the subgroup C virus is closely linked to the region controlling immune response to GAT, but the data also provides evidence that the B-F region of the B complex also plays an important role in RSV-induced tumour regression.
Who should bring home the bacon? How deterministic views of gender constrain spousal wage preferences

Despite the rise of dual-income households in the United States and a narrowing of the nation’s gender wage gap, we find that many men and women still prefer the husband to be the primary breadwinner. To help explain intra-marital wage preferences, we argue for a new construct, gender determinism, which captures the extent to which a person believes gender categories dictate individual characteristics. We show that deterministic views of gender increase both intra-marital wage gap preferences and work choices that may perpetuate the gender wage gap. Our results hold in both student and non-student samples, suggesting some endurance of these beliefs. We discuss how our findings contribute to extant research on implicit person theory and gender role theory, and the implications of our findings for gender wage equity.
Neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol leads to impaired action of androgens in adult male hamsters.

Abstract Neonatal treatment with diethylstilbestrol (DES) leads to disruption of spermatogenesis in adult animals after apparently normal testicular development during puberty indicating aberrant androgen action in DES-exposed adult hamsters. The present study determined the effects of exogenous androgens in neonatally DES-exposed hamsters. Exogenous androgens failed to reverse the disruption of spermatogenesis in DES-exposed animals. Neonatal DES exposure caused a significant decrease in seminal vesicle weight, and abnormal histology. While exogenous androgens caused a significant increase in seminal vesicle weight in control animals, they failed to restore the seminal vesicle weight and normal histology in DES-exposed animals. Northern blot and/or RT-PCR analysis revealed that (1) AR, ERα and ERβ mRNA levels were unchanged in DES-exposed animals, and (2) mRNA levels for the AR-responsive genes calreticulin, SEC-23B, and ornithine decarboxylase were significantly decreased in DES-exposed animals. Our results suggest that neonatal DES exposure impairs the action of androgens on target organs in male hamsters.