cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slip rates and spatially variable creep on faults of the northern San Andreas system inferred through Bayesian inversion of Global Positioning System data

Fault creep, depending on its rate and spatial extent, is thought to reduce earthquake hazard by releasing tectonic strain aseismically. We use Bayesian inversion and a newly expanded GPS data set to infer the deep slip rates below assigned locking depths on the San Andreas, Maacama, and Bartlett Springs Faults of Northern California and, for the latter two, the spatially variable interseismic creep rate above the locking depth. We estimate deep slip rates of 21.5 ± 0.5, 13.1 ± 0.8, and 7.5 ± 0.7 mm/yr below 16 km, 9 km, and 13 km on the San Andreas, Maacama, and Bartlett Springs Faults, respectively. We infer that on average the Bartlett Springs fault creeps from the Earth's surface to 13 km depth, and below 5 km the creep rate approaches the deep slip rate. This implies that microseismicity may extend below the locking depth; however, we cannot rule out the presence of locked patches in the seismogenic zone that could generate moderate earthquakes. Our estimated Maacama creep rate, while comparable to the inferred deep slip rate at the Earth's surface, decreases with depth, implying a slip deficit exists. The Maacama deep slip rate estimate, 13.1 mm/yr, exceeds long-term geologic slip rate estimates, perhaps due to distributed off-fault strain or the presence of multiple active fault strands. While our creep rate estimates are relatively insensitive to choice of model locking depth, insufficient independent information regarding locking depths is a source of epistemic uncertainty that impacts deep slip rate estimates.
Metaphase harvest and cytogenetic analysis of solid tumor cultures.

Cytogenetic preparations of solid tumor specimens often demonstrate clonal chromosome aberrations. These clonal aberrations are useful in confirming the neoplastic nature of a given tumor and might also suggest a specific diagnosis or prognosis. Most solid tumors must be cultured for several days before metaphase cells can be obtained for cytogenetic analysis. The Basic Protocol describes harvesting of metaphase cells from cultures prepared from solid tumor specimens. The cells are fixed and then stained using a trypsin-Giemsa (GTG) method to produce characteristic banding patterns for cytogenetic analysis. The first Support Protocol 1 describes disaggregation and short-term tissue culture of solid tumors. The second Support Protocol 2 describes analysis of cells from lymph nodes infiltrated by lymphoma cells and the third Support Protocol 3 describes the direct analysis of cells from malignant effusion (fluid) samples.
A bayes net toolkit for student modeling in intelligent tutoring systems

This paper describes an effort to model a student's changing knowledge state during skill acquisition. Dynamic Bayes Nets (DBNs) provide a powerful way to represent and reason about uncertainty in time series data, and are therefore well-suited to model student knowledge. Many general-purpose Bayes net packages have been implemented and distributed; however, constructing DBNs often involves complicated coding effort. To address this problem, we introduce a tool called BNT-SM. BNT-SM inputs a data set and a compact XML specification of a Bayes net model hypothesized by a researcher to describe causal relationships among student knowledge and observed behavior. BNT-SM generates and executes the code to train and test the model using the Bayes Net Toolbox [1]. Compared to the BNT code it outputs, BNT-SM reduces the number of lines of code required to use a DBN by a factor of 5. In addition to supporting more flexible models, we illustrate how to use BNT-SM to simulate Knowledge Tracing (KT) [2], an established technique for student modeling. The trained DBN does a better job of modeling and predicting student performance than the original KT code (Area Under Curve = 0.610 > 0.568), due to differences in how it estimates parameters.
Energetic particles in the magnetosphere and their relationship to solar wind drivers

Enhancements in fluxes of energetic protons, heavy ions and relativistic electrons in planetary environments are initiated by solar and heliospheric processes: (1) directly, as a result of a propagating electromagnetic disturbance which impacts the magnetosphere, modifying the planetary magnetic configuration on the impulse propagation time scale; (2) indirectly, by exciting electromagnetic oscillations in the magnetosphere which diffuse particles across field lines or energize them on given field lines over hours to days. In a magnetized plasma energization of long-term trapped particles is due to a set of different physical processes which violate one or more of the adiabatic invariants. We survey geomagnetic modifications due to solar/heliospheric drivers, geomagnetic eigenoscillations and the mechanisms which break down invariants of trapped particle dynamics, and investigate the resulting effects on observed fluxes. The mechanisms include (a) radial diffusion due to ultra low-frequency (ULF) electromagnetic oscillations and fluctuations in the convection electric field, (b) transittime damping due to fast mode waves, (c) diffusion due to electromagnetic ion-cyclotron or whistler waves and (d) sudden deformation of the magnetic field configuration. The latter can cause trapping of Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) on a drift time scale to form transient proton and heavy ion belts deep in the magnetosphere (L = 2-3). Radial and energy diffusion time scales become comparable for MeV electrons around the plasmapause (L = 4-5).
Object-oriented design abstractions and code generation front ends to CAD systems

Our object-oriented software engineering environment, ADAM, is used for mechanical design abstraction to support both conceptual design and CAD-model instantiation. At the conceptual design level, ADAM supports the representation of design intent and provides the framework needed to model feature inter-dependencies. ADAM allows: 1. separation of design intent, feature specification and geometry instantiation from the representation of a part 2. design independence from the implementation environment, 3. avenues for automated support of a standardized design process, and 4. automatic code generation in a CAD-model instantiation language based upon conceptual design abstractions.
Evidence-based interventions to enhance assessment, treatment, and adherence in the chronic Hepatitis C care continuum.

Abstract Background With the explosion of newly available direct acting antiviral (DAA) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments that demonstrate 95% sustained virologic response (SVR) rates, evidence-based strategies are urgently needed to achieve real-world effectiveness in challenging patient populations. While HIV is incurable, lessons from over 30 years of experience overcoming obstacles to the HIV treatment cascade could be applied to the HCV context. Methods Using Institute of Medicine guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of published interventions from PubMed, Medline, GoogleScholar, EmBASE, and PsychInfo bibliographic databases and citation indices. Abstracts were first screened by three independent reviewers and studies were included if they involved original research, described a specific intervention, were published in English in a peer-reviewed journal between 2001 and 2014, and had full text available. Results Evidence-based interventions to enhance HCV assessment, treatment, and adherence generally fell into one of 4 categories, including those involving: (1) diagnosis or case-finding; (2) linkage to HCV care; (3) pre-therapeutic evaluation or treatment initiation; or (4) treatment adherence. While most available eligible studies described interventions using non-contemporary interferon-based HCV treatments, future research will need to address how these interventions apply to the context of well-tolerated, simple, oral treatment regimens. In some cases, we explored how HIV-specific interventions might be modified to fit the HCV spectrum of care engagement. Conclusions Evidence-based interventions should be strategically incorporated into HCV treatment implementation efforts to most effectively deliver treatment and maximize treatment outcomes.
Renal Autotransplantation: 27-Year Experience at 2 Institutions.

Purpose: Renal autotransplantation is an infrequently performed procedure. It has been used to manage complex ureteral disease, vascular anomalies and chronic kidney pain. We reviewed our 27-year experience with this procedure.Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective, observational study of 51 consecutive patients who underwent renal autotransplantation, including 29 at Oregon Health and Science University between 1986 and 2013, and 22 at Virginia Mason Medical Center between 2007 and 2012. Demographics, indications, operative details and followup data were collected. Early (30 days or less) and late (greater than 30 days) complications were graded according to the Clavien-Dindo system. Factors associated with complications and pain recurrence were evaluated using a logistic regression model.Results: The 51 patients underwent a total of 54 renal autotransplants. Median followup was 21.5 months. The most common indications were loin pain hematuria syndrome/chronic kidney pain in 31.5% of cases, urete...
Platelet mitochondrial activity and pesticide exposure in early Parkinson's disease

Background Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the cause of this dysfunction is unclear. Methods Platelet mitochondrial complex I and I/III (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cytochrome c reductase, NCCR) activities were measured in early PD patients and matched controls enrolled in a population-based case-control study. Ambient agricultural pesticide exposures were assessed with a geographic information system and California Pesticide Use Registry. Results In contrast to some previous reports, we found no differences in complex I and I/III activities in subjects with PD and controls. We did find that NCCR activity correlated with subjects' exposure to pesticides known to inhibit mitochondrial activity regardless of their diagnosis. Conclusions Electron transport chain (ETC) activity is not altered in PD in this well-characterized cohort when compared with community-matched controls but appears to be affected by environmental toxins, such as mitochondria-inhibiting pesticides. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Investigation of MM-PBSA rescoring of docking poses.

Target-based virtual screening is increasingly used to generate leads for targets for which high quality three-dimensional (3D) structures are available. To allow large molecular databases to be screened rapidly, a tiered scoring scheme is often employed whereby a simple scoring function is used as a fast filter of the entire database and a more rigorous and time-consuming scoring function is used to rescore the top hits to produce the final list of ranked compounds. Molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) approaches are currently thought to be quite effective at incorporating implicit solvation into the estimation of ligand binding free energies. In this paper, the ability of a high-throughput MM-PBSA rescoring function to discriminate between correct and incorrect docking poses is investigated in detail. Various initial scoring functions are used to generate docked poses for a subset of the CCDC/Astex test set and to dock one set of actives/inactives from the DUD data set. The effec...
Metabolism of trimethylamines in kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus) and marine and freshwater pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha).

3H or14C labeled tracers were used to investigate the metabolism of trimethylamine (TMA), trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), choline, and betaine in free swimming kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus). An indwelling cannula in the ventral aorta was used to administer tracer and withdraw blood samples. The concentrations of TMA and TMAO were determined in liver, muscle, and plasma. The TMA liver content is higher than that of muscle (0.85 vs s0.01 μmoles/g wet tissue) while the amount of TMAO in muscle greatly exceeds its liver concentration (60 vs 0.04 μmoles/g wet tissue). Prolonged fasting (21 and 75 days) or feeding the fish a squid diet containing high levels of TMAO did not alter the tissue concentrations of TMA or TMAO, suggesting that these compounds are endogenous in origin and that their tissue concentrations are subject to regulation. Comparison of the radiospecific activities of TMA and TMAO, and the administered TMA tracer suggest that TMA is channled directly to TMAO in the liver without equilibration in the hepatic TMA pool. The conversion kinetics of TMA to TMAO and the distribution of these amines in liver and muscle with time suggest that labeled TMA is rapidly taken up into a sequestered pool from which it is slowly released, oxidized to TMAO in the liver, and then transported via the circulation to the muscle mass. The location of this proposed sequestered TMA pool was not determined. Experiments with labeled choline and betaine suggest that these compounds are interconverted in the liver and that enzymes are present for conversion of choline ⇆ betaine → TMA → TMAO. Labeled dimethylamine (DMA) was not metabolized and is, therefore, probably not a precursor of TMA and TMAO. [14C]Trimethylamine (TMA) was also used to investigate the possible role of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) as an osmoregulatory compound in migrating prespawning cannulated Pacific pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) taken from marine or fresh water environments. Marine and fresh water salmon oxidized administered [14C]TMA to TMAO; labeled metabolites other than TMA and TMAO were not detected. Four hours after [14C]TMA injection about 10% of the administered dose was present in muscle as labeled TMAO and about 33% as TMA. Unlike our finding in kelp bass, [14C]TMAO was not recovered in liver, although low amounts of labeled TMA were found (0.4% of administered dose). Labeled TMA and TMAO, however, were detected in liver after [14C]betaine adminstration to a marine salmon, indicating that TMA-mono-oxygenase is present in salmon liver. The presence of labeled choline indicates that choline and betaine are interconverted as in kelp bass. The amount of [14C]TMA oxidized to [14C]TMAO and then accumulated in the muscle mass is the same in marine and fresh water salmon, as is the amount of chemical TMAO present (4.6 μmoles/g muscle).
Transmutability, generalised Darwinism and the limits to conceptual integration

This article explores the limits to conceptual integration between evolutionary biology, cognitive neuroscience and economics. The new learning in the natural sciences supplies material to update and enrich the microfoundations of institutional economics—specifically, the instinct–habit psychology. The framing of social reality with evolutionary concepts is, however, misguided in important respects. Metaphorical modelling is the transfer of concepts developed for the understanding of one domain to another, ontological distinct domain. The argument is made that the generalisation of Darwinian principles to the phenomena of institutional persistence and change is theorising by metaphor, because there are crucial ontological differences separating the natural and social domains. Social reality has the property of transmutability—meaning the social environment, unlike the natural domain, is changeable by human agency. This article endeavours to explain how the generalisation of the natural selection principle evokes a fallacious conception of institutional reality. The idea that 'fitness' in the social/economic sphere is a matter of purposive adaptation by agents to exogenous conditions is misleading, because real success in business or politics is transformative and is achieved by catalysing and maintaining advantageous shifts of widely prevalent habits of thought and behaviour. Copyright , OUP.
Delayed Appearance of Left-to-Right Shunt following Aortic Valvular Replacement: Report of Two Cases

Two cases are presented in which a left-to-right shunt occurred late following aortic valvular replacement. In one patient a fistula was found between the aortic root and the right atrium and ventricle. In the second patient a defect developed in the membranous septum, allowing shunting from the left ventricle to both the right atrium and right ventricle.
COMPARISON OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN'S SCORES ON THE MODIFIED VERSION OF THE BENDER-GESTALT TEST AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL TEST OF VISUAL-MOTOR INTEGRATION '

A Pearson product-moment correlation of .54 was obtained for 50 preschool children's scores on the Modified Version of the Bender-Gestalt Test and the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration.
SU-FF-T-348: Optimize Spike Patterns For An Embedded Boost Technique For Gamma Knife Radiosurgery

Purpose: With the Gamma Knife Automatic Positioning System, high dose spikes can be placed inside a target using 4‐mm shots to boost the central target dose without affecting adjacent normal brain sparing. Potential applications of the technique include target boost when nearby critical structures such as optical structure limit the peripheral dose or increasing the dose to centrally hypoxic regions. This study investigates how the spatial distribution and height of the spikes can be optimized for this purpose. Method and Materials: A computer program was developed to optimize the pattern of spike boost placed over conventional Gamma Knife plans. The program first extracts the prescription isodose volume and then iteratively adjusts the positions and the heights of the spikes while accounting for the existing dose distribution. Different boost patterns were generated for both patient and phantom cases. The program calculated the stereotactic coordinates and weights of the spike shots, which were manually entered into the Leksell Gamma Plan for dose calculation and dose‐volume evaluations of the modified treatment plans. Results: The total number of dose spikes and the maximum dose for the spike shots correlates with the target size (R2> 0.9). For the cases studied, an increase in average dose to the target of 15–28% was noted while the conformity index of target volume coverage remained unchanged. The dose to the adjacent normal brain (defined as the volume enclosed by half of the prescription isodose line excluding the target) remained unchanged to better than 2% of the maximum dose. Overall, spike patterns arranged along the radial direction consistently give a higher average dose to the target than for spikes arranged along the translational directions. Conclusion: Optimizing the shot weights and the spike patterns enhances dose to the target volume while maintaining normal brain sparing for Gamma Knife radiosurgery.
Interaction between human melanoprotein and chlorpromazine derivatives II. Spectrophotometric studies

Abstract The interaction of purified melanoproteins from human hair and tumor tissues with chlorpromazine and 7-hydroxychlorpromazine were studied by UV spectrophotometry. The conversion of chlorpromazine to its positive radical ion was accelerated in the presence of melanoprotein. In the case of 7-hydroxychlorpromazine and melanoprotein, the transition to the positive radical ion was approximately 10 times more rapid than that of chlorpromazine. The implications of these findings were discussed with regard to chlorpromazine induced hyper-pigmentation of the skin in mental patients.
Reported Effects of “STP”—The Unreliability of Hippies as Reporters of Drug Effects

Resume Des son introduction comme n medicament auquel on s'adonne, le hallucinogene “STP” (2, 5-dimetoxyl-4-meethyl amphethamine) a fait courir le burit parmi les intoxiques americains qu'il eset le hallucinogene de choix, avec des effects d'une plus grande intensite et d'une plus longue duree que le LSD. Les etudes avec des temoins ont demotre que le produit est a vrai dire veritablement psychotomimetique mais que sa duree d'action est equivalante a vrai dire veritablements psychotomimetique mais que sa duree d'action est equivalente a celle du LSD. Les intoxiques hospitalises a l'Hopital POsychiatrique Belevue de New ork apres avoirs ingere du STP, ont rapporte des profonds effects d'une duree moyenne de plus que 50 heures et quelques uns ont remarque des profonds effects d'une duree moyenne 72 heures jusqu'a deux semaines. En ce qui concerne la qualite et la duree, elles correspondaiet exactement a la legende cree sur ce produit. Il parait donc qe les reactions d'attente et celle d'un remede inactif ont ete des determinants plus importants du resultat du comportment que les facteurs pharmacologiques. Zusammenfassung Seit der Zeit der Einfuhrung des Missbrauches des Praaparates “STEP” 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-methyl amphetamin) verreitete sich ungter den amerikanischen “Hippies” das Gerucht, dass dieses Haluznationen erzeugede Mittel das Rauschgift aller Rauchgifte sei und Effekte von grosserer INtensitat und viel langerer Dauerwirkung erzeuge als das LSD. Kongtrollierte Studien haben tatsachlich dokumentarisch belegt, dass diese Verbindung ect psychotomimetisch ist, ihre Wirkungsdauer jeodoch die gleiche wie die von LSD ist. m psychiatrischen Krankenhaus Belevue in New York aufgenommene ipies bericteten nach Einnahme von STP tiefgehende Wirkung mit einer durchschnittlichen Dauer von uber 50 Studen, wovon auch einige Residualeffekte mit einer durchschnittlichen Daer von 72 Stunden bis zwei Wochen aufzeichneten. Diese FReaktionen bedeuteten qailtativ und auch die Dauer betreffend eine genaue Erfullung der Mthologie, welce uber das Praparat aufgesprungen war. Es scheint daher, dass Erwqrtung und Placeboreaktion bedeutsameren Einfluss aufVerhaltensresultate haben als pharmakologische Faktoren.
Phase screens for control of the focal irradiance of the Nova laser

We report on the design and fabrication of continuous contour (kinoform) phase plates for homogenizing the focal plane irradiance of high-power, inertial confinement fusion laser systems. These kinoform phase plates are designed using an iterative algorithm. They offer the flexibility of controlling the overall shape of the far-field irradiance profile and the ability to concentrate the energy within a central region of the focal profile. These properties make kinoforms superior to the conventional, binary random phase plates for many applications. Potential methods for fabrication of such kinoform phase plates are discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Accuracy of the ultraviolet light method in selecting potato tubers free of virus

In an effort to determine the accuracy of ultraviolet light in detecting virus diseases of potatoes, it was found: (1) That potato tubers fluorescing under the ultraviolet light, when planted, produced a considerable percentage of healthy plants; (2) That tubers of twenty-two varieties taken from plants showing distinct leaf roll symptoms exhibited several types of fluorescence; and (3) That more than 50 per cent of the tubers from leaf roll plants showed a light vascular fluorescence.
The insect antenna is not a molecular sieve

The deposition rate of 2 tritiated odorants onto insect antennae of different sizes and shapes is linearly proportional to the product of odorant concentration times the antennal surface area. This result challenges an assumption in a commonly accepted hypothesis that sensillar shape affects odorant deposition and that a single odorant molecule can initiate an action potential in a receptor cell. Consequently the 1-molecule-1-spike hypothesis bears reinvestigation.
From debate to dialogue: Toward a pedagogy of nonpolarized public discourse

This essay describes the rationale, content, and structure of a team‐taught course which explored the difference between debate and dialogue as forms of public discourse. Our thesis is that the value of public argument in our culture is undermined by its tendency to polarize popular opinion, and that this situation could be improved by the development of a pedagogy of dialogue to balance our discipline's traditional emphasis on debate. The essay is divided into four sections. The first section examines our discipline's view of argument. The second section explores the question of dialogue's “teachability,” and the third section proposes several fundamental components of a pedagogy of dialogue. The final section describes the format of the team‐taught course that the authors designed to explore the comparative benefits of debate and dialogue as forms for public discourse.
Minority language group status: A theoretical conspexus

Abstract This paper is an attempt to articulate basic questions in this fragmented field in pursuit of a more interdisciplinary framework, one which recognises the important mediating roles of individual cognitions as a complement to sociostructural analyses. As an untapped resource, there is an ever‐increasing number of, admittedly diverse, theoretical models in the sociopsychological areas of ethnolinguistic differentiation, ethnic language attitudes, second language learning, intercultural accommodation, communication breakdown, ethnic values, beliefs about talk, and so forth which are relevant for a more rounded understanding of minority language situations. These will be integrated into a framework leading to a set of predictive propositions which, it is argued, will elaborate the psychosocial climate under which different degrees of group level maintenance on the one hand, and the processing of majority‐minority encounters and the kinds of interactive strategies within them on the other, will prevai...
Mood disorder screening among adult emergency department patients: a multicenter study of prevalence, associations and interest in treatment.

Abstract Objective Planning for emergency department (ED)-initiated interventions for mood disorders requires confirmation of prevalence data, identification of predictors, and an assessment of patient interest in such interventions. Method For two 24-h periods, consecutive patients aged 18+ years presenting to four Boston EDs were enrolled. We collected data on demographics, medical history, psychiatric history, healthcare utilization, depressive symptoms, manic symptoms and interest in hypothetical ED-initiated interventions. Patients with severe illness, altered mental status or severe emotional disturbance were excluded. Results Of 476 screened patients, 152 (32%; 95% CI, 28–36%) screened positive for depression and 17 (4%; 95% CI, 2-6%) for mania. Depressed patients were more likely than nondepressed patients (all P Conclusion ED patients screening positive for mood disorder symptoms are likely to have complex psychiatric, medical and social histories, which will be necessary to take into account when designing ED-initiated interventions.
Determination of design floods using storm data

Abstract A brief historical perspective of hydrologic analyses used in the determination of spillway sizing is presented. The paper describes the procedures for determining a reasonable upper limit of flood potential for a given drainage basin. A previous paper by the National Weather Service detailed the development of probable maximum precipitation estimates. These estimates form the basis for the determination of spillway design floods which are used to size spillways of major reservoirs for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Nationwide, the Corps has constructed hundreds of reservoirs which are operated for flood control, navigation, hydroelectric power and other purposes. These reservoirs are sized based on storm data and must withstand the most severe flood likely to occur. The paper also describes the design data including antecedent storms, infiltration, unit hydrographs and other hydrologic data used to convert probable maximum precipitation estimates into spillway design floods. Emphasis is given on designing safe reservoirs versus design flood selection based on economical considerations. Finally, a brief discussion of the similarities of design floods used by the other Federal construction agencies is presented.
Social preference and drug self-administration: A preclinical model of social choice within peer groups

Abstract Background selection models of substance use propose that individuals choose or self-select into peer groups based on shared substance use histories. Few experimental studies have examined the role of selection in substance use, possibly because few preclinical models allow subjects to choose or select individuals based on a shared self-administration history. Methods In the present study, we used custom-built, three-compartment, operant conditioning chambers that permitted multiple rats to self-administer cocaine simultaneously in the same session. Rats assigned to the center compartment had access to two response levers, each in close physical proximity to one of its partners. In one group, a rat with access to cocaine was assigned to the center compartment and flanked by one rat with access to cocaine and one rat without access. In a second group, a rat without access to cocaine was assigned to the center compartment and flanked by one rat with access to cocaine and one rat without access. Results In the first group, rats with access to cocaine emitted more responses on the lever in close proximity to the other rat with access to cocaine; in the second group, rats without access to cocaine emitted more responses on the lever in close proximity to the other rat without access. These preferences were not apparent immediately but developed gradually over the course of several days of testing. Conclusion These data suggest that rats prefer to be in close physical proximity to another rat with a shared behavioral history during periods of drug self-administration.
The correlation of 11B NMR ASIS effects with MO‐derived charge densities for closo‐C2B5H7 and some chloro derivatives

Aromatic-solvent-induced 11B NMR shifts (11B ASIS effects), observed for closo-2, 4-C2B5H7 and its 5-chloro and 5, 6-dichloro derivatives, are correlated to ab initio STO-3G derived atom charge densities. A near linear relationship is found upon incorporating nearestneighbor charge density contributions.
17O and 14N n.m.r. studies of the Co (II) interaction with cyclo(Ala*-Ala) in aqueous solution

The complexation of cyclo(Ala*-Ala) with the cobaltous ions in aqueous solution was investigated by 17O and 14N n.m.r. spectroscopy. The 17O and 14N transverse relaxation time (T2p) and chemical shift (delta omega a) of cyclo(Ala*-Ala) were measured as a function of the temperature at pH = 7.03 +/- 0.02, and pH = 6.45 +/- 0.02, and as a function of pH at room temperature. No effects of pH on the transverse relaxation time and chemical shift were observed. Complementary 17O studies of the solvent water molecules were also carried out. The hyperfine coupling constant and the entropy and enthalpy of activation for the exchange of cyclo(Ala*-Ala) and water molecules between the coordinated and noncoordinated states were determined by least-square fit of theoretical equation for the chemical shift delta omega a to experimental data. The hyperfine coupling constant of the peptide bound oxygen was determined to be (-1.6 +/- 0.1) X 10(5) Hz and the entropy and enthalpy (32.0 +/- 3.0) kJ/mol and (-12.0 +/- 1.0) e.u, respectively. Information obtained from 17O n.m.r. study allows some inferences concerning the probable coordination sphere of the cobaltous ion. There are three types of complexes: Co(H2O)6(2+), CoL X 5H2O and CoL2 X 4H2O, with relative concentrations 19.9%, 2.9%, and 77.2%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Consumer willingness to claim a price-matching refund: A look into the process

Abstract The authors examine the process to determine the likelihood that a consumer will claim a price-matching refund when he or she identifies a lower competitive price after the purchase. They conduct a laboratory experiment in which the retail channel (Internet or bricks-and-mortar), store reputation, and presence of a price-matching refund policy are manipulated. These variables affect the perceived difficulty of claiming the price-matching refund, the perceived service quality, the perceived likelihood of receiving the refund if requested, and through them, consumer willingness to claim the refund. The authors discuss the managerial implications of the findings.
Function of E-protein dimers expressed in catfish lymphocytes.

E-proteins are essential class I bHLH transcription factors that play a role in lymphocyte development. In catfish lymphocytes the predominant E-proteins expressed are CFEB (a homologue of HEB) and E2A1, which both strongly drive transcription. In this study the role of homodimerization versus heterodimerization in the function of these catfish E-proteins was addressed through the use of expression constructs encoding forced dimers. Constructs expressing homo- and heterodimers were transfected into catfish B cells and shown to drive transcription from the catfish IGH enhancer. Expression from an artificial promoter containing a trimer of μE5 motifs clearly demonstrated that the homodimer of E2A1 drove transcription more strongly (by a factor of 10–25) than the CFEB homodimer in catfish B and T cells, while the heterodimer showed intermediate levels of transcriptional activation. Both CFEB1 and E2A1 proteins dimerized in vitro, and the heterodimer CFEB1–E2A1 was shown to bind the canonical μE5 motif.
Correlates of State Legislative Action to Prevent Childhood Obesity

Objective: To determine the factors associated with state legislative action to address childhood obesity. Methods and Procedures: This paper has an ecologic study design, with data on each US state from 2003 to 2006. Data on whether a bill was introduced in the state legislature and whether a law was enacted to address childhood obesity were linked to a rich set of independent variables concerning state political and socioeconomic characteristics that were drawn from a variety of sources. The association between state legislative action and state political and socioeconomic characteristics was measured using probit regression. Results: From 2003 to 2005 there was an increasing trend toward the introduction of bills and enactment of laws to address childhood obesity. State legislative action on childhood obesity was more likely in states with a greater gap between adults' actual and desired weight, a higher percentage of college-educated adults, a higher percentage of African-American residents, a Democratic governor, or a legislature not controlled by Republicans. Discussion: The socioeconomic conditions of the state and its political climate strongly predict legislative action to address childhood obesity. The finding that Democratic governors and state legislatures not controlled by Republicans are associated with greater policy action against obesity suggests that the 2006 election may result in additional action against obesity in certain states. This study can also be used to guide the efforts of public health advocates, who can achieve greater success by targeting their efforts toward states with conducive political environments.
The construction of a cloning vector designed for gene replacement in Bordetella pertussis

We report here the construction of a plasmid cloning vector, pRTP1, designed to facilitate exchange of cloned and chromosomal alleles of the human bacterial pathogen Bordetella pertussis. pRTP1 provides the ability to successively select two homologous recombination events within the cloned sequences. The first is by selection for maintenance of the ampicillin-resistance gene on the plasmid which is unable to replicate autonomously after transfer via conjugation. The second selection, via streptomycin (Sm) selection, is against the maintenance of vector sequences which contain a gene encoding the Sm-sensitive allele of the gene for ribosomal protein S12 thus rendering an otherwise Sm-resistant strain Sm-sensitive. We demonstrate the use of this vector to introduce an unmarked mutation, constructed in vitro, into the chromosomal locus encoding pertussis toxin.
Three-dimensional VLSI architecture for image understanding

Abstract The recent advances in integration technology for microelectronic circuitry will provide unprecedented systems capabilities in the upcoming decade. Among the most significant aspects of these systems will be their increasing “intelligence,” based on their manipulation of a variety of sensory data. Presently, the impressive advances in image understanding technology for visible, infrared, and synthetic array radar data provide added impetus to the development of truly autonomous systems. With the impending advent of these systems, it is crucially important to understand the impact that the new integration technologies will have on the necessary hardware. Furthermore, how the resulting systems may best be made to serve the requirements of each intended application must be understood. The computational requirements of autonomous systems based on image understanding are examined, and how those requirements might be satisfied by a cellular machine employing three-dimensional microelectronic technology is demonstrated.
Perfusion cheracteristics of hepatic cavernous hemangioma using intravenous CT angiography (IVCTA)

Abstract Thirty-three patients with 35 proven hepatic cavernous hemangiomas (HCH) were studied with intravenous CT angiography (IVCTA). 15 scans were performed during the first 30 s after bolus (6 ml/s) injection of 50 ml iodinated contrast material. Thereafter 2 scans/min were obtained up to 30 min. Three criteria were utilized at IVCTA to make a specific diagnosis of HCH: (1) detection of an intense mural nodular enhancement in the arterial phase. The density in the nodular region(s) should have a density level similar to that of the aorta or hepatic arteries; (2) well-defined nodular area(s); and (3) centripetally oriented enlargement of the nodular region(s). These criteria were seen in 31 of 35 hemangiomas. In contrast the ‘typical’ Freeny-Marks criteria were present in only 23 of 35 hemangiomas. The results show that our criteria may provide greater specificity.
Effect of mannitol on cerebral blood volume in patients with head injury.

BACKGROUND Mannitol has traditionally been the mainstay of medical therapy for intracranial hypertension in patients with head injury. We previously demonstrated that mannitol reduces brain volume in patients with cerebral edema, although whether this occurs because of a reduction in brain water, blood volume, or both remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that mannitol acts by lowering blood viscosity leading to reflex vasoconstriction and a fall in cerebral blood volume (CBV). METHODS We used O positron emission tomography to study 6 patients with traumatic brain injuries requiring treatment for intracranial hypertension. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), CBV, and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) were measured before and 1 hour after administration of 1.0 g/kg 20% mannitol. RESULTS CBV rose from 4.1 ± 0.4 to 4.2 ± 0.2 mL/100 g (P = .3), while intracranial pressure fell from 21.5 ± 4.9 to 13.7 ± 5.1 mm Hg (P < .003) after mannitol. Blood pressure, PaCO2, oxygen content, CBF, and CMRO2 did not change. CONCLUSION A single bolus of 1 g/kg of 20% mannitol does not acutely lower CBV. Another mechanism, such as a reduction in brain water, may better explain mannitol's ability to lower intracranial pressure and reduce mass effect.
CONGR: a Fortran IV Program to Compute Coefficients of Congruence for Factor Analysis:

This article presents CONGR, a FORTRAN IV program which computes either of the coefficients of congruence (psi or phi) used in comparison of factors in factor analysis. Input consists of a title card, a parameter card, variable input card(s), and data cards. Output is a non-symmetric matrix of factor coefficients. Listings of the program, results, and test data are available.
RasGRP4 Is a Novel Ras Activator Isolated from Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Although a number of genetic defects are commonly associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a large percentage of AML cases are cytogenetically normal. This suggests a functional screen for transforming genes is required to identify genetic mutations that are missed by cytogenetic analyses. We utilized a retrovirus-based cDNA expression system to identify transforming genes expressed in cytogenetically normal AML patients. We identified a new member of the Ras guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein (RasGRP) family of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors, designating it RasGRP4. Subsequently, cDNA sequences encoding rodent and human RasGRP4 proteins were deposited in GenBankTM. RasGRP4 contains the same protein domain structure as other members of the RasGRP family, including a Ras exchange motif, a CDC25 homology domain, a C1/diacyglycerol-binding domain, and putative calcium-binding EF hands. We show that expression of RasGRP4 induces anchorage-independent growth of Rat1 fibroblasts. RasGRP4 is a Ras-specific activator and, interestingly, is highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes and myeloid cell lines. Unlike other RasGRP proteins, RasGRP4 is not expressed in the brain or in lymphoid cells. We demonstrated that 32D myeloid cells expressing RasGRP4 have elevated levels of activated Ras compared with control cells, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment greatly enhanced Ras activation. PMA induced membrane localization of RasGRP4 and 32D cells expressing RasGRP4 were capable of cytokine-independent proliferation in the presence of PMA. We conclude that RasGRP4 is a member of the RasGRP family of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors that may play a role in myeloid cell signaling growth regulation pathways that are responsive to diacylglycerol levels.
A Survey of Educational Materials available for Training Food Processing and Food Service Employees in the Area of Sanitation Including: Personal Hygiene, Microbiology, Food Borne Illness, Cleaning and Sanitizing, Food Safety, and Food Plant Construction

Abstract The Extension Food Science Department of the University of Georgia is exceptionally active in the area of food sanitation, presenting six to eight hours of workshops on an “in plant” basis to supervisors and employees of food processing plants. The need for this type of presentation was demonstrated by the fact that only plant managers and perhaps a few supervisory personnel were able to attend industry or trade association meetings related to this vital subject. Good intentions, notwithstanding, plant managers found themselves extremely busy with other matters upon their return to their respective place of business, and, as a result, many times the committees that were to be appointed, the conferences that were to be held, the posters that were to be obtained and posted; in general, the employee training that was to take place just never got “off the ground.” Anyone who has attempted to gather together information for . . .
Granular flow and Segregation in a four-bladed mixer

Abstract In this study, we experimentally examine flow and segregation of granular material in a cylindrical mixer geometry agitated by four 45 ∘ pitched blades, which is representative of equipment such as high-shear granulators and filter-dryers. We observe that the free surface of the granular bed deforms, rising where the blades are present and falling between blades passes. Using particle image velocimetry (PIV), we measure the instantaneous, average, and fluctuating velocity fields at exposed surfaces (top surface and near the wall), for both near-monodisperse and polydisperse granular materials. The radial and axial point-velocity profiles indicate three-dimensional recirculation patterns indicative of avalanching and bed penetration. For polydisperse mixtures, we find that depending on the shear rate, different segregation mechanisms can take place. Under low shear, complex lobe and striation segregation patterns occur through stretching and folding due to surface avalanching. This leads to enhanced initial mixing rates in a manner consistent with spontaneous chaotic granular mixing. At high-shear rates, segregation is controlled by the rotation of the blades. As a result, coarse particles have a tendency to migrate both to the free surface and the outer wall independently of initial bed loading conditions.
Integration across institutions: IAIMS extended

The technologies contributing to today's information world are profound. Electronic technologies are transforming the way we handle information and the medium used to pursue knowledge. What once seemed beyond reach—that computers, communications, information, and knowledge systems could be merged harmoniously to transmit information via networks—is reality today. The Integrated Academic Information Management System (IAIMS) approach for transfer of biomedical information within a medical center also offers opportunities for networks across institutional lines. The tradition of cooperation and resource sharing among libraries makes them logical facilitators of the emerging, universal information environment. The authors present a course of action based on visions of a new era, realities of the present, and strategies for the future. © 1988 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apoptosis in cardiac disease.

For most of this century, tissue death and the cells involved were, with rare exceptions, made synonymous with necrosis. Serious challenge to this overarching dogma began with the presentation of strong evidence for a second form of cell death named apoptosis, characterized by a variety of morphological and biochemical differences from necrosis (1,2). Wide acceptance of this novel concept of nonnecrotic cell death was temporarily delayed by a vigorous dissent from a large number of biochemically oriented scientists who insisted that their term of “programmed cell death” was more suitable and that apoptosis was a flawed concept (3). Although both terms (apoptosis and programmed cell death) currently remain in use by investigators, and lively debate continues as to whether they are the same or different conditions, increasingly wide acceptance of the concept of apoptosis has now established it as importantly different from necrosis, in large measure because it explains many examples of unequivocal cell death that simply cannot be legitimately diagnosed as necrosis. This certainly is true for fetal and postnatal morphogenesis of a variety of tissues and organs, including the human heart (4,5). Based on current knowledge, it is unwise to use apoptosis and programmed cell death as interchangeable terms, but there is clearly substantial overlap between them. Most of the original morphological descriptions of apoptosis remain valid and include the following. Apoptotic cells either shrink or do not change size, whereas necrotic cells typically swell. The plasmalemma of apoptotic cells remains intact, but this external cell membrane of necrotic cells promptly ruptures. Most organelles (mitochondria, sarcoplasmic membrane, and so forth) of apoptotic cells remain morphologically preserved, whereas these same structures soon rupture or disintegrate in necrosis. The nucleus of apoptotic cells typically partitions its chromatin marginally and then the nucleus is cleaved into separate membrane-bound particles (apoptotic bodies), while the necrotic nucleus randomly clumps its chromatin as the nucleus itself disintegrates. Histologically, necrosis is characterized by all the consequences of cellular disintegration including tissue acidosis and the rapid chemotactic attraction of lymphocytes and neutrophils. By contrast, apoptotic cells quickly exteriorize molecules of phosphatidylserine from their normal internal location, thereby signalling macrophages (and even like cells such as neighboring myocytes) to engulf them, leaving the apoptotic focus of cell death conspicuously devoid of inflammation. If phagocytosis fails, for whatever reason, apoptotic cells eventually disintegrate, releasing their internal contents, and then become indistinguishable from necrosis. Sites of apoptosis in the myocardium, where local capacity for phagocytosis has not been exceeded, resemble a well-tended garden (Figure 1), whereas the morphological chaos of necrosis morpholog