cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nourishing the Spirit in Long Term Care: Perspectives of Residents and Nursing Assistants on Sources of Meaning in Residents' Lives

ABSTRACT A model of spirituality guided construction of interview questions that obtained information from nursing home residents and nursing assistants about opportunities to seek meaningful connections within the self, with other persons and the world, and with God. Interpretive analysis of the transcripts revealed that although nursing assistants regard their caregiving activities as significant sources of meaning, residents do not share this perception. Sources of meaning noted by both groups included personal memories, interactions with family and friends, opportunities to help others, treasured personal objects, and religious beliefs and behaviors. Implications for nursing assistant training are discussed, particularly regarding ways to encourage nursing assistants to attribute meaning to their work by recognizing the ways residents experience spirituality.
Cleavage of endorphins to des-Tyr endorphins by homogeneous bovine brain aminopeptidase.

Attention has recently focused on the possible biological roles of peptides related to β-1ipotropin (β-LPH)1,2. In particular, observations suggest that certain peptide fragments derivable from β-LPH, including γ-endorphin (β-LPH61–77) and α-endorphin (β-LPH61–76), may be involved in various modes of behavioural adaptation2,3. Structure–activity studies on behavioural actions of γ-endorphin, an opioid peptide, revealed that the omission of N-terminal tyrosine resulted in a non-opioid peptide, des-Tyr-γ-endorphin, which exhibited greater behavioural activity than γ-endorphin3. Subsequent biochemical studies provided evidence for the association with brain synaptic plasma membranes of peptidase activities which could produce γ- and α-endorphins and their des-Tyr derivatives from exogenous β -endorphin4. This and earlier observations4ndash;6 suggest that regulatory physiological events are focused on the N-terminal tyrosine residue; enzymatic reactions exerted at this residue are thus of great interest. We recently purified to homogeneity an aminopeptidase from bovine brain which catalyses the hydrolysis of Met5- or Leu5-enkephalin by sequential release of amino acids from the amino terminus of the enkephalin molecule7. The ability of this enzyme, purified from bovine7, monkey8 or rat9 brain, to use endorphins as substrates has not been previously examined. We now present quantitative studies which show that homogeneous bovine brain enkephalin aminopeptidase catalyses the hydrolysis of the N-terminal tyrosine from γ-, α- and β -endorphins with substantial turnover numbers and yields only the des-Tyr derivatives. These results suggest that this enzyme may be involved in regulating the concentrations of opioid- and opioid-derived biologically active peptides in the brain.
Intraoperative mapping and radiofrequency ablation of the His bundle in a patient with complex congenital heart disease and intractable atrial arrhythmias following the Fontan operation.

From the Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology and Thoracic Surgery, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital,the Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, andThe Children's Heart Center. Egleston Hospital. Emory University. Atlanta, CeorgiaURCELAY, G., ET AL.: Intraoperative Mapping and Radiofrequency Ablation of the His Bundle in aPatient with Complex Congenital Heart Disease and Intractable Atrial Arrhythmias Following the Fontan
The non-planarity of K 5 and K 3,3 as axioms for plane ordered geometry

The Pasch axiom is shown to be equivalent, given the linear order axioms, to the conjunction of its outer form with the statement that K 5 (or K 3,3) is not planar.
Effects of Inventory Miscount and Non-Inclusion of Lead Time Variability on Inventory System Performance

Abstract This paper addresses concerns of die management of a service parts organization for the realized service level [Pcirc], measuring parts availability (from shelf), being much lower than die prescribed service level P. The diagnostic study suggested the potential causes were die inventory miscount and die non-inclusion of lead time variability in computing reorder points. Quantitative measures for the degradation in the service level are derived as a function of the level of inventory miscount and the lead time variability. The prevailing levels of inventory miscount errors and lead time variability are estimated for a service parts organization with 45,000 parts and annual sales volume of $65 million. The composite degradation in service level P∘ is computed when these causes are operating individually and jointly. Handled by the Department of Inventory.
Validation of minimally invasive, image-guided cochlear implantation using Advanced Bionics, Cochlear, and Medel electrodes in a cadaver model.

Validation of a novel minimally invasive, image-guided approach to implant electrodes from three FDA-approved manufacturers—Medel, Cochlear, and Advanced Bionics—in the cochlea via a linear tunnel from the lateral cranium through the facial recess to the cochlea. Custom microstereotactic frames that mount on bone-implanted fiducial markers and constrain the drill along the desired path were utilized on seven cadaver specimens. A linear tunnel was drilled from the lateral skull to the cochlea followed by a marginal, round window cochleostomy and insertion of the electrode array into the cochlea through the drilled tunnel. Post-insertion CT scan and histological analysis were used to analyze the results. All specimens ( $$N=7$$ ) were successfully implanted without visible injury to the facial nerve. The Medel electrodes ( $$N=3$$ ) had minimal intracochlear trauma with 8, 8, and 10 (out of 12) electrodes intracochlear. The Cochlear lateral wall electrodes (straight research arrays) ( $$N=2$$ ) had minimal trauma with 20 and 21 of 22 electrodes intracochlear. The Advanced Bionics electrodes ( $$N=2$$ ) were inserted using their insertion tool; one had minimal insertion trauma and 14 of 16 electrodes intracochlear, while the other had violation of the basilar membrane just deep to the cochleostomy following which it remained in scala vestibuli with 13 of 16 electrodes intracochlear. Minimally invasive, image-guided cochlear implantation is possible using electrodes from the three FDA-approved manufacturers. Lateral wall electrodes were associated with less intracochlear trauma suggesting that they may be better suited for this surgical technique.
Psathyrella aquatica Fruiting in vitro

Psathyrella aquatica was observed fruiting in the Rogue River in southern Oregon in 2005 and described as a new species in 2010. The goals of this study were to determine the ability of P. aquatica to grow and fruit in culture, and to observe morphological characters during sporocarp development in terrestrial as well as aquatic environments. Under conditions similar to that for cultivation of terrestrial species, the underwater mushroom P. aquatica grew in culture and formed sporocarps on woody substrates. In vitro, mature sporocarps of P. aquatica formed on woody substrates in containers subjected to submersion and temporary cooling. While in vitro fruiting under predominantly terrestrial conditions supports the hypothesis that P. aquatica may form terrestrial sporocarps, in natural conditions P. aquatica has been observed fruiting only underwater. Terrestrial search parameters for this rare mushroom can now include cultural characters of the mycelium and morphological characters of sporocarps observed ...
Deletion of JAM-A causes morphological defects in the corneal epithelium

Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A, JAM-1, F11R) is an Ig domain containing transmembrane protein that has been proposed to function in diverse processes including platelet activation and adhesion, leukocyte transmigration, angiogenesis, epithelial cell shape and endothelial cell migration although its function in vivo is less well established. In the mouse eye, JAM-A protein expression is first detected at 12.5 dpc in the blood vessels of the tunica vasculosa, while it is first detected in both the corneal epithelium and lens between 13.5 and 14.5 dpc. In the corneal epithelium, JAM-A levels remain appreciable throughout life, while JAM-A immunostaining becomes stronger in the lens as the animals age. Both the cornea and lens of mice lacking an intact JAM-A gene are transparent until at least a year of age, although the cells of the JAM-A null corneal epithelium are irregularly shaped. In wild-type mice, JAM-A protein is found at the leading edge of repairing corneal epithelial wounds, however, corneal epithelial wound repair was qualitatively normal in JAM-A null animals. In summary, JAM-A is expressed in the corneal epithelium where it appears to regulate cell shape.
Made in China: Austro-Prussian Overseas Rivalry and the Global Unification of the German Nation

German unification is commonly seen as the outcome of a series of European wars, with the Hohenzollern dynasty asserting its model of a German Empire against a Habsburg alternative. This paper examines a broader context for the achievement of unification by looking beyond Europe to the larger dimensions of the German national project. More specifically, it focuses on a particular phase of the unification narrative and integrates it into a new global history. A telling example of the ways in which European politics was played out globally is in the history of the Austrian and Prussian voyages to East Asia undertaken in the period 1857–1862. A close examination of these expeditions reveals the extent to which Austrian and Prussian elites were aware of the need to tread the world stage, even during times of instability and uncertainty at home. The projects of domestic unification and overseas expansion were closely intertwined.
Electron localization and charge transport in poly(o-toluidine): A model polyaniline derivative.

The electron localization is increased with increasing one dimensionality of a quasi-one-dimensional disordered system (quasi-1D-DS). This concept is tested by studying the electron localization in the methyl ring-substituted derivative of polyaniline (PAN), poly(o-toluidine) (POT). The studies include the measurements of temperature dependence of the dc conductivity ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathrm{dc}}$(T), thermoelectric power S(T), microwave conductivity ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathrm{mw}}$(T), and dielectric constant \ensuremath{\epsilon}(T) at 6.5 GHz, dc susceptibility \ensuremath{\chi}(T), electron paramagnetic resonance, and electric-field dependence of conductivity \ensuremath{\sigma}(F). The experimental results showed greater electron localization in the HCl salt of POT than that of PAN, reflected in much smaller ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathrm{dc}}$, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathrm{mw}}$, and \ensuremath{\epsilon}, increased Curie susceptibility, and decreased Pauli-like susceptibility. The localization is attributed to the reduced interchain diffusion rate caused by decreased interchain coherence and increased interchain separation, both of which result from the presence of ${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$ on the ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$ rings. The T dependences of ln\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\sim}-${\mathit{T}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$ and S(T)\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{S}}_{0}$+B/T are interpreted as quasi-1D variable-range hopping (VRH) between the nearest-neighboring chains. Within the model, \ensuremath{\sigma}(F)\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{scrKF}}^{1/2}$ with scrK\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{T}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$ can be understood. The charging energy limited tunneling model for granular metals and the three-dimensional VRH model with a Coulomb gap are not consistent with the experiments. Other possible mechanisms for electron localization and the general implications for control of dimensionality and conductivity are discussed.
Abstract 3146: The role of SUMO on the stabilization of estrogen receptor β cx in hypoxic conditions

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Estrogen receptor (ER) βcx is a 495 amino acid splice variant of estrogen receptor (ER) β. It is highly expressed in testes and hypoxic brain, with small amount of expression observed in prostate, thymus and ovary. Clinical studies in breast cancer, shows that, increased expression/stabilization and cytosolic localization of ERβcx have a bad prognosis compared with nuclear localization. We believe that hypoxia play a role in the stabilization of ERβcx. As hypoxia is central to cancer tumorigenesis, the role played by ERβcx in hypoxic environment can elucidate, at least partially, cancer progression and prognosis. We found that, HEK293T cells transiently transfected with YFP-ERβcx fusion protein show more intense fluorescence in the presence of 100 μM CoCl2 (a hypoxia mimetic) indicating the stabilization of the YFP-ERβcx protein. As a control the YFP-ERβ do not show any change after treatment with CoCl2. The ERβcx differ from ERβ by an alternatively spliced last exon. It is well known from previous studies that hypoxic condition stabilizes HIF1α, a transcriptional regulator of a cell's adaptive response to hypoxia. This may causes upregulation of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) pathway. A close examination of the unique CX exon reveals a SUMOylation consensus sequence. Mutation of this sequence abolishes the hypoxic regulation of ERβcx. Elucidating the regulatory mechanism of ERβcx might give clues to its role in cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3146.
Time-resolved x-ray scattering study of ordering and coarsening in Cu3Au.

The kinetics of ordering and coarsening in single-crystal ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au are studied by use of time-resolved x-ray scattering. After a quenching from high temperatures to fixed temperatures below the order-disorder temperature, three regimes are apparent: nucleation, ordering, and coarsening. The superlattice peaks are anisotropic, reflecting the domain structure. The line shape of the scattering function changes with time during the crossover from the ordering to the coarsening regime. The late-stage coarsening is consistent with curvature-driven growth.
Risk Factors for Recovery of Ampicillin-Sulbactam-Resistant Escherichia coli in Hospitalized Patients

Ampicillin-sulbactam resistance in Escherichia coli is an emerging problem. This study determined risk factors for the recovery of ampicillin-sulbactam-resistant E. coli in hospitalized patients. A case-control design was used to compare two groups of case patients with control patients. The first group of case patients consisted of patients from whom nosocomially acquired ampicillin-sulbactam-resistant E. coli strains were isolated, and the second group of case patients consisted of patients from whom ampicillin-sulbactam-susceptible E. coli strains were isolated. Control patients were a random selection among 5% of all patients admitted during the same time period. Risk factors analyzed included antimicrobial drug exposure, comorbid conditions, and demographics. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Ampicillin-sulbactam-resistant E. coli strains were isolated from 175 patients, and ampicillin-sulbactam-susceptible E. coli strains were isolated from 577 patients. Nine hundred thirty-four control patients were selected. Exposure to penicillin antibiotics as a class and to ampicillin and ampicillin-sulbactam individually were the only significant, independent risk factors associated with the isolation of ampicillin-sulbactam-resistant E. coli (odds ratio [OR] = 2.32 [P < 0.001], OR = 3.04 [P = 0.02], and OR = 1.72 [P = 0.04], respectively), but they were not associated with the isolation of ampicillin-sulbactam-susceptible E. coli. Interestingly, exposure to piperacillin-tazobactam tended to protect against the isolation of E. coli strains resistant to ampicillin-sulbactam, but this did not reach statistical significance (OR = 0.13; P = 0.11).
Lining steel tapping apertures of oxygen converters

The use of blocks for lining steel discharge apertures substantially reduces the number of repairs, and cuts their work content.
Neuroimaging abnormalities in the subgenual prefrontal cortex: implications for the pathophysiology of familial mood disorders

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) ventral to the genu of the corpus callosum has been implicated in the modulation of visceral responses to stressful and emotionally provocative stimuli, based upon analysis of lesion effects involving this area in humans and experimental animals. In a recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of familial mood disorders, we demonstrated that the mean grey matter volume of this cortex is abnormally reduced in subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder, irrespective of their treatment status or current mood state. Moreover, in preliminary histopathological assessments of subgenual PFC tissue taken post mortem from subjects with MDD and bipolar disorder we obtained results suggesting that this decrement in grey matter volume is associated with a reduction in glia without an equivalent loss of neurons. The potential functional significance of these neuroimaging and microscopic abnormalities is discussed with respect to evidence that subgenual PFC dysfunction may disturb stress-related autonomic and neuroendocrine responses and reward-related mesolimbic dopamine function. These data may thus hold important implications for the development of neural models of mood disorders that can account for the abnormal hedonic, motivational, neuroendocrine, and autonomic manifestations evident in these idiopathic conditions.
Left Ventricular Lipoma by Transesophageal and in Vitro Echocardiographic Studies

This case report describes a patient with a known left ventricular mass which was documented by transthoracic echocardiography and which had not changed in size after anticoagulation. The mass was characterized as fatty tumor or hemorrhagic by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging study, and surgical removal of the mass was performed. Transesophageal echocardiogram was performed intraoperatively. The tumor appeared homogenous with no echolucencies or echodensities and an overall bright echotexture. In vitro ultrasound studies done using similar instrument gain settings showed the lipoma specimen to have a much brighter appearance than a myxoma. This finding may be helpful in differentiating a lipoma from other left ventricular masses such as myxoma or thrombus.
Regional Variations in Responses of Rat GI Tract to Local Anesthetics

The influence of four local anesthetics (procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, and oxethazaine) upon acetylcholine-induced contraction of isolated segments of the rat GI tract was studied. The local anesthetics did not block the response of the stomach or colon to acetylcholine, but a reduction of the acetylcholine response of the duodenum similar to that seen with procaine was more pronounced with oxethazaine. Definite evidence was found which points to an anatomically defined specificity of the small intestinal motor effect of lidocaine in the rat.
Hermeneutical Violence: Human Rights, Law, and the Constitution of a Global Identity

In this paper I want to analyze the process of denationalization of the law, to show how the globalization of the law can be considered as a new form of imperial control, but this time, labeled as acting for the welfare of its victims. In the first part I will analyze the national character of the law and show how it was used as an imperialistic instrument for the benefit of the imperial powers. In the second part I will show how the discourse of human rights and its universality has been the base to deny indigenous communities their right to define their own identity and how this discourse was used to destroy the old conception of sovereignty. The globalization of human rights implies the imposition of a western conception of rights, regardless of the contextual conception of the indigenous people. The discourse of human rights is part of a hermeneutical violence.
An "Augmented chain " approach for on-line sensitivity analysis of Markov process

We consider discrete event systems modelled as continuous time Markov processes and characterized by some integervalued parameter. The problem we address is that of estimating performance sensitivities with respect to this parameter by directly observing a single sample path of the system. Our approach is based on combining a nominal and perturbed Markov chain into a "reduced augmented chain," with state transitions that are observable in a realization of the nominal chain. Furthermore, its stationary state probabilities can be easily combined to obtain stationary state probability sensitivities with respect to the given parameter. Under certain conditions, this approach requires no knowledge of the observed Markov process state transition rates. Applications for some queueing systems are included. The approach incorporates estimation of unknown transition rates when needed and may be extended to real-valued parameters.
Risk factors for early and late mortality after thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

Objective The risk factors associated with death after thoracic endovascular aortic repair are poorly understood. The aim of this study is to analyze the risk factors associated with early and late mortality after thoracic endovascular aortic repair. Methods A total of 153 patients underwent 184 thoracic endovascular aortic repairs between 1998 and 2005. Prospectively collected data were entered into statistical software. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results The underlying pathologies included descending thoracic aortic aneurysm (n = 91), acute type B aortic dissection (n = 25), chronic type B aortic dissection (n = 42), aortic transection (n = 12), and penetrating aortic ulcer (n = 14). Thoracic endovascular aortic repair was technically successful in all but 3 patients. Another 3 patients required an open repair within the first month. Early and late mortality rates were 9.8% (n = 18) and 19% (n = 35) in a 16-month average period of follow-up, respectively. Type I procedural endoleak was the only significant predictor of early death in the multivariate model ( P = .0036; odds ratio: 8.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.6–43.9). Multivariate Cox regression revealed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( P = .024; odds ratio: 3.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.2–12.1), postoperative myocardial infarction ( P = .0053; odds ratio: 9.7; 95% confidence interval: 2.0–48.4), and acute renal failure ( P = .0006; odds ratio: 22.8; 95% confidence interval: 3.8–137.6) to be independent risk factors for late mortality. Conclusion Procedural type I endoleak is an independent risk factor of early mortality after thoracic endovascular aortic repair. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, postoperative myocardial infarction, and acute renal failure are predictors of late death in the multivariate analysis.
Production of saxitoxin by cultures of Gony aulax catenella

Abstract Saxitoxin yield from cultures of Gonyaulax catenella exposed to continuous light appeared to be inversely proportional to the growth rate of the cells. At 12–13°C the yield was proportional to cell density during the exponential growth phase. Cultures exposed to 14 hr light per day exhibited a marked drop in toxin yield and cell growth was not supported under these conditions. G. catenella grown at 12–13°C with continuous illumination exhibited uptake of various C14 compounds, but purification of saxitoxin from these cultures did not indicate the identity of a major precursor of saxitoxin biosynthesis.
Parallel homotopy algorithm for symmetric large sparse eigenproblems

Abstract In this paper, the homotopy continuation method is applied to solve the eigenproblem Ax = λx, λ ∈ R, x ∈ Rn⧹ {0} for a symmetric large sparse matrix A. A one-parameter family of matrices A(t) = tA + (1 − t)D is introduced and the eigenproblem A(t)x(t) = λ(t)x(t) is considered for t ∈ [0,1]. We discuss the problem of choosing an optimal starting matrix A(0) = D and consider the regularity and bifurcation problem of λ(t) and x(t). A homotopy continuation algorithm is constructed and implemented on both parallel and vector machines for several types of matrices. The numerical experiments show that our method is efficient and highly parallel.
A mathematical model for polymerization of isoprene, styrene, or butadiene with alkyl lithiums in batch reactors

A mathematical model is proposed for the batch polymerization of butadiene, isoprene, and styrene with alkyl lithium initiator. All three polymerization systems were considered with polymer association and no termination. The fact that first order and 1/nth order rates of initiation have been observed is explained and equations are developed which describe the system when both mechanisms may be controlling. The results calculated from the integrated equations compared favorably with experimental data obtained by Henry L. Hsieh [13]. The mathematical procedure employed here enables fairly easy computer calculations of the molecular weight distributions which is essential for the evaluation of any polymerization system. Es wird ein mathematisches Modell fur die chargenweise polymerisierung von Butadien, Isopren und Styrol mit Alkyl Lithium als Initiator vorgeschlagen. Alle drei Polymerisation-systeme wurden mit Polymerassoziation und ohne Abbruchreaktion betrachtet. Die Tatsache, dass an start reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten erster und 1/nter Ordnung beobachtet wurden, wird erklart, und es werden Gleichungen entwickelt, die das System bei moglicher Steuerung durch beide Mechanismen beschreiben. Die aus den integrierten Gleichungen errechneten Ergebnisse waren gunstig mit den von Henry L. Hsieh [13] erhaltenen Versuchsergebnissen vergleichbar. Die hier angewandte mathematische. Methode erlaubt recht einfache Computer Berechnungen der Molekulargewichtsverteilungen, was fur die Beurteilung jedes Polymerisationssystems unerlasslich ist.
Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography.

Abstract Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an important tool in the intraoperative management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery as well as high-risk patients undergoing noncardiac procedures. This technique is widely used during valve surgery and particularly valuable during valve repair. Its ability to provide a continuous assessment of ventricular performance and filling is important in patients with coronary disease or ventricular dysfunction. TEE evaluation of the thoracic aorta is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of dissection and the selection of cannulation sites free of atherosclerotic disease. In both adults and children, TEE is used to define intracardiac shunts and more complicated congenital lesions. More specialized applications include monitoring during the surgical treatment of patients with hypertrophic myopathy, pericardial disease, and cardiac masses as well as those undergoing minimally invasive bypass surgery. Currently, the technique is performed by both cardiologists and anesthesiologists. Regardless of medical background, physicians providing this service should have specialized training and experience in the field. This review will discuss current applications of intraoperative TEE and the impact of this technique on patient outcomes.
Unit Block Library of Basic Architectures for Use in Computer-Aided Tissue Engineering of Bone Replacement Scaffolds

Guided tissue regeneration focuses on the implantation of a scaffold architecture, which acts as a conduit for stimulated tissue growth. Successful scaffolds must fulfill three basic requirements: provide architecture conducive to cell attachment, support adequate fluid perfusion, and provide mechanical stability during healing and degradation. The first two of these concerns have been addressed successfully with standard scaffold fabrication techniques. In instances where load bearing implants are required, such as in treatment of the spine and long bones, application of these normal design criteria is not always feasible. The scaffold may support tissue invasion and fluid perfusion but with insufficient mechanical stability, likely collapsing after implantation as a result of the contradictory nature of the design factors involved. Addressing mechanical stability of a resorbable implant requires specific control over the scaffold design. With design and manufacturing advancements, such as rapid prototyping and other fabrication methods, research has shifted towards the optimization of scaffolds with both global mechanical properties matching native tissue, and micro-structural dimensions tailored to a site-specific defect. While previous research has demonstrated the ability to create architectures of repetitious microstructures and characterize them, the ideal implant is one that would readily be assembled in series or parallel, each location corresponding to specific mechanical and perfusion properties. The goal of this study was to design a library of implantable micro-structures (unit blocks) which may be combined piecewise, and seamlessly integrated, according to their mechanical function. Once a library of micro-structures is created, a material may be selected through interpolation to obtain the desired mechanical properties and porosity. Our study incorporated a linear, isotropic, finite element analysis on a series of various micro-structures to determine their material properties over a wide range of porosities. Furthermore, an analysis of the stress profile throughout the unit blocks was conducted to investigate the effect of the spatial distribution of the building material. Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) hybridized with manufacturing techniques such as Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF), is hypothesized to allow for virtual design, characterization, and production of scaffolds optimized for tissue replacement. This procedure will allow a tissue engineering approach to focus solely on the role of architectural selection by combining symmetric scaffold micro-structures in an anti-symmetric or anisotropic manner as needed. The methodology is discussed in the sphere of bone regeneration, and examples of cataloged shapes are presented. Similar principles may apply for other organs as well.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
New Deal Issues and the American Electorate, 1952-1988

As each presidential election passes into the history books, debate renews over the status of the New Deal Party System. This article addresses part of that debate by examining changes in the electorate's assessment of New Deal issues. Despite the vast literature on realignment, there have been few efforts to see whether issues associated with the New Deal still shape the political attitudes of the American electorate. Using the NES's openended like/dislike questions on parties and candidates from 1952 to 1988, I show that New Deal issues remain central to the partisan attitudes of the public. These findings show that the agenda of the New Deal remains an integral part of how the American public thinks about their candidates and parties. There, of course, has been much change over the last four decades, but these results suggest, in general, that at least parts of the New Deal Party System remain intact.
Rapid speciation and determination of vanadium compounds using ion-pair reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry.

Abstract Environmental vanadium contamination is a potential concern to public health, as evidenced by its place on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List as a priority contaminant. Vanadium toxicity varies significantly between different oxidation states; therefore, it is crucial to be able to monitor the speciation of vanadium in environmental samples. In this study, a novel method is described that utilizes ion-pair reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry (IP-RP-UHPLC-ICP-SFMS) to separate vanadyl and vanadate ions and resolve a major polyatomic spectral interference (35Cl16O+) in less than a minute. Detection limits were obtained in the low ng L−1 (part per trillion) range with linear calibrations across several orders of magnitude (50 ng L−1–100 μg L−1). The mechanism of chromatographic retention was elucidated through investigation of the role of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tetrabutylammonium ion and pH on elution. The optimized method was then applied to the speciation of vanadium in local lake water samples.
Fabrication of Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds

This work describes two novel techniques for the fabrication of porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds for calcified tissue engineering; robocasting and freeze casting. These techniques allow the fabrication of materials with complex porosity. Both are based on the preparation of concentrated ceramic suspensions with suitable properties for the process. In robocasting, the computer-guided deposition of the suspensions is used to build porous materials with designed three dimensional (3-D) geometries and microstructures. Freeze casting uses ice crystals as a template to form porous lamellar ceramic materials. Preliminary results on the compressive strengths of the materials are also reported.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Constructing Political Culture Theory: The Political Science of Ronald Inglehart

In the last two decades Ronald Inglehart has developed, tested, and attempted to falsify a series of hypotheses explaining some of the most important political changes occurring around the globe and has also sought to resolve some of the most intractable challenges to the development of a paradigmatic comparative politics. This article examines the writings of Ronald Inglehart and demonstrates how his writings have enriched many important theoretical and empirical debates in comparative politics. At the same time it critically examines these writings to reveal some of the larger difficulties in creating a predictive political culture theory.
Update on the Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. Although the pathophysiology behind this disease is poorly understood, there are effective treatments for JIA based on the subtype of disease. Treatment options include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, intra-articular glucocorticoid injections, and traditional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs such as methotrexate. In the past decade, the use of biologic therapy in JIA, including tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, interleukin-1 inhibitors, and interleukin-6 inhibitors, has dramatically increased with promising outcomes.
COMPARING AGE OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT INITIATION AFTER NEWBORN SCREENING WITH TWO COMMON STRATEGIES

Background Newborn screening (NBS) for CF has become widespread, although there are multiple strategies. Little is known about outcomes such as age of diagnosis after different NBS methods.
Age and Behavior of Honey Bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), that Perform Vibration Signals on Workers

Thc vibration signal is one of the most commonly occurring communication displays in honey bee (&is md@ra) colonies. It may function in a ‘modulatoty’ manner, becAuSc it causes a nonspecihc increase in actkity that enhances a %ariety of behaviors depending upon the age and caste of the rccipicnt. We examined hone! bee workers that performed vibration signals on other workers in three observation hives, each containing a populstion of marked bces of known age. In all three colonies, the mean age of the first perfrmnance of the vibration signal was significantly different from the mean agc at which workers first performrd waggle dances, carried pollen loads, or attended the queen. However, workers of all ages, except those less than 3 d old, could perform vibration signals. In older workers of foraging age, signal performance was most closely associated with recent foraging success. Younger workers that vibrated did not appear to be early-maturing foragers and thus thcir signals wcre probably not influenced by food collection. Rather, for these preforaging-age workers, sip11 performance was associated more with periods of orientation flight, during which ywnger bees learn the location of the nest and surrounding landmarks. Thus, the vibration signal may be triggered by different stimuli in different worker age classes. Because it elicits a general incrcase in activity In all recipients, the signal may help adjust many dlffcrent colony behaviors simultaneously to changes in foraging success and colony development.
Site-directed mutagenesis of a fatty acid elongase ELO-like condensing enzyme

The condensation step of fatty acid elongation is the addition of a C2 unit from malonyl-CoA to an acyl primer catalyzed by one of two families of enzymes, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases and the ELO-like condensing enzymes. 3-Ketoacyl-CoA synthases use a Claisen-like reaction mechanism while the mechanism of the ELO-catalyzed condensation reaction is unknown. We have used site-directed mutagenesis of Dictyostelium discoideum EloA to identify residues important to catalytic activity and/or structure. Mutation of highly conserved polar residues to alanine resulted in an inactive enzyme strongly suggesting that these residues play a role in the condensation reaction.
Early alteration in leukocyte populations and Th1/Th2 function in ethanol-consuming mice.

Background: Chronic alcohol consumption polarizes the immune response away from Th1-mediated cell-mediated immunity. In the present report we investigate the first onset of alteration in immune parameters during ethanol consumption in terms of changes in splenic leukocyte cellularity and surface phenotype as well as alterations in Th1 and Th2 function. Methods: BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were fed ethanol-containing liquid diets, were pair-fed an isocaloric liquid control diet, or were fed solid diet and water ad libitum for up to 12 days. At intervals during the feeding period, splenic leukocytes were assessed for phenotypic markers by flow cytometry and for their ability to support antigen-induced interferon-γ (IFNγ) production in a coculture system. Mice were bled at intervals throughout the feeding period, and serum immunoglobin E (IgE) and alcohol levels were determined. Results: Data show that phenotypic and functional alterations occur within the first few days of alcohol consumption. Both liquid diets affect splenic cellularity, and by dietary day 5, ethanol-containing liquid diets further reduce B and NK cell numbers. The decline in B cells is accompanied by a concomitant decline in the amount of major histocompatibility complex class II expressed on this population. Functional alteration in Th1-mediated IFNγ production occurred in the population fed ethanol-containing liquid diets by dietary day 5. Th2 function, as indicated by systemic serum IgE levels in these unimmunized mice, is increased by dietary day 6 to 8 and correlated with significant blood alcohol levels. Conclusions: Ethanol consumption by mice causes a rapid decrease in splenic cellularity accompanied by a decrease in Th1 function and a rapid increase in systemic IgE levels.
Survey of SO 4 out gas on mask storage environment

To countermeasure the haze problem on a reticle, we investigated the mask storage environment of wafer manufacturing Fab and mask manufacturing Fab. Through IC (Ion chromatography) and AIM system, we measured the outgas quantities of Fab environment, SMIF pod, mask carrier boxes and pellicle. With the evaluation result, the environmental factors around the production mask do not meet the level of its residual SO 4 ion. We suggested the imminent priority to improve the environment surrounding the production masks. Additionally, we adopted a new process to decrease the SO 4 outgas of pellicle frame up to 90%.
Bioisosteric equivalence of five-membered heterocycles

A variety of factors can affect bioisosteric relationships between structural motifs in a medicinal chemistry optimization project, both in terms of ligand affinity to a given target and off-target profile. Such parameters, e.g. the ability to participate in hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions, basicity, and solubility are discussed with a particular focus on five-membered heterocycles and their application in drug design.
Outcome of staged surgical approach to neonates with single left ventricle and moderate size bulboventricular foramen

Abstract Neonates with double-inlet left ventricle or tricuspid atresia with transposed great arteries and a bulboventricular foramen (BVF) area 2 /m 2 develop BVF obstruction. This study examined the outcome of neonates with BVF area between 1 and 2 cm 2 /m 2 whose BVF was bypassed after the neonatal period. We reviewed 29 neonates with double-inlet left ventricles (n = 18) or tricuspid atresia (n = 11) and transposed great arteries. The study group consisted of 9 patients with neonatal BVF areas of 1 to 2 cm 2 /m 2 who did not undergo repair of the BVF obstruction as a neonate. The comparison group consisted of 8 “ideal” patients without BVF obstruction. Precavopulmonary shunt data from cardiac catheterization and echocardiogram and outcomes of the cavopulmonary shunt were compared. Study group patients developed a mild BVF gradient (18 ± 10 mm Hg by cardiac catheterization) by a mean of 7 months. Left ventricular wall thickness, however, remained in the normal range (4.2 ± 0.3 mm) and was not statistically different from the comparison group (4.1 ± 0.4 mm). No difference was found in the precavopulmonary mean pulmonary artery pressure (15 ± 5 vs15 ± 6 mm Hg), transpulmonary gradient (8 ± 4 vs 8 ± 5 mm Hg), and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (7 ± 2 vs 8 ± 3 mm Hg). One patient in the study group died from respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia while awaiting cavopulmonary shunt. Neither group had mortality from the cavopulmonary shunt. The lengths of hospital stay were comparable (8.3 ± 3.7 vs 8.9 ± 6.0 days). Thus, neonates with BVF area between 1 and 2 cm 2 /m 2 develop mild but hemodynamically insignificant BVF gradient by 7 months of age. This group of patients can be managed safely with relief of BVF obstruction later in infancy.
Shadow features and shadow bands in the paramagnetic state of cuprate superconductors

The conditions for the precursors of antiferromagnetic bands in cuprate superconductors are studied using a weak-to-intermediate coupling approach. It is shown that there are, in fact, three different precursor effects due to the proximity to antiferromagnetic instability: (i) the shadow band which is associated with a pole in the Green's function, (ii) the dispersive shadow feature due to the thermal enhancement of the scattering rate, and (iii) the nondispersive shadow feature due to quantum spin fluctuation that exists only in a k-\ensuremath{\rightarrow} scan of the spectral function A(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathrm{fixed}}$,k-\ensuremath{\rightarrow}). I found that dispersive shadow peaks in A(\ensuremath{\omega},k-\ensuremath{\rightarrow}) can exist at finite temperature T in the renormalized classical regime, when T\ensuremath{\gg}:${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathrm{sf}}$, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{AFM}}$g${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{th}}$=${\mathrm{v}}_{\mathrm{F}}$/T (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathrm{sf}}$ is the characteristic energy of spin fluctuations, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{th}}$ is the thermal wavelength of electron). In contrast at zero temperature, only a nondispersive shadow feature in A(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathrm{fixed}}$,k-\ensuremath{\rightarrow}) has been found. I found, however, that the latter effect is always very small. The theory predicts no shadow effects in the optimally doped materials. The conditions for which shadow peaks can be observed in photoemission are discussed.
Interface shapes during vertical Bridgman growth of (Pb, Sn)Te crystals

Melt-solid interfaces obtained during vertical Bridgman growth of (Pb, Sn)Te crystals were investigated with a quenching technique. The shapes of these interfaces, revealed by etching longitudinally cut sections, were correlated with the composition variations determined by EMPA. These experiments demonstrated that the interface shape can be changed from concave to convex by moving its location from the edge of the cold zone into the hot zone. The metallography and microsegregation near the melt-solid interface were analyzed in detail. A sharp change in composition above the interface indicated the existence of a diffusion boundary layer 40-90 microns thick. This small diffusion boundary layer is consistent with strong convective mixing in the (Pb, Sn)Te melt.
Can Halakhic Texts Talk History

Not how halakhic texts tell stories about other things, but how they tell stories about themselves is our concern here. Confronting us is not the problem of extracting evidence regarding trade or communal organization from law, but the question of how one cracks the colorless and highly impersonal mold into which the thought of the medieval period was cast to reveal a world of individuality, development, and ambivalence. Can the fragmentary and recalcitrant halakhic texts be made to talk history?
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Mediastinum

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the mediastinum form part of a family of tumors characterized by genotypic, immunophenotypic, and functional properties of neuroendocrine differentiation. Although rare, these tumors have been the source of much attention and controversy in the literature. Their nomenclature and classification, in particular, have continued to evolve over the years. Such tumors comprise lesions derived from neuroendocrine elements within the thymus, from paraganglionic rests, or from misplaced embryonal structures within the mediastinum. The most common neuroendocrine neoplasms of this anatomic region, however, correspond to neuroendocrine carcinomas of the thymus. The light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features of these tumors are reviewed along with the advances in our understanding of these lesions and current trends in nomenclature and terminology. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the mediastinum are relatively rare tumors that have been the source of much controversy in the literature. These tumors may originate from the thymus proper or from paraganglionic structures within the mediastinum, or they may be the result of neoplastic transformation in misplaced embryonal rests within the mediastinum. These tumors can often also be the source of hormone secretion and, thus, come to the attention of the clinician owing to metabolic abnormalities. The exact nosologic classification of these tumors has been a subject of debate for many years. The most common neuroendocrine neoplasms in the mediastinum are thymic neuroendocrine carcinomas (so-called thymic carcinoid in the older literature). More rarely, the mediastinum also can be the seat of tumors derived from aorticopulmonary or aorticosympathetic paraganglia or from ectopic or supernumerary parathyroid glands.
A Hands-on Activity to Introduce the Effects of Transmission by an Invasive Species

This activity engages students to better understand the impact of transmission by invasive species. Using dice, poker chips, and paper plates, an entire class mimics the spread of an invasive species within a geographic region. The activity can be modified and conducted at the K–16 levels.