cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computerized symbolic solution for a nonconservative system in which instability occurs by flutter in one range of a parameter and by divergence in another

The instability of a uniform column which is simply supported at one end, resting on a support at some intermediate location q, and has the other end subjected to a follower force is studied. The problem is solved by the Galerkin method in conjunction with computerized symbolic algebra. It is shown that there exists a location for the intermediate support at q = q∗ so that the structure loses its stability by flutter for q q∗. At q = q∗ the critical load undergoes a jump, implying the transition of the instability mode from flutter to divergence. Moreover, the location q = q∗+ is an optimal location in the sense that the critical load assumes a maximum.
Politico-Economic Transition

Political and economic transitions of non-market economies often go hand in hand. We propose an economic theory of this transition process, which highlights how the success of such a transition depends upon the policies chosen in the new democratic environment. In this paper, economic success is characterized by the continual adoption of new technology (and economic growth), which requires costly human capital investment. The political choice is whether to allow the adoption of new technology. As a non-market economy begins its transition, agents with human capital specific to a particular technology find it in their interest to vote against continued innovation. As such, the transition to a market economy can be choked off. Our theory has the following features: (i) an economic transition is associated with a substantial drop in output; (ii) it is in the interest of large groups in the population to resist laissez–faire, as factor payments equal marginal products in the post–reform economy; (iii) although the joint move to democracy and a market economy does make people better off, it is insufficient for the transition to be successful, as the number of agents with a vested interest against continued innovation grows; and (iv) a temporary\/ restriction on voting rights which ensures a laissez-faire regime is sufficient to produce long-run\/ prosperity. This restriction may not be only one capable of overcoming the anti–innovation interests. Other mechanisms such as supermajority rules on policy changes may also guarantee laissez–faire.
Delayed Skin Grafting

The use of skin grafts on granulating wounds is an established practice. Delaying the application of a full- or split-thickness skin graft may be an advantageous alternative method of surgical reconstruction in selected cases. Partial healing by secondary intention is useful for filling in deeper defects and usually produces a wound that is much smaller and of more normal contour than the original defect. Contraction of the graft bed is markedly influenced by location, tissue laxity, surface tension lines, motion, and wound geometry. Proper wound care, correct surgical preparation of the defect, and timing of the graft procedure are all important considerations in maximizing the overall result. Through-and-through defects and wounds produced over areas with little underlying support (eyelids and lip) often need flap reconstruction or immediate grafting to prevent undesirable functional and cosmetic results. By combining delayed healing and conventional reconstructive techniques, major tissue loss can often be restored while minimizing patient morbidity.
Host factors influencing susceptibility to HIV infection and AIDS progression

Transmission of HIV first results in an acute infection, followed by an apparently asymptomatic period that averages ten years. In the absence of antiretroviral treatment, most patients progress into a generalized immune dysfunction that culminates in death. The length of the asymptomatic period varies, and in rare cases infected individuals never progress to AIDS. Other individuals whose behavioral traits put them at high-risk of HIV transmission, surprisingly appear resistant and never succumb to infection. These unique cases highlight the fact that susceptibility to HIV infection and progression to disease are complex traits modulated by environmental and genetic factors. Recent evidence has indicated that natural variations in host genes can influence the outcome of HIV infection and its transmission. In this review we summarize the available literature on the roles of cellular factors and their genetic variation in modulating HIV infection and disease progression.
System function between breathing rate and heart rate in fetal sheep

In order to assess the modulation of fetal heart rate (FHR) by breathing movements, the authors determined the system function between heart rate and breathing rate (FBR) in the fetal lamb. The FHR was obtained from the R-R' interval of the electrocardiogram (EKG) and the FBR from the burst-to-burst interval of diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMG). The R-R' interval of the EKG and the burst-to-burst interval of the EMG were determined using a template recognition method. The data were analyzed in both the frequency and time domain. Power spectral analysis reveals a frequency component in the FHR which corresponds well with the breathing rate. The strength of the modulation of the FHR by a breathing burst is indicated by the system function. In addition, the correlation function reveals other slower frequencies common to both the FHR and FBR. >
Large deformation nonhomogeneous and directional properties of articular cartilage in uniaxial tension

Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to refine previously published data (Woo et al. , 1976) on the nonhomogeneous and directional tensile properties of articular cartilage by using the large deformation theory of elasticity. Normal articular cartilage of the bovine humeral joint provided the test specimen source. The specimens were of a standardized dumb-bell shape, 250–325 μm thick, taken from the surface, middle and deep zones, at 0°, 45° and 90° from the axis of the surface split line. During tensile testing the longitudinal stretch, lateral contraction and thickness reduction of the specimens were measured, from which nonlinear stress-strain relationships were obtained. With the measurement of the deformation in three directions, the volume change (or water loss) and a nonlinear stress-volume loss relationship of articular cartilage during tensile stretch were also determined. The results showed significant differences between Eulerian stress (expressed in deformed cross-sectional area) and Lagrangian stress (expressed in original cross-sectional area). However, the trends of stiffness characteristics between 0°, 45° and 90° specimens taken from the same zone, or surface, middle and deep zone specimens taken from the same direction, were similar to those obtained previously (Woo et al. , 1976). It is suggested that the current experimental methodology be extended to study the properties of other soft biological materials.
Oral Sources and the History of Mexican Workers in the United States

Historians writing the history of Mexican workers in the United States face a discouraging paucity of written documentation. Most early twentieth century sourc es on Mexican labor focused on the impact of Mexican labor on the economy, work force, and society, but left unasked and unanswered fundamental questions about Mexican working people, their communities, and internal labor organi zation. l Under the pressure of political struggles in the 1960s the focus of Mexican studies began to change. Social scientists began to focus on Mexicans as active historical participants. They asked new questions which challenged the traditional stereotypes of Mexican working people. New written sources were located and old sources used in new ways. But written documentation was often clearly insufficient to answer questions about workers' lives, questions about class consciousness, ques tions about the social and political dynamics within the Mexican communities. Even simply factual questions about work and labor organization often evaded the histo rian searching in more traditional documentation. For these questions, oral histories became a pivotal source. Oral sources have been used to write or substantially revise the history of Mexican workers. What follows is a brief discussion drawn from my own work to illustrate the value of oral sources in writing the history of Mexican workers. In my article, "The Organization of Mexicano Agricultural Workers in the Imperial Valley and Los Angeles, 1928-1934: An Oral History Approach" I focused on Mexican participation in three agricultural strikes. These strikes were used to explore the nature of Mexican class consciousness, leadership, and labor organiza tion. I used newspapers, federal documents and other secondary sources, but oral sources were the basis for the study.2 Prior studies of these strikes had been distorted by the inadequacies of availa ble documentation and the limited perspectives of many, although not all, earlier historians. With the exception of Ron Lopez's article on the El Monte berry strike of 1933 which relied heavily on oral sources, historical studies had attributed class conscious organizing and agricultural strike leadership to the Anglo organizers of the Cannery and Agricultural Workers Industrial Union of the United States
Cytogenetic Studies of an Interchange between Chromosomes 8 and 9 in Maize.

Page 438, Table 4, under Plant Number column, lines 1 in upper and lower halves, for "2434—9" read "2464—9." Page 438, Table 4, under Plant Number column, line 6 in upper half, delete "2464-4.*" Page 446, line 7, for "pollen or trisomics" read "pollen of trisomics
Information theory and neuroscience: Why is the intersection so small?

Information theory sprung from Shannonpsilas desire to determine the performance limits of communication systems. Neuroscience seeks to determine how an existing system the brain encodes and processes information. Information theory has made few inroads into neuroscience and when it has, the theory has occasionally been applied incorrectly in both obvious and subtle ways. We review both successes and failures of classic information theory in neural coding studies. We present a non-classical approach to the analysis motivated by neuroscience problems that relies heavily on the data processing theorem and properties of the Kullback-Leibler distance.
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate in the Nervous System of Aplysia californica : I. Increased synthesis in response to synaptic stimulation

In the isolated abdominal ganglion of Aplysia, previously incubated in adenine-3H, the amount of 3H-labeled adenosine-3',5' monophosphate (cAMP) doubled after electrical stimulation of nerves at a physiological rate (1/sec). No change was detected after 4 min of stimulation. An increase in cAMP was first seen after 15 min; lengthening the period of stimulation to 1 hr did not increase the extent of the effect. ATP contained 50% of the total radioactivity taken up from adenine-3H, cAMP about 0.1%. During stimulation both the total amount and the specific radioactivity of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) did not change. Thus, the increased amount of radioactivity found in cAMP after stimulation represented an increase in its rate of synthesis. During stimulation formation of cAMP-3H was not altered in nerves or in the cell body of an identified neuron (R2). In addition, no changes were detected in the total amounts of cAMP in the ganglion and in the cell body of R2. It seems likely that the increase was initiated by synaptic activity rather than by action potentials. It was blocked by elevating the concentration of Mg, which also blocks synaptic activity without impairing conduction of impulses. Moreover, impulse activity induced by ouabain and glutamate did not result in increased formation of cAMP.
Excess Weight Loss in First-Born Breastfed Newborns Relates to Maternal Intrapartum Fluid Balance

OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to describe weight loss in a multiethnic population of first-born, predominantly breastfed, term infants and to identify potentially modifiable risk factors for excess weight loss (EWL). METHODS: Data on prenatal breastfeeding intentions, demographic characteristics, labor and delivery interventions and outcomes, breastfeeding behaviors, formula and pacifier use, onset of lactogenesis, and nipple type and pain were collected prospectively. Logistic regression analyses identified independent predictors of EWL (≥10% of birth weight) by using a preplanned theoretical model. RESULTS: EWL occurred for 18% of infants who received no or minimal (≤60 mL total since birth) formula (n = 229), including 19% of exclusively breastfed infants (n = 134) and 16% of infants who received minimal formula (n = 95). In bivariate analyses, EWL was associated (P 72 hours), fewer infant stools, and infant birth weight. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only 2 variables predicted EWL significantly, namely, intrapartum fluid balance (adjusted relative risk for EWL of 3.18 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35–13.29] and 2.80 [95% CI: 1.17–11.68] with net intrapartum fluid balance of >200 and 100–200 mL/hour, respectively, compared with CONCLUSIONS: EWL was more common in this population than reported previously and was independently related to intrapartum fluid balance. This suggests that intrapartum fluid administration can cause fetal volume expansion and greater fluid loss after birth, although other mechanisms are possible.
Using Symmetry to Improve Percolation Threshold Bounds

We show that symmetry, represented by a graph's automorphism group, can be used to greatly reduce the computational work for the substitution method. This allows application of the substitution method over larger regions of the problem lattices, resulting in tighter bounds on the percolation threshold $p_c$. We demonstrate the symmetry reduction technique using bond percolation on the $(3,12^2)$ lattice, where we improve the bounds on $p_c$ from (0.738598,0.744900) to (0.739399,0.741757), a reduction of more than 62% in width, from 0.006302 to 0.002358.
Pulsed ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer for studying ion–molecule reactions

A pulsed ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer utilizes the cyclotron resonance principle for mass analysis of ions trapped at low pressures by electric and magnetic fields. Both mass analysis and ion trapping are accomplished in a one‐region device called a trapped ion analyzer cell. A pulsing sequence is described which allows for generation of ions by electron impact, reaction with added gases, and mass analysis of the products of ion–molecule reactions. Methods are described for measuring rate constants and equilibrium constants for ion–molecule reactions. The high ion trapping efficiency and open geometry of the analyzer cell make it well suited for studying the interaction of laser radiation with gaseous ions and may also be useful for high‐accuracy isotope ration mass spectrometry.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEI OF TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS THROUGHOUT THE CELL CYCLE

The fine structure of the nuclei of logarithmically growing Tetrahymena pyriformis , strain HSM, was studied at 30-minute intervals throughout the cell cycle. Organisms were selected at similar stages of cytokinesis by means of a braking pipette, incubated, fixed in OsO4, and embedded in agar to facilitate subsequent preparation for electron microscopy. Aggregates of micronuclear chromatin underwent a decrease in density and number with a concomitant increase in size throughout interphase. There were no impressive changes in macronuclear morphology. It was found possible to estimate a cell's progress through interphase by observation of micronuclear morphology, but attempts to correlate changes in fine structure with periods of DNA synthesis were unsuccessful.
Paneth Cell–Mediated Multiorgan Dysfunction after Acute Kidney Injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequently complicated by extrarenal multiorgan injury, including intestinal and hepatic dysfunction. In this study, we hypothesized that a discrete intestinal source of proinflammatory mediators drives multiorgan injury in response to AKI. After induction of AKI in mice by renal ischemia-reperfusion or bilateral nephrectomy, small intestinal Paneth cells increased the synthesis and release of IL-17A in conjunction with severe intestinal apoptosis and inflammation. We also detected significantly increased IL-17A in portal and systemic circulation after AKI. Intestinal macrophages appear to transport released Paneth cell granule constituents induced by AKI, away from the base of the crypts into the liver. Genetic or pharmacologic depletion of Paneth cells decreased small intestinal IL-17A secretion and plasma IL-17A levels significantly and attenuated intestinal, hepatic, and renal injury after AKI. Similarly, portal delivery of IL-17A in macrophage-depleted mice decreased markedly. In addition, intestinal, hepatic, and renal injury following AKI was attenuated without affecting intestinal IL-17A generation. In conclusion, AKI induces IL-17A synthesis and secretion by Paneth cells to initiate intestinal and hepatic injury by hepatic and systemic delivery of IL-17A by macrophages. Modulation of Paneth cell dysregulation may have therapeutic implications by reducing systemic complications arising from AKI.
Virus-plus-susceptibility gene interaction determines Crohn's disease gene Atg16L1 phenotypes in intestine

SUMMARY It is unclear why disease occurs in only a small proportion of persons carrying common risk alleles of disease susceptibility genes. Here we demonstrate that an interaction between a specific virus infection and a mutation in the Crohn’s disease susceptibility gene Atg16L1 induces intestinal pathologies in mice. This virus-plus-susceptibility gene interaction generated abnormalities in granule packaging and unique patterns of gene expression in Paneth cells. Further, the response to injury induced by the toxic substance dextran sodium sulfate was fundamentally altered to include pathologies resembling aspects of Crohn’s disease. These pathologies triggered by virus-plus-susceptibility gene interaction were dependent on TNFa and IFNg and were prevented by treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics. Thus, we provide a specific example of how a virus-plus-susceptibility gene interaction can, in combination with additional environmental factors and commensal bacteria, determine the phenotype of hosts carrying common risk alleles for inflammatory disease.
Coastal Data Information Program Waves QA/QC

This article presents current technologies on coastal ocean wave measurements using buoys, pressure sensors, PUVs, etc. and the quality of their data output. Comparisons between different wave measuring techniques with respect to wave energy measurements and Fourier directional coefficients are also presented.
Innovation, rule breaking and the ethics of entrepreneurship

Abstract This article examines a feature of the ethics of entrepreneurship that is infrequently directly discussed, viz., rule breaking. Entrepreneurs are widely said to engage in rule breaking. Many examples of this appear in popular and academic literature. But how may this be integrated into an account of the ethics of entrepreneurship? One response would be that when entrepreneurs break legal and moral rules then what they do is wrong and ought to be condemned. There is a great deal to be said for this rule model of entrepreneurial ethics. However, this view is also mistaken. Instead, this article defends a virtue-based account of the ethics of entrepreneurship in which certain instances of rule breaking, even if morally wrong, are nevertheless ethically acceptable and part of the creative destruction that entrepreneurs bring not only to the economy but also to morality.
Determination of phases of diffracted x-ray beams in investigations of structure of crystals

The phase problem of the theory of structure determination of crystals is reformulated within the framework of coherence theory; and it is shown that the reformation makes it possible to determine phases of diffracted beams from interference experiments.
Rule enforcement with third parties in secure cooperative data access

In this paper, we consider the scenario where a set of parties need to cooperate with one another. To safely exchange the information, a set of authorization rules is given to the parties. In some cases, a trusted third party is required to perform the expected operations. Since interactions with the third party can be expensive and there maybe risk of data exposure/misuse, it is important to minimize their use. We formulate the minimization problem and show the problem is in NP-hard. We then propose a greedy algorithm to find close to optimal solutions.
Contact lens surface deposits increase the adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Soft contact lenses are bathed with tear components during wear and surface deposits accumulate. This report shows that Pseudomonas aeruginosa adheres to the surface of worn extended wear contact lenses in direct proportion to the amount of lens surface deposits as determined by the Rudko method (P <. 05). More hydrophobic bacteria adhered 10 times greater than bacteria which were relatively hydrophilic (P <. 005). The effect upon bacterial adhesion of enzyme and surfactant cleaning of worn extended wear contact lenses was investigated by two independent methods: one involving a high inoculum and the other a low inoculum of Pseudomonas. Treatment of worn lenses with commercially available enzymes such as papain and pork pancreatin as well as treatment with neuraminidase, mannosidase, glucosidase and alkylcarboxylic acid for as long as 48 hours failed to reduce subsequent bacterial adhesion in both the high and low inoculum experiments. We conclude that soft contact lens surface deposits are a major determ...
GeoPrivacy 2015 workshop report: the second ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Privacy in Geographic Information Collection and Analysis (Seattle, WA, USA - November 3, 2015)

Developments in mobile and surveying technologies over the past decade have enabled the collection of individual-level and aggregated geographic information at unprecedented scale. These data are valuable sources for answering scientific questions about human behavior and improving related services, from public transportation to location-aware recommendations. However, privacy intrusion is an imminent risk when individual trajectories (and in some cases aggregated travel patterns) are used for commercial purposes such as customer profiling, or even for political persecution. Similarly, there is a trade-off between location privacy and quality of spatial search and recommender systems. The GeoPrivacy workshop will hence focus on discussing methods to protect individuals' privacy while enabling collection, analysis, and sharing of useful geographic information.
Transient expression of the Bcl-2 family member, A1-a, results in nuclear localization and resistance to staurosporine-induced apoptosis.

The Bcl-2 family of proteins has been characterized by either anti-apoptotic or pro-apoptotic activity. Insight into how Bcl-2 family members function has been gained by determining their intracellular localization. We have generated a monoclonal anti-A1-a antibody and used a COS-7 overexpression system to study the localization of the murine anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, A1-a. A1-a overexpressed in COS-7 cells localized to the nucleus as determined by subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescent microscopy. A1-a in the COS-7 nucleus bound tightly to the nuclear matrix as evidenced by resistance to treatment with DNAse I and RNAse A and sequential extraction with 1.0% Triton X-100, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.25 M HCl, 0.5 M Tris pH 7.4 and 6 M urea. HPLC analysis of A1-a, subsequent to SDS extraction, produced fractions that gave multiple bands when analyzed by Western blot analysis suggesting a propensity to form multimers. COS-7 cells transfected with A1-a were protected from apoptotic induction by staurosporine treatment. Cell Death and Differentiation (2001) 8, 785–793
Absence of Natural Infestation of Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Commercial Florida ‘Tahiti’ Lime Fruits

‘Tahiti’ lime fruits ( Citrus × ‘Tahiti’), also known as ‘Persian’ lime, a reputed host of Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), were investigated for presence of natural infestations of the pest. The fruits were commercially grown and harvested for the fresh market in Dade and Collier counties, FL, within the year-round geographic breeding range of the pest. Samples were unwashed, unsorted, ungraded, random aggregates obtained from packinghouses and included damaged, deformed, and rotted fruits as well as sound yellow and green fruits. Samples were held over sand for at least 30 d to collect emergent larvae and pupae. Immediately after the holding period, fruits were cut open and the peel, albedo, and pulp were visually inspected for larvae and pupae. In total, 102,384 fruits (9.307 metric tons) from 184 different groves and 60 harvest dates during the period from May 1990 to May 1991 were examined. No Caribbean fruit flies were detected, providing evidence that ‘Tahiti’ limes do not contain natural infestation levels of this pest that pose a high risk of its spread.
Positive and Negative Refraction of Partially Coherent Beams

We discuss the theory of positive and negative refraction of partially coherent beams. We show that the changes in spatial coherence of a beam caused by the two types of refraction are, in general, different.
What is Non-Provocative Defence?

The idea that the risk of war increases when defence policies are based on offensive military thinking and decreases when defence policies are based on defensive, or non-provocative, thinking is not a new one. Nor is the idea that international security in general will be improved if defensive elements are integrated into the defence policies of states and alliances. Thus, ideas promoting non-provocative defence were not novel when they began receiving attention in the late 1970s and early 1980s, a period marked by deteriorating East-West relations caused by such problems as regional conflicts in Africa, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the build-up of Soviet conventional and nuclear forces, and plans by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to modernise its Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF). Actions by both the East and the West at this time appeared to reflect a reversion to what has been widely regarded as a central problem in international relations: the so-called security dilemma, defined as ‘the dynamic in which one state’s efforts to increase its security are perceived as being achieved at the expense of another state’s security, promoting a spiral of competition that usually manifests itself in an arms race that, ultimately, leads to war’.
Risk Assessment in the Product Portfolio: A Quantitative Approach

The purpose of this paper is to offer an alternative approach to risk assessment in the product/market portfolio utilizing the theory of financial portfolio management. Applications from financial portfolio theory are incorporated to provide a quantitative assessment of risk for new product/market offerings in the multimarket, multiproduct environment.
Puzzle-based auction mechanism for spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks

In this work we investigate an auction mechanism for sharing available wireless bandwidth among competing cognitive radios. The bandwidth under consideration may be either in an unlicensed spectrum or in an unused licensed band. Spectrum sharing is achieved via a mechanism in which a cognitive radio acting as the auctioneer advertises spectrum availability to bidding cognitive radios and defines a puzzle to solve as a method to access it. The cognitive radios act as bidders by computing the solution to the problem (i.e., the “puzzle”). The winner is the bidder who submits the first correct bid and thus gains access to the spectrum for the next time interval. We consider two different variances of our scheme based on parallelizable and non-parallelizable problems and demonstrate that the latter provides a fair auction in contrast to the former. We propose a verification database to counter malicious “greedy” players. Our algorithm provides a centralized, easy-to-implement, and computationally fast multiple-access scheme that is verifiable by all participating cognitive radios.
Trust, uncertainty and the reporting of workplaces hazards and injuries

In this article, I use qualitative interviews with 121 workers in several industry sectors in Canada in temporary and permanent employment to examine the different ways in which workers managed and coped with workplace safety hazards given varying levels of employment insecurity. I found that temporary employment workers expressed more definite fears about the risk of reprisals if they reported injuries and hazards. However, there were also substantial differences among temporary workers in their reprisal fears, mistrust of management and uncertainty about reporting. I explore these differences by examining workers’ narratives on reporting and their efforts to construct some level of employment and safety security within relatively insecure contexts. I identify some of the key sources of worker mistrust and consider the different ways in which workers actively sought to balance and negotiate some measure of control over both hazards and security in their employment in a context of considerable uncertainty...
Agreement and Predictive Validity Using Less-Conservative Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Sarcopenia Project Weakness Cutpoints

Objectives To derive lean mass cutpoints based on a less-conservative Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) Sarcopenia Project Weakness cutpoint for grip strength (WeakI) and to assess their agreement with European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and prediction of incident slow walking and mortality. Design Longitudinal analysis. Setting Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Participants Individuals aged 65 and older (287 men, 258 women) with 2 to 10 years of follow-up. Measurements Weakness was determined according to handgrip strength using a hand dynamometer, appendicular lean mass (ALM) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and walking speed according to 6-m usual pace walk speed. Analyses were performed using classification and regression tree analysis, Cohen's kappa, and Cox models. Results Cutpoints derived from WeakI for ALM (ALMI) were less than 21.4 kg in men and less than 14.1 kg in women and for ALM adjusted for body mass index (ALM/BMII) were less than 0.725 in men and less than 0.591 in women. Kappas with EWGSOP were 0.65 for men and 0.75 for women for ALMI and 0.34 for men and 0.47 for women for ALM/BMII. Men with WeakI + ALMI were twice as likely to develop slow walking as those not weak with normal ALMI (Hazard ratio (HR) = 2.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-5.82). Under EWGSOP, men with weakness and low RALM were almost 3 times as likely to develop slow walking as those not weak with normal RALM (HR = 2.91, 95% CI = 1.11-7.62). Neither approach predicted incident slow walking in women. Conclusion The ALMI cutpoints agree with EWGSOP and predict slow walking in men. Future studies should explore sex differences in the relationship between body composition and physical function and the effect of change in muscle mass on muscle strength and physical function.
Abstract CN07-02: Local transdermal therapy for DCIS and for breast cancer prevention

Pharmacological breast cancer prevention is efficacious but has had low uptake by high risk women. The breast is a skin appendage, with a well-developed internal lymphatic circulation; preliminary studies have shown that small molecules which penetrate the skin concentrate well in the breast with low systemic exposure. We conducted a Phase II randomized trial comparing oral tamoxifen to 4-OHT gel applied to the breast skin, in women needing surgical resection of core-biopsy proven DCIS. Our goal was to assess relative breast tissue drug concentration and anti-proliferative efficacy in DCIS lesions. Although the study was halted early due to interruption in drug supply, preliminary results demonstrate good skin penetration, low systemic concentrations, and reduction in cell proliferation similar to that achieved with oral tamoxifen. These data support the continued investigation of this mode of drug delivery to the breast, with the potential for decreasing the toxicity of proven prevention agents, and for expanding the prevention drug portfolio to effective drugs that penetrate the skin, but systemic use is constrained by toxicity. Citation Format: Seema A. Khan. Local transdermal therapy for DCIS and for breast cancer prevention. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2013 Oct 27-30; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2013;6(11 Suppl): Abstract nr CN07-02.
Variation in Safe Sleep and Breastfeeding Practices Among Non-Hispanic Black Mothers in the United States According to Birth Country

Abstract Objective To examine variation in safe sleep and breastfeeding practices among US non-Hispanic black (NHB) mothers according to birth country. Methods We analyzed NHB mothers who were surveyed regarding safe sleep and breastfeeding practices when their infants were 2 to 6 months of age in 2011 to 2014, as part of a larger national study. We examined prevalences of safe sleep and breastfeeding practices according to birth country and examined odds of adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics recommended safe sleep and breastfeeding practices in foreign-born NHB mothers, compared with US-born NHB mothers. Our multivariate models included adjustment for maternal age, education, income, and US geographic region, and infant age at the time of the survey. Results Among 828 NHB mothers, 690 (83%) were US-born, 42 (5%) were African-born, 47 (6%) were Haitian-born, 24 (3%) were Jamaican-born, and 25 (3%) were born elsewhere. In the analysis of 803 US, African-, Haitian-, and Jamaican-born mothers, we found that Jamaican-born mothers had a lower rate of supine sleep compared with US-born mothers (40% vs 66%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.18–0.63). African-born mothers had lower rates of bedsharing compared with US-born mothers (11% vs 25% adjusted odds ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.11–0.46). Foreign-born mothers had higher rates of any and exclusive breastfeeding, compared with US-born mothers (85% and 40% vs 23% and 13%, respectively). Conclusions Safe sleep and breastfeeding practices vary among US NHB mothers according to birth country. These data illustrate the importance of recognizing heterogeneity of safe sleep and breastfeeding practices within racial/ethnic groups.
Safety and Security in the Internet of Things

The homes, offices, and vehicles of tomorrow will be embedded with numerous "Smart Things," networked with each other and with the Internet. Many of these Things are embedded in the physical infrastructure, and like the infrastructure they are designed to last for decades -- far longer than is normal with today's electronic devices. What happens then, when an occupant moves out or transfers ownership of her Smart Environment? This paper outlines the critical challenges required for the safe long-term operation of Smart Environments. How does an occupant identify and decommission all the Things in an environment before she moves out? How does a new occupant discover, identify, validate, and configure all the Things in the environment he adopts? When a person moves from smart home to smart office to smart hotel, how is a new environment vetted for safety and security, how are personal settings migrated, and how are they securely deleted on departure? When the original vendor of a Thing (or the service behind it) disappears, how can that Thing (and its data, and its configuration) be transferred to a new service provider? What interface can enable lay people to manage these complex challenges, and be assured of their privacy, security, and safety? We present a list of key research questions to address these important challenges.
Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Eutrophication on Marine Bivalve Life History in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Natural and anthropogenic eutrophication can increase food supply to basal consumers in aquatic food webs. All else being equal, increased food supply is expected to relax life history trade-offs between egg size and number, resulting in a reduction in egg size over time as individuals that produce more numerous, small eggs exhibit greater fitness. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the sizes of larval shells (PI) of the marine bivalve Nuculana acuta in living and death assemblages collected from surficial seafloor sediments on the Alabama continental shelf; PI size is positively correlated with egg size and can be measured from adult shells. We found that the mean PI size of living N. acuta was approximately three microns smaller than that of the associated death assemblage and that this difference was robust to potential taphonomic biases. This life history shift occurred relatively recently as no trend exists in PI size over the past 3100 years. The live-dead disagreement that we observed is consistent with the history of anthropogenic eutrophication in the Mississippi Bight. These data provide a baseline for comparison with other regions in the Gulf of Mexico that have more sustained histories of anthropogenic eutrophication. More broadly, live-dead comparisons of molluscan life history coupled with age dating of molluscan shells can complement community-level metrics when assessing the impacts of anthropogenic eutrophication on coastal ecosystems, and offer a unique study system for investigating life history adaptation in a field context.
Integrative Omics-identified Potential Toxicity of Environmental and Nutritional Metals

Introduction Multiple metal ions are present in the human diet, with some being required as essential nutrients and all causing toxicity at high intakes. Low level environmental cadmium (Cd) occurs in human diet and accumulates in vivo. Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient, and a component of 25 selenoproteins responsible for physiological functions. However, excess Se increases the risk of diseases, therefore, determination of adequate Se amount for human health is critical. Impacts of metals and their interaction on cells and organs need to be addressed. Methods C57BL6 mice were treated with Se (4 mg Na2SeO4/L, 16 weeks), Cd (3.3 mg CdCl2/L, 16 weeks) and mixture. Metals, redox states, metabolites and phenotypic markers for lung and liver functions were analyzed. Results Urinary Se was 4-6 folds higher in Se-treated group while no changes were observed in lung and liver. Cd levels were elevated in urine, lung and liver in Cd mice. Se-treated mice significant increased body mass than control or Cd groups. Cd oxidized Prx3 in lung but not in liver, and co-treatment showed that Se inhibited Prx3 oxidation. Liver metabolomics of Se-treated mice showed that altered metabolome was significantly associated with weight gain, and accompanied by decreased levels of bile acids and acyl carnitines. Discussion Excess Se disrupts lipids homeostasis. Our study showed that mice treated with Se caused higher Cd accumulation in lung and liver, suggesting that excess Se could elevate Cd toxicity. The results suggest that presence of multiple metal ions in diet could affect human health potentiating metal toxicity.
Mechanical and physical response of recycled aggregates high-strength concrete at elevated temperatures

Abstract The advances in concrete technology have enabled construction industry with the possibility to produce high-strength concrete (HSC) incorporating recycled aggregates. The envisaged structural applications of recycled aggregates high-strength concrete (RA-HSC) necessitates characterizing its behavior under different service conditions. Fire is among major hazards to which structures are susceptible during their service life. Therefore, characterization of the mechanical and material performance of RA-HSC at elevated temperatures is desirable. In this study, properties of HSC produced using recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) were investigated at high temperatures from 23 to 800 °C. Mechanical properties comprising compressive and splitting tensile strength, elastic modulus, and stress-strain response were investigated under different heating and test conditions. Additionally, visual observations and microstructural analysis were performed to illustrate the comparative high temperature damage to RA-HSC and natural aggregates high-strength concrete (NA-HSC). Results exhibit that the rate of drop in compressive and splitting tensile strength was lower in the case of RA-HSC compared to that of NA-HSC. Changes in the stress-strain response with an increase in temperature show that RA-HSC exhibits comparatively higher axial strains compared to NA-HSC above 400 °C. Visual investigations after exposure to elevated temperatures show that RA-HSC exhibits lower thermal cracking and fewer color changes compared to that of NA-HSC. For analytical fire resistance calculations, data obtained from high temperature material property tests was used to develop simplified equations for expressing mechanical properties of RA-HSC as a function of temperature.
Investigation of carryover effect of prior fibre consumption on growth, serum and tissue metabolic markers in Ossabaw pigs fed a high-fat diet.

Carryover effect of prior fibre consumption on metabolic markers was investigated. Treatments were arranged in 2 × 2 factorial with 2 fibre sources, 4% inulin or cellulose (Solka-Floc®) and fat levels (5 or 15%) for the low-fat diet (LFD) and high-fat diet (HFD) respectively. Pigs were fed the two fibre diets for the first 56d (nursery phase), and thereafter fed either the LFD or HFD containing no added fibre source from d56 to 140 (growing phase). Pigs on the HFD were heavier (p = .05) than those on LF (64.61 vs. 68.38 kg), regardless of prior fibre type consumed. Pigs that were fed cellulose during the nursery and later fed the HFD had the highest ADG (p < .05). Feeding the HFD resulted in higher back fat (BF) (13.41 and 18.18 ± 0.12 mm for LFD and HFD, respectively; p < .01). The HFD resulted in higher (p < .01) insulin (0.014 and 0.016 ± 0.001 mg/L for LF and HF respectively) and glucose (100.89 and 125.03 ± 4.39 mg/dl for LF and HF respectively) concentrations in the serum. Inulin increased (p ≤ .02) jejunal expression of SREBP-1c and CL-4, but reduced (p < .05) TNFɑ and IL-6 expression in the ileum. Alpha-diversity was significantly different (p < .05) between the inulin and cellulose fed pigs at the end of the nursery and finishing phases. Therefore, inulin feeding before a HFD may lead to reduction in ADG and inflammatory markers in the small intestine of pigs, and thus prevent future metabolic disorders.
A new calcium-activated dynein adaptor protein, CRACR2a, regulates clathrin-independent endocytic traffic in T cells

Cytoplasmic dynein is a microtubule minus-end-directed motor that transports numerous intracellular cargoes. Mammalian dynein transport is initiated by coiled-coil adaptor proteins that 1) join dynein and its co-factor dynactin into a complex capable of processive motility, and 2) interact with a cargo-bound receptor, which is frequently a Rab GTPase on an organelle. Here, we report two novel dynein adaptors, CRACR2a and Rab45, which have a coiled-coil adaptor domain, a pair of EF hands, and a Rab GTPase domain fused into a single polypeptide. We find that CRACR2a-mediated dynein-dynactin motility is activated by calcium in vitro and in cells. In activated T cells, CRACR2a localizes to clathrin-independent endosomes that require microtubule-based transport to detach from the actin cortex and travel towards the microtubule organizing center. Together these results represent the first known examples of Rab GTPases that directly act as dynein adaptors and implicate CRACR2a-dynein in regulation of endocytic trafficking in T cells.
Ethics Consultation and Clinical Expertise

Medical expertise includes knowledge of modern interventions as well as the incorporation of ethical considerations and patient goals as they relate to treatment decisions. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Intergenerational Mobility in the US: What We Have Learned from the PSID

This article reviews the contributions of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to the study of intergenerational mobility. As the longest running longitudinal household survey in the world, the PSID is ideally suited for studying intergenerational issues. The ability to track individuals as they form new households along with the broad coverage of many dimensions of socioeconomic status over large portions of the lifecycle, make it especially ideal for studying intergenerational mobility. I highlight how the economics literature has utilized these key aspects of the data to substantially contribute to the modern view of the U.S. as among the least economically mobile countries among advanced economies. Even with the emergence of “big data” and administrative data sources, the PSID remains a vital source for studying intergenerational mobility because of the richness of the questions and its long panel length. I review a recent example where a highly influential study of intergenerational mobility by Chetty et al (2014) using IRS data overstates intergenerational mobility in the U.S. because of the short panel length of the tax data used in their study. The PSID has also been instrumental in contributing to our understanding of many other dimensions of intergenerational mobility including: occupation; wealth; education; consumption; health; and group differences in mobility by gender, race and region. Finally, studies using the PSID have cast light on the mechanisms behind intergenerational persistence and how persistence has changed over time.
Automated Test-Item Generation System for Retrieval Practice in Radiology Education.

Objective To develop and disseminate an automated item generation (AIG) system for retrieval practice (self-testing) in radiology and to obtain trainee feedback on its educational utility. Materials and Methods An AIG software program (Radmatic) that is capable of generating large numbers of distinct multiple-choice self-testing items from a given “item-model” was created. Instead of writing multiple individual self-testing items, an educator creates an “item-model” for one of two distinct item styles: true/false knowledge based items and image-based items. The software program then uses the item model to generate self-testing items upon trainee request. This internet-based system was made available to all radiology residents at our institution in conjunction with our didactic conferences. After obtaining institutional review board approval and informed consent, a written survey was conducted to obtain trainee feedback. Results Two faculty members with no computer programming experience were able to create item-models using a standard template. Twenty five of 54 (46%) radiology residents at our institution participated in the study. Twelve of these 25 (48%) study participants reported using the self-testing items regularly, which correlated well with the anonymous website usage statistics. The residents’ overall impression and satisfaction with the self-testing items was quite positive, with a score of 7.89 ± 1.91 (mean ± SD) out of 10. Lack of time and email overload were the main reasons provided by residents for not using self-testing items. Conclusion AIG enabled self-testing is technically feasible, and is perceived positively by radiology residents as useful to their education.