cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why so confident? The influence of outcome desirability on selective exposure and likelihood judgment

Previous studies that have directly manipulated outcome desirability have often found little effect on likelihood judgments (i.e., no desirability bias or wishful thinking). The present studies tested whether selections of new information about outcomes would be impacted by outcome desirability, thereby biasing likelihood judgments. In Study 1, participants made predictions about novel outcomes and then selected additional information to read from a buffet. They favored information supporting their prediction, and this fueled an increase in confidence. Studies 2 and 3 directly manipulated outcome desirability through monetary means. If a target outcome (randomly preselected) was made especially desirable, then participants tended to select information that supported the outcome. If made undesirable, less supporting information was selected. Selection bias was again linked to subsequent likelihood judgments. These results constitute novel evidence for the role of selective exposure in cases of overconfidence and desirability bias in likelihood judgments.
Segregate or cooperate- a study of the interaction between two species of Dictyostelium.

A major challenge for evolutionary biology is explaining altruism, particularly when it involves death of one party and occurs across species. Chimeric fruiting bodies of Dictyostelium discoideum and Dictyostelium purpureum develop from formerly independent amoebae, and some die to help others. Here we examine co-aggregation between D. discoideum and D. purpureum, determine its frequency and which party benefits, and the extent of fair play in contribution to the altruistic caste. We mixed cells from both species in equal proportions, and then we analyzed 198 individual fruiting bodies, which always had either a D. discoideum or D. purpureum phenotype (D. discoideum- 98, D. purpureum- 100). Fifty percent of the fruiting bodies that looked like D. discoideum and 22% of the fruiting bodies that looked like D. purpureum were chimeric, though the majority of spores in any given fruiting body belonged to one species (D. discoideum fruiting bodies- 0.85 ± 0.03, D. purpureum fruiting bodies- 0.94 ± 0.02). Clearly, there is species level recognition occurring that keeps the cells mostly separate. The number of fruiting bodies produced with the D. discoideum phenotype increased from 225 ± 32 fruiting bodies when D. discoideum was alone to 486 ± 61 in the mix treatments. However, the number of D. discoideum spores decreased, although not significantly, from 2.75e7 ± 1.29e7 spores in the controls to 2.06e7 ± 8.33e6 spores in the mix treatments. D. purpureum fruiting body and spore production decreased from 719 ± 111 fruiting bodies and 5.81e7 ± 1.26e7 spores in the controls to 394 ± 111 fruiting bodies and 9.75e6 ± 2.25e6 spores in the mix treatments. Both species appear to favor clonality but can cooperate with each other to produce fruiting bodies. Cooperating amoebae are able to make larger fruiting bodies, which are advantageous for migration and dispersal, but both species here suffer a cost in producing fewer spores per fruiting body.
Predictors of appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Evaluating predictors of appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) may be helpful in developing risk stratification strategies for these patients. Fifty-four patients with IDC underwent ICD implantation and were followed up. Twenty-three patients (42%) had a class I indication for ICD implantation; the remaining patients underwent implantation for multiple risk factors for sudden death including left ventricular dysfunction, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, syncope, or positive electrophysiologic study results. Clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic data were collected. Appropriate ICD therapy was defined as an antitachycardia pacing therapy or shock for tachyarrhythmia determined to be either ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Appropriate ICD therapy was observed in 23 patients (42%). There was a significant difference in use of β-blocker therapy between patients who did and did not have appropriate ICD therapy (p
An office-place stepping device to promote workplace physical activity

Objective: It was proposed that an office-place stepping device is associated with significant and substantial increases in energy expenditure compared to sitting energy expenditure. The objective was to assess the effect of using an office-place stepping device on the energy expenditure of lean and obese office workers. Methods: The office-place stepping device is an inexpensive, near-silent, low-impact device that can be housed under a standard desk and plugged into an office PC for self-monitoring. Energy expenditure was measured in lean and obese subjects using the stepping device and during rest, sitting and walking. 19 subjects (27±9 years, 85±23 kg): 9 lean (BMI 2 ) and 10 obese (BMI>29 kg/m 2 ) attended the experimental office facility. Energy expenditure was measured at rest, while seated in an office chair, standing, walking on a treadmill and while using the office-place stepping device. Results: The office-place stepping device was associated with an increase in energy expenditure above sitting in an office chair by 289±102 kcal/hour (p Conclusion: The office-place stepping device could be an approach for office workers to increase their energy expenditure. If the stepping device was used to replace sitting by 2 hours per day and if other components of energy balance were constant, weight loss of 20 kg/year could occur.
Tongue Tie and Frenotomy in the Breastfeeding Newborn

Tongue tie or ankyloglossia has been the subject of much controversy. As defined in this review, tongue tie occurs when a common minor embryologic tissue remnant—persistence of midline sublingual tissue that usually undergoes apoptosis during embryonic development—causes restriction of normal tongue movement. Effective breastfeeding requires newborns to fine-tune their tongue movements to adapt to their mothers9 particular nipple and breast anatomy and physiology. In the presence of tongue tie, two categories of signs/symptoms arise: those related to nipple trauma and those related to ineffective breast emptying and low infant intake. Untreated tongue tie can lead to untimely weaning and its attendant health risks. Frenotomy is a safe and effective procedure to release tongue tie and improve tongue function and breastfeeding outcomes.
Robust Disambiguation of Web-Based Personal Names

Personal name ambiguity is common in the fast growing web resource. This paper explores robust features for web personal name disambiguation, which is totally unsupervised and is not limited to the given web corpus. The experiments show that the broad features not only can improve the performance, but also increase the robustness of a disambiguation system.
RC STRUCTURAL WALLS DESIGNED ACCORDING TO UBC AND DISPLACEMENT-BASED METHODS

The seismic provisions of the 1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC) are examined from the per- spective of achieving performance-based earthquake engineering of structural wall buildings. It is shown that although strain limits are present in the 1997 UBC, the drift ratio limits generally govern design. The conflict between assumed force reduction factors and actual ductility demand at the design limit state controlled by drift is also explored. Through the use of design examples and dynamic inelastic time history analysis it is shown that attempts to achieve performance-based engineering with a force-based approach such as that described in the 1997 UBC will inevitably not be possible. As an alternative, it is shown that a simple and more rational direct displacement-based approach would better achieve the objectives of performance-based earthquake en- gineering.
Study and Assessment by Simulation of Aircraft Full DC Electrical Power System and Energy Management: Special Session on EMR and Other Graphic Description

In aeronautics, the optimization of the global energetic efficiency, the reduction of the embedded weight and the need to meet the growing energetic requirements lead to develop new and original solutions to generate the electrical energy, to distribute it, to convert it and to store it aboard the aircraft. In this context, the CETIP project consists in studying and in assessing new electrical architectures and new technologies of components for more electrical aircrafts. To complete this study successfully, a modeling of the electrical power system is necessary with a view to assess its operation by simulation. This study is carried out with the Energetic Macroscopic Representation. In a first part, the architecture and the modeling of the electrical power system are defined. Then, a control structure is suggested with a strategy for energy management, which is adapted to the application constraints. Finally, the power system operation is assessed on a mission. The simulation results are presented and commented in this paper.
Design of a temperature controller for micro-gravity growth of protein crystals aboard the Space Shuttle

A six-chambered vapor diffusion apparatus is currently used for protein crystal growth experiments in microgravity environments on board the Space Shuttle. Temperature is a thermodynamic variable that dictates the solubility of solutions. The objective is to employ the temperature parameter so as to devise an apparatus that can control the temperature of the protein solution. This will allow a condition of saturation to be approached in a careful and predetermined manner. This approach is expected to form fewer nucleation sites for the protein crystals, thereby resulting in the production of fewer, larger crystals of superior quality. Implementation of this methodology, from the control of the dynamic variable temperature to the effective design of the VDA for accurate temperature measurement and control, taking into consideration the power constraints available on board the Space Shuttle, forms the focal point of this project. >
Nucleation and growth of a BCC Fe phase deposited on a single crystal (001) Cu film

As a thin film overlayer grows on a substrate with a different structure, the overlayer initially adopts the substrate structure and subsequently transforms to an equilibrium bulk structure. such a growth characteristic has been extensively studied in Fe/Cu bicrystals. An Fe overlayer grown on a Cu substrate is known to have the fcc structure up to a thickness of 2 nm, whereas a thicker Fe overlayer consists of submicrometer grains of the bcc-Cu has been reported in a relatively thick Fe film and was found to consist of the Nishiyama (N), Kurdjumov-Sacks (KS), or Pitsch (P), depending on the orientation of the substrate surface. However, previous studies have not explained how the bcc structure nucleates or how the observed submicrometer polycrystalline grains form. The paper provides an understanding of these two points. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study Fe/Cu bicrystals as the Fe thickness was varied systematically. Analysis of moire fringes, which are caused by superposition of different structures, enabled us to determine the orientation relationship between the very thin Fe layer and the Cu substrate. We show that a single variant of the P orientation relationship, which accompanies atomic rearrangement parallel to the interface, predominates at themore » nucleation stage of the bcc structure. Nucleation of other variants of P, N, and KS occurs with increasing Fe thickness and causes the formation of the submicrometer bcc grains.« less
Introduction: The Place of Agencies in Polarized Government

This is one of two complementary essays for a symposium honoring the work of Peter L. Strauss. Also included is the joint introduction. (The second essay is Gillian Metzger, Agencies, Polarization, and the States.) These essays engage one of Strauss’s most germinal writings, “The Place of Agencies in Government: Separation of Powers and the Fourth Branch” to consider whether contemporary polarized politics spells the end of the intricate system of multi-branch control and accountability which, Strauss argued, legitimates administrative agencies. Political polarization has become a major focus in contemporary discussions on congressional activity and governance. The tone of these discussions has grown increasingly grim, as many political scientists, argue that a constitutional system of divided and shared powers hardens current levels of partisan warfare into legislative gridlock. Proposals for reform abound. Scholars and political commentators have called for modifications to the electoral process and to party structure, for additional oversight of the culture among members of Congress, and for increased attention to demographics and economic inequality within the electorate. These proposals sometimes conflict, and usually face daunting legal or political obstacles to adoption. In an effort to better assess the likelihood that congressional dysfunction will be the norm going forward, this Essay reviews and synthesizes recent political science literature with the goal of sorting out what we know — and, perhaps more important, do not know — about the nature, extent, and causes of congressional polarization. The Essay begins by discussing standard metrics of congressional polarization and describing alternative approaches that challenge the standard account as overly simplistic. It then looks at historical trends to consider whether the contemporary situation is truly anomalous. Next, it considers the many theories put forth to explain the phenomenon, focusing initially on whether congressional polarization can be explained by polarization in the electorate and then moving to proposals around the electoral process, party structure and culture, and demographics. Finding little support in the literature for the notion that the challenged structures and practices are actually driving legislative polarization, the Essay concludes by suggesting that the rhetoric around congressional polarization — particularly around the likely continuation of partisan warfare and legislative gridlock — is far more negative than the existing evidence can justify.
Photoluminescence in B-doped μc-Si:H

Photoluminescence (PL) has been investigated in hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) samples as a function of boron doping for films prepared by remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. When the dark conductivity σ is below about 10−5 S/cm, the PL spectra exhibit a shape which is close to that of the so-called band tail PL in undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) at 77 K. When σ increases, the PL intensity decreases at 77 K. For samples with σ on the order of 10−3 S/cm, the PL spectra show only a narrow, low energy PL band which peaks around 0.8–0.9 eV. In these samples, the PL at higher energy is essentially not observable. This trend is similar to that which occurs in doped a-Si:H. However, for higher doping levels (σ ~ 1 S/cm) the PL in μc-S:H, although very weak, exhibits a broad band which contains intensity at higher energies. The absorption spectra in these samples, as measured by photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS), show the same relationships with the corresponding PL spectra as do the PDS spectra in doped a-Si:H.
Metal Layer Losses in Thin-Film Microstrip on LTCC

Thin-film microstrip transmission lines fabricated using a Ti adhesion layer followed by layered Cu, Pt, and Au films are measured to determine tradeoffs between manufacturability issues and microwave performance. Since Ti metal has approximately 25 times the resistance of Cu, and currents in a microstrip line flow mainly at the interface with the substrate where the Ti is located, there is the possibility of increased RF signal losses with this structure. It is found that Ti adhesion layers of ≤200-nm thickness cause minimal loss through 40 GHz on DuPont 9K7 low-temperature cofired ceramic substrates, so there is no significant electrical penalty for employing a metal stackup optimized for mechanical durability. These measurements, together with analysis and simulations suggest this will hold in general as long as the thinner, higher resistance adhesion metal is well below one skin depth in thickness at the operating frequency.
Comparison of Conventional and Targeted Insecticide Application for Control of Smokybrown Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) in Three Urban Areas of Alabama

Targeted and conventional (perimeter spray) insecticide application strategies were compared in 3 geographically distinct urban areas of Alabama. Cockroach abundance in sticky traps did not correspond to the known north-south climate gradient in Alabama. Greatest mean catch was in Mobile, and least in Auburn. Despite varying environmental and ecological conditions across Alabama, similar reductions and recovery rates of smokybrown cockroach abundance were observed in all 3 urban areas for 3 different treatments (perimeter spray, targeted spray, and 2-bait combination). A 2-bait combination was more effective in reducing smokybrown cockroach catch than a conventional perimeter spray, whereas a 3-liter targeted spray performed as well as perimeter sprays. Less insecticide was applied using targeted applications than perimeter sprays. Targeted applications of either baits or sprays did not require significantly more time to apply than a perimeter spray.
Clinical and Microbiologic Studies of Carbenicillin

and synovial and peritoneal fluids were determined by the cup-plate method in 5 patients. In the others, filter-paper disks containing known quantities of drug were substituted for the cups. Standard carbenicillin solutions were employed for reference in these investigations. The frequency of resistant mutants was determined with 10 strains of P. aeruginosa. The organisms were grown overnight in trypticase-soy broth. Inocula (1 ml), varying in concentration from undiluted culture to lO-7 dilution, were seeded into melted (45 C) trypticase-soy agar containing 0, 25, 125, or 250 [xg/ml of carbenicillin. The plates were examined for growth after incubation at 37 C for 24 hr. This experiment was repeated in the following manner. Three
Investigation and molecular identification of Anopheles from Nanjing urban field

Objective In order to investigate the density,species identification and detect haemoplasmodium taken of Anopheles existing in Nanjing urban field.Methods Anopheles from four locations of WTS,SXM,YXQ and HCZ were collected with electric-absorber equipment and identified with molecular methods for species identification and haemoplasmodium taken.Results 111 specimens of Anopheles were collected and identified to be An.sinensis and no haemoplasmodium taken.Conclusion The specimens are identified to be An.sinensis and without haemoplasmodium taken.The An.sinensis is not dominant species according to the percentage and there is little chance to cause primary malaria in Nanjing urban field.
How can selection and drawing support learning from dynamic visualizations

When students generate drawings it helps them learn from expository text (Van Meter & Garner, 2005) and from scientific visualizations (Zhang & Linn, 2008). Generating a drawing requires students to select information, to distinguish this information from their existing views, and to represent connections among the selected elements. Dynamic visualizations support chemistry learning because they illustrate interactions at the molecular level (Ardac & Akaygun, 2004; Kozma, 2003; Williamson & Abraham, 1995). Yet students often find them difficult to follow and neglect nuanced information such as bond breaking and formation. Learners need guidance to help integrate ideas about molecular interactions and link with observable and symbolic ideas. Our previous study demonstrated that students who generated drawings when using dynamic visualizations can integrate more ideas than those who learned only with visualizations. To further clarify the mechanism of drawing, this study compares selection among drawings and generating drawings to help students learn chemistry with dynamic visualizations.
Flexible Turtle Excluder Device (TED): an effective tool for Mediterranean coastal multispecies bottom trawl fisheries

The effect of a flexible Turtle Excluder Device (TED) on the catching efficiency and performance of a commercial bottom trawl was tested in a gear comparison study for a Mediterranean coastal multispecies bottom trawl fishery. The device affected neither bottom trawl technical performances (horizontal and vertical net opening and door spread) nor did it increase the required towing force, hence fuel consumption remained constant. Comparison of commercial catches for the major species demonstrated that using the TED did not affect catching efficiency, while it reduced the amount of debris. The device did not influence the size of commercial species, leaving the selective performance of the trawl unmodified. Underwater video camera recordings documented that fish caught in the net swam through the grid and easily reached the cod-end, missing the TED escape opening. Easy storage and improved catch retention compared with previous devices tested in this area make the present flexible TED a practical and valuable solution to reduce turtle bycatch in coastal Mediterranean demersal multispecies fisheries.
The Lyapunov rank of an improper cone

Let K be a closed convex cone with dual in a finite-dimensional real inner-product space V. The complementarity set of K is We say that a linear transformation is Lyapunov-like on K if The dimension of the space of all such transformations is called the Lyapunov rank of K. This number was introduced and studied by Rudolf et al. [Bilinear optimality constraints for the cone of positive polynomials, Math. Program., Ser. B 129 (2011), pp. 5–31] for proper cones because of its connection to conic programming and complementarity problems. The assumption that K is proper turns out to be nonessential. We first develop the basic theory for cones that are merely closed and convex. We then devise a way to compute the Lyapunov rank of any closed convex cone and show that the Lyapunov-like transformations on a closed convex cone are related to the Lie algebra of its automorphism group. Next, we extend some results for proper polyhedral cones. Finally, we devise algorithms to compute both the space of all Lyapunov-lik...
Analysis as Craft

A lot of “stake claiming” goes on in defining policy analysis. The landscape of our knowledge is surveyed and boundaries that delimit the domain of each discipline are drawn: “this belongs to political science, that belongs to economics.” Over past centuries, the great empires of theology, geometry, and natural history have broken up, spawning a multitude of disciplinary fiefdoms. New alliances, formed on marginal lands, claim independence: econometrics, social psychology, political economy. Subdisciplinary groups coalesce, border disputes flare, while intrepid basic researchers of each discipline fan out in search of virgin territory on which to plant their flags. Explorers bearing the ensign of policy analysis seem bewildered by this scramble for territory. They expropriate lands claimed by political scientists decades ago and more recently by planners and public administrators. They skirt the edges of economics, law, organizational theory, and operations research. Some seek refuge in these disciplines. Others wait for a Moses to lead them out of the wilderness to the promised land of professionalism. Still others, being more nationalistic, want to carve out a “policy analytic” domain. But where? Establishing a discipline in the interstices of disciplines already distinct is risky; the new map is likely to reveal an impossibly gerrymandered state composed of marginal lands already contested by others.
Advanced Photodetectors for Space Lidar

The detector in a space lidar plays a key role in the instrument characteristics and performance, especially in direct detection lidar. The sensitivity of the detector is usually the limiting factor when determining the laser power and the receiver aperture size, which in turn determines the instrument complexity and cost. The availability of a suitable detector is often a deciding factor in the choice of lidar wavelengths. A direct detection lidar can achieve the highest receiver performance, or the quantum limit, when its detector can detect signals at the single photon
Predictors of Incarceration of Veterans Participating in U.S. Veterans’ Courts

Objective:Significant variability exists regarding the criteria and procedures used by different veterans’ courts (VCs) across the country. Limited guidance is available regarding which VC model ha...
3D Compton image reconstruction using a moving 3D-position-sensitive room-temperature CdZnTe detector array

The ability to do real-time 4π Compton imaging is potentially useful when searching for radioactive sources with appropriate gamma-ray energy emissions. Stationary 4π Compton imagers have the ability to reconstruct the correct direction to gamma-ray point sources; however, if the source is positioned far from the detector compared to the dimensions of the detector, the distance from the source to the detector is uncertain. If the same detector moves and the position of the detector as a function of time is known, a 3D radiation image can be made. This work describes the use of room-temperature 3D-position-sensing CdZnTe detectors in motion to create a 3D radiation map of sources in an unknown environment. Experimental results show that an array composed of 18 CdZnTe detectors, can accurately map out a room of sources. Finally, a pair of fisheye cameras are used to correlate the reconstructed hotspot in 3D Cartesian space to a physical location in the optical image.
A Bowl of Good: Defining the Partnership

Katrina Didot's local organic food business, A Bowl of Good, was on the upswing now, and there was a chance to expand operations. In order to do that, Didot knew she needed a partner to shoulder some of the work. Didot had the recipes and knowledge—and she had drive. She needed someone who could make the trains run on time and ensure things flowed smoothly when it came to operations. Excerpt UVA-ENT-0183 Rev. Mar. 29, 2012 A Bowl Of Good: Defining The Partnership Katrina Didot was on her way to what she felt sure was going to be a defining meeting. She was going to see if it would be possible to hammer out the terms of a business partnership between her and a friend, Rachael Dorsey. It was early 2009 in Staunton, Virginia. As she passed the fork where West Beverly Street met Montgomery Avenue, she reflected on how far she had come to get to this point. In just a few years, she had gone from being a clinical social worker who liked to cook for her family to a restaurant owner. Deals had gone well, and deals had gone badly. She had run her own kitchen. When her rent was increased, she decided to leave that location and sell her locally famous soups at farmer's markets instead. Her local organic food business, A Bowl of Good, looked like it was on the upswing now, and there was a chance to expand operations. In order to do that, Didot knew she needed a partner to shoulder some of the work. Didot had the recipes and knowledge—and she had drive. She needed someone who could make the trains run on time and ensure things flowed smoothly when it came to operations. She had a hunch that Dorsey would be great in that role, but she had been burned before and knew she needed to proceed carefully. Didot had in the past entered into agreements that went sour, and she had been taken advantage of by some people she'd trusted. If she moved forward with a new partnership, she wanted it to work. . . .
Coffee and Death

This chapter introduces the Death Cafe phenomenon, of which my work conceptualizes as an existential and transformative social movement. The chapter examines, among other things, the history of the Death Cafe, its global proliferation, and key activists in the movement. The chapter also examines these regular gatherings of primarily nonterminally ill Baby Boomers, their “vibes,” and how they unpack their orientations toward mortality over a healthy meal, drinks, and deserts. In such environments, Death Cafe participants enjoy one another’s company with unpretentious energies and a variety of mortality considerations are discussed. These include the logistics, services, and finances of attending to death, medical care at end of life, and if a good death can be had, are but just a few conversational topics. Considerations about the afterlife, what near-death experiences mean, whether the deceased are still “there,” and what it is like to be with a dying person are voiced, as are the realizations that death experiences have had in positively transforming Cafe participants. Cafe attendees tell their stories, ask for advice, support those that are still grieving, and provide wisdoms for one another. In the process, Death Cafe participants create communicative space where discussions about mortality can be made to promote a healthier outlook on one’s life and death. Finally, this chapter closes with an overview of other chapters in the text.
Error (Propagation and Modeling)

This article introduces the concept of uncertainty, error, and error propagation in geographic information system (GIS). It provides a conceptual framework to understand the causes, dimensions, and sources of uncertainty. Uncertainties associated with conception, representation, measurement, and analysis are briefly described. Other closely related concepts such as precision, ambiguity, and accuracy are also discussed. The article highlights the need for uncertainty modeling and the methods for handling uncertainty in GIS, including statistical techniques. It also describes error propagation in GIS and how uncertainty can be visualized in GIS. The article concludes with general guidelines for managing uncertainty in GIS.
When It Rains on the Citrus Industry: Regulatory Stormwater Agencies and Their Requirements

When it rains, most people just think of the inconvenience of getting wet. But what happens to the rain after it falls? How does the stormwater affect your neighbors, natural resources or public safety? These are questions that regulatory agencies must ask for determining compliance of your system with regulatory stormwater permit conditions.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
Empirical and theoretical examination of the noise performance of a prototype polycrystalline silicon active pixel array

Active matrix flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs), which typically incorporate a single a-Si:H thin-film transistor (TFT) in each pixel, have become ubiquitous in diagnostic x-ray imaging by virtue of many advantages, including good radiation damage resistance and the economic availability of monolithic, large area backplanes. However, under conditions of low exposure per image frame, such as encountered in fluoroscopy, digital breast tomosynthesis and breast cone-beam CT, AMFPI performance degrades due to the effect of additive noise primarily originating from the acquisition electronics. To overcome this limitation, while retaining the advantages of AMFPIs, large area imagers can be fabricated using polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) TFTs configured to form in-pixel amplifiers. Such active pixel (AP) circuits provide signal enhancement prior to readout, thereby largely overcoming the effect of additive noise, as well as facilitating correlated multiple sampling (CMS). In this paper, early results of an examination of the noise performance of a poly-Si AP prototype array are reported. The array consists of pixel circuit designs incorporating a single-stage amplifier with three TFTs and was operated at 25 fps using CMS techniques. Noise performance is compared to results obtained from sophisticated circuit simulations which account for TFT thermal and flicker noise. Noise is found to depend on many variables, including the size of the source-follower TFT, the reset voltage, the addressing time and the sampling technique – with noise levels from individual pixels as low as 715 e. The circuit simulations were found to reproduce the trends for noise as a function of the aforementioned variables.
What do homeless transition-age youth want from housing interventions?

Abstract Housing-led interventions have become recognized as a best practice for addressing homelessness among adults, yet whether and how they apply to transition-age youth (TAY) is less clear. The purpose of the present study is to expand on a burgeoning literature that has provided marginalized TAY an opportunity to voice their perspectives on housing-led program design. The goal of the study it to build on the existing literature that has predominantly used individual qualitative interviewing by using a focus group methodology in which group interaction can generate data and insights that may not emerge in individual interviews. Focus groups (n = 4) were conducted with 18 youth. Thematic analysis of focus group transcripts was conducted using independent and co-coding procedures. Three overarching and interrelated themes emerged from the focus groups: (a) personal responsibility and deservedness, (b) rising and falling together, and (c) needing individualized support. These findings suggest that TAY preferences for housing and services are not necessarily consistent with the homeless adult population and that youth may be looking for a more supportive housing environment.
A realistic approach to the use and management of mangrove areas in Southeast Asia

In Southeast Asia and other developing regions of the tropical world, the coastal zone will inevitably be used and exploited for food production and habitation. To attain these goals, and at the same time preserve the integrity of the mangrove areas, requires a management strategy that is unique to the Asian situation. Coastal mangrove areas should be classified on the basis of their present state of alterations into Reserved Mangroves which should be protected for their natural history value; Managed Mangroves which should be developed for optimum food, fiber and fish production; and Altered Mangroves which should be restored by reforestation and/or converted to productive land uses. The basis for management is a comprehensive understanding of the ecological structure and function of the mangrove ecosystem.
Protein Extraction From Mammalian Tissues

For Western blotting and coimmunoprecipitation (coIP), protein samples must be extracted from tissues. The protocol described in this chapter has been used to extract clock proteins from mammalian tissues as diverse as liver, kidney, and brain. The extraction protocol is mild enough to be used for coIP as well as Western blotting. Simply, clock proteins are extracted from tissues by freezing and thawing, and homogenizing with a handheld homogenizer. This procedure extracts most (>90%) of the clock proteins from mammalian tissues.
Genetic Manipulation of Terpenoid Phytoalexins in Gossypium: Effects of Disease Resistance

There is considerable evidence that the rates of phytoalexin synthesis relative to those of secondary colonization by pathogens is a critical determinant of disease resistance in most plants.1 For example, resistance of cotton cultivars to fungal wilt pathogens, the bacterial blight pathogen, and nematodes is directly related to how rapidly terpenoid phytoalexins accumulate in infected tissues.2 HMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase) is one of the first enzymes in the terpenoid pathway and often plays a regulatory role for biosynthesis of steroids and terpenoids in plants and animals. Increases in activity of HMGR and accumulation of mRNA for HMGR slightly precede and occur parallel to the accumulation of terpenoid phytoalexins in cotton cultivars infected with Verticillium dahliae.3,4 Genetic manipulation of the HMGR genes or regulatory genes affecting them to give more rapid synthesis of phytoalexins is one approach for improving disease resistance in cotton and other plant species that have terpenoid phytoalexins.
Management of Antithrombotic-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Even though hemorrhagic stroke is less common than ischemic stroke, the former is generally associated with worse clinical outcomes. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a key type of hemorrhagic stroke, with a variety of important causes including antithrombotic-related ICH. Antithrombotic-related ICH accounts for about 8–14% of all ICH and is linked to much poorer prognosis than ICH without antithrombotic use. Indeed, iatrogenic coagulopathy poses a unique challenge to emergency medicine physicians, vascular neurologists, neurointensivists, and neurosurgeons. This is because premorbid use of an anticoagulant or antiplatelet agent can quickly and significantly foster hematoma growth within the first 24 h of ictus thereby leading to poor ICH outcomes. However, timely and appropriate administration of reversal agents can mitigate the extent of hematoma growth and lower the risk of a devastating outcome. In this chapter, we review the epidemiology of commonly used outpatient antiplatelet- and anticoagulant-related ICH, discuss the pharmacology of these antithrombotic drugs and their reversal agents, outline the general and specific management of antithrombotic-related ICH, and highlight areas for future research.
Transient self-templating assembly of M13 bacteriophage for enhanced biopiezoelectric devices

Abstract Many biogenic materials are hierarchically structured across several length scales. Attaining similar control over bottom-up assembly would allow for efficient synthesis of materials for enhanced electrical or energy generating devices. Here we developed a transient self-templating assembly process inspired by nature for the synthesis of enhanced biopiezoelectric devices. We used M13 bacteriophage (phage) as a piezoelectric nanofiber building block and created hierarchically organized nano- and micro-structures for enhanced piezoelectric devices. We controlled the self-assembly of M13 phage by exploiting transiently forming, periodic menisci. Each micron-sized meniscus directed the local formation of hexagonally packed nanostructures that further assembled into macroscopic, hierarchical structures. By tuning deposition parameters during the transient self-templating assembly process, we created diverse array of phage nanostructures. The resulting hierarchically organized phage nanostructure exhibited enhanced piezoelectric energy generation performance. Our transient self-templating assembly process can assemble many other energy generating colloidal nanoparticles into ordered nanostructures for the development of optical, mechanical, and electrical materials in the future in an energy efficient manner.
Effect of Forage Kochia on Seedling Growth of Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and Perennial Grasses

Forage kochia [Bassia prostrata (L.) A. J. Scott] is competitive with annual weeds and has potential for use in reclamation of disturbed land. However, land managers are reluctant to use forage kochia in revegetation programs due to lack of understanding of its compatibility with or invasiveness in the native plant community. We conducted two greenhouse experiments, one to compare the competitive effect of forage kochia versus perennial grasses on growth of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) and one to study the effect of forage kochia on growth of native perennial grasses. In the first experiment, a single seedling of B. tectorum was grown with increasing neighbor densities (0 to 5 seedlings pot−1) of either forage kochia, crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner × A. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schultes; nonnative perennial grass], or thickspike wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. & J. G. Sm.) Gould; native perennial grass]. Bromus tectorum growth was reduced moderately by all three perennial neighbors, but A. cristatum and E. lanceolatus had more effect on B. tectorum when compared with forage kochia. This experiment was repeated and similar results were observed. In the second experiment, forage kochia was grown with each of four native cool-season grass species: basin wildrye [Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) A. Love], bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Love], E. lanceolatus, and western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love]. Forage kochia had no effect on height, tiller number, and aboveground biomass of native grasses. Similarly, native grasses did not show a significant effect on forage kochia seedlings. This experiment was also repeated, and forage kochia somewhat reduced the aboveground biomass of L. cinereus and P. spicata. However, all native grasses significantly reduced change in height, branching, and aboveground biomass of forage kochia. These results suggest that forage kochia interfered with B. tectorum seedling growth, but it showed little competitive effect on native grass seedlings.
Increased Hunger, Food Cravings, Food Reward, and Portion Size Selection after Sleep Curtailment in Women Without Obesity.

This study examined the effects of one night of sleep curtailment on hunger, food cravings, food reward, and portion size selection. Women who reported habitually sleeping 7–9 h per night, were aged 18–55, were not obese, and had no sleep disorders were recruited. Sleep conditions in this randomized crossover study consisted of a normal night (NN) and a curtailed night (CN) where time in bed was reduced by 33%. Hunger, tiredness, sleep quality, sleepiness, and food cravings were measured. A progressive ratio task using chocolates assessed the food reward. Participants selected portions of various foods that reflected how much they wanted to eat at that time. The sleep duration was measured using a single-channel electroencephalograph. Twenty-four participants completed the study. The total sleep time was shorter during the CN (p < 0.001). Participants reported increased hunger (p = 0.013), tiredness (p < 0.001), sleepiness (p < 0.001), and food cravings (p = 0.002) after the CN. More chocolate was consumed after the CN (p = 0.004). Larger portion sizes selected after the CN resulted in increased energy plated for lunch (p = 0.034). In conclusion, the present study observed increased hunger, food cravings, food reward, and portion sizes of food after a night of modest sleep curtailment. These maladaptive responses could lead to higher energy intake and, ultimately, weight gain.
Horner Syndrome Secondary to Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Neck: A Case Series.

Background:Horner syndrome caused by metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is not common, and when diagnosed, may have serious clinical implications. We aim at highlighting the cl...
Gamma-delta T cells in glioblastoma immunotherapy

Conventional immunotherapy in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) has essentially produced no significant advantage over the use of chemotherapeutic drugs. A strongly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and lack of antigen-presenting major histocompatibility expression on tumor cells have made GBM a poor immunological target. Molecular heterogeneity of GBMs, both within the tumor and across patients, results in the immunological escape of tumors that do not express target antigens. Therefore, the development of nonconventional immunotherapy for GBM is continuously being sought. γδ T cells are a minor subset of the human T-cell repertoire with unique antitumor properties that have been shown to be functionally superior to conventional αβ T-cell receptor expressing T cell-based immunotherapy for cancer, including GBM. Unlike, the more abundant αβ T cells, γδ T cells do not require major histocompatibility proteins for activation. In addition to the γδ T-cell receptor, these cells express a plethora of other antigenic receptors that recognize external stimuli, as well as several self-peptides, which make these cells a strong candidate for the development of cancer immunotherapeutics. A higher threshold of activation-induced cell death and resistance to inducing graft-versus-host disease are also characteristics of these T cells. In this review, we discuss the biology and immunological characteristics of γδ T cells and review current research using γδ T cells in GBM immunotherapy to explore whether these cells can be the potential next-gen immunotherapeutic candidate for this dreadful disease.
Impact of Atomistic Substitution on Thin-Film Structure and Charge Transport in a Germanyl-ethynyl Functionalized Pentacene

Functionalization of organic semiconductors through the attachment of bulky side groups to the conjugated core has imparted solution processability to this class of otherwise insoluble materials. A consequence of this functionalization is that the bulky side groups impact the solid-state packing of these materials. To examine the importance of side-group electronic character on accessing the structural phase space of functionalized materials, germanium was substituted for silicon in triisopropylsilylethynylpentacene (TIPS-Pn) to produce triisopropylgermanylethynylpentacene (TIPGe-Pn), with the TIPGe side group comparable in size to TIPS, but higher in electron density. We find TIPGe-Pn single crystals exhibit slip-stack, herringbone, and brickwork packing motifs depending on growth conditions, a stark contrast to TIPS-Pn, which accesses only the brickwork packing motif in both single crystals and thin films. Polycrystalline thin films of TIPGe-Pn exhibit two new, unidentified polymorphs from spin-coating ...
ClimateQUAL: Advancing Organization Health, Leadership, and Diversity in the Service of Libraries

In a nutshell, ClimateQUAL can help gauge how well a library communicates expectations and rewards related to fairness, innovation, customer service, demographic diversity, and teamwork by surveying staff teams.
Abstract 85: Noninvasive imaging of tumor hypoxia during radiation-induced tumor vascular disruption

Purpose Tumor vascular targeted gold nanoparticles induce tumor vascular disruption when combined with external beam radiation therapy. Although effective in suppressing tumor growth and improving progression-free survival, tumor hypoxia may be a potential challenge in this anti-vascular therapy. Here, we investigate, the dynamic changes in tumor hypoxia pre- and post-radiation therapy using a gold nanoparticle-based tumor vascular disrupting agent. Materials and methods 4-6 weeks old female nude-FOXn1 mice were subcutaneously inoculated with human A549 cells (~3×106) into the left flank. Functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNP) were used to target the tumor blood vessels and tumor vascular disruption was induced via radiation. 10 Gy radiation treatment was delivered using a clinical radiation beam (6 MV) and HypoxiSense680 based in vivo fluorescence imaging was performed to visualize changes in tumor hypoxia at 24 h, 48 h and an extended period of 10 days. Tumor hypoxia was confirmed via immunohistochemistry. Mice were divided into four treatment groups: control, AuNP only, IR only, and AuNP+IR. Following treatment, tumor progression and overall survival was measured. Further analysis of nanoparticle biodistribution and toxicity were accessed using TEM Imaging, IC-PMS, and immunohistochemistry. Results Longitudinal changes in tumor hypoxia were observed in all radiation-based treatment conditions. Combining gold nanoparticle and radiation resulted in an increase in tumor hypoxia at 48 h (p Conclusions Noninvasive imaging showed that AuNP+IR results in a transient increase and subsequent decline in mean tumor hypoxia, leading to substantial tumor regression and an overall increase in tumor survival. High radiation-induced vascular damage may lead to better tumor reduction and prolonged survival in the human non-small cell lung cancer model. Citation Format: Olivia J. Kelada, Sijumon Kunjachan, Needa A. Virani, Alexandre Detappe, Jennifer Hayashi, Thomas Ireland, Douglas E. Biancur, Rajiv Kumar, Srinivas Sridhar, Mike Makrigiorgos, Ross I. Berbeco. Noninvasive imaging of tumor hypoxia during radiation-induced tumor vascular disruption [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 85.