cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
I Monster: Embodying Trans and Travesti Resistance in Latin America

Since 2010, legal gains for LGBTQI communities in Latin America have exposed the contradictions of inclusion under a rights-based approach to sexual citizenship. Expanding neoliberal economies and multicultural incorporation has yet to resolve persistent inequalities or ongoing gender-based violence, in particular for trans and travesti populations in the region. Rather than depend on the symbolic and material protections of the state, however, many trans and travesti activists, artists, and performers argue that since the state is interested in normalizing sexual relations and gendered identities through legal recognition, it cannot be a source of identification, safety, or freedom. Focusing on recent work by Susy Shock (Argentina) and Claudia Rodriguez (Chile), this article demonstrates that “monstering” (to monster) has become a crucial form of epistemological resistance to neoliberal politics of inclusion and recognition in Latin America and of opening up new possibilities of imagining collective belonging. Resumen Los avances logrados desde el 2010 para las comunidades LGTBQI en America Latina han descubierto las contradicciones inherentes de la inclusion dentro de un marco legal de derechos en relacion con la ciudadania sexual. Ni las economias neoliberales expansionistas ni la incorporacion multicultural han resuelto las inequidades persistentes o la continua violencia de genero, en particular para las poblaciones trans y travesti en la region. En vez de depender de la proteccion simbolica o material del estado, sin embargo, muchas activistas y artistas trans y travesti afirman que siendo que el interes del estado reside en normalizar las relaciones sexuales y las identidades de genero a traves del reconocimiento legal, el mismo estado no puede ser fuente de identificacion, seguridad o libertad para ellas. Enfocandose en trabajo reciente de Susy Shock (Argentina) y Claudia Rodriguez (Chile), este articulo demuestra que “monstruosiarse” (volverse monstruo) comprende una forma importante de resistencia epistemica a las politicas neoliberales de inclusion y reconocimiento en America Latina, asi como una apertura hacia nuevas posibilidades de imaginar la pertenencia colectiva.
Modal interactions for spindle, holders, and tools

Abstract This paper describes the interaction between vibration modes associated with the machine-spindle and those associated with the holder-tool when the holder-tool combination is inserted in the milling machine spindle. It is shown that when the bending natural frequency of the holder-tool is near a machine-spindle natural frequency, there is a combined two mode frequency response (similar to a dynamic absorber) for the assembly that exhibits increased dynamic stiffness over those situations when the interaction is absent. Experimental results are provided. The variation in tool point frequency response with tool extension length is then used to calculate the corresponding stability maps. These maps are evaluated to determine the effect of interactions between machine-spindle and holder-tool modes on milling stability. Conclusions are presented.
Proapoptotic Peptide Brush Polymer Nanoparticles via Photoinitiated Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly

Herein, we report the photoinitiated polymerization-induced self-assembly (photo-PISA) of spherical micelles consisting of proapoptotic peptide-polymer amphiphiles. The one-pot synthetic approach yielded micellar nanoparticles at high concentrations and at scale (150 mg mL-1 ) with tunable peptide loadings up to 48 wt. %. The size of the micellar nanoparticles was tuned by varying the lengths of hydrophobic and hydrophilic building blocks. Critically, the peptide-functionalized nanoparticles imbued the proapoptotic "KLA" peptides (amino acid sequence: KLAKLAKKLAKLAK) with two key properties otherwise not inherent to the sequence: 1) proteolytic resistance compared to the oligopeptide alone; 2) significantly enhanced cell uptake by multivalent display of KLA peptide brushes. The result was demonstrated improved apoptosis efficiency in HeLa cells. These results highlight the potential of photo-PISA in the large-scale synthesis of functional, proteolytically resistant peptide-polymer conjugates for intracellular delivery.
Groundwater production from geothermal heating on early Mars and implication for early martian habitability

In explaining extensive evidence for past liquid water, the debate on whether Mars was primarily warm and wet or cold and arid 4 billion years (Ga) ago has continued for decades. The Sun's luminosity was ~30% lower 4 Ga ago; thus, most martian climate models struggle to elevate the mean surface temperature past the melting point of water. Basal melting of ice sheets may help resolve that paradox. We modeled the thermophysical evolution of ice and estimate the geothermal heat flux required to produce meltwater on a cold, arid Mars. We then analyzed geophysical and geochemical data, showing that basal melting would have been feasible on Mars 4 Ga ago. If Mars were warm and wet 4 Ga ago, then the geothermal flux would have even sustained hydrothermal activity. Regardless of the actual nature of the ancient martian climate, the subsurface would have been the most habitable region on Mars.
Is Routine Upper Endoscopy and H. pylori Testing Indicated in Advance of Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric surgery is the only proven method for sustained weight loss in the obese population and is becoming increasingly more common. Multiple bariatric operations are available, and each procedure comes with unique possible adverse outcomes. Preoperative testing with upper endoscopy and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) screening have been proposed as methods to reduce postoperative complications. However, the majority of data regarding preoperative evaluation in bariatric surgery is derived from single center, non-standardized, retrospective chart reviews, and even similar results from different centers are interpreted differently. This has led to conflicting guidelines from international societies. Herein, we will review the current literature to discuss the utility of preoperative endoscopy and H. pylori testing.
Efficient Band Characterization of 3D Periodic Scatterers Using Broadband Dyadic Green's Function of Vector Potential A

The broadband Green's function method is applied to characterize the band diagram and modal fields of 3D periodic PEC scatterers, and it converts the band characterization problem into a linear eigenvalue problem. This is the first time that the broadband Green's function method is used to deal with 3D scattering problem of periodic scatterers. Distinct from the conventional surface integral equation (SIE) formulation using electric field E and the magnetic field H, we formulate the SIE using the vector potential A and its dyadic Green's function. The periodic dyadic Green's function of vector potential A is represented in a fast convergent Floquet plane wave series and an exponentially convergent spatial series evaluated at an imaginary wavenumber. The Galerkin's method is applied to discretize the SIE into a matrix form, where RWG basis functions and rooftop basis functions are used to represent the vector and scalar unknowns on the surface, respectively. This matrix equation is then converted into a linear eigenvalue problem of a moderate size with the help of the hybrid representation of the periodic dyadic Green's function. The solution to the linear eigenvalue problem then yields all the band solutions and modal fields of the periodic scatters simultaneously.
RISC-V Reward: Building Out-of-Order Processors in a Computer Architecture Design Course with an Open-Source ISA

We describe our experience teaching an undergraduate capstone (and elective graduate course) in computer architecture with a semester-long project in which teams of five students design and implement an out-of-order (OoO) pipelined processor core using the open-source RISC-V instruction set. The course content includes OoO scheduling algorithms for instructions to exploit instruction-level parallelism (ILP), example microarchitectures, caching, prefetching, and virtual memory. The labs and projects help students gain proficiency with the SystemVerilog language. Students use the concepts learned in class to design processors with the goals of achieving correctness and high performance for a suite of test programs representative of different data structures and algorithms. Using RISC-V enables students to validate and benchmark their designs by compiling test programs using GCC with a custom linker. By collaborating as a team, students learn how to write and debug a large code base over the two-month project. We explain the project content and process in detail, identify the challenges involved for students and the necessary instructor support, and share statistics and student feedback about the project. We have open-sourced our lab and project materials to enable others to teach similar courses.
Persona and the Modern Republican: Constituting and Deconstituting Republican Ideals in Two Republican Political Ads:

Ronald Reagan’s iconic, 1984 advertisement, “Morning in America,” has served as an ideological pole star for Republican identity for the past four decades. More recently, the political action commi...
Loss of ATRX confers DNA repair defects and PARP inhibitor sensitivity

Alpha Thalassemia/Mental Retardation Syndrome X-Linked (ATRX) is mutated frequently in gliomas and represents a potential target for cancer therapies. ATRX is known to function as a histone chaperone that helps incorporate histone variant, H3.3, into the genome. Studies have implicated ATRX in key DNA damage response (DDR) pathways but a distinct role in DNA repair has yet to be fully elucidated. To further investigate the function of ATRX in the DDR, we created isogenic wild-type (WT) and ATRX knockout (KO) model cell lines using CRISPR-based gene targeting. These studies revealed that loss of ATRX confers sensitivity to poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, which was linked to an increase in replication stress, as detected by increased activation of the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) signaling axis. ATRX mutations frequently co-occur with mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 and -2 (IDH1/2), and the latter mutations also induce HR defects and PARP inhibitor sensitivity. We found that the magnitude of PARP inhibitor sensitivity was equal in the context of each mutation alone, although no further sensitization was observed in combination, suggesting an epistatic interaction. Finally, we observed enhanced synergistic tumor cell killing in ATRX KO cells with ATR and PARP inhibition, which is commonly seen in HR-defective cells. Taken together, these data reveal that ATRX may be used as a molecular marker for DDR defects and PARP inhibitor sensitivity, independent of IDH1/2 mutations. These data highlight the important role of common glioma-associated mutations in the regulation of DDR, and novel avenues for molecularly guided therapeutic intervention.
Entry in Regulated Monopoly Markets: The Development of a Competitive Fringe in the Local Telephone Industry

Incumbent firms operating in today's local telephone industry are beginning to face competition from new entrants. Using the dominant firm-competitive fringe framework and a recently constructed panel data set of local telephone markets, this paper provides an empirical analysis of the competitive transition underway in the United States local telephone industry. Of particular interest is the differential impact of economic regulation on the development of fringe competition in local telephone markets. Empirical results reveal that local telephone markets with price-cap regulation have witnessed less net fringe entry, and subsequently contain smaller competitive fringes during the time period studied. These findings imply that the widespread adoption of price-cap regulation by state public utility commissions has contributed to the slow development of local telephone competition. To reconcile this surprising conclusion, a political economy explanation detailing how state regulators have benefited from this regulatory decision is put forth and supported with empirical evidence.
Optimal control of systems with unilateral constraints

Problems in robotics and biomechanics such as trajectory planning or resolution of redundancy can be effectively solved using optimal control. Such systems are often subject to unilateral constraints. Examples include tasks involving contacts (e.g., walking, running, multifingered or multiarm manipulation), and other tasks that may not involve contacts but in which the system state or the inputs must satisfy inequality conditions (e.g., limits on actuator forces). This paper shows how problems of optimal control in robotics that involve unilateral constraints can be efficiently solved by first formulating the constrained optimal control problem as an unconstrained problem of the calculus of variations and then solving it using an integral formulation. This method has several advantages over the Pontryagin minimum principle which is traditionally employed to solve such problems. An example of two-arm manipulation with inequality constraints due to Coulomb friction is used to demonstrate the formulation of the problem and the algorithms.
ARMA Spectral estimation: A model equation error procedure

A procedure is presented for generating an ARMA spectral model of a stationary time series based upon a finite set of time series observations. The ARMA model's coefficients are estimated by utilizing a basic difference equation characterizing the underlying rational spectral model. In examples treated to date, this new procedure has been found to produce "significantly" better spectral estimates when compared to the maximum entropy method and other AR and ARMA based procedures. These examples have included both narrow and broadband spectra. With this in mind, the new ARMA procedure promises to be an important spectral estimation tool.
Numerical Analysis of Thermal Remediation in 3D Field-Scale Fractured Geologic Media.

Thermal methods are promising for remediating fractured geologic media contaminated with volatile organic compounds, and the success of this process depends on the coupled heat transfer, multiphase flow, and thermodynamics. This study analyzed field-scale removal of trichloroethylene (TCE) and heat transfer behavior in boiling fractured geologic media using the multiple interacting continua method. This method can resolve local gradients in the matrix and is less computationally demanding than alternative methods like discrete fracture-matrix models. A 2D axisymmetric model was used to simulate a single element of symmetry in a repeated pattern of extraction wells inside a large heated zone and evaluate effects of parameter sensitivity on contaminant recovery. The results showed that the removal of TCE increased with matrix permeability, and the removal rate was more sensitive to matrix permeability than any other parameter. Increasing fracture density promoted TCE removal, especially when the matrix permeability was low (e.g., <10(-17) m(2)). A 3D model was used to simulate an entire treatment zone and the surrounding groundwater in fractured material, with the interaction between them being considered. Boiling was initiated in the center of the upper part of the heated region and expanded toward the boundaries. This boiling process resulted in a large increase in the TCE removal rate and spread of TCE to the vadose zone and the peripheries of the heated zone. The incorporation of extraction wells helped control the contaminant from migrating to far regions. After 22 d, more than 99.3% of TCE mass was recovered in the simulation.
Parts function as perceptual organizational entities in infancy

Both objects and parts function as organizational entities in adult perception. Prior research has indicated that objects affect organization early in life: Infants grouped elements located within object boundaries and segregated them from those located on different objects. Here, we examined whether parts also induce grouping in infancy. Five- and 6.5-month-olds were habituated to two-part objects containing element pairs. In a subsequent test, infants treated groupings of elements that crossed part boundaries as novel, in comparison with groupings that had shared a common part during habituation. In contrast, the same arrangement of elements failed to elicit evidence of grouping in control conditions in which the elements were not surrounded by closed part boundaries. Thus, infants grouped and segregated elements on the basis of part structure. Part-based processing is a key aspect of many theories of perception. The present research adds to this literature by indicating that parts function as organizational entities early in life.
Dynamics of tetrahedral networks: Amorphous Si and Ge

Experimental data are reported for depolarized and fully polarized components of the Raman spectra of variably ordered states of a-Ge and a-Si films. These spectra are compared to theoretical Raman calculations for relaxed Polk-model-derived structures with different degrees of bond-angle disorder. In addition, the experimental and theoretical densities of states of a-Ge in highly ordered and disordered states are reported. The Raman spectra for the fully polarized component are found to yield good agreement at high frequencies, as well as the observed trend of decreased width with increasing bond-angle order. At low frequencies the theoretical spectra are more intense than that observed experimentally, indicating limitations of the three-parameter phenomenological Raman polarizability model. The depolarized Raman component may, in contrast, be fitted reasonably well with a fixed ratio of the D${\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}_{1}$ and D${\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}_{2}$ mechanisms at intermediate and higher energies. The two-parameter lattice-dynamical calculation of the density of states also yields good agreement with experiment, except at intermediate frequencies, where a somewhat more intense scattering is observed. A comparison of experimental and theoretical results allows estimates of the bond-angle disorder in a-Ge and a-Si to be obtained. The results are consistent with estimates based on radial-distribution-function and calorimetry studies.
Factors Affecting Reproductive Decisions of African American Women Living with HIV

Purpose: This exploratory study used focus groups to examine attitudes and beliefs of HIV-infected African American women of child-bearing age about pregnancy and antiretroviral therapy. Methods: A convenience sample of thirty-three African American women of child-bearing age participated in five focus groups. Attitudes and beliefs about pregnancy decisions and the use of antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy were examined. Results: Many of the women in this study living with HIV remained committed to having children and expressed confusion about their chances of transmitting the virus to their children. Conclusions: Health care providers must be aware of these concerns and convey clear and accurate information through the most readily accepted channels. Participants suggested that messages about these issues be conveyed by other women living with HIV who have faced these same decisions.
Control of growth interface shape using vibroconvective stirring applied to vertical Bridgman growth

Abstract The ability of vibroconvective stirring to control the growth interface shape during vertical Bridgman growth was demonstrated using the coupled vibrational stirring (CVS) technique. CVS involves the application of low-frequency vibrations to the outside of the growth ampoule and produces strong flows emanating from the fluid surface. Previous studies showed that the growth rate and interface shape fluctuations occurred under growth with a constant vibrational frequency. In order to eliminate these fluctuations, this paper examines methods to lower the vibrational frequency as growth progressed to maintain a constant fluid flow rate in the vicinity of the growth interface. These flow control methods were tested on two growth systems: NaNO3 and lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate (PMNT). The previously observed fluctuations were greatly reduced when flows were appropriately controlled. Using this control method, CVS flows were then applied to reduce the concavity of the growth interface in the NaNO3 system at fast growth rates (>10 mm/h).
Scheduling Stress: Family and Health Outcomes of Shift Work and Schedule Control

The effects of shift work and job schedule control on the family life and health of American workers are analyzed. Using data from the 1992 National Study on the Changing Workforce ( N = 2,905), this article tests whether negative family and health outcomes associated with nonstandard job schedules result from (a) problems of adjusting to the times of nonstandard shifts and/or (b) the lack of scheduling control and (c) whether schedule control mediates the effects of nonstandard shifts. Multivariate results indicate that although nonstandard shifts have few effects, lack of scheduling control has strong negative effects on six of the eight family and health outcomes. There is no evidence that control mediates the effects of schedule times, nor that these effects vary by gender or family status. Implications of these results are discussed.
Noise levels among spectators at an intercollegiate sporting event.

Purpose The intensity of noise levels in a basketball arena during games, as well as the hearing sensitivity of attendees, was measured for the purpose of assessing the impact of the noise on hearing thresholds. Method Noise levels at 10 intercollegiate basketball games were measured with a dosimeter affixed on the shoulders of attendees. Hearing thresholds and distortion product otoacoustic emissions were measured for 20 participants just before attending a basketball game and within an hour of the end of the game to determine whether changes in hearing thresholds resulted from exposure to the sound levels within the arena during the games. Results Participants demonstrated temporary shifts in pure-tone thresholds and reductions in the intensity of their otoacoustic emissions after attendance at 1 of the basketball games. Dosimeter measurements showed that noise at 6 of the 10 basketball games exceeded acceptable intensity levels when compared with a national workplace noise exposure standard. Conclusion...
Analysis of the olfactory mucosa in chronic rhinosinusitis

The impact of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) on the olfactory mucosa (OM) is dramatic. Cellular profiles and epithelial integrity in OM biopsies were evaluated using histological and immunohistochemical methods to define a strategy for future histological studies of CRS. We have examined nasal biopsies of 54 CRS patients (18-63 years old) and have defined specific histopathological patterns of the OM: normal pseudostratified, goblet cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and erosion. Goblet cell hyperplasia was most similar to a normal pseudostratified OM pattern but with goblet cells intermixed in the apical layers. Squamous metaplasia exhibited an absence of olfactory supporting cells and had olfactory sensory neurons that were morphologically abnormal. It is unknown if these neurons would be functional in this type of tissue transformation. The pattern of erosion exhibited a severe loss of epithelial layers and a higher prevalence of infiltrating inflammatory cells within the olfactory epithelium when compared to the other OM patterns. Although it is not known if the OM patterns we have noted correspond to specific stages or distinct pathways of the disease, the template proposed here can be used in further studies to understand how the histopathological progression of CRS relates to olfactory loss and the response to treatment.
Ulysses to explore poles of Sun

So spoke the ancient Greek hero in Alfred Lord Tennyson's “Ulysses.” Next spring, a spacecraft bearing the adventurer's name will set out to explore just such an “untravell'd world”—the regions that lie outside the ecliptic plane. This mission out of the plane of the earth's orbit around the sun will be the subject of “Out of the Ecliptic: Observations and Predictions,” an all-day session on Monday, December 9, at the 1985 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.
Extracti-GelTM D chromatography is a simple, efficient method for removing digitonin during receptor purification: application to the kl opioid receptor

Digitonin is widely used for extracting active neurotransmitter receptors from membranes. However, its low critical micellar concentration has made its removal from samples problematic. Here we report that digitonin can be efficiently removed (> 90%) from solution using Extracti-Gel D, a detergent-absorbing matrix. Active kappa 1 opioid receptors solubilized from brain survive Extracti-Gel D chromatography with a recovery of 50-55% and 25% dilution by added volume. The loss of receptor and the dilution, however, are compensated for to a large extent by the disinhibition of binding that results from the removal of digitonin. Extracti-Gel D chromatography had little or no effect on the apparent equilibrium dissociation constant for [3H]U-69,593 binding to the kappa 1 receptor. We conclude that Extracti-Gel D column chromatography is a simple, highly efficient and practical method for markedly reducing the concentration of digitonin in biological samples. Application of the procedure should allow characterization of digitonin-solubilized receptors with minimal complications from bound digitonin and extend the usefulness of digitonin to studies going beyond the initial stages of receptor purification.
The female murderer: Alabama 1929–1971

The following descriptive study of female offenders (N = 455), in a southern state covering a forty-two year period seeks to expand our knowledge about one type of female violent crime--homicide. In doing so, the results are noteworthy for their overall similarity to earlier studies and the consistency of female patterns of homicide with regard to sex role differentiation. The findings demonstrate the importance of precipitating events, the contributory effect of alcohol, and the increasing use of firearms among women offenders.
Explaining the increased health care expenditures associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease among elderly Medicare beneficiaries with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cost-decomposition analysis.

OBJECTIVE To estimate excess health care expenditures associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) among elderly individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and examine the contribution of predisposing characteristics, enabling resources, need variables, personal health care practices, and external environment factors to the excess expenditures, using the Blinder-Oaxaca linear decomposition technique. METHODS This study utilized a cross-sectional, retrospective study design, using data from multiple years (2006-2009) of the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey linked with fee-for-service Medicare claims. Presence of COPD and GERD was identified using diagnoses codes. Health care expenditures consisted of inpatient, outpatient, prescription drugs, dental, medical provider, and other services. For the analysis, t-tests were used to examine unadjusted subgroup differences in average health care expenditures by the presence of GERD. Ordinary least squares regressions on log-transformed health care expenditures were conducted to estimate the excess health care expenditures associated with GERD. The Blinder-Oaxaca linear decomposition technique was used to determine the contribution of predisposing characteristics, enabling resources, need variables, personal health care practices, and external environment factors, to excess health care expenditures associated with GERD. RESULTS Among elderly Medicare beneficiaries with COPD, 29.3% had co-occurring GERD. Elderly Medicare beneficiaries with COPD/GERD had 1.5 times higher ($36,793 vs $24,722 [P<0.001]) expenditures than did those with COPD/no GERD. Ordinary least squares regression revealed that individuals with COPD/GERD had 36.3% (P<0.001) higher expenditures than did those with COPD/no GERD. Overall, 30.9% to 43.6% of the differences in average health care expenditures were explained by differences in predisposing characteristics, enabling resources, need variables, personal health care practices, and external environment factors between the two groups. Need factors explained up to 41% of the differences in average health care expenditures between the two groups. CONCLUSION Among elderly Medicare beneficiaries with COPD, the presence of GERD was associated with higher expenditures. Need factors primarily contributed to the differences in average health care expenditures, suggesting that the comanagement of chronic conditions may reduce excess health care expenditures associated with GERD.
Solvation dynamics of molecular glass-forming liquids in confinement

Triplet state solvation dynamics experiments on geometrically confined glass-forming liquids are performed in order to study the effects of confinement on length scales of several nanometres. Variations of the surface chemistry of porous glasses and the spatially selective observation of the interfacial liquid layer indicate that the surface interactions determine the difference between the dynamics of the bulk and confined situations. For 3-methylpentane in pores of 7.5 nm diameter, the timescale of interfacial dynamics is slowed down by three orders of magnitude, while structural relaxation already remains bulk-like just a few nanometres away from the silica surface. The time-resolved optical linewidths indicate dynamical heterogeneity in confined liquids, but the signature differs from the bulk case.
Mutual Fund Performance: A Question of Style

The authors examine the variation in performance for a sample of 770 actively managed mutual funds during the 1993–95 period. They find that not only investment style but also style consistency affects the rate of return. Funds that change both their value versus growth and smallversus large-capitalization stock allocation strategies belong to the worst-performing group. Funds that change only their value versus growth or smallversus large-cap stock orientation do no better than styleconsistent funds. In addition, style-consistent funds are not all alike. Growth/large-cap stock funds are the worstperforming style-consistent funds. Growth/small-cap funds have the biggest rate of return but are also the least diversified.
High-density volatiles in the system C-O-H-N for the calibration of a laser Raman microprobe

Abstract Three methods have been used to produce high-density volatiles in the system C-O-H-N for the calibration of a laser Raman microprobe (LRM): synthetic fluid-inclusion, sealed fused-quartz-tube, and high-pressure-cell methods. Because quantitative interpretation of a Raman spectrum of mixed-volatile fluid inclusions requires accurate knowledge of pressure- and composition-sensitive Raman scattering efficiencies or quantification factors for each species, calibrations of these parameters for mixtures of volatiles of known composition and pressure are necessary. Two advantages of the synthetic fluid-inclusion method are that the inclusions can be used readily in complementary microthermometry (MT) studies and that they have sizes and optical properties like those in natural samples. Some disadvantages are that producing H2O-free volatile mixtures is difficult, the composition may vary from one inclusion to another, the exact composition and density of the inclusions are difficult to obtain, and the experimental procedures are complicated. The primary advantage of the method using sealed fused-quartz tubes is its simplicity. Some disadvantages are that exact compositions for complex volatile mixtures are difficult to predict, densities can be approximated only, and complementary MT studies on the tubes are difficult to conduct. The advantages of the high-pressure-cell method are that specific, known compositions of volatile mixtures can be produced and that their pressures can be varied easily and are monitored during calibration. Some disadvantages are that complementary MT analysis is impossible, and the setup is bulky. Among the three methods for the calibration of an LRM, the high-pressure-cell method is the most reliable and convenient for control of composition and total pressure. We have used the high-pressure cell to obtain preliminary data on 1. (1) the ratio of the Raman quantification factors for CH4 and N2 in an equimolar CH4N2 mixture and 2. (2) the spectral peak position of ν1 of CH4 in that mixture, as well as in pure CH4, at pressures up to 690 bars. These data were successfully applied to natural inclusions from the Duluth Complex in order to derive their compositions and total pressures.
The National Cancer Data Base report on the results of a large nonrandomized comparison of breast preservation and modified radical mastectomy

BACKGROUND Although the conclusions reached in the National Surgical Adjuvant Bowel and Breast Protocol B-06 trial and other clinical trials appear to remain intact, questions persist regarding the equivalency of breast preservation compared with modified radical mastectomy for patients with invasive carcinoma. Documentation and assessment of comparative survival rates in a large cohort of nonrandomized breast carcinoma patients was undertaken to understand better these outcome patterns. METHODS Information gathered from the medical records of 96,030 women diagnosed with early stage carcinoma of the breast between 1985 and 1988 was reviewed to determine the age at diagnosis; tumor stage, grade, dimension; treatment; and disease status. RESULTS Of these 96,030 Stage I and II (based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system) patients, 8583 (8.9%) were treated with segmental mastectomy, axillary lymph node dissection, and radiotherapy without systemic treatment. Three thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven patients (4.0%) were treated with segmental mastectomy, axillary lymph node dissection, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy. Forty-four thousand two hundred and forty-nine patients (46.0%) were treated with modified radical mastectomy without systemic therapy, and 18,322 patients (19.1%) were treated with modified radical mastectomy with systemic therapy. Within each stage, reported survival was equal to or more favorable for patients managed with breast preservation compared with those treated with modified radical mastectomy. This comparability was observed in all subsets analyzed including those defined by age at diagnosis, histologic grade, and tumor dimension. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that AJCC Stage I and II patients treated with breast preservation appear to have survival rates equivalent to those treated with modified radical mastectomy. Cancer 1997; 80:162-7. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Supervising international students: The role of acculturation, role ambiguity, and multicultural discussions

Little is known about the training needs of international students in professional psychology programs and what supervisors could do to assist these students in their training. This study surveyed 42 international students in programs accredited by the American Psychological Association concerning several training and supervision variables. Results revealed that students who reported being less acculturated also reported less counseling self-efficacy, weaker supervisory working alliances, more role difficulties in supervision, and more discussion of cultural issues in supervision. Implications for supervision and future research are discussed.
Wavelet probing for compression-based segmentation

In this paper we show how wavelets can be used for data segmentation. The basic idea is to split the data into smooth segments that can be compressed separately. A fast algorithm that uses wavelets on closed sets and wavelet probing is presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Phosphate depletion and glucocorticoid-induced hyperphosphatemia in lymphoblastic leukemia

Abstract Phosphate depletion, with hypophosphatemia, hypophosphaturia, and depressed erythrocyte ATP, developed in a young man with lymphoblastic leukemia who habitually consumed daily approximately 12 g of calcium carbonate, an agent known to depress phosphate absorption. Symptoms included malaise, weakness, anorexia, and nausea. On two occasions, the administration of large doses of prednisone was associated with marked, though transient, hyperphosphatemia (with reciprocal hypocalcemia) and phosphaturia and depression of the tubular reabsorption of phosphate. This glucocorticoid-induced hyperphosphatemia may reflect lysis of neoplastic lymphoid cells with a consequent release of intracellular phosphate into the extracellular fluid.
Split-level iteration

Many techniques are used for solving large sparse linear systems. Some of the most popular methods for solving the more difficult problems combine direct and iterative algorithms to yield efficient multistage procedures. Although each stage is standard, the manner in which stages are combined is often novel. Both multigrid and preconditioned conjugate gradients fall into this class of numerical methods. In [lo], two promising algorithms were described with supportive numerical studies. The first was cyclic application of model-problem ADI iteration followed by a conjugate gradient iteration on the deviation of the model-problem from the actual problem. Some new developments relating to this procedure are described in a companion paper in this journal] 121. The second was a two-level iteration in which a variational correction with a coarse grid basis was applied cyclically to the result of conventional iteration over a fine grid. This was the first published implementation of a multigrid method based on the variational techniques that provide the foundations for finite element computation. In these initial two-level variational studies certain advantages of additive over multiplicative coarse mesh correction were not recognized. The coefficient matrix for additive correction does not depend on the fine mesh iterate and need thus be computed only once. Moreover, it need only be factored once for direct solution. The right-hand side of the correction equations varies each cycle. Brandt[4] and others have exploited this in multigrid and related methods. Some numerical comparisons of additive and multiplicative correction for two-level iteration are given in [ 111. Also, it was not recognized that under suitable conditions one may use the two-level iteration as a preconditioner for conjugate gradients, thus combining the two initially distinct methods as suggested subsequently in [1,7,9]. Some insight into the nature of such an iteration may be gained by a qualitative analysis of error behavior. The fine-mesh iteration acts primarily on high-mcde error components and the coarse-mesh correction reduces low-mode components. In some implementations the two iteration matrices commute but in most they do not. In the commuting case, careful choice of iteration parameters precludes benefits from the conjugate gradient third stage. In the noncommuting case, the conjugate gradient stage should act on error persisting because of component mixing between the other two stages. The automatic extrapolation in the conjugate gradient method greatly reduces convergence sensitivity to choice of iteration parameters for the fine-mesh iteration.
1331 INFLUENCE OF CONTINUOUS TRANSCUTANEOUS OXYGEN MONITORING ON THE INCIDENCE OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY (ROP)

In order to determine whether maintaining the PaO2 between 50-70 mmHg by continuous TcPO2 monitoring could reduce the incidence of ROP, 296 infants with birth weight ≤ 1300g requiring O2 therapy from the first week of life were randomly assigned to a continuous monitoring (CM) or a standard care group (SC). CM group infants had TcPO2 monitoring for as long as they required supplemental O2. SC group infants had TcPO2 monitoring only during the more acute stage of their disease after which their PaO2 was monitored by intermittent sampling. Management of both groups was otherwise identical. 101/148 infants in the CM and 113/148 in the SC group survived. A conclusive positive or negative ROP diagnosis was made after a minimum of two eye examinations in 87 CM and 102 SC surviving infants. Mean birth weight and gestational age were the same in both groups (CM, 1038g, 29.7 wk; SC 1034g, 29.7 wk). The proportions of infants with neonatal asphyxia, RDS, those receiving indomethacin and blood transfusions were also similar in both groups. The incidence of ROP was similar in both groups, 43/87 CM vs 61/102 SC. Only in infants ≥ 1000g was ROP less frequent in CM than in SC group (15/53 vs 30/62 p=.045). Grades III-V cicatricial RLF occurred in 1 CM and 3 SC infants. Continuous oxygen monitoring may reduce the incidence of ROP in infants ≥ 1000g BWT. Supported by NEI Grant #EY03513-01
A gridless boundary condition method for the solution of the Euler equations on embedded Cartesian meshes with multigrid

The solution of the Euler equations using a "gridless" boundary condition treatment on a patched, embedded Cartesian field mesh is described. The gridless boundary treatment is implemented by means of a least squares fitting of the conserved flux variables using a cloud of nodes in the vicinity of the body. The method allows for accurate treatment of the surface boundary conditions without the need for excessive refinement of the Cartesian mesh. Additionally, the method does not suffer from problems associated with thin body geometry or extremely fine cut cells near the body. Unlike some methods that consider a gridless (or "meshless") treatment throughout the entire domain, the use of a Cartesian field mesh allows for effective implementation of multigrid acceleration, and issues associated with global conservation are alleviated. Results are presented for transonic flow about single and dual NACA 0012 airfoil configurations including a convergence study indicating the effectiveness of multigrid acceleration within the construct of the gridless boundary treatment. Where applicable, comparisons to the FLO52 body-fitted Euler code are presented to gauge the accuracy of the method.
Can Male Therapists Empower Women in Therapy

This chapter addresses the now-problematic issue of male therapists empowering women clients in therapy. The chapter's first section deals with definitions and types of power, distinguishing between assertive power and boundary-setting power. The second section, drawing on the work of anthropologist David Gilmore, discusses men's socialization to power and how this socialization can work for or against empowering women in therapy. The third section describes phases of clinical relationships and how empowering can occur at each. The chapter concludes with a statement about the importance of female consultants, and about what male therapists can learn from female clients in the area of power relations.
In-Plane Flow of Fluids in Fabrics: Structure/Flow Characterization

A technique that quantifies the in-plane flow properties of fibrous networks is pre sented. A radial flow geometry allows the simultaneous study of more than one in- plane flow direction. The shape and position of a radially advancing fluid front define directional permeabilities in the plane, which can be used to compare structurally different fibrous networks. Confirmatory studies reinforce the method of data analysis and show that the directional permeabilities are independent of driving pressure, fluid viscosity, and fiber surface wettability properties. The methodology was applied to the study of multilayer assemblies. The in-plane flow of fluids in heterogeneous multilayer constructions is governed by the high permeability layer. A transverse flow mechanism is proposed as being responsible for filling the low permeability layers and, therefore, the transverse permeability is coupled into this flow process.
Rearrangements of some σ-bonded polyfluoroallyl transition metal complexes

The thermally induced rearrangements CF2  CClCF2M(CO)5 → CF3CClCFM-(CO)5 (M  Mn, Re) have been studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and the enthalpies of reaction determined as 144 ± 20 kJ mol-1 (M  Mn) and 79 ± 20 kJ mol-1 (M  Re). Oxidative addition of CF2CClCF2Cl to IrCl(CO)[P(C6H5)3]2 gave an unrearranged allyl complex. The mechanism of the rearrangements is rationalised as an intermolecular process, sensitive to steric effects.
Language, contact, and vantages: fifteen hundred years of Japanese color terms

Abstract This paper describes the history of Japanese color naming and attempts to relate it to current models of color nomenclature research, particularly through Vantage Theory. I present evidence from early texts that reveals how this vocabulary might have operated 1500 years ago, and suggest a possible evolutionary sequence of Japanese color terminology from c. 400 C.E. to the present. I show how the Berlin and Kay standard model fails to account for some of this data. But the Japanese data do not necessary contradict the standard model so much as enrich it. What we are seeing is a very complex series of cognitive and social interactions, where color categories are in a state of flux. Color terms do not spontaneously generate, but are emergent and negotiated. And this, I argue, is based on speaker’s vantages.
Inhibitory effect of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid on the growth of transplantable mouse mammary carcinoma.

SummaryThis study was designed to test the effect of the sequential administration of poly I: poly C on the growth rate and morphology of DBA mouse mammary adenocarcinoma. Treatments with poly I: poly C (150 μg ip per dose) started (a) 24 hr after implantation; (b) when the size of tumors reached 0.6—1.0 cm3, or (c) 1.8—2.0 cm3. Controls were injected with 0.15 ml phosphate-buffered saline (placebo). In all groups the treatment continued at 48-hr intervals for 18—22 days. Treatments starting 24 hr after implantation resulted in a temporary arrest of the growth of tumor implants followed by a significantly decreased volume-doubling time (for tumors 0.5 and 1.0 cm3 in size p <0.001). The treatment of established tumors was more effective in small tumors. The fractional survival of tumor tissue was significantly lower in tumors measuring 0.6—1.0 cm 3 (0.070) than in tumors 1.8—2.0 cm3 in size (0.231). All groups of mice treated with poly I: poly C showed a significantly longer survival time (p < .01). Increa...
Electrodiagnostic approach to cranial neuropathies

This article is a general review of cranial nerve conduction studies, including techniques as well as interpretation of data. The needle examination of various cranial innervated muscles is also reviewed. The nerve conduction studies include the blink, masseter (jaw jerk), and masseter inhibitory reflexes, which evaluate the trigeminal (blink and jaw jerk) and facial nerves (blink), as well as trigeminal, facial, and spinal accessory motor stimulation. The needle examination techniques for certain voluntary muscles innervated by cranial nerves V, VII, X, XI, and XII are also described.