cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beta-adrenergic receptors of human leukocytes. Studies with intact mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells and membranes comparing two radioligands in the presence and absence of chloroquine.

Abstract Owing to the large differences in reported values for β-adrenergic receptor numbers and binding affinity in normal leukocytes, we undertook a systematic re-examination of the binding of two widely used beta antagonists, (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol (DHA) and (±)- [ 125 I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol (HYP), to intact normal mononuclear (MN) leukocytes and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes and membrane preparations. Assays were conducted in the presence and absence of chloroquine, which has been proposed recently to eliminate ligand uptake into a non-receptor cell compartment such as lysosomes. The binding curves relating radioligand concentration to specific sitesper intact cell were biphasic. At high (10–24 nM) (-)-DHA ligand concentration in the absence of chloroquine, a large number (20,000–60,000 sites/cell) of low affinity (Kd 12–15 nM) stereospecific binding sites were detected in both cell types. This class of binding sites was eliminated by 10 ,μM chloroquine not only in PMN cells but also in the lysome-poor MN cells (⩾ 90% lymphocytes), leaving 2000–3000 specific high affinity (-)-DHA sites/cell. In the absence of chloroquine, comparably low numbers of specific high affinity binding sites/cell were also obtained by the use of appropriately low concentrations of (-)-DHA or (±)-HYP (800 pM or less). However, even at these low radioligand concentrations chosen to measure high affinity specific binding, the addition of 10 μM chloroquine produced a moderate reduction in the number of sites/cell, without a detectable change in the apparent Kd. Mean (± S.E.M.) site numbers obtained in the presence of chloroquine were: 1331 ± 100 sites/MN cell and 1135 ±129 sites/PMN cell (Kd 143–153 pM) using (-)-DHA; and 1487 ± 210 sites/MN cell and 1065 ± 69 sites/PMN cell [avg. Kd(±) 224–274 pM] using (±)-HYP. Chloroquine had no effect on agonist-stimulated cAMP production but produced an apparent increase in the effectiveness of (-)-propranolol as an inhibitor of DHA binding. Competition studies on the binding of DHA and HYP with zinterol and practolol confirmed that the receptor was of the β2-subtype for both MN and PMN cells. The detection of a moderately larger number of high affinity binding sites at saturation (Scatchard analysis) by (±)-HYP than by (-)-DHA was a consistent finding with either intact cells or membranes, with or without chloroquine. The possible overestimation of receptor numbers by a racemic ligand such as (±)-HYP is discussed and leads us to favor the use of a pure stereoisomer such as (-)-DHA. A system employing 800 pM (-)-[3H]DHA, 1 ,μM (-)-propranolol and 10, μM chloroquine with intact MN and PMN cells yielded reproducible and plausible results. Our values for β-adrenergic receptor numbers of intact MN and PMN cells and membranes are compared to others in the literature.
The simple advantage in perceptual and categorical generalization

Recent research in relational learning has suggested that simple training instances may lead to better generalization than complex training instances. We examined the perceptual-encoding mechanisms that might undergird this "simple advantage" by testing category and perceptual learning in adults with simplified and traditional (more complex) Chinese scripts. In Experiment 1, participants learned Chinese characters and their English translations, performed a memorization test, and generalized their learning to the corresponding characters written in the other script. In Experiment 2, we removed the training phase and modified the tests to examine transfer based purely on the perceptual similarities between simplified and traditional characters. We found the simple advantage in both experiments. Training with simplified characters produced better generalization than training with traditional characters when generalization relied on either recognition memory or pure perceptual similarities. On the basis of the results of these two experiments, we propose a simple process model to explain the perceptual mechanism that might drive this simple advantage, and in Experiment 3 we tested novel predictions of this model by examining the effect of exposure duration on the simple advantage. We found support for our model that the simple advantage is driven primarily by differences in the perceptual encoding of the information available from simple and complex instances. These findings advance our understanding of how the perceptual features of a learning opportunity interact with domain-general mechanisms to prepare learners for transfer.
Cloning and expression of the streptococcal C5a peptidase gene in Escherichia coli: linkage to the type 12 M protein gene.

A genomic library of Streptococcus pyogenes CS24 DNA was constructed by cloning streptococcal DNA partially digested with Sau3A into the lambda replacement vector EMBL3. The expression of streptococcal C5a peptidase (SCP) was analyzed by radioimmunoassay with hyperimmune rabbit serum. Two clones, lambda 4.1 and lambda 4.2, were found to express the desired antigen, and various DNA fragments from the hybrid bacteriophage lambda 4.1 were subcloned into the plasmid vector pUC9 in Escherichia coli. One of the recombinant plasmids, designated pTT1, contained a 5.8-kilobase (kb) streptococcal DNA insert. Analysis of total cellular protein from this E. coli clone by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western (immuno-) blotting identified a 140,000-Mr protein, similar in size to the native protein purified from S. pyogenes. Cloned SCP was functionally active, as shown by its ability to inhibit C5a-mediated chemotaxis. By deletion analysis with both restriction endonucleases and BAL 31 nuclease, the SCP gene was localized to a 4.3-kb segment of DNA. Southern hybridization experiments showed that the type 12 M protein-coding sequence is also present in the hybrid phage lambda 4.1, at approximately 2 kb upstream of the SCP structural gene. Western blot analysis indicated that the cloned streptococcal DNA in lambda 4.1 directed the expression of both SCP and M12 protein. Images
Bio-Complexity: Challenging Reductionism

Based on the popular reductionist tradition, the advancement of molecular medicine has generated a great deal of promise. In reality, however, much of the promise will not be realized due to high levels of system complexity. The conventional wisdom is that, if we try harder, and dissect the system further by pushing new technologies, we should be able to solve most challenging heath issues, as we have overcome so much in the past. Is this belief solid and realistic? In this chapter, by introducing some typical and yet surprising cases of current medical complexity, I briefly describe key features of bio-complexity and its impact on bio-medical issues. Specifically, I will discuss the relationship between parts and the whole, the issue of system heterogeneity and stochasticity, and the importance of treating many health issues with regard to the evolutionary concept. Following the analyses of some successful and unsuccessful approaches, the key appears to be how the system status can be improved without triggering system chaos, as all medical intervention has the potential to generate system stress. Finally I call upon the need to develop more comprehensive and holistic strategies for the future of medicine, which will require a more balanced medical intervention approach.
A flexible architecture for heterogeneous replayable workspaces

This paper presents a novel and flexible architecture to support the asynchronous sharing of computer-supported workspaces (CSWs), or simply replayable workspaces. Such workspaces are composed of multiple, interacting tools. Through the capture, re-execution, and manipulation of a session with a CSW, it is possible to reuse valuable collaborative information, (e.g., the how-to process). The session is encapsulated into a session object composed of heterogeneous media streams that represent input sequences to CSW tools. CSW tools are modeled as plug-in components to the CSW. A stream controller process extends temporal-awareness to a CSW tool and its media. A session manager coordinates the various stream controllers and their media. The architecture provides flexible coordination of the various tools found on a CSW and fine-grained integration of their heterogeneous media.
Making every bit count in wide-area analytics

Many data sets, such as system logs, are generated from widely distributed locations. Current distributed systems often discard this data because they lack the ability to backhaul it efficiently, or to do anything meaningful with it at the distributed sites. This leads to lost functionality, efficiency, and business opportunities. The problem with traditional backhaul approaches is that they are slow and costly, and require analysts to define the data they are interested in up-front. We propose a new architecture that stores data at the edge (i.e., near where it is generated) and supports rich real-time and historical queries on this data, while adjusting data quality to cope with the vagaries of wide-area bandwidth. In essence, this design transforms a distributed data collection system into a distributed data analysis system, where decisions about collection do not preclude decisions about analysis.
Imaging patterns of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: An illustrated discussion of the International Consensus Guidelines for the Management of IPMN

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are being diagnosed with increasing frequency, necessitating an algorithm to help stratify patients into low- and high-risk groups, for follow-up versus more invasive evaluation. New evidence concerning their natural history and overall risk of malignancy has emerged since the 2006 International Association of Pancreatology consensus guidelines, prompting an update in 2012, that distinguishes radiologic ‘worrisome features’ from ‘high-risk stigmata’. The aim of this article is to illustrate, with case examples, the variable imaging patterns of IPMN and how their radiologic features, such as cyst size and mural nodules, are interpreted in the context of the new 2012 guidelines. The 2012 and 2006 guidelines will be compared and discussed with reference to additional studies that have since been published. Despite these guidelines, lingering uncertainty remains about the natural history of IPMN, a source of unease to both radiologists and referring clinicians alike, mandating further refinement of clinical and radiologic parameters predictive of malignancy. Emerging data regarding the risk of extrapancreatic malignancy, as well as synchronous or metachronous pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remote in location from a branch duct IPMN are also reviewed. With the expanding research and evolving understanding of this clinicopathologic entity across the globe, radiologists will continue to play an important role in the management of patients with IPMN.
Carcinogen and Microsomal Membrane Interactions: Changes in Membrane Density and Ability to Bind Nucleic Acids

DNA and synthetic copolymer polyribocytidylic-polyriboguanylic acid bind to microsomal membrane. The nucleic acid-membrane complex may be detected by centrifugation in cesium chloride density gradients. The density of the nucleic acid-membrane complex and, in certain cases, the amount of nucleic acid associated with the membrane was changed in the presence of various carcinogenic chemicals.
SU-FF-J-24: Toward Real-Time Tracking of HDR Source Position Using Emission Imaging with a Collimator and Flat-Panel Detector

Purpose: High dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy delivers rapidly a large, highly spatially varying dose. Consequently, precise quality assurance of source location and dwell time is important. Here, we propose that, with no additional radiation exposure to the patient, the same flat‐panel X‐ray detector(FPD) used for anatomical imaging during simulation can also be used for real‐time emission imaging of Ir‐192 brachytherapy source location. Method and Materials: A standard parallel‐hole, low‐energy, gamma‐camera collimator (weight 34 lbs) was placed on a FPD, in order to preferably accept those Ir‐192‐emitted photons which are directed perpendicular to the FPD surface. A 10 Ci Ir‐192 source was advanced in 2‐cm steps through a catheter positioned 20 cm from the collimator/FPD. FPDimages where acquired continuously with 6 seconds per frame. Measurements were obtained with 3 different thicknesses (0, 10 cm, and 20 cm) of solid water between the Ir‐192 source and the collimator/FPD. Results: A hot spot corresponding to Ir‐192 source location was clearly resolved, well above noise, in all images, even with 20 cm solid water. There were penetration patterns corresponding to collimator septal thickness. Imaged source locations tracked the 2 cm steps of the source. Conclusion: A standard gamma‐camera collimator provides directional selection of Ir‐192‐emitted photons that is sufficient to determine source location. The commercial FPD considered provides ample signal‐to‐noise ratio for imaging Ir‐192‐emitted HDR photons on the few‐second time scale investigated. Thus HDR source location — along the 2 dimensions parallel to the FPD surface — can be determined by positioning a collimator over the same FPD used for transmission anatomical imaging.
Congruent (diffusionless) vapor transport

Abstract Physical vapor transport in cylindrical ampoules was investigated under convectively stable conditions in the viscous flow range. Transport rates for iodine were measured. Rates obtained in closed ampoules were orders of magnitude below expectations for diffusionless (monocomponent) transport. Upon continuous removal of residual permanent gases from “semi-closed” ampoules, however, the mass transport rates were only limited by viscous interaction with the walls and by heat transfer at the interfaces. The rapid, diffusionless transport rates obtained were in good agreement with predictions based upon the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, justifying the assumption of interfacial equilibrium. Consequences for the practical design of PVT systems are discussed.
Computers, trees and Abelian groups

The problem of classifying pairs consisting of a finite Abelian group and a subgroup leads to the study of rooted trees whose nodes are decorated with natural numbers that strictly increase as you go towards the root. The lattices of trees that correspond to indecomposable pairs that are bounded by pn were generated by computer up to n = 6. As a result, an unexpected, almost complete, duality was discovered in these lattices.
Studies of benin-aldosterone axis in stable normotensive and hypertensive renal allograft recipients☆

Functional aspects of the renin-aldosterone axis were investigated in long-term normotensive and hypertensive renal allograft recipients. Unstimulated plasma renin and aldosterone levels were within control range in all patients and rose significantly in response to sodium depletion. However, no difference in the stimulated renin and aldosterone values between normotensive and hypertensive patients was noted. Baseline aldosterone secretory rates were elevated in all patients, but were higher in hypertensive patients than in normotensive patients. In both groups sodium depletion failed to augment this already elevated aldosterone secretion rate. Possibly, changes in the body pool and/or metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone account for elevations in plasma levels despite a relatively fixed secretory rate, though the role played by the lack of normal innervation of the kidneys cannot be ignored. It is unknown whether these observations may be causal or affected by other presently unknown or unmonitored factors. This in part may reflect unfolding problems in the understanding of nonrenal transplant hypertension.
Differential selectivity of JAK2 inhibitors in enzymatic and cellular settings

Small molecule inhibitors of Janus kinase (JAK) family members (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and Tyk2) are currently being pursued as potential new modes of therapy for a variety of diseases, including the inhibition of JAK2 for the treatment of myeloproliferative disorders. Selective inhibition within the JAK family can be beneficial in avoiding undesirable side effects (e.g., immunosuppression) caused by parallel inhibition of other JAK members. In an effort to design an assay paradigm for the development of JAK2 selective inhibitors, we investigated whether compound selectivity differed between cellular and purified enzyme environments. A set of JAK2 inhibitors was tested in a high-throughput JAK family cell assay suite and in corresponding purified enzyme assays. The high-throughput JAK cell assay suite comprises Ba/F3 cells individually expressing translocated ETS leukemia (TEL) fusions of each JAK family member (TEL-JAK Ba/F3) and an AlphaScreen phosphorylated-STAT5 (pSTAT5) immunoassay. Compound potencies from the TEL-JAK Ba/F3 pSTAT5 assays were similar to those determined in downstream cell proliferation measurements and more physiologically relevant cytokine-induced pSTAT5 PBMC assays. However, compound selectivity data between cell and purified enzyme assays were discrepant because of different potency shifts between cell and purified enzyme values for each JAK family member. For any JAK small molecule development program, our results suggest that relying solely on enzyme potency and selectivity data may be misleading. Adopting the high-throughput TEL-JAK Ba/F3 pSTAT5 cell assay suite in lead development paradigms should provide a more meaningful understanding of selectivity and facilitate the development of more selective JAK inhibitors.
Causes of warming and thawing permafrost in Alaska

There is a perception that climatic warming was the cause of the twentieth-century global warming and thawing of permafrost and associated terrain instability (thermokarst) [Gore, 2006; Perkins, 2007; Zielinski, 2007; Delisle, 2007]. While pertinent data are sparse, published results do not support this viewpoint [Zhang et al., 2001; Osterkamp, 2007]. This brief report reviews the warming of permafrost in Alaska during the twentieth century and shows that snow cover has played a significant role in it. Air temperatures in Alaska increased from the late 1800s until the early 1940s and decreased during the third quarter of the century. While the long-term data are sparse, snow cover appears to have increased during the third quarter. Air temperatures increased sharply (1°–2°C) at the start of the fourth quarter, but trends to the end of the century were variable. Some sites warmed while others showed little or no warming or a cooling.
Retrograde intraaxonal transport of horseradish peroxidase by neurons in octopus

Abstract While retrograde axonal transport is the basis of a widely used neuroanatomical method, it has been rigorously demonstrated in vivo only in a vertebrate species and not yet in an invertebrate. Evidence is presented that motor neurons of the octopus stellate ganglion are capable of retrograde intraaxonal transport of horeseradish peroxidase. This demonstration shows that retrograde transport occurs in widely divergent groups of animals, and may be a general property of neurons.
Infectivity of heterologous RNA-protein mixtures from alfalfa mosaic, citrus leaf rugose, citrus variegation, and tobacco streak viruses☆☆☆

Abstract RNA preparations of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), citrus leaf rugose virus (CLRV), and citrus variegation virus (CVV) were separated into two size-classes by successive cycles of sucrose density gradient centrifugation. One class contained the three heaviest RNA's: CVV-RNA 1 + 2 + 3, CLRV-RNA 1 + 2 + 3, and AMV-RNA 1 + 2 + 3. The other contained the lightest or two lightest RNA's: CVV-RNA 4 + 4a, CLRV-RNA 4, and AMV-RNA 4. Protein was isolated from preparations of AMV, CLRV, CVV, tobacco streak virus (TSV), brome mosaic virus (BMV), and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) by dialysis against CaCl 2 . Infectivity assays showed that noninfectious mixtures of the three heaviest RNA's of AMV, CLRV, or CVV could each be activated by addition of protein from AMV, CLRV, CVV, and TSV. These RNA mixtures could also be activated by the lightest RNA's of CVV, CLRV, and AMV. Symptoms of infected plants always resembled that of the virus supplying the three heaviest RNA's regardless of the activating protein or RNA. Proteins isolated from BMV and CCMV failed to activate any of the RNA mixtures. Serological relationships were not observed between AMV and TSV and the citrus viruses (CLRV, CVV). The serological relationship between CLRV and CVV was confirmed.
Acid hydrolase activity during growth and encystment in Acanthamoeba castellanii.

SYNOPSIS. The activity and sedimentation of acid phosphatase (APase), acid deoxyribonuclease (DNase), and acid ribonuclease (RNase) were investigated throughout growth and encystment in Acanthamoeba castellanii. The activities/mg protein of all 3 hydrolases are high in young cultures and decrease to constant levels in postlog cells. The RNase activity/ ameba decreases 50% during growth, whereas the activity/cell of both APase and DNase remains constant. The percent sedimentation at 20,000 g of all 3 enzymes gradually increases from about 40% in midlog to a plateau of 80% in postlog cells. During encystment, the sedimentation behavior of RNase differs from that of APase and DNase. Encystment is characterized by a differential decrease in the activity/cell of the 3 hydrolases, with RNase decreasing most rapidly and APase least rapidly. APase is unique in that a transient increase of its specific activity is noted during encystment, even though its activity/cell is decreasing.
Influence of Nitrogen Content on Thermal Stability and Grain Growth Kinetics of Cryomilled Al Nanocomposites

Nanocomposite powders of Al 5083/B4C were produced via cryogenic milling (cryomilling) of boron carbide (B4C) particles in Al 5083 matrix. The effect of milling time (up to 24 hours), and consequential nitrogen content, on grain growth in the nanocrystalline Al 5083 matrix was investigated. Thermal stability was studied at temperatures as high as ~0.96 T m and annealing times of up to 24 hours. Average grain sizes increased with time and temperature and tended to stabilize after longer annealing times, regardless of nitrogen content. Higher thermal stability was observed in samples with higher nitrogen content, with the average grain size remaining in the range of 30 nm, even after exposure to the most extreme annealing conditions. This behavior was attributed to the retarding effect that nitrides have on grain growth, as a result of pinning grain boundaries. Kinetic studies based on the Burke equation showed two thermally activated grain growth regimes—a low-temperature regime with an activation energy of 15 kJ/mol and a high-temperature regime with an activation energy of 58 kJ/mol.
Non-perturbative analysis of space charge limited electron flow in critical regimes

The combined Eulerian-Lagrangian formalism, developed in our previous work for studying the turn on regime of a one-dimensional diode, is extended for wider versatility and better precision in the study of the time dependent space charge limited electron flow with fixed injected current. An analytical analysis is supplemented with an approximate numerical scheme which appears to be sufficiently accurate to calculate the flow evolution until the process approaches stabilization or becomes unstable. This can be compared with properties of stationary flows and showed to be in a good agreement with them. When the stabilization is impossible, the ratio of anode to cathode currents is decreasing and thus the space charge is accumulated in the diode. We discuss the limitations of our approach and give some qualitative estimates for the flow parameters when stabilization is impossible.
The beta decay of 32P, 206Tl and 209Pb

Abstract The shape and the end-point energies of the β-spectra from 32P, 206T1 and 209Pb and the half-lives of the two latter nucleides have been measured with the use of two Si(Li) detectors arranged in 4π geometry. The escape of bremsstrahlung produced in the detectors has been considered in the reduction of the data. Appropriate correction for this effect is essential for the determination of the end-point as well as the shape of a spectrum. The following values were obtained for the end-point energies and half-lives: 1707 ± 4 keV for 32 P , 1534 ± 5 keV and 251 ±1 sec for 206 T 1 , and 634 ± 4 keV and 198.5 ± 2 min for 209 Pb . A small deviation from the statistical shape was found in the case of 32P, while the other spectra showed no deviation from the statistical shape. This result disproves a previously reported anomalous non-statistical shape for the 206T1 spectrum, which could not be explained in the framework of the accepted theory of β-decay.
Extension’s Role in Conflict Resolution and Consumer Education

Abstract The role of Extension dairy, poultry, and livestock educators is evolving rapidly, and to be relevant, we must continue to provide science-based information to an ever-broadening clientele. Campus-based specialists have remained insulated from this shifting paradigm longer than field-based staff who often facilitate disputes involving agriculture. Examples of conflicts involving animal agriculture include disagreements over manure or odor regulations, animal welfare, animal cloning, and food safety (for example, sales of raw milk or food irradiation). Several models of conflict escalation and public issues management help those of us in the Cooperative Extension Service understand how to be relevant in addressing public issues. As livestock, dairy, or poultry Extension specialists, our best opportunity is to be involved and to provide science-based solutions or alternatives before the conflict begins to spiral out of control. Once communication stops, even science-based information may be misinterpreted as advocacy. We must also develop an appreciation of the skills needed for dispute resolution and conflict management, though we need not all become skilled facilitators.
Osiris Wavelets in Three Dimensions

Abstract We extend to three dimensions an unusual wavelet construction that we first introduced in a two-dimensional context (in “Wavelet Transforms and Time–Frequency Signal Analysis” (L. Debnath, Ed.), Birkhauser, Basel, in press). This is part of an on-going program to analyze critical behavior in classical equilibrium statistical mechanics. Following Golner's general idea of using an incomplete multiscale set of functions (1973, Phys. Rev. B8, 339) to obtain more realistic modeling that is still hierarchical, we introduce a wavelet set whose mother wavelets are continuous, piecewise-linear functions supported in the unit cube. Such a wavelet set is necessarily incomplete, but in three dimensions we have packed seven mother wavelets into the unit cube—four based on the 8 sub-cubes, and three based on the 12 octahedra that intersect adjacent sub-cubes. The generated wavelet set is not Sobolev-orthogonal, but we derive a positive lower bound on the multi-scale Sobolev overlap matrix.
‘Just Because They Don't Speak English Doesn't Mean They're Thick’

This article explores how asylum seeker children can benefit both socially and academically from being placed in mainstream education even in a monocultural, white environment. The research presents a case study of one school and investigates the perspectives and experiences of teaching staff, asylum seeker pupils and the school’s other pupils. The main findings are that for almost all the teachers, working with asylum seeker pupils was a new and unfamiliar challenge. Most had most strong, positive efforts to develop their understanding and skills, leading to increased confidence in their capacity to include asylum seeker pupils in lessons and thereby support the social and academic progress of these pupils. Consequently, asylum seeker pupils felt included in the school as they were being helped to develop their communication skills and were progressively able to participate as learners in lessons. The school’s other pupils were generally welcoming and supportive towards the asylum seeker pupils (notwithstanding some instances of hostility and bullying). The experience of helping and supporting asylum seeker pupils and the insights gained from the contact with pupils from different countries and cultures has provided valuable learning in what it is to be a responsible citizen.
Improving the effectiveness of test suite through mining historical data

Software regression testing is an integral part of most major software projects. As projects grow larger and the number of tests increases, performing regression testing becomes more costly. If software engineers can identify and run tests that are more likely to detect failures during regression testing, they may be able to better manage their regression testing activities. In this paper, to help identify such test cases, we developed techniques that utilizes various types of information in software repositories. To assess our techniques, we conducted an empirical study using an industrial software product, Microsoft Dynamics AX, which contains real faults. Our results show that the proposed techniques can be effective in identifying test cases that are likely to detect failures.
Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Lead During EDTA Therapy

Mathematical simulation models for lead distribution in the body have been developed from studies of tracer lead administration to adults. These models do not predict the rebound of blood lead usually seen following chelation with EDTA. Children with elevated BLL were followed with daily blood assays during and for 6 days after chelation with EDTA, 50 mg/kg/d. Using a published model, a successful fit was accomplished only with increases in the size, and transfer rates of lead into and out, of shallow compartments. Initial conditions were determined by adjusting intake to mimic the observed BLL curve prior to reaching prechelation levels in selected patients. The model was constrained to fit the observed urine lead elimination during chelation. The deep compartment, (presumably cortical bone), is so deep, in pharmacokinetic terms, that it is not important to the rebound phenomena. Partial validation of our model will come if it continues to predict clinical response to EDTA. More effective chelation therapy is the major utility of such models.
Methods for managing pelvic examination anxiety: individual differences and relaxation techniques.

Abstract ABSTRACT Many adolescent girls anticipate pelvic examinations with anxiety. Providing information about the examination procedure is not sufficient to help all girls cope with their anxiety. An assessment of the adolescent's coping style allows the care provider to tailor the educational process to the individual adolescent. Once the care provider has become proficient in relaxation techniques, they can be used along with education. This article reviews coping styles and relaxation techniques that can be integrated into practice. J Pediatr Health Care. (2000). 14 , 9–12.
A new technique for the growth of bicrystals of refractory metals

Abstract A modified match-up seed method of growing bicrystals of refractory metals is described. Experimental results show that the new method eliminates some of the limitations of the Y-shaped seed method previously reported.
Separation of carotenol fatty acid esters by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Employing isocratic and gradient-elution high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC a number of straight-chain fatty acid esters (decanoate, laurate, myristate, palmitate) of violaxanthin, auroxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, isozeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin, prepared by partial synthesis, have been separated on a C 18 reversed-phase column. Several chromatographic conditions were developed that separated a mixture of di-fatty acid esters (dimyristate, myristate palmitate mixed ester, dipalmitate) of violaxanthin, auroxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin in a single chromatographic run. Hydroxycarotenoids such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and isozeaxanthin that are not easily separated by HPLC on C 18 reversed-phase columns, can be readily separated after derivatization with fatty acids and chromatography of their esters. Chromatographic conditions for optimum separation of carotenoids from various classes are discussed.
Serum Estrogen Levels, Cognitive Performance, and Risk of Cognitive Decline in Older Community Women

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between serum estrogen levels, cognitive performance, and risk of cognitive decline in older women. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with an average follow-up of 5 years. SETTING: Clinical centers in Baltimore, MD, Minneapolis, MN, Portland, OR, and the Monongahela Valley in Pennsylvania. PARTICIPANTS: 532 women aged 65 years or older who were the controls from two nested case-control studies in the ongoing Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. OUTCOME MEASURES: Three cognitive tests – a modified Mini-Mental Status Exam, Digit Symbol, and Trails B – were administered at study initiation and were then repeated approximately 5 years later. Estrone and estradiol levels were determined by radioimmunoassay at two laboratories from baseline stored serum. RESULTS: The characteristics of the women in the four serum estrogen quartiles did not differ except that body weight and change in weight since age 50 increased directly with higher quartile of serum estrogen (P <.001, for both estrone and estradiol). Initial cognitive performance on all three tests did not differ consistently by quartile of estradiol or by the estradiol to estrone ratio. Women in the higher estrone quartiles had 15% lower (worse) scores on Digit Symbol compared with the lower quartiles (P =.004) but there was no difference by quartile on the modified MMSE or on Trails B. Cognitive function test scores declined over the 5 years of follow-up. There was no difference in amount of change by quartile of estradiol, but women in the higher estrone quartiles had greater reduction of scores on Trails B compared with those in the lower quartiles (P =.012), even after adjusting for age, education, depression, stroke history, weight, and change in weight since age 50. The age-adjusted odds of cognitive decline (defined as tenth percentile of women with the largest decline in cognitive performance) did not vary across quartile of estrone or estradiol. CONCLUSIONS: Endogenous estrogens are not associated consistently with cognitive performance or risk of cognitive decline on a selected battery of cognitive tests in older community-dwelling women. Worse performance on two cognitive tests among women with higher estrone levels was surprising and warrants further investigation.
Physiological Considerations of Lipid Storage and Utilization

synopsis. Normally, rats and mice eat chow-type rations. When fed such a ration, body fat usually ranges between 11 and 18%. If a semi-purified diet high in fat is fed instead of the chow-type ration, some strains of rats and mice respond by accumulatingabnormal amounts of weight and fat. Their bodies now contain as much as 40% fat and fat depots are enlarged. Rats which respond to a high fat diet with excessive weight and fat gain consume more kilocalories in the same time interval and are more efficient in energy utilization than rats of the same strain which consume a grain diet. For these rats, if medium-chain triglycerides are substituted for the long-chain triglycerides in the high fat diet, there is a depression in food intake, accretion of body weight and fat as well as energy utilization. Blood makes up 3.5 to 5.1% of the fat organ weight. The lower value represents the quantity present in adipose tissue of obese rats while the higher value is for "normal-weight" rats. The triglyceride content of perirenal and epididymal fat depots is around 90%. On the other hand, the triglyceride content of inguinal fat tissue ranges from 56 to 80% and is affected by strain, age and diet. If diets are high in fat, the proportional distribution of fatty acids in the adipose tissue reflects the proportional distribution in dietary fat, except when medium-chain triglycerides are fed.
Curriculum matters: Creating a positive climate for diversity from the student perspective

The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that predict students’ perceptions of their institution’s success in achieving a positive climate for diversity. This study examines a sample of 544 students at a large, public, predominantly White Mid-Western institution. Results show that students’ perceptions of the institution’s ability to achieve a positive climate for diversity is a reflection of students’ precollege interactions with diverse peers and the institution’s ability to incorporate diversity-related issues into its curriculum. Results also indicate that these perceptions differ by race and gender. Implications for institutional researchers are discussed.
Regulation of Aquaporin-2 Trafficking by Vasopressin in the Renal Collecting Duct ROLES OF RYANODINE-SENSITIVE Ca2+ STORES AND CALMODULIN

Abstract In the renal collecting duct, vasopressin increases osmotic water permeability (P f) by triggering trafficking of aquaporin-2 vesicles to the apical plasma membrane. We investigated the role of vasopressin-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in this process. In isolated inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCDs), vasopressin (0.1 nm) and 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP (0.1 mm) elicited marked increases in [Ca2+]i (fluo-4). Vasopressin-induced Ca2+ mobilization was completely blocked by preloading with the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA. In parallel experiments, BAPTA completely blocked the vasopressin-induced increase in P f without affecting adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production. Previously, we demonstrated the lack of activation of the phosphoinositide-signaling pathway by vasopressin in IMCD, suggesting an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-independent mechanism of Ca2+ release. Evidence for expression of the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) in IMCD was obtained by immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Ryanodine (100 μm), a ryanodine receptor antagonist, blocked the arginine vasopressin-mediated increase in P f and blocked vasopressin-stimulated redistribution of aquaporin-2 to the plasma membrane domain in primary cultures of IMCD cells, as assessed by immunofluorescence immunocytochemistry. Calmodulin inhibitors (W7 and trifluoperazine) blocked the P f response to vasopressin and the vasopressin-stimulated redistribution of aquaporin-2. The results suggest that Ca2+ release from ryanodine-sensitive stores plays an essential role in vasopressin-mediated aquaporin-2 trafficking via a calmodulin-dependent mechanism.
The Polyuria of Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia

Two patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and an associated polyuria were studied to delineate the mechanism of the increase in urine flow. A striking saluresis was noted in both patients. The increased sodium excretion was probably due to decreased sodium reabsorption, perhaps at proximal tubular nephron sites. This inhibition of sodium reabsorption could explain both the saluresis and some part or all of the polyuria. Re-evaluation of earlier case reports reveals patterns of concomitant salt and water excretion consistent with this mechanism. The saluresis cannot be explained by the previously favored hypothesis of antidiuretic hormone inhibition.
Incorporating Personality Trait Measures in Behavioral Assessment: Nuts in a Fruitcake or Raisins in a Mai Tai?

Articles by Collins and Thompson, Staats, and Williams and Thompson have taken different tracks, but all advocate the integration of "personality" measures with behavioral assessment. This article addresses several issues that have hindered such integration. First, many traits are poorly defined, inconsistently applied, and excessively molar. The concept of trait communicates a useful idea -that there are meaningful consistencies in behavior across situations. However, the concepts of personality and personality traits are superfluous. They are imbued with semantic imprecision, redundancy, and unwanted psychodynamic and causal connotations. Also, trait measures are insensitive to the dynamic aspects of behavior. Finally, personality assessment questionnaires are frequently used in behavioral assessment but most often for client or subject selection and molar therapy outcome evaluation. The goal of research in this area should be to determine the persons, situations, purposes, particular traits, and measur...
Sampling Plans for Cryptophlebia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Attacking Macadamia and Litchi in Hawaii

The suitability of using the presence of eggs or hatched eggs as a predictor of larval damage from Cryptophlebia spp. in macadamia and litchi was evaluated. Although larval damage or presence was not independent of egg presence, eggs were not suitable as a predictor of damage. Less than 51% of the macadamia nuts with eggs had larvae or larval damage, and 25%, the average sample number was 10%, then the average sample number is <50 fruit.
A new perspective on strength measures in algebraic multigrid

Algebraic-based multilevel solution methods (e.g. classical Ruge–Stuben and smoothed aggregation style algebraic multigrid) attempt to solve or precondition sparse linear systems without knowledge of an underlying geometric grid. The automatic construction of a multigrid hierarchy relies on strength-of connection information to coarsen the matrix graph and to determine sparsity patterns for the inter-grid transfer operators. Strength-of-connection as a general concept is not well understood and the first task of this paper is therefore on understanding existing strength-of-connection measures and their limitations. In particular, we present a framework to interpret and clarify existing measures through differential equations. This framework leads to a new procedure for making pointwise strength-of-connection decisions that combines knowledge of local algebraically smooth error and of the local behavior of interpolation. The new procedure effectively addresses a variety of challenges associated with strength-of-connection and when incorporated within an algebraic multigrid procedure gives rise to a robust and efficient solver. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mathematical model of the thermal performance of box-type solar cookers

Abstract A mathematical model of the heat transfer processes involved with a box-type solar cooker, containing food, was developed. Solar radiation, including that from a flat reflector, enters the box and heat transfer within and out of the box was considered. Using small increments of time, the computer model finds the temperature of the air, food, interior walls and top cover as the solar flux varies throughout the cooking period. Sample results are presented, giving the food temperature as affected by latitude, month, wind, clouds, mass of food, thermal resistance of the box walls and adjustment of the box while cooking.
Resistivity of sub-30 nm copper lines

Resistivity data are presented for lines from 22 nm to 108 nm wide measured at room temperature and at 4.6 K. We also present numerical simulation data for 2–10 nm features. The experimental data are fit with standard Mayadas-Shatzkes and Fuchs-Sondheimer models which indicate that electron scattering from surfaces and from grains are the main contributors to resistivity for small features. The simulation data show that surface scattering dominates resistivity at smaller dimensions. This suggests that improvements in resistivity should focus on minimizing the impact of surfaces and grains, which has implications for interconnect material selection.
The inhibition of malate dehydrogenase by chlorammine-platinum complexes

Abstract Equilibrium association constants have been calculated for various platinum (II) and platinum (IV) complexes. The association constants were greatest for the dinegatively charged state, regardless of the valence state of the platinum, and the constant decreased considerably as the charge increased. There were no measurable values for positively charged complex states. The conclusion is that the electrostatic charge of the platinum complex is the most important factor causing the inhibition of the enzyme, and the steric differences have only a minor effect, while geometric variation as in the comparison of cis and trans dichlorodiamine-platinum (II) isomers yields no differences in inhibition.
PARTITION OF PARATHYROID HORMONE ON SEPHADEX G-100.

A study was made of the parti- tion of parathyroid hormone on the poly- saccharide gels, Sephadex G-50 or G-100, packed in columns operated under identical conditions; Sephadex G-100 afforded the more efficient separation of the hormone. Physical studies indicated that the hormone recovered from columns of Sephadex G-100 was better than 90% pure polypeptide with molecular weight near 10,000. Anomalous elution of the hormone occurred with G-100 columns equi- librated with 1M acetic acid; this phenomenon was attributed to adsorption of the hormone to the Sephadex gel rather than to altered conformation of the hormonal polypeptide. (Endocrinology 75: 290, 1964) I N A STUDY of the partition of parathy- roid extracts on polysaccharide gels, it was found that Sephadex G-100 afforded more efficient large-scale fractionation of parathyroid hormone than the method de- vised by Rasmussen and Craig (1) using Sephadex G-50. The new method reported here has been valuable in the preparation of hormone for chemical purposes and for ob- taining pure test antigen to be used in a sensitive immunoassay (2).
Photoadaptation of an ice algal community in thin sea ice, Saroma-Ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan

We investigated the shade adaptation of a seasonally well-developed ice algal community in thin sea ice at Saroma-Ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan on 3–4 March 2006 and 4–5 March 2007, by examining photosynthetic pigment concentrations, the chlorophyll a-specific light-absorption coefficient (a ph *), and the light-saturation index (E k ). The high proportions of photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a, fucoxanthin, and chlorophyll c, and the low values of a ph *(440) and a ph *(675) suggested that the lagoon’s ice algal community was shade-adapted. The high ratio of E k to total photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the ice algal habitat suggested that the degree of shade adaptation is weak. Scaling of E k to total PAR could be extended to studies of the degree of photoadaptive succession of ice algal communities in the Northern Hemisphere. The degree of shade adaptation of ice algal communities in the Northern Hemisphere might be related to ice thickness, regardless of latitude.
Surface/surface intersection

Abstract Finding the intersection of two surfaces is important for many Computer Aided Design tasks concerned with surface modeling. An adaptive algorithm is developed for finding the intersection curve(s) of pairs of rectangular parametric patches which are continuously differentiable. The balance between robustness and efficiency of the algorithm is controlled by a set of tolerances. A suite of examples concludes the paper.