cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An integrated linear-transconductance analog multiplier

This paper describes a new solid-state, monolithic inte grated analog multiplier, based on the controlled-trans conductance principle that is designed for high speed, high accuracy, and excellent linearity. A novel differ ential amplifier circuit permits cancellation of undesired nonlinearities, and carefully matched device geometries account for the good accuracy of the new multiplier. With an inherent voltage gain of A v = 1/10, the multi plier will provide a ± 10 V output at ± 10 mA with linearity approaching 0.1 % at 100 Hz. The multiplier package may be used in conjunction with an external operational amplifier and external resistors, and offers the advantages of monolithic construction (low cost, ex cellent temperature tracking) with the precision of ad justable-parameter, discrete construction.
Late ureteral obstruction mimicking rejection after renal transplantation.

Abstract Ureteral obstruction occurring five years or more after renal transplantation is un-common and may mimic allograft rejection. In 2 patients who had received cadaveric renal allograft, ureteral obstruction was detected six and one-half and five and one-half years after transplantation. In both patients, surgery was needed to restore normal renal function and to prevent further renal damage. Excretory urography is important in the follow-up of patients who have undergone renal transplantation, and conditions such as ureteral obstruction should be ruled out before antirejection treatment is started.
Manufacturing and Mechanics-Based Characterization of Macro Fiber Composite Actuators

The use of piezoelectric ceramic materials for structural actuation is a fairly well developed practice that has found use in a wide variety of applications. However, just as advanced composites offer many benefits over traditional engineering materials for structural design, actuators that utilize the active properties of piezoelectric fibers can improve upon many of the limitations encountered with monolithic piezoceramic devices used to control structural dynamics. This paper discusses the Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) actuator, which utilizes piezoceramic fibers, for example, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), embedded in an epoxy matrix for structural actuation. An overview of the MFC assembly process is presented, followed by a cure kinetics model that describes the behavior of the thermosetting matrix. This empirical model is seen to agree closely with the experimental data. Lastly, a hybrid classical lamination theory is developed to predict the linear elastic properties of the MFC package as a function of the PZT fiber lamination angle.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Estimation of risk based on multiple events in radiation carcinogenesis of rat skin.

In the multistage theory of carcinogenesis, cells progress to cancer through a series of discrete, irreversible, heritable genetic alterations or mutations. However data on radiation-induced cancer incidence in rat skin suggests that some part of an intermediate repairable alteration may occur. Data are presented on cancer induction in rat skin exposed to the following radiations: 1. an electron beam (LET = 0.34 keV/um, 2. a neon ion beam (LET = 25 keV/um and 3. an argon ion beam (LET = 125 keV/um. The latter 2 beams were generated by the Bevalac at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA. About 6.0 cm2 of skin was irradiated per rat. The rats were observed every 6 weeks for at least 78 weeks and tumors were scored at first occurrence. Several histological types of cancer, including squamous and basal cell carcinomas, were induced. The cancer yield versus radiation dose was fitted by the quadratic equation (Y (D) = CLD + BD2), and the parameters C and B were estimated for each type of radiation. Analysis of the DNA from the electron-induced carcinomas indicated that K-ras and/or c-myc oncogenes were activated in all tumors tested, although only a small proportion of neon-induced tumors showed similar activation. In situ hybridization indicated that the cancers contain subpopulations of cells with differing amounts of c-myc and H-ras amplification. The results are consistent with the idea that ionizing radiation produces carcinogenically relevant lesions via 2 repairable events at low LET and via a non-repairable, linked event pathway at high LET; either pathway may advance the cell by 1 stage in the multistage model. The model, if validated, permits the direct calculation of cancer risk in rat skin in a way that can be subjected to experimental testing.
Environmental Education in the Schoolyard: Learning Styles and Gender

The author examined the impact of environmental education lessons in a study that compared activities conducted in the schoolyard with traditional classroom activities involving elementary school boys and girls. Participants were 109 4th- and 5th-grade students. Researchers conducted a 2 (group: traditional/treatment) X 2 (gender) multivariate analysis of variance with gain scores for environmental (a) knowledge, (b) attitudes, (c) behaviors, and (d) comfort levels as dependent variables. Boys demonstrated statistically significantly greater gain scores in the outdoor treatment group than in the traditional classroom curriculum for all 4 outcome variables. Boys also scored statistically significantly greater in the treatment group on attitudes and behaviors than did girls in that treatment group. The author discusses the unique learning styles of girls and boys and the findings that indicate the potential for schoolyard lessons to enhance instruction, meeting the needs of boys and girls.
Analysis of Democratic Institutions: Structure, Conduct and Performance

T s ahe structure of a democratic political system consists of the offices that politicians may seek, the constitutional powers associated with these offices, and the procedures by which candidates are elected to these offices. These structures together form a complex incentive system for politicians, determining what kinds of political decisions and strategies will be rewarded. Thus, the constitutional structure of a democracy may influence the conduct of its politicians and the performance of its government. In this way, political theory confronts a set of questions that have much in common with the classic economic questions of structure, conduct, and performance in industrial organization. This paper develops this economic perspective on political theory, as a guide to some problems and directions of current research. Economic and Political Interpretations of a Classic Model
Noninvasive fluorescent identification of bacteria causing acute otitis media in a chinchilla model.

Objectives To evaluate a noninvasive method of bacterial identification via fluorescence spectroscopy in the setting of acute otitis media in a chinchilla model. Study Design Prospective. Methods For each chinchilla, transbullar inoculation with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Staphylococcus aureus was performed bilaterally and clinical infection was determined by otoscopy. An optical fiber coupled to a spectrofluorometer allowed for the delivery of an excitation wavelength to the inflamed tympanic membrane and the acquisition of the resulting emission signal. Sequential emission spectra obtained over a range of excitation wavelengths were assembled by a computer algorithm, and a single, three-dimensional plot was created for each test ear. Similarly, plots from the healthy external auditory canal (EAC) were also recorded. Twelve animals were used to establish a library of four reference plots representing the three bacteria and the EAC. Of the 24 ears available for study, 10 were excluded from analysis because of lack of clinical infection or presence of tympanic membrane perforation with purulent drainage. From four additional animals, four samples from ears infected with the above bacteria and three samples of the EAC served as unknowns. The unknown plots were analyzed by an investigator blinded to their identity. Results Using a multiple correlation of the unknown to the reference plots, seven of seven samples were correctly identified. Conclusions We were able to establish a prototype method for the noninvasive identification of a limited library of pathogens in a chinchilla model of acute otitis media.
Free fermions and WZW theories on nonsimple groups

We consider conformally and Kac-Moody invariant theories based on the groupsG=G(N)×G(N) whereG(N) is any of the classical groups. For the valuesk=N,\(\tilde k = N\) of the Kac-Moody central charges, the monodromy problem involved in the computation of the four point function for primary fields in the defining representation ofG possesses two distinct solutions. As a consequence, the WZW theory onG (with an additionalU(1) factor ifG(N)=SU (N)) cannot be equivalent to a theory of free fermions.
Double-passage imaging of an object behind a random medium

The image of a finite-size object defined by a general reflectivity function is found when the object is illuminated and is viewed through the same extended random medium modeling atmospheric turbulence. It is found that the average image spectrum contains diffraction-limited information about the object spectrum for cases of both a nondeterministic object and a smooth object. The results are found analytically and are supported by numerical calculations.
Narrowband Microwave Dielectric Resonance and Negative Permittivity Behavior in Hydrogen-Fired Al2O3–CuO Composites

The frequency-dependent microwave complex permittivity of composites based on an Al2O3–CuO system is investigated at room temperature. The composites are formed by solution infusion of copper precursors into a porous Al2O3 matrix, followed by thermal decomposition to copper oxides and localized formation of copper aluminate compounds, and finally, H2 firing. The material exhibits a strong amplitude, with relatively narrowband dielectric resonance in the microwave frequency regime at intermediate levels of mass gain, which is reminiscent of a plasmon resonance. Large mass gains cause negative permittivity behavior below 6 GHz, consistent with a collisional Drude model of a semiconducting oxide phase.
Exchange of subunit interfaces between recombinant adult and fetal hemoglobins. Evidence for a functional inter-relationship among regions of the tetramer

The inter-relationship between the interior subunit interfaces and the exterior diphosphoglycerate (DPG) binding region of the hemoglobin tetramer and the effects of a specific N-terminal acetylation on tetramer assembly have been evaluated. Tetrameric fetal hemoglobin F in the liganded state was found to dissociate to dimers much less than previously appreciated, i.e. about 70 times less than adult hemoglobin A (Kd = 0.01 microM and 0.68 microM, for HbF and HbA, at pH 7.5, respectively) over the pH range 6.2-7.5, whereas HbF1, in which the N termini of the gamma-chains are acetylated, dissociates like HbA. To determine whether this feature of HbF could be transferred to hemoglobin A, the single amino acid difference in their alpha1beta2/alpha1gamma2 interfaces and the 4 amino acid differences in their alpha1beta1/alpha1gamma1 interfaces have been substituted in HbA to those in HbF. This pentasubstituted recombinant HbA/F had the correct molecular weight as determined by mass spectrometry, the expected mobility on isoelectric focusing, the calculated amino acid composition, and normal circular dichroism properties, oxygen binding, and cooperativity. Although HbA/F has the same amino acid side chains that bind DPG as HbA, its diminished response to 2,3-DPG resembled that of HbF. However, its tetramer-dimer dissociation constant (Kd = 0.14 microM) was between that of HbA and HbF despite the fact that it was composed entirely of HbF subunit interfaces. The results indicate that regions of the tetramer distant from the tetramer-dimer interface influence its dissociation and, reciprocally, that the interfaces affect regions involved in the binding of allosteric regulators, suggesting flexible long range inter-relationships in hemoglobin.
Reverse TPLO for asymmetrical -premature closure of the proximal tibial physis in a dog.

A 4 · 5-month-old, 13 · 8 kg, female neutered mixed breed dog was presented for evaluation of acute non-weight bearing right pelvic limb lameness. Radiographs revealed a tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture for which open reduction/internal fixation was performed. Asymmetrical premature closure of the cranial aspect of the proximal tibial physis ensued with a tibial plateau angle of −12°. Abnormal stifle biomechanics resulted in lameness and caudal cruciate ligament fraying. Tibial plateau -levelling osteotomy was performed in standard fashion with the exception that the proximal tibial -fragment was rotated cranioproximally to increase the tibial plateau angle from −12° to +5° (reverse tibial -plateau levelling osteotomy). Normal healing and resolution of lameness followed and the dog remained -clinically healthy 2 years postoperatively. This case report demonstrates that any change in proximal tibial anatomy, whether traumatic, iatrogenic or with therapeutic intent, can cause altered stifle biomechanics and should not be underestimated. Surgical management through corrective -osteotomy can be used to restore adequate function.
Simulation-based workforce assignment considering position in a social network

Globally distributed software enhancement necessitates joint efforts of workforces across various organizations, which constitutes a multifaceted social network. Here, we propose a novel modeling framework to optimally assign the workforce to software development projects considering both short and long-term benefits of the organization. The proposed framework is composed of the evaluation module, an agent-based simulation model representing the considered social network; and the assignment module, a multi-objective optimization model. The Decision Evolution Procedure of the evaluation module first calculates the position values between each pair of available workforce. Using these position values, the Extended Regular Equivalence Evaluation algorithm of the evaluation module then computes the regular and structural equivalence values between each pair of workforce. Finally, the assignment module selects the optimal workforce mix maximizing both the short (productivity) and long-term performance (robustness) of the organization. The proposed framework is demonstrated with the software enhancement process in Kuali organizational network.
A New, Principled Approach to Anomaly Detection

Intrusion detection is often described as having two main approaches: signature-based and anomaly-based. We argue that only unsupervised methods are suitable for detecting anomalies. However, there has been a tendency in the literature to conflate the notion of an anomaly with the notion of a malicious event. As a result, the methods used to discover anomalies have typically been ad hoc, making it nearly impossible to systematically compare between models or regulate the number of alerts. We propose a new, principled approach to anomaly detection that addresses the main shortcomings of ad hoc approaches. We provide both theoretical and cyber-specific examples to demonstrate the benefits of our more principled approach.
Prospective Teachers' Goal Orientation: An Examination of Different Teachers' Typologies with Respect to Motivations and Beliefs about Teaching.

In this qualitative study the authors investigated how prospective teachers’ professional goals were understood by participants. Interviews of 25 prospective teachers from the United States were collected as part of a larger mixed-methods study. Qualitative data from interviews (the focus of this study) examined the profiles of the three identified clusters/typologies of teacher candidates. Most precisely, study findings describe prospective teachers’ goal orientations as related to their teaching motivations, their teaching beliefs, the context that shaped their teaching goals and their strategies to fulfill their professional goal of becoming teachers. Contributions from this study can help teacher educators, policy makers and teacher education programs develop guidelines for teacher recruitment and retention.
Chromosome Axis Defects Induce a Checkpoint-Mediated Delay and Interchromosomal Effect on Crossing Over during Drosophila Meiosis

Crossovers mediate the accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. The widely conserved pch2 gene of Drosophila melanogaster is required for a pachytene checkpoint that delays prophase progression when genes necessary for DSB repair and crossover formation are defective. However, the underlying process that the pachytene checkpoint is monitoring remains unclear. Here we have investigated the relationship between chromosome structure and the pachytene checkpoint and show that disruptions in chromosome axis formation, caused by mutations in axis components or chromosome rearrangements, trigger a pch2-dependent delay. Accordingly, the global increase in crossovers caused by chromosome rearrangements, known as the “interchromosomal effect of crossing over,” is also dependent on pch2. Checkpoint-mediated effects require the histone deacetylase Sir2, revealing a conserved functional connection between PCH2 and Sir2 in monitoring meiotic events from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a metazoan. These findings suggest a model in which the pachytene checkpoint monitors the structure of chromosome axes and may function to promote an optimal number of crossovers.
Exact F Tests in an Anova Procedure for Dependent Observations

Several general correlation patterns are shown in this paper which give exact F tests in an ANOVA procedure with dependent observations. This paper presents the most general correlation patterns one can assume in a one-way and two-way layout and still have the F tests be valid. Exact F tests are given for various designs. These include the unbalanced ANOVA design, analysis of covariance, random effects models, and mixed models. Bartlett's test for homogeneity of variances is shown to be exact when the independence assumption is relaxed. An example is provided to illustrate how the general correlation can occur in an experimental design.
Transduction of TAT/PTD Antiapoptotic Fusion Proteins in Pancreatic Islets.

INTRODUCTION. With the development of new strategies to avoid immunological rejection, transplantation of pancreatic islets has become a therapeutic reality to cure diabetes (1-2). However, despite the progress in islet isolation procedures, a single donor transplant does not provide enough islets to attain insulin independence. There is evidence that significant loss of islet cells takes place during isolation due to the triggering of apoptosis (3). There is also substantial evidence that reduction of isolation-induced apoptosis can improve the success rates of islet transplantation. The goal of this proposal is to address the needs for reduced apoptosis and improved viability of islets in conjunction with islet isolation procedures. We present in this study novel transduction methods that allow manipulation of islets to reduce apoptosis. Proteins can be directly transferred to cells when they are linked to protein transduction domains (PTDs), small peptide domains that can freely cross cell membranes. In particular, proteins fused to an 11-amino acid PTD from the human immunodeficiency virus, the TAT protein, readily diffuse across membranes and are efficiently transduced into virtually any cell type (4). The expression as well as the biological function of the TAT fusion protein are temporary without permanent modification of the cell sensitivity to apoptosis, thus avoiding undesirable long-term effects.
Some Experiments on Rate of Growth in a Polar Region (Spitsbergen) and in England

IN a recent paper (Journal Mar. Biol. Assoc., vol. 12, 1920, p. 355) attention was directed by me to the lack of critical evidence bearing on the theories offered to explain (a) the abundance of life in polar regions, and (b) the occurrence of several generations of a species living side by side in polar waters. Murray and Loeb and others have suggested that an explanation of these phenomena may be found in a greatly retarded rate of growth which, it is postulated, must occur in the low temperatures prevailing in these regions. The present writer urges (a) that we know nothing about the rate of growth of organisms in polar regions, and (b) that the kind of metabolism of animals in polar regions—and in deep-sea situations—is not necessarily the same as that in temperate or tropical regions. A given organism, may be regarded as a machine, but it is perhaps derogatory to the kind of machine one is dealing with to assume that other life-machines existing under totally different conditions are necessarily governed by identical applications of the same laws; for example, it does not necessarily follow that because the rate of metabolism in tropical or temperate animals falls off rapidly with decreasing temperatures approaching 0°C., that metabolism in polar animals is necessarily of the slow rate of temperate animals at polar sea-temperatures. No reason has yet been shown that adaptation of metabolism cannot occur; on the contrary, there is every reason to expect such adaptation.
The effects of ionic and nonionic radiographic contrast media on coronary hyperemia in patients during coronary angiography.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the differential effects of ionic, high-osmolar meglumine diatrizoate; ionic, low-osmolar ioxaglate meglumine; and nonionic, low-osmolar iohexol (all radiographic contrast agents) on coronary blood flow velocity and hyperemic responses during diagnostic coronary angiography. Coronary flow velocity and arterial pressure were measured at baseline and during maximal hyperemia after contrast media were randomly injected (4 to 6 ml into left coronary artery) in 22 patients with the use of a Judkins-style 20 MHz Doppler-tipped angiographic catheter. Contrast media-induced hyperemic responses were compared to those induced with intracoronary nitroglycerin (200 μg) and papaverine (10 mg). There were no significant differences in systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressure measurements among the three contrast agents. The increase in mean coronary flow velocity during hyperemia was 118 ± 93%, 133 ± 73%, and 136 ± 86% for iohexol, ioxaglate meglumine, and diatrizoate, respectively ( p = NS among agents vs 264 ± 109% for papaverine; p p
Proteolytic degradation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 by porcine ovarian granulosa cells in culture: regulation by IGF-I.

Porcine ovarian granulosa cells in culture secrete glycosylated insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), which inhibits gonadotropin and IGF action in the ovary. Synthesis of IGFBP-3 is stimulated by IGF-I and attenuated by gonadotropin. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether IGFBP-3 levels were also regulated via proteolysis. Exogenously added nonglycosylated recombinant human IGFBP-3 (rhIGFBP-3) was significantly degraded over time by a soluble serine-specific protease, similar to plasmin, in control cultures and those treated with FSH, insulin, or several other classes of hormones. In contrast, degradation was greatly attenuated by the IGFs. Degraded rhIGFBP-3 exhibited much reduced affinity for [125I]IGF-II, suggesting that degradation could make available IGFs for cellular interaction. The mechanism of IGFBP-3 protease inhibition by IGFs is unclear. Mediation by IGF receptors is unlikely, as insulin at a dose that activated both insulin and type I IGF receptors...
Self-reflection in evolutionary robotics: resilient adaptation with a minimum of physical exploration

Metacognition is the ability of a system to observe and self regulate its own cognitive processes. In this paper we explore the use of metacognitive processes to improve robot resiliency and learning skills. We examine a robot that contains two controllers: An innate controller that is directly connected to sensors and motors, and a meta controller that monitors and modulates the activity of the innate controller. We show how the meta controller can observe, model and control the innate controller without access to the innate controller's internal state or architecture. Quantitative comparisons of this method with traditional evolutionary robotics techniques show how this form of "self-reflection" is a promising alternative to traditional adaptation methods.
Perspectives on the simulation of protein-surface interactions using empirical force field methods.

Protein–surface interactions are of fundamental importance for a broad range of applications in the fields of biomaterials and biotechnology. Present experimental methods are limited in their ability to provide a comprehensive depiction of these interactions at the atomistic level. In contrast, empirical force field based simulation methods inherently provide the ability to predict and visualize protein–surface interactions with full atomistic detail. These methods, however, must be carefully developed, validated, and properly applied before confidence can be placed in results from the simulations. In this perspectives paper, I provide an overview of the critical aspects that I consider being of greatest importance for the development of these methods, with a focus on the research that my combined experimental and molecular simulation groups have conducted over the past decade to address these issues. These critical issues include the tuning of interfacial force field parameters to accurately represent the thermodynamics of interfacial behavior, adequate sampling of these types of complex molecular systems to generate results that can be comparable with experimental data, and the generation of experimental data that can be used for simulation results evaluation and validation.
Evaluation of Pile Diameter Effect on Initial Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

This paper presents the results of a study on the effect of pile diameter on the initial modulus of subgrade reaction. A series of ambient and impact vibration tests were performed on four different diameters of cast-in-drilled-hole piles to determine the natural frequencies and damping of the soil-pile systems. The measured natural frequencies were then compared with those estimated from a numerical model. The soil springs in the numerical model were established by implementing two different concepts on initial modulus of subgrade reaction. One is based on Terzaghi's concept in which the modulus of subgrade reaction is independent of pile diameter. The other was based on recent research suggesting that the initial modulus of subgrade reaction may be linearly proportional to pile diameter. It was found that the measured natural frequencies were in good agreement with the computed ones when the diameter-independent modulus of subgrade reaction was employed. In addition, the test results show that the damping ratio of the system varied with pile diameter from 3% for 0.4-m pile to 25% for 1.2-m pile.
Adipokine levels during the first or early second trimester of pregnancy and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

Objective We aimed to systematically review available literature linking adipokines to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) for a comprehensive understanding of the roles of adipokines in the development of GDM.
Cytisine modulates chronic voluntary ethanol consumption and ethanol-induced striatal up-regulation of ΔFosB in mice.

Abstract Chronic administration of ethanol induces persistent accumulation of ΔFosB, an important transcription factor, in the midbrain dopamine system. This process underlies the progression to addiction. Previously, we have shown that cytisine, a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) partial agonist, reduces various ethanol-drinking behaviors and ethanol-induced striatal dopamine function. However, the effects of cytisine on chronic ethanol drinking and ethanol-induced up-regulation of striatal ΔFosB are not known. Therefore, we examined the effects of cytisine on chronic voluntary ethanol consumption and associated striatal ΔFosB up-regulation in C57BL/6J mice using behavioral and biochemical methods. Following the chronic voluntary consumption of 15% (v/v) ethanol under a 24-h two-bottle choice intermittent access (IA; 3 sessions/week) or continuous access (CA; 24 h/d and 7 d/week) paradigm, mice received repeated intraperitoneal injections of saline or cytisine (0.5 or 3.0 mg/kg). Ethanol and water intake were monitored for 24 h post-treatment. Pretreatment with cytisine (0.5 or 1.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced ethanol consumption and preference in both paradigms at 2 h and 24 h post-treatment. The ΔFosB levels in the ventral and dorsal striatum were determined by Western blotting 18–24 h after the last point of ethanol access. In addition, cytisine (0.5 mg/kg) significantly attenuated up-regulation of ΔFosB in the ventral and dorsal striatum following chronic ethanol consumption in IA and CA paradigms. The results indicate that cytisine modulates chronic voluntary ethanol consumption and reduces ethanol-induced up-regulation of striatal ΔFosB. Further, the data suggest a critical role of nAChRs in chronic ethanol-induced neurochemical adaptations associated with ethanol addiction.
The Concept and Success of No‐clean Technology

No‐clean fluxes and solder pastes are rapidly finding an important position in soldering production technology. Their growth has been strongly influenced by the increasingly large usage of surface mount components, and accelerated by the need for an alternative to cleaning procedures which incorporate CFCs. The ‘no‐clean’ concept is not new, but the very low residue levels now attainable have added an important new dimension in formulation and inspection technologies.
85. Light at night affects cardiac arrest outcome

Most permanent CNS damage following global cerebral ischemia is mediated by endogenous secondary processes. The trajectory of recovery is established early, suggesting that immediate recovery environment may play a critical role in post-ischemic damage. Hospitals are stressful environments, with high noise levels, continuous disruptions by staff, and unpredictable lighting. Physiological processes such as inflammation become deranged in disruptive lighting, which led us to hypothesize that cardiac arrest (CA) outcomes are negatively affected by exposure to light at night. Following a CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedure or a SHAM procedure, mice were exposed to either a standard light/dark cycle (LD) or a light/dim light cycle (dLAN). Mortality was 4-fold higher among dLAN mice compared to LD mice in the week following CA. dLAN increased hippocampal cell death 1 week after CA. Hippocampal expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was elevated 24 h after CA. Moreover, among CA mice a single night of dLAN was sufficient to upregulate hippocampal expression of IL-1β and TNF-α compared to dark nights. dLAN-CA also increased hippocampal microglia activation and microglial pro-inflammatory cytokine expression compared to LD-CA. Post-CA corticosterone concentrations did not differ suggesting differences in outcome are not due to altered corticosterone. Blocking the inflammatory response and modulating light wavelength minimized light induced damage following CA. These results indicate that dLAN exacerbates damage following CA and may have implications for lighting in clinical settings.
Tissue specificity of enzyme expression regulated by diffusible factors: evidence in Drosophila hybrids

Pairs of hybridizable species of Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila differ qualitatively in the distributions of specific enzymes in their tissues. An examination of the patterns of enzyme expression in the hybrids showed that, in three instances, absence of an enzyme from a specific tissue was dominant to presence. Since other developmental features indicated that both parental genomes were functioning, these results suggest that, in these cases, the pattern differences in the parental species were due to diffusible factors that affected expression of the relevant structural genes rather than to differences in the genes themselves or in cis-acting regulatory sites.
Empathy and Inter-religious Imagination

Even though empathy plays a central role in inter-religious imagination, the notion of empathy has become all but anathema in the study of religions, associated as it is with Romantic hermeneutics and with the early phenomenology of religion. This article revisits some of the early phenomenological approaches to the problem of empathy in order to explore their continuing import for the question of the possibility of entering imaginatively into the religious worldview and experience of another tradition and understanding it from within. Even though the religious experience of the other always remains beyond the purview of someone not belonging to that tradition, the notion of empathy continues to emphasize the epistemic priority of that experience in the process of inter-religious dialogue, thus stretching the imagination to resonate with new and possibly enriching forms of religious life.
Orthogonal frequency division multiple access PON (OFDMA-PON) for colorless upstream transmission beyond 10 Gb/s

In this paper, we overview the fundamental principles of next-generation optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)-PON systems, with a particular focus on upstream architectures capable of achieving 10+ Gb/s colorless upstream transmission. We also propose a novel OFDMA-PON architecture that satisfies these requirements and is capable of exceeding 10 Gb/s upstream transmission over a single wavelength. It is first analytically shown that optical carrier suppression at the optical network units (ONUs) combined with coherent detection at the optical line terminal (OLT) successfully eliminates both in- and cross-polarization beating noise that would otherwise be generated at the OLT and would fundamentally limit upstream transmission performance. A centralized light source OFDM-based PON architecture with source-free ONUs and OLTside coherent detection is then presented and experimentally verified to achieve 20 Gb/s/λ transmission over a class B+ optical distribution network (20 km SSMF with an additional 1:32 optical split.) By thus providing very high-speed, flexible, colorless upstream transmission, the proposed architecture is an attractive candidate for next-generation PON systems capable of cost-efficiently delivering heterogeneous services.
A Critical Examination of Steady State Creep

Almost all tensile creep tests conducted at homologous temperatures greater than one-half and carried out at constant nominal stress lead to regimes of flow for which the true strain rate becomes relatively constant for a considerable period of time. This regime is customarily termed the “steady state” creep regime, and the existence of a measurable steady state flow for metals is widely accepted in both the materials and the mechanics communities. In actuality, for ever test carried sufficiently far, the “steady state” creep rate is a strain rate minimum. This paper will examine the question of the interpretation of the text.
Data-Guided Brain Deformation Modeling: Evaluation of a 3-D Adjoint Inversion Method in Porcine Studies

Biomechanical models of brain deformation are useful tools for estimating parenchymal shift that results during open cranial procedures. Intraoperative data is likely to improve model estimates, but incorporation of such data into the model is not trivial. This study tests the adjoint equations method (AEM) for data assimilation as a viable approach for integrating displacement data into a brain deformation model. AEM was applied to two porcine experiments. AEM-based estimates were compared both to measured displacement data [from computed tomography (CT) scans] and to model solutions obtained without the guidance of sparse data, which we term the best prior estimate (BPE). Additionally, the sensitivity of the AEM solution to inverse parameter selection was investigated. The results suggest that it is most important to estimate the size of the variance in the measurement error correctly, make the correlation length long and estimate displacement (over stress) boundary conditions. Application of AEM shows an average 33% improvement over BPE. This paper represents the first evidence of successful use of the AEM technique in three dimensions with experimental data validation. The guidelines established for selection of model parameters are starting points for further optimization of the method under clinical conditions
Achieving a New Balance: Women's Transition to Second‐Time Parenthood

Objective: To describe the experience of transition to second‐time parenthood from the mother's perspective. Design: Descriptive phenomenology using Colaizzi's approach. Setting: Participants were interviewed in their homes. Participants: Ten second‐time mothers with a second child between the ages of 6 months and 24 months. Results: The birth of the second child motivated these women to seek and achieve a new balance to integrate a second child into the existing family. Seven themes emerged as common elements in all of the women's lives: (a) balancing the positive and negative elements of the early weeks, (b) knowing what to expect, (c) establishing a new routine, (d) maintaining the marital relationship, (e) taking a break, (f) seeking out support, and (g) nurturing relationships among family members. Conclusions: Mothers overwhelmingly found the addition of a second child to the family to be a positive experience regardless of the effort it took to accommodate their lives to the needs of two children. Although second‐time mothers approach the experience with a wealth of knowledge, this research highlights that these women may have concerns that are not addressed. The nurse can focus assessments and offer interventions to meet the needs of these women as they become mothers for the second time.
A comparison of coping strategies used effectively by older anglo and mexican‐american widows: a longitudinal study

This longitudinal study of older Anglo and Mexican‐American widows provides data on coping strategies and coping effectiveness as measured by perceived physical and psychological health. Previous health levels were the best predictors of later physical and psychological symptoms. Contrary to expectations, both ethnic groups preferred nonconfrontational strategies for widowhood problems, with the Mexican Americans using more confrontational strategies. Ways of coping with problems during the first months of widowhood had significant long‐term effects upon the widow's health. The most effective coping methods over the first year involved combinations of independent action and emotional release. Over a longer period, more effective strategies included being able to ignore problems, accept the situation, and release tensions, or to actively seek advice about general problems. Contradictory findings over the two time periods for those Mexican Americans using independent action and emotional release strategies ...
Modeling ecological and economic systems with STELLA: Part III

This special issue contains a group of eight modeling studies covering a range of ecological and economic systems and problems. The models were all developed using Stella®, an icon-based software package specifically designed for dynamic systems modeling. Models included in the special issue were built to describe and analyze: communities of organisms under the effects of random variability in disturbance rates and episodic disturbances; a spatially explicit metapopulation of white-tailed deer in a simulated landscape; a parcel level study of landcover change for smallholders in Altamira, Brazil; a discrete-time age structured single species fishery with dynamic total allowable catch limits; a metapopulation with an Alee effect driven to extinction by environmental stochasticity; seasonal deciduous forest growth to compare with remote sensing data (NDVI); herbivorous consumers in the Great Bay Estuary (New Hampshire); and dynamic patterns of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon in relation to the value of ecosystem services. Most of the models described in this issue are available for download from http://iee.umces.edu/DMEES/Arch. A run time only version of Stella for Windows or the Macintosh is available for free to run the models from www.hps-inc.com.
Cytogenetic Abnormalities During Clinical, Immunophenotypic, and Molecular Remission in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract The significance of random cytogenetic abnormalities detected in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during remission is unknown. We studied 10 of 72 consecutive ALL patients who developed cytogenetic abnormalities during clinical remission to determine their effect on remission status. The cytogenetic abnormalities occurred at a median of 14.5 months (range 5 – 72) from the initial diagnosis. Five abnormalities were designated as clonal (monosomy 21 in three metaphases and 64∼69,XXY in three metaphases from one patient at different times, and del(20)(q12q13) in three metaphases, add(13)(q34) in two metaphases, and ?del(19)(p11) in two metaphases from three different patients). Seven abnormalities were previously described: del(5)(q12), del(5)(q33), − 7, del(11)(q23), + 12, and + 13 each in one metaphase, and del(20)(q12q13) in three metaphases). The remaining cytogenetic abnormalities were nonclonal and random. Flow cytometry and analysis of IgH and TcR gene rearrangements showed that all evaluable patients were in immunophenotypic and molecular remission, respectively. Eight patients remain in clinical and molecular remission a median of 9 months (range 7 – 18) after detecting the cytogenetic abnormality, and the leukemia in two patients has relapsed. During remission, cytogenetic abnormalities may not be a harbinger of leukemia relapse in pediatric ALL; therefore, a wait-and-see approach is prudent.
Teenagers, Pregnancy, and Childbearing in a Risk Society How Do High-Risk Teens Differ From Their Age Peers?

This article attempts to make a connection between two heretofore analytically distinct discourses on risk. On one hand, it refers to ways in which social work professionals and the like use the term to identify certain categories of teens as high, moderate, or low risk. On the other hand, it refers to the way theorists such as Anthony Giddens and Ulrich Beck described the advent of the risk society as a manifestation of a novel stage in the development of modernity. Theoretical issues are raised in reference to the findings derived from a study on teenage sexuality and pregnancy conducted in a Midwestern metropolitan statistical area of approximately 300,000, paying particular attention to a comparative assessment of the following two groups of interviewees: teen mothers and adolescent women using the services of a family planning clinic.
The Price Responsiveness of U.S. Corn Yields

Production economics theory shows that the pro fit-maximizing output of a commodity depends, among other things, upon product and input prices. Supply functions consistent with this theory have been estimated for many agricultural crops both in the United States and elsewhere. However, the biological nature of the production process, the time lags involved between planting and harvest, and the generally extensive use of land and climate leads naturally to the separation of total crop production into acreage and yield components. Typically, acreage is viewed as the major decision variable with respect to input and output prices. Per acre yields are generally regarded as dependent upon technological trends, weather, and other more or less noneconomic influences. The recent work by Perrin and Heady is a good example of this approach. Only a little literature exists on attempts to measure the price responsiveness of crop yields (Guise, Hee, Krishna), although some recent methodological work can be found (Whitaker). This note concerns the price responsiveness of U.S. corn yields when both output and input prices are considered.
Cultural Competence: A Literature Review and Conceptual Model for Mental Health Services

This article presents a conceptual model of organizational cultural competence for use in mental health services that resulted from a comprehensive review of the research literature. The model identifies four factors associated with cultural competence in mental health services (community context, cultural characteristics of local populations, organizational infrastructure, and direct service support) and redefines cultural competence as the degree of compatibility among these factors. A strength of this model of organizational cultural competence is that it facilitates future research and practice in psychiatric services settings and links culturally competent practices to service parity.
Paleoecology of the early Eocene Willwood mammal fauna from the central Bighorn Basin, Wyoming

The mammal fauna of the Willwood Formation, central Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, is ideal for paleoecological analysis because it is extensive, well studied, and continuously distributed over sediments representing the first 3 Myr of the early Eocene. The geology of the Bighorn Basin is also well known, providing a precise temporal framework and climatic context for the Willwood mammals. Previous analysis identified three “biohorizons,” based on simple counts of the first and last appearances of species. This study uses species diversity and appearance rates calculated from more extensive collections to approximate the ecological dynamic of the ancient fauna and assess whether the biohorizons were significant turnover events related to recently described climatic variation. Diversity and appearance data collected for this project are extensively corrected for uneven sampling, which varies by two orders of magnitude. Observed, standardized appearance and diversity estimates are subsequently compared with predicted background frequencies to identify significant variation. Important coincident shifts in the biotic parameters demonstrate that ecological change was concentrated in two discrete intervals ≤300 Kyr each that correspond with two of the original biohorizons. The intervals coincide with the onset and reversal of an episode of climate cooling identified directly from Bighorn Basin floras and sediments. Ecological changes inferred from the diversity and turnover patterns at and following the two biohorizons suggest short- and long-term faunal response to shifts in mean annual temperature on the order of 5–8°C.
Sexual Dysfunction After Conventional And Endovascular AAA Repair: Results of the DREAM Trial

The authors evaluated data from the Dutch Randomized Endovasc uar Aneurysm Management (DREAM) trial to assess the effect of elective endovascular aneurysm repair and open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm on sexual dysfunction. A ques ionnaire adapted from the Medical Outcomes Study was used to evaluate sexual functioning peroperatively and at 3, 6, 13, 26, and 52 in the first postoperative year. At least one aspect of dysfunction was reported preoperatively by 66%' in the operatic e group and 7 496 in the endovascular group. The postoperatv e results showed that surgery had a clear impact. Both groups had an increase in sexual dysfunction at 3 weeks after the operation, but .t was more pronounced in the OR group and at 6 weeks the OR group stihl reported a s gnificant increase in three aspects. By 3 months, both groups had returned to baseline. The authors concluded that recovery of sexual function s faster in the endovascular group.