cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iron-57 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of alkyl isocyanide myoglobins and a comparison of the 57Fe chemical-shift anisotropies of alkyl isocyanide myoglobins, carbonmonoxymyoglobin, ferrocytochrome c, and [57Fe(bipy)3]X2 · 5H2O (X Cl, Br, I)

Abstract The 57Fe nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of ethyl isocyanide (EtNC), isopropyl isocyanide (iPrNC), and n-butyl isocyanide (n-BuNC) ligated ferrous myoglobins (∼ 12 mM, pH 7.1, 22°C) at 8.45 T (corresponding to a 57Fe Larmor frequency of 11.7 MHz) have been obtained. The isotropic chemical shifts are 9223, 9257, and 9238 ppm downfield from Fe(CO)5, which yields chemical-shift anisotropies, ∥δ∥ − δ∥∥, of 1288, 1260, and 1205 ppm, for the EtNC, and n-BuNC species, respectively. The T1 values (of about 140 ms) are very much longer than those found previously for carbonmonoxymyoglobin (∼ 17 ms) and are consistent with a change in sign of the chemical-shift tensor upon moving from carbonmonoxymyoglobin to ferrocytochrome c, as previously postulated by L. Baltzer, (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 3479 (1987)). The solution- and solid-state 57Fe NMR chemical shifts of [57Fe(bipy)3]X2 · 5H2O (X  Cl, Br, I) complexes are also reported, and for the solids it is found that δ∥ = δ∥ = δi = 11,854, 11,721, and 11,635 ppm, for X  Cl, Br, and I, respectively. T1 values for the solids are in the range ∼ 1–5 s, and are probably dominated by electron exchange with paramagnetic impurities.
Relations between social contingency in mother-child interaction and 2-year-olds' social competence.

This study examined relations between social contingency in mother-child interaction and low-income 2-year-olds' social competence, using a cross-sectional design (N = 47). Measures of social contingency included time spent in joint attention and dyadic turn-taking behaviors following maternal bids. Measures of child social competence included emotional self-regulation during a delay- of-gratification task and empathic responsiveness toward an experimenter feigning injury. Social contingency was related to children's use of self-regulatory strategies, but not to empathic responsiveness. Child negative emotionality and gender contributed to explanations of children's self-regulatory strategy use. More emotionally negative children spent less time using self-distraction; girls used less self-distraction and more comfort-seeking during delay than did boys. However, time spent in joint attention made an additional independent contribution over and above child factors.
An Exploration of Lifetime Trauma Exposure in Pregnant Low-income African American Women

Objectives The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of lifetime trauma exposure in relation to perinatal health outcomes in low-income African American women. Methods One hundred and sixteen pregnant African American women recruited from two public prenatal clinics participated in this exploratory study. Information was obtained about psychological symptoms, medical conditions, prenatal care utilization, and health behaviors. To measure lifetime trauma exposure, women completed the Trauma History Questionnaire. Maternal and infant outcome data were obtained from the medical records following delivery. Results The occurrence of trauma exposure was high, with 87% of the women reporting at least one traumatic event. Their mean age was 25 years, 21% were primiparas, and they reported a mean of 4.3 ± 3.5 (median = 3) traumatic events during their lifetime. Crime-related experiences were common and included incidents of family or friends being murdered or killed (40%), robberies (23%), home burglaries (14%), attacks with weapons (13%), and muggings (12%). Lifetime trauma exposure was significantly associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety, and generalized stress. Women with greater lifetime trauma exposure had a higher rate of tobacco use, higher rate of premature rupture of membranes, and longer maternal hospital stay. Conclusion Low-income African American women in this sample experienced a variety of traumatic events. Lifetime trauma exposure was associated with adverse perinatal health. Findings suggest the need to further investigate trauma across the lifespan to better understand the impact of these experiences on the reproductive health and well-being of women and their infants.
An Evaluation of Alternative TRU Technologies

As part of the technical support program in the development of nuclear waste form criteria, three main areas of transuranic (TRU) waste management have been evaluated: immobilization processes and waste forms proposed for ultimate geologic disposal of TRU waste; management of TRU waste by decontamination; and potential problems associated with gas generation by certain TRU wastes. The objectives of this evaluation were (1) to provide NRC with the information necessary for the licensed geologic disposal of commercial TRU waste, (2) to recommend appropriate courses of action that provide support for proposed regulations and criteria and lead to the safe isolation of commercial TRU waste, and (3) to identify research needed to reduce significant uncertainties. In the sections that follow, the scope of and basis for the evaluation conducted in each of the three areas of TRU waste management mentioned above will be discussed and some of the major conclusions drawn and recommendations made as a result of this evaluation will be presented.
Crustal thickness of northeast Russia

Abstract The first-order crustal structure of the Magadan region and northeast Sakha Republic (Yakutia), northeast Russia, is obtained by simultaneously inverting for origin times and travel time curves. A total of 1210 observations are used. As an average, a 37-km-thick, 5.992±0.007 km/s crust overlying an 7.961±0.015 km/s mantle provides an excellent fit to phase data listed in the Materialy po Seismichnosti Sibiri bulletin. Travel time curves for individual stations are very close to this average, though there are variations in both crustal thickness and velocities; upper mantle velocities and crustal thickness appear to increase along the southern edge of the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt, and decrease in the upper Kolyma River basin and along the trace of the proposed Moma rift. Crustal thickness is greatest at Khandyga, on the Siberian platform, and lowest at Yubileniya, which may lie within the currently active Laptev Sea rift system.
Some remarks on indestructibility and Hamkins’ lottery preparation

In this paper, we first prove several general theorems about strongness, supercompactness, and indestructibility, along the way giving some new applications of Hamkins’ lottery preparation forcing to indestructibility. We then show that it is consistent, relative to the existence of cardinals κ<λ so that κ is λ supercompact and λ is inaccessible, for the least strongly compact cardinal κ to be the least strong cardinal and to have its strongness, but not its strong compactness, indestructible under κ-strategically closed forcing.
Economic measures of toxic substance regulation

Abstract The passage of the Toxic Substance Control Act of 1976 is bringing into being a whole new regulatory apparatus to control chemicals which are potentially hazardous as carcinogens or mutagens. The OECD, recognizing the impact of such regulation upon international trade, has proposed an evaluation system similar to the United States and a set of “national contact points” to prevent trade conflicts. In the United States, the direct economic costs associated with toxic substance regulation appear to be small, about $200 to $400 million per year, with about a one-fourth of 1% impact upon general price indexes. The benefits of such regulation would be to reduce the environmental exposure which at least half of the population has to toxic substances, and perhaps reduce some of the half million cancer cases attributed to such exposure. The adverse effects of such regulation could be a reduction in foreign trade, plus crop and product losses for producers dependent upon specific chemicals.
A computer algorithm for automatic picking of refraction first-arrival time

Abstract A simple and fast computer algorithm for automatic picking of refraction first-arrival time is presented. The algorithm convolves seismic refraction data with a box-car function of progres- sively increasing width. For a width W m equal to half of the period of the refracted wave, the convolved trace displays a maximum at time T m . Time T m and width W m are determined from the algorithm, and the first-break time is calculated by subtracting W m from T m .
Semi-quantification of surface-enhanced Raman scattering using a handheld Raman spectrometer: a feasibility study.

The feasibility of utilizing a handheld Raman spectrometer for surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection was evaluated on the pesticide ferbam. A layman's “answer box” was established for semi-quantifying the risk level of ferbam. This study advanced the application of a handheld Raman spectrometer to on-site evaluation of trace amounts of analytes.
901-94 The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme DD Genotype is Associated with Preserved Right Ventricular Function in Patients with Severe Primary Pulmonary Hypertension

A polymorphic marker within the ACE gene has been found to correlate with circulating and tissue ACE activities and with the incidence of severe pulmonary hypertension (Abraham et al, JACC 1994; 23: 177A). While the association of the ACE DD genotype and pulmonary hypertension suggests a role for angiotensin II (Ang II) in the pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle proliferation characteristic of this disorder, we hypothesize a compensatory role for Ang II in the maintenance of right ventricular (RV) function in such patients. We evaluated the frequency of the ACE DD genotype in 55 patients with severe primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) and compared clinical severity and right heart hemodynamics at the time of presentation in 20 of these patients stratified on the basiw of their ACE genotype (DD vs non-DD, n = 10 in each group). The incidence of the ACE DD genotype was 49% in the PPH patients compared to 23% in a control population (n = 89, p = 0.0009). Mean ± SEM right heart hemodynamics, echocardiographic RV internal dimensions (RVID) and NYHA classifications for the 2 groups are shown below: DD Non-DD p value Mean PA Pressure (mmHg) 52 ± 4 53 ± 3 0.84 PCWP (mmHg) 5 ± 1 6 ± 1 0.59 Cardiac Output (L/min) 5.12 ± 0.43 2.65 ± 0.21 0.00007 PVR (Wood Units) 10.0 ± 1.3 19.3 ± 2.4 0.004 RA Pressure (mmHg) 5 ± 1 10 ± 2 0.08 RVID(cm) 3.1 ± 0.3 3.7 ± 0.2 0.08 NYHA Class 2.2 ± 0.3 3.3 ± 0.2 0.02 Significantly, the duration of symptoms attributable to PPH was not different between the DD and non-DD groups (35 ± 19 vs 22 ± 6 months, p = 0.58). Conclusion: The ACE DD genotype is associated with preserved RV function in PPH patients, supporting a compensatory myocardial or inotropic role for Ang II in PPH
Effects of lanthanum modification on rhombohedral Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3 ceramics: Part II. Relaxor behavior versus enhanced antiferroelectric stability

Lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate ceramics Pb1−3/2xLax(Zr1−yTiy)O3 [PLZT 100x/100(1 − y)/100y] with Zr/Ti ratios close to the antiferroelectric-ferroelectric (AFE-FE) phase boundary were investigated by dielectric spectroscopy, Sawyer–Tower polarization techniques, and electron microscopy. An incommensurate antiferroelectric (AFEIn) phase was found to be stabilized from the rhombohedral FE state in the compositional series 100x/90/10 for x ≥ 0.02. The La content required to induce the AFEIn state increased as the Ti content was increased. For 100x/85/15, a state with relaxor-like dielectric behavior and nanodomains was observed to develop with increasing La content; however, the double-loop-like P-E curves were suggestive of antiferroelectric behavior. Investigations for the composition 6/85/15 revealed the formation of nanodomains from the AFEIn modulation, where the size of the nanodomains equaled the value of the AFEIn modulation wavelength. For this composition, P-E studies revealed double hysteresis characteristics, whereas dielectric investigations revealed relaxor-like behavior. It is suggested that the order within the nanodomain state may be antipolar over a range of compositions in high La content rhombohedral PLZT ceramics.
Arthroscopic anatomy of the intercarpal and radiocarpal joints of the horse.

Summary Arthroscopic anatomy of the equine intercarpal and radiocarpal joints was documented in six cadaver limbs and on observations made during surgical treatment of horses with carpal osteochondral fractures. Instrument positions and arthroscopic visualisation were recorded. The cadaver limbs were dissected and iatrogenic lesions recorded. A single arthroscopic portal examination was adequate in both joints; however, a second arthroscopic portal improved visualisation. The intercarpal joint was more easily examined than the radiocarpal joint because of anatomical differences. Iatrogenic lesions were associated with failure of joint capsule distention during penetration.
The effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapies on prednisolone and erythromycin pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous prednisolone and intravenous erythromycin were examined in premenopausal women, postmenopausal women not undergoing hormone replacement therapy, postmenopausal women undergoing estrogen replacement therapy, and postmenopausal women undergoing estrogen and progestin replacement therapy. The unbound clearance of prednisolone was significantly lower in postmenopausal women (11.6 +/- 2.3 ml/min/kg) than in premenopausal women (16.6 +/- 3.5 ml/min/kg). A comparable difference was also observed in total clearance and in half-life. The bioavailability and volume of distribution of prednisolone were unaffected by menopausal status. Hormone replacement therapies did not significantly affect prednisolone pharmacokinetics. In contrast to prednisolone elimination, erythromycin elimination, as measured by the erythromycin breath test, was not significantly affected by either menopausal status or hormone replacement therapy. In addition, there was no correlation between prednisolone clearance and the erythromycin breath test result. Although cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) has been implicated in steroid hormone metabolism, these results suggest that another enzyme system, which is decreased in menopause (rather than simply an age effect), is also involved in prednisolone metabolism.
Crystallography of dislocations and dislocation loops in deformed iron

Abstract Crystallographic analyses of dislocations and dislocation loops in deformed b.c.c. iron observed in the electron microscope have been carried out by applying the electron diffraction theory of contrast at dislocations. Dislocations in deformed iron are in the form of tangles, with interspersed clusters of dislocation loops, from the very first stage of deformation. Crystallographic analyses show that the tangles consist of dislocations of two distinct Burgers vectors, in the ratio of approximately two to one. The dislocations of the primary system are composed of segments of both signs, in roughly equal proportion. The Burgers vector of a majority of dislocation loops is identical to that of the primary dislocations, and the rest of the loops belong to the secondary system. The loops are found to be pure edge prismatic dislocations lying in {111} planes, and are identified as being of vacancy type. From a consideration of the elastic theory of defect interaction, it is concluded that the interact...
3-D geometric description of fractured reservoirs

Traditional stochastic modeling of fracture networks usually failed because it required unaccessible statistics and may not be able to honor available local data. This paper presents an algorithm for the 3D geometric simulation of fractured reservoirs. It is based on geological rules of fracture propagation and interaction. It is part of a methodology which aims at integrating diverse data about the fracture system in the subsurface. This information can come from well cores and logs, analog outcrops, geomechanical stress studies, seismic surveys; it may be quantitative or qualitative, and have different degrees of reliability.
Ridge regression: degrees of freedom in the analysis of variance

It appears to be common practice with ridge regression to obtain a decomposition of the total sum of squares, and assign degrees of freedom, according to established least squares theory. This discussion notes the obvious fallacies of such an approach, and introduces a decomposition based on orthogonality, and degrees of freedom based on expected mean squares, for non-stochastic k.
Efficacy of ginger on intraoperative and postoperative nausea and vomiting in elective cesarean section patients

Abstract Objective To evaluate the efficacy of dry powdered ginger, given orally, on nausea and vomiting during and after an elective cesarean section performed under combined spinal epidural anesthesia. Study design 239 women, ginger ( n = 116) and placebo ( n = 123), who underwent elective cesarean section at term under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia were provided with standard preoperative antiemetic treatment in addition to a randomized study drug. They were given two capsules (1 g each) of either dry powdered ginger or placebo, one capsule a half-hour before induction of anesthesia and the second 2 h after surgery. The study was double-blinded and the incidences of nausea and vomiting were assessed both intraoperatively and postoperatively. Levels of pain and pruritus were also assessed postoperatively. Results The intraoperative incidence of nausea was 52% and 61%, ginger versus placebo ( p = 0.149). The number of episodes of intraoperative nausea was less in the ginger group compared to placebo (mean difference was −0.396, 95% CI −0.738, −0.054) and the result was statistically significant ( p = 0.023). The incidence of intraoperative vomiting was 27.35% in the ginger group and 36.59% in the placebo group, and the difference was not statistically significant ( p = 0.126). The number of episodes of vomiting during surgery was less in the ginger group compared to placebo: (mean difference −0.158, 95% CI −0.626, 0.311) although statistically insignificant ( p = 0.505). Furthermore, postoperatively, there was no statistical difference in the incidence of nausea and vomiting assessed at 0, 2, 2 ½ and 24 h after surgery. There were also no differences in postoperative pain or pruritus. Conclusion Ginger given in dry powdered form reduced the number of episodes of intraoperative nausea compared to a placebo, but it had no effect on incidence of nausea, vomiting, or pain during and after an elective cesarean section performed under combined spinal epidural anesthesia.
Electrochemical studies of pyrite oxidation and reduction using freshly-fractured electrodes and rotating ring-disc electrodes

Abstract Oxidation and reduction processes on coal- and mineral-pyrite surfaces have been investigated to better understand the reactions that control the hydrophobicity and flotation behavior of pyrite. The incipient oxidation and reduction reactions were studied using fresh surfaces of pyrite that were created by in situ fracturing electrodes potentiostated at a predetermined potential. Chronoamperometry immediately after fracture and subsequent cyclic voltammetry have established that fresh fracture surfaces of pyrite instantaneously assume a unique potential (referred to as the “stable” potential) at which neither oxidation nor reduction takes place. For Peruvian and Chinese pyrites, the stable potential is −0.28 V (standard hydrogen electrode, SHE) at pH 9.2 and 0 V at pH 4.6. The initial oxidation of pyrite begins at potentials slightly positive of the stable potential and is believed to produce a hydrophobic sulfur-rich species, most likely a polysulfide or metal-deficient sulfide. A rotating ring-disc electrode (RRDE) was employed to study the kinetics and mechanisms of surface reactions on pyrite over moderate potential ranges. Two distinct soluble reduction products (ferrous hydroxide and HS−) and one distinct soluble oxidation product (ferrous hydroxide) were observed on pyrite in alkaline solutions. It is concluded that the initial oxidation of pyrite and the oxidation of ferrous to ferric hydroxide occur in a similar potential range. When the electrode is oxidized, e.g. by polishing, prior to experiments, the initial oxidation of pyrite is masked by the oxidation of ferrous hydroxide, making it difficult to study the oxidation of pyrite itself.
When does cortical arousal enhance performance in visual perception tasks

Intro: Cold pressor stimulation (CPS, immersing the foot in ice-water for 50 seconds) decreases contrast thresholds without changing verbal distance estimates (Woods et al., 2009). Apparently, enhancing cortical arousal influences some visual tasks but not others. The factors that elicit this influence remain unclear. To begin investigating this issue, we conducted two experiments representing intermediate steps between the contrast threshold and verbal distance estimation methodologies: a Depth Threshold task (modeled on the 2AFC contrast threshold methodology, but in the depth domain) and a Distance Difference Threshold task (similar to the Depth task but with targets presented successively rather than in pairs). Methods: Depth Threshold: Two groups (N's = 18) underwent either CPS or “Sham” stimulation (immersing the foot in room temperature water for 50 seconds). On each trial participants binocularly viewed two white rods against a black background and judged which rod was closer, with depth separation being adjusted adaptively across trials. Threshold (82% correct criterion) was estimated before and after stimulation. DistanceDifference Threshold: Seventeen participants sequentially viewed 2 cones in identical checkerboard-covered alleyways (interstimulus interval ≈ 1.5s), judging which cone was closer. Thresholds were determined before and after CPS. Distance difference was adjusted adaptively across trials. Results: Depth thresholds decreased following CPS (t=3.4, p=0.003), but remained unchanged following Sham stimulation (t=0.19, p=0.84). Distancedifference thresholds did not change from Baseline to Post-Stimulation (t=0.21, p=0.83). Discussion: When present, arousal-related affects could stem from either enhanced attention or bona-fide changes in visual appearance. These factors are difficult to tease apart. In a separate experiment, we found that CPS did not affect contrast thresholds in a 2AFC task when the interstimulus interval was increased to 1.5 s. Thus, our results suggest that some aspect of the simultaneous or near-simultaneous comparison between stimuli may be crucial for eliciting arousal-related effects in visual tasks.
Aeroelastic Tailoring of Composite Structures

A wing-design optimization study is conducted on a composite wing. The objective is to evaluate the effect of the compositelayup orientation on theoptimized weight while satisfying constraints on strength, roll-reversalvelocity, and e utter velocity. The wing optimization studies are presented with the composite layups oriented at 5-deg increments up to § 20 deg from the midspar of the wing. The multidisciplinary optimization system, ASTROS, was used in the design study. This study, although not conclusive, indicates that optimal designs when subjected to multiple structural constraints are relatively insensitive to the orientation of the laminate layup. I. Introduction M ULTIDISCIPLINARYdesign optimization (MDO)hasbeen the subject of numerous investigations in recent years. This technology push is primarily attributed to the rapid growth in speed, data transfer,and storage capabilities of modern computers. Itis anticipated that in a few years the speed of computation may surpass the Ge ops/s range with similar improvements in memory devices. The computer’ s capabilities are doubling or tripling in a relatively short time, while the cost of computation and information processing is reducing by similar factors. These far-reaching developments in computers are the propelling force behind the rapid evolution of the so-called information highway . The information explosion is already affecting almost every facet of life in industrialized countrieswhilepushing industrializationofthe remainingcountries.The world is a very competitive market place for products. It is expected to be even better for the consumer. Cost, quality, and innovation are the key ingredients for success in such an environment. A wellorchestrated MDO strategy is the best means for improvement in all three areas. It is often the mistakes made in early design that haunt the bad performance of the products. MDO systems on modern computers allow the rapid evaluation of the operation scenarios of the products. The rapid strides in computers are the catalyst in promoting sophisticated computer architectures, database technology, and numerical methods. These developments, in turn, are providing the necessary infrastructure for integration of both disciplines and the designstages.Forexample,inairframedevelopment,aerodynamics, structures, and controls are the main disciplines; whereas in design, manufacture, operation, and maintenance are the stages of development. Each of these stages is further divided into manageable tasks that are appropriate to available resources. For example, the design task is traditionally conducted in conceptual, preliminary, and detail design stages. If we couple this view of design with the task of integration of the disciplines (such as aerodynamics, structures, and controls ), we have an almost intractable optimization problem, where the overall minimum cost is the primary driver. It is under
Network authentication using single sign-on: the challenge of aligning mental models

Healthcare organizations are struggling to meet industry best practices for information security as well as complying with regulatory requirements. Single sign-on technology is emerging as a leading technology for password authentication management and promises to improve security while curbing system maintenance costs. While the technology seems to be a simple viable solution for authentication, when placed in context, many socio-technical complexities emerge. One of these complexities is that of the mismatch between the users' mental models and the system model.This study was a 15-month ethnographic field study that followed the implementation of a single sign-on system in a hospital environment. It resulted in the finding that the misaligned mental models caused difficulties not only for the user but for the system administrators. The findings also indicate that not only was the user's mental model of the technology inaccurate, but the presentation of the technology by the information technology group contributed to this misaligned understanding. The end result was dissatisfaction with the new technology for both end users and the system administrators.In order to address the critical issue of mental model misalignment in the implementation of SSO technology, practitioners must first gain an understanding of the preexisting mental models had by the target users regarding authentication and then use this information to guide implementation of the new technology.
Modeling and calibration of a structured-light optical CMM via skewed frame representation

A new tetrahedron-target-based approach is presented for the extrinsic calibration of a non-contact light-striping (structured light) optical coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The procedure makes automated on-line calibration possible. The system modeling is based on a unique skewed frame representation without the use ofpin-hole camera model assumption. It is demonstrated that the extrinsic calibration matrix can be decomposed into two classes of transformations, one homogeneous and the other nonhomogeneous. The nonhomogeneous transformation between a Cartesian world frame and the non-Cartesian skewed sensor frame is studied. The sensitivity of the dimensional deformation on the two skew angles is simulated. Experimental studies show that a micron level calibration accuracy can be achieved.
RNA synthesis in relation to DNA replication in synchronized Chinese hamster cell cultures

Selection and reversal of Colcemid-blocked mitotic cells yielded synchronous populations of 90% purity, representing 10% of the original culture. This system gave sufficient material to allow the isolation of RNA, pulse-labelled with tritiated uridine, in various stages of the cell cycle. Sucrose gradient sedimentation of such isolations showed that incorporation of the isotope into the most rapidly sedimentating RNA fractions was greater in S and G2 than it was in G1. In addition, the total amount of labelled RNA in a given pulse was greater following the initiation of DNA synthesis. The rate of RNA synthesis increased following mitosis and reached an initial plateau after one hour. A second increase in rate was observed three hours later, or about one hour after the beginning of DNA synthesis. Several peaks in synthetic rate seemed to be superimposed on the overall increase. Short pulse times appeared to accentuate the discontinuous nature of the rate curve, while longer pulse times made the cyclic peaks more obvious. Inhibition of DNA synthesis with 1 mM thymidine prevented the change in RNA synthetic rate from occurring. The doubling in RNA synthetic rate is interpreted to be the result of replication of the functional DNA templates. The periodic fluctuations in rate suggest that, although the potential for RNA synthesis is doubled with DNA replication, the rate at any instant is not totally determined by the gene dosage.
Distribution of aldose reductase in ocular tissues.

The distribution of aldose reductase has been examined immunohistochemically in the dog, a species known to develop retinal lesions identical to those seen in diabetic patients. Tissue sections were immunostained by the unlabeled antibody (PAP) technique. Aldose reductase is demonstrable within corneal epithelium and endothelium, lens epithelium, nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary processes, retinal ganglion cells and axons in the optic nerve. Immunohistochemical staining is absent from retinal and iridal blood vessels, both sites of lesions in diabetes. The absence of aldose reductase from intraocular vessels fails to support a postulated role of this enzyme in the etiology of microvascular complications of diabetes.
Geographic variations of dental caries in Oregon. VII. Caries prevalence among children in the Blue Mountains region.

Summary A series of regional epidemiological studies on dental caries have been conducted in the state of Oregon among native-born and native-reared white children. These are the first such studies to have been undertaken in the Pacific Northwest section of the country. The results of this series of investigations demonstrated statistically that school children born and reared in regions of Oregon located east of the Cascade Range have lower caries prevalence rates in comparison with those of subjects living in regions west of the mountains. Investigation into a number of enviromentalfactors for an explanation of the observed variability in caries susceptibility produced two significant findings: (1) an inverse relationship between amount of sunshine available in an area, in combination with altitude, and caries prevalence rates and (2) a direct relationship between urinary selenium concentration and susceptibility to caries. Further studies are necessary for a clarification of the role played by these two environmental factors in caries attack and resistance.
Adaptive ensemble Kalman filtering of non-linear systems

A necessary ingredient of an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is covariance inflation, used to control filter divergence and compensate for model error. There is an on-going search for inflation tunings that can be learned adaptively. Early in the development of Kalman filtering, Mehra (1970, 1972) enabled adaptivity in the context of linear dynamics with white noise model errors by showing how to estimate the model error and observation covariances. We propose an adaptive scheme, based on lifting Mehra’s idea to the non-linear case, that recovers the model error and observation noise covariances in simple cases, and in more complicated cases, results in a natural additive inflation that improves state estimation. It can be incorporated into nonlinear filters such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF), the EnKF and their localised versions. We test the adaptive EnKF on a 40-dimensional Lorenz96 model and show the significant improvements in state estimation that are possible. We also discuss the extent to which such an adaptive filter can compensate for model error, and demonstrate the use of localisation to reduce ensemble sizes for large problems. Keywords: ensemble Kalman filter, data assimilation, non-linear dynamics, covariance inflation, adaptive filtering (Published: 2 July 2013) Citation: Tellus A 2013, 65 , 20331, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v65i0.20331
Renal allograft outcomes in African American versus Caucasian transplant recipients in the tacrolimus era.

Abstract Methods. Between January 1995 and December 1999, 185 kidney transplants were performed with tacrolimus (TAC)-based immunosuppression including 120 African American (AA, 65%) and 65 Caucasian recipients (C, 35%). Mean follow-up was 34 months. The AA group was characterized by a higher incidence of renal disease due to hypertension (72% AA vs 37% C, P
Expression of alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chain in normal and denervated rat muscle spindles

Abstract Whether any fibers in rat hindlimb muscles express α-cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC) is uncertain. Expression of α-cardiac MHC mRNA and the polypeptide for which it codes were examined in control and denervated rat muscle spindles using in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunocytochemistry (ICC). Both nuclear bag2 and bag1 intrafusal fibers in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles expressed α-cardiac MHC and its precursor mRNA. Furthermore, denervation of the hindlimb down-regulated α-cardiac MHC mRNA expression in rat nuclear bag intrafusal fibers, even though they continued to display a strong affinity for anti-α-cardiac MHC monoclonal antibody. These data show that (1) intrafusal fibers express the α-cardiac MHC gene; (2) innervation regulates α-cardiac MHC gene expression at a pre-translational level; and (3) ISH is more sensitive than ICC to changes in α-cardiac MHC gene expression in adult rat muscle spindles.
Infrared-infrared double resonance of methyl fluoride in foreign gases

Abstract Infrared-infrared double-resonance spectra have been recorded for samples of methyl fluoride gas in an excess of hydrogen, helium, argon, and xenon, as well as for mixtures of 12 CH 3 F and 13 CH 3 F. The double-resonance effects appear as a narrow transferred spike superimposed on a broad Gaussian lineshape of the expected Doppler width. When the foreign gas has a dipole moment or is a relatively light perturber, the spike dominates the lineshape, but when the foreign gas is a relatively heavy atom, the Gaussian dominates. The spectra for all of the samples show evidence of a Δ k = 3 n ( n = an integer or zero) selection rule for collisionally induced rotational transitions. The spectra with argon and xenon as foreign gas demonstrate that collisions with these atoms can induce direct vibration-rotation energy changes from v 3 = 1 to v 6 = 1 in methyl fluoride and that the selection rule for these transitions is Δ( k − l ) = 3 n . The double-resonance spectra with argon and xenon as a foreign gas also show a frequency shift that is substantially larger than the shift for single-resonance spectra in the same mixture. One-dimensional collision kernels have been calculated by classical mechanics and appear to display most of the characteristics of the experimental spectra.
Theory of Excitonic Spectra and Entanglement Engineering in Dot Molecules

We present results of correlated pseudopotential calculations of an exciton in a pair of vertically stacked $\mathrm{I}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}$ dots. Competing effects of strain, geometry, and band mixing lead to many unexpected features missing in contemporary models. The first four excitonic states are all optically active at small interdot separation, due to the broken symmetry of the single-particle states. We quantify the degree of entanglement of the exciton wave functions and show its sensitivity to interdot separation. We suggest ways to spectroscopically identify and maximize the entanglement of exciton states.
SUICIDE PREVENTION: CONFRONTING PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGES

Suicide has been identified as a major international public health priority. This presentation will examine ‘core challenges’ that impede the successful development and dissemination of effective prevention initiatives. Data from the US and other countries will be used to illustrate key discussion points. Apparent challenges must be frankly and creatively addressed if we propose to prevent suicide at national, community, or institutional levels. The presentation draws upon lessons gleaned from both effective and less successful approaches, and considers future opportunities. Suicide is preventable! Future initiatives must integrate injury prevention and mental health perspectives, identify common risks, and create and sustain a mosaic of coordinated programmes in order to enhance community health and promote mental health, and to provide timely access to services across diverse social settings.
Pre-clinical Cognitive Phenotypes for Alzheimer Disease: A Latent Profile Approach

Background Cognitive profiles for pre-clinical Alzheimer disease (AD) can be used to identify groups of individuals at risk for disease and better characterize pre-clinical disease. Profiles or patterns of performance as pre-clinical phenotypes may be more useful than individual test scores or measures of global decline. Objective To evaluate patterns of cognitive performance in cognitively normal individuals to derive latent profiles associated with later onset of disease using a combination of factor analysis and latent profile analysis. Methods The National Alzheimer Coordinating Centers collect data, including a battery of neuropsychological tests, from participants at 29 National Institute on Aging–funded Alzheimer Disease Centers across the United States. Prior factor analyses of this battery demonstrated a four-factor structure comprising memory, attention, language, and executive function. Factor scores from these analyses were used in a latent profile approach to characterize cognition among a group of cognitively normal participants (N = 3,911). Associations between latent profiles and disease outcomes an average of 3 years later were evaluated with multinomial regression models. Similar analyses were used to determine predictors of profile membership. Results Four groups were identified; each with distinct characteristics and significantly associated with later disease outcomes. Two groups were significantly associated with development of cognitive impairment. In post hoc analyses, both the Trail Making Test Part B, and a contrast score (Delayed Recall - Trails B), significantly predicted group membership and later cognitive impairment. Conclusions Latent profile analysis is a useful method to evaluate patterns of cognition in large samples for the identification of preclinical AD phenotypes; comparable results, however, can be achieved with very sensitive tests and contrast scores.
STIMULATED RECALL METHODOLOGY IN SECOND LANGUAGE RESEARCH . Susan M. Gass and Alison Mackey . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2000. Pp. xiii + 177. $39.95 cloth, $18.50 paper.

Stimulated recall is an introspective data-collection procedure in which some “tangible . . . reminder of an event [stimulates] recall of the mental processes in operation during the event itself” (p. 17). The reminders may consist of audio or video recordings, transcriptions, an observer's fieldnotes about the event, and so on.
Polynomial-time abelian groups

Abstract This paper is a continuation of the authors' work (1991), where the main problem considered was whether a given recursive structure is recursively isomorphic to a polynomial-time (p-time) structure. In that paper, a recursive Abelian group was constructed which is not recursively isomorphic to any polynomial-time Abelian group. We now show that if every element of a recursive Abelian group has finite order, then the group is recursively isomorphic to a polynomial-time group. Furthermore, if the orders are bounded, then the group is recursively isomorphic to a polynomial-time group (A, +A) with universe A being the set of tally representations of natural numbers Tal(ω) = s{;1s};∗ or the set of binary representations of the natural numbers Bin(ω). We also construct a recursive Abelian group with all elements of finite order but which has elements of arbitrary large finite order which is not isomorphic to any polynomial-time group with universe Tal(ω) or Bin(ω). Similar results are obtained for structures (A, f), where f is a permutation on the set A.
Prevalence of speaking and hearing disabilities among adults with traumatic brain injury from a national household survey

The purpose of this study is to provide prevalence estimates of the sociodemographic characteristics and extent of speaking and hearing disabilities among a community-based sample of adults (15 years and older) who have survived traumatic brain injury (TBI). This report is based on the Canadian Health and Activity Limitation Survey (1986-87), a national household survey of self-reported disabilities. Results indicate that adults with TBI with speaking or hearing difficulties tend to be male, middle-aged and older, urban dwellers, of relatively low income levels who are limited at work. Over 75% of adults with speaking difficulties report difficulty being understood by people outside their immediate family context. Hearing difficulties rise dramatically from 75% occurring with one communication partner to over 96% occurring with three partners. The mean duration of disabilities is 12.7 years for speaking and 13.5 years for hearing. More than 80% of adults with communicative difficulties have co-occurring disabilities of mobility and agility. Results have specific implications for functional assessment of adults with TBI and service delivery decision-making.
Characterization of antioligodendrocyte serum

An antioligodendrocyte serum (AOS) has been raised in rabbits against preparations of isolated bovine oligodendrocytes. The antibody was assayed by two techniques. By complement fixation with isolated oligodendrocytes, the titer of the antibody was 1:64 to 1 : 128. By indirect immunofluorescence testing of oligodendrocyte suspensions and frozen brain sections, the titer of the AOS was 1 : 256 to 1 : 512. When unabsorbed AOS was used, immunofluorescent staining proved it specific for bovine oligodendrocytes in suspension and in sections, and for human oligodendrocytes in sections. In cell suspensions, the staining was membrane related and in sections, cytoplasmic. The oligodendrocyte staining could be totally removed by absorption of AOS against oligodendrocyte suspensions, whereas absorption against bovine myelin, bovine myelin basic protein, and bovine neurons did not affect the staining reaction. AOS also stained Schwann cells, a property possibly related to antigens shared with oligodendrocytes. It is concluded that AOS is specific for oligodendrocytes and can now be applied to fundamental and disease-related problems in the central nervous system.
Some interrelations of dietary protein, molybdenum, riboflavin and calories on liver and intestinal xanthine oxidase.

SummaryThe omission of riboflavin and/ or molybdenum from a 24% casein diet fed to weanling rats had no effect on liver xanthine oxidase within 2 weeks; a molybdenum deficiency in the presence or absence of riboflavin removed xanthine oxidase from the intestine almost completely, while a riboflavin deficiency in the presence of molybdenum gave levels of intestinal enzyme which were about one-half the saturation levels achieved by a diet containing both molybdenum and riboflavin. The oxidase: dehydrogenase activity of the enzyme present in the liver or intestine was not altered by a riboflavin or molybdenum deficiency. Restriction of the daily food intake to 23% of the ad libitum intake of a 24% casein diet or 25% of a 96% casein diet had no effect on liver or intestinal xanthine oxidase. The level of liver xanthine oxidase depended primarily on the protein content of the diet, and such values were the same whether the diet contained 0.04 or 1 mg of molybdenum per kg. Intestinal xanthine oxidase levels wer...
A new species of basal hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Cenomanian of Texas

ABSTRACT Protohadros byrdi, gen. et sp. nov., from the Cenomanian Woodbine Formation, Texas, is described on the basis of a disarticulated skull and isolated postcrania. The possession of the fewest synapomorphies among hadrosaurids places Protohadros at the basal position within Hadrosauridae. The combination of a derived maxillopalatal unit and a primitive quadrate indicate a level of cranial kinesis intermediate between primitive iguanodontians and other hadrosaurids. Both the phylogenetic and chronological distributions of these characteristics describe an evolutionary sequence of adaptations in which modifications for increased masticatory ability of the maxillary region precede the evolution of both streptostylic cranial kinesis and a more derived mandible in Hadrosauridae. The taxon is unique among hadrosaurids in possessing a ventrally deflected muzzle, including a deep, rostrally massive mandible, that is interpreted to represent an exclusively low-browsing pattern of food acquisition in a deltai...
Calculation of fractal dimension from cattle thermoregulatory responses

Abstract Fractal dimension analyses have previously been shown to objectively classify thermoregulatory responses of cattle to non-stressing and stressing thermal environments. This report presents a geometric method for calculating fractal dimensions ( D ) from time-series datasets of tympanic temperatures, and evaluates the effects of sampling intervals, recording system resolution and noise, and length of sample datasets on the calculated d -value. From these analyses, recommendations were developed for minimum temperature data resolution (0.16°C), sampling interval (3 to 15 min), and data set length (integer multiples of 24-h periods). To reduce the impact of ‘noise’ in the recording system to less than 5% change in the d -value, the number of errors times the magnitude of the errors (°C) should be limited to 0.64 when substituting for missing or questionable data. The fractal dimension computed using the prescribed technique with data collected according to the recommended criteria allows use of all collected data, without requiring removal of underlying deterministic functions or filtering of the data. The method is robust and provides objective differentiation of thermal stress levels in cattle, thereby serving as a basis for environmental evaluation and management.
A shock-tube study of the high-pressure thermal decomposition of benzene

ABSTRACT The high-temperature, high-pressure pyrolysis of the prototype aromatic, benzene, has been studied behind reflected shock waves in the UIC High Pressure Single Pulse Shock Tube. Three sets of experiments were performed at nominal pressures of 30 and 50 bars in the high temperature regime from 1200–1800 K. Stable species sampled from the shock tube were analyzed offline using gas chromatographic techniques. The present data set was simulated using the three most recent models, two of the models developed and validated against high-temperature benzene pyrolysis shock-tube data for stable species profiles as well as H atom production rates and the third model, a “work-in-progress” model from our laboratory aimed at resolving the high-pressure combustion of primary aromatics such as benzene and toluene. The simulations reflect the complexities and uncertainties involved not only in describing the primary decay steps but also the subsequent high-temperature secondary chemistry for even the simplest ar...