cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GENETIC SIMILARITIES AND EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE SEMISPECIES OF DROSOPHILA PAULISTORUM.

Evolutionists rarely have the opportunity to analyze and characterize genetically populations of a species which are undergoing speciation. This may be because the final stages of speciation which result in the consolidation of isolating mechanisms are peculiarly rapid (Mayr, 1963). Drosophila paulistorum provides an opportunity for the genetic analysis of the speciation process since it is a superspecies composed of at least six semispecies which show varying degrees of reproductive isolation among themselves (Spassky et al., 1971). D. paulistorum has been the subject of a broad range of investigations many of which have been designed to shed light on the genetics of the speciation process as it has occurred in this superspecies. Dobzhansky and his colleagues (see Dobzhansky and Spassky, 1959 for references) discovered that strains of D. paulistorum from various regions of Central and South America did not always cross easily and in a number of cases when F1 progeny were obtained they were sterile. Systematic collecting throughout much of the northern half of South America and Central America followed by careful testing of all possible combinations of crosses revealed that D. paulistorum consists of a complex of six semispecies. Carmody et al. (1962) showed that there was strong and in some cases complete ethological isolation between the semispecies (see also Ehrman, 1965; Dobzhansky et al., 1969). Were it not for the occasionally fertile backcross male and the existence of the Transitional semispecies, some strains of which are capable of acting as a genetic bridge between two semispecies, this complex of semispecies would rightly be named as six sibling species. Spassky et al. (1971) have reviewed genetic, cytological and biochemical data relating to the relationships between the semispecies of D. paulistorum. Using these data they have attempted to deduce a historical explanation for the present geographical distributions and other relationships between the semispecies. The purpose of the present investigation is to continue this analysis using the data of Richmond (1972) with the goal of clarifying the genetic and evolutionary relationships between the semispecies of D. paulistorum.
A Modified Dopa Reaction for the Diagnosis and Investigation of Pigment Cells

Three methods for a simple dopa (L-3,4-dmydroxyphenylalanine) reaction for frozen and paraffin-embedded sections and electron microscopy are presented. The classic methods were modified using fixatives and buffers currently used in enzyme histochemistry and electron microscopy. Cacodylate-buffered formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde proved to be excellent fixatives for light and electron microscopy dopa reactions, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the reaction were increased, replacing phosphate buffer with cacodylate buffer in the stock and working dopa solutions. These studies indicate that cacodylate buffer favors the enzymatic oxidation of dopa and interferes with its complete auto-oxidation. The three fractions of tyrosinase were demonstrated in human epidermal melanocytes, including the ribonucleoprotein-bound fraction, which had not been heretofore histochemically demonstrated.
Analysis and Disposal of Inner Leak of Hydraulic Mechanism on LW6 Breaker

This paper analyzes the reason of innerfault identification;Disposalleak of the hydraulic mechanism on LW6 breaker,and describes the method for locating the innerfault identification;Disposalleak of the hydraulic mechanism by means of pictures and words.Furthermore,it introduces some disposal methods of innerfault identification;Disposalleak through typical field fault disposal examples.
Origin of the Chloride Component of Olfactory Receptor Current

In the olfactory cilia of amphibians, odorants increase the activity of adenylate cyclase [1]. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) formed directly gates channels in the ciliary membrane [2], leading to a depolarizing inward current carried by cations. Recently it was shown [3] that the odorant response in amphibians consists not only of a cationic current but also of a Cl− current that depends on external Ca2+. It seemed likely [3] that Ca2+ entering the cilium through the cAMP-gated channels might, in turn, activate Ca2+-activated Cl+ channels known to exist in the ciliary membrane [4]. This model allows the following predictions: 1. cAMP should activate a ciliary C1−-dependent current. 2. This activation should also require external Ca2+. 3. The Cl− current should appear sooner and/or be larger if intraciliary Ca2+ buffering is reduced. 4. The Cl− current should require both the cAMPgated cationic channels and the Ca2+-activated Cl− channels.
Contrasts in Transition to Market-Oriented Economies: India and Korea

As of the late 1940s, despite the disparity in their population sizes, there were striking resemblances between the situations of India and Korea. Both countries were newly free from colonial rule. Indian independence from the British had come in 1947, with major disruption associated with the partition of India and Pakistan. Korean independence from the Japanese had come in 1945, and partition with its attendant dislocations followed soon afterward.
Semiconductor Devices in Perspective — Discovery of and Recent Developments in Tunneling Devices

The concept of tunneling has been known since the early days of the development of Quantum Mechanics as the finite probability of a particle crossing from a classically allowed region of space into one that is classically forbidden. Oppenheimer(1) applied this concept to explain the autoionization of excited states of atomic hydrogen under high applied electric field as early as 1928. Fowler (2) and Nordheim(2) explained the interesting experimental observation of cold emission of electrons from metals dating back to 1922 in terms of the reduction of the barrier width at the metal surface due to high applied electric field, thereby leading to an observable probability of tunneling and gave the famous Fowler-Nordheim formula for the current density as a function of the electric field F $$ J = A\;{F^2}\;\exp [ - 4{(2m)^{{\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$} \kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em \lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}}}{\phi ^{{\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 3$} \kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em \lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}}}/3hF] $$ (1) where φ is the work function of the metal.
IL-6 promotes the differentiation of a subset of naive CD8+ T cells into IL-21-producing B helper CD8+ T cells.

IL-6 is known to contribute to the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into different subsets of effector T helper cells. Less is known about the potential of IL-6 in regulating CD8+ T cell effector function. Here, we identify IL-6 as a master regulator of IL-21 in effector CD8+ T cells. IL-6 promotes the differentiation of a subset of naive CD8+ T cells that express IL-6R into a unique population of effector CD8+ T cells characterized by the production of high levels of IL-21 and low levels of IFN-γ. Similar to CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, IL-21–producing CD8+ T cells generated in the presence of IL-6 directly provide help to B cells to induce isotype switching. CD8+ T cell–derived IL-21 contributes to the production of protective virus-specific IgG antibodies during influenza virus infection. Thus, this study reveals the presence of a new mechanism by which IL-6 regulates antibody production during viral infection, and a novel function of effector CD8+ T cells in the protection against viruses.
Refutation texts: Overcoming psychology misconceptions that are resistant to change.

Prior research has shown that psychological misconceptions have been particularly resistant to revision. In the current set of experiments, refutation texts were developed in the context of the Knowledge Revision Components framework (KReC; Kendeou & O’Brien, 2014) to assess whether they would be ef
Are cosmetic surgeons complicit in promoting suspect norms of beauty

Do cosmetic surgeons have a responsibility to society to expose suspect norms of ideal appearance in addition to their primary duty to patients? Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Inflexibility and Perseveration in Neuropsychiatric Illness

Cognitive and behavioral flexibility is a core adaptive function of the executive control system in the human brain. Executive functions include a set of processes that allow for context-appropriate volitional control in “nonroutine situations.” Goal-directed behavior requires not only an ability to represent a goal and then generate a plausible sequence of actions that must be accomplished to achieve it but also an ability to prioritize goals (represent the relative value of various goals at a given time), initiate a goal-directed process, and maintain goal pursuit in the face of unexpected environmental factors that might otherwise command attention. Too much environmental dependency will result in distractibility, a tendency for tasks to be interrupted, and, ultimately, an inability to complete a complex task sequence aimed toward a particular goal. This can manifest clinically as impulsivity, where the individual quickly shifts tasks in response to a novel stimulus, leaving the prior task sequence incomplete. However, one must also be able to discontinue an activity, switching to a different task when appropriate. An excessively rigid adherence to a predetermined task sequence or a previously valued goal prevents an individual from appropriately responding to changing environmental contingencies. We examine a variety of forms of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral perseveration in neuropsychiatric disease, and explore the various mechanisms believed to account for these phenomena. In many neuropsychiatric illnesses, impairments of flexibility in one form or another account for a significant restriction in the range of reactions, feelings, and self-generated behaviors an individual may exhibit, leading to a breakdown in social and occupational functioning, and in many cases, significant suffering. Perseveration, in its broadest conceptualization, can occur at a variety of levels of organization from simple motor behaviors (i.e., tics), verbal utterances, complex cognitions (i.e., obsessions in obsessive compulsive disorder, perseverative rumination in mood and anxiety disorders, fixed delusions in psychosis), complex behaviors (i.e., compulsions in obsessive compulsive disorder and addiction), and perseveration of affect in mood and anxiety disorders.
A validation of the low mileage bias using naturalistic driving study data

Abstract Introduction This paper evaluated the low mileage bias (LMB) phenomenon for senior drivers using data mined from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Naturalistic Driving Study. Supporters of the LMB construct postulate that it is only those seniors who drive the lowest annual mileage who are primarily responsible for the increased crash rates traditionally attributed to this population in general. Method The current analysis included 802 participants, all aged 65 or older who were involved in 163 property damage and injury crashes, and deemed to be at-fault in 123 (75%) of those instances. Poisson regression models were used to evaluate the association between annualized mileage driven and crash risk. Results Results show that the crash rate for drivers with lower annualized mileage (i.e., especially for those driving fewer than approximately 3000 miles per year) was significantly higher than that of drivers with higher annualized mileage, and that 25% of the overall sample were low- mileage drivers according to this criterion. Data were also evaluated by gender and meta-age group (i.e., younger-old: 65–74 and older-old: 75–99), and the results were consistent across these sub-groups. Conclusions This study provides strong support for the existence of the LMB. Practical applications These results can help to reshape how transportation safety stakeholders view senior drivers in general and help them to focus their efforts on those seniors most in need of either risk-reducing countermeasures or alternative means of transportation.
Prototype through-pellicle coherent imaging using a 30nm tabletop EUV source

We present preliminary through-pellicle imaging using a 30nm tabletop extreme ultraviolet (EUV) coherent diffractive imaging microscope. We show that even in a non-optimized setup, this technique enables through-pellicle imaging of a sample with no detectable impact on image fidelity or resolution.
The Mediational Roles of Gratitude and Perceived Support in Explaining the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Mood

Mindfulness allows an individual to reside in a state of nonjudgmental conscious awareness. In this state, individuals are able to make deliberate choices about their thoughts and emotions and in doing so, select more optimal experiences for themselves. In the present study, we predicted individuals who are more mindful are able to purposely attend to the environment, and as a result, would be more likely to notice and be grateful for the positive aspects of life that might otherwise go unappreciated. Given the strong links in the literature between mindfulness and well-being, we also examined whether gratitude might serve as a mediator in the relationship between mindfulness and mood. Additionally, because gratitude is believed to strengthen ties to others, we also tested whether gratitude and perceived social support might serve as mediators in a multi-mediated model. Specifically, it was predicted that mindfulness would contribute to the expression of heightened gratitude which, in turn, would influence a heightened sense of perceived support. This heightened sense of support from others was then predicted to enhance feelings of positive mood states and decrease feelings of negative mood states. Participants (N = 700) completed a survey that assessed mindfulness, gratitude, perceived support, and mood. Findings showed a significant association between mindfulness and gratitude. Mediational analyses also showed that both gratitude and perceived support served to mediate the relationship between mindfulness and positive and negative mood. However, in the case of negative mood, our hypothesized model did not provide the best fit to the data. The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to the role mindfulness, gratitude and perceived support play in the promotion of positive and negative mood states.
Precision Medicine In Action: The Impact Of Ivacaftor On Cystic Fibrosis–Related Hospitalizations

Cystic fibrosis is a life-threatening genetic disease that causes severe damage to the lungs. Ivacaftor, the first drug that targeted the underlying defect of the disease caused by specific mutations, is a sterling example of the potential of precision medicine. Clinical trial and registry studies showed that ivacaftor improved outcomes and reduced hospitalizations. Our study used US administrative claims data to assess the real-world effectiveness of ivacaftor. Comparing twelve-month rates before and after starting the use of ivacaftor among people who initiated therapy during 2012–2015, we found that overall and cystic fibrosis–related inpatient admissions fell by 55 percent and 81 percent, respectively. There was a comparable reduction in inpatient spending. Ivacaftor appears to be effective for multiple mutations that cause the disease, as suggested by the fact that during the study period, ivacaftor’s use was extended to nine additional mutations in 2014. Examination of evidence from clinical trial, ...
A Survey of Alternative Splicing in Allotetraploid Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Allotetraploid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.), accounting for more than 90% of cultivated cotton worldwide, provides textile fibers and seeds. Alternative splicing (AS) is a post-transcriptional process that generates more than one RNA isoforms from a single pre-mRNA transcript, increasing the diversity of functional proteins and RNAs. We surveyed the alternatively spliced genes in cotton using expressed sequence tag (EST) and mRNA sequences available in the public databases. A total of 56,080 AS events, including 41,150 (73.4%) basic events and 14,930 (26.6%) complex events were identified, which were generated from approximately 23,930 genes. Intron retention was the most frequent event, accounting for 34.8%, followed by alternative acceptor site events (18.8%) and alternative donor site events (11.8%), and exon skipping being the least frequent event (8.0%). Complex types, which are formed by more than one basic event, are accounted for 26.6%. The estimated AS rates of genes generating AS isoforms was 27.1% in cotton. Gene Ontology and protein family analysis showed that the products of alternatively spliced genes were involved in many biological processes with diverse molecular functions. The transcripts to cotton genome mapping information can be used to improve the predicted gene models in cotton. The annotation information of AS isoforms of these genes provides a basis for future investigation on the functions of these AS genes in cotton biology. The data can be accessed at Plant Alternative Splicing Database (http://proteomics.ysu.edu/altsplice/).
Molecular genetic prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency by allele-specific hybridization.

The feasibility and accuracy of gene-specific molecular genetic diagnosis for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency were studied in a group of 24 pregnancies at 25% risk of carrying an affected fetus. Chorionic villus sampling was performed in the majority of cases. Southern blot analysis was carried out to identify deletions or other gross rearrangements. In parallel, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed, followed by allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization (ASO) for a panel of nine known mutations. Mutations were identified in 95% of the chromosomes examined. The molecular diagnosis was accurate in 23 of 24 infants. The most common mutation identified was an A-to-G transition in the second intron (52% of affected chromosomes), the result of an apparent gene conversion. One fetus carried homozygous deletion of CYP21, which accounted for 13% of all affected chromosomes. Other mutations identified included an 8-bp deletion in the third exon (22%); Ile172 to Asn, a nonconservative substitution, in the fourth exon (9%); and Gln318 to term, a nonsense mutation, in the eighth exon (4%). No mutation was detected in CYP21 in 5% of obligate-affected chromosomes examined by these methods.
Corn kernel modification.

Corn is an excellent example of applied phytochemistry. Many genetic modifications of corn seeds have been studied, and a number of these modifications have had or may have economic value. The importance of corn to the economy of the United States can be illustrated by reviewing recent statistics.
Regrounding Populism: Moving Beyond Questions of Definition and Content

While conventional studies of electoral populism acknowledge that such mobilizations are linked tosignificant economic crises, their preoccupation with defining what exactly populism is often leads them to downplay the unified structural roots of different sorts of populistmobilizations. Thisessaypresents the beginnings of an alternative framework for the study of electoral populism that draws on the neo-Gramscian theory of political articulation that links studies of global economic crises with conventional theories of populism.While crisesare an endemic feature of global capitalism, their political manifestation is shaped bythe variedinstitutional structures and legacies in which they are translated.
Language-Guided Adaptive Perception for Efficient Grounded Communication with Robotic Manipulators in Cluttered Environments

The utility of collaborative manipulators for shared tasks is highly dependent on the speed and accuracy of communication between the human and the robot. The run-time of recently developed probabilistic inference models for situated symbol grounding of natural language instructions depends on the complexity of the representation of the environment in which they reason. As we move towards more complex bi-directional interactions, tasks, and environments, we need intelligent perception models that can selectively infer precise pose, semantics, and affordances of the objects when inferring exhaustively detailed world models is inefficient and prohibits real-time interaction with these robots. In this paper we propose a model of language and perception for the problem of adapting the configuration of the robot perception pipeline for tasks where constructing exhaustively detailed models of the environment is inefficient and inconsequential for symbol grounding. We present experimental results from a synthetic corpus of natural language instructions for robot manipulation in example environments. The results demonstrate that by adapting perception we get significant gains in terms of run-time for perception and situated symbol grounding of the language instructions without a loss in the accuracy of the latter.
Household composition and experiences of food insecurity in Nigeria: the role of social capital, education, and time use

The relationship between family structure and economic wellbeing has been widely documented. However, recent demographic shifts necessitate further exploration of the interrelationships between household composition and socioeconomic resources in relation to food insecurity. The Nigerian General Household Survey data was used to analyze three mechanisms - social capital, education and time use - by which the number of children and the presence of a disabled older adult in the household related to household food insecurity. A significantly higher risk of severe food insecurity occurred among households with children and those with a disabled elderly person. Financial support from friends, relatives, and moneylenders was associated with higher, rather than lower, risks of food insecurity. Time spent collecting cooking fuel significantly modified the relationship between number of children and food insecurity. The greater the time spent fetching cooking fuel, the smaller the gap in food security status between households with no children and those having children. These findings call for interventions aimed at combating poverty and hunger, targeting specifically households with children and those with elderly disabled persons. Further, they show the importance of reducing the amount of time it takes for households to access fuel for cooking. Also, addressing the unmet need for contraception in Nigeria may help to reduce the rate of unplanned childbearing, thereby improving household food security.
Demonstration of Line Transect Methodologies to Estimate Urban Gray Squirrel Density

Because studies estimating density of gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) have been labor intensive and costly, I demonstrate the use of line transect surveys to estimate gray squirrel density and determine the costs of conducting surveys to achieve precise estimates. Density estimates are based on four transacts that were surveyed five times from 30 June to 9 July 1994. Using the program DISTANCE, I estimated there were 4.7 (95% Cl = 1.86-11.92) gray squirrels/ha on the Clemson University campus. Eleven additional surveys would have decreased the percent coefficient of variation from 30% to 20% and would have cost approximately $114. Estimating urban gray squirrel density using line transect surveys is cost effective and can provide unbiased estimates of density, provided that none of the assumptions of distance sampling theory are violated.
Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Precipitation Data from South Carolina

We build a Bayesian spatio-temporal model for rainfall in South Carolina based on a three-stage hierarchical structure with data, process, and parameters. In our Gaussian process model, we model the true underlying process in the first level and the spatio-temporal random effect in the second level of the hierarchy. The prior distribution of the parameters and hyperparameters is specified in the third stage. We also extend the Gaussian process model to an autoregressive model by adding a temporal correlation parameter ρ.
Neuropsychology of Movement Disorders and Motor Neuron Disease: Parkinson’s Disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Essential Tremor, Huntington’s Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Movement disorders fall into two broad categories: Hypokinetic and hyperkinetic. Hypokinetic disorders involve a paucity of voluntary movement and are exemplified by Parkinson’s disease and related Parkinsonian disorders such as progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy; by contrast, hyperkinetic disorders are characterized by excessive involuntary movements, a classic example of which is Huntington’s disease (HD).
Unexpected expectations: Public reaction to the Facebook emotional contagion study:

How to ethically conduct online platform-based research remains an unsettled issue and the source of continued controversy. The Facebook emotional contagion study, in which researchers altered Face...
First-in-human evaluation of a hand-held automated venipuncture device for rapid venous blood draws

Obtaining venous access for blood sampling or intravenous (IV) fluid delivery is an essential first step in patient care. However, success rates rely heavily on clinician experience and patient physiology. Difficulties in obtaining venous access result in missed sticks and injury to patients, and typically require alternative access pathways and additional personnel that lengthen procedure times, thereby creating unnecessary costs to healthcare facilities. Here, we present the first-in-human assessment of an automated robotic venipuncture device designed to safely perform blood draws on peripheral forearm veins. The device combines ultrasound imaging and miniaturized robotics to identify suitable vessels for cannulation and robotically guide an attached needle toward the lumen center. The device demonstrated results comparable to or exceeding that of clinical standards, with a success rate of 87% on all participants (n = 31), a 97% success rate on nondifficult venous access participants (n = 25), and an average procedure time of 93 ± 30 s (n = 31). In the future, this device can be extended to other areas of vascular access such as IV catheterization, central venous access, dialysis, and arterial line placement.
The impact of health care provider relationships and communication dynamics on urinary tract infection management and antibiotic utilization for long-term care facility residents treated in the emergency department: A qualitative study.

Background For older adults, over diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTI) is a primary driver of inappropriate antibiotic use. This risk is increased for patients in long-term care facilities (LTCF), especially as they transition back and forth to emergency departments (ED). In this study, we aimed to understand how health care provider communication and relationship dynamics affect LTCF residents treated in the ED to identify barriers to antibiotic stewardship for UTIs. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with nurses and physicians from LTCFs and EDs, guided by the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety framework. Data were systematically coded and underwent iterative, conventional, content analysis. Results We interviewed 16 LTCF and 16 ED providers across Wisconsin. ED and LTCF nurses have a critical role in both intrafacility and interfacility communication. Fragmented communication and interprofessional power dynamics were identified barriers to optimal antibiotic prescribing for UTIs. Identified strategies to overcome these issues included using objective diagnostic criteria, development of communication scripts, and nurse-to-nurse education. Conclusions Our qualitative approach revealed important insights about how communication and relationship dynamics influence UTI diagnosis and optimal antibiotic stewardship for LTCF residents evaluated in the ED. Future interventions should strengthen communications between settings and across provider types, and address standardization of diagnostic and treatment communication pathways for LTCF residents with suspected infections transitioning between EDs and LTCFs.
A comparison of w-band free-space and waveguide dielectric property measurements

Two swept-frequency scalar techniques – free-space and in-waveguide – are compared for determining the complex dielectric constant of low-loss materials via measurement of their channel spectra. Factors such as measurement speed, low cost, good specimen statistics, complementarity, high-temperature suitability, and systematic errors are evaluated in this comparison. Data are presented as well as new theory for data reduction.
Template Priors in Bayesian Curve Registration

In experiments where observations on each experimental unit are functional in nature, it is often the case that, in addition to variability along the horizontal axis (height or amplitude variabilit...
Battery-Related Injuries in Children and Adults:

The aim of the current study was to analyze the circumstances behind battery injuries, including the mode of injuries experienced (e.g., a shock or consumption), as well as the battery types and pr...
The impacts of historical land-use on phosphorus movement in the Calhoun Critical Zone Observatory in the southeastern US Piedmont

Human actions through land-use can alter soil phosphorus (P) distribution over time and space as vegetation is altered and added fertilizer P is translocated downslopes by runoff and erosion, or through the soil profile by leaching. In the southeastern US Piedmont, a more than 100-year period of human land-use of forest clearing and farming, which included P fertilization, caused severe surface erosion before reforestation. This history resulted in elevated surface soil P in farmed ridge tops, even after 70 years of reforestation, but little data exists on redistribution of this P downslope or down profile during these 70 years. We aimed to investigate the effect of different land-use histories on soil P losses over time. Combined with multiple years of current soils, soil solution, and stream water data from two small watersheds in the Calhoun Critical Zone Observatory (Calhoun CZO) in South Carolina, USA, we use the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) to simulate a trajectory of seven different land-uses on P movement. Results indicated annual solution total P loss under 100% agriculture (3.7 kg ha−1 year−1) was six times greater than under 100% forest while mixed forest and agriculture experienced about one-third the loss observed under agricultural land. Furthermore, the model predicted P leaching that ranged from 0.036 to 0.1 kg ha−1 year−1 with the highest rates during early reforestation. These increased leaching rates could account for 7–20 kg ha−1 of vertical P movement through the soil profile over 200 years. This content of P leaching is consistent with observed differences in the content of extractable soil P in the 2 m of soil under farmed vs. never farmed locations. Simulation under high rainfall indicated wet periods or events could augment P mobilization and better approximated observed increases in soil extractable P content. These land-use change simulations indicate reforestation reduces surface runoff and erosion but increases vertical leaching and, despite soil P retention mechanisms, may move P deep into the soil profile.
Racial Associations Between Gambling and Suicidal Behaviors Among Black and White Adolescents and Young Adults

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among Black youth ages 10–19 years. Between 1991 and 2017, rates of suicide among Black youth have been increasing faster than rates among any other race/ethnic group. There are many factors that may explain this increase, with gambling being suggested as one such potential risk factor. This review examines the association between gambling and suicide behaviors, and how these associations may vary between Black and White youth and young adults. The current review examines these associations using data from the Missouri Family Study (MOFAM). Recent findings have revealed distinct patterns of substance use initiation and gambling behaviors between Black youth and White youth. While strong links between gambling and suicide behaviors have also been reported, whether the associations were consistent across race/ethnicity groups was not investigated, nor in these cross-sectional analyses was it possible to determine whether the gambling behaviors preceded or followed suicidality. Thus, there is a need to investigate whether there are differences in the associations of gambling and suicide behaviors at the race/ethnicity level in tandem with data that examine the sequence of the behaviors. The current report focuses on racial/ethnic differences using data that allow for sequencing the occurrence of the behaviors via the age of first gambling experience, and of first suicidal symptom, to better distinguish the nature of the association. The current findings revealed that gambling initiation predicted suicide ideation among Black youth, while no significant association was found among White youth. This is of major public health concern, given the rising rates of suicide among Black youth, and the increased availability of gambling. The report did not find a link between gambling and suicide attempts. Culturally tailored interventions should be considered among schools, families, and clinicians/providers, to highlight the risk of adolescent gambling, particularly among Black youth.
Monitoring Protein Splicing Using In-gel Fluorescence Immediately Following SDS-PAGE

Inteins garner significant interest from both basic and applied researchers due to their unique catalytic abilities. Herein, we describe a protocol for accurately monitoring protein splicing without purification using in-gel fluorescence immediately following Tris-Glycine SDS-PAGE. Following expression in Escherichia coli, cells are lysed by sonication, cell supernatants are separated using Tris-Glycine SDS-PAGE, and superfolder GFP (sfGFP) fluorescence is directly visualized within gels. This method is rapid, with sfGFP immediately imaged following SDS-PAGE without staining. Further, sfGFP can be specifically detected in complex samples such as E. coli cell supernatants, proteins run at expected masses, and all steps can be performed at ambient temperature. This strategy is broadly applicable beyond the study of protein splicing and can be used for sensitive and specific visualization of superfolder sfGFP-tagged proteins in-gel.
Fractal Dimension of Assemblies in the Abstract Tile Assembly Model

In this paper, we investigate the power of systems in the abstract Tile Assembly Model to self-assemble shapes having fractal dimensions between 1 and 2. We introduce a concept of sparsity as a tool for investigating such systems and demonstrate its utility by proving how it relates to fractal dimension.
Redescription of Five Species of Pachybrachis Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae) of the Western USA, Including New Synonymies, Records of Greatly Expanded Ranges into the Eastern USA, and New Plant Associations

An effort to identify a series of Pachybrachis Chevrolat, 1836 specimens from an eastern USA nature preserve led to the study of five western USA species: Pachybrachis alticola Fall, Pachybrachis conspirator Fall, Pachybrachis laevis Bowditch, Pachybrachis mercurialis Fall, and Pachybrachis nubilus Bowditch. Pachybrachis mercurialis is synonymized under P. laevis (new synonymy), and P. conspirator is synonymized under P. nubilus (new synonymy). The known range of P. laevis was extended 1,000 miles eastward. Descriptions, figures, and range maps are presented for each species.
A High-Value Care Curriculum Using Individual and Group Structured Reflection.

OBJECTIVE One-third of all healthcare dollars are wasted, primarily in the form of clinician-ordered unnecessary diagnostic tests and treatments. Medical education has likely played a central role in the creation and perpetuation of this problem. We aimed to create a curriculum for medical students to promote their contribution to high-value care conversations in the clinical environment. METHODS At a large university medical center between March 2017 and February 2018, we implemented a 3-phase curriculum combining multimodal educational initiatives with individual and group reflection for third-year medical students during their 12-week long Internal Medicine clerkship rotation. Students were asked to identify examples of clinical decision making that lacked attention to high-value care, propose solutions to the identified situation, and pinpoint barriers to the implementation of effective solutions using a structured reflection framework and then participate in a debrief debate with fellow students. To assess the curriculum, reflective narratives were coded by frequency and codes were compared with one another and with relevant high-value care literature to identify patterns and themes. RESULTS In total, 151 medical students participated in phase 1 and 119 in phase 3. For phase 2, 126 reflective narratives (94.7% participation rate) comprised 226 problems, 280 solutions, and 179 barriers. CONCLUSIONS When provided appropriate resources, medical students are able to identify relevant examples of low-value care, downstream solutions, and barriers to implementation through a structured reflection curriculum comprising written narratives and in-person debate.
Post-establishment changes in habitat selection by an invasive species: beavers in the Patagonian steppe

Changes in habitat use over the course of a biological invasion may influence the fraction of the landscape that is ultimately affected by the invader. However, this intermediate stage of invasion has been less studied than the initial or final stages. Here, we investigated the recent invasion by an ecosystem engineer, the American Beaver (Castor canadensis), in an area of the Patagonian steppe. We utilized repeated high resolution satellite images to identify beaver ponds, and used them to study changes in beaver abundance and habitat use over time. The number of beaver ponds increased 85 % between 2005 and 2014. During this period, beavers changed their habitat selection pattern, presumably as a response to increased density. Beavers established on small watercourses in canyons first, but as more canyons became occupied over time, beavers moved to less preferred watercourses in plains and U-shaped valleys. Potential new beaver colonies established close to existing beaver ponds, suggesting proximity to a beaver pond is an important determinant of beaver colonization. Identifying habitat preferred by beavers in the steppe, could help to increase early detection of the invader at the invasion front. Our work highlights the importance of the use of high resolution remote sensing technologies to better understand and control biological invasions.
Bonding of Metal Oxides in Sodium Silicate Glass

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) studies have been undertaken on sodium disilicate glasses containing varying amounts of Fe2O3 and UO2. The XPS results enable one to distinguish the different bonding characteristics of iron and uranium in these glasses. A three dimensional model for the iron coordination in the sodium disilicate glass is inferred from the combined XPS and EXAFS results.
Designing good deceptions in defense of information systems

Since attackers trust computer systems to tell them the truth, it may be effective for those systems to lie or mislead This could waste the attacker's resources while permitting time to organize a better defense, and would provide a second line of defense when access controls have been breached. We propose here a probabilistic model of attacker beliefs in each of a set of "generic excuses" (including deception) for their inability to accomplish their goals. We show how the model can be updated by evidence presented to the attacker and feedback from the attacker's own behavior. We show some preliminary results with human subjects supporting our theory. We show how this analysis permits choosing appropriate times and methods to deceive the attacker.
Examining the prevalence, role and impact of evidence regarding Antisocial Personality, sociopathy and psychopathy in capital cases: a survey of defense team members.

Although anecdotal case accounts suggest that evidence concerning Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), sociopathy and psychopathy is frequently introduced by the prosecution in capital murder trials, to date there has been no systematic research to determine the actual prevalence, role, or perceived impact of such evidence in these cases. Survey data collected from attendees at a national capital mitigation conference (n = 41) indicated that prosecution evidence concerning APD was quite prevalent, with "sociopath" and "psychopath" labels being introduced less frequently. Evidence concerning these disorders, which were assessed primarily via DSM criteria and self-report personality inventories, was most often introduced by the prosecution in the sentencing phase to address a defendant's ostensible risk of future dangerousness and/or to rebut mitigating evidence-although it was also introduced frequently in the guilt/innocence phase of these trials to rebut mental health evidence offered by the defense. Survey respondents believed that evidence concerning APD, sociopathy, and psychopathy had a considerable impact on trial outcomes. Also, although defense objections were common, such evidence was rarely ruled to be inadmissible in these cases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Intracellular Ca2+ signaling in endothelial cells by the angiogenesis inhibitors endostatin and angiostatin

Intracellular signaling mechanisms by the angiogenesis inhibitors endostatin and angiostatin remain poorly understood. We have found that endostatin (2 μg/ml) and angiostatin (5 μg/ml) elicited tra...
The Challenge of Developing Oversight Approaches to Nanobiotechnology

This symposium of 19 articles grows out of a 4-year project funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (grant #SES-0608791) on “Evaluating Oversight Models for Active Nanostructures and Nanosystems: Learning from Past Technologies in a Societal Context” (Susan M. Wolf, Principal Investigator (PI); Co-PIs: Efrosini Kokkoli, Jennifer Kuzma, Jordan Paradise, Gurumurthy Ramachandran). The goal of this project was to develop oversight recommendations for nanobiotechnology grounded in historical analysis and evaluation of oversight approaches to five cognate technologies: drugs, devices, human gene transfer research (“gene therapy”), chemicals in the workplace, and genetically modified organisms in the food supply. The investigators utilized expert elicitation and literature analysis to develop a structured survey to aid analysis of the successes and failures of these prior oversight regimes. The methodology is presented in the symposium and described in depth in additional team publications cited here. The survey instrument devised represents a significant new tool for evaluating science and technology oversight, including regulatory regimes. This symposium publishes the five historical case studies plus commentaries, an article co-authored by the investigators comparing across the five case studies to derive overarching lessons for nanobio oversight, and seven articles on cross-cutting ideas including nanobio governance and oversight, risk communication, and approaches to expert elicitation. The symposium includes the work of 30 authors and breaks new ground on policy approaches to emerging science and technology.
Principled Engagement: Obstacles and Opportunities in an Increasingly Consultancy Dominated World

I once heard that a rural farmer in northeastern Thailand who opposed the construction of the Pak Mun hydropower dam had lamented—out of frustration with the project moving ahead—that, “The World Bank never believes any information that it has not paid for.” His intention was to strongly critique the Bank for only myopically paying attention to knowledge it paid for. It could be argued, however, that the comment implies that the best way to influence policy is to work for—or at least closely with—institutions like the World Bank to produce knowledge that might be taken more seriously. Indeed, some academic political ecologists engage outside of academia for advocacy purposes, often through entering into various types of consulting arrangements (see Blaikie, 2008; 2012: Rocheleau, 2008; Walker, 2006). Academics pursue these opportunities partially because they perceive that doing so can help influence important institutions and policy debates, but also frequently due to these arrangements being well paid. Thus, political ecologists have often been critical of “applied development
In vivo selection of genetically modified erythroid cells using a jak2-based cell growth switch.

Abstract Cell-based therapies have potential widespread applications in clinical medicine, and methods for controlling the fate of transplanted cells are needed. We have previously described a means for directing the growth of genetically modified cells in vivo using a derivative of the thrombopoietin receptor, mpl, that is reversibly activated by a drug called a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID). Since Jak2 participates in signaling from a number of different cytokine receptors (including mpl), we tested whether direct activation of the JH1 domain of Jak2 would broaden the repertoire of hematopoietic lineages responsive to the CID. While the engineered Jak2 induced a significant rise in genetically modified red cells, as we have observed previously with mpl, it lacked mpl's ability to expand genetically modified platelets and failed to expand genetically modified granulocytes, B cells, or T cells. These findings identify a signaling molecule other than mpl that can function as a cell growth switch in vivo and demonstrate that signaling molecules used for in vivo selection need not be confined to receptors. The erythroid-restricted growth response suggests that CID-activated Jak2 may be well suited to gene therapy applications in sickle cell anemia or β-thalassemia.
Accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of placenta accreta

BACKGROUND:The incidence of placenta accreta has increased dramatically over the last three decades, in concert with the increase in the cesarean delivery rate. Optimal management requires accurate prenatal diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the precision and reliability of ultras
GENDERED SEXUALITY OVER THE LIFE COURSE: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Despite increasing interest in gendered sexuality over the life course, a comprehensive conceptual model, applicable to all aspects of sexual life and incorporating recent developments in life course sociology, feminist theory, and sexuality studies, has yet to be elaborated. The model presented here posits that sexual beliefs and behaviors result from individuals' lifelong accumulation of advantageous and disadvantageous experiences, and adoption/rejection of sexual scripts, within socio-historical contexts. Women and men follow distinctive sexual trajectories insofar as they accrue gender-specific experiences and scripts and as their sexuality and gender trajectories intertwine. Empirical examples include virginity loss and involuntary celibacy, (de)coupling, and chronic illness/disability. The proposed framework helps explain the coexistence of differences and similarities among individuals and cohorts and holds particular promise for studying lifelong aspects of sexuality like agency and interest. It ...