cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘The earth belongs to the living’: Thomas Jefferson and the problem of intergenerational relations

The contention that future people have interests and rights that we are obligated to respect is not new and did not originate in modern ‘environmentalist’ sensibilities. It received an early airing two centuries ago from thinkers as disparate as Kant, Burke, and Thomas Jefferson. I deal in the main with Jefferson's claim that ‘the earth belongs in usufruct to the living’ and its implications for protecting posterity's interests, and secondarily with ideas about intergenerational relations in Kant, Burke, and Paine. That these ideas had their origins in a decidedly different political context ‐ namely, in reactions to and reflections upon the French Revolution ‐ does not preclude their being recycled and reused in our own day for quite different purposes.
Biosurfactant-producing Bacillus are present in produced brines from Oklahoma oil reservoirs with a wide range of salinities

Nine wells producing from six different reservoirs with salinities ranging from 2.1% to 15.9% were surveyed for presence of surface-active compounds and biosurfactant-producing microbes. Degenerate primers were designed to detect the presence of the surfactin/lichenysin (srfA3/licA3) gene involved in lipopeptide biosurfactant production in members of Bacillus subtilis/licheniformis group and the rhlR gene involved in regulation of rhamnolipid production in pseudomonads. Polymerase chain reaction amplification, cloning, and sequencing confirmed the presence of the srfA3/licA3 genes in brines collected from all nine wells. The presence of B. subtilis/licheniformis strains was confirmed by sequencing two other genes commonly used for taxonomic identification of bacteria, gyrA (gyrase A) and the 16S rRNA gene. Neither rhlR nor 16S rRNA gene related to pseudomonads was detected in any of the brines. Intrinsic levels of surface-active compounds in brines were low or not detected, but biosurfactant production could be stimulated by nutrient addition. Supplementation with a known biosurfactant-producing Bacillus strain together with nutrients increased biosurfactant production. The genetic potential to produce lipopeptide biosurfactants (e.g., srfA3/licA3 gene) is prevalent, and nutrient addition stimulated biosurfactant production in brines from diverse reservoirs, suggesting that a biostimulation approach for biosurfactant-mediated oil recovery may be technically feasible.
Investigating the Defect Structures in Transparent Conducting Oxides Using X-ray and Neutron Scattering Techniques

Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) materials are implemented into a wide variety of commercial devices because they possess a unique combination of high optical transparency and high electrical conductivity. Created during the processing of the TCOs, defects within the atomic-scale structure are responsible for their desirable optical and electrical properties. Therefore, studying the defect structure is essential to a better understanding of the behavior of transparent conductors. X-ray and neutron scattering techniques are powerful tools to investigate the atomic lattice structural defects in these materials. This review paper presents some of the current developments in the study of structural defects in n-type TCOs using x-ray diffraction (XRD), neutron diffraction, extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), pair distribution functions (PDFs), and x-ray fluorescence (XRF).
Diversity in Foreign News in US Newspapers Before and After the Invasion of Iraq

The objective of this study is to explore how the Iraq War affected the patterns of newspapers’ foreign news coverage, specifically how the war affected the quality of foreign news in three prominent US newspapers, the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times and the Miami Herald in 2001, 2003, and 2005. Diversity was adopted as a criterion to measure the quality of foreign news coverage, employing the Herfindahl Index to calculate the level of diversity. The study reveals that, in general, the diversity of sources, geographic origins and topics significantly decreased after the start of the war. This was due to the pattern of concentration on a few categories. After the invasion of Iraq, newspapers’ preferences for government sources, Middle East origins, military/defence related stories and news about international politics increased.
Activated Self-Concept as a Mechanism Underlying Prevention Message Effects

Recent theorizing has posited that messages influence behavior via currently activated self-concepts. This proposition was tested in the context of evaluating real-world anti-marijuana television ads. A pretest yielded two themes (autonomy and responsibility) with two exemplars each. It was hypothesized that any effects of themes on behavioral willingness to use marijuana would be mediated by accessibility of a nonuser self-concept. An experiment was conducted in which participants (N = 129) viewed one of three clips that 1) contained embedded ads about nonuse supporting autonomy; 2) contained embedded ads about nonuse supporting responsibility to others; or 3) retained original commercials (control). Outcomes included reaction-time measures that assessed nonuser self-concept and willingness to use marijuana in social situations. Among those who identified as not a “druggie” and who were unwilling to smoke a joint at a party with friends, analyses revealed that exposure to the responsibility ads resulted ...
Quantum spin ices and topological phases from dipolar-octupolar doublets on the pyrochlore lattice.

We consider a class of $d$- and $f$-electron systems in which dipolar-octupolar Kramers doublets arise on the sites of the pyrochlore lattice. For such doublets, two components of the pseudospin transform like a magnetic dipole, while the other transforms like a component of the magnetic octupole tensor. Based on a symmetry analysis, we construct and study models of dipolar-octupolar doublets in itinerant and localized limits. In both limits, the resulting models are of surprisingly simple form. In the itinerant limit, we find topological insulating behavior. In the localized limit, the most general nearest-neighbor spin model is the $XYZ$ model. We show that this $XYZ$ model exhibits two distinct quantum spin ice (QSI) phases, that we dub dipolar QSI, and octupolar QSI. We conclude with a discussion of potential relevance to real material systems.
Comparative studies of rat IgG to further delineate the Fc : FcRn interaction site

Recent data have indicated that the MHC class I-related receptor, FcRn, regulates the half-lives of serum IgG in addition to its known role in transferring IgG from mother to young. In the current study, the activity of rat IgG (rIgG) isotypes in FcRn-mediated functions has been analyzed. The serum half-life and maternofetal transfer in mice decreased in the order rIgG2a > rIgG1 > rIgG2c > rIgG2b. This decrease in activity correlates well with reduced binding affinity for soluble mouse FcRn, and site-directed mutagenesis of a recombinant Fc-hinge fragment has been used to investigate the molecular basis for the differences in activities of the rIgG. Analysis of the serum half-lives of the mutated Fc-hinge fragments demonstrated that, in addition to Ile253, His310, His435 and His436 that were identified in earlier studies, amino acids at positions 257, 307 and 309 play a role in building the FcRn interaction site of IgG. The study also excludes the involvement of amino acids in a fourth loop located at the CH2-CH3 domain interface that encompasses residues 386 – 387 in FcRn binding. Sequence differences at positions 257, 307 and 309 between rIgG most likely account for the reduced affinity of rIgG2b and IgG2c relative to rIgG1 and rIgG2a for binding to FcRn.
Dualism, Job Polarization, and the Social Construction of Precarious Work:

Publication of Arne Kalleberg’s Good Jobs, Bad Jobs provides a welcome opportunity to re-examine the theoretical and conceptual frameworks that scholars bring to bear on precarious employment. An e...
Effect of Extended-Release Isosorbide Mononitrate One Hour After Dosing in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris fn1

Abstract The effect of extended-release isosorbide mononitrate (ER-ISMN) on exercise tolerance 1 hour after dosing was compared with that of placebo in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind study of 151 patients with stable effort-induced angina. During a 9- to 24-day placebo run-in, patients underwent Bruce protocol baseline exercise tolerance tests, after which they received ER-ISMN or placebo for 5 days. ER-ISMN patients took 60 mg each morning for the first 4 days and 120 mg on the morning of the fifth day. One hour after dosing, ER-ISMN patients had a significantly greater increase in total exercise time (days 1 to 4: 5 ± 53 seconds; day 5: 53 ± 58 seconds) than the placebo-treated patients (days 1 to 4: 14 ± 37 seconds; day 5: 21 ± 48) (p
A mass accuracy sensitive probability based scoring algorithm for database searching of tandem mass spectrometry data

Background Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become one of the most used tools in mass spectrometry based proteomics. Various algorithms have since been developed to automate the process for modern high-throughput LC-MS/MS experiments.
Organic films as anti-reflective coatings on solar cells

Abstract The commercial silicon solar cells were covered with varying thicknesses of stearic acid films and their reflectance characteristics were investigated. The results on the anti-reflective nature of stearic acid films are discussed. It has been further discussed that a single coating of polymerizable organic materials such as diacetylenes can be used both as anti-reflective and protective coatings on solar cells. This should result in substantial cost reduction of solar cell technology.
Factors determining cellular mechanisms of resistance to antimitotic drugs

With the rapidly expanding use of paclitaxel and related taxanes to treat malignant diseases, comes the realization that development of resistance to this class of agents will become an increasingly significant clinical problem. Studies have indicated that acquisition of resistance to the cytotoxic action of these drugs can occur by limiting the drug's ability to accumulate in cells, altering the stability of cellular microtubules, diminishing the drug's ability to bind tubulin, or varying the expression of specific tubulin genes. This review will critically evaluate the selection methods used to generate drug resistant mutants in tissue culture and focus on the various factors that determine which resistance mechanisms are most likely to be encountered. It is anticipated that clinical drug resistance will be complicated by pharmacokinetic considerations and variability among individuals, but that underlying genetic mechanisms will be similar to those found in culture.
Strain rate effects in cold worked high-purity Aluminium

Specimens of high-purity polycrystalline aluminium were subjected to strain rates from 10−4 per second to 4 × 103 per second in order to determine the nature of the strain rate sensitivity. The specimens used in this study had been cold worked to varying degrees from an annealed condition to an engineering strain of 50 per cent. It was found, contrary to the prediction of the intersection mechanism of dislocation theory, that the cold working had little or no effect on the type or degree of strain rate sensitivity and that the material used in this study was definitely strain rate sensitive, regardless of the degree of cold working.
Quantitative Analysis of Etheno-2‘-Deoxycytidine DNA Adducts Using On-Line Immunoaffinity Chromatography Coupled With LC/ES-MS/MS Detection

Etheno DNA adducts, including 3,N4-etheno-2‘-deoxycytidine (etheno-dC), are promutagenic lesions present in normal animal and human tissues. These DNA adducts are believed to be important in the etiology of cancer. Existing methods for quantifying etheno-dC use 32P-postlabeling. Although highly sensitive, postlabeling requires the use of an energetic radioisotope and considerable time and effort. The new methodology reported here permits automated quantification of trace levels of etheno-dC in crude DNA hydrolysates on the order of 5 adducts in 108 normal nucleotides from 100-μg samples of DNA. This was accomplished by using on-line immunoaffinity chromatography, a reverse-phase LC separation on graphitized carbon, tandem mass spectrometric detection, and an isotopically labeled internal standard. The automated procedures permitted analysis of 4 DNA hydrolysates/hr. The sensitivity using immunoaffinity cleanup was approximately 100-fold greater than that observed when using a silica-based trapping system....
Estimation of fading channels with a parallel matching pursuit structure

A parallel matching pursuit followed by cancellation (PMPC) algorithm is presented for estimation of multipath channels with large possible delay spreads. In the transient phase of the parallel MP, an increasing number of channel coefficients is chosen in each iteration. The selected coefficients are next accurately estimated using a cancellation step in the algorithm. Unlike a serial MPC (SMPC) approach, the PMPC algorithm enables faster convergence in the transient phase, and allows readjustment of the selected channel coefficients. The performance of PMPC, however, depends on a set of weighting coefficients. Our study shows that PMPC can perform significantly better than conventional least squares under sparse channel conditions.
Demountable TAB-a new path for TAB technology

Despite its advantages, the proliferation of TAB technology in the high lead count single chip packaging world has been somewhat limited by factors such as high entry cost and complex board-level assembly methods. In the area of MCM's, the difficulty of rework/repair of TAB emerges as a serious limiter. The TAB package developed at Hewlett-Packard addresses these very issues by providing bumpless inner lead bonding and demountable outer lead connection (hence called Demountable TAB, or DTAB). In the present paper, a comprehensive compilation of the DTAB packaging scheme is presented. The package construction, assembly procedure, PC board design considerations, thermal performance, electrical characterization and reliability testing are presented in detail. >
Effects of tilling no-till soil on losses of atrazine and glyphosate to runoff water under variable intensity simulated rainfall

Herbicides released through agricultural activities to surface waters and drinking water systems represent a risk to human and environmental health, as well as a cost to municipalities for removal. This study focuses on the viability of glyphosate tolerant cropping systems as an alternative to atrazine-based systems, and the impact of tilling historically no-till ground on the runoff pollution potential of these systems. Variable intensity field rainfall simulations were performed on 2 m long 1 m wide plots within a field in first-year disk and harrow following no-till (CT), and within a long-term no-tilled (NT) field, both treated with atrazine and glyphosate according to label. Rainfall sequence was: 50 mm h 1 for 50 min followed by 75 mm h 1 for 15 min, 25 mm h 1 for 15 min, and 100 mm h 1 for 15 min. Runoff was collected at regular time intervals during two simulated rainfall events and analyzed for herbicide concentration, sediment content, and volume. Maximum glyphosate concentration in runoff was 233 m gL 1 for NTand 180 m gL 1 for CT (approximately 33% and 26% of the maximum contaminant limit (MCL) forglyphosate (700 m gL 1 ), respectively, while maximum atrazine concentrations in runoff was 303 m gL 1 for NT and 79 m gL 1 for CT (approximately 100 times and 26 times the atrazine MCL (3 m gL 1 )). Atrazine concentration and loading were significantly higher in runoff from NT plots than from CT plots, whereas glyphosate concentration and loading were impacted by tillage treatment to a much lesser degree. Results suggest that glyphosate-based weed management may represent a lower drinking water risk than atrazine-based weed management, especially in NT systems. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Playback-Rate Segment Scheduling Algorithm in MoD P2P Streaming Services

To leverage the scalability of Media-on-Demand (MoD) Peer to Peer (P2P) streaming services, it's a critical challenge to propose a segment scheduling algorithm for ensuring that a packet must be successfully received before its decoding deadline for the packet to contribute to the reconstructed media quality, and efficiently making use of limited network bandwidth. Most of previous works adopt a greedy approach for maximizing the received number of segments by making full use of the available network bandwidth to make that a peer can receive its requested segments as soon as possible. However, the greedy approach will cause the traffic burst on the network and adversely decrease the network capacity. They also suffer from needing larger disk memory for storing the received segments which are not played yet. To address the two issues for efficiently using the limited network bandwidth and saving disk memory, this paper proposes a distinct segment scheduling algorithm by scheduling the segments evenly transmitted into the network according to the playback rate of the MoD streaming service. The proposed algorithm only schedules an enough amount of segments for satisfying the playback rate of the requested streaming service. Further, to disseminate segments quickly, the rare segments available at few peers will be also scheduled.
Non-isotropic filtering of GRACE temporal gravity for geophysical signal enhancement

SUMMARY Monthly mass variations within the Earth system produce temporal gravity changes, which are observable by the NASA/GFZ Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) twin-satellite system. Mass load changes with spatial scales larger than 1000 km have been observed using conventional filters based on a Gaussian smoother, which applies a weight to GRACE spherical harmonic (SH) coefficients depending only on SH degree. This practice is consistent with a degree-dependent error model for GRACE monthly geopotential solutions. The Gaussian filters effectively dampen all power of ill-determined higher-degree components in the estimates. However, the spatial sampling provided by GRACE yields errors that vary with both SH degree and order. The consequence is that maps of spatial loads shall not be smoothed with an isotropic (degree-only) filter, but shall be constructed using anisotropic smoothing thus also yielding better spatial resolution in latitude. We have developed a non-isotropic filter to optimize the smoothing of GRACE temporal gravity observations by considering the degree- and order-dependent quality of GRACE estimates, the latter analysed from the correlation with the predicted signals of hydrologic and ocean models. In order to retain GRACE coefficients in the filtering process that show reasonable correlation with the geophysical (hydrology and ocean) models, we applied Gaussian-type smoothing but with averaging radius depending on the order of the geopotential coefficient estimates. Applied to 2 yr of GRACE data, we showed that the resulting non-isotropic filter yields enhanced GRACE signals with significantly higher resolution in latitude and the same resolution in longitude without reducing the accuracy as compared to the conventional Gaussian smoother.
Sterically guided rearrangement of 3,3-disubstited β-lactones. A rapid construction of cycloheptano trans-fused butyrolactones

Abstract 4-Cyclohexyl 3,3-disubstituted oxetan-2-ones rearrange under Lewis acid catalysis to afford trans-fused cycloheptano butyrolactones.
Non–lineage/stage-restricted effects of a gain-of-function mutation in tyrosine phosphatase Ptpn11 (Shp2) on malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells

Activating mutations in protein tyrosine phosphatase 11 (Ptpn11) have been identified in childhood acute leukemias, in addition to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), which is a myeloproliferative disorder (MPD). It is not clear whether activating mutations of this phosphatase play a causal role in the pathogenesis of acute leukemias. If so, the cell origin of leukemia-initiating stem cells (LSCs) remains to be determined. Ptpn11(E76K) mutation is the most common and most active Ptpn11 mutation found in JMML and acute leukemias. However, the pathogenic effects of this mutation have not been well characterized. We have created Ptpn11(E76K) conditional knock-in mice. Global Ptpn11(E76K/+) mutation results in early embryonic lethality. Induced knock-in of this mutation in pan hematopoietic cells leads to MPD as a result of aberrant activation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and myeloid progenitors. These animals subsequently progress to acute leukemias. Intriguingly, in addition to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) and B-ALL are evolved. Moreover, tissue-specific knock-in of Ptpn11(E76K/+) mutation in lineage-committed myeloid, T lymphoid, and B lymphoid progenitors also results in AML, T-ALL, and B-ALL, respectively. Further analyses have revealed that Shp2 (encoded by Ptpn11) is distributed to centrosomes and that Ptpn11(E76K/+) mutation promotes LSC development, partly by causing centrosome amplification and genomic instability. Thus, Ptpn11(E76K) mutation has non-lineage-specific effects on malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells and initiates acute leukemias at various stages of hematopoiesis.
Thermochemical Studies in Selected Metal–Carbon–Oxygen Systems

Carbon–carbon composites have unique physical and chemical properties but are limited by poor oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures in an oxidizing environment. Coatings based on metal carbides and metal oxides are currently being used for limited oxidation protection at temperatures exceeding 1200°C. However, problems exist for all current coatings and potential future coatings because of thermochemical instability at elevated temperatures. Thermochemical equilibrium calculations for reactions between oxides and carbides of the same metal system were used to predict the stability of the associated interfaces. The systems examined were carbon and oxygen in combination with five metals (Si, Ti, Ta, Hf, and Zr). The SiO2/SiC system was determined to be the best choice up to about 1700°C, because of optimization of properties, while at higher temperatures, HfO2/HfC and ZrO2/ZrC systems appear to be more stable thermodynamically, although high thermal expansion coefficient and oxidation rate, for each carbide, may make them less physically compatible.
Hck tyrosine kinase activity modulates tumor necrosis factor production by murine macrophages

The hematopoietic cell kinase (hck) is a member of the src family of tyrosine kinases, and is primarily expressed in myeloid cells. Hck expression increases with terminal differentiation in both monocyte/macrophages and granulocytes and is further augmented during macrophage activation. Recent evidence has implicated src-related tyrosine kinases in critical signaling pathways in other hematopoietic lineages. Herein we demonstrate that manipulation of the level of hck expression in the murine macrophage cell line BAC1.2F5 alters the responsiveness of these cells to activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but does not affect survival or proliferation. Overexpression of an activated mutant of hck in BAC1.2F5 cells augments tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in response to LPS, whereas inhibition of endogenous hck expression, by antisense oligonucleotides, interferes with LPS-mediated TNF synthesis. Together, these observations suggest that hck is an important component of the signal transduction pathways in activated macrophages.
Water‐Suppressed one‐dimensional 1h nmr chemical shift imaging of the heart before and after regional ischemia

This study tests the hypothesis that brief periods of ischemia result in an increase in myocardial lipids during early reperfusion. We conducted 1H NMR spectroscopy to serially measure myocardial lipids before and after regional ischemia. Localized 1H NMR spectra (spatial resolution of 1.25 mm) were obtained using a one-dimensional chemical shift imaging technique. Two regions, the subendocardium and the subepicardium, were estimated by summing spectral areas from three slices (3.75 mm). Two groups of dogs that underwent a 45 min ischemia and 4 h reperfusion were studied: a group in which the myocardium beneath the surface coil underwent ischemia and reperfusion; and a group in which the ischemic event was distant from the tissue under the surface coil. Microsphere measurements showed significant blood flow reductions in the subepicardium and subendocardium in the ischemic zones during coronary occlusion. Flow returned to baseline values during reperfusion. In the ischemic zone group, the subendocardium, the triglyceride resonance areas decreased by 24% (p < 0.05) during reperfusion. However, subepicardial triglyceride areas were unchanged. Subendocardial creatine areas were also unchanged. The non-ischemic zone group subendocardial triglycerides decreased by 33% (p < 0.05) following ischemia and reperfusion in the remote region. In contrast to the ischemic group, the subepicardial triglyceride resonance areas decreased by 42% (p < 0.05). Subendocardial creatine areas were unchanged. These data show that triglycerides of the ischemic-reperfused subendocardium do not increase during 4 h of reperfusion. Furthermore, they show that the triglycerides resonance areas of the non-ischemic region decrease following remote ischemia and reperfusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Wireless energy transfer platform for medical sensors and implantable devices

Witricity is a newly developed technique for wireless energy transfer. This paper presents a frequency adjustable witricity system to power medical sensors and implantable devices. New witricity resonators are designed for both energy transmission and reception. A prototype platform is described, including an RF power source, two resonators with new structures, and inductively coupled input and output stages. In vitro experiments, both in open air and using a human head phantom consisting of simulated tissues, are employed to verify the feasibility of this platform. An animal model is utilized to evaluate in vivo energy transfer within the body of a laboratory pig. Our experiments indicate that witricity is an effective new tool for providing a variety of medical sensors and devices with power.
Site-specific differences in the association between plantar tactile perception and mobility function in older adults

Introduction Impaired somatosensation is common in older adults and contributes to age-related loss of mobility function. However, little is known about whether somatosensation at different sites on the plantar surface of the foot are differentially related to mobility function. Such a finding may have important implications for clinical care of older adults and other at-risk populations, such as for optimizing interventions (e.g., footwear for augmenting somatosensory feedback) and for improving the efficiency of clinical assessment. Materials and Methods Tactile perception was evaluated with a 10g monofilament at four sites on the plantar surface of each foot: great toe (GT), first metatarsal head (MT1), heel (H) and fifth metatarsal head (MT5). Mobility function was assessed with the Berg Balance Scale and walking speed. Results Sixty-one older adults participated. Tactile perception was significantly positively associated with Berg Balance Score (adjusted R2 = 0.30 - 0.75; p = 0.03 - Discussion The present findings indicate that tactile perception at MT1 is more closely linked to mobility function than is tactile perception at GT, MT5 or H. These findings warrant further research to examine whether interventions (e.g., textured insoles) and assessments that preferentially or exclusively focus on the site of MT1 may be more effective for optimizing clinical care.
Inclusion body myopathy, Paget's disease of the bone and fronto-temporal dementia: a disorder of autophagy

Inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget's disease of the bone and fronto-temporal dementia (IBMPFD) is a progressive autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in p97/VCP (valosin-containing protein). p97/VCP is a member of the AAA+ (ATPase associated with a variety of activities) protein family and participates in multiple cellular processes. One particularly important role for p97/VCP is facilitating intracellular protein degradation. p97/VCP has traditionally been thought to mediate the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of proteins; however, recent studies challenge this dogma. p97/VCP clearly participates in the degradation of aggregate-prone proteins, a process principally mediated by autophagy. In addition, IBMPFD mutations in p97/VCP lead to accumulation of autophagic structures in patient and transgenic animal tissue. This is likely due to a defect in p97/VCP-mediated autophagosome maturation. The following review will discuss the evidence for p97/VCP in autophagy and how a disruption in this process contributes to IBMPFD pathogenesis.
KINETICS OF LYSINE LOSS IN COMPRESSED MODEL SYSTEMS DUE TO MAILLARD REACTION1

The kinetics of degradation of the essential amino acid lysine have been determined in compressed lysine-glucose-cellulose models exposed to expected and accelerated storage test temperature extremes. The compressed models were stressed at 40, 50 and 60°C at low water activities in the range of 0.19 to 0.21 for various periods. Six different parameters (color, fluorescence, reducing capacity, furosine, glucose and lysine) were employed to follow the course of the reaction. The t 1/2 values estimated from first order plots for lysine degradation in these models were 370, 13 and 1.5 h at 40, 50 and 60°C, respectively. An Arrhenius plot relating the first order reaction rate constant with the temperature has yielded a high activation energy of 57 kcal/mol, and a high Q10 of 14, which is indicative of large temperature dependence of lysine degradation in these compressed models. There was poor correlation of fluorescence and of color increase with lysine loss. Good correlations were obtained between lysine loss and the increases in reducing capacity and furosine at 50 and 60°C.
A Window into Domain Amplification Through Piccolo in Teleost Fish

I describe and characterize the extensive amplification of the zinc finger domain of Piccolo selectively in teleost fish. Piccolo and Bassoon are partially functionally redundant and play roles in regulating the pool of neurotransmitter-filled synaptic vesicles present at synapses. In mice, each protein contains two N-terminal zinc finger domains that have been implicated in interacting with synaptic vesicles. In all teleosts examined, both the Bassoon and Piccolo genes are duplicated. Both teleost bassoon genes and one piccolo gene show very similar domain structure and intron-exon organization to their mouse homologs. In contrast, in piccolo b a single exon that encodes a zinc finger domain is amplified 8 to 16 times in different teleost species. Analysis of the amplified exons suggests they were added and/or deleted from the gene as individual exons in rare events that are likely the result of unequal crossovers between homologous sequences. Surprisingly, the structure of the repeats from cod and zebrafish suggest that amplification of this exon has occurred independently multiple times in the teleost lineage. Based on the structure of the exons, I propose a model in which selection for high sequence similarity at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the exon drives amplification of the repeats and diversity in repeat length likely promotes the stability of the repeated exons by minimizing the likelihood of mispairing of adjacent repeat sequences. Further analysis of piccolo b in teleosts should provide a window through which to examine the process of domain amplification.
Pleiotropic Effects of Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-1 on Biological Aging: Inferences From Moderate Caloric-Restricted Animals

Moderate caloric restriction (60% of ad libitum intake) is an important model to investigate potential mechanisms of biological aging. This regimen has been reported to decrease the number of pathologies and increase life span in all species tested to date. Although moderate caloric restriction induces a wide range of physiological changes within the organism, adaptive changes within the endocrine system are evident and serve to maintain blood levels of glucose. These alterations include an increase in growth hormone secretory dynamics and a decline in plasma levels of IGF-1. These endocrine compensatory mechanisms can be induced at any age, and we have proposed that these alterations mediate some of the beneficial aspects of moderate caloric restriction. Numerous studies indicate that growth hormone and IGF-1 decrease with age and that administration of these hormones ameliorates the deterioration of tissue function evident in aged ad libitum-fed animals, suggesting that the absence of these hormones contributes to the phenotype of aging. Nevertheless, IGF-1 is an important risk factor in age-related pathologies including lung, breast, and prostate cancer. From these studies, we propose that endocrine compensatory mechanisms induced by moderate caloric restriction (including increased growth hormone and decreased IGF-1) decrease the stimulus for cellular replication, resulting in a decline in pathologies and increased life span observed in these animals. These findings have important implications for potential mechanisms of moderate caloric restriction and suggest that neuroendocrine compensatory mechanisms exert a key role on the actions of moderate caloric restriction on life span.
Translocation of secretory proteins across the microsomal membrane occurs through an environment accessible to aqueous perturbants

We have characterized the association of a nascent secretory protein with the microsomal membrane at two distinct stages in cell-free synthesis and translocation. Stage one corresponded to a nascent chain of approximately 70 residues generated via elongation arrest by the signal recognition particle (SRP). Binding to microsomal membranes occurred independently of chain elongation and required SRP receptor. Following binding, the 70-mer remained attached to the membrane after extraction of the ribosome. However, protein denaturants (4 M urea or alkaline pH) extracted the 70-mer from the membrane. Stage two of synthesis corresponded to nascent chains of approximately 158 residues generated by oligonucleotide-mediated hybrid arrest of translation. Again, these partially translocated nascent chains were extracted by 4 M urea. Therefore, the initial interaction of the signal sequence with the membrane as well as subsequent chain conductance occur in a microenvironment that is accessible to aqueous reagents. Thus, both processes probably require integral membrane proteins.
Disentangling Female Mate Choice and Male Competition in the Rainbow Darter, Etheostoma caeruleum

Abstract Sexual selection via female choice is assumed to be common in darters despite few studies demonstrating the phenomenon. This study examines the breeding behaviors of the rainbow darter, Etheostoma caeruleum, and addresses the following four questions: Do females exhibit mating preferences? Which behavioral variables are good measures of female mating preferences? Which male behaviors are used in the context of mating? How do female choice and male competition affect mating success? In dichotomous choice tests, where females could choose between males from two different populations, females performed a precopulatory behavior (nosedigs) significantly more often in front of males from Prairieville Creek than they did in front of males from Seven Mile Creek. However, no pattern of choice was detected when preference was measured as the amount of time spent associated with each male. When the animals were allowed to interact freely, males competed aggressively over the female by chasing and attacking ...
A rare case of extraskeletal pulmonary myxoid chondrosarcoma

Primary malignant cartilaginous tumors of the lung are rare with limited reports in the literature. Here we describe the case of a69-year-old male who presented with a lobulated left upper lobe mass. Preoperative percutaneous biopsy was consistent with amucinous adenocarcinoma. Final pathology demonstrated a primary extraskeletal pulmonary myxoid chrondrosarcoma. Theclinical presentation and histologic characteristics are described.
A New Maximum-Likelihood Change Estimator for Two-Pass SAR Coherent Change Detection

In past research, two-pass repeat-geometry synthetic aperture radar (SAR) coherent change detection (CCD) predominantly utilized the sample degree of coherence as a measure of the temporal change occurring between two complex-valued image collects. Previous coherence-based CCD approaches tend to show temporal change when there is none in areas of the image that have a low clutter-to-noise power ratio. Instead of employing the sample coherence magnitude as a change metric, in this paper, we derive a new maximum-likelihood (ML) temporal change estimate—the complex reflectance change detection (CRCD) metric to be used for SAR coherent temporal change detection. The new CRCD estimator is a surprisingly simple expression, easy to implement, and optimal in the ML sense. This new estimate produces improved results in the coherent pair collects that we have tested.
Implementation of ultra high pressure water cutting for treatment of flushed chip seals in the US

This paper discusses implementation of ultra-high pressure (UHP) water cutting as a pavement maintenance strategy based on the first large-scale application of UHP water cutting for treatment of flushed chip seals in the USA. Data are from 13 field sites located in four different climatic regions in Texas. Production rates and treatment costs are sensitive to the UHP water cutter equipment, road surface condition, environmental factors and other variables. Production rates for UHP water cutting under Texas road conditions ranged from 490 m2/h to 1560 m2/h, average 830 m2/h, for treatment of light to heavy flushing. Turn-key unit costs for UHP water cutting varied from US $1.77/m2 to US $2.08/m2 for an average savings of 41% as compared to the cost of typical Texas maintenance solutions for treatment of flushed chip seals. Overall, UHP water cutting shows positive results in terms of treatment effectiveness, durability and production considerations.
What Excites You? What Keeps You Going?.

Responses of student affairs leaders to questions about the opportunities and joy they find in their work are examined and discussed.
SUPERIORITY OF HOME VERSUS CLINIC BLOOD PRESSURE AS A DETERMINANT OF HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE IN BLACK ADULTS

Black Americans suffer disproportionately from hypertensive heart disease but expert panels debate the goal of antihypertensive therapy, i.e., the level of clinic blood pressure (BP) that needs to be achieved in order to eliminate this disparity. Because clinic BP is so prone to both over-estimation
Effect of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid on oral glucose tolerance and breath hydrogen in postgastrectomy patients

Twenty postgastrectomy patients ingested glucose solutions with or without psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid to determine its effects on their blood glucose and breath hydrogen excretion. On the basis of the breath hydrogen tests following glucose alone, 15 had various degrees of glucose malabsorption which the addition of psyllium markedly reduced. In all 20 patients, psyllium significantly lowered peak blood glucose and prolonged its rate of fall. However, areas under the glucose concentration time curves were similar with and without psyllium, suggesting that total glucose absorption was unaltered by psyllium.In vitro, centrifuged psyllium-water-glucose slurries released glucose over 3 hr into water. Although the mechanisms of the psyllium alteration of the blood glucose and breath hydrogen responses are probably multifactorial, our studies suggest that release from the psyllium-glucose slurry results in a slower and more complete glucose absorption.
Sociosomatics and Illness Course in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

OBJECTIVE This study examines social processes that construct the course of chronic illness. Specifically, it identifies and describes mechanisms that constitute the process of role constriction in employment for individuals with chronic illness. METHOD Sixty-six persons meeting the Centers for Disease Control case definition of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) participated in a longitudinal study involving three waves of data collection over 3 years. Qualitative and quantitative methods were combined in the research, which included face-to-face semistructured interviews, telephone interviews, and self-report questionnaires. Materials presented in this study are drawn principally from the Year 1 face-to-face and telephone interviews. RESULTS When patterns of symptoms and of the illness course in CFS intersect with work requirements, they impede performance and place ill individuals at risk for job loss. Persons with CFS devise and implement specific strategies to resist role constriction and remain in the work force. CONCLUSIONS Role constriction is a social process of marginalization in chronic illness. Opposing forces of marginalization and resistance define the social course in chronic illness and suggest that chronicity can be thought of as a marginalized position in social space.
Development of a Chicken Model for Studying Avian Polyomavirus Infection

The purpose of this study was to develop a chicken model for studying the pathogenesis of avian polyomaviral infection. Ninety-two 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks were divided into the following three treatment groups: nontreated controls, treated with cyclosporine and treated with cyclophosphamide (CY). All birds were inoculated with polyomavirus; half were orally inoculated and half were inoculated by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Spontaneous mortality and lesion development consistent with polyomaviral infection in psittacine birds occurred only in the CY-treated, IP-inoculated chicks. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the intranuclear inclusions found microscopically were associated with polyomaviral antigen. Serology demonstrated postinoculation titers against polyomavirus in several experimental groups. One-day-old SPF chickens appear to be convenient models for investigating the pathogenesis of avian polyomavirus infection.
Current surgical pathology

This monograph reviews the advantages, disadvantages, and utilities of all new technologies and techniques of surgical pathology. A diagnostic resource for the pathologist, the text also reviews the most cost effective approaches to laboratory tests. Topics include immunocythochemistry, flow cytometry, recombinant DNA technology and much more.
Ultraviolet photography of paper chromatograms in the study of nucleic acids.

SummaryA simple method for the ultraviolet photography of paper chromatograms has been described, and its advantages in the study of nucleic acids noted.
Relevance of Student Teaching Skills and Activities from the Perspective fo the Student Teacher

The purpose of this descriptive survey study was to determine the extent to which student teachers deem traditional student teaching skills and activities relevant as part of the capstone student teaching experience. The study population consisted of all (N = 140) fall 2012 and spring 2013 agricultural education student teachers in the North Central Region of the American Association for Agricultural Education (NC-AAAE). The findings shed light on student teachers’ perspectives regarding the relevance of student teaching activities. Student teachers considered the activities associated with the eight constructs in this study relevant or very relevant. Future research should determine if all teacher preparation programs require similar student teaching experiences. Little is known about how student teaching experiences are reviewed and how recommendations are handled at each teacher preparation institution. This study provides feedback to university agricultural education student teaching coordinators regarding the skills and activities student teachers believe are relevant to their capstone student teaching experience.
Jejunoileal Neuroendocrine Tumors Complicated by Intestinal Ischemic Necrosis Are Associated With Worse Overall Survival.

Context.—Jejunoileal neuroendocrine tumors (JINETs) are slow-growing, malignant tumors that are often associated with protracted survival, despite their frequent presentation at an advanced stage. ...
The insulator protein BEAF-32 is required for Hippo pathway activity in the terminal differentiation of neuronal subtypes

The Hippo pathway is crucial for not only normal growth and apoptosis but also cell fate specification during development. What controls Hippo pathway activity during cell fate specification is incompletely understood. In this article, we identify the insulator protein BEAF-32 as a regulator of Hippo pathway activity in Drosophila photoreceptor differentiation. Though morphologically uniform, the fly eye is composed of two subtypes of R8 photoreceptor neurons defined by expression of light-detecting Rhodopsin proteins. In one R8 subtype, active Hippo signaling induces Rhodopsin 6 (Rh6) and represses Rhodopsin 5 (Rh5), whereas in the other subtype, inactive Hippo signaling induces Rh5 and represses Rh6. The activity state of the Hippo pathway in R8 cells is determined by the expression of warts, a core pathway kinase, which interacts with the growth regulator melted in a double-negative feedback loop. We show that BEAF-32 is required for expression of warts and repression of melted Furthermore, BEAF-32 plays a second role downstream of Warts to induce Rh6 and prevent Rh5 fate. BEAF-32 is dispensable for Warts feedback, indicating that BEAF-32 differentially regulates warts and Rhodopsins. Loss of BEAF-32 does not noticeably impair the functions of the Hippo pathway in eye growth regulation. Our study identifies a context-specific regulator of Hippo pathway activity in post-mitotic neuronal fate, and reveals a developmentally specific role for a broadly expressed insulator protein.
The Effect of Background Music in Shark Documentaries on Viewers' Perceptions of Sharks.

Despite the ongoing need for shark conservation and management, prevailing negative sentiments marginalize these animals and legitimize permissive exploitation. These negative attitudes arise from an instinctive, yet exaggerated fear, which is validated and reinforced by disproportionate and sensationalistic news coverage of shark ‘attacks’ and by highlighting shark-on-human violence in popular movies and documentaries. In this study, we investigate another subtler, yet powerful factor that contributes to this fear: the ominous background music that often accompanies shark footage in documentaries. Using three experiments, we show that participants rated sharks more negatively and less positively after viewing a 60-second video clip of swimming sharks set to ominous background music, compared to participants who watched the same video clip set to uplifting background music, or silence. This finding was not an artifact of soundtrack alone because attitudes toward sharks did not differ among participants assigned to audio-only control treatments. This is the first study to demonstrate empirically that the connotative attributes of background music accompanying shark footage affect viewers’ attitudes toward sharks. Given that nature documentaries are often regarded as objective and authoritative sources of information, it is critical that documentary filmmakers and viewers are aware of how the soundtrack can affect the interpretation of the educational content.
Geriatrics for specialists

Geriatrics for specialists / , Geriatrics for specialists / , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران