cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transforming genes of neoplasms.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the specificity of transforming genes activated in mammary carcinomas and lymphoid neoplasms. It also discusses the relationship between the transforming genes of human bladder and lung carcinomas and ras genes of Harvey and Kirsten sarcoma viruses. The transforming genes activated in a human mammary carcinoma cell line, a chemically induced mouse mammary carcinoma, and five virus-induced mouse mammary carcinomas are analyzed in the chapter by comparing the susceptibility of the transforming activities of these tumor DNAs to digestion with seven different restriction endonucleases. In this study, transforming activities of all seven mammary carcinoma DNAs were inactivated by digestion with endodeoxyribonucleases PvuII and Sac1 but not by BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, KpnI, or XhoI. Because the probability of seven different genes yielding this pattern of susceptibility to cleavage by these restriction endonucleases is less than 10-10, the results indicate that the same or closely related transforming genes were activated in a human mammary carcinoma and in six independent mouse mammary carcinomas induced by either viral or chemical carcinogens. The chapter also discusses the molecular cloning and analysis of a transforming gene activated in chicken B-cell lymphomas. A biologically active transforming gene has been isolated from NIH cells transformed by chicken B-cell lymphoma DNA. DNA of these transformed NIH cells was cloned as a random library in A Charon 30, and this phage library was screened by sib-selection using transfection as an assay to identify recombinant phage containing an active transforming sequence.
Free Vibration Analysis of Elastic Plates in Contact with an Inviscid Fluid Medium

In the present study, a finite element formulation is presented to investigate vibration response of elastic plates in contact with a fluid medium. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and inviscid, and the impermeability condition of the plate is taken into account. The classical plate theory (CPT), first-order shear deformation plate theory (FSDT), and Reddy third-order shear deformation plate theory (RSDT) are considered for the kinematic description of the solid medium and the simplified Navier–Stokes equations are used as the governing equations for the fluid medium. For each plate theory, a coupled set of finite element equations is derived. The effect of the fluid pressure is considered as an added mass and its effect on natural frequencies and mode shapes is investigated through several numerical simulations by varying the boundary conditions.
The equation of state of 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-1,2,4,-triazol-3-one determined via in-situ optical microscopy and interferometry measurements

Quasi-hydrostatic high-pressure equations of state (EOS) are typically determined, for crystalline solids, by measuring unit-cell volumes using x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. However, when characterizing low-symmetry materials with large unit cells, conventional XRD approaches may become problematic. To overcome this issue, we examined the utility of a “direct” approach toward determining high pressure material volume by measuring surface area and sample thickness using optical microscopy and interferometry (OMI), respectively. We have validated this experimental approach by comparing results obtained for 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene TATB with an EOS determined from synchrotron XRD measurements; and, a good match is observed. We have measured the high pressure EOS of 5-nitro-2,4-dihydro-1,2,4,-triazol-3-one (α-NTO) up to 28 GPa. No high-pressure XRD EOS data have been published on α-NTO, probably due to its complex crystal structure. The results of this study suggest that OMI is a reliable an...
Use of Progressive Relaxation and Hypnosis to Increase Tennis Skill Learning

Tennis classes over 1 yr. (N = 90) received mental training (relaxation or hypnosis) and did not perform better than a control group given the usual lecture and demonstration.
Nanodimensionally Driven Analyte Response Reversal in Gold Nanocluster Chemiresistor Sensing

The modulation of electron transport through an ensemble of ligand-stabilized gold nanoclusters by the sorption of vapors is made exceptionally sensitive and selective by terminal carboxylic acid functionalization of the alkanethiol ligand. Of further importance, the directionality of the response (conductance increase or decrease) is strongly dependent on the nanoscale dimensions of the gold core and ligand shell thickness. Films of gold nanoclusters composed of a 2 nm metal core with a 0.5 nm -S(CH(2))(5)COOH shell are compared to those based on an 8 nm core and a 1.5 nm -S(CH(2))(15)COOH shell with the finding of very strong and selective responses to amine vapors but with a reversal of response in the direction of the conductance transduction. This unexpected result cannot be accommodated by known vapor response transduction mechanisms based on a swelling expansion and a dielectric alteration of the ligand shell to modulate conductance in the ensemble. A speculative new mechanism is proposed on the basis of intercluster nanodomains of low and high dielectric character whose domain dimensions are determined by the ligand molecular structure and dielectric character that can range up to that associated with an ionic capacitance if generated by a vapor interaction.
Development and Experimental Validation of a Physics-Based PEM Fuel Cell Model for Cathode Humidity Control Design

In large polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell stacks, monitoring and control of the local changes in membrane humidity inside the cathode channel is critical. In this study, a control-oriented dynamic model capable of describing the spatial distribution of voltage and relative humidity (RH) in a large fuel cell stack is developed and experimentally validated. The model tracks energy and mass flow inside the cathode, anode, and coolant channels, as well as the fuel cell stack body. Validation tests show that the model agrees well with the experimental data. The new modeling framework developed in this study can be used to predict the localized effects of humidity on the performance of a fuel cell stack. Also, given its accurate prediction of RH in the stack, this model can be used as an observer to predict local humidity variations that are, otherwise, not available. This capability would allow PEM fuel cells to avoid membrane damage due to low operating humidities as well as efficiency losses due to catalyst layer flooding.
Success-Oriented Funding: Reforming Federal Criminal Justice Grants

A new policy proposal from the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law suggests the president make broad reforms to federal grants across the country that fund state and local law enforcement. Specifically, the president should use his executive authority to recast all federal grants for criminal justice in a “Success-Oriented Funding” model, in which the flow of dollars is linked to the achievement of clear goals. Grant programs run by the federal government have a powerful role in shaping the behavior of law enforcement nationwide. “Success-Oriented Funding” would encourage practices that reduce crime and violence without recourse to unnecessary force, whether through police behavior or undue focus on arrests and incarceration.
Diagnosis of enteroviruses with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against a putative common epitope

According to the data of studies on enteroviruses,combined with those of the gene sequence analysis of the(isolates) from Fujian province,the gene fragment coding to the putative common epitope in the N-terminal 122 amino acid residues of VP1 was amplified by PCR in vitro with the Fujian isolates as templates.The PCR products were then cloned into expression vector pET30a and transformed to E.coli BL21(DE3).Meanwhile,the antigenicity of the recombinant protein was(identified) by Western blotting with the commercial enterovirus group-specific monoclonal antibody 5-D8/1,human sera containing antibodies against polio viruses and the monotypic sera of sheep representing A,B and D groups of enteroviruses.The corresponding polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against this recombinant protein were prepared accordingly.The detection rate of 29 strains(27 serotypes) of the Fujian isolates evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA) was found to be 10%-40% higher than that detected by the monoclonal antibody 5-D8/1.It is concluded that the use of these polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies exhibits greater potential to detect the local strains of isolates with possible variations.
Resilient Guaranteed Cost Controller Design for Uncertain Systems

On the bases of the robust guaranteed cost state-feedback control design for uncertain systems,resilient guaranteed cost state-feedback controller design for uncertain systems is proposed via the linear matrix inequality.It can solve the robust controller's fragile.Under the norm-bounded uncertainties in both the state and the input matrices and the additive gain perturbations,the sufficient and necessary conditions for the existence of the resilient guaranteed cost state-feedback controller is presented in the form of a strict linear matrix inequality.The explicit expression for the desired controller and corresponding performance index upper bound is also given.Finally,the numerical example of engine speed is given to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed design method.
Circadian regulation of metabolic homeostasis: causes and consequences

Robust circadian rhythms in metabolic processes have been described in both humans and animal models, at the whole body, individual organ, and even cellular level. Classically, these time-of-day-dependent rhythms have been considered secondary to fluctuations in energy/nutrient supply/demand associated with feeding/fasting and wake/sleep cycles. Renewed interest in this field has been fueled by studies revealing that these rhythms are driven, at least in part, by intrinsic mechanisms and that disruption of metabolic synchrony invariably increases the risk of cardiometabolic disease. The objectives of this paper are to provide a comprehensive review regarding rhythms in glucose, lipid, and protein/amino acid metabolism, the relative influence of extrinsic (eg, neurohumoral factors) versus intrinsic (eg, cell autonomous circadian clocks) mediators, the physiologic roles of these rhythms in terms of daily fluctuations in nutrient availability and activity status, as well as the pathologic consequences of dyssynchrony.
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders

1. Karen J. Miller, MD* 2. F. Xavier Castellanos, MD† 1. 2. *Developmental Unit, The Genesee Hospital, Rochester, NY. 3. 4. †Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD. 1. Careful, comprehensive evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and follow-up of children and adolescents who have attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders. 2. Medication can be highly effective as one component of a multimodal treatment plan. 3. A team approach that incorporates the child as a key member is essential because self-management is the goal. Children who are impulsive, inattentive, or overactive frequently are referred to pediatricians for evaluation and treatment. Approximately 5% of girls and 10% of boys of elementary age may qualify for a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), but some will have problems that mimic AD/HD or are comorbid with it. An appropriate diagnostic evaluation is the foundation for a management program that integrates parent/patient education, behavior management, interventions for social/emotional issues, academic programming, and medication when indicated. AD/HDs are chronic neuro-behavioral disorders that can interfere with an individual’s ability to inhibit behavior (impulsivity), function efficiently in goal-oriented activities (inattention), or regulate the activity level (hyperactivity) in developmentally appropriate ways. The plural term AD/HDs is used in this article to emphasize the heterogeneity of this population. Core symptoms and related problems occur along a continuum and manifest in various combinations and within specific family, academic, and social contexts. Multiple etiologic factors are implicated, with strong evidence for a genetic predisposition that interacts dynamically with the environment to produce the clinical features. Comorbidity is common and has a substantial impact on functioning, treatment, and prognosis. Symptoms of AD/HD emerge in early childhood and continue to be present into adulthood in up to 70% of cases. The underlying deficit remains unclear. Several theories are being debated, including AD/HD as a disorder of central behavioral disinhibition, an information processing dysfunction, or a poor adaptation to a particular environment. Although neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies support the central role of the prefrontal lobes and basal ganglia in …
CHAPTER 177 – WASp/Scar/WAVE

The regulation of actin dynamics is central to variety of biological events, including cell motility, chemotaxis, nerve growth cone extension, and establishment of cell polarity. A number of signaling mechanisms control these events and play a role in determining the position and extent of new actin assembly. The understanding of the details is still incomplete, but many of these signals involve receptor stimulation and activation of members of the rho family of small GTPase. One mechanism by which signaling pathways regulate actin polymerization is by controlling the formation of new actin filaments. Activation of the Arp2/3 complex appears to be critical in the nucleation step of this process. In turn, activation of members of the Wiskott-Aldrich protein (WASp) family leads to activation of the Arp2/3 complex. WASp family members appear to play the role of signal integrator, responding to inputs from a variety of extracellular and intracellular signals and converting those signals into effects on actin dynamics.
Lower NOx but higher particle and black carbon emissions from renewable diesel compared to ultra low sulfur diesel in at-sea operations of a research vessel

ABSTRACTGas and particle emissions from R/V Robert Gordon Sproul were measured for ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and hydrogenation derived renewable diesel (HDRD) during dedicated aerosol measurement cruises in 2014 (29 September–3 October) and 2015 (4–7 and 26–28 September). CO, CO2, and NOX were measured directly from the starboard stack from the 2-stroke, small bore, high speed engine, while number and mass size distributions for both particles and black carbon (BC) were measured by intercepting the ship plume. Measurements at constant engine speeds (1600 rpm, 1300 rpm, 1000 rpm, and 700 rpm) had emission factors of CO () and NOX that were lower by 20% and 13%, respectively, for HDRD compared to ULSD at 700 rpm. However, at 1600 rpm, and were within one standard deviation for both ULSD (: 4.0 ± 0.1 g [kg-fuel]−1; : 51 ± 0.8 g [kg-fuel]−1) and HDRD (: 3.9 ± 0.2 g [kg-fuel]−1; : 51 ± 2 g [kg-fuel]−1). HDRD emission factors of particle number and mass concentrations were higher than ULSD by 46% to 107% a...
The academically destructive nature of trigger warnings

AbstractTrigger warnings are the latest concession to the notion espoused by some students and progressive professors that learning, particularly in higher education, should be pain-free psychologically. Such a premise is antithetical to the values of academic freedom and the marketplace of ideas and is inconsistent with students’ learning and confronting ideas with which they are unfamiliar and which are outside of their comfort zone. Yielding to demands for trigger warnings when exposing students to ideas, topics and exchanges that may become uncomfortable negates growth for students. In short, acquiescing to the self-serving demands for trigger warnings makes education nothing but the reaffirming of ideas and positions with which students enter the academy. This article may upset undergraduates and progressive faculty and administrators…deal with it.
Worm-Like Superparamagnetic Nanoparticle Clusters for Enhanced Adhesion and Magnetic Resonance Relaxivity

Nanosized bioprobes that can highlight diseased tissue can be powerful diagnostic tools. However, a major unmet need is a tool with adequate adhesive properties and contrast-to-dose ratio. To this end, this study demonstrates that targeted superparamagnetic nanoprobes engineered to present a worm-like shape and hydrophilic packaging enhance both adhesion efficiency to target substrates and magnetic resonance (MR) sensitivity. These nanoprobes were prepared by the controlled self-assembly of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) into worm-like superstructures using glycogen-like amphiphilic hyperbranched polyglycerols functionalized with peptides capable of binding to defective vasculature. The resulting worm-like SPION clusters presented binding affinity to the target substrate 10-fold higher than that of spherical ones and T2 molar MR relaxivity 3.5-fold higher than that of conventional, single SPIONs. The design principles discovered for these nanoprobes should be applicable to a range of ...
Diabetes mellitus and risk of ovarian cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 cohort studies.

Abstract Aim Diabetes mellitus (DM) is hypothesized to be associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer (OC), but current evidences are inconsistent. We aimed to further study this association. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for eligible articles. After descriptive summary of the data, a random-effects model was applied in quantitative synthesis. Subgroup analysis was performed by study locales and settings, and sensitivity analysis was conducted based on restrictive selection criteria. Funnel plots and the Egger’s test were used to assess publication bias. Statistical heterogeneity in meta-analysis was assessed by the P value derived from the Cochrane Q statistic and I-squared value. Results Fourteen articles involving data of 15 cohort studies were included for our research. Overall, 17 risk ratios (RRs) were synthesized and yielded a pooled RR of 1.32 (95%CI: 1.14–1.52, P Cochrane 2 = 79.8%). Thirteen RRs were synthesized for type 2 DM, and the pooled RR was 1.24 (95%CI: 1.06–1.44, P Cochrane 2 = 81.8%). Four RRs were synthesized for type 1 DM, and the result was significant (RR: 1.83, 95%CI: 1.21–2.78, P Cochrane = 0.080, I 2 = 55.7%). Results of sensitivity analysis suggested the robustness of a positive association between DM and OC risk, and subgroup analysis demonstrated that the association between DM and OC was much more substantial among Asia population. No publication bias was identified in meta-analysis. Conclusion Our study suggests there is a moderate relative increase in the risk of OC among DM patients. Future studies should investigate the effect of duration of DM and anti-diabetes intervention to OC risk.
Insulin Resistance as a Link between Amyloid-Beta and Tau Pathologies in Alzheimer's Disease.

Current hypotheses and theories regarding the pathogenesis of AD heavily implicate brain IR as a key factor. Despite the many well-validated metrics for systemic IR, the absence of biomarkers for brain-specific IR represents a translational gap that hindered its study in living humans. In our lab, we have been working to develop biomarkers that reflect the common mechanisms of brain IR and AD that may be used to follow their engagement by experimental treatments. We present two promising biomarkers for brain IR in AD: insulin cascade mediators probed in extracellular vesicles (EVs) enriched for neuronal origin, and two-dimensional Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy measures of brain glucose. As further evidence for a fundamental link between brain IR and AD, we provide a novel analysis demonstrating the close spatial correlation between brain expression of genes implicated in IR (using Allen Human Brain Atlas data) and tau and beta-amyloid pathologies. We proceed to propose the bold hypotheses that baseline differences in the metabolic reliance to glycolysis, and the expression of glucose transporters and insulin signaling genes, determine the vulnerability of different brain regions to Tau and/or Aβ pathology and that insulin resistance is a critical link between these two pathologies that define AD. Lastly, we provide an overview of ongoing clinical trials that target IR as an angle to treat AD and suggest how biomarkers may be used to evaluate treatment efficacy and target engagement.
Development and Application of Generalized Dual-Target Predictive Control

Abstract This paper describes the development and application of a multi-variable predictive control algorithm referred to as generalized dual-target predictive control (GDTPC). The algorithm allows specification and tracking of both input and output set points in an optimal manner while limiting the size of input moves as required by many industrial processes. With recursive least-squares on-line identification, the GDTPC algorithm was applied in food extrusion control. Both simulation and application results are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the algorithm.
Vocational behavior and career development, 1978: A review

Abstract In sum, the research in 1978 was diverse and of good quality and quantity. However, there continues to be a clear need for longitudinal research of all kinds (in particular on the career development process) and a need for additional research with the employed adult population, although the past few years demonstrate improvement in the latter area. In 1978 the most productive research area as suggested by this review was associated with the women's movement and manifested by research primarily on sex stereotyping and women's careers. Ranking second was the topic of theoretical developments in vocational behavior led by the research on Holland's constructs. These two research trends accounted for about 50 studies; 26 and 24, respectively. Job satisfaction assumed the third position with some concentration on satisfaction and work motivation. Next and very much clustered were life-span aspects, assessment, and job performance. Each of these research themes stimulated about 17 studies that were reviewed here. Vocational interventions and race differences received moderate attention while job interview variables and occupational environments sparked very limited work in the more psychologically oriented journals. The major contributor to the 1978 review was of course the Journal of Vocational Behavior (62 studies), followed by the Journal of Applied Psychology (25 studies). Five other journals contributed an average of about 10 studies. These were the Journal of Counseling Psychology, Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance, the Journal of Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Personnel Psychology, and the Vocational Guidance Quarterly. These appear to be the major journals publishing work on vocational behavior and career development. Finally, the volume of research on vocational psychology continued on an upward trend in 1978. This review and the previous reviews ( Betz, 1977 ; Osipow, 1976 ; Zytowski, 1978 ) clearly document this trend.
Taxing Exchange-Traded Notes and the Future of Variable Prepaid Forward Contracts

While the taxation of prepaid forward contracts as a deferral instrument was blessed by the Internal Revenue Service (the Service) in 2003, Congress has targeted prepaid forward contracts multiple times for potential reform. Further, the Service considers the future of the treatment of prepaid forward contracts an open question and a high-priority for rule making. With the advent of exchange-trade notes (ETNs) by Barclays in 2006, the market saw the first publicly traded prepaid forward contracts and enhanced the spotlight on tax deferral through structured products. In this article, I provide an overview of ETNs, their tax treatment and their future in the market. I provide both a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of ETNs comparing the economics of these investments with the underlying assets and mutual funds that they are often compared to. In the quantitative analysis I use linear regressions and principal component analysis to demonstrate that ETNs do not perfectly track their underlying assets in pricing but rather have another factor driving the daily pricing changes in the investment. The article then discusses other potential taxation approaches suggested for prepaid forward contracts and assesses whether these are better options for the future.
How to use a corticosteroid nasal spray.

Abstract Rationale and key points This article outlines the appropriate and effective technique for using a corticosteroid nasal spray. If these sprays are used inappropriately, they will be ineffective and might reduce the patient's adherence to the treatment. Nurses can use the information in this article to advise patients on the appropriate technique for using a corticosteroid nasal spray. » Topical corticosteroid nasal sprays are commonly used to treat seasonal and persistent allergic rhinitis, which cause inflammation inside the nose and can lead to nasal blockage. Where inflammation inside the nose is the predominant symptom of nonallergic rhinitis, corticosteroid nasal sprays can also be used as a treatment modality. » Corticosteroid nasal sprays do not reduce inflammation immediately and can take up to two weeks before the patient experiences the benefits of using the spray. Patients should be made aware that a corticosteroid nasal spray does not work immediately and requires daily use to become effective. » Preparing the nose through cleansing, for example by performing nasal douching, is recommended as an adjunctive treatment. Reflective activity 'How to' articles can help update your practice and ensure it remains evidence based. Apply this article to your practice. Reflect on and write a short account of: » How you think this article will change your practice. » How you could use this information to educate your patients and colleagues on the appropriate technique for using a corticosteroid nasal spray.
The Big Three: Taylor, Bérenger, Winterton

This chapter profiles the three men who would dominate the forthcoming meeting at Evian: Myron C. Taylor of the United States, Henry Berenger of France, and Lord Winterton of the United Kingdom. It will be shown that the three leaders each possessed individual backgrounds and life experiences, but that each, in their own way, were suited to represent their country’s interest at the conference. Further, the chapter examines why their respective governments could rely on them to convey an appropriate tone in acting for the interests of their countries. Finally, the chapter makes clear that the three leaders were never going to be able to provide a solution to the refugee problem in view of the fact that this was not within their brief.
Competition Between Fusarium pseudograminearum and Cochliobolus sativus Observed in Field and Greenhouse Studies

Among root pathogens, one of the most documented antagonisms is the suppression of Cochliobolus sativus by Fusarium (roseum) species. Unfortunately, previous studies involved single isolates of each pathogen and thus, provided no indication of the spectrum of responses that occur across the respective species. To investigate the variability in interactions between Cochliobolus sativus and Fusarium pseudograminearum, field and greenhouse trials were conducted that included monitoring of spring wheat plant health and monitoring of pathogen populations via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The interactions between two isolates of C. sativus and four isolates of F. pseudograminearum were explored in three geographically distinct wheat fields. To complement field trials and to limit potentially confounding environmental variables that are often associated with field studies, greenhouse trials were performed that investigated the interactions among and between three isolates of C. sativus and four isolates of F. pseudograminearum. Across field locations, C. sativus isolate Cs2344 consistently and significantly reduced Fusarium populations by an average of 20.1%. Similarly, F. pseudograminearum isolate Fp2228 consistently and significantly reduced C. sativus field populations by an average of 30.9%. No interaction was detected in the field between pathogen species with regards to disease or crop losses. Greenhouse results confirmed a powerful (>99%), broadly effective suppression of Fusarium populations by isolate Cs2344. Among greenhouse trials, additional isolate-isolate interactions were observed affecting Fusarium populations. Due to lower C. sativus population sizes in greenhouse trials, significant Fusarium suppression of C. sativus was only detected in one isolate-isolate interaction. This study is the first to demonstrate suppression of Fusarium spp. by C. sativus in field and greenhouse settings. These findings also reveal a complex competitive interaction between these two pathogen species that was previously unknown.
Cyber Security: Threat Identification, Risk and Vulnerability Assessment

The task of preventing unauthorized users from compromising the confidentiality, the integrity, or the availability of sensitive information is increasingly difficult in the face of the growth in Internet use, the increasing skill level of attackers, and the technological advances in their tools and methods of attack. The threats and risks are real and increasingly frequent, with high potential to critical energy infrastructures. The Department of Homeland Security needs to have a clear plan in place to help better mitigate the problems faced with cyber and energy security.
L'Oubli et la mémoire dans quelques tragédies classiques françaises

This article explores the dynamic interplay between memory and forgetfulness in three French classical tragedies: Cinna, Andromaque, and Britannicus. Corneille envisages forgetfulness as a politica...
Philosophical Basis for the Development of Animal Models for Psychiatric Illnesses

This may be the most important chapter in this book. Though there is considerable activity and excitement in the animal modeling, or what might be called “comparative psychiatry,” area, there is no conceptual framework for guiding the development of this field. The relevant basic sciences are scattered and have not been brought together in any organized manner as they relate to the development of animal models. We do not know how to evaluate proposed animal models for a given disorder or even how to conceptualize the roles for animal models as part of a spectrum of approaches in psychopathology research.
Myeloid cells in intact human cervical explants capture HIV and can transmit it to CD4 T cells

The importance of myeloid cells in HIV transmission in the female genital tract is uncertain. Because it is difficult to study the early events in HIV transmission in humans, most of our knowledge is based on animal models of SIV infection in Rhesus macaques and more recently HIV infection in humanized mice. However, these models may not accurately recapitulate transmission in the human genital tract. CD14+ myeloid cells are the most abundant hematopoietic cells in the human cervical mucosa, comprising 40-50% of CD45+ mononuclear cells. Most CD14+ cells are CD14+CD11c- macrophages and about a third are CD14+CD11c+ tissue dendritic cells, which express the HIV-binding receptors, DC-SIGN and CX3CR1. To examine the role of mucosal myeloid cells in HIV transmission, we infected intact healthy human cervical explants with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 ex vivo and then sorted populations of cervical immune cells 20 h later to determine whether they took up virus and could transmit it to activated CD4 T cells. Viral RNA was detected in CD14+ myeloid cells in all but one of 10 donor tissue samples, even when HIV RNA was not detected in CD4+ T cells. HIV RNA was detected predominantly in CD14+CD11c+ dendritic cells rather than in CD14+CD11c- macrophages. The reverse transcriptase inhibitor, nevirapine, reduced HIV RNA in CD4+ T cells, but not in CD14+ cells. Moreover, integrated HIV DNA were not detected above background in myeloid cells but was detected in T cells. These data suggest that although HIV replicates in T cells, myeloid cells in the female genital mucosa capture viral particles, but do not replicate the virus at early timepoints. However, sorted CD14+ myeloid cells isolated 20 h post-infection from 5 HIV-infected cervical explants tested all transmitted HIV to activated CD4+ T cells, while only 1 sample of sorted CD4+ T cells did. Thus, myeloid cells in human cervical tissue capture HIV and are an important early cellular storage site of infectious virus.
Singular Value Decomposition

In Chapter 3, we learned that certain types of matrices, which are referred to as positive semidefinite matrices, can be expressed in the following form: $$\displaystyle A= V \varDelta V^T $$ Here, V is a d × d matrix with orthonormal columns, and Δ is a d × d diagonal matrix with nonnegative eigenvalues of A. The orthogonal matrix V can also be viewed as a rotation/reflection matrix, the diagonal matrix Δ as a nonnegative scaling matrix along axes directions, and the matrix VT is the inverse of V . By factorizing the matrix A into simpler matrices, we are expressing a linear transform as a sequence of simpler linear transformations (such as rotation and scaling). This chapter will study the generalization of this type of factorization to arbitrary matrices. This generalized form of factorization is referred to as singular value decomposition.
Designing and Developing Videos for Online Learning: A Seven-Principle Model

Despite the ubiquitous use of instructional videos in both formal and informal learning settings, questions remain largely unanswered on how to design and develop video lessons that are often used as the primary method for delivering instruction in online courses. In this study, we experimented with a model of seven principles drawn from instructional design theories for designing and developing video lessons for an online graduate course. Feedback was collected from students through surveys on their perceptions of the effectiveness of the video lessons and the overall course quality for eight semesters. This paper shares the instructors’ experience on the design and development of the video lessons as well as the survey findings. Implications of the findings for instructional design and future research are also discussed.
Aberrant DNA Polymerase Beta Enhances H. pylori Infection Induced Genomic Instability and Gastric Carcinogenesis in Mice

H. pylori is a significant risk factor of gastric cancer that induces chronic inflammation and oxidative DNA damage to promote gastric carcinoma. Base excision repair (BER) is required to maintain the genome integrity and prevent oxidative DNA damage. Mutation in DNA polymerase beta (Pol β) impacts BER efficiency and has been reported in approximately 30–40% of gastric carcinoma tumors. In this study, we examined whether reduced BER capacity associated with mutation in the POLB gene, along with increased DNA damage generated by H. pylori infection, accelerates gastric cancer development. By infecting a Pol β mutant mouse model that lacks dRP lyase with H. pylori, we show that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) mediated DNA damage is accumulated in Pol β mutant mice (L22P). In addition, H. pylori infection in Leu22Pro (L22P) mice significantly increases inducible nitric oxide synthesis (iNOS) mediated chronic inflammation. Our data show that L22P mice exhibited accelerated H. pylori induced carcinogenesis and increased tumor incidence. This work shows that Pol β mediated DNA repair under chronic inflammation conditions is an important suppressor of H. pylori induced stomach carcinogenesis.
Multifidelity Method for Locating Aeroelastic Flutter Boundaries

This paper introduces a multifidelity method that can produce accurate estimates of the flutter boundary at a reduced cost by combining information from low- and high-fidelity aeroelastic models. E...
Emerging regenerative medicine and tissue engineering strategies for Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease, affecting 1–2% of people over 65. The classic motor symptoms of PD result from selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), resulting in a loss of their long axonal projections to the striatum. Current treatment strategies such as dopamine replacement and deep brain stimulation (DBS) can only minimize the symptoms of nigrostriatal degeneration, not directly replace the lost pathway. Regenerative medicine-based solutions are being aggressively pursued with the goal of restoring dopamine levels in the striatum, with several emerging techniques attempting to reconstruct the entire nigrostriatal pathway—a key goal to recreate feedback pathways to ensure proper dopamine regulation. Although many pharmacological, genetic, and optogenetic treatments are being developed, this article focuses on the evolution of transplant therapies for the treatment of PD, including fetal grafts, cell-based implants, and more recent tissue-engineered constructs. Attention is given to cell/tissue sources, efficacy to date, and future challenges that must be overcome to enable robust translation into clinical use. Emerging regenerative medicine therapies are being developed using neurons derived from autologous stem cells, enabling the construction of patient-specific constructs tailored to their particular extent of degeneration. In the upcoming era of restorative neurosurgery, such constructs may directly replace SNpc neurons, restore axon-based dopaminergic inputs to the striatum, and ameliorate motor deficits. These solutions may provide a transformative and scalable solution to permanently replace lost neuroanatomy and improve the lives of millions of people afflicted by PD.
Morphology and Anabolic Response of Skeletal Muscles Subjected to Eccentrically or Concentrically Biased Exercise.

Context Long-term eccentric exercise is known to promote muscle growth better than concentric exercise, but its acute effect on muscle is not well understood because of misinterpreted modeling and ...
Magnetic fields in the formation of the first stars – I. Theory versus simulation

While magnetic fields are important in contemporary star formation, their role in primordial star formation is unknown. Magnetic fields of order 10^-16 G are produced by the Biermann battery due to the curved shocks and turbulence associated with the infall of gas into the dark matter minihalos that are the sites of formation of the first stars. These fields are rapidly amplified by a small-scale dynamo until they saturate at or near equipartition with the turbulence in the central region of the gas. Analytic results are given for the outcome of the dynamo, including the effect of compression in the collapsing gas. The mass-to-flux ratio in this gas is 2-3 times the critical value, comparable to that in contemporary star formation. Predictions of the outcomes of simulations using smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and grid-based adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) are given. Because the numerical viscosity and resistivity for the standard resolution of 64 cells per Jeans length are several orders of magnitude greater than the physical values, dynamically significant magnetic fields affect a much smaller fraction of the mass in simulations than in reality. An appendix gives an analytic treatment of free-fall collapse, including that in a constant density background. Another appendix presents a new method of estimating the numerical viscosity; results are given for both SPH and grid-based codes.
“A Change of Name during Sickness”: Surveying the Widespread Practice of Renaming in Response to Physical Illness

This paper synthesizes and summarizes a selection of literature—largely anthropological and ethnographic, published between the early 18th and early 21st centuries—that describes the practice of re...
Lateral interbody fusion at L4/5: management of the transitional psoas

Objective Managing retraction of the lumbar plexus is critical to safely perform lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) via the transpsoas approach. Occasionally, a transitional psoas is encountered at L4/5 and has been postulated to be a contraindication to transpsoas LLIF. A case series of patients with transitional psoas who underwent L4/5 LLIFs is presented. Methods This retrospective review assessed 79 consecutive patients who underwent L4/5 LLIF during a 24-month period. Preoperative imaging was reviewed, and patients were classified into 2 groups: normal psoas or transitional psoas. Intraoperative features and outcomes were compared between groups. Results Seventy-nine patients underwent L4/5 LLIFs, of whom 23 had transitional psoas anatomy and 56 had normal psoas anatomy. Among patients with transitional psoas, the center of the psoas was a mean (range) of 11.2 (5.2–26.6) mm in front of the center of the vertebral body compared with 2.0 (0–4) mm in the normal psoas group. The mean (range) retraction time was similar between groups (10.8 [6.7–14.9] minutes in the transitional psoas group vs. 11.0 [7.8–15.0] minutes in the normal psoas group). No permanent motor injuries occurred in either group, and no differences in length of stay or preoperative or postoperative Oswestry Disability Index scores were found between the groups. The protocol for L4/5 LLIF in patients with transitional psoas anatomy is described. Conclusions Transitional psoas anatomy is frequently encountered in surgical candidates for L4/5 LLIF. Through careful identification of the lumbar plexus and judicious retraction, the transpsoas LLIF can safely be performed in these patients.
The Role of Education and Attitudes in Cooking Fuel Choice: Evidence From Two States in India

Widespread adoption of clean cooking fuels is a necessary step toward reducing household air pollution and improving population health. Here we use large-scale surveys (10,000 households) from two Indian states, Kerala and Rajasthan, to examine how education and attitudes toward cooking associate with the adoption of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), India's most popular clean cooking fuel. We report three main results. First, education is a strong predictor of LPG adoption. Second, perceptions that LPG is good and affordable and progressive health-related perceptions are associated with LPG ownership. Third, and surprisingly, education does not predict positive attitudes toward clean cooking fuels. These results suggest that education leads to LPG adoption, but not through attitudinal changes. Further research should examine the mediators of the robust education-adoption association that we found.
The Effect of the Timing of Math Anxiety Measurement on Math Outcomes

Abstract The appropriate order of measure presentation when testing relationships between math anxiety and performance has not been tested empirically. In the current study, 480 university students were randomly presented or not presented with math anxiety questions at multiple testing stages (pretest [state & trait], midtest [state], and posttest [state]). We tested the impact of anxiety measurement timepoint and found that mean anxiety ratings were significantly lower directly after a math fluency test than at all other timepoints. Across timepoints, relationships between math anxiety and performance were consistent. Participants who completed pretest trait assessments reported higher pretest state anxiety and less effort, but effects were non-significant after Benjamini-Hochberg correction, and their performance was not impacted. There were no other significant effects of prior anxiety measurement. Results suggests that, in most circumstances, researchers can measure state anxiety at any assessment stage without concern for its influence on anxiety ratings or math performance.
Nanobodies as in vivo, non-invasive, imaging agents

In vivo imaging has become in recent years an incredible tool to study biological events and has found critical applications in diagnostic medicine. Although a lot of efforts and applications have been achieved using monoclonal antibodies, other types of delivery agents are being developed. Among them, VHHs, antigen binding fragments derived from camelid heavy chain–only antibodies, also known as nanobodies, have particularly attracted attention. Indeed, their stability, fast clearance, good tissue penetration, high solubility, simple cloning and recombinant production make them attractive targeting agents for imaging modalities such as PET, SPECT or Infra-Red. In this review, we discuss the pioneering work that has been carried out using VHHs and summarize the recent developments that have been made using nanobodies for in vivo, non-invasive, imaging.
Experiments with a gigabit neuroscience application on the CM-2

To help evaluate the supercomputers, the authors selected a computational neuroscience simulation program that has a bandwidth requirement in excess of 1.5 Gb/s. The simulation runs on the Thinking Machines CM-2 and the target visualization engine is the Convex C3880. The authors benchmarked the various operations required to transmit data from the CM-2 to the Convex C3880. The results show that the parallel to serial data transformation operation on the CM-2 and the network interfaces are the major bottlenecks.
Role of Overlap between the Discrete State and Pseudocontinuum States in Stabilization Calculations of Metastable States

In a diabatic picture metastable states subject to decay by electron detachment can be viewed as arising from the coupling between a discrete state and a continuum. In treating such states with bound-state quantum chemical methods, the continuum is discretized. In this study, we elucidate the role of overlap in this interaction in the application of the stabilization method to temporary anion states. This is accomplished by use of a minimalist stabilization calculation on the lowest energy l=2 (D) resonance of the finite spherical well potential using two basis functions, one describing the diabatic discrete state and the other a diabatic discretized continuum state. We show that even such a simple treatment predicts a complex resonance energy in good agreement with the exact result. If the energy of the discrete state is assumed to be constant, which is tantamount to orthogonalizing the discretized continuum state to the discrete state, it is demonstrated that the square of the off-diagonal coupling has a maximum close to the crossing point of the orthogonalized diabatic curves and that the curvature in the coupling is responsible for the complex stationary point associated with the resonance. Moreover, this curvature is a consequence of the overlap between the two diabatic states.