cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salmonella regulation of intestinal stem cells through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Recent studies have revealed that bacteria target stem cells for long-term survival in a Drosophila model. However, in mammalian models, little is known about bacterial infection and intestinal stem cells. Our study aims at understanding bacterial regulation of the intestinal stem cell in a Salmonella colitis mouse model. We found that Salmonella activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that is known to regulate stem cells. We identified Salmonella protein AvrA that modulates Wnt signaling including upregulating Wnt expression, modifying β-catenin, increasing total β-catenin expression, and activating Wnt/β-catenin transcriptional activity in the intestinal epithelial cells. The numbers of stem cells and proliferative cells increased in the intestine infected with Salmonella expressing AvrA. Our study provides insights into bacterial infection and stem cell maintenance.
Using model dataflow graphs to reduce the storage requirements of constraints

Dataflow constraints allow programmers to easily specify relationships among application objects in a natural, declarative manner. Most constraint solvers represent these dataflow relationships as directed edges in a dataflow graph. Unfortunately, dataflow graphs require a great deal of storage. Consequently, an application with a large number of constraints can get pushed into virtual memory, and performance degrades in interactive applications. Our solution is based on the observation that objects derived from the same class use the same constraints, and thus have the same dataflow graphs. We represent the common dataflow patterns in a model dataflow graph that is stored with the class. Instance objects may derive explicit dependencies from this graph when the dependencies are needed. Model dependencies provide a useful new mechanism for improving the storage efficiency of dataflow constraint systems, especially when a large number of constrained objects must be managed.
Enabling Thermal Processing of High and Low Dielectric Constant Materials

The focus of ULSI electronics is shifting rapidly towards the development and integration of various low and high dielectric constant materials. Memory manufacturers are driving the quest for integration-friendly, high dielectric constant materials, while the logic makers are seeking materials with the lowest possible dielectric constant to use as interlayer dielectrics for their multilayer backend needs. Both of these categories of materials need the highest possible level of reliability, integrability, and manufacturability in the current and upcoming real world. Strong development emphasis in improving the structural aspects of these materials is needed more now than ever before both in university laboratories and industrial R&D. An intense focus on these materials demands immediate, improved, and innovative process solutions. One key process area is the thermal engineering and processing of these materials and hence is the focus of this paper. In this paper, we present recent results from both university and industry process development work. We compare and contrast the thermal process requirements of some enabling materials with dielectric constants ranging from 2 to more than 100. The examples in our study encompass materials such as Teflon™, PLZT, cell nitride, and tantalum pentoxide. The enhancements in the structural and electrical performance of these materials as a function of thermal cycles used either for deposition or annealing is demonstrated through various examples.
Chelate radiochemistry: Cleavable linkers lead to altered levels of radioactivity in the liver

Bifunctional chelating agents based on benzyl-EDTA bind 111In stably under physiological conditions. Available evidence indicates that the indium is cleared from the body in its original chelated form. Initial studies of a series of antibody-chelate conjugates joined by different molecular linkers show that the 111In biodistribution is strongly dependent on the nature of the linker. Linkers containing thiourea, thioether, peptide, ester, and disulfide groups were compared in healthy BALB/c mice. The disulfide linker led to particularly rapid clearance of 111In from the liver, and from the whole body. Results did not appear to be as favorable as those currently obtainable with reversible radiolabelling techniques, in which the 111In chelate is bound non-covalently to the antibody and a competing hapten is used to displace it when desired. However, the concept of a metabolically cleavable linker is sound. Further exploration is needed to produce a conjugate with the desired properties.
Heat-Labile Enterotoxins as Adjuvants or Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae produce structurally related AB5-type heat-labile enterotoxins, which are classified into two major types. The Type I subfamily includes cholera toxin and E. coli LT-I, whereas the Type II subfamily comprises LT-IIa and LT-IIb. In addition to their roles in microbial pathogenesis, the enterotoxins are widely and intensively studied for their exceptionally strong adjuvant and immunomodulatory activities, which are not necessarily dependent upon their abilities to elevate intracellular cAMP levels. Despite general structural similarities, these molecules, in intact or derivative form, display notable differences in their interactions with gangliosides or Toll-like receptors. This divergence results in differential immune response outcomes, the underlying mechanisms of which remain largely uncharacterized. Whereas the study of these molecules has been pivotal in understanding basic mechanisms of immune regulation, a formidable challenge is to dissociate toxicity from useful properties that can be exploited in vaccine development or for the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
The shifting beverage landscape.

Abstract STOREY, M.L. The shifting beverage landscape. PHYSIOL BEHAV, 2010. — Simultaneous lifestyle changes have occurred in the last few decades, creating an imbalance in energy intake and energy expenditure that has led to overweight and obesity. Trends in the food supply show that total daily calories available per capita increased 28% since 1970. Total energy intake among men and women has also increased dramatically since that time. Some have suggested that intake of beverages has had a disproportional impact on obesity. Data collected by the Beverage Marketing Corporation between 1988–2008 demonstrate that, in reality, fewer calories per ounce are being produced by the beverage industry. Moreover, data from the National Cancer Institute show that soft drink intake represents 5.5% of daily calories. Data from NHANES 1999–2003 vs. 2003–06 may demonstrate a shift in beverage consumption for age/gender groups, ages 6 to > 60 years. The beverages provided in schools have significantly changed since 2006 when the beverage industry implemented School Beverage Guidelines. This voluntary action has removed full-calorie soft drinks from participating schools across the country. This shift to lower-calorie and smaller-portion beverages in school has led to a significant decrease in total beverage calories in schools. These data support the concept that to prevent and treat obesity, public health efforts should focus on energy balance and that a narrow focus on sweetened beverages is unlikely to have any meaningful impact on this complex problem.
A Bit of Analysis on Self-Timed Single-Bit On-Chip Links

We present a study of five different self-timed single-bit on-chip links implemented in 90 nm, 65 nm, and 45 nm process technologies. These include representative examples of Quasi Delay-Insensitive, single-track, ternary, and voltage-scaled links, as well as a link of our own design intended to minimize wire usage. We characterize the tradeoffs between throughput, energy, and area for planar wiring as well as 3D through-silicon vias. We also describe our multi-objective optimization framework for exploring this parameter space.
Rebound Sex: Sexual Motives and Behaviors Following a Relationship Breakup

The present study used a longitudinal, online diary method to examine trajectories of psychological recovery and sexual experience following a romantic relationship breakup among 170 undergraduate students. Consistent with popular beliefs about rebound and revenge sex, having sex to cope with distress and to get over or get back at the ex-partner were elevated immediately following the breakup and then declined over time, as did the probability of having sex with a new partner. Also consistent with popular lore, those who were “dumped” by their partners were more distressed and angry and more likely to have sex to cope and to get back at or get over their ex-partner. Finally, individuals who reported having sex to cope with negative feelings or to get over their ex-partner at the beginning of the study were more likely to have sex with a stranger and to continue having sex with new partners over time. Results were discussed in terms of widely held but largely untested beliefs about rebound and revenge sex.
AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF FERN GAMETOPHYTES DURING ONE‐ TO TWO‐DIMENSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

During early stages in the transition from 1- to 2-dimensional gametophyte development the change from filamentous to bulbous apical cell is not accompanied by major changes in the nature or number of cytoplasmic components of the cell. However, chloroplasts in apical cells of plants grown in red light are larger than those from cells of plants grown in blue light. In addition, the orientation of cytoplasmic microtubules is different in apical cells of plants from red and blue light. This change in orientation may be causally related to the
Radioisotope sources for X-ray fluorescence analysis

Problems involved in developing radioisotope sources and the characteristics of potentially useful radioisotopes for X-ray fluorescence analysis are presented. Some of the isotopes, which are not in use but look very promising, are indicated.
A confidence interval for the number of principal components

Abstract This paper proposes a confidence interval for the number of important principal components in principal component analysis. An important principal component is defined as a principal component whose value is close to the value of the largest principal component. More specifically, a principal component λ i is called important if λ i / λ 1 is sufficiently close to 1 where λ 1 is the largest eigenvalue. A distance measure for closeness will be defined under the framework of ranking and selection theory. A confidence interval for the number of important principal components will be proposed using a stepwise selection procedure. The proposed interval, which is asymptotic in nature, includes the true important components with a specified confidence. Numerical examples are given to illustrate our procedure.
Opioids: a review.

Recent discoveries in opioid pharmacology help explain the enormous variability in clinical responses to these powerful analgesics. Although there is only one μ opioid receptor gene, splice variants of that gene’s expression result in a panoply of different functioning receptors. Other sources of variable response include polymorphisms in the μ opioid receptor regulatory region, and pharmacokinetic differences because of cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase heterogeneity. Analgesic tolerance is likely the key phenomenon limiting the benefit of opioids. A plethora of intracellular pathways affects this. Among them are the Nmethyl-D-aspartate receptor, protein kinase C γ activity, nitric oxide synthase, and GM1 ganglioside content of the neuronal membrane. Clinical studies undercut the routine use of meperidine in most settings. Other studies have shown better ways to diminish opioid side effects.
Structure of the Metal-Dependent Deacetylase LpxC from Yersinia enterocolitica Complexed with the Potent Inhibitor CHIR-090,

The procedure of SDS-PAGE was modified by lowering the temperature of protein sample dissociation to allow the separation of denaturated adenoviral hexon chains and native hexon capsomers (trimers) in the same gel. By combining the modified SDS-PAGE with dot and blot radioimmunoassays, the range of stability of the simian adenovirus SA7 hexon quaternary structure and its antigenicity was studied against a number of physical and chemical agents known to dissociate and denaturate proteins. A perfect correlation was found between the hexon native quaternary structure (trimer) and its immunoreactivity with anti-hexon immunoglobulins. The pattern of hexon trimer stability to a wide spectrum of denaturants suggests that its subunits are held together, mainly by hydrophobic interactions, in such a way that the innersubunit contact regions make up the "hydrophobic core" of the hexon molecule.
Tension Bands Placed on the Thigh and Shank Produce Changes in the Knee Flexion Moment and Gait Asymmetry

Decreased symmetry in walking mechanics is common to many conditions associated with falling, such as muscle weakness, poor balance or flexibility, dizziness or vertigo, confusion, and vision problems [1]. Falls and the risk of falls have a substantial impact on the quality of life with aging. More than one in three adults over 65 years experience falls each year, and in half of these cases the falls are recurrent [2,3]. As patients with asymmetric gait are at a greater risk of falling during activities of daily living such as walking [1], conducting experiments on methods to correct gait asymmetries on this cohort can be potentially dangerous. However, experiments conducted with healthy patients that have an induced gait asymmetry during walking would minimize the risk to the unhealthy population while still allowing the researcher to test a subject with a gait asymmetry.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Inter-relations among flutter derivatives

The interrelations and the approximate equivalences (or dependences) among the flutter derivatives of a low-speed airfoil are analytically described. Using the experimentally obtained flutter derivatives of three different bridge deck sections, the possible validity of the analogous relations for bridges is investigated and discussed.
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. 37. Light Emission by Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence at SECM Tips and Their Application to Scanning Optical Microscopy

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) at a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) tip as the tip was moved in the vicinity of insulating and conductive substrates was studied either by ion annihilation or with a coreactant. The SECM/ECL approach curves (intensity vs tip−substrate distance, d) with both insulating and conducting substrates showed a decrease in ECL intensity with a decrease in d. Modes of operation that produced sufficiently intense and stable ECL for optical imaging are possible. The needed improvements for higher resolution and the potential application of this technique for the studies of the kinetics and mechanisms of coreactant ECL reactions are discussed.
Time Since Fire Affects Ectoparasite Prevalence on Lizards in the Florida Scrub Ecosystem

Prevalence of parasites can be an indicator of individual and population health of hosts. Populations of parasites can be affected by habitat management practices, however, which in turn can affect prevalence on hosts. We assessed the influence of varying fire histories on the prevalence of ectoparasites, primarily chiggers (mite larvae of the genus Eutrombicula), on the three most common lizard species resident in the Florida scrub ecosystem. Few individuals of the Florida sand skink (Plestiodon reynoldsi) harbored ectoparasites. The Florida scrub lizard (Sceloporus woodi) and the six-lined racerunner (Aspidoscelis sexlineata) had the highest prevalence of ectoparasites in recently burned (within 3 years) plots. Change in habitat structure or increased mobility of hosts following a recent burn may increase the host-parasite encounter rate.
Quantum-Dot-Based Solid-State Lighting With Electric-Field-Tunable Chromaticity

Solid-state lighting is currently based on blue light-emitting diodes combined with wavelength downconversion via phosphors. Replacing the phosphors with quantum dots has a number of potential advantages, including narrowband and size-tailorable emission spectra. Here, we point out another advantage: the ability to perform real-time tuning of chromaticity of solid-state lighting by altering quantum dot absorption or emission wavelengths and oscillator strengths using electric fields. We discuss a possible architecture for such a solid-state lamp, and the chromaticity ranges that could be obtained for given ranges of absorption or emission wavelength and oscillator strength changes.
Neyman's Smooth Goodness-of-Fit Test When the Hypothesis Is Composite

Abstract A method is given for adjustment of the Neyman smooth goodness-of-fit test to allow for estimation of parameters in a composite hypothesis. With this method the limiting distribution under the hypothesis is chi-squared, in contrast to a method given by Barton for this problem. The basis of the method is a standard modification of the quadratic score statistic.
Development of laboratory flow-through system for Arabian Killifish embryo toxicity test

Background: The use of fish embryos for toxicity testing (FET) is under consideration as an alternative to traditional acute fish toxicity tests. For the past two years, a marine fish embryo test (mFET) has been under development in our laboratory as a routine ecotoxicological test for risk assessment of potential contaminants around the Qatari coastal area. Objective: The objectives of this study were to: a) develop and use a flow-through system to optimize the mFET test conditions to maintain stable concentration of volatile compounds; b) correlate the flow-through mFET to the conventional acute fish test; c) investigate changes in sensitivity of Arabian Killifish embryos to toxicity of chlorine-produced oxidants under flow-through conditions compared to the previous static mFET. Methods: The flow-through system was carried out using custom designed glass chambers. Peristaltic pumps were used to ensure constant flow conditions. To investigate the effect of the flow-through mFET on toxicity of chlorine, ...
Cross-Sector Understanding and Trust

Trust is a foundational element for effective collaboration. Since lack of understanding and trust can hamper effectiveness, building trust is a priority and a challenge for public managers partnering across organizational and sectoral boundaries. Interviews with cross-sector collaborators indicate that the challenge is based in part on inadequate cross-sector understanding. Studying successful cross-sector partnerships can thus inform scholarship and practice. This article applies existing trust frameworks to qualitative partnership data. Findings reveal that trust is exhibited in different ways, depending on the type of partnership. While scholarship calls for integrated treatments of trust, this research suggests that collaborative trust may be interpreted differently across sectors and partnerships.
Correlation between SN‐5 and computed tomography in children with chronic rhinosinusitis

Objectives/Hypothesis: Symptom score questionnaires for evaluation of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in adults does not correlate with computed tomography (CT) scan scores of paranasal sinuses. The SN-5 is a validated symptom score questionnaire for the evaluation of CRS in children. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation of the SN-5 with the CT score in children. Study Design: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Methods: Thirty-two children between the ages of 2 years and 12 years were seen prospectively for symptoms of CRS. The mean age was 7.7 years (range, 3.6–11.5; SD = 2.4). The caretakers completed the SN-5 during their visit when a CT scan of the paranasal sinuses was obtained. Results: The mean SN-5 score was 4.1 (SD = 1.03) and the mean Lund-Mackay CT score was 6.8 (SD = 4.3). There was a significant correlation between the SN-5 score and Lund-MacKay CT score (ρ = 0.68; P < .0001) for all children in the study. Twelve (38%) children had asthma, and for those children the correlation was poorer and did not reach statistical significance (ρ = 0 .57; P = .057). For nonasthmatics the correlation was stronger (ρ = 0.73; P = .0003). Conclusions: Symptom score questionnaire (SN-5) correlated to the disease severity as measured by the Lund-MacKay CT scan score. This is different from what has been found in adults. These findings have positive implications for the follow-up of treatment of CRS in children because the frequent use of CT scans in children is discouraged due to concern for radiation exposure. Laryngoscope, 2009
Intra-abdominal embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in an adult.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is an uncommon neoplasm in the adult population. Sporadic cases of primary rhabdomyosarcoma arising in the abdomen have been reported, but these cases are limited almost exclusively to the pediatric population. We report a well-documented case of primary intra-abdominal rhabdomyosarcoma in a 57-year-old woman. The patient presented with a pelvic mass and an elevated serum CA 125 and was referred to gynecologic oncologists at our institution for a presumed primary gynecologic malignancy. Intraoperatively, amorphous gelatinous tumor comprised a large portion of the peritoneal cavity. Surgical exploration of the abdomen failed to implicate any specific organ as the site of origin of the tumor. The overall histologic pattern of the resected tumor was most consistent with embryonal type rhabdomyosarcoma. To our knowledge this is the first well-documented case report of non-hepatobiliary, adult, intra-abdominal embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in the English language literature. The presentation of a rare adult sarcoma mimicking a gynecologic malignancy was an unusual feature that complicated the diagnosis in this case.
Metabolic interrelationships between the lipids of very low, low and high density lipoproteins in the squirrel monkey

Abstract We have studied sequential changes in the concentrations of the lipid moieties of plasma lipoproteins after a single infusion of Triton WR 1339 (300 mg/kg) into fasting squirrel monkeys. The constituent lipids of very low density lipoproteins all increased linearly, reached a maximum after 12 h, and then declined. Decreases in the free cholesterol, phospholipid, and, to a lesser extent, cholesterol esters of very low density lipoproteins were followed by sequential increases in the concentrations of these lipids in intermediate ( d 1.006−1.019) and low density lipoproteins and were consistent with a precursor—product relationship. Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity was inhibited 86–96% in the plasma of Triton-treated monkeys. After infusion of [ 3 H] cholesterol ester-labeled high density lipoprotein into Triton-treated monkeys, the specific activity of this lipid in high density lipoproteins consistently exceeded that of very low density lipoproteins. These observations suggest that most of the esterified cholesterol of very low density lipoproteins which is newly formed after Triton infusion enters plasma as a native constituent of this lipoprotein but that lesser quantities may be derived from transfer from high density lipoproteins.
Undergraduates Who Attempt Suicide Compared with Normal and Psychiatric Controls

Comparisons on 19 demographic variables were made among 81 undergraduates who had made a suicide attempt, 81 “psychiatric” controls, and 81 “normal” controls, all matched for sex and academic statu...
Point group symmetry and Cartesian force constant redundancy

A procedure for identifying redundancy in the Cartesian force constant matrix is described, and a prescription is given for generating the entire matrix of second derivatives from the minimal set of information. A proof is supplied which demonstrates that the number of nonredundant rows corresponding to a symmetry unique atom is necessarily less than three if the atom is invariant with respect to a symmetry operation of the point group other than the identity or inversion. Furthermore, only one row is required if the atom lies on a threefold or higher-order rotation axis. An application of the procedure to the evaluation of harmonic force constants by numerical differentiation of gradient vectors is briefly described
FEMTOSECOND TIME-RESOLVED STUDIES OF THE DYNAMICS OF NOBLE-GAS CLUSTER EXPLOSIONS

We have examined the dynamics of noble-gas clusters, heated with high-intensity laser radiation, using pump-probe experiments to temporally resolve the expansion of the clusters. Absorption of the probe radiation is observed to reach a maximum for a particular time delay between pump and probe, dependent on the cluster size. For single-pulse experiments, we find that there is an optimal pulse width to maximize absorption for a given cluster size. Model calculations suggest that these effects are due to resonant heating of the spherical cluster plasma in full support of a hydrodynamic interpretation of cluster interactions.
Long Lasting Synchronization of Calcium Oscillations by Cholinergic Stimulation in Isolated Pancreatic Islets

Individual mouse pancreatic islets exhibit oscillations in [Ca2+]i and insulin secretion in response to glucose in vitro, but how the oscillations of a million islets are coordinated within the human pancreas in vivo is unclear. Islet to islet synchronization is necessary, however, for the pancreas to produce regular pulses of insulin. To determine whether neurohormone release within the pancreas might play a role in coordinating islet activity, [Ca2+]i changes in 4–6 isolated mouse islets were simultaneously monitored before and after a transient pulse of a putative synchronizing agent. The degree of synchronicity was quantified using a novel analytical approach that yields a parameter that we call the “Synchronization Index”. Individual islets exhibited [Ca2+]i oscillations with periods of 3–6 min, but were not synchronized under control conditions. However, raising islet [Ca2+]i with a brief application of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (25 μM) or elevated KCl in glucose-containing saline rapidly synchronized islet [Ca2+]i oscillations for ≥30 min, long after the synchronizing agent was removed. In contrast, the adrenergic agonists clonidine or norepinephrine, and the KATP channel inhibitor tolbutamide, failed to synchronize islets. Partial synchronization was observed, however, with the KATP channel opener diazoxide. The synchronizing action of carbachol depended on the glucose concentration used, suggesting that glucose metabolism was necessary for synchronization to occur. To understand how transiently perturbing islet [Ca2+]i produced sustained synchronization, we used a mathematical model of islet oscillations in which complex oscillatory behavior results from the interaction between a fast electrical subsystem and a slower metabolic oscillator. Transient synchronization simulated by the model was mediated by resetting of the islet oscillators to a similar initial phase followed by transient “ringing” behavior, during which the model islets oscillated with a similar frequency. These results suggest that neurohormone release from intrapancreatic neurons could help synchronize islets in situ. Defects in this coordinating mechanism could contribute to the disrupted insulin secretion observed in Type 2 diabetes.
Effect of process learning on manufacturing schedules

Abstract The capacity constrained lot sizing problem with learning is modeled as a nonlinear mixed integer program. Three solution techniques for solving the model are investigated. A nonlinear programming package together with the branch and bound technique is used to obtain a solution to the exact problem. The issue of nonconvexity is discussed. In the piecewise linearization of the learning curve, the problem is represented by a mixed integer programming model. Finally, a heuristic that gives near optimal solutions in minimal computer time is developed. Process learning results in a reduction in the number of setups and an increase in inventory level.
Alignment techniques for calibration and installation of a 6-m Toroidal Grating Monochromator

Abstract The University of Wisconsin Synchrotron Radiation Center Optics Group has recently completed the installation of three 6-m Toroidal Grating Monochromator (TGM) beamlines on the Aladdin ring. Two of these beamlines image bending-magnet radiation and the third images radiation from the 30-period undulator on loan to the Synchrotron Radiation Center from the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Each beamline required an accurate alignment strategy. This is due to the long source-to-final-image distance and the five independent critical elements: entrance mirror, entrance slit, grating chamber, exit slit, and exit mirror. The TGM grating chamber houses up to six gratings on a revolving carousel which is scanned with a sine-drive. We will describe grating stability checks and adjustments to linearize the grating scan calibration. We will also outline the basic alignment procedures from the source point, through the grating chamber, to the final focus. The procedure we have used provided sufficiently accurate alignment to realize the high throughput and resolution capabilities of the 6-m TGMs. The methods also allow later checks on critical degrees of freedom of the optical components.
Strain relaxation in ultrathin epitaxial films of β-FeSi2 on unstrained and strained Si(100) surfaces

Abstract Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) was used to investigate the relaxation of strain in thin epitaxial films of FeSi 2 grown on Si(100) surfaces. The Si(100) substrates were both unstrained and strained by an underlying SiGe alloy. Analysis of the LEED spot sharpness as a function of film thickness and silicide-substrate lattice mismatch indicates that elastic stress in the films is partially relieved prior to the formation of misfit dislocations at critical thickness. We examine the role of roughening and the formation of rotational domains of the orthorhombic FeSi 2 unit cell as mechanisms for the relief of this strain, and conclude that roughening due to the formation of islands is the dominant strain relief mechanism below critical thickness. We apply a recent analysis by Freund and Jonsdottir ( J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 41 (7) (1993) 1245) to correctly account for the scaling of the lateral size of terraces produced by the roughness as a function of the film thickness and lattice mismatch. The critical thickness, h c , for films on unstrained Si substrates was found to be approximately 30 A.
South African libraries from pre-Apartheid to apartheid in the 1960s and 1970s: the beginning of the end

Provides an historical context for the protest movements in South Africa in the 1960s and 1970s and the situation for libraries at this time. The impact of the Sharpeville Massacre and the Soweto Uprisings on the outcries in the 1980s and 1990s are discussed. The structural changes in library services for South Africa as a whole are described.
Found in Translation: Discussion of Galdi and Cohen

Papers by Galdi and Cohen are appreciated and discussed. Trauma is seen as occurring in a culturally based matrix of meanings. Galdi and Cohen's case material is discussed in terms of the cultural symmetry and contrast between patient and therapist. The assault of trauma on meaning through mechanisms of dissociation, alienation and psychic numbing is explored. Therapy is examined as the restoration of meaning through the creation of a relationship through the shared language of empathy.
Streptomycin sensitivity of tubercle bacilli from resected lungs.

This study was motivated by the expectation that the different kinds of inflammatory reactions in tuberculous lungs might be associated with differences in the degree of streptomycin sensitivity of the tubercle bacilli contained within them. Evaluation of this property in tubercle bacilli from 124 specimens obtained from 33 patients who had pneumonectomy, lobectomy or other surgical procedure demonstrated that this is not the case. Although many characteristics of bacteria are profoundly changed by the action of tissues, the development of streptomycin resistance by tubercle bacilli is apparently independent of such action.
Ringdown spectroscopy of stimulated Raman scattering in a whispering gallery mode resonator

We report experimental observations of power-dependent, nonexponential decay of light stored in whispering gallery modes caused by stimulated Raman scattering in the resonator host material. Specifically, we show that the instantaneous decay rate of whispering gallery modes of a calcium fluoride resonator increases as the amount of light stored in the resonator decreases.
Leslie J. Bank 2011: Home Spaces, Street Styles: Contesting Power and Identity in a South African City. London: Pluto Press.

A review of the book "Home Spaces, Street Styles: Contesting Power and Identity in a South African City," by Leslie J. Bank is presented.
Modeling intensity contours and the interaction of pitch and intensity to improve automatic prosodic event detection and classification

Prosody, or the way words are spoken, carries important information to understanding a speaker's communicative intention. Many studies on automatic prosodic analysis focus on parameterizing pitch content. In this work, we extend previous pitch contour modeling features to intensity contours, and develop a set of features based on the interaction of pitch and intensity. These new features improve the state-of-the-art on all prosodic event detection and classification tasks related to automatic ToBI labeling.
Online learning algorithm for Stackelberg games in problems with hierarchy

This paper presents an online adaptive optimal control algorithm based on policy iteration reinforcement learning techniques to solve the continuous-time Stackelberg games with infinite horizon for linear systems. This adaptive optimal control method finds in real-time approximations of the optimal value and the Stackelberg-equilibrium solution, while also guaranteeing closed-loop stability. The optimal-adaptive algorithm is implemented as a separate actor/critic parametric network approximator structure for every player, and involves simultaneous continuous-time adaptation of the actor/critic networks. Novel tuning algorithms are given for the actor/critic networks. The convergence to the closed-loop Stackelberg equilibrium is proven and stability of the system is also guaranteed. A simulation example shows the effectiveness of the new online algorithm.
Resentment of paternalism as system change sentiment: hostile sexism toward men and actual behavior in the 2008 U.S. presidential election.

Taking inspiration from Glick and colleagues (2004), this study tested the idea that resentment of paternalism (which is part of the hostile sexism toward men construct) might approximate desire for system change by correlating this variable with actual behavior associated with system change in a single culture. Specifically, voting behavior in the 2008 U.S. presidential election was predicted from political party affiliation, measures of hostile and benevolent sexism toward both women and men, and egalitarian racial attitudes using a U.S. college student sample. Results indicated that the only significant predictors of voting behavior were political party affiliation, resentment of paternalism, and egalitarian racial attitudes. Higher levels of resentment of paternalism were in fact associated with voting for the ticket that represented system change-holding the other predictors constant.
Verification tests for DTS system measure and calculate power cable temperature

This paper describes a verification tests for qualified DTS system. The verification tests firstly focused on power cable surface temperature measurement accuracy, positional accuracy and spatial resolution accuracy. Then the power cable conductor temperature calculation which was carried out by DTS system was also verification tested. The 220kV power cable laying in tunnel and applying different load currents, the power cable conductor temperature measured value and the DTS system calculated value were compared. The testing process employs the T-type thermocouple measurement system dedicated for conductor temperature measure, DTS system calculates the conductor temperature according to load current, over-sheath temperature etc., Then analyzed and compared the difference between measured and calculated value, to verify the accuracy of the DTS system.
Convexity and optimal load distributions in work conserving */*/1 queues

In this paper we develop fundamental convexity properties of unfinished work and packet waiting time in a work conserving */*/1 queue. The queue input consists of an uncontrollable background process and a rate-controllable input stream. We show that any moment of unfinished work is a convex function of the controllable input rate. The convexity properties are then extended to address the problem of optimal routing of arbitrary input streams over a collection of N queues in parallel with different (possibly time-varying) linespeeds (/spl mu//sub 1/(t),..., /spl mu//sub N/(t)). Our convexity results hold for stream-based routing (where individual packet streams must be routed to the same queue) as well as for packet-based routing where each packet is routed to a queue using some pre-determined splitting method, such as probabilistic splitting. Our analysis of these general systems is carried out by introducing a new function of the superposition of two input streams that we call the blocking function. Using this function facilitates analysis and provides much insight into the sample path dynamics of */*/1 queues.
The Politics of New Technology and Job Redesign: A Comparison of Volo and British Leyland

This article argues that the politics of new technology and job redesaign at the firm level is decisively influenced by 'external' political-economic conditions, and must be analysed from a broad perspective. The article compares the experiences of Volvo, a case of labour inclusion of industrial innovation, and British Leyland, a case of labour exclusion, and shows that the two firms have pursued two very different innovation strategies. Volvo's emphasis on upgrading assembly work reflects union demands, but should first and foremost be seen as a response to Swedish labour market conditions; in particular, high rates of labour turnover due to full employment and solidaristic wage policy. Operating under different labour and market conditions, British Leyland has been under much less pressure to break with traditional assembly-line principles.
Healthy and unhealthy forms of religiousness manifested by psychotherapy clients: An empirical investigation ☆

Abstract This study investigated whether 49 Mormon psychotherapy clients and 51 Mormon nonclients differed on a number of religious and psychological variables. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance, controlling for social desirability, education level, and occupation status. Clients scored higher than nonclients on shame and lower on existential well-being. There were no significant differences between clients and nonclients on religious orientation, religious wellbeing, moral reasoning, and guilt. Females scored much higher on guilt, and female clients scored much higher on shame; there were no other gender differences. Subjects showed a preference for Stage 4 moral reasoning, and 92% were intrinsically motivated in their religious worship. The psychotherapy clients' religious beliefs and motivations appeared healthy and functional and could be an asset during therapy. The clients manifested some psychological issues which could predispose them to unhealthy reactions to some of the doctrines and influences of their religion. The gender differences observed were also discussed.
Electronic channel fringe holography for depth and delay measurements.

Electronic spectral holography in the form developed by Shih [Ph.D. dissertation, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1995)] is adapted to various applications, including optical coherence tomography in scattering media, contouring of surfaces, and optical fiber mode examination.
New compilation languages based on structured decomposability

We introduce in this paper two new, complete propositional languages and study their properties in terms of (1) their support for polytime operations and (2) their ability to represent boolean functions compactly. The new languages are based on a structured version of decomposability--a property that underlies a number of tractable languages. The key characteristic of structured decomposability is its support for a polytime conjoin operation, which is known to be intractable for unstructured decomposability. We show that any CNF can be compiled into formulas in the new languages, whose size is only exponential in the treewidth of the CNF. Our study also reveals that one of the languages we identify is as powerful as OBDDs in terms of answering key inference queries, yet is more succinct than OBDDs.
Beyond conventional Runge-Kutta methods in numerical integration of ODEs and DAEs by use of structures and local models

There are two parts in this paper. In the first part we consider an overdetermined system of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). We are particularly concerned with Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems with holonomic constraints. The main motivation is in finding methods based on Gauss coefficients, preserving not only the constraints, symmetry, symplecticness, and variational nature of trajectories of holonomically constrained Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems, but also having optimal order of convergence. The new class of (s,s)-Gauss-Lobatto specialized partitioned additive Runge-Kutta (SPARK) methods uses greatly the structure of the DAEs and possesses all desired properties. In the second part we propose a unified approach for the solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) mixing analytical solutions and numerical approximations. The basic idea is to consider local models which can be solved efficiently, for example analytically, and to incorporate their solution into a global procedure based on standard numerical integration methods for the correction. In order to preserve also symmetry we define the new class of symmetrized Runge-Kutta methods with local model (SRKLM).
Subpolar Mode Water in the northeastern Atlantic: 2. Origin and transformation

[1] The processes that lead to the transformation and origin of the eastern North Atlantic Subpolar Mode Waters (SPMW) are investigated from observational data using an extended Walin framework. Air-sea flux data from the National Oceanography Center, Southampton (NOCS), and hydrographic data from the A24 cruise collected during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) are used to estimate the contribution of diapycnal and isopycnal fluxes to the density classes that include SPMW. Surface diapycnal volume flux is the dominant source of waters in the SPMW density. In the North Atlantic subpolar gyre the diapycnal volume flux occurs along the main branches of the North Atlantic Current (NAC) and it has an average transport of 14 ± 6.5 Sv, with a maximum of 21.5 Sv across the 27.35sq isopycnal. The regional distribution of the diapycnal flux on isopycnal surfaces is computed to identify the areas with the largest diapycnal flux. These regions coincide with the location of SPMW based on potential vorticity. The surface diapycnal flux is associated with obduction and subduction through the permanent pycnocline. Therefore, the water involved in the transformation of SPMWs is continuously exchanged with the ocean interior. In addition, we suggest that subduction is not associated with smooth advection from the mixed layer to the ocean interior, but is water mass loss entrainment into the deep overflows of the subpolar gyre. The isopycnal component of the SPMW throughput is estimated from the geostrophic transport across the A24 section from Greenland to Scotland and is 10% to 40% of the diapycnal flux.
Four-day incubation period for blood culture bottles processed with the Difco ESP blood culture system.

Blood culture records from 1994 to 1995 from five U.S. medical centers all using the Difco ESP continuous monitoring blood culture system were reviewed retrospectively. Among a total of 7,362 isolates of bacteria and yeasts, only 0.1% of possibly significant isolates would have been missed had blood cultures been routinely incubated for 4 days instead of the 5 days recommended by the manufacturer. Conversely, numerous contaminants, detected only on day 5, would have been eliminated by a 4-day incubation period.
The effect of topiramate plasma concentration on linguistic behavior, verbal recall and working memory

This is the first study of the effect of topiramate on linguistic behavior and verbal recall using a computational linguistics system for automated language and speech analysis to detect and quantify drug-induced changes in speech recorded during discourse-level tasks. Healthy volunteers were administered a single, 100-mg oral dose of topiramate in two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover studies. Subjects' topiramate plasma levels ranged from 0.23 to 2.81 μg/mL. We found a significant association between topiramate levels and impairment on measures of verbal fluency elicited during a picture description task, correct number of words recalled on a paragraph recall test, and reaction time recorded during a working memory task. Using the tools of clinical pharmacology and computational linguistics, we elucidated the relationship between the determinants of a drug's disposition as reflected in plasma concentrations and their impact on cognitive functioning as reflected in spoken language discourse.
Cigarettes with Low Propensity to Ignite Soft Furnishings

This paper describes some of the results of a two and a half year, Congressionally-mandated effort to identify cigarettes with properties that would reduce their propensity to ignite soft furnishings (upholstered furniture and mattresses). For this purpose, the ignition propensities of 41 specially designed and 5 patented cigarettes were investigated. Several of these ex perimental cigarettes were found to have considerably lower ignition propen sities than current commercial cigarettes. These cigarettes combined low tobacco content (attained by low packing density and low cigarette cir cumference), and low paper permeability and citrate content. Some of these low ignition propensity cigarettes had tar, nicotine, and CO yields comparable to large-selling commercial brands. The five patented cigarettes also exhibited considerably lower ignition propensity than commercial cigarettes.
Segmentation and analysis of hyperspectral data

Summary form only given. We review a previously presented algorithm that segments hyperspectral images on the basis of the two- or three-dimensional histograms of their principal components. Some modifications to improve our previous approach are detailed. After exploring the application of morphology directly to the segmented (digital) images, we focus on the processing of our segmented images in tandem with the original hyperspectral data which produces an "anomaly gray-scale image". Such images, when subject to morphological filtering, prove to be powerful anomaly/target cueing algorithms.
Decision making with hybrid influence diagrams using mixtures of truncated exponentials

Mixtures of truncated exponentials (MTE) potentials are an alternative to discretization for representing continuous chance variables in influence diagrams. Also, MTE potentials can be used to approximate utility functions. This paper introduces MTE influence diagrams, which can represent decision problems without restrictions on the relationships between continuous and discrete chance variables, without limitations on the distributions of continuous chance variables, and without limitations on the nature of the utility functions. In MTE influence diagrams, all probability distributions and the joint utility function (or its multiplicative factors) are represented by MTE potentials and decision nodes are assumed to have discrete state spaces. MTE influence diagrams are solved by variable elimination using a fusion algorithm.