cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental health service use 1-year after the World Trade Center disaster: implications for mental health care

The objective of this study was to assess prevalence and predictors of mental health service use in New York City (NYC) after the World Trade Center disaster (WTCD). One year after the attacks, we conducted a community survey by telephone of 2368 adults living in NYC on September 11, 2001. In the past year, 19.99% (95% confidence interval [CI]=18.2-21.77) of New Yorkers had mental health visits and 8.1% (95% CI=7.04-9.16) used psychotropic medications. In addition, 12.88% (95% CI=11.51-14.25) reported one or more visits were related to the WTCD. Compared to the year before, 8.57% (95% CI=7.36-9.79) had increased post-disaster visits and 5.28% (95% CI=4.32-6.25) had new post-disaster treatment episodes. Psychotropic medication use related to the WTCD was 4.51% (95% CI=3.75-5.26). Increased post-disaster medication use, compared to the year before, was 4.11% (95% CI=3.35-4.86) and new medication episodes occurred among 3.01% (95% CI=2.34-3.69). In multivariate logistic analyses, mental health visits were associated with younger age, peri-event panic attack, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. In addition, WTCD-related visits had a positive "dose-response" association with WTCD event exposures (P<0.0001). WTCD-related visits also were positively associated with peri-event panic, anxiety, lower self-esteem, PTSD, and depression. All three medication measures were positively related to PTSD and depression, and negatively associated with African American status. WTCD-related medication use also was positively related to younger age, female gender, WTCD event exposures, negative life events, anxiety and lower self-esteem. Finally, while the percentage of New Yorkers seeking post-disaster treatment did not increase substantially, the volume of visits among patients apparently increased. We conclude that exposure to WTCD events was related to post-disaster PTSD and depression, as well as WTCD-related mental health service use. African Americans were consistently less likely to use post-disaster medications. Although the WTCD did have an impact on treatment-seeking among current patients, it did not substantially increase mental health treatment among the general population.
Unusual geochemistry of hydrothermal vents on submarine arc volcanoes: Kasuga Seamounts, Northern Mariana Arc

Abstract DSRV Alvin dives in the Northern Mariana island arc recovered warm hydrothermal fluids from the summit areas of seamounts Kasuga 2 and Kasuga 3, as well as hydrothermal deposits of elemental sulfur, Fe- and Mn-oxides, and nontronite. The composition of a gas-rich ∼ 39°C vent fluid sampled from Kasuga 2 Seamount is unusual compared to other submarine hydrothermal fluids in that it is enriched by 27% in Mg 2+ and 17% in SO 4 2− , and depleted by 64% in Ca 2+ , relative to ambient seawater. The elevated concentrations of dissolved CO 2 (calculated from pH and A T ), HCO 3 − and SO 4 2+ , and near absence of H 2 S, suggest that the unusual composition of this sample may result from the sub-seafloor addition of volcanic CO 2 and SO 2 to a seawater-derived hydrothermal fluid, resulting in: (1) ‘chemical weathering’ reactions, whereby igneous minerals or alteration phases are attacked by CO 2 , adding Mg 2+ and other cations, Si, and HCO 3 − into solution; and (2) hydrolysis of SO 2 to SO 4 2− and S(0), adding excess SO 4 2− with a light δ 34 S signature to the fluid and causing deposition of elemental sulfur at the seafloor vents. Saturation-state calculations suggest that the concentrations of Si and Ca 2+ in the fluid may be controlled at saturation with amorphous silica and dolomite respectively. The origin of the 9.3°C fluid collected from Kasuga 3 is difficult to determine because it is compositionally close to ambient seawater and shows possible evidence of both high- and low-temperature seawater-rock reaction. Banded and interlayered deposits of nontronite and Fe- and Mn-oxides were recovered from the Kasuga 3 summit, with oxygen-isotope geothermometry suggesting a formation temperature of ∼ 22°C for the nontronite.
PINing Down the Origin of Prostate Cancer

The epithelium that lines the surface of prostate glands contains several cell types, including luminal secretory cells and basal cells of unclear function. Despite the fact that prostate tumors contain cells with a luminal phenotype and lack basal cells, a recent report indicates that the cell of origin for human prostate cancer is a basal cell and not a luminal cell. In contrast, another study indicates the reverse. It is possible that both basal and luminal stem/progenitor cells may independently give rise to prostate cancer; a comparison of the molecular signatures of the target cells of transformation with those of prostate tumors may aid in predicting the phenotypes of tumors with aggressive characteristics.
A dynamic multithreading processor

We present an architecture that features dynamic multithreading execution of a single program. Threads are created automatically by hardware at procedure and loop boundaries and executed speculatively on a simultaneous multithreading pipeline. Data prediction is used to alleviate dependency constraints and enable lookahead execution of the threads. A two-level hierarchy significantly enlarges the instruction window. Efficient selective recovery from the second level instruction window takes place after a mispredicted input to a thread is corrected. The second level is slower to access but has the advantage of large storage capacity. We show several advantages of this architecture: (1) it minimizes the impact of ICache misses and branch mispredictions by fetching and dispatching instructions out-of-order, (2) it uses a novel value prediction and recovery mechanism to reduce artificial data dependencies created by the use of a stack to manage run-time storage, and (3) it improves the execution throughput of a superscalar by 15% without increasing the execution resources or cache bandwidth, and by 30% with one additional ICache fetch port. The speedup was measured on the integer SPEC95 benchmarks, without any compiler support, using a detailed performance simulator.
On Density Based Transforms for Uncertain Data Mining

In spite of the great progress in the data mining field in recent years, the problem of missing and uncertain data has remained a great challenge for data mining algorithms. Many real data sets have missing attribute values or values which are only approximately measured or imputed. In some methodologies such as privacy preserving data mining, it is desirable to explicitly add perturbations to the data in order to mask sensitive values. If the underlying data is not of high quality, one cannot expect the corresponding algorithms to perform effectively. In many cases, it may be possible to obtain quantitative measures of the errors in different entries of the data. In this paper, we will show that this is very useful information for the data mining process, since it can be leveraged to improve the quality of the results. We discuss a new method for handling error-prone and missing data with the use of density based approaches to data mining. We discuss methods for constructing error-adjusted densities of data sets, and using these densities as intermediate representations in order to perform more accurate mining. We discuss the mathematical foundations behind the method and establish ways of extending it to very large scale data mining problems. As a concrete example of our technique, we show how to apply the intermediate density representation in order to accurately solve the classification problem. We show that the error-based method can be effectively and efficiently applied to very large data sets, and turns out to be very useful as a general approach to such problems.
Stokes Polarimetry Imaging of Rat-Tail Tissue in a Turbid Medium Using Incident Circularly Polarized Light

Background and Objectives We describe a Stokes polarimetry imaging technique that quantifies the polarization properties of remitted light backscattered from a sample. Study Design/Materials and Methods Right- and left-circularly polarized near-infrared light was used to illuminate rat-tail tissue embedded in turbid gelatin. Results The degree of linear polarization (DoLP) and degree of circular polarization (DoCP) image-maps indicate that increasing the depth of the rat tail within the turbid medium and varying the rat-tail geometry and orientation relative to the light source affected the contrast between structures and adjacent tissue layers. Conclusion Stokes polarimetry imaging shows that the intervertebral discs and soft tissue regions of rat tails strongly depolarize incident circularly polarized light. Tendon regions remit light with a more linear form due to birefringence. Both DoLP and DoCP image-maps provide contrast between tissue structures. When differentiating between unpolarized light and light with low DoCP or DoLP, the polarization of backscattered light from the turbid medium must to be taken into consideration. Lasers Surg. Med. 37:396–406, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Channel sensing and estimation in cognitive relay networks

A cognitive relay system in which a cognitive secondary source seeks to communicate with a secondary destination via an amplify-and-forward (AF) relay is considered. It is assumed that neither primary user activity nor the channel conditions are initially known. Both the source and relay nodes perform channel sensing in order to detect the primary user activity through energy detection. Following the channel sensing, source and relay nodes engage in channel training. Source transmits a pilot symbol which is amplified and forwarded by the relay. Upon the reception of the noisy pilot symbol, the destination employs linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) estimation to estimate the overall channel between the source and destination. In this setting, the effect of imperfect channel sensing results at both the source and relay on the performance of the linear MMSE estimation is analyzed. More specifically, the dependence and interactions between channel sensing parameters (e.g., detection thresholds, the probabilities of detection and false alarm) and the LMMSE estimator are studied.
Enhanced Susceptibility of Ago1/3 Double-Null Mice to Influenza A Virus Infection

RNA interference (RNAi) is a critical component of many cellular antiviral responses in plants, invertebrates, and mammals. However, its in vivo role in host protection from the negative-sense RNA virus influenza virus type A (flu) is unclear. Here we have examined the role of RNAi in host defense to flu by analyzing Argonaute 1 and 3 double-knockout mice deficient in components of the RNA-induced silencing complex. Compared to littermate controls, flu-infected double-knockout mice exhibited increased mortality, consistent with more severe alveolitis and pneumonitis. These data indicate that optimal resistance to flu requires Argonaute 1 and/or 3. Enhanced mortality of double-knockout mice was not associated either with increased viral replication or with differential pulmonary recruitment or function of innate and adaptive immune cells. Given the absence of detectable immune defects, our results support the notion that the enhanced flu susceptibility of double-knockout mice arises from an intrinsic impairment in the ability of lung cells to tolerate flu-elicited inflammation.
Charge state defect engineering of silicon during ion implantation

Effects of in situ interventions which alter defect interactions during implantation, and thereby affect the final damage state, have been investigated. Specifically, we examined effects of internal electric fields and charge carrier injection on damage accumulation in Si. First, we implanted H or He ions into diode structures which were either reverse or forward biased during implantation. Second, we implanted B or Si ions into plain Si wafers while illuminating them with UV light. In each case, the overall effect is one of damage reduction. Both the electric field and charge carrier injection effects may be understood as resulting from changes in defect interactions caused in part by changes to the charge state of defects formed during implantation.
Extraction, separation and labeling with 14C-glucose of HeLa cell polyglucose, RNA and DNA and comparison of the molecular weights and buoyant densities of polyglucose from poliovirus-infected and noninfected cultures.

The aqueous phase of phenol extracts of HeLa cells contains polyglucose (CHO)n, RNA, and DNA. These macromolecules were precipitated together and removed from 50% (v/v) ethanol solutions with a stirring rod. The viscous precipitate had the classical white appearance of DNA, but contained an average of 439, 670, and 220 μg (from 3 × 107 cells) of (CHO)n, RNA, and DNA, respectively. The (CHO)n was separated from the RNA, either by CsCl density gradient centrifugation or by precipitating the RNA with trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Both methods of separation resulted in preparations of (CHO)n with similar specific activities (radioactive counts/μg min). However, electron micrographs showed that the (CHO)n separated by using TCA had a greater variation in particle size when compared with (CHO)n separated by CsCl centrifugation. With the CsCl methods, the number-average molecular weights, as determined by electron microscope particle-counting, and the buoyant densities of (CHO)n whose synthesis was stimulated by poliovirus infection and (CHO)n from noninfected cultures, were found to be similar. When the (CHO)n was extracted from HeLa cells with TCA, rather than phenol, the yield was 1.68-fold greater and its specific activity was an average of twice that of the (CHO)n extracted with phenol. The time at which cells were pulse-labeled with 14C-glucose, after reducing the glucose in the culture medium to 0.01 of normal, was found to be important, in that the specific activity of the (CHO)n increased 23.4-fold over a 4-hr period and the amount extracted decreased 8.2-fold. The increase in the specific activities of RNA and DNA was not as large as that of the (CHO)n and the amounts extracted were not significantly changed. The sedimentation coefficients of RNA and (CHO)n which were separated from each other with TCA were 6.4 and 116 S, respectively, whereas, without separation, two peaks were seen, with values of 25.4 and 31.4 S. Chloride ions reduce the sensitivity of the Burton test for DNA. However, the Burton reagent will detect (CHO)n even in the presence of DNA if the assay mixture is heated. Chloride ions increase the sensitivity of the Burton reagent to detect melizitose and, at concentrations above l.5M, synthetic- polyglucose by increasing the absorption of the colored (CHO)n reaction product(s).
Competence to Consent

There are probably as many definitions of psychotherapy as there are people who write about it. One review paper cites 48 different definitions (Weiner, 1976) and goes on to complicate matters by distinguishing psychotherapy from activities and events that may have psychotherapeutic value per se. While goals, strategies, tactics, and theoretical underpinnings vary widely, most psychotherapists would assert that their work with clients is intended to enhance emotional growth, foster maturity, and promote general adaptive functioning. Others would claim only that they strive to help clients develop an “understanding of their own behavior.” There is also a substantial body of literature, typified by the writings of Eysenck (1965, 1966), that challenges the value and effectiveness of psychotherapy or cites potential harmful effects of so-called psychotherapeutic interventions. Such claims have been effectively rebutted (Weiner, 1976), but the existing literature is replete with controversy.
The Present and Future of Angiogenesis-Directed Treatments of Colorectal Cancer

The level of angiogenic activity in colorectal tumors has been shown to be a determinant of survival. Recent trials established that, in both the first- and second-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, the addition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) – directed antibody bevacizumab to chemotherapy significantly prolongs survival compared to chemotherapy alone. Those trials provided proof of principle that inhibition of angiogenesis has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of treatment of this disease. Oral agents directed toward VEGF receptor signaling are in advanced development, but none to date has proven beneficial in phase III trials in advanced colorectal cancer. Additional trials are needed to determine if improved pharmacological characteristics of the small molecules can be modified to replicate the activity of the antibody or if mechanistic differences require a more specific approach. Since bevacizumab has minimal activity as a single agent, a key question for future therapeutic development relates to the interaction between antiangiogenic strategies and cytotoxic therapies. We hypothesize that bevacizumab may potentiate the efficacy of cytotoxics not solely by alterations of tumor interstitial pressure but also by promoting sensitivity to proapoptotic signals consequent upon nutrient and oxygen withdrawal. The Oncologist 2006;11:992–998
Retention of a functional resact receptor in isolated sperm plasma membranes.

Abstract Resact, a peptide obtained from eggs, causes a change in the M r , and a loss of 32 P from a plasma membrane protein identified as guanylate cyclase. Here, a resact analog ( 125 I-[Tyr 1 , Ser 8 ] resact) was synthesized and shown to bind to isolated sperm membranes. Resact, but not speract, competed with the radiolabeled ligand for binding. When membranes were prepared under appropriate conditions, guanylate cyclase remained at M r 160,000; the incubation of membranes with γ- 32 P-ATP resulted in the formation of 32 P-labeled guanylate cyclase. The addition of resact to the membranes caused a shift in the M r , a complete loss of 32 P, and a 70% reduction in guanylate cyclase activity within 1 min; resact had an ED 50 at 100 nM concentration. Speract failed to cause any of these effects. This represents the first demonstration of receptor-mediated responses of isolated sperm membranes identical to those seen in the intact cell.
The preparation and reactivity of chloroaluminum(III)toluene-3, 4-dithiolate

Abstract Treatment of toluene 3,4-dithiol, H2TDT, with aluminumtrimethyl (3:2 stoichiometry) results in the quantitative formation of polymeric Al2(TDT)3 whereas a 1:1 reaction ratio affords TDTAlMe. Treatment of the latter with one equivalent of HCl results in alkylation of the aryl moiety, whereas two equivalents of HCl afford 2,7-dimethylthianthrene radical cation.
$epsilon$-extension Hidden Markov Models and Weighted Transducers for Machine Transliteration

We describe in detail a method for transliterating an English string to a foreign language string evaluated on five different languages, including Tamil, Hindi, Russian, Chinese, and Kannada. Our method involves deriving substring alignments from the training data and learning a weighted finite state transducer from these alignments. We define an e-extension Hidden Markov Model to derive alignments between training pairs and a heuristic to extract the substring alignments. Our method involves only two tunable parameters that can be optimized on held-out data.
A Note on Tradeable Permits

This note offers a perspective on whether tradeable permits are a passing fad or an enduring trend. It does so in noting how various types of tradeable permit systems relate to conventional environmental permits, what are the unique requirements of tradeable permit systems, and why they might be preferred to alternative instruments. A final observation concerns the analogy between tradeable permits for environmental goods and private property in land.
Design and fabrication of a CMOS signal conversion integrated circuit for remote control hobbyists

The availability of low-cost VLSI (very large scale integration) design software and fabrication services for design, simulation, and layout of integrated circuits has become readily accessible to universities for classroom instruction. The design and fabrication of a CMOS integrated circuit is described, which converts an eight-bit digital signal to a pulse-width modulated (PWM) signal and vice versa for radio control hobbyist transceivers and motor servos. This example design serves to describe a subset of VLSI design tools from the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Washington, and Microelectronics Center of North Carolina and MOSIS fabrication services available for classroom instruction.
Indians in the park

This is a performance experimental text with multiple speaking parts. Drawing from autoethnography, popular culture and history, I argue, following Walter Benjamin, that one way to write history is...
Changes in LH, Progesterone and Sexual Behavior Associated with Preovulatory Luteinization in the Bitch

Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone (P) were determined daily in samples obtained at 0800 1600 and 2400 hours from 6 beagle bitches during proestrus and estrus. Sexual behavior in response to males was also assessed. LH surges of 24-40 hours (4.4-11.1 ng/ml) were observed between 3 days before and 1 day after estrus. Estrous behavior was observed only after levels of P increased. The increase in P began either just before or at the same time as the initial LH surge. Ovariectomy was performed at approximately 4 8 20 38 44 and 50 hours after the LH peak when plasma levels of P were 1.3 2.8 4.2 3.3 4.4 and 6.9 ng/ml respectively. The respective ratios of ovulated to nonovulated mature follicles were 0:10 0:6 0:7 0:8 4:3 and 11:0. Sexual behavior was tested in ovariectomized bitches over a 5-week period during which estrogen was administered for 16 days beginning either 8 days before or after the initiation of 16 days of progesterone treatment. Full sexual receptivity occurred 8 days after superimposing estrogen treatment on progesterone and within 18 hours after superimposing progesterone treatment on estrogen. Removal of estrogen treatment did not affect sexual receptivity whereas it was completely abolished within 18 hours after cessation of progesterone treatment. The findings suggest that ovulation in the bitch occurs between 1 day before and 5 days after the onset of estrus and about 38-44 hours after the peak in LH and that the initial preovulatory increase in P is synergistic with the late-proestrous estrogen peak in promoting estrous behavior.
An Adiabatic Simulation of the ERICA IOP 4 Storm: An Example of Quasi-Ideal Frontal Cyclone Development

Abstract Numerical experiments with dry, inviscid models started from small normal-mode perturbations in baroclinic jet flows provide examples of ideal baroclinic cyclone development. This paper examines, with use of the Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model, cyclone development under conditions that resemble the ideal experiments in lacking initial surface fronts and in neglecting latent heating and surface fluxes but that differ from most ideal experiments in including surface friction and an initial large upper-level disturbance. The initial state of the simulation is that of the intense, explosive Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic intensive observation period 4 storm. Issues highlighted are the timing and rate of deepening, the rapidity and intensity of frontal formation, the frontal structure, the airflow relative to the cyclone and fronts, and the nature of the occlusion and warm-core seclusion processes. Principal findings...
Area postrema and adjacent nucleus of the solitary tract in water and sodium balance

Lesions of the area postrema (AP) and adjacent caudal medial nucleus of the solitary tract (cmNTS) cause significant changes in water and sodium balance. Lesioned rats display a permanent polydipsia, which in part is due to a primary polyuria. Water-to-food ratios are elevated chronically. Lesioned rats are unable to concentrate their urine as well as controls. In addition, lesioned rats overdrink in response to 24-h water deprivation. This lesion also causes a natriuresis and an overconsumption of 3% NaCl solution. These findings establish the AP-cmNTS as an important part of the neurocircuitry underlying water and sodium balance.
An Experimental Investigation on Dynamic Wind Loads Acting on a Wind Turbine Model in Atomspheric Boundary Layer Winds

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the dynamic wind loads acting on a wind turbine model sited in atmospheric boundary layer winds. The experimental studies are conducted in a large-scale Aerodynamic/Atmospheric Boundary Layer (AABL) Wind Tunnel available at Iowa State University. A three-blade Horizontal Axial Wind Turbine (HAWT) model was placed in atmospheric boundary layer winds with different mean and turbulence characteristics to simulate the situations in onshore and offshore wind farms. In addition to measuring dynamic wind loads (both forces and moments) acting on the HAWT model, a high-resolution Particle Image Velocity (PIV) system is used to conduct detailed flow field measurements to quantify the characteristics of the turbulent vortex flow in the near wake of the wind turbine model. The detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the dynamic wind loads measurements to elucidate underlying physics in order to gain further insight into the characteristics of the dynamic wind loads for for better durability of the wind turbines in atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) winds.
Lyme Borreliosis: An Overview of the Clinica Manifestations

Lyme borreliosis is a progressive infectious disease. Borrelia burgdorferi disseminates from a local site in the skin early in the course of infection seeding major organ systems. Although it was once throught that this was primarily a rheumatologic disorder, it is now realized that multiple organ systems can be involved throughout the course of this infectious disease. The nervous system, skin, heart, and joints are the most frequently involved. Despite advances in the capability of laboratory diagnostic assays, no laboratory test by itself can establish the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Laboratory tests are only useful to help confirm the diagnosis in the appropriate clinical setting. To establish a diagnosis, the patients must have objective signs clinically compatible with active Lyme borreliosis. The major clinical manifestations of the infectious disease are reviewed.
Hyperketonemia induces upregulation of lfa-1 in monocytes, which is mediated by ros and p38 mapk activation

Type 1 diabetic patients have hyperketonemia, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, and a higher incidence of vascular disease. This study examines the hypothesis that hyperketonemia increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is in part responsible for increased expression of adhesion molecules in monocytes. THP-1 monocytes were treated with acetoacetate (AA) or β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) (0-10 mmol/L) for 24 h. Results show that AA, but not BHB, increases ROS production in monocytes. Pretreatment of monocytes with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited AA-induced ROS production. AA treatment induced upregulation of LFA-1 and pretreatment of monocytes with NAC or an inhibitor to p38 MAPK inhibited this upregulation in monocytes. This suggests that physiological concentrations of AA can contribute to increased ROS and activation of p38 MAPK, which may be responsible for AA-induced upregulation of LFA-1 in monocytes. Thus, hyperketonemia contributes to the risk for cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes.
Two pillared three-dimensional inorganic/organic hybrid structures composed of bimetallic layers bridged by exo-bidentate ligands

The hydrothermal reactions of Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, K2CrO4 and exo-bidentate ligand bpy/bpe, (bpy = 4, 4’-bipyridine, bpe = trans-1, 2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene) result in two pillared 3D organic-inorganic hybrid compounds. Both contain bimetallic layers of copper(II) cations and chromate anions, which are directly connected by different organic ligands, leading to pillared structures with varying pillar length and thickness of layers. Crystal data for [Cu3(CrO4)2(OH)2(bpy)2] (1): triclinic, P1, a = 5.358(1), b = 5.603(1), c = 13.515(3) A, α = 81.78(3), γ = 86.56(3), A3 = 79.75(3)°, V = 394.91(13) A3, Z = 1; [CuCrO4(bpe)] (2): monoclinic, C2/c, a = 23.282(5), b = 11.917(2), c = 9.726(2) A, β = 112.99(3)°, V = 2484.2(8) A3, Z = 8.
The leg cramp syndrome during pregnancy; the relationship to calcium and phosphorus metabolism.

Abstract 1. 1. The leg cramp syndrome seems to occur most frequently between the twenty-fourth and thirty-sixth weeks of gestation. 2. 2. The pregnant woman who experiences leg cramps does not demonstrate increased neuromuscular irritability as evidenced by a negative Erb's sign. 3. 3. No evidence was found to support the contention that increased ingestion of dairy products predisposed to the occurrence of leg cramps. 4. 4. Calcium lactate was found to be no more efficacious than dicalcium phosphate in the prevention and alleviation of leg cramps. 5. 5. The pregnant woman should be encouraged to consume the minimum daily amounts of the essential vitamins and minerals in the form of natural foods recommended by the National Research Council or the Canadian Council on Nutrition, supplemented with vitamin-mineral capsules or tablets when deemed necessary. The presence of leg cramps should not interfere with a well-balanced dietary intake.
GABAB receptors enhance excitatory responses in isolated rat retinal ganglion cells.

KEY POINTS GABA is an inhibitory transmitter but can sometimes produce paradoxical excitatory effects through synaptic networks. We found a novel GABA-mediated excitation within a single retinal cell. It involves a chain of events from receptor stimulation to the sequential modulation of two associated channels, resulting in enhanced neuroexcitability. GABAB receptor activation selectively suppresses N-type calcium channels. The BK-type potassium channels are exclusively linked to the N-type calcium channel. Thus, stimulation of GABAB receptors suppresses an outward current, increasing the excitatory range of single neurons. ABSTRACT GABAB receptors (GABAB Rs) suppress voltage-gated calcium channels and activate G-protein coupled potassium channels (GIRK and TREK channels), both mechanisms serving to inhibit neurons. In isolated rat retinal spiking neurons, GABAB Rs produce both actions but the net effect is to enhance excitatory signals. This is because GABAB Rs selectively suppress N-type calcium channels, which in turn are specifically linked to BK channels. Consequently, when GABAB Rs are stimulated there is a reduction in outward current, allowing neurons to extend their level of depolarization. Whereas many retinal neurons use L-type channels to stimulate vesicle fusion, the suppression of N-type channels augments dynamic range without affecting transmitter release.
The changes of T cell subsets in Mycoplasma pneumonia children with different chest X-ray manifestations

Objective: To explore the changes of T cell subsets in Mycoplasma pneumonia( MPP) children with different chest X-ray manifestations. Methods: One hundred and fifty-six children with MPP were divided into group A and group B according to the lobar pneumonia change. The chest X-ray in group A and group B showed the lobar pneumonia change and non-lobar pneumonia change,respectively. Sixty-two healthy children were set as the control group( group C). The T cell subsets in 3 groups were detected and analyzed. Results: Compared with group C,the levels of CD4+and CD4+/ CD8+in group A were significantly lower,while the level of CD8+in group A was significantly higher( P 0. 01). Conclusions: Immune injury plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MPP.The chest X-ray in older MPP children shows lobar pneumonia,which is strongly immunodepressed.
Identification and drug resistance of the first Salmenella indiana in Yunnan Military garrison

Objective To systemic identification and virulence and drug sensitivity tests of the first isolated Salmonella indiana from diarrhea patients in Yunnan Military Garrison.Methods Fresh stool samples was collected from diarrhea patients and enriched with SBG and sulfonamide,then isolated and cultured on SS and CHRO Magar Candida salmonella chromogenic medium,Then the bacterium was identified with E.coli Micro biochemical coding tube(GYZ series),finally it was reassessed with French Merry API20E biochemical coding series tube and serotyped with Salmonella spp diagnostic serum.The virulence test was carried with peritoneal injection into the mice,while the drug sensitivity test was carried out by using KB method.Results The bacterium was identified as Salmonella indiana.The results of virulence test showed that the mice would die after infection with Salmonella indiana.Sensitivity,moderate sensitivity and resistance of the identified Salmonella indiana were observed after drug sensitivity tests.Conclusion The bacterium was confirmed to a Samonella indiana,the first discovered in Yunnan military garrison with strong virulence.
Drugs, mental instruments, and self-control.

The instrumental model offered by Muller & Schumann (M&S) is broadened to apply not only to drugs, but also to other methods of self-control, including the use of mental constructs to produce adaptive changes in behavior with the possibility of synergistic interactions between various instruments.
Determining whether a vote assignment is dominated

Abstract One way to achieve mutual exclusion in a distributed system is to assign votes to each site in the system. If the total number of votes is odd, the assignment is known to be nondominated, meaning that no other assignment can provide strictly greater access and still achieve mutual exclusion. We characterize in this note dominated even-totaled vote assignments. As a consequence, we obtain that the problem of determining whether an even-totaled vote assignment is dominated is trivial if each site is assigned exactly one vote; however, the problem is NP-complete in general.
Thyroid physiology and immunology.

This peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormone, and the fact that thyroid hormones are bound to varying amounts of protein, make assessment of thyroid function difficult. Thyroid function is very sensitive to alterations in immune function; these alterations in immune function lead to clinical hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone has actions at the cell membrane, nucleus, and mitochondrion. Thyroid hormone (mostly T4) is synthesized in the thyroid gland by combining the amino acid tyrosine with iodine in an energy-requiring process. Metabolism of T4 to T3 and reverse T3 occurs in peripheral tissues.
Expanded Access of Investigational Drugs: The Experience of the Center of Drug Evaluation and Research Over a 10-Year Period

Background The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of the Center of Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) with expanded access of investigational drugs.
Design of a Virtual Reality System for Affect Analysis in Facial Expressions (VR-SAAFE); Application to Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a life-long, debilitating psychotic disorder with poor outcome that affects about 1% of the population. Although pharmacotherapy can alleviate some of the acute psychotic symptoms, residual social impairments present a significant barrier that prevents successful rehabilitation. With limited resources and access to social skills training opportunities, innovative technology has emerged as a potentially powerful tool for intervention. In this paper, we present a novel virtual reality (VR)-based system for understanding facial emotion processing impairments that may lead to poor social outcome in schizophrenia. We henceforth call it a VR System for Affect Analysis in Facial Expressions (VR-SAAFE). This system integrates a VR-based task presentation platform that can minutely control facial expressions of an avatar with or without accompanying verbal interaction, with an eye-tracker to quantitatively measure a participants real-time gaze and a set of physiological sensors to infer his/her affective states to allow in-depth understanding of the emotion recognition mechanism of patients with schizophrenia based on quantitative metrics. A usability study with 12 patients with schizophrenia and 12 healthy controls was conducted to examine processing of the emotional faces. Preliminary results indicated that there were significant differences in the way patients with schizophrenia processed and responded towards the emotional faces presented in the VR environment compared with healthy control participants. The preliminary results underscore the utility of such a VR-based system that enables precise and quantitative assessment of social skill deficits in patients with schizophrenia.
Ortega Y Gasset, Phenomenology and Quixote

Ortega y Gasset’s Meditations on Quixote is important for the transmission of phenomenology into literary criticism.1 Ortega wrote Meditations “to explain Husserl’s phenomenology” (Obras completas, 273, n. 2, cited in Silver 9). For Ortega, phenomenology meant giving up positivism, natualism and realism to discover the “world of things which I must be personally conscious of” (Basdekis 11). In Ortega’s early career, “the breaching of traditional ethical naturalism was tantamount to sacriligious transgression, [but then] Ortega was thrust, ... into ... phenomenological ontology ... tracable to Husserl’s ‘rigorous new science’ ... a’ stroke of good fortune,’ as Ortega described it” (Basdekis 75). This new Ortega, in a version of Husserl’s phenomenological reduction, “forces his reader ... to disjoin himself from the physical world around him, insulating him from any association with his recognizable natural world” (Basdekis 12).
The Preparation of Teachers

The chapter discusses problems in the area of teacher preparation in Peru. As in many other developing countries, the rapid and largely uncontrolled expansion of public education in Peru has created a number of difficult problems in the areas of teacher preparation and professionalization. Any nation that seeks to quickly change from highly selective schooling for small elite to universal education for all children would experience many vexing problems, especially when such a shift is not preceded by far-reaching educational and social reforms. The supply of teachers would need to be expanded to meet the growing demand arising from political pressures for universal education. Greater number of teachers would be needed for rural and frequently isolated schools, and they should be properly motivated either with material or moral rewards to stay and to teach. Older teachers should be upgraded in their skills and knowledge, and encouraged to become more innovative and professional in the classrooms as well as in their dealings with their employers and with the communities in which they work.
Reciprocal Competition between INA+ Wild-Type and INA- Deletion Mutant Strains of Pseudomonas on Strawberry Blossoms

Near isogenic lines of Pseudomonas strains differing in ice nucleation activity (site-directed deletion mutants) (Green, Corotto and Warren, 1985) and antibiotic resistance (spontaneous mutants) were spray inoculated onto blossoms of greenhouse grown strawberry plants. Inhibition of one bacterial strain by its near isogenic relative was dose dependent rather than strain dependent. INA- deletion mutants of P. syringae and P. fluorescens biotype A inoculated at 107 cfu/blossom inhibited growth of their INA+ parental strains inoculated at 102 cfu/blossom. INA+ parental strain inhibited INA- derivatives when inoculum doses were reversed. No inhibition occurred when two strains were inoculated simultaneously at equal doses (either 102 or 108 cfu/blossom).
Fannie Lou Hamer

Fannie Lou Hamer was a forty-two-year-old plantation worker in Sunflower County, in the Mississippi Delta. She joined a voter registration campaign in 1962 and became a leader of SNCC and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic party (MFDP). In this oral history, Mrs. Hamer describes how she came into the movement and the retribution she faced for attempting to register to vote.
Quantum Simulation with a Quantum Computer

Exact numerical simulations of quantum systems are intractable using classical computers for all but trivial systems. Approximate simulations can omit phenomena that are of critical importance to the system being simulated. And, last but not least, certain quantum phenomena are not intrinsically simulatable by any classical device unless we introduce artificial hidden variables. A fundamentally new approach to the simulation of quantum systems is needed.
Outcomes for Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Hospitals With and Without Onsite Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery The New York State Experience

Background— The benefit of primary percutaneous coronary interventions (P-PCI) for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been well documented. However, controversy still exists as to whether PCI should be expanded to hospitals without coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods and Results— Patients who were discharged after PCI for STEMI between January 1, 2003, and December 12, 2006, in P-PCI centers (hospitals with no coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and PCI only for patients with STEMI) were propensity matched with patients in full service centers, and mortality and subsequent revascularization rates were compared. For patients undergoing PCI, there were no differences for in-hospital/30-day mortality (2.3% for P-PCI centers versus 1.9% for full service centers [P=0.40]), emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery immediately after PCI (0.06% versus 0.35%, P=0.06), 3-year mortality (7.1% versus 5.9%, P=0.07), or 3-year subsequent revascularization (23.8% versus 21.5%,...
Structural model for the Al 72 Ni 20 Co 8 decagonal quasicrystals

We propose a structure model for the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{72}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{20}{\mathrm{Co}}_{8}$ decagonal quasicrystals based on its ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{2}$-inflated ${\mathrm{Al}}_{13}{\mathrm{Co}}_{4}$ approximant phase: Applying a ${10}_{5}$ screw operation on a monolayer obtained from the approximant reproduces almost all features of 2-nm clusters seen in atomic-resolution Z-contrast images of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{72}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{20}{\mathrm{Co}}_{8}$ decagonal quasicrystals. The exception is the central ring, where the symmetry is broken due to chemical ordering of Al and transition metals. By restricting possible overlaps, this enforces the perfect quasiperiodic tiling.
Elemene augments 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in cyclooxygenase-2-expressing colon cancer cells through a mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 5756 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of colorectal cancer, but its effect is affected by cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ) overexpression. Elemene is a novel plant antitumor agent; however, its effect in colon cancer is not understood. In this study, we demonstrated that elemene had a greater antitumor activity in Caco-2 and Colo-205 colon cancer cells, expressing endogenous COX-2 than in HCT-15 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells, lacking endogenous COX-2. Our further studies on the interactive effects of 5-Fu and elemene in these cells showed that the combination of elemene with 5-FU resulted in antagonistic effects in all of the four cell lines when treated with both drugs simultaneously. Interestingly enough, sequential exposure of the cells to elemene followed by 5-FU produced synergistic effects in Colo-205 and Caco-2 cells, but antagonistic effects in HCT-15 and HCT-116 cells. Apoptosis induction in Colo-205 and Caco-2 cells, but not in HCT-15 and HCT-116 cells, was also significantly increased after sequential treatment, as determined by TUNEL assay and Annexin-V/PI double staining analysis. Consistent with these results, we found that the sequential treatment with elemene and 5-FU also reduced the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (m), and increased the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol in Colo-205 and Caco-2 cells but not in HCT-15 and HCT-116 cells. Finally, we analyzed caspase activity by Western blotting, and our data revealed that the activation of caspase-3 and -9 was observed in Colo-205 and Caco-2 cells, but not in HCT-15 and HCT-116 cells, following sequential treatment with both agents. These findings suggest that elemene may enhance the effect of 5-Fu in colon cancer cells through a COX-2-dependent apoptotic pathway. Studies are in the works to investigate the mechanisms underlying the role of COX-2 in elemene effect on 5-FU cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. This study was supported by NIH/NCRR grant P20 RR16440.
Insurance, self-reported medication adherence and LDL cholesterol: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study

Abstract Background Lack of health insurance may adversely impact medication adherence and the control of cardiovascular risk factors. We examined if the association between insurance and LDL-C is due to self-reported low medication adherence. Methods This cross-sectional study included 8685 black and white men and women aged 45 and older who participated in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort and used statins. Medication adherence was assessed using the 4-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4). Mean differences in LDL-C between participants with and without insurance were calculated using generalized linear models before and after adjustment for MMAS-4. Subgroups stratified by age, annual household income, diabetes, and CHD were compared. Separately, individual MMAS-4 questions were examined for mediation effects. Results After multivariable adjustment but without MMAS-4, LDL-C was 2.5mg/dL (95% CI −0.6, 5.6) higher among uninsured versus insured participants. After further adjustment for MMAS-4, LDL-C was 2.6mg/dL (95% CI −0.5, 5.6) higher. Stratified analyses produced similar results. No mediating effect was observed when each MMAS-4 question was examined separately. Conclusion High medication adherence does not mediate the association between having health insurance and lower LDL-C.
Worte für bare Münze nehmen? Macht und Münze in Schillers Wallenstein-Trilogie

Schon seit dem 7. Jh. v. Chr. kommen Munzen als Geld zum Einsatz; fast ebenso lang ist die Geschichte bildlicher Darstellungen auf Munzen. Geldstucke dienen nicht nur als Zahlungsmittel, sondern haben einen Symbolcharakter, der haufig in nicht-okonomische Gesellschaftsbereiche hineinreicht (Eckhart). Seit der Antike ist die Tradition verbreitet, Herrscherbildnisse auf Munzen zu pragen (Manders). Nicht nur dienen die monetaren Darstellungen der Konige, Kaiser und Machthaber als Garant fur den Wert der Munze, umgekehrt legitimiert und veranschaulicht die greifbare Munze—zumindest auf den ersten Blick—deren Herrschaftsanspruch...
Soldier Bo(d)y: The Transnational Circulation of the African (American) Savage Child Image

Olson looks at the ways African childhood is depicted in Hollywood cinema throughout history. She connects these portrayals to the ways that black children are still depicted in film today. Olson here discusses the film Invisible Children and the cinematic reach of the white savior ideal. In this chapter, Olson connects the stereotypes about Africa and Africans and argues that these stereotype’s form the basis for the cinematic trope of the African child soldier.