cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reclaiming the Rehabilitative Ethic in Military Justice: The Suspended Punitive Discharge as aMethod to Treat Military Offenders with PTSD and TBI and Reduce Recidivism

Veterans Treatment Courts (VTCs) have emerged across the Nation in recognition that traditional confinement options often fail to treat the underlying mental health needs of war-traumatized veterans. These special court dockets, which combine treatment from the federal Department of Veterans Affairs, veterans mentors and an interdisciplinary treatment team led by a judge with special experience and training, are the most comprehensive programs in a line of innovations that recognize the societal cost of criminalizing mental illness. Ironically, while many civilian agencies have modified the criminal justice system to respond to the treatment needs of veterans based on trauma they suffered during active duty military service, military offenders with psychological wounds of war receive far less favorable consideration while serving, even though these offenders are closer to the source of the trauma. The court-martial system considers suspension of sentences as a matter of clemency reserved only for commanding generals who may have only a few minutes to peruse volumes of court-martial testimony and records. For offenders with mental illness who increasingly populate courts-martial, the punitive discharge can become lethal. According to the military’s own sentencing guides, this form of punishment, with no civilian counterpart, “deprives one of substantially all benefits administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs.” Recognizing how the court-martial system can prevent all hope of future VA treatment for combat veterans who are most needy of continued care, this article proposes a method to suspend the sentences of active duty offenders, provide them treatment through local VTCs, and preserve the VA benefits they earned through their service to the Nation.
Benefits of and barriers to the widespread use of spirometry.

Purpose of reviewTo review the basis for spirometry, its benefits in diagnosing and managing both acute and chronic pulmonary disorders with emphasis on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and to critically examine the barriers to its widespread use.Recent findingsA number of recent articles have
Robust Adaptive Control Using Combined Direct and Indirect Methods

A new approach, combining direct and indirect control methods, recently proposed by the authors [1,2] is used to adaptively control plants with unknown parameters. The plant parameters are known to lie in a specified compact set in parameter space and the output of the plant has to follow a desired output in the presence of a piecewise constant input disturbance. Simulation results indicate that the combined method performs better than either the direct or the indirect methods.
The Nrao VLA Sky Survey: Lessons Applied

The NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) is a 1.4 GHz continuum survey covering the sky visible from the VLA with 217,446 partially overlapping “snapshots” made with the D and DnC configurations. About 98% of the sky with J2000 δ > -40° has been observed successfully, and we hope to fill the gaps with new observations at the end of 1997. The final data products will be (1) a set of 2326 4° × 4° continuum “cubes” with three planes containing Stokes I, Q, and U images plus (2) a catalog of almost 2 × 106 discrete sources brighter than 2.5 mJy per beam solid angle. Prior to this meeting, 1281 of the 2326 cubes had been produced and just over 106 radio sources cataloged. We expect to complete the rest during the summer of 1997 and make minor improvements thereafter. The images have θ = 45″ FWHM resolution and nearly uniform sensitivity—their rms brightness fluctuations are σ ≈ 0.45 mJy beam-1 ≈ 0.14 K (Stokes I) and σ ≈ 0.29 mJy beam-1 ≈ 0.09 K (Stokes Q and U). The rms uncertainties in right ascension and declination vary from < 1″ for the N ≈ 4 × 105 sources stronger than 15 mJy to 5″ at the survey limit.
A Taxonomic Review of Supply Chain Management Research

In the previous chapters, we focused largely on quantitative approaches to solving Supply Chain Management (SCM) problems including such issues as: inventory management, supply contracts, information flow, product variety, and international operations. In this chapter, we will broaden our focus to include other approaches to SCM problems, by presenting a broad taxonomy for understanding SCM research.
Studies on suppressor factors produced by T-cell hybridomas: I. Characterization of antigen-specific suppressor factors

Antigen-specific and antigen-nonspecific suppressor T cells were generated when spleen cells prepared from C57BL/6J (H-2b) were incubated with trinitrophenylated polyacrylamide beads (TNP-PAA) in vitro. T hybridomas were prepared by fusion of spleen cells cultured with TNP-PAA for 4 days and the thymoma cell line BW5147. More than 100 hybridomas were generated, and 15 of them suppressed the anti-TNP PFC response of fresh spleen cells cultured with TNP-PAA. The suppression was antigen specific with three of these five hybridoma supernatants tested. Hybridomas that caused antigen-specific suppression secrete factors which bring about suppression of the anti-TNP PFC response by spleen cells cultured with TNP-PAA. These hybridoma supernatants which cause antigen-specific suppression typically depressed the anti-TNP PFC response by 60% while depressing anti-SRBC PFC response by only 10%. The antigen-specific suppressor factors were bound to a TNP-BGG column but not to a BGG column. The suppressor factors, purified by affinity chromatography on a TNP-BGG column, were bound to anti-I-Jb antibody.
Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals.

strong evolutionary link between GSH and eukaryotic aerobic metabolism that is reflected in the function of GSH in protection against oxygen toxicity (2). GSH is not required in the diet of animals but is synthesized in virtually all animal cells' by the sequential actions of two enzymes: y-glutamylcysteine synthetase and GSH synthetase. A useful approach to understanding the func- tions of a cellular component such as GSH is to remove it and to determine the consequences of its deletion. GSH deficiency can be produced
A Review of: “Dermatotoxicology, 6th Edition”

This reference provides an extensive description of skin toxicology in a hardcover text of over 1,200 pages. This sixth edition has been extensively revised; several additional chapters were added ...
Effects of Lanthanide Dopants on Oxygen Diffusion in Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia

The effects of lanthanide co-dopants on oxygen diffusion in yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) are studied using a combined first principles density functional theory (DFT)/kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) modeling approach. DFT methods are used to calculate barrier energies for oxygen migration in different local cation environments, which are then input into kMC simulations to obtain long-time oxygen diffusivities and activation energies. Simulation results show a substantial increase in the maximum value of the oxygen diffusivity upon co-doping and in the dopant content at which this value is obtained for Lu-co-doped YSZ; while relatively little change is seen for Gd-co-doped YSZ. Examination of the DFT barrier energies reveals a linear scaling of barrier heights with the size of cations at the diffusion transition state. Using this strong correlation, oxygen diffusivity is examined in YSZ co-doped with several lanthanide elements. The oxygen diffusivity decreases with dopant atomic number (and decreasing dopant ion size) for co-dopants smaller than Y, and changes relatively little when Y is replaced by co-dopants larger than it. These results are broadly consistent with experiment, and are explained in terms of cation-dopant and vacancy concentration-dependent correlation effects, with the aid of a simple analytical model.
A tetranuclear zinc cluster, (bipy)4Zn4(HPO3)4, that stabilizes a hydrogen bonded chain of water molecules: Transformation of a zinc phosphite 4-ring to a cluster

Abstract An infinite chain of hydrogen bonded loops of 8 and 10 water molecules are stabilized by the neutral zinc phosphite cluster [Zn4(HPO3)4(2,2′-bipy)4] · 11H2O. The cluster is prepared either by direct synthesis or by transformation of a (2,2′-bipy)2Zn2(HPO3)2 4-ring.
High-pressure behavior of As 2 O 3 : Amorphous-amorphous and crystalline-amorphous transitions

glass Ra-man spectrum up to 9.4 GPa. In that study, the authors re-ported a broadening and a decrease in the intensity of theRaman bands. They interpreted the changes in the local orderto be from cagelike structures to layerlike ones. They alsoconcluded that the high-pressure structural modiﬁcation isretained after pressure release. Finally, in 2007, Mei
Entrepreneurs, chance, and the deterministic concentration of wealth.

In many economies, wealth is strikingly concentrated. Entrepreneurs–individuals with ownership in for-profit enterprises–comprise a large portion of the wealthiest individuals, and their behavior may help explain patterns in the national distribution of wealth. Entrepreneurs are less diversified and more heavily invested in their own companies than is commonly assumed in economic models. We present an intentionally simplified individual-based model of wealth generation among entrepreneurs to assess the role of chance and determinism in the distribution of wealth. We demonstrate that chance alone, combined with the deterministic effects of compounding returns, can lead to unlimited concentration of wealth, such that the percentage of all wealth owned by a few entrepreneurs eventually approaches 100%. Specifically, concentration of wealth results when the rate of return on investment varies by entrepreneur and by time. This result is robust to inclusion of realities such as differing skill among entrepreneurs. The most likely overall growth rate of the economy decreases as businesses become less diverse, suggesting that high concentrations of wealth may adversely affect a country's economic growth. We show that a tax on large inherited fortunes, applied to a small portion of the most fortunate in the population, can efficiently arrest the concentration of wealth at intermediate levels.
Marketing foods and beverages: why licensed commercial characters should not be used to sell healthy products to children.

To the Editor .— We applaud the American Academy of Pediatrics on the policy statement Children, Adolescents, and Advertising .1 Current advertising practices certainly deserve the careful scrutiny of all who care about our nation's children, as well as our nation's future. The American Academy of Pediatrics statement presents a critical opportunity to begin to change current advertising practices. An area that the policy statement did not address but is of equal concern is the use of licensed commercial characters to sell healthy foods and beverages to children. A 2005 Institute of Medicine report entitled Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity? recommended “that licensed commercial characters [be] used only to promote foods and beverages that support healthful diets for children and youth.”2 In addition, in an effort to build consensus on how to combat childhood obesity, the Federal Communications Commission recently formed a task force entitled Media and Childhood Obesity: Today and Tomorrow. 3 At the California Childhood Obesity …
Effect of body weight on osteopenia in ovariectomized rats.

Bilateral ovariectomies or sham surgeries were performed in female Sprague Dawley rats that were 78 days of age and weighed an average of 210 g. Food was available ad libitum to the control rats and to a group of ovariectomized rats (obese OVX). The food consumption of a second group of ovariectomized rats (weight-matched OVX) was restricted to match their body weights to those of the control rats. All rats were sacrificed at 14 weeks postovariectomy. Radioimmunoassay of terminal serum estradiol confirmed the success of ovariectomy. The estradiol concentration in control rats was 24.9±20.2 pg/ml, whereas the hormone was undetectable (<10 pg/ml) in both groups of OVX rats. The final body weights of control and weight-matched OVX rats were nearly identical (∼260 g). In contrast, obese OVX rats weighed significantly more than both of the above groups (∼320 g,P<0.001). The proximal tibia and lumbar vertebra were processed undecalcified for quantitative bone histomorphometry. Tibial trabecular bone volume (TBV) was determined to be 17.6±4.5%, 7.9±5.3%, and 3.6±3.1% for the control, obese OVX, and weight-matched OVX groups, respectively. Tibial TBV for both OVX groups was significantly less than the control value (P<0.001). The difference in tibial TBV between obese OVX and weight-matched OVX rats was also statistically significant (P<0.02). Histologic indices of bone resorption and formation were indicative of increased bone turnover in the proximal tibia of both OVX groups. In comparison to control rats, both groups of OVX rats exhibited a strong trend for a reduction in vertebral TBV, but no significant differences were observed among the three groups. Our results suggest that increased body weight provides partial protection against osteopenia in the long bones of OVX rats. However, it is important to note that this protective effect is only partial and that marked osteopenia develops in the long bones of OVX rats regardless of body weight.
Interlineage genetic differentiation among rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago.

An analysis was done of the patterning of genetic distances between female lineages of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. The distances (Nei, 1972) were calculated pairwise between all lineages using data from the G, H, I, J, K, L, P and Q blood group systems. Distances between lineages were found to be greater in 1972 than in 1976. Partial correlation coefficients were computed between genetic distances and troop boundaries, controlling for the combined size of the lineages being paired. None of the variance in genetic distances was explained by whether paired lineages were in the same or in different troops. A hypothesis of lineage-specific mating is offered as one explanation of the continued genetic differentiation between lineages within each troop.
Guided Wave Optical Structures Utilizing Silicon

Planar and channel optical waveguide structures formed on silicon substrates using the fabrication techniques of sputtering, thermal oxidation, and chemical vapor deposition are discussed. Losses in the various waveguide structures are reported and related to the fabrication procedure used. The use of polycrystalline silicon deposited by chemical vapor deposition onto any waveguide substrate to form integrated photodetector arrays is discussed. Laser recrystallization of the deposited silicon is used to allow fabrication of high quality devices. Measured values of photodiode reverse current of less than 10-9 A and breakdown voltages of 24 V are respectable values for small photodiodes incorporated into a dense array.
Suppressor cells and intrathymic inoculation of donor alloantigens in cardiac transplantation

Background. Donor-specific tolerance to a rat heterotopic cardiac allograft has been achieved by the pretransplantation intrathymic injection of donor splenocytes and a single intraperitoneal injection of antilymphocyte serum (ALS). Permanent tolerance is achieved without subsequent immunosuppression therapy. This study investigated the mechanisms responsible for maintenance of the tolerance state. Methods. Tolerance was produced in Lewis rats by the administration of 1 mL of ALS intraperitoneally and 5 × 10 7 Lewis Brown Norway (LBN) splenocytes intrathymically 21 days before heterotopic transplantation using an LBN donor. Results. In tolerance Lewis rats bearing LBN allografts for more than 100 days, rejection could not be produced by the intravenous injection of naive Lewis spleen cells (5 × 10 7 cells × 1 day, n=5; 5 × 10 7 cells × 3 days, n=5) or cells from Lewis rats sensitized to LBN tissues (5 × 10 7 cells × 3 days, n=5). Naive Lewis recipients were pretreated with ALS and 6 days later with intravenous spleen cells (25 × 10 7 , n=5) or lymphoid cells (10 to 15 × 10 7 , n=5) from a tolerance animal bearing a viable LBN graft. When transplantation with an LBN donor was done the next day, significant prolongation of LBN allograft survival (mean survival time 32.8 days, p p p = not significant). The administration of ALS alone (n = 5) did not prolong LBN graft survival (mean survival time 11.8 days). Conclusions. These data suggest that transferable suppressor cells specific for the donor strain are at least in part responsible for the maintenance of long-term allograft survival after intrathymic pretreatment with allogenic cells.
The role of elasticity in the formation of electrospun fibers

Abstract The role of fluid elasticity in the formation of fibers from polymer solution by electrospinning is investigated. Model solutions with different degrees of elasticity were prepared by blending small amounts of high molecular weight polyethylene oxide (PEO) with concentrated aqueous solutions of low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG). The elastic properties of these solutions, such as extensional viscosity and the longest relaxation time, were measured using the capillary breakup extensional rheometer (CaBER). The formation of beads-on-string and uniform fiber morphologies during electrospinning was observed for a series of solutions having the same polymer concentration, surface tension, zero shear viscosity, and conductivity but different degrees of elasticity. A high degree of elasticity is observed to arrest the breakup of the jet into droplets by the Rayleigh instability and in some cases to suppress the instability altogether. We examine the susceptibility of the jet to the Rayleigh instability in two ways. First, a Deborah number, defined as the ratio of the fluid relaxation time to the instability growth time, is shown to correlate with the arrest of droplet breakup, giving rise to electrospinning rather than electrospraying. Second, a critical value of elastic stress in the jet, expressed as a function of jet radius and capillary number, is shown to indicate complete suppression of the Rayleigh instability and the transition from ‘beads-on-string’ to uniform fiber morphology.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of a novel negative allosteric modulator of neuronal nAChRs.

Abstract In this study, we compared the in vitro and in vivo neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) properties of 1,2,3,3a,4,8b-hexahydro-2-benzyl-6- N , N -dimethylamino-1-methylindeno[1,2,-b]pyrrole (HDMP, 4 ) to that of negative allosteric modulator (NAM), PCP. Patch-clamp experiments showed that HDMP exhibited an inhibitory functional activity at α7 nAChRs with an IC 50 of 0.07 μM, and was 357- and 414-fold less potent at α4β2 and α3β4 nAChRs, with IC 50 s of 25.1 and 29.0 μM, respectively. Control patch-clamp experiments showed that PCP inhibited α7, α4β2 and α3β4 nAChRs with IC 50 s of to 1.3, 29.0 and 6.4 μM, respectively. Further, HDMP did not exhibit any appreciable binding affinity to either α7 or α4β2 nAChRs, suggesting its action via a non-competitive mechanism at these neuronal nAChR subtypes. The in vivo study showed that HDMP was a potent antagonist of nicotine-induced analgesia in the tail-flick (AD 50 = 0.008 mg/kg), but not in the hot-plate test. All together, our in vitro and in vivo data suggest that HDMP is a novel NAM of neuronal nAChRs with potent inhibitory activity at α7 nAChR subtype at concentrations ≤1 μM that are not effective for α4β2 and α3β4 nAChRs.
Some Corrosion Problems of Missiles in Silo Storage

Abstract Explains corrosion problems that may be encountered in long term storage of missiles in underground silos. Discusses problems in controlling atmosphere inside the silo and the missile to prevent corrosion, corrosion control measures used and techniques used to measure corrosion. Detecting systems covered are visual and electrical methods. 7.1
Chemosensory Kin-communication Systems and Kin Recognition in Honey Bees

Organisms use chemicals to communicate various kinds of information. Here we discuss chemical-information systems that permit organisms either to identify other organisms as particular individuals or to be classified as a member of a particular kinship group. The material is presented from an integrated-systems perspective, a level of analysis that has been neglected in the study of kincommunication systems. After presenting a number of general concepts, we use honey bees as an exemplar for discussing encoding and decoding aspects of chemical recognition in the context of kin discrimination. We present new results on the variability of the cuticular signature in honey bee
Alcoholic liver disease: I. Interrelationships among histologic features and the histologic effects of prednisolone therapy.

Interrelationships among histologic features of alcoholic liver disease were studied in 24 chronic alcoholics who took part in a double-blind, controlled trial of prednisolone vs. placebo therapy. Each patient underwent liver biopsy at the start and upon completion of the 1-month study. Although all patients had a clinical diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis and had at least mild alcoholic hepatitis with alcoholic hyalin in their initial liver biopsy specimens, each of the histologic features studied (fat accumulation, bile stasis, alcoholic hyalin, acute inflammation, active intralobular fibrosis, chronic inflammation, bile duct proliferation, established fibrosis, and parenchymal nodularity) covered a wide spectrum of severity. Relationships of the severities of the individual histologic features were studied within the initial biopsy specimens and between the pre- and posttreatment biopsies. Four major histopathologic categories were evident in the correlation patterns: fat accumulation; cholestasis; alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. While having common pathogenetic ties and thus often occurring together, the severities of these categories in a given patient at a given time were little related and they are best considered as separate features of alcoholic liver disease. The amount of alcoholic hyalin appeared to be the best single indicator of the severity of alcoholic hepatitis in these patients and was the best predictor in the pretreatment biopsies of the amounts of hepatocellular injury, active fibrosis, acute inflammation, and total inflammation in the posttreatment biopsy specimens. Active fibrosis and hepatocellular injury in turn appeared to be the most immediate precursors of established fibrosis and parenchymal nodularity. Bile duct proliferation was, in part, a reflection of cholestatic disease and, in part, a more nonspecific reflection of chronic alcoholic liver injury, correlating with the amount of established fibrosis. The relationship of chronic inflammation to other histologic features was complex, but probably included an intralobular component related to the severity and stage of alcoholic hepatitis and another, more nonspecific, component related to the amount of established fibrosis or bile duct proliferation. One month of prednisolone therapy (40 mg per day) significantly decreased the amount of inflammation, but did not have a comparable effect on hepatic fibrosis. The statistical methods used in this study to investigate the multiple interrelationships among histologic features are useful in evaluating potential pathogenetic relationships and are quite helpful in assessing the effects of treatment.
Rhythms in cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, free fatty acids, and triglycerides in blood of lactating dairy cows.

Abstract Blood samples from six lactating dairy cows were analyzed to determine whether circulating neutral lipids exhibit rhythmic variations. Plasma neutral lipids were measured by quantitative TLC on every fourth integrated 15-min blood sample taken over 48-h periods. Cows were housed in an environmental chamber at 20°C with 16h light:8h dark (lights on at 0700h), fed daily at 0900h, and milked at 0830 and 2000h. Other variables monitored included: body temperature, ammonia nitrogen, urea nitrogen, glucose, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, somatotropin, insulin, cortisol, and prolactin. Mean concentrations of cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, free fatty acids, and triglycerides were 21.4, 175.4, 3.1, and 6.3 mg/dl, respectively. Visual and power spectral analysis of the pulsatile fluctuations in lipids indicated rhythms with periods of 2 to 3h. Amplitudes of rhythms for free fatty acids and triglycerides were 60% of mean concentrations and for cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were 20% of mean concentrations. The presence of these rhythms was conserved when data were averaged across time by cow. However, because of nonstationary conditions, rhythms identified by spectral analysis were not statistically significant. There was no evidence of circadian patterns in circulating neutral lipid components. All other metabolic and hormonal variables except cortisol exhibited distinct circadian rhythms.
PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENT IN THE LIVERWORT MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA

A B S T R A C T Extracts of Marchantia polymorpha contain substances which, in vitro, strongly inhibit or enhance indoleacetic acid oxidation by both horseradish peroxidase and an IAA oxidase enzyme from M. polymorpha. The extracts can be partially freed of such activity by dialysis, passage through a column of polyvinylpyrrolidone powder, or extraction with an anion exchange resin. Chromatographic separation of the extract revealed the presence of four as yet unidentified phenolic compounds. Two inhibited and two enhanced IAA oxidase activity. Inhibitory activity was not destroyed by horseradish peroxidase in the absence of IAA. The level of these compounds in various regions of thallus was measured. Inhibitors were present throughout the tissue, with some localization in the basal and apical areas; there was an acropetal gradient of increasing cofactor concentration.
Design of Sustainable Supply Chains for Sustainable Cities

Supply chains provide the critical infrastructure for the production and distribution of goods and services in our network economy and serve as the conduits for the manufacturing, transportation, and consumption of products ranging from food, clothing, automobiles, and high-technology products, to healthcare products. Cities as major population centers serve not only as the principal demand points but also as the locations of many of the distribution and storage facilities, transportation providers, and even manufacturers. In this paper a new model is developed for the design of sustainable supply chains with a focus on cities that captures the frequency of network link operations, which is especially relevant to cities due to frequent freight deliveries. The model is also related to recent literature on this subject. The goal is to demonstrate how, through the proper design (and operation) of these complex networks, waste can be reduced, along with the environmental impacts, while minimizing operational and frequency costs, and meeting demand.
The reaction of nonconjugated unsaturated fatty acid esters with maleic anhydride

1. The non-conjugated unsaturated fatty acid esters react with maleic anhydride at 200° C. or above.
Effect of media, additives, and incubation conditions on the recovery of high pressure and heat-injured Clostridium botulinum spores

The effect of additives and post-treatment incubation conditions on the recovery of high pressure and heat-injured (i.e., processed at 620 MPa and 95 and 100 degrees C for 5 min) spores of Clostridium botulinum strains, 62-A (proteolytic type A) and 17-B (nonproteolytic type B) was studied. High pressure and heat-injured spores were inoculated into TPGY (Trypticase-Peptone-Glucose-Yeast extract) anaerobic broth media containing additives (lysozyme, L-alanine, L-aspartic acid, dipicolonic acid, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium lactate) at various concentrations (0-10 microg/ml) individually or in combination. The spore counts of high pressure and heat-injured 62-A and 17-B recovered from TPGY broth containing lysozyme (10 microg/ml) incubated for 4 months versus that recovered from peptone-yeast extract-glucose-starch (PYGS) plating agar containing lysozyme (10 microg/ml) incubated under anaerobic conditions for 5 days were also compared. None of the additives either individually or in combination in TPGY broth improved recovery of injured spore enumeration compared to processed controls without additives. Addition of lysozyme at concentrations of 5 and 10 microg/ml in TPGY broth improved initial recovery of injured spores of 17-B during the first 4 days of incubation but did not result in additional recovery at the end of the 4 month incubation compared to the processed control without lysozyme. Adding lysozyme at a concentration of 10 microg/ml to PYGS plating agar resulted in no effect on the recovery of high pressure and heat-injured 62-A and 17-B spores. The recovery counts of high pressure and heat-injured spores of 62-A and 17-B were lower (i.e., <1.0 log units) with PYGS plating agar compared to the MPN method using TPGY broth as the growth medium.
Estimating the half-life of 241Pu and its uncertainty

Abstract Measuring the double isotope atomic abundance ratio as function of time of a homogenized stock of plutonium using mass spectroscopy provides a means to estimate the half-life of 241Pu, denoted here as t1/2,241. After a logarithmic transformation, estimating t1/2,241 along with a justifiable associated uncertainty is reduced to the analysis of a linear relationship, as illustrated in this paper using 15 published data pairs (time, log(double isotope ratio)) of Wellum et al. (2009) that span approximately 31 years (greater than two half-lives). However, as noted by Wellum et al. (2009) , the published 15 data pairs exhibit inconsistencies that indicate possible underestimation of individual experimental uncertainties. Similar inconsistencies often arise in multi-experiment comparisons of the same estimated quantity, typically because some components of uncertainty such as individual experimental biases are difficult to identify and assess. It is therefore an important and common problem. In such cases the experimental data must be supplemented with other information to make plausible uncertainty estimates. We therefore analyze the data pairs under several different assumptions regarding total experimental uncertainties and show quantitatively that the best estimate of t1/2,241 and of its uncertainty depend on the assumptions regarding experimental uncertainties. It is unlikely in this context that the 15 data pairs and associated estimated experimental uncertainties could guide one toward a very certain choice among the reasonable sets of assumptions regarding total experimental uncertainties. Thus a definitive recommendation cannot be singled out. Fortunately, the best estimates and associated uncertainties arising from different yet tenable assumptions regarding experimental uncertainties are all in reasonably close agreement. And, one of those best estimates we provide (with approximately 95% confidence limits) is (14.329 ± 0.006[fit] ± 0.029[bias]) years, which uses similar data stratification arguments as in Wellum et al. (2009) but a completely different approach. Furthermore, this estimate of t1/2,241 agrees closely with the value recommended in Wellum et al. (2009) of (14.325 ± 0.024) years. We conclude that the value of t1/2,241 supported by the available data is robust, despite evidence of some non-ideal behavior, and that alternative means of estimating t1/2,241 and its uncertainty yield reasonably similar results.
Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the simultaneous infection of the cell by a number of phages, one of two pathways is chosen: lytic (virulent) or lysogenic (dormant)3,4. We recently developed a method for fluorescently labeling individual phages, and were able to examine the post-infection decision in real-time under the microscope, at the level of individual phages and cells5. Here, we describe the full procedure for performing the infection experiments described in our earlier work5. This includes the creation of fluorescent phages, infection of the cells, imaging under the microscope and data analysis. The fluorescent phage is a "hybrid", co-expressing wild- type and YFP-fusion versions of the capsid gpD protein. A crude phage lysate is first obtained by inducing a lysogen of the gpD-EYFP (Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein) phage, harboring a plasmid expressing wild type gpD. A series of purification steps are then performed, followed by DAPI-labeling and imaging under the microscope. This is done in order to verify the uniformity, DNA packaging efficiency, fluorescence signal and structural stability of the phage stock. The initial adsorption of phages to bacteria is performed on ice, then followed by a short incubation at 35°C to trigger viral DNA injection6. The phage/bacteria mixture is then moved to the surface of a thin nutrient agar slab, covered with a coverslip and imaged under an epifluorescence microscope. The post-infection process is followed for 4 hr, at 10 min interval. Multiple stage positions are tracked such that ~100 cell infections can be traced in a single experiment. At each position and time point, images are acquired in the phase-contrast and red and green fluorescent channels. The phase-contrast image is used later for automated cell recognition while the fluorescent channels are used to characterize the infection outcome: production of new fluorescent phages (green) followed by cell lysis, or expression of lysogeny factors (red) followed by resumed cell growth and division. The acquired time-lapse movies are processed using a combination of manual and automated methods. Data analysis results in the identification of infection parameters for each infection event (e.g. number and positions of infecting phages) as well as infection outcome (lysis/lysogeny). Additional parameters can be extracted if desired.
Culture, Regionalism, and Political Opinion in Venezuela *

a preoccupation with class conflict and often an unarticulated assumption even among sophisticated social theorists that classes are somehow the "real" basis of differences in an industrial society, to which all others are "ultimately" reducible, has tended to deflect attention from other sources that give rise to durable subcultures into which individuals are socialized: these are differences in religion, language, race, or ethnic group, and region.'
The Forest Types and Ages Cleared for Land Development in Puerto Rico

On the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico, forest, urban/built-up, and pasture lands have replaced most formerly cultivated lands. The extent and age distribution of each forest type that undergoes la...
The heat pipe thermal canister

The thermal canister represents a new approach to instrument thermal control for Shuttle experiments which require tight temperature control. The canister substitutes a known, benign thermal environment for the variable and uncertain environment of space, the space environment being neutralized by a system of feedback controlled variable conductance heat pipes. A proto-flight unit has been fabricated and this paper describes the acceptance thermal vacuum test results of the thermal canister experiment which will fly on an early Space Shuttle flight.
Relegating Nazism to the Past Expressions of German Guilt in 1945 and Beyond

This article builds on a research thesis that confronting moral feelings is essential to an understanding of the catastrophic political success of Nazism in Germany and the way Germany developed after its defeat in 1945. This research into a ‘moral history’ of Nazi Germany and its postwar echoes is carried out through an interdisciplinary approach that, in essence, combines historical with philosophical analysis. In the immediate postwar period, Germany continued to be stamped by discussions centred on moral guilt arising from its Nazi past and from the Holocaust in particular. The article analyses the different ways this guilt was discussed in 1945 and how these discussions echoed what can be described as a form of Nazi morality. The article uses three main sources to explore these issues: first, the writings and interrogations with the Nazi lawyer and Governor-General of Nazi-occupied Poland, Hans Frank; second, the memoirs of Hitler's secretary Traudl Junge; and third, the essay The Question of German Guilt by Karl Jaspers.
The Structure of the Compton Shifted Line.

According to Wentzel's(1) wave mechanical theory of modified x-ray scattering and also according to Jauncey's (2) classical-quantum theory of the same effect (though not explicitly so stated by Jauncey), the modified scattered x-radiation is regarded as due to many Smekal transitions (3) in each of which the initial state of the electron is a discrete negative energy level and the final state is one of the continuum of positive energy levels. In both of these theories the shifted "line" is predicted as a diffuse band, the diffuseness being due to the momenta of bound electrons in the dynamic atom model. Indeed, the natural breadth of the Compton modified line can be regarded as a Doppler broadening for x-rays scattered by moving electrons in much the same way as the temperature broadening is regarded in the case of optical spectra. The broadening of the Compton line is the most direct evidence for a dynamic atom model yet found. The structure of the line can be interpreted in such a way as to give the probability distribution of electron momenta in atoms. The breadth for circular orbits should be proportional to the effective atomic number of the scatterer.
Efficacy of biodegradable osteofixation devices in oral and maxillofacial surgery remains inconclusive.

Efficacy of biodegradable osteofixation devices in oral and maxillofacial surgery remains inconclusive
PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: ANOTHER LOOK AT INTERLANGUAGE SYLLABLE STRUCTURE

This study investigates syllable structure in the interlanguages of two Vietnamese learners of English. An analysis of conversational data sampled at three points over a ten-month period shows first language transfer in three areas: (1) a preference for the closed syllable in the modification of English syllable-final consonant clusters, (2) greater difficulty in the production of syllable-final than syllable-initial clusters, and (3) negligible use of vowel epenthesis as a syllable modification strategy. These results are interpreted as disconfirmation of the hypothesized universal preference for the open syllable and of the hypothesized prevalence of epenthesis as a syllable modification strategy in interlanguage speech.
Determination of O2 (a¹Δg) and O2 (b¹Σ+g) yields in the reaction O + ClO → Cl + O2 : Implications for photochemistry in the atmosphere of Venus

A discharge flow apparatus with chemiluminescence detector has been used to study the reaction O + ClO --> Cl + O2, where O2 = O2(a1 delta g) or O2(b1 sigma+ g). The measured quantum yields for producing O2(a1 delta g) and O2(b1 sigma+ g) in the above reaction are less than 2.5 x 10(-2) and equal to (4.4 +/- 1.1) x 10(-4), respectively. The observed O2(a1 delta g) airglow of Venus cannot be explained in the context of standard photochemistry using our experimental results and those reported in recent literature. The possibility of an alternative source of O atoms derived from SO2 photolysis in the mesosphere of Venus is suggested.
Interstellar Silicon Carbide: How Much Older than the Solar System?

The SiC grains in C2 chondrites have large isotopic anomalies in Si, C, N, Ne, and Xe, and thus are virtually undegraded interstellar matter that survived formation of the solar system. They also contain excess Ne-21, of which only a minor part can have formed during the recent, 1 Myr cosmic-ray exposure of the meteorite. If the excess Ne-21 is cosmogenic, then the presolar exposure age of the SiC is 41 + 20 or - 14 Myr. This age is surprisingly short compared to the predicted lifetime of refractory interstellar grains, 500-1000 Myr. Possible explanations are: (1) the predicted grain lifetime is wrong, (2) the age of SiC has been falsified by neon losses, or (3) the solar system formed in part from atypically young material.
EVALUATION OF DRUM‐DRIED MEALS PREPARED FROM SPLIT BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.): PROTEIN QUALITY AND SELECTED ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS

The effects of aqueous extraction and enzymatic pretreatments on the in-vitro and in-vivo protein digestibilities and antinutritional factors of drum-dried bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) meals were evaluated. The apparent protein digestibility of beans subjected to a 60C/30 min aqueous extraction was approximately 86% which is comparable to or greater than what is reported for canned beans. Likewise, the antinutritional factors Trypsin Inhibitor Activity (TIA) and lectins were either significantly reduced or inactivated by the drum-drying process, as further supported by in-vivo rat feeding studies. The drum-drying process can be a suitable alternative process for the traditional commercial canning of dry beans, providing economic utilization of dry split beans. Further, the resultant DDBMs find broader application as an ingredient in convenient and nutritious food formulations such as weaning foods, baked and pasta products.
Multipotent neurospheres can be derived from forebrain subependymal zone and spinal cord of adult mice after protracted postmortem intervals.

Abstract The adult mammalian CNS harbors a population of multipotent stem/progenitor cells that can be induced to grow as proliferative neurospheresin vitro.We demonstrate here that neurosphere-generating cells can be isolated from adult mouse spinal cord and forebrain subependymal zone after postmortem intervals of up to 140 h, when kept at 4°C, and up to 30 h when kept at room temperature. Although there was an inverse relationship between postmortem interval and the number of neurospheres generated, neurospheres derived under these conditions were proliferative and could give rise to both neurons and glia.
Synthesis, photophysical behavior, and electronic structure of push-pull purines.

“Push−pull” purines have been synthesized by the introduction of electron-accepting functional groups (A = CN, CO2Me, and CONHR) to the heterocyclic C(8) position to complement typical electron-donating substituents at C(2) (D1) and C(6) (D2). The donor−acceptor purines show significantly altered, and overall improved photophysical properties relative to their acceptor-free precursors (A = H); these include red-shifted (20−50 nm) absorption maxima, highly solvatochromic emission profiles (em λmax from 355−466 nm depending on substitution pattern and solvent) with excellent linear correlations between emission energy and solvent polarity (ETN), improved photochemical stability upon continuous irradiation, and enhanced (up to 2500%) fluorescence quantum yields. Comprehensive structure−property studies show how the absorption/emission maxima and quantum yields depend on donor and acceptor structure, relative donor position (C(2) or C(6)), and solvent (1,4-dioxane, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, methanol, and...
Cefazolin in the Treatment of Gonorrhea

Cefazolin was used to treat 146 men and women with uncomplicated gonorrhea. Among patients reexamined within two weeks, treatment failures occurred in 42% of 31 men treated im with 1 g of cefazolin and in 10% of 76 men and 24 women given 2 g im. Failure rates increased progressively with increasing in vitro resistance to cefazolin of isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae obtained before treatment. Cefazolin compares favorably with other cephalosporins in the treatment of gonorrhea, but in the doses evaluated, was not as effective as the antibiotic regimens currently recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service. However, concentrations of cefazolin in serum through 12 hr after administration of a 2-g im dose were increased markedly with simultaneous administration of probenecid, and the use of cefazolin with probenecid warrants further evaluation in the treatment of gonorrhea.
Benzoic acid degradation of polyacrylonitrile fibers

The reactions of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers in the presence of benzoic acid have been studied. Polyacrylonitrile fibers oxidize more readily in the presence of benzoic acid than in air at temperatures in the range of 170 C. The product decreased in solubility with extent of reaction. Gel permeation chromatography of the soluble fraction showed change in polydispersity. The insoluble product exhibited differences in weight loss as a function of decomposition temperature compared to PAN fibers. Infrared analyses of the fiber product showed absorption peaks similar to air-oxidized PAN. High-energy photoelectron spectral analysis showed a carbon-rich surface which contained oxygen and nitrogen. An air oxidized sample of fiber contained more oxygen at the surface than a fiber treated first with benzoic acid and then air oxidized.
Is Dressler syndrome dead

Post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) syndrome was first described by Dressler in 1956. Its incidence has decreased in the reperfusion era, most likely because of the extensive use of thrombolysis and coronary balloon angioplasty, therapies that dramatically decreased the size of myocardial necrosis. The authors suggest that drugs that have been prescribed in previous decades as the post-AMI “standard-of-care,” such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers, and statins, may also play an important role in the disappearance of Dressler syndrome due to their immunomodulatory effects.
Does European Identification Increase Support for Further Economic Integration

AbstractExplanations of support for European Union policies are often conceived in terms of utilitarian cost-benefits analysis, yet recent scholarship has demonstrated that ‘soft’ variables, such as identity, are sometimes more useful for explaining preferences about European integration. This article tests a hypothesised link between European identity and support for integrative economic policies to respond to economic crisis in the Eurozone. Data to test the hypothesis are from a novel survey of European university students (n = 1872) conducted in autumn 2012 in four Eurozone countries (France, Germany, Italy and Spain). Given the economic nature of the policies in question, this is a case where utilitarian calculations might be expected to drive preferences. Yet in each of the four countries, European identity is found to have a significant positive relationship with support for further economic integration, even when controlling for material considerations that might otherwise have been thought to exp...
Connecting Lisp-Stat to COM

Abstract This article describes an interface between Lisp-Stat and Microsoft's Component Object Model (COM). This interface can be used, for example, to retrieve data stored in a spreadsheet or a database. After providing some brief background on Lisp-Stat and COM, the interface is presented through a series of examples. Issues in implementation and integration relevant to other statistical systems and other component systems are discussed.
Charting a Course for Change: Basic Grant Proposal Writing for Foreign Language Teachers.

Foreign language teachers who face decreasing budgets can acquire needed materials and develop new units or programs through small grant funding. It is believed that all teachers have the capability of obtaining grants because of their pedagogical knowledge of lesson-planning which has strong similarities with grant proposal writing. Pairing that knowledge with the ability to locate an appropriate source is key to successful grant writing and enables teachers to effectuate the organizing of a proposal. This article suggests seven steps for novice proposal writers, provides the names of agencies and addresses of potential funding sources, presents examples of successful proposals written by foreign language teachers, and encourages all teachers who want new materials, equipment, programs, resources, and study or travel funds to make the necessary application to obtain them.