cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The intensional and the extensional properties of Headed Agreement By Correspondence

The goal of the paper is to analyze the relation between the data (the set of all possible input-output mapping generated by an OT system) and the theory (the ranking conditions that generate each grammar) for an OT system (abbreviated S HABC ) that includes crucial constraints and candidates from Headed Agreement By Correspondence (Iacoponi, 2015) using property theory (Alber and Prince, in prep., a.o.). Such an analysis is important for three reasons. First, since the analysis concerns the structure of a basic HABC typology, it significantly facilitates the study of the differences between HABC and the theories which it extends, namely ABC, and ABCD (Hansson 2001/2010; Rose & Walker 2004; Bennett 2013). Second, as shown in Alber and Prince (in prep.) and in Bennett, DelBusso and Iacoponi (2016), the study of the properties of a system is useful when the system is extended to include more constraints or candidates. Finding the basic structure of a typology not only deepens our understanding of the theory, but it also significantly facilitates the analysis of its extended sub-systems, allowing us to rigorously study the effect the different components (such as classes of candidates or specific constraints) have on the theory. Finally, by using the property analysis of a typology, it is possible to validate the universality of the support used to obtain the typology (see Alber, DelBusso and Prince, 2015). The paper is organized as follows. In section 1, I introduce the two core theories the paper builds on: Headed Agreement By Correspondence (HABC) and the formal properties of OT typologies. Section 2 contains the definitions of the constraints and of the candidate set. Section 3 discusses the typology, and the relation between its intensional and extensional properties.
Pore-Forming Toxins Trigger the Purge

The intestinal epithelium responds to pathogens by coordinating microbial elimination with tissue repair, both required to survive an infection. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Lee et al. (2016) discover a rapid and evolutionarily conserved response to pore-forming toxins in the gut, involving cytoplasm ejection and enterocyte regrowth.
Workplace Wellness Champions: Lessons Learned and Implications for Future Programming

Background : Wellness champion teams can be a critical "grass roots" strategy in building a culture of worksite wellness; however, little is known about key elements of programs to prepare individuals for this role and their level of impact. Aim : To describe the components of a worksite wellness champion program at a large public land grant university in the Midwest and the characteristics of individuals who participate in this role. Methods : The Wellness Innovator program components, including processes of recruitment and retention, as well as demographic data of the Innovators are described. Results : 464 Innovators currently serve in the role. Support from supervisors/managers is key for sustained Innovator engagement. Conclusions : The Wellness Innovator program is an important strategy in encouraging faculty and staff to participate in wellness activities and services. More research is needed to determine the impact of wellness champion teams on health and wellness outcomes.
The Red Flag: When Pediatric Nystagmus is a Harbinger of Life-Threatening Disease

Pediatric nystagmus may be the harbinger of systemic or neurologic disease with significant morbidity and potential mortality. This paper reviews pediatriconset nystagmus, which may be associated w...
Tension Creates an Endoreplication Wavefront that Leads Regeneration of Epicardial Tissue

Mechanisms that control cell-cycle dynamics during tissue regeneration require elucidation. Here we find in zebrafish that regeneration of the epicardium, the mesothelial covering of the heart, is mediated by two phenotypically distinct epicardial cell subpopulations. These include a front of large, multinucleate leader cells, trailed by follower cells that divide to produce small, mononucleate daughters. By using live imaging of cell-cycle dynamics, we show that leader cells form by spatiotemporally regulated endoreplication, caused primarily by cytokinesis failure. Leader cells display greater velocities and mechanical tension within the epicardial tissue sheet, and experimentally induced tension anisotropy stimulates ectopic endoreplication. Unbalancing epicardial cell-cycle dynamics with chemical modulators indicated autonomous regenerative capacity in both leader and follower cells, with leaders displaying an enhanced capacity for surface coverage. Our findings provide evidence that mechanical tension can regulate cell-cycle dynamics in regenerating tissue, stratifying the source cell features to improve repair.
Anatomy of the NIH Grant Application

The scientific description of all NIH grant applications follows a highly standardized format to which you should strictly adhere.
Retelling Experiments: H.B.D. Kettlewell's Studies of Industrial Melanism in Peppered Moths

H. B. D. Kettlewell's field experiments on industrial melanism in the peppered moth, Biston betularia, have become the best known demonstration of natural selection in action. I argue that textbook accounts routinely portray this research as an example of controlled experimentation, even though this is historically misleading. I examine how idealized accounts of Kettlewell's research have been used by professional biologists and biology teachers. I also respond to some criticisms of David Rudge to my earlier discussions of this case study, and I question Rudge's claims about the importance of purely observational studies for the eventual acceptance and popularization of Kettlewell's explanation for the evolution of industrial melanism.
Through-and-through gunshot wound to the esophagus at the thoracic inlet:a novel management approach.

A 42-year-old man presented to the emergency department with gunshot wound to left upper back over the scapula and palpable bullet over the right supraclavicular fossa. The patient had a left-sided needle thoracostomy in the field. He was tachypneic and tachycardiac but normortensive on arrival. Due to the patient being in respiratory distress, he was orotracheally intubated. On examination, he was found to have a moderate left pneumothorax with mild mediastinal shift. He had a left closed tube thoracostomy placed. CT angiography imaging of the neck and chest was then obtained, and pneumomediastinum associated with bony fragmentation of the anterior T1 and T2 vertebral bodies was observed. Additional findings included right internal jugular injury and right apical pulmonary hemorrhage. The patient subsequently underwent flexible tracheobronchoscopy and esophagoscopy in the endoscopy suite, where a through-and-through esophageal injury at 21 cm from the incisors was recognized (figure 1). There was erythema noted in the trachea at this level, but no evidence of transmural injury to the trachea. What would you do? Commence 14-day course of broad spectrum antibiotics. Endoscopic stenting with video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS) washout. Local exploration with wide drain placement. Open esophagectomy with spit fistula.
Trauma Recidivism and Mortality Following Violent Injuries in Young Adults.

Abstract Background Trauma recidivism accounts for approximately 44% of emergency department admissions and remains a significant health burden with this patient cohort carrying higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Methods A level 1 trauma center registry was queried for patients aged 18-25 y presented between 2009 and 2015. Patients with nonaccidental gunshot wounds, stab wounds, or blunt assault-related injuries were categorized as violent injuries. Primary outcomes included mortality and recidivism, which were defined as patients with two unrelated traumas during the study period. Hospital records and the Social Security Death Index were used to aid in outcomes. Results A total of 6484 patients presented with 1215 (18.7%) sustaining violent injuries (87.4% male, median age 22.2 y). Mechanism of violent injuries included 64.4% gunshot wound, 21.1% stab, and 14.8% blunt assault. Compared with nonviolent injuries, violent injury patients had increased risk of mortality (9.3% versus 2.1%, P Conclusions The burden of injury after violent trauma extends past discharge as patients have significantly higher mortality rates following hospital release. Over one-quarter present with a second unrelated trauma or death. Improved medical, psychological, and social collaborative treatment of these high-risk patients is needed to interrupt the cycle of violent injury.
Searching for lymphoma: An analysis of internet and social network activity and engagement.

e18102Background: Online search engines, forums and social networks can offer an important space to ask questions and share experiences. Online searches, forums and social networks have become one ...
Optical Light Shift for Vector Vapor Magnetometry

The optical frequency of the light shift effect for an optically-pumped vapor vector magnetometer is shown to cause an angular error when it is tuned near the absorption resonance, countering the benefit of higher response.
Pasture-scale vegetation predicts Dickcissel nest-site selection and success in native and exotic grass pastures

Exotic grasses such as bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) are widely established across the southeastern United States as livestock forage, but their structure and management can limit avian reproductive success. Native warm-season grasses (NWSG) are promoted as sustainable forage alternatives. To examine nesting suitability for tall structure specialists such as Dickcissels (Spiza americana) we established an operational-scale study in northeastern Mississippi, USA, with 4 treatments along a gradient of beef production intensity. Treatments included grazed exotic forages, 2 grazed NWSG treatments including Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) monoculture and NWSG polyculture of Indiangrass, little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), and an ungrazed NWSG polyculture treatment. We monitored 208 Dickcissel nests in 2011 and 2012 to evaluate effects of treatment, vegetation structure, fire ants (Solenopsis spp.), and arthropod prey biomass on nest-site selection and nest survival. Survival rates varied among treatments and increased with pasture-scale visual obstruction reading (VOR), being lowest among grazed exotic grass, intermediate in grazed NWSG, and highest in ungrazed NWSG. Although Dickcissels selected nest sites with greater VOR, we found little support for effects of nest-site vegetation on survival. However, nest survival was lower for nests in shrubs that also occurred in pastures with greater shrub cover, and selection for shrubs declined as pasture-scale VOR increased, suggesting a functional response in selection. We found little support for food availability influencing nest survival. These results suggest NWSG pastures increase Dickcissel nest success through greater pasture-scale VOR by reducing Dickcissel selection of shrubs for nest sites, and possibly by reducing predator efficiency. Incorporating NWSG into beef production systems while maintaining availability of tall vegetation could benefit Dickcissels and other tall structure specialists.
Classifying Individuals with ASD Through Facial Emotion Recognition and Eye-Tracking

Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been shown to have atypical scanning patterns during face and emotion perception. While previous studies characterized ASD using eye-tracking data, this study examined whether the use of eye movements combined with task performance in facial emotion recognition could be helpful to identify individuals with ASD. We tested 23 subjects with ASD and 35 controls using a Dynamic Affect Recognition Evaluation (DARE) task that requires an individual to recognize one of six emotions (i.e., anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise) while observing a slowly transitioning face video. We observed differences in response time and eye movements, but not in the recognition accuracy. Based on these observations, we proposed a machine learning method to distinguish between individuals with ASD and typically developing (TD) controls. The proposed method classifies eye fixations based on a comprehensive set of features that integrate task performance, gaze information, and face features extracted using a deep neural network. It achieved an 86% classification accuracy that is comparable with the standardized diagnostic scales, with advantages of efficiency and objectiveness. Feature visualization and interpretations were further carried out to reveal distinguishing features between the two subject groups and to understand the social and attentional deficits in ASD.
Efficacy of Oral Iron Replacement Therapy in Pediatric Patients with Heart Failure

Purpose Iron deficiency (ID) is associated with worse outcomes in children with systolic heart failure (HF). Oral iron replacement therapy (IRT) is first line therapy for ID in children but the efficacy of oral IRT in children with HF is unknown. We hypothesized that less than half of children with HF and ID would have replenishment of their iron stores with oral IRT. Methods We performed a single center retrospective cohort study of patients aged ≤ 21 years with systolic HF and ID who received oral IRT (2-5mg/kg/day) between 01/2017 and 12/2018. ID was defined as ≥2 of the following: serum iron 300 ng/mL, transferrin saturation Results Forty-two independent courses of oral IRT (in 40 patients) met inclusion criteria. The cohort was 52% male with median age 13 yrs (IQR 5 - 16 yrs). HF etiologies included cardiomyopathy (57%), congenital heart disease (31%), and history of heart transplantation with graft dysfunction (12%). Patients received ferrous sulfate (40/42) or ferrous gluconate (2/42). Median duration of IRT was 68d (IQR 32 - 145d). Twenty-nine patients received ≥6 weeks of IRT and were included for the analysis for response to oral IRT. Post IRT iron testing was available in 18 patients and post IRT hemogram was available in 26 patients. Serum iron and hematologic indices of the overall cohort as well as comparison of indices pre and post oral IRT are shown (Table). While there was an improvement in serum iron studies, 50% (9/18) of the patients remained iron deficient. Conclusion This is the first report about oral IRT in children with HF. Though median values of some iron parameters increased after 6weeks of oral IRT, half of the children with HF remained iron deficient and hence non-responsive to oral IRT. Further studies are needed to find the most suitable IRT for children with HF.
Mechanisms of resistance to T cell-based immunotherapy in head and neck cancer

Background Most current approved or investigational immunotherapeutic approaches for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma are aimed at activating T cells. The majority of patients receiving such immunotherapy do not demonstrate durable tumor remission. Methods Original articles covering tumor heterogeneity, immunoediting, immune escape, and local tumor immunosuppression were reviewed. Results In the face of immune pressure, subclones susceptible to T cell killing are eliminated, leaving behind resistant tumor clones in a process known as immunoediting. Such subclones of tumor cells that are resistant to T cell killing may remain sensitive to natural killer (NK) cell detection and elimination, suggesting that patients harboring such tumors may benefit from combination of T and NK cell-based immunotherapy. Even in the setting of optimal immunotherapy, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment may arrogate effector immune responses through a number of distinct mechanisms. Conclusions Highly effective immunotherapy will likely require multimodality approaches targeting independent mechanisms of immune activation.
A novel DNA primase-helicase pair encoded by SCCmec elements.

Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are a rich source of new enzymes, and conversely, understanding the activities of MGE-encoded proteins can elucidate MGE function. Here, we biochemically characterize ...
Implicit Bias Within Public Reporting: A Virtual Reality Experiment Examining “Suspicious” Activity:

Campaigns like that of the Department of Homeland Security’s “See Something, Say Something” are intended to increase public reporting of “terrorism-related behaviors.” Yet given prior research on w...
Differentiating research and quality Improvement activities: A scoping Review and Implications for clinical scholarship

BACKGROUND Differentiating activities that are research or quality improvement (QI) is challenging. PURPOSE Compare tools that distinguish research from QI and evaluate the utility of tools to determine whether institutional review board (IRB) approval is required for a test-project. METHODS Scoping review of the literature to identify tools that distinguish QI from research. Two reviewers independently screened records in PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science and Google Scholar and extracted information from tools. Inclusion criteria were English language peer-reviewed publications or publicly available tools with scoring systems to differentiate between research and QI. The reporting of this review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. We then applied a test-project to evaluate the utility of the tools. FINDINGS One-hundred forty sources were reviewed; 13 met inclusion criteria. Tools consistently used project intent/purpose, design and intervention as differentiating criteria; additional criteria varied. Five studies described tool development, and one reported that the tool had been tested. Our application of a test-project proved challenging as tools commonly presented research and QI as discrete activities. DISCUSSION Based on the core criteria common across tools to distinguish research from QI, we propose a simple four-criteria decision tool for assessing the need for IRB submission.
Primary contributors to gastrostomy tube placement in infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

Abstract Objective To identify factors associated with gastrostomy tube (GT) placement in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Methods Retrospective cohort study of 114 surviving infants with CDH at a single tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit from 2010–2019. Prenatal, perinatal and postnatal characteristics were compared between patients who were discharged home with and without a GT. Prenatal imaging was available for 50.9% of the cohort. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between GT placement and pertinent clinical factors. ROC curves were generated, and Youden's J statistic was used to determine optimal predictive cutoffs for continuous variables. Elastic net regularized regression was used to identify variables associated with GT placement in multivariable analysis. Results GT was placed in 43.9% of surviving infants with CDH. Prenatal variables predictive of GT placement were percent predicted lung volume (PPLV) 12 days, need for transpyloric (TP) feeds for >10 days, >14 days to transition to a 30 min bolus feed, presence of gastro-esophageal reflux (GER), chronic lung disease and pulmonary hypertension. In multivariable analysis, duration of NPO, time to TP feeds, transition to 30 min bolus feeds remained significantly associated with GT placement after adjusting for severity of pulmonary hypertension (PH), GER diagnosis and sildenafil treatment. Conclusion Identification of risk factors associated with need for long-term feeding access may improve timing of GT placement and prevent prolonged hospitalization related to feeding issues. Level of Evidence Rating Level II (Retrospective Study)
The Pathophysiology of Retinopathy of Prematurity

The pathophysiology of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is evolving as advances in prenatal care allow extremely premature infants to survive. In addition, throughout the world, there is variability in the presentations of ROP. In regions that lack resources to support prenatal and perinatal care, ROP develops in infants of older gestational ages and larger birth weights and has potentially different pathophysiologic factors. This chapter will review the pathophysiology of ROP and factors involved in the presentation of ROP based on what is known through clinical studies and from experimental studies using animal models of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), which are critical to study molecular mechanisms and cell–cell interactions. Although the main areas involve clinical study, it is impossible to discuss pathophysiology without including evidence from the most representative animal models of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and other models adapted to study maternal–fetal interactions. Understanding the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the physiology of retinal and vascular development and survival and the pathology in stage 3 and plus disease of ROP is important in discussing pathophysiology. Thoughts regarding areas of future study will be briefly described.
Multi-run migratory behavior of adult male lake sturgeon in a short river

Abstract Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) can migrate long distances to spawn, but many populations currently spawn in systems where the length of accessible riverine migratory habitat has been greatly reduced by dam construction. With the increased prevalence of shortened rivers, focusing on migratory dynamics in short rivers (
Americanization and the Immigrant Novel, Redux: Abraham Cahan’s "The Rise of David Levinsky"

In this essay I turn to Abraham Cahan’s The Rise of David Levinsky (1917), one of the most popular immigrant novels ever written. I argue that, like other immigrant writers of his generation, Cahan challenged the optimistic version of Americanization of the Progressive Era. First, I examine the context surrounding the publication of the novel, and argue that it stages Cahan’s response to nativism and anti-Semitism, pervasive in print culture at the turn of the century. Then I explore David Levinsky’s fashioning of his Americanized persona; Levinsky’s determination to Americanize leads to a series of unfulfilled, deferred dreams. By performing his desired new identity (to become a “true American”), and by repressing other forms of identification, Cahan’s character opens up a line of critique of Progressive Era constructions of race and ethnicity. I end with a discussion of the immigrant novel as a legitimate genre in 1917 and beyond.
Particle formation mechanisms supported by in situ synchrotron XAFS and SAXS studies: a review of metal, metal-oxide, semiconductor and selected other nanoparticle formation reactions

Following a brief description of synchrotron X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and small/wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), the definition of and four primary criteria for attaining reliable, disproof-based chemical mechanisms of particle formation are given. A total of 74 papers using synchrotron techniques for mechanistic investigation are then analyzed in detail via the construction of four tables provided in the ESI that analyze each of the 74 papers. Six primary case studies are selected out of the 74 total papers for presentation in greater detail in the main text, specifically the illustrative case histories of: (i) palladium nanoparticles studied using SAXS, (ii) rhodium nanocubes examined using XAFS, (iii) iridium nanoparticles studied by XAFS and SAXS, (iv) gold nanoparticles studied by XAFS, SAXS, and XRD, (v) cadmium-selenide nanocrystals studied by XAFS, and (vi) zinc-oxide nanoparticles studied using SAXS/WAXS/UV-vis. Additionally, two shorter case studies are presented that address particle formation shapes: tungstite nanoplatelets and copper nanocrystals. Two summary tables are presented in the main text that present the current state of disproof-based, deliberately minimalistic particle formation mechanisms expressed in terms of generalized, pseudoelementary steps. Finally, a Conclusions section with nine takeaways and an Outlook section are also provided. The goal of the present review is to expedite the use of powerful synchrotron SAXS and XAFS studies to provide reliable, disproof-based chemical mechanisms and their associated quantitative differential equations that can then be employed to predict particle-size distributions via the recent development of Mechanism-Enabled Population Balance Modeling (ME-PBM).
Smaller hands and less experience are associated with greater ergonomic strain during endoscopic procedures.

INTRODUCTION Up to 89% of physicians who routinely perform endoscopy experience some type of musculoskeletal pain. In this study, we sought to quantitatively analyze provider factors that influence ergonomic strain during live endoscopic procedures. METHODS Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to measure ergonomic strain on physicians while performing upper and lower endoscopies. EMG data were normalized to a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) recording for each muscle group, yielding a %MVC value. Subgroup analyses were performed based on glove size, physician training level, specialty, and handedness. RESULTS A total of 165 upper (n = 68) and lower (n = 97) endoscopies were recorded. Endoscopists with small hand sizes had significantly higher ergonomic strain in the left anterior and posterior forearm muscle compartments as compared to endoscopists with medium or large hands (%MVC L-anterior: small: 9.1 ± 1.1; medium: 6.4 ± 1.2; large: 5.9 ± 1.6; p < 0.001); (%MVC L-posterior: small: 12.0 ± 0.8; medium: 9.4 ± 1.3; large: 8.8 ± 1.4; p < 0.001). Additionally, upper body muscle groups had significantly higher ergonomic strain in endoscopists with less lifetime endoscopic experience (%MVC R-trapezius: expert: 8.4 ± 1.2; novice: 9.3 ± 1.2; p < 0.05); (%MVC R-deltoid: expert: 6.1 ± 1.4; novice: 8.5 ± 1.3; p < 0.001). There were no significant ergonomic differences between surgeons or gastroenterologists and no differences between right- and left-handed dominant individuals. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopists with small hands experienced great ergonomic strain in their left forearm. Our data support the widely held belief that "one size does not fit all" and will hopefully spark change in the design of future endoscopes by device manufacturers. Our data also support that the experience level of the endoscopist contributed significantly to ergonomic performance, likely due to postural differences leading to decreased upper body strain. Therefore, it remains critically important to educate young proceduralists on strategies for ergonomic relief early in his or her endoscopic training program that can ameliorate ergonomic strain that accrues over the lifetime of a physician's career.
A predictive control scheme for a dual output indirect matrix converter

Dual output indirect matrix converter is based on the traditional indirect matrix converter topology, but the conventional six-switch inverter, used in the single-output indirect matrix converter, is replaced by a nine-switch dual output converter. Model Predictive Control (MPC) uses the discrete-time model of the system to predict future value of the controlled variable for all possible control actions and user-defined cost function related to control objectives is solved to find its minimum. The control action which minimizes the cost function is selected and applied to the system for the next time interval. This paper presents a finite control set model predictive control strategy for a single-input dual-output indirect matrix converter.
An empirical study of the robustness of Windows NT applications using random testing

We report on the third in a series of studies on the reliability of application programs in the face of random input. In 1990 and 1995, we studied the reliability of UNIX application programs, both command line and X-Window based (GUI). In this study, we apply our testing techniques to applications running on the Windows NT operating system. Our testing is simple black-box random input testing; by any measure, it is a crude technique, but it seems to be effective at locating bugs in real programs. We tested over 30 GUI-based applications by subjecting them to two kinds of random input: (1) streams of valid keyboard and mouse events and (2) streams of random Win32 messages. We have built a tool that helps automate the testing of Windows NT applications. With a few simple parameters, any application can be tested. Using our random testing techniques, our previous UNIX-based studies showed that we could crash a wide variety of command-line and X-window based applications on several UNIX platforms. The test results are similar for NT-based applications. When subjected to random valid input that could be produced by using the mouse and keyboard, we crashed 21% of applications that we tested and hung an additional 24% of applications. When subjected to raw random Win32 messages, we crashed or hung all the applications that we tested. We report which applications failed under which tests, and provide some analysis of the failures.
Current theories of pion production and absorption

This paper reviews recent calculations of (π+,p) and (p,π+) reaction cross sections leading to low‐lying states of light nuclei. The experimental evidence for or against various models is discussed, and it is concluded that the bulk of the differential cross section may be described as ’’pionic stripping.’’ The outlook for nuclear spectroscopy at large momentum transfer, by means of these reactions, is reviewed.
Comparison of gravimetric and gas chromatographic methods for assessing performance of textile materials against liquid pesticide penetration.

Penetration of liquid pesticides through textile materials is a criterion for determining the performance of protective clothing used by pesticide handlers. The pipette method is frequently used to apply liquid pesticides onto textile materials to measure penetration. Typically, analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) are used to measure percentage penetration. These techniques are labor intensive and costly. A simpler gravimetric method was developed, and tests were conducted to compare the gravimetric and GC methods of analysis. Three types of pesticide formulations and 4 fabrics were used for the study. Diluted pesticide formulations were pipetted onto the test specimens and percentage penetration was measured using the 2 methods. For homogeneous formulation, the results of the 2 methods were fairly comparable. However, due to the filtering action of the textile materials, there were differences in the percentage penetration between the 2 methods for formulations that were not homogeneous.
DNA of ciliated protozoa. 3. Binding of RNA polymerase and denaturation at the ends of the low-molecular weight DNA in Stylonychia.

Abstract Low-molecular weight macronuclear DNA of Stylonychia was partially denatured and examined in the electron microscope. Each DNA molecule showed a denatured region at one end. A complex of Stylonychia DNA with Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase was prepared and examined in the electron microscope. Each molecule of DNA had one molecule of RNA polymerase attached at one end.
The covariant lie-transformed plasma action principle

The Lie Transform is a systematic technique for obtaining the nonlinear quasi-static effects of high-frequency phenomena. We consider, in particular, a plasma of charged particles in a self-consistent electromagnetic wave. Each particle oscillates about an oscillation center which undergoes non-oscillatory motion. We obtain the so-called ponderomotive Hamiltonian for the oscillation center, in relativistically covariant form, and demonstrate, via the action principle, that it determines the dielectric susceptibility and wave propagation.
The use of vectorfield dynamics in formulating admissibility conditions for shocks in conservation laws that change type

Systems of conservation laws which are not of classical hyperbolic type have appeared in modelling complex flows. To formulate admissibility conditions for shocks, we regularize a single shock, between a point where the system is hyperbolic and a point where it is not, by the addition of a higher order term (“viscosity matrix”). This leads to a criterion based on the existence of connecting orbits in a related dynamical system. Local unfoldings of vectorfields are used to analyse the dynamics.
The use of airtight culture flasks in anaerobic studies.

Eine kritische Untersuchung verschiedener Methoden fur anaerobe Gewebskultur zeigte, dass in den meisten Einrichtungen die Anwesenheit von Sauerstoff nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann. Eine Modifikation des standardisierten Kulturgefasses wurde entwickelt, die das Halten der Kulturen unter volligem Luftabschluss moglich macht.
Giving and requesting: Social facilitation of infants' offers to adults.

The study examined the effect of different interactive experiences on the tendency of 12-month-old infants to offer objects to their companions. It was reasoned that the modeling of offers was but one of a number of types of interactions that might induce an infant to offer objects in turn. Four girls and four boys were each assigned randomly to one of four treatment groups, distinguished by the nature of the interaction between the infant and an adult experimenter. During a 3-minute exposure trial the experimenter either offered objects to the infant (i.e., modeled the target action), requested objects from the infant (i.e., prompted the target action while modeling a complementary action), initiated a game of give-and-take (i.e., modeled both the target action and its complement), or merely chatted with the infant's mother, neither offering nor requesting objects (the control condition). The requesting and give-and-take experience facilitated the infants' offers to the model in the exposure trial, in comparison with the control condition; modeling the target action by itself was not effective. In addition, the experience of playing give-and-take with the model promoted infants' later-sharing with their mothers in a transfer trial. The findings suggested that the modeling of a social action alone, without explicit prompts for imitation and/or a game-like pacing of modeled events, may not be sufficient to induce infants to perform that action. Thus the impact of the social behaviors infants see modeled is likely to be tempered by the network of interactive events in which they are embedded.
Generation and Activity of a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody That Selectively Neutralizes the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Ligands Transforming Growth Factor-α and Epiregulin

At least seven distinct epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligands bind to and activate the EGF receptor (EGFR). This activation plays an important role in the embryo and in the maintenance of adult tissues. Importantly, pharmacologic EGFR inhibition also plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of diverse disease states, especially cancer. The roles of specific EGFR ligands are poorly defined in these disease states. Accumulating evidence suggests a role for transforming growth factor α (TGFα) in skin, lung, and kidney disease. To explore the role of Tgfa, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb41) that binds to and neutralizes human Tgfa with high affinity (KD = 36.5 pM). The antibody also binds human epiregulin (Ereg) (KD = 346.6 pM) and inhibits ligand induced myofibroblast cell proliferation (IC50 values of 0.52 and 1.12 nM for human Tgfa and Ereg, respectively). In vivo, a single administration of the antibody to pregnant mice (30 mg/kg s.c. at day 14 after plug) or weekly administration to neonate mice (20 mg/kg s.c. for 4 weeks) phenocopy Tgfa knockout mice with curly whiskers, stunted growth, and expansion of the hypertrophic zone of growth plate cartilage. Humanization of this monoclonal antibody to a human IgG4 antibody (LY3016859) enables clinical development. Importantly, administration of the humanized antibody to cynomolgus monkeys is absent of the skin toxicity observed with current EGFR inhibitors used clinically and no other pathologies were noted, indicating that neutralization of Tgfa could provide a relatively safe profile as it advances in clinical development.
The Crossed Field Switch Tube-A New HVDC Circuit Interrupter

A crossed field (Penning) discharge device has been developed which can perform HVDC interruption. The discharge is controlled by a magnetic field, the removal of which causes the plasma to decay in a time ~10?s. The present single tube capability is 100 kV/2000 A with a recovery rate of 2 kV/?s. The tubes are capable of series and parallel operation, opening the door to many HVDC applications requiring forced current interruption at performance levels far in excess of those of a single tube.
The Effect of Ensemble Performance Quality on the Evaluation of Conducting Expressivity

This study was designed to examine whether the presence of excellent or poor ensemble performances would influence the ratings assigned by ensemble members to conductors who demonstrated highly expressive conducting. Two conductors were videotaped conducting one of two excerpts from an arrangement of Frank Ticheli’s Loch Lomond. These videos subsequently were duplicated and synchronized with either excellent or poor performances that previously had been recorded with a university wind ensemble. To determine whether identical conducting performances would be evaluated differently on the basis of excellent or poor ensemble performance, college band, choir, and orchestra members (N = 120) viewed each of the four 1-minute excerpts and rated conductor expressivity and ensemble performance quality on 10-point Likert-type scales and provided one brief written comment about each video. Results indicated that ensemble performance quality significantly affected ratings of conductor expressivity (p < .001). However,...
Anomalous Hall effect in disordered multiband metals.

We present a microscopic theory of the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in metallic multiband ferromagnets, which accounts for all scattering-independent contributions, i.e., both the intrinsic and the so-called side jump. For a model of Gaussian disorder, the AHE is expressed solely in terms of the material's electronic band structure. Our theory handles systematically the interband-scattering coherence effects. We demonstrate the method in the 2D Rashba and 3D ferromagnetic (III,Mn)V semiconductor models. Our formalism is directly amenable to ab initio treatments for a wide range of ferromagnetic metals.
PDDP, a data parallel programming model

PDDP, the parallel data distribution preprocessor, is a data parallel programming model for distributed memory parallel computers. PDDP implements high-performance Fortran-compatible data distribution directives and parallelism expressed by the use of Fortran 90 array syntax, the FORALL statement, and the WHERE construct. Distributed data objects belong to a global name space; other data objects are treated as local and replicated on each processor. PDDP allows the user to program in a shared memory style and generates codes that are portable to a variety of parallel machines. For interprocessor communication, PDDP uses the fastest communication primitives on each platform.
Drosophila frataxin: an iron chaperone during cellular Fe-S cluster bioassembly.

Frataxin, a mitochondrial protein that is directly involved in regulating cellular iron homeostasis, has been suggested to serve as an iron chaperone during cellular Fe−S cluster biosynthesis. In humans, decreased amounts or impaired function of frataxin causes the autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder Friedreich’s ataxia. Cellular production of Fe−S clusters is accomplished by the Fe cofactor assembly platform enzymes Isu (eukaryotes) and IscU (prokaryotes). In this report, we have characterized the overall stability and iron binding properties of the Drosophila frataxin homologue (Dfh). Dfh is highly folded with secondary structural elements consistent with the structurally characterized frataxin orthologs. While the melting temperature (TM ≈ 59 °C) and chemical stability ([urea]50% ≈ 2.4 M) of Drosophila frataxin, measured using circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy, closely match values determined for the human ortholog, pure Dfh is more stable against autodegradation than bot...
Statistical methods in accelerated life testing

(1991). Statistical Methods in Accelerated Life Testing. Technometrics: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 360-362.
Localization of an antiviral site on the pregnancy recognition hormone, ovine trophoblast protein 1.

Abstract Ovine trophoblast protein 1 (oTP-1) is the interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) variant with potent antiviral activity and low toxicity that is responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep. To examine the structure/function basis for the potent antiviral activity of oTP-1, we have exploited the direct approach of synthetic peptide competition with oTP-1 for receptor, using N-terminal oTP-1-(1-37) and C-terminal oTP-1-(139-172) peptides. These peptides possess structures similar to those predicted for the intact molecule on the basis of circular dichroism. oTP-1-(1-37) at 1.5 mM specifically blocked oTP-1 antiviral activity without affecting the antiviral activity of natural ovine IFN-alpha, recombinant bovine IFN-alpha, and recombinant human IFN-alpha. At concentrations as low as 0.15 mM, oTP-1-(139-172) blocked the antiviral activity of oTP-1, as well as that of natural ovine IFN-alpha, recombinant bovine IFN-alpha, and recombinant human IFN-alpha, but not recombinant bovine interferon gamma. Further, binding of radiolabeled oTP-1 to endometrial membrane preparations could be effectively inhibited by polyclonal anti-C-terminal and anti-N-terminal antisera, with the anti-C-terminal antiserum being the more effective inhibitor. Consistent with peptide and antiserum functional data, oTP-1 and recombinant bovine IFN-alpha are predicted to possess similar C-terminal structure but different N-terminal structure by composite surface profile predictions. The findings suggest that the C-terminal regions of IFN-alpha s bind to a common site on the IFN-alpha receptor while the N-terminal region binds to a site unique for the particular IFN-alpha.
Metabolic engineering of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain capable of simultaneously utilizing glucose and galactose to produce enantiopure (2R,3R)-butanediol

2,3-Butanediol (BDO) is an important chemical with broad industrial applications and can be naturally produced by many bacteria at high levels. However, the pathogenicity of these native producers is a major obstacle for large scale production. Here we report the engineering of an industrially friendly host, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to produce BDO at high titer and yield. By inactivation of pyruvate decarboxylases (PDCs) followed by overexpression of MTH1 and adaptive evolution, the resultant yeast grew on glucose as the sole carbon source with ethanol production completely eliminated. Moreover, the pdc- strain consumed glucose and galactose simultaneously, which to our knowledge is unprecedented in S. cerevisiae strains. Subsequent introduction of a BDO biosynthetic pathway consisting of the cytosolic acetolactate synthase (cytoILV2), Bacillus subtilis acetolactate decarboxylase (BsAlsD), and the endogenous butanediol dehydrogenase (BDH1) resulted in the production of enantiopure (2R,3R)-butanediol (R-BDO). In shake flask fermentation, a yield over 70% of the theoretical value was achieved. Using fed-batch fermentation, more than 100g/L R-BDO (1100mM) was synthesized from a mixture of glucose and galactose, two major carbohydrate components in red algae. The high titer and yield of the enantiopure R-BDO produced as well as the ability to co-ferment glucose and galactose make our engineered yeast strain a superior host for cost-effective production of bio-based BDO from renewable resources.
Effects of Selection Bias on Sire Evaluation Procedures

Abstract Problems associated with selected records in methods of sire evaluation have been examined, and multiplicative factors for adjustment have been developed to incorporate later lactation records in sire evaluation procedures where a first record is missing. All Holstein records in the Dairy Herd Improvement Association files at Beltsville, Maryland, with freshening dates between 1960 and 1973 were used to quantify the amount of selection bias in later records that do not have first-lactation information available. Differences for lactation groupings show the amount of bias from selection in these records. The model included an overall mean, effects due to the herd-year-season of freshening, and opportunity groups that were formed depending on the number of later lactations for individual cows. These multiplicative factors can be used to adjust approximately 47% of cows in the files that do not have first-lactation information. These records can be incorporated, if needed to increase accuracy or increase comparisons, in the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction method or the Modified Contemporary Comparison method of sire evaluation.
Mortality risk associated with ejection fraction differs across resting nuclear perfusion findings.

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a significant predictor of morbidity and death. The nuclear summed rest score (SRS) measures myocardial perfusion defects and provides prognostic information, but its effects on long-term outcomes are not fully established. Moreover, information regarding the potential interaction between these 2 covariates is limited. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the mortality risk associated with LVEF is the same across all values of SRS in a population undergoing evaluation for ischemic heart disease. We examined 3,187 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization and perfusion single photon emission computed tomography imaging with a maximum follow-up of 8.1 years and median follow-up of 3.1 years. Cox proportional hazards modeling showed that increasing nuclear SRS and decreasing LVEF were independently associated with a higher long-term mortality rate, with a clinically significant interaction between them (P=.032). Patients with a normal LVEF and a high SRS (greater perfusion abnormality) have a prognosis similar to those with a reduced LVEF. Resting perfusion studies provide prognostic information for long-term survival and significantly impact the interpretition of mortality risk associated with changes in LVEF. Patient prognostication, risk stratification, and future research using these variables should take this interaction into account.
SIMULATION OF INCIDENT NONLINEAR SOUND BEAM AND 3D SCATTERING FROM COMPLEX TARGETS

This paper presents an integrated simulation method for investigating nonlinear sound beams and three-dimensional (3D) acoustic scattering from any combination of complicated objects. A standard finite-difference simulation method is used to model pulsed nonlinear sound propagation from a source to a scattering target via the Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya–Kuznetsov equation. Then, a parallel 3D acoustic simulation method based on the finite integration technique is used to model the acoustic wave interaction with the target. Any combination of objects and material layers can be placed into the 3D simulation space to study the resulting interaction. Several example simulations are presented to demonstrate the simulation method and 3D visualization techniques. The combined simulation method is validated by comparing experimental and simulation data and a demonstration of how this combined simulation method assisted in the development of a nonlinear acoustic concealed weapons detector is also presented.
Looking for a massive KeV pseudo-scalar in gamma ray bursts

Looking for repetitive signals within a γ burst may provide evidence for a massive KeV pseudo-scalar coupled to electromagnetism. We study the possible signatures that may occur for pseudo-scalar electromagnetic propagation and outline possible probes to the pseudo-scalar mass as well as its coupling to electromagnetism.