cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shooting Galleries, Dope Houses, and Injection Doctors: Examining the Social Ecology of HIV Risk Behaviors Among Drug Injectors in Dayton, Ohio

The social contexts in which drug injection occurs, the social roles drug injectors assume, and associated risk behaviors for infection with blood-borne pathogens remain inadequately understood. This study is based on over 10 years of ethnographic research among drug injectors in Dayton, Ohio. Specifically, fieldnotes from participant observation and semistructured interviews are used to deconstruct what constitutes a "shooting gallery" from the perspective of drug injectors. In addition, the social role of individuals who inject others for a fee—"injection doctors"—is examined. Results demonstrate that shooting galleries differ significantly from the accepted epidemiological concept which highlights the presence of needle renting—a practice that increases risk for infection with HIV, HBV, and HCV. Results suggest that needle renting did not occur in Dayton's shooting galleries after 1989. Shooting galleries differ significantly across geographic space, thereby suggesting that quantitative studies based o...
Using back error propagation networks for automatic document image classification

The Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications is a Research and Development Division of the National Library of Medicine. One of the Center's current research projects involves the conversion of entire journals to bitmapped binary page images. In an effort to reduce operator errors that sometimes occur during document capture, three back error propagation networks were designed to automatically identify journal title based on features in the binary image of the journal's front cover page. For all three network designs, twenty five journal titles were randomly selected from the stored database of image files. Seven cover page images from each title were selected as the training set. For each title, three other cover page images were selected as the test set. Each bitmapped image was initially processed by counting the total number of black pixels in 32-pixel wide rows and columns of the page image. For the first network, these counts were scaled to create 122-element count vectors as the input vectors to a back error propagation network. The network had one output node for each journal classification. Although the network was successful in correctly classifying the 25 journals, the large input vector resulted in a large network and, consequently, a long training period. In an alternative approach, the first thirty-five coefficients of the Fast Fourier Transform of the count vector were used as the input vector to a second network. A third approach was to train a separate network for each journal using the original count vectors as input and with only one output node. The output of the network could be 'yes' (it is this journal) or 'no' (it is not this journal). This final design promises to be most efficient for a system in which journal titles are added or removed as it does not require retraining a large network for each change.
Lie algebraic factorization of multivariable evolution operators: Convergence theorems for the canonical case

Abstract This work is devoted to establishing the convergence theorems for the canonical case of the Lie algebraic factorization of multivariable evolution operators. The definition and various properties of the ξ-approximants are given in a companion pager. The theorems presented in this paper give some sufficient conditions for the convergence of the ξ-approximant sequences. Proofs are given for a specific region of the variable space appearing in the Lie operator and the theorems are useful for many practical applications.
Alterations of renal function during dietary-induced hyperuricemia in the rat

Hyperuricemia was induced in rats ingesting a diet supplemented with 2 1/2+ uric acid and 5% oxonic acid (an inhibitor of hepatic uricase activity). After seven days, inulin clearance (CIn) and superficial nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNFR) were significantly lower than values recorded in healthy rats (CIn:0.94 +/- 0.10 vs. 3.61 +/- 0.13 ml/min/kg of body wt; SNFR: 54.9 +/- 3.2 vs. 129.7 +/- 6.7 nl/min/kg of body wt). Filtration rate reduction was accompanied by an increased concentration of urate in renal tissue. Gross examination of the kidney revealed the presence of whitish streaks containing negatively birefringent crystals throughout the medulla and papilla. Histological examination revealed dilatation of the collecting ducts with flattening of the epithelium and intraluminal crystalline deposits. Intraluminal hydrostatic pressure was markedly higher than that observed in healthy rats in both proximal (21.5 +/- 1.7 vs. 11.4 +/- 0.3 mm Hg) and distal convoluted tubules (20.3 +/- 2.0 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.5 mm Hg). In another group of rats ingesting a similar diet, CIn was reduced to 1.49 +/- 0.20 ml/min/kg of body wt. Partial or complete restoration of CIn toward normal was effected within seven additional days by the oral ingestion of a large volume of an alkali solution (CIn:2.63 +/- 0.44 ml/min/kg of body wt) or by the cessation of treatment with oxonic-uric acid (CIn: 4.70 +/- 0.28 ml/min/kg of body wt). These results demonstrate that oxonic/uric acid-induced hyperuricemia is accompanied by severe filtration rate reduction, and they suggest strongly that intraluminal obstruction, via the deposition of uric acid, plays an important role in its pathogenesis.
Orbits under actions of affine groups over GF (2)

Abstract Let G be a group (or vector space) and A a group of transformations of G . A then acts as a group of transformations of P ( G ), the set of subsets of G . It is meaningful to study the orbit structure of P ( G ) under the action of A . The question of the existence of elements of P ( G ) with trivial isotropy subgroup seems to be of interest in studying the action of A on G . In this paper actions of affine groups over GF (2) are considered. It is proved, by an inductive construction, that every vector space over GF (2) of dimension at least six contains a subset with trivial isotropy subgroup.
Supporting Parents Who Have Youth with Emotional Disturbances Through a Parent-to-Parent Support Program: A Proof of Concept Study Using Random Assignment

Poor outcomes for youth who have emotional disturbances (ED), especially for those youth who are placed in special education programs, are well documented. Parent Connectors is a parent-to-parent support program delivered through weekly telephone calls to families of youth with ED in special education programs, with the aim of increasing the engagement of parents in their child’s education and treatment and improving the academic and emotional functioning of the child. Findings from a proof of concept study using random assignment of participants yielded encouraging support for the clinical efficacy of the intervention. Results demonstrated enhanced outcomes for parents who were highly strained at the beginning of the study. Implications for future research in the area of parent support are provided.
Synovial fluid nutrient delivery in the diathrial joint: An analysis of rabbit knee ligaments

The role of synovial fluid in providing nutrition to rabbit knee ligaments and menisci was evaluated by intraarticular injection of a labeled collagen precursor, tritiated proline. Incorporation of this substrate as tritiated hydroxyproline was measured in collateral and cruciate ligaments and menisci. The injectate volume (0.35 ml) did not appreciably change the overall joint pressure as measured by a wick catheter; therefore, no alteration of synovial membrane diffusion characteristics resulted. The concentration of the injected proline (0.52 mg%) was well below that normally present in serum (2.65 mg%). Therefore, incorporation of this substrate was not driven by a concentration gradient and represented normal uptake of synovial fluid and physiological incorporation of label as measured by the presence of tritiated hydroxyproline. Autoradiography was performed on all ligaments and menisci, and demonstrated concentration of the isotope and its metabolite (tritiated proline and tritiated hydroxyproline, respectively) in and around fibroblasts. This study indicates that rabbit knee ligaments and menisci can derive nutrition from a synovial fluid source.
Effects of nifedipine on myocardial perfusion during exercise in chronic stable angina pectoris

Abstract Nifedipine may be effective in the treatment of stable angina by both decreasing myocardial oxygen demand and increasing myocardial oxygen supply. To determine the mechanism of action of nifedipine and its dose-response relation, 14 patients with stable angina were treated with nifedipine 10, 20 and 30 mg 4 times daily as single-agent therapy in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Treatment was continued for 1 week on each dose regimen and efficacy was determined using an exercise test at the end of each phase. Compared to placebo, a significant decrease of systolic blood pressure at peak exercise occurred with the nifedipine 20- and 30-mg regimens (p
Mouse placental macrophages have a decreased ability to present antigen.

Abstract Large numbers of macrophages can be found in an animal's uteroplacental unit. This high concentration of macrophages suggests they must play an important role during placental development. To gain a better understanding of the functional capacity of placental macrophages, we have obtained a highly enriched placental macrophage culture and have derived several cell lines from this population. Both placental macrophages and cell lines show colony-stimulating factor 1-dependent growth, express Fc receptors, and can perform Fc-receptor-mediated phagocytosis. In addition, they express macrophage markers Mac-1, F4/80, and CD14. Although placental macrophages express major histocompatibility complex class II molecules constitutively, they display a decreased ability to present protein antigens to T cells. Since primary fetal liver macrophages of the same gestational stage also show a decreased ability to present antigens, this phenomenon may reflect a developmental stage of macrophages.
A Sequential Scenario for the Origin of Biological Chirality

A sequential model is proposed regarding the origin of biological chirality. Three major stages are presumed: a symmetry breaking (prebiotic chiral disruption in enantiomeric mixtures of monomers), a chiral amplification (prebiotic increase of the chiral character of the monomers affected first by the symmetry breaking), and a chiral expansion (proto biological increase of the chiral character and spread of the chirality to molecules which were less affected by prebiotic chiralizations). As a symmetry-breaking mechanism, the model proposed by Deutsch (1991) is used, which involves a dissymmetric exposure of amino acids (AA) to ultraviolet circularly polarized light (UV-CPL) on evaporative seashores. It is presumed that the chiral amplification, up to a protobiologic significance, was influenced by a periodic overlapping of two abiotic events, a synchronization between tidal-based hydrous–anhydrous cycles, and littoral asymmetric photolysis cycles. This long-term astronomic asymmetry acted around 3.8–4.2 billion years ago and was unique to the Earth in our solar system. It is also presumed that the abiotic symmetry breaking is heterogenous, that only a few l-AAs were used in the beginning, and that the chirality expanded later to all 20 AAs based on a coevolutionary strategy of the genetic code and on a physiological relationship between AAs. In this scenario the d-chirality of pentoses in polynucleotides was attributed to both d-pentose/l-AA relationships and to a structural evolution.
Identification of a New α1,2-Fucosyltransferase Involved in O-Antigen Biosynthesis of Escherichia coli O86:B7 and Formation of H-Type 3 Blood Group Antigen

Escherichia coli O86 possesses high human blood group B activity because of its O-antigen structure, sharing the human blood group B epitope. In this study, the wbwK gene of E. coli O86:B7 was expressed and purified as the GST fusion protein. Thereafter, the wbwK gene was biochemically identified to encode an alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase through radioactivity assays, as well as mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. WbwK shows strict substrate specificity and only recognizes Gal beta1,3GalNAc alpha-OR (T-antigen and derivatives) as the acceptor to generate the H-type 3 blood group antigen. In contrast to other alpha1,2-fucosyltransferases, WbwK does not display activity toward the simple substrate Gal beta-OMe. Comparison with another recently characterized alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase (WbsJ) of E. coli O128:B12 indicates a low level of amino acid identity between them; however, they share a common acceptor substrate, Gal beta1,3GalNAc alpha-OR. Domain swapping between WbwK and WbsJ revealed that the smaller variable domains located in the C-terminus determine substrate specificity, whereas the larger variable domain in the N-terminus might play a role in forming the correct conformation for substrate binding or for localization of the alpha1,2-fucosyltransferase involved in O-antigen biosynthesis. In addition, milligram scale biosynthesis of the H-type 3 blood group antigen was explored using purified recombinant WbwK. WbwK may have potential applications in masking T-antigen, the tumor antigen, in vivo.
Regulation of Interferon-γ-Activated STAT1 by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway

STAT proteins (signal transducers and activators of transcription) are latent cytoplasmic transcription factors that are phosphorylated by Janus kinases in response to cytokines. Phosphorylated STAT proteins translocate to the nucleus, where they transiently turn on specific sets of cytokine-inducible genes. The mechanism that controls the amounts of activated STAT proteins is not understood. STAT1 proteins activated by interferon-γ treatment in HeLa cells were shown to be stabilized by a proteasome inhibitor and ubiquitinated in vivo. Thus, the amount of activated STAT1 may be negatively regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Effectiveness of metal matrix and ceramic matrix composites as orbital debris shield materials

The effectiveness of two metal matrix composites and one ceramic matrix material in defeating hypervelocity impacts at about 3.8 km/s are evaluated to determine the potential of these composites as spacecraft shield materials. The metal matrix composites investigated consist of SiC particles (70 percent by volume) in an aluminum matrix and Al2O3 particles (50 percent by volume) in an Al matrix. The ceramic composite consists of ZrB2 platelets in a ZrC matrix. Both the metal matrix and ceramic matrix composites are found to perform as well or better than 6061-T6 aluminum, which is presently used in the Whipple type bumper shield of Space Station Freedom. Test results indicate that the composites tested may have applications as micrometeoroid/orbital debris shield materials.
Identification of a nuclear protein binding element within the rat brain protein kinase C γ promoter that is related to the developmental control of this gene

Protein kinase C γ (PKC γ) is a brain-specific isozyme expressed at a high level in the adult but not in the fetal or newborn rat. At least seventeen nuclear protein binding sites within the 5'-flanking region extending from −1612 to +243 had been identified by DNase I footprinting analysis and gel mobility shift assays. Among them, one site, GAATTAATAGG, at −669 to −679 is protected from DNase I digestion by nuclear protein from newborn but not from the adult rat brain. The levels of this binding protein, as determined by gel mobility shift assay, were found inversely related to the levels of PKC γ in rat brain at different stages of development. These results suggest that this particular binding site may participate in the developmental regulation of PKC γ gene.
Recasting the Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement System

Primates use a combination of smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements to stabilize the retinal image of selected objects within the high-acuity region near the fovea. Pursuit has traditionally be...
Within-Field Spatial Distribution of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) in Soybean (Fabales: Fabaceae)

The recently introduced plataspid Megacopta cribraria (F.) can infest fields of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in the southeastern United States. Grid sampling in four soybean fields was conducted in 2011 and 2012 to study the spatial distribution of M. cribraria adults, nymphs, and egg masses. Peak oviposition typically occurred in early August, while peak levels of adults occurred in mid-late September. The overall sex ratio was slightly biased at 53.1 ± 0.2% (SEM) male. Sweep samples of nymphs were biased toward late instars. All three life stages exhibited a generally aggregated spatial distribution based on Taylor's power law, Iwao's patchiness regression, and spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE). Interpolation maps of local SADIE aggregation indices showed clusters of adults and nymphs located at field edges, and mean densities of adults were higher in samples taken from field edges than in those taken from field interiors. Adults and nymphs were often spatially associated based on SADIE, indicating spatial stability across life stages.
Tourism Business and Intelligent Transportation Systems: Acadia National Park, Maine

A suite of intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies was deployed as part of the Acadia National Park (Maine) field operational test (FOT). This study evaluated the FOT that took place in 2002 and focused on the experience of the managers of businesses in the gateway communities near the park. The ITS FOT was intended to test the effectiveness of ITS for addressing the transportation problems that had the potential to negatively affect visitor experience at the park and in turn the tourism industry upon which the region depends. A survey of 257 business managers presents their views on transportation problems in the area, attitudes toward the Island Explorer bus service, and reactions to ITS. The results indicate that managers perceive many benefits of ITS to visitors. They also see general economic benefits from ITS but are more neutral about direct effects to their own businesses. Finally, a surprisingly negative reaction from the business community to Acadia traveler information on the new M...
Media discourse and dual language programs:A critical linguistic analysis

Abstract Much research exists that discusses the benefits of dual language education (DLE) as well as the political, historical and social factors involved in the implementation (or lack of) of DLE in the United States. However, little attention has focused on how these programs are presented in media discourse. This study aims to fill this gap by examining media discourse and how DLE is currently relayed to the public. Twenty-nine online articles from US news sources were collected and analyzed as regards linguistic strategies used in media discourse of DLE. Findings reveal the prevailing metaphors used in multilingual/monolingual discourse to be LANGUAGE/ENGLISH AS WATER and DLE AS BUSINESS/FACTORY. Other significant findings include the frequent use of linguistic strategies such as metonymy, pre-suppositions, legitimization and deictics. Based on these findings, the authors offer suggestions of how discourse can be adapted to expand and improve communication about DLE in future media discourse.
FKF1, a Clock-Controlled Gene that Regulates the Transition to Flowering in Arabidopsis

Plant reproduction requires precise control of flowering in response to environmental cues. We isolated a late-flowering Arabidopsis mutant, fkf1, that is rescued by vemalization or gibberellin treatment. We positionally cloned FKF1, which encodes a novel protein with a PAS domain similar to the flavin-binding region of certain photoreceptors, an F box characteristic of proteins that direct ubiquitin-mediated degradation, and six kelch repeats predicted to fold into a beta propeller. FKF1 mRNA levels oscillate with a circadian rhythm, and deletion of FKF1 alters the waveform of rhythmic expression of two clock-controlled genes, implicating FKF1 in modulating the Arabidopsis circadian clock.
Fluorophore-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (FALDI-MS)

Abstract The direct analysis of fluorescently labeled peptides by laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) is demonstrated for the first time. Peptides labeled on their N-termini with rhodamine B were analyzed by MS and tandem MS (MS/MS) using a recently developed visible-wavelength LDI-MS instrument. Labeling with a fluorescent dye leads to soft LDI of peptides in the absence of a matrix. The MS/MS spectra were simplified because only a and b rhodamine B-containing peptide fragment ions were observed, which allowed for easy spectral interpretation and de novo sequencing of peptides. In mixtures, the rhodamine B labeled peptides demonstrated a greater ionization efficiency, and therefore selectivity, compared to ionization of the unlabeled peptides. Additionally, FALDI-MS was used to directly analyze beta-amyloid peptides that were N-terminally labeled with the fluorophore HiLyte Fluor™ 555. The described FALDI-MS methodology provides a novel way to ionize and structurally characterize specifically labeled peptides.
Elotuzumab: a novel anti-CS1 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of multiple myeloma.

Introduction: While conventional therapies are associated with high response rates in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, the development of drug resistance remains an issue, and effective therapy for relapsed and refractory patients represents a major clinical unmet need. Areas covered: We reviewed the published data regarding the development and clinical investigation of a CS1-targeted monoclonal antibody, elotuzumab, for the potential treatment of multiple myeloma. Preclinical pharmacological data, along with clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of elotuzumab alone and in combination, are summarized. Expert opinion: Elotuzumab, in combination with lenalidomide, demonstrated a remarkably high overall response rate in Phase I and II studies. Additionally, the improvements observed in progression-free survival suggested important superiority over lenalidomide/dexamethasone alone, with a similar tolerability profile. While elotuzumab is associated with a higher incidence of infusion reac...
Hoarseness in Children with Cleft Palate

Abstract Objective Determine the rate of hoarseness in children with cleft palate (CP). Understand the relationship between velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) and hoarseness in children with CP. Study Design Case series with chart review. Subjects and Methods Retrospective chart review of 185 patients with CP treated by a Children's Hospital Cleft Team and born between 1991 and 2001. Results Of total patients, 54.1 percent were male and 45.9 percent female. All types of CP were represented. The overall rate of hoarseness was 20.0 percent at age 3-4 and 18.4 percent at age 6-7. The presence of VPI did not correlate with the presence of hoarseness or dysphonia. VPI decreased when comparing age 3-4 (58.4%) with age 6-7 (30.2%, P Conclusion Patients with CP are thought to have increased risk of voice disturbances due to compensatory articulation mechanisms used when a patient has VPI. However, this study of 185 patients with CP showed no relationship between VPI and hoarseness. The overall rate of hoarseness of this population with CP was within the reported range for the normal population of children. These findings suggest that the theory that VPI causes hoarseness due to compensatory speech mechanisms may be incorrect.
The effect of coenzyme A and structurally related thiols on the mammalian fatty acid synthetase.

Abstract A comparison was made of the structural features of thiol compounds which can interact with the mammalian fatty acid synthetase. Three functional characteristics were examined: (i) the ability of the free thiols, at low concentrations, to satisfy the essential thiol requirement of the enzyme, (ii) the ability of the free thiols, at higher concentrations, to inhibit enzyme activity, and (iii) the ability of the malonyl esters of these thiol compounds to act as substrates for fatty acid synthesis. The relative effectiveness of the various thiols studied was identical in all three roles. Coenzyme A and N -hexanoylcysteamine were the most effective, pantetheine and N -butyrylcysteamine were less effective, and N -acetylcysteamine was totally ineffective. These results lend strong support to our hypothesis ( A. Stern, B. Sedgwick, and S. Smith, 1982 , J. Biol. Chem. 257 , 799–803) that the various effects of CoA and structurally related thiols are localized at one and the same site, namely, the site of transfer of substrates between coenzyme A ester form and enzyme-bound form.
A Self in the Mirror: Mirror Neurons, Self-Referential Processing, and Substance Use Disorders

Mirror neurons in the Rhesus monkey and the mirror neuron system (MNS) in the human brain respond to actions that are executed by self and observed in another animal or person (i.e., imitated). The status of the MNS in humans is unclear, with some positive and some negative findings using electroencephalography and functional neuroimaging. We suggest that the fronto-parietal MNS may be disparate nodes or modules of a (poorly understood) self-referential processing system that is important in drug abuse and addiction. We then discuss some theories of the etiology of these disorders that emphasize the self. A modular approach to human brain organization and function (as opposed to strict localizationist or extreme globalist models) may resolve some issues surrounding the MNS and drug abuse.
siSPOTR: a tool for designing highly specific and potent siRNAs for human and mouse

RNA interference (RNAi) serves as a powerful and widely used gene silencing tool for basic biological research and is being developed as a therapeutic avenue to suppress disease-causing genes. However, the specificity and safety of RNAi strategies remains under scrutiny because small inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs) induce off-target silencing. Currently, the tools available for designing siRNAs are biased toward efficacy as opposed to specificity. Prior work from our laboratory and others’ supports the potential to design highly specific siRNAs by limiting the promiscuity of their seed sequences (positions 2–8 of the small RNA), the primary determinant of off-targeting. Here, a bioinformatic approach to predict off-targeting potentials was established using publically available siRNA data from more than 50 microarray experiments. With this, we developed a specificity-focused siRNA design algorithm and accompanying online tool which, upon validation, identifies candidate sequences with minimal off-targeting potentials and potent silencing capacities. This tool offers researchers unique functionality and output compared with currently available siRNA design programs. Furthermore, this approach can greatly improve genome-wide RNAi libraries and, most notably, provides the only broadly applicable means to limit off-targeting from RNAi expression vectors.
EAP as artificial muscles - progress and challenges

During the last decade and a half new polymers have emerged that respond to electrical stimulation with a significant shape or size change. This capability of electroactive polymer (EAP) materials is attracting the attention of engineers and scientists from many different disciplines.
Hormone-dependent lipoxygenase activity in Achlya ambisexualis

Abstract Homogenates of male Achyla ambisexualis oxidize exogenously added [ 14 C]arachidonic acid to an unidentified lipoxygenase product. Synthesis occurs at a rate of 10.6 ± 1.3 μg mg −1 protein 30 min −1 . Activity in homogenates of female mycelium is only 2.1 ± 1.2. Conversion is eliminated by the lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (10 −4 M ). Homogenates prepared from the male grown in chemical but not physical contact with female mycelium had decreased lipoxygenase activity (3.1 ± 1.5), suggesting that antheridiol produced by the female decreases lipoxygenase activity in the male. To confirm this, actively growing male cultures were exposed to 10 −9 M 7-deoxy-7-dihydroantheridiol, a stable analog of antheridiol, for 24 h. Homogenates from these cultures also had diminished lipoxygenase activity (2.7 ± 1.0). 7-Deoxy-7-dihydroantheridiol added to the incubation mixture at 10 −9 M had no effect on lipoxygenase activity (9.0 ± 1.8), excluding a direct action of 7-deoxy-7-dihydroantheridiol on the enzyme. These data support the hypothesis that lipoxygenase products are associated with vegetative growth and suggest the antheridiol initiation of reproductive growth suppresses lipoxygenase activity.
Adherence to Pharmacological Thromboprophylaxis Orders in Hospitalized Patients

OBJECTIVE: We compared adherence to unfractionated heparin (UFH) 2 or 3 times daily prophylaxis orders versus low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) once daily orders. Our goals were to determine which strategy demonstrated the best adherence in terms of timing and frequency of dose administration, and to determine reasons for ordered heparin not being administered. METHODS: We queried our electronic medication administration record where nurses document reasons for delayed administration or omitted doses. We identified 250 consecutive patients who were prescribed prophylaxis with UFH 2 or 3 times daily or LMWH once daily. We followed patients for their hospitalization to determine adherence to physicians' prophylaxis orders. RESULTS: Adherence, defined as the ratio of prophylaxis doses given to doses ordered, was greater with LMWH (94.9%) than UFH 3 times daily (87.8%) or UFH twice daily (86.8%) regimens (P <.001). Patients receiving LMWH more often received all of their scheduled prophylaxis doses (77%) versus UFH 3 times daily (54%) or UFH twice daily (45%) (P <.001). There were no differences between regimens regarding reasons for omitted doses. The most common reason for late or omitted doses was patient refusal, which explained 44% of the UFH and 39% of the LMWH orders that were not administered. CONCLUSIONS: LMWH once a day had better adherence than UFH 2 or 3 times daily. For both LMWH and UFH, patient refusal was the most common reason for not administering prophylaxis as prescribed. These findings require consideration when evaluating pharmacological prophylaxis strategies. Educational programs, explaining the rationale, may motivate patients to improve adherence during hospitalization.
An Unexpected Link between the Secretory Path and the Organization of the Nucleus

Yeast sec mutations define the machinery of vesicular traffic. Surprisingly, many of these mutations also inhibit ribosome biogenesis by reducing transcription of rRNA and genes encoding ribosomal proteins. We observe that these mutants reversibly inhibit protein import into the nucleus, with import cargo accumulating at the nucleoplasmic face of nuclear pore complexes, as when Ran-GTP cannot bind importins. They also rapidly and reversibly relocate multiple nucleolar and nucleoplasmic proteins to the cytoplasm. The import block and relocation are antagonized by overexpression of yeast Ran, Hog1p kinase, or Ssa/Hsp70 proteins or by inhibition of protein synthesis. These nucleocytoplasmic signaling events document an extraordinary plasticity of nuclear organization.
Acute Renal Failure in a Young Weight Lifter Taking Multiple Food Supplements, Including Creatine Monohydrate

We report a case of a healthy 24-year-old man who presented with acute renal failure and proteinuria while taking creatine and multiple other supplements for bodybuilding purposes. A renal biopsy showed acute interstitial nephritis. The patient recovered completely after he stopped taking the supplements. Creatine is a performance-enhancing substance that has gained widespread popularity among professional as well as amateur athletes. It is legal and considered relatively safe. Recently there have been case reports of renal dysfunction, including acute interstitial nephritis, associated with its use. Further studies are needed to evaluate the safety of creatine supplementation. It may be prudent to include a warning of this possible side effect in the product insert.
Vegetative growth of soybean as affected by elevated carbon dioxide and ozone

Abstract The effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and ozone (0 3 ) on soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Centennial) growth and biomass partitioning were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Soybeans were exposed to CO 2 concentrations at 350 (ambient), 450, 550, and 650 μl liter 1 (ppm) for 24 h day −1 for 5 weeks. Ozone treatments of 0 and 120 nl liter −1 (ppb) for 6 h day −1 for 5 days week −1 for 5 weeks were added in combination with the CO 2 treatments. Plant dry weight and biomass partitioning were assessed each week. Dry weight of leaf, stem, and root, as well as the total plant dry weight increased with exposure to increasing levels of CO 2 . Dry weight of leaf, root and total plant were suppressed significantly by the 0 3 treatment. Stem dry weight was not affected by O 3 . Suppression of root dry weight due to 0 3 at each weekly harvest was significantly dependent on the CO 2 concentration. Root growth was enhanced by CO 2 at 650 μl liter −1 compared with ambient CO 2 (350 μl liter −1 ) at 5 weeks of age. At ambient CO 2 in the presence of 0 3 the roots were only about 63% of the weight of the root grown in the absence of O 3 . At 550 and 650 μl liter −1 CO 2 the biomass of soybean roots in the presence of 120 nl liter −1 O 3 was 88·2 and 88·4% of the control, respectively. Thus, CO 2 limited the amount of root growth suppression caused by 0 3 . The partitioning of leaf, stem, and root dry weight in relation to total plant dry weight remained relatively constant across each CO 2 concentration. Thus, CO 2 did not affect biomass partitioning among leaves, stems and roots of soybean.
Measurements of orthobaric-liquid densities of multicomponent mixtures of lng components (N2, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, CH3CH(CH3)CH3, C4H10, CH3CH(CH3)C2H5, and C5H12) between 110 and 130 K

Abstract A magnetic suspension densimeter has been used to measure the orthobaric-liquid densities of 17 multicomponent mixtures of the major components of liquefied natural gas ( lng ) at temperatures from 110 to 130 K. These mixtures ranged from a ternary mixture containing nitrogen, methane, and butane to 4-to-8-component methane-rich (74 to 90 moles per cent) mixtures containing up to 5 moles per cent of nitrogen, 16 moles per cent of ethane, 7 moles per cent of propane, 5 moles per cent of the butanes, and 0.44 mole per cent of the pentanes. Some of the compositions were selected to simulate commercial lng mixtures. Results of vaporpressure measurements are also presented. The major purpose of this work was to obtain multicomponent-mixture values that could be used to test mathematical models that have been developed for the prediction of lng densities. To demonstrate the consistency of the multicomponent-mixture values, comparisons are presented between experimental densities and calculated values from an extended corresponding-states method that was optimized to purefluid and binary-mixture results from the lng density project here. The total uncertainty of a single density measurement is estimated to be approximately 0.1 per cent, which includes an allowance of three times the standard deviation for random error. The imprecision of measurement is a few parts in 104.
Comparison of Newton's and quasi-Newton's method solvers for the Navier-Stokes equations

The results of a computational evaluation of several Newton's and quasi-Newton's method solvers are discussed and analyzed. Computer time and memory requirements for iterating a solution to the steady state are recorded for each method. Roe's flux-difference splitting together with the Spekreijse/Van Albada continuous limiter is used for the spatial discretization. Sparse matrix inversions are performed using a modified version of the Boeing real sparse library routines and the conjugate gradient squared algorithm. The methods are applied to exact and approximate Newton's method Jacobian systems for flat plate and flat-plate/wedge-type ge- ometries. Results indicate that the quasi-Newton's method solvers do not exhibit quadratic convergence, but can be more efficient than the exact Newton's method in select cases. CONSISTENT goal of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) research has been to improve the efficiency of numerical algorithms. One measure of this efficiency is the log of the residual, which varies linearly with iteration count for typical CFD techniques. These methods can be expected to converge at the same rate no matter how close they are to the final solution. An exception to this behavior is the quadratic convergence Newton's method for which the convergence rate actually increases as the final solution is approached. When quadratic convergence has been attained, the number of cor- rect digits in the solution doubles with each iteration. This behavior has been illustrated by several researchers who have obtained solutions of the potential equation,1 the Euler equa- tions,2'5 and the Navier-Stokes equations.2'4'6'13 Unfortu- nately, the number of iterations is a less-important measure of the efficiency of a code than the total computation time. Quadratic convergence rates are typically accompanied by significant increases in algorithm complexity and hence in- creased per-iteration computational requirements. It was the intent of this research to explore how the conver- gence rate and per-iteration efficiency vary for similar New- ton's and quasi-Newton's method solvers so that the most efficient computational strategy can be identified. To accom- plish this goal, the quadratic convergence Newton's method solver developed by Orkwis and McRae6"8 was modified to create several quasi-Newton's method solvers. Approxima- tions were made to the form of the Jacobian and to the Jacobian matrix inversion process. The resulting schemes are evaluated based on their robustness and efficiency for two test problems.
Manifold learning techniques for the analysis of hyperspectral ocean data

A useful technique in hyperspectral data analysis is dimensionality reduction, which replaces the original high dimensional data with low dimensional representations. Usually this is done with linear techniques such as linear mixing or principal components (PCA). While often useful, there is no a priori reason for believing that the data is actually linear. Lately there has been renewed interest in modeling high dimensional data using nonlinear techniques such as manifold learning (ML). In ML, the data is assumed to lie on a low dimensional, possibly curved surface (or manifold). The goal is to discover this manifold and therefore find the best low dimensional representation of the data. Recently, researchers at the Naval Research Lab have begun to model hyperspectral data using ML. We continue this work by applying ML techniques to hyperspectral ocean water data. We focus on water since there are underlying physical reasons for believing that the data lies on a certain type of nonlinear manifold. In particular, ocean data is influenced by three factors: the water parameters, the bottom type, and the depth. For fixed water and bottom types, the spectra that arise by varying the depth will lie on a nonlinear, one dimensional manifold (i.e. a curve). Generally, water scenes will contain a number of different water and bottom types, each combination of which leads to a distinct curve. In this way, the scene may be modeled as a union of one dimensional curves. In this paper, we investigate the use of manifold learning techniques to separate the various curves, thus partitioning the scene into homogeneous areas. We also discuss ways in which these techniques may be able to derive various scene characteristics such as bathymetry.
Different melting behavior in pentane and heptane monolayers on graphite : Molecular dynamics simulations

Molecular dynamics simulations are utilized to study the melting transition in pentane $({\mathrm{C}}_{5}{\mathrm{H}}_{12})$ and heptane $({\mathrm{C}}_{7}{\mathrm{H}}_{16})$, physisorbed onto the basal plane of graphite at near-monolayer coverages. Through use of the newest, optimized version of the anisotropic united-atom model (AUA4) to simulate both systems at two separate coverages, this study provides evidence that the melting transition for pentane and heptane monolayers are significantly different. Specifically, this study proposes a very rapid transition from the solid crystalline rectangular-centered (RC) phase to a fluid phase in pentane monolayers, whereas heptane monolayers exhibit a transition that involves a more gradual loss of RC order in the solid-fluid phase transition, accompanied by uniaxial motion of sublattices and molecules within sublattices. Through a study of the melting behavior, encompassing variations where the formation of gauche defects in the alkyl chains are eliminated, this study proposes that this melting behavior for heptane monolayers is a result of less orientational mobility of the heptane molecules in the solid RC phase, as compared to the pentane molecules. This idea is supported through a study of a nonane monolayer, which gives the gradual melting signature that heptane monolayers also seem to indicate. The results of this work are compared to a previous experiment over pentane and heptane monolayers and are found to be in good agreement.
Exploratory Study of the Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Tobramycin-Mediated Biofilm Induction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Exposure to aminoglycoside antibiotics induces biofilm formation by a laboratory strain of the cystic fibrosis (CF) pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we detected this effect among about half of the clinical isolates from CF patients in a cross-sectional collection, suggesting that biofilm induction may represent a common mechanism of inducible aminoglycoside resistance in CF infections. This induction always occurred at the same tobramycin concentration regardless of MIC, suggesting that the mechanisms of killing and induction may be separable.
An algorithm for approximation of functions

Abstract This paper considers a problem of approximation of functions proposed by Bellman [1]. The results include a representation lemma for the solutions and an algorithm for computing such solutions. A sufficient condition for the convergence of the algorithm to the optimal solutions is shown to be related to the uniqueness of solutions of a pair of functional equations. To the author's knowledge, not much is known about these functional equations and these may prove to be of interest in future research. An example is included to illustrate the algorithm.
Subterminal motor nerve abnormalities in psychotic patients

THERE is considerable evidence of neuromuscular dysfunction in most patients with all types of the functional psychoses. Examples of such dysfunction are (1) increased activity of skeletal-muscle-type creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in serum in the acute stage of psychosis1–4; (2) abnormally large increases in serum CPK activity with a standardised exercise test performed by patients in symptomatic remission5; (3) morphological abnormalities in skeletal muscle fibres at biopsy, particularly scattered atrophic fibres and extensive areas of Z-band streaming6–8; and (4) abnormalities of eye movements in tracking a pendulum9. The skeletal muscle fibre abnormalities found in psychotic patients are likely to be neurogenic in origin10.
Thyroidal ANF: a possible mediator of autocrine regulation in the porcine thyroid gland.

Abstract Atrial natriuretic factor immunoreactivity (ir-ANF) was examined in thyroid tissue sections and cultured thyroid cells using immunohistochemical staining with a monoclonal anti-ANF antibody. Localization of ir-ANF in perinuclear granules in cultured cells and in the basal region of follicular cells in sectioned tissue suggests that ir-ANF is a basally secreted product. Thyroidal ir-ANF was also characterized using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) of acidic thyroid extracts. An ir-ANF peak coeluting with synthetic rat ANF(99–126) suggests that thyroidal ir-ANF may be identical in form to circulating atrial ANF. However, the detection of ir-ANF in cultured thyroid cells confirms that the immunoreactivity is locally produced. Saturation analysis revealed high affinity ANF receptors ( K d =0.1 nM ; MBC =17.2 fmol/mg protein) on these cultured cells, and a competition study demonstrated the ability of extracted thyroidal ir-ANF to inhibit 125I rat ANF binding to the membrane receptors. The evidence presented here suggests that ir-ANF in the thyroid may be secreted locally to exert an autocrine effect on neighboring follicular cells.
THE KINETICS OF PENETRATION : XV. THE RESTRICTION OF THE CELLULOSE WALL.

When Valonia cells are impaled on capillaries, it is in some ways equivalent to removing the comparatively inelastic cellulose wall. Under these conditions sap can migrate into a free space and it is found that on the average the rate of increase of volume of the sap is 15 times what it is in intact cells kept under comparable conditions. The rate of increase of volume is a little faster during the first few hours of the experiment, but it soon becomes approximately linear and remains so as long as the experiment is continued. The slightly faster rate at first may mean that the osmotic pressure of the sap is approaching that of the sea water (in the intact cell the sap osmotic pressure is always slightly above that of the sea water). This might result from a more rapid entrance of water than of electrolyte, as would be expected when the restriction of the cellulose wall was removed. During the linear part of the curve the osmotic concentration and the composition of the sap suffer no change, so that entrance of electrolyte must be 15 times as fast in the impaled cells as it is in the intact cells. The explanation which best accords with the facts is that in the intact cell the entrance of electrolyte tends to increase the osmotic pressure. As a consequence the protoplasm is partially dehydrated temporarily and it cannot take up more water until the cellulose wall grows so that it can enclose more volume. The dehydration of the protoplasm may have the effect of making the non-aqueous protoplasm less permeable to electrolytes by reducing the diffusion and partition coefficients on which the rate of entrance depends. In this way the cell is protected against great fluctuations in the osmotic concentration of the sap.
Scientists observe fungi‐dissolving minerals

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) live in moist dark recesses and never see daylight. They cling to the roots of trees in boreal forests, break down soil minerals and supply essential elements and nutrients to the trees. Along the way, they play a distinct but not yet well-understood role in bioweathering, a process in which water, air, and organisms interact to break down soil minerals within the first few meters of Earth's surface. In a synthetically designed and controlled laboratory environment, Gazze et al. cultured EMF; the researchers monitored the process as the fungi colonized a soil mineral on a petri dish over a period of 7 months. The authors then extracted individual grains of chlorite, a common soil-forming clay mineral, and cleaned the mineral surfaces to look at how the fungi had affected the mineral surfaces they came in contact with. Using atomic force microscopy, a specialized process that allows observations of three-dimensional features at nanometer (10–9 meter) scales, the authors found numerous primary channels, of the order of a micron (10–6 meters) in width and up to 50 nanometers in depth, from which smaller secondary channels extended outward. The network of channels resembled a herringbone-like pattern—evidence of dissolution by EMF.