cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taar1 gene variants have a causal role in methamphetamine intake and response and interact with Oprm1.

People who misuse drugs often do so partly in response to the environment they find themselves in, and partly because of their genetics. The genetic component of someone’s risk is influenced by many different genes, and most research has found that each gene has a small individual effect. A method called quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis can help find parts of the genome that influence someone’s risk of misusing drugs. In 2013, researchers found one region on chromosome 10 in mice has a particularly large influence on how much methamphetamine an individual mouse will ingest if the drug was available in one of its two water bottles. A gene called Taar1 was particularly important in this region and another gene, called Oprm1, may also play a significant role. When the Taar1 gene is switched off, mice consume larger amounts of methamphetamine, have a heightened reward response from the drug, and are insensitive to the adverse effects – such as hypothermia. But whether Taar1 directly caused these effects, and whether Taar1 and Oprm1 interact, had not yet been determined. If these genes played a causal role, they could be useful targets for treatment of methamphetamine-use disorder. Stafford, Reed et al. – who include several of the researchers involved in the 2013 work – now report that when a particular variant of Taar1 was present in mice they consumed large amounts of methamphetamine. The variant codes for a faulty version of a receptor protein. When this variant was replaced with a working version using gene editing, the mice consumed less methamphetamine and also became sensitive to hypothermia induced by the drug. This confirms that this gene does play a causal role in methamphetamine consumption and hypothermia. Next, Stafford, Reed et al. tested mice with different combinations of variants of Oprm1 and Taar1 to see how the genes interacted. The results showed that the effects of Taar1 on both consumption of the drug and hypothermia depended on the Oprm1 variant present. The findings suggest that variants of these two genes in humans could influence an individual’s risk of addiction to methamphetamine. It is possible that in future the disorder could be treated by drugs that modify the brain activity impacted by these receptors. But first, it will be important to find out if these genes play a similar role in humans as they do in mice.
Laughter: Feminist Friend or Foe?

AbstractThis is a commentary on Gloria Steinem’s (1978) essay “If Men Could Menstruate,” which is reprinted in this issue. Here we describe Steinem’s work as an example of a comic counterfactual an...
Emergence of the D614A mutation in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2: Imported cases to the South Korea

Abstract We identified imported cases of a novel D614A mutation in the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 in the South Korea. SARS-CoV-2 harboring the novel mutation was isolated from returning travelers from Uzbekistan. These results emphasized the possibility that new mutations have emerged in that area.
Zero-Energy Corner States in a Non-Hermitian Quadrupole Insulator

We find a zero-energy corner state in a non-Hermitian quadrupole insulator without an Hermitian counterpart, and the response of the system near zero energy can be drastically different from Hermitian systems.
Multi-Object Detection and Tracking, Based on DNN, for Autonomous Vehicles: A Review

Multi-object detection and multi-object-tracking in diverse driving situations is the main challenge in autonomous vehicles. Vehicle manufacturers and research organizations are addressing this problem, with multiple sensors such as camera, LiDAR, RADAR, ultrasonic-sensors, GPS, and Vehicle-to-Everything-technology. Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are playing a predominant role to solve this. Fusing the sensing modalities with DNN will be the leading solution to this challenge. This paper evaluates the state-of-the-art techniques that address this challenge, with three primary sensors camera, LiDAR, and RADAR with DNN, and fusion of sensor data with DNN. The analysis shows that there exists an excellent potential to design a more optimized solution to address this challenge. This work proposes a perception model for autonomous vehicles.
In Their Own Words: Resources Needed by School Nurses to Facilitate Student Immunization Compliance.

Background All 50 states have school-entry immunization requirements, and many also allow exemptions based on medical and non-medical reasons. School nurses are responsible for managing student immunization compliance based on state policies, but lack standardized resources and guidance. Methods Pennsylvania school nurses (N = 21) participated in semi-structured interviews regarding their strategies for communication and management of student immunization information, along with resources needed for practice improvement. Data were analyzed using descriptive content analysis. Results Nurses reported similarities in timelines used for communication of immunization requirements, but differences in mechanisms used to secure and manage immunization records. Nurses reported a need for clarity regarding exclusions and exemption policy implementation and requested standardized resources and guidance for navigating immunization compliance. Conclusions A need exists for standardized processes that support immunization compliance. Furthermore, nurses highlighted a need for additional training and enhanced networks to develop creative strategies for promoting immunization uptake among families.
An Implementation of Vector Quantization using the Genetic Algorithm Approach.

The application of machine learning(ML) and genetic programming(GP) to the image compression domain has produced promising results in many cases. The need for compression arises due to the exorbitant size of data shared on the internet. Compression is required for text, videos, or images, which are used almost everywhere on web be it news articles, social media posts, blogs, educational platforms, medical domain, government services, and many other websites, need packets for transmission and hence compression is necessary to avoid overwhelming the network. This paper discusses some of the implementations of image compression algorithms that use techniques such as Artificial Neural Networks, Residual Learning, Fuzzy Neural Networks, Convolutional Neural Nets, Deep Learning, Genetic Algorithms. The paper also describes an implementation of Vector Quantization using GA to generate codebook which is used for Lossy image compression. All these approaches prove to be very contrasting to the standard approaches to processing images due to the highly parallel and computationally extensive nature of machine learning algorithms. Such non-linear abilities of ML and GP make it widely popular for use in multiple domains. Traditional approaches are also combined with artificially intelligent systems, leading to hybrid systems, to achieve better results.
AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN DEMAND ON THE EGYPTIAN EXPORTS OF MAIN VEGETABLES

the study attempts to investigate the determinants of foreign demand on the Egyptian exports of main vegetables using the Augmented Gravity Model. The results showed that Egypt's value of exports for onions, potatoes and green beans represented 47.5% of the total value of Egypt’s exports of vegetables during the period (2009-2013). Moreover, the determinants of foreign demand on such exports were the gross domestic product of Egypt and of the importers; the difference between per capita gross national income of Egypt and of the importers; total imports of such vegetables; the population; the exchange rate for the national currencies of the importers and the Egyptian Pound; and the physical distance from Cairo to the capitals of the importers. The study recommends building-up detailed database for the attractive markets for Egypt’s exports of vegetables, and boosting Egypt’s exports of vegetables through encouraging the participation of small farmers in this system.
Implications of Automation and Digitalization for Maritime Education and Training

Due to steady advancement and implementation of digitalization and automation technology, autonomous operations are slowly pervading all transportation sectors. In maritime sector, the industry and regulatory bodies are in active debate regarding the implementation mechanism, the operational, regulatory and safety aspects of such changes. The introduction of autonomous shipping in various degrees will have an impact on the fundamental ways various maritime operations are conducted. A change in work processes and roles within the sector would mean that the associated education and training for the seafarers will have to be adapted to meet the novel competence demands. In this chapter, we will discuss the maritime autonomous operations on the basis of prevailing trends in the maritime sector and their implications for Maritime Education and Training (MET). The directions and perceived solutions that can potentially aid in preparing for challenges and opportunities autonomous operations would entail will be elaborated upon. This chapter examines how digital technologies are changing the approach towards education and training, specifically with relation to maritime domain. The need to cultivate appropriate digital skills, information processing skills as well as other nontechnical skills is also highlighted. The aim is to provide a conceptual roadmap that shed lights on some of the ongoing developments occurring with respect to Maritime Education and Training.
Slow-wave sleep during a brief nap is related to reduced cognitive deficits during sleep deprivation.

Sleeping for a short period (i.e., napping) may help mitigate impairments in cognitive processing caused by sleep deprivation, but there is limited research on effects of brief naps in particular. Here, we tested the effect of a brief nap opportunity (30- or 60-min) during a period of sleep deprivation on two cognitive processes with broad scope, placekeeping and vigilant attention. In the evening, participants (N = 280) completed a placekeeping task (UNRAVEL) and a vigilant attention task (Psychomotor Vigilance Task [PVT]) and were randomly assigned to either stay awake overnight or sleep at home. Sleep-deprived participants were randomly assigned to receive either no nap opportunity, a 30-min opportunity, or a 60-min opportunity. Participants who napped were set up with polysomnography. The next morning, sleep participants returned, and all participants completed UNRAVEL and the PVT. Sleep deprivation impaired performance on both tasks, but nap opportunity did not reduce the impairment, suggesting that naps longer than those tested may be necessary to cause group differences. However, in participants who napped, more time spent in slow-wave sleep (SWS) was associated with reduced performance deficits on both tasks, effects we interpret in terms of the role of SWS in alleviating sleep pressure and facilitating memory consolidation.
Candidacy for ambulatory outpatient shoulder arthroplasty: a retrospective review

Abstract Background Outpatient shoulder arthroplasty performed in an ambulatory surgery center has been shown to be a safe and cost-effective practice in appropriately selected patients. The decision to proceed with outpatient shoulder arthroplasty is based on a multitude of factors, including the patient's overall medical status, insurance type, social factors, and complexity of shoulder pathology. Currently, there is a paucity of literature that exists identifying the main drivers in determining in which setting, outpatient or inpatient, shoulder arthroplasty is performed. Methods A retrospective chart review of 1017 patients who underwent total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty at a single institution between January 2014 and February 2020 was performed. Each patient was screened for medical candidacy using a previously described evidenced-based patient selection algorithm based on age and cardiopulmonary risk factors. Clinical documentation and billing records were reviewed to determine the setting in which the shoulder arthroplasty was performed and the primary factors for determining inpatient shoulder arthroplasty. Results Overall 837 (82.3%) arthroplasties were performed inpatient, with at least a 23-hour hospital stay, and 180 (17.7%) were performed outpatient at a free-standing ambulatory orthopedic surgery center. The patient selection algorithm identified 522 (51.3%) patients as medical candidates for outpatient surgery. Poor candidacy based on medical risk stratification (495; 59.1%) and government insurance payors (231; 27.6%) were the most common reasons for a procedure to be performed in an inpatient setting. Among those deemed appropriate outpatient candidates but who had surgery in an inpatient setting, insurance status (231; 67.5%) was the most common reason, whereas additional medical or social concerns represented a smaller proportion (40; 11.7%). Eliminating shoulder arthroplasty as an inpatient-only code would have effectively transitioned 231 patients, 22.7% of the entire cohort, from an inpatient setting to an outpatient setting. Conclusions Medical stratification and insurance status both contribute significantly toward the decision to perform shoulder arthroplasty outpatient. Should policy change occur that eliminates shoulder arthroplasty from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services inpatient-only distinction, a significant increase in outpatient shoulder arthroplasty volume would be expected. In the absence of insurance requirements, our data suggest that 40.4% of patients could safely undergo shoulder arthroplasty in an outpatient setting. Level of Evidence Level III
The Federal Trade Commission, the Supreme Court and Restrictions on Professional Advertising

A decade ago, slate laws and private codes of ethics prohibited or severely restricted advertising by American doctors, lawyers, and other professionals. This paper focuses on the Federal Trade Commission's efforts to use the antitrust and consumer-protection laws it enforces to remove impediments to advertising by professionals. It also describes the Supreme Court's decisions invalidating advertising bans on freedom of speech grounds.
Governors Policy Agendas Over the Long Haul: State Priorities in a National Context

We capture the policy agendas of governors in four policy areas from 1991 through 2012 using their State of the State addresses. Our research considers whether the Herzik (1983) typology of gubernatorial policy agendas continues to be applicable over the last 20 years. We also analyze whether governors’ policy agendas influence federal political actors and vice versa. Our findings indicate that the nature of gubernatorial policy agendas perform differently since the 1990s. Further, we find that in certain policy areas the federal policy agenda influences the priorities found in State of the State addresses and in other cases the agendas of governors’ influence federal level priorities. Overall, we find that the gubernatorial agenda setting process is more dynamic than initially anticipated.
The Curious Notion that the Rules of Decision Act Blocks Supreme Federal Common Law

This article served as a rebuttal in a debate with my admired friend and colleague, Martin Redish. I tried to make the point that that, whatever the Rules of Decision Act meant when it was enacted, the Supremacy Clause and the post-Erie understandings, meant that federal case law was supreme federal law where it applied. It is the common experience of lawyers and judges that one does not disregard a Supreme Court decision on the federal question to which it applies, any more than one would disregard a decision of the Supreme Court of California on the California question to which it applies. The right law is the relevant law.
High frequency quantum well infrared photodetectors

This paper introduces three techniques for characterizing the high frequency performance of quantum well infrared photodetectors, and discusses the physical foundation and understanding of the experiments. The three techniques are (1) microwave rectification, (2) infrared heterodyne, and (3) heterodyne microwave mixing.
The UCLA population studies of chronic obstructive respiratory disease: II. Determination of reliability and estimation of sensitivity and specificity

Abstract A probability sample of 218 adults tested at a mobile lung function (field) laboratory was retested at a UCLA reference laboratory. Results in the two laboratories were compared for (i) numerical correlation, (ii) variability, and (iii) agreement in disease classification. FEV 1 and FVC showed good agreement between laboratories. Plethysmography showed good agreement and moderate correlation. SBNT showed poor correlation, high variability, but good agreement. Test subjects were classified by two respiratory specialists as having or not having chronic obstructive respiratory disease. Individuals thus diagnosed were considered to be true positives and the results of each of the tests, groups of tests, and all tests in each laboratory were evaluated, using these criteria, for their estimated sensitivity and specificity: (i) FEV 1 , FVC , and plethysmography were estimated to be specific but relatively insensitive; (ii) FEF 25–75% was less specific but more sensitive; (iii) the flow-volume curve had the highest sensitivity and reasonable specificity; (iv) closing volume showed reasonable sensitivity and specificity but was not reliable. Determination of specificity may have been confounded by the presence of disease too early to diagnose clinically. The disparity in classification between the two laboratories was no greater than that between the two physicians. Field screening using spirometry, SBNT, and body plethysmography is apparently comparable to comprehensive diagnostic procedures in a clinic setting.
Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract

Objectives Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of pneumonia in infants. Ribavirin is the only antiviral therapy available against RSV. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of aerosolized ribavirin for infants with RSV lower respiratory tract infection. Search strategy We searched MEDLINE from 1975 to 1999, we scanned reference lists of articles, and we contacted experts in the field. Selection criteria Randomized trials comparing ribavirin with placebo in infants and children with RSV infection and lower respiratory tract infection. Data collection and analysis Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. Unpublished data were requested from authors when necessary. Main results Ten trials were included. All trials enrolled infants below the age of six months. In four trials with 158 patients, mortality with ribavirin was 5.8% compared with 9.7% with placebo (odds ratio 0.58, 95% confidence interval 0.18 to 1.85). In three trials with 116 patients the probability of respiratory deterioration with ribavirin was 7.1% compared with 18.3% with placebo (odds ratio 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.12 to 1.18). In three studies with 104 patients the weighted mean difference in days of hospitalization was 1.9 fewer days with ribavirin (95% confidence interval +0.9 to -4.6) and the difference in days of ventilation was 1.2 fewer days with ribavirin (95% confidence interval -0.2 to -3.4). Reviewer's conclusions Trials of ribavirin for RSV lack sufficient power to provide reliable estimates of the effects. The cumulative results of three small trials show that ribavirin reduces length of mechanical ventilator support and may reduce days of hospitalization. A large randomized controlled trial of ribavirin for ventilated and other high-risk patients is indicated.
The private demand for nursing home care

The fact that many nursing home patients are mentally and physically disabled has led some observers to conclude that they represent irrational consumers who are incapable of disciplining the nursing home care markets. This assumption has, in turn, led policy makers to favor regulatory solutions to nursing home problems. This paper tests the accuracy of this assumption by estimating a demand equation for private nursing home patients. Evidence if found that the private patients' response to price and quality differences among nursing homes is generally systematic and consistent with expectations derived from a conventional constrained optimization model of their behavior. Such behavior is generally consistent with consumer rationality. Some implications for public policy are discussed.
A comparison of the finite element and finite difference methods for the analysis of steady two dimensional heat conduction problems

Abstract A comparison between the finite difference method and the finite element method for solving the linear Two-dimensional heat conduction equation is presented. In all areas except computer core storage, the finite element method is demonstrated to be superior to the finite difference method for this type of problem.
A STUDY OF TEMPORAL FEATURES AND FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS IN AMERICAN ENGLISH FOREIGN ACCENT

In this paper, a detailed acoustic study of foreign accent is proposed using temporal features, intonation patterns, and frequency characteristics in American English. Using a database which consists of words uttered in isolation, temporal features such as voice onset time, word-final stop closure duration, and characteristics of duration are investigated. Accent differences for native-produced versus Mandarin, German, and Turkish accented English utterances are analyzed. Of the dimensions considered, the most important accent relayer is found to be word-final stop closure duration. Mandarin accented English utterances show significant differences in terms of this feature when compared to native speaker utterances. In addition, the intonation characteristics across a set of foreign accents in American English is investigated. It is shown that Mandarin speaker utterances possess a larger negative continuative intonation slope than native speaker utterances, and German speaker utterances had a more positive...
Genetic Parameters Related to Sorghum Silage Quality

Abstract The need for high quality sorghum silage as an alternate crop to corn silage is reviewed. Genetic manipulation of grain-to-stover ratio, soluble carbohydrates, tannins, dry matter at harvest, and fiber modification of sorghum silage characteristics is related to animal nutrition. Characteristics of sorghum plants which result in the highest animal productivity per unit of land area are suggested.
The state of hormonal contraception today: established and emerging noncontraceptive health benefits

In the 50 years since the advent of combined oral contraceptives the amount of estrogen in oral contraceptives dropped from over 100 mcg to less than 30 mcg. Many noncontraceptive health benefits have emerged that decrease mortality and improve quality of life. Some of the immediate benefits include improvement of menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea, reduction in premenstrual dysphoric disorder symptoms, and decreased acne. As an effective birth control method oral contraceptives also decrease pregnancy-related deaths by preventing pregnancy. After the reproductive years, previous use of oral contraceptives continues to be beneficial, reducing the risk of death from ovarian and endometrial cancer. All these benefits have held up over time whereas cardiovascular risks have lessened because of the decrease in oral contraceptive pill dosage. Decreased ovarian cyst formation is an example of benefit with higher-dose oral contraceptive formulations that no longer holds true with low-dose pills.
Lack of associations of chemotactic cytokines with viral burden, disease progression, or lymphocyte subsets in HIV-infected individuals

Plasma samples from HIV-infected (HIV+) rapid progressors (RP) and nonprogressors (NP) in the San Francisco Men's Health Study showed significantly elevated levels of RANTES but not macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP1) alpha or MIP1 beta in comparison to HIV-seronegative (HIV-) controls. In 32 individuals who became infected with HIV during the course of this study, RANTES levels were significantly higher in plasma samples collected at the time antibodies to HIV were first detected than in pre-seroconversion plasma samples. Both RP and NP showed significant temporal increases in plasma RANTES concentrations. No significant associations were observed, however, between plasma levels of these chemotactic cytokines and progression or known predictors of progression to AIDS including viral burden, levels of beta 2-microglobulin or neopterin, and levels of activated CD8+ lymphocytes. These findings are consistent with the results of a number of recent reports which suggest that these chemokines do not play a major systemic role in the long-term control of viremia or protection against the progression of HIV disease. It remains possible that chemotactic cytokines may contribute locally to control HIV in lymph nodes or other organs but it is also possible that they may be mediators of potentially harmful inflammatory responses.
Intellectual property law basics for computer science instructors (abstract only)

Increasingly the practice of computing involves legal issues. Patenting algorithms, domain name poaching, downloading music, and "re-using" HTML and graphics from web sites all raise questions of intellectual property (IP) law (which includes patents, copyrights, trade secrets, and trademarks). In the classroom, computer science educators often confront questions that have legal ramifications. The presenter, who is both a computer scientist and a lawyer, will introduce the basics of intellectual property law to give instructors a framework for recognizing the issues, answering students' questions, debunking the most egregious misconceptions about IP, and understanding generally how the law and computing interact. All CS educators are welcome; no computer is required.
Operative blood loss and use of blood products after laparoscopic and conventional open colorectal operations.

Hypothesis Blood loss, measured by estimated blood loss, drop in hemoglobin levels, and transfusion requirements, is lower in patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy compared with patients undergoing conventional open colectomy. Design Case-matched study. Setting A university hospital. Patients Patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy between January 2000 and December 2001 were matched in a prospective database for age, sex, comorbidity, and surgical procedure with patients undergoing open colectomy during the same period. Main Outcome Measures Estimated blood loss, drop in hemoglobin levels, and transfusion requirements after surgery were compared. Results One hundred forty-seven patients undergoing the same operation using either an open or laparoscopic approach could be matched for age, sex, and diagnosis related grouping. There was no significant difference in American Society of Anesthesiologists class, body mass index, or preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin levels, but the open colectomy group required significantly more units of blood (P= .003) to maintain similar hemoglobin levels after surgery. Estimated blood loss (P Conclusion A laparoscopic approach for colorectal surgery led to significantly less blood loss than matched open colectomy cases.
Expected Impact of Sex-Related Events on Dating Relationships

Students at a midwest university were asked to indicate their expectations concerning how their commitment to and the stability of their dating relationship would change as a result of severa1 sex-related events occurring. Subjects were told to imagine that these events had happened either to the self or to the partner (randomly assigned). These events were: testing positive on the AIDS antibody test, getting a full case of AIDS, having an heterosexual extrarelational affair, having a homosexual extrarelational affair, being raped, contracting herpes, getting pregnant, and having an abortion (the latter two were always presented as happening to the female partner). Subjects expected that most of these events would negative1 affect their commitment to their dating relationship and the actual stability of the relationship. The results from an ANOVA indicated that how subjects responded to some of the events depended on their gender and/or on whether the events were presented as occurring to the self or to t...
Gaze-enhanced scrolling techniques

Scrolling is an essential part of our everyday computing experience. Contemporary scrolling techniques rely on the explicit initiation of scrolling by the user. The act of scrolling is tightly coupled with the user?s ability to absorb information via the visual channel. The use of eye gaze information is therefore a natural choice for enhancing scrolling techniques. We present several gaze-enhanced scrolling techniques for manual and automatic scrolling which use gaze information as a primary input or as an augmented input. We also introduce the use off-screen gaze-actuated buttons for document navigation and control.
Evaluation of joint toxicity of chlorine and ammonia to aquatic communities

Abstract Periphytic communities on artificial substrates were exposed to chlorine and ammonia, alone and in combinations. The species richness of protozoans decreased with increasing toxicant concentrations. Species richness was reduced by 20% in 2.7 μg/l chlorine, 15.4 μg/l un-ionized ammonia, and a combination of 1.2 μg/l chlorine and 16.8 μg/l ammonia. Interaction between toxicants was significant and effects of mixtures were less-than-additive, especially at higher concentrations. Multiple regression was used to derive a response surface model accounting for 73.4% of the variation in species richness. Algal biomass and community metabolism measures were less sensitive to stress and showed different patterns of joint action.
Interactions in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)

Abstract 1. 1. Observations have been made of the fatty acid composition of Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), fed diets containing high levels of linoleic acid. 2. 2. Statistical methods have been used to demonstrate the influence of linoleic acid on transformations in the linolenic acid series of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
A Seven Junction Cooper Pair Pump

Abstract We have measured current–voltage curves and individual charge transfer events in single-Cooper-pair pumps. We observe clear charge pumping in units of 2e, but this behavior is accompanied by significant effects from unwanted quasiparticles.
TARGETS OF MERGERS: APPLYING A NEGOTIATIONS PERSPECTIVE TO PREDICT DEGREE OF RESISTANCE

In this paper, findings from the negotiation literature are tested in the context of mergers. Firms' relative threat capacity, surveillance by constituents, accountability to constituents, and the attractiveness of initial offers are shown to predict management's resistance to mergers in a manner consistent with theories in the negotiation literature. The pattern of predicted two‐way and three‐way interactions support speculations and findings previously reported in the negotiation literature as well. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Subject-specific changes in brain white matter on diffusion tensor imaging after sports-related concussion☆☆☆

Background and Purpose Current approaches to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analysis do not permit identification of individual-level changes in DTI indices. We investigated the ability of wild bootstrapping analysis to detect subject-specific changes in brain white matter (WM) before and after sports-related concussion.
Organization of motor neurons to a multiply innervated insect muscle

Nine excitatory motor neurons have been identified as innervating the locust metathoracic flexor tibiae. The anatomical organization of the flexor motor neurons within the ganglion was examined with both light and electron microscopy. Flexor motor neurons were physiologically identified prior to intracellular staining with Procion or cobalt. Some of the cobalt-stained neurons were then silver intensified. The reliability of soma location and variability of neurite branching were examined. While the position of a soma could vary within its cluster by up to one radius, the anterior, posterior, and lateral soma clusters bore a consistent relationship to each other. The density of neurite branching varied greatly for any particular flexor. The ultrastructure of the tract containing the flexor neurites revealed the individual neurites to be glial wrapped, while the tract itself was isolated from the neuropil by additional glia. The hypothesis that subsets of the flexor motor neuron pool are recruited for different behaviors is discussed in light of the last two findings.
Analysis of kinematics of joints via three-dimensional imaging

The methodology reported here enables us to mathematically model and quantify the motion of each component bone, relative motion of bones, the contact surface of bones and their change during motion for complex joints, from a time sequence of MR image volumes acquired in vivo. Additionally, since we model the bone surfaces, we are able to display in vivo joint motion. Through a variety of new rendering techniques we are able to create realistic displays of bones from MR images and to combine these displays with the motion parameters. This approach opens an entirely new avenue for understanding true 3D joint kinetics and for the potential utilization of kinematic information for surgical planning.
Severe sublingual and paratracheal hemorrhagein hemophilia with recovery following tracheotomy

Summary We have reported the case of a known hemophiliac child who, during the course of an upper respiratory infection, developed a massive sublingual and paratracheal hemorrhage with resultant severe upper respiratory distress. Tracheotomy became necessary and was successfully performed with immediate relief of the respiratory obstruction. Favorable progress followed the use of repeated blood transfusions.
Developmentally regulated proteins of the plasma membrane of Dictyostelium discoideum. The carbohydrate-binding protein.

Proteins of the plasma membrane of Dictyostelium discoideum were characterized. A carbohydrate-binding protein was found to be associated with the external surface of the plasma membrane. The appearance of the CBP † on the cell surface is a developmentally regulated event. It was detected in the soluble protein fraction at four hours and on the membrane at five hours after the initiation of development. Studies with inhibitors showed that both RNA and protein synthesis were required for the expression of CBP. Synthesis of messenger RNA coding for the CBP was initiated between one and two hours of development, and synthesis of the protein was detected at three to four hours. Quantitative studies showed that CBP was not detectable at zero and two hours of development and it represented only 0·1% of the soluble cellular proteins at four hours. Between four and ten hours, a rapid accumulation of the CBP occurred until it represented about 1% of the soluble proteins. The concentration of CBP in the cell began to level off at ten hours of development and remained constant for at least the next six hours. The time of expression of CBP corresponds closely to the period when cells begin to acquire intercellular cohesion. Three non-cohesive mutants, WL3, WL4 and WL5, were examined for the presence of CBP. WL3 and WL4 did not have any detectable amount of CBP on the cell surface or in the cytoplasm, while CBP was present in reduced amounts on the surface of WL5 cells. These data suggest that CBP may have a role in cellular cohesion.
Scaling the Druggability Landscape of Human Bromodomains, a New Class of Drug Targets

Gene transcriptional activation of the human genome in response to physiological and environmental stimuli requires chromatin structure changes defined by enzymes that modify chromatin and directed by proteins that interact with chromatin in a modification-sensitive manner. This highly complex system operates with a large number of chemical modifications on chromatin (both DNA and histones) and transcription-associated proteins.1 Of these, lysine acetylation functions to facilitate chromatin opening and productive transcriptional machinery assembly required for gene activation. These activities are directed by the acetyl-lysine binding activity of the bromodomain (BrD), a fundamental molecular mechanism for gene transcriptional activation that was discovered in the structural biology study of the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) transcriptional co-activator PCAF.2 The human genome encodes a total of 61 bromodomains in 46 chromatin regulator proteins, some of which comprise multiple bromodomains.2 As a key epigenome reader, the bromodomain is almost solely responsible for binding to acetylated-lysine in histones and transcription-associated proteins, thereby orchestrating gene transcription in chromatin in an ordered fashion.2 Recent studies show that pharmacological small molecule modulation of the acetyl-lysine binding activity of BrD proteins such as the BET (Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal domain) family protein BRD4 and the HAT co-activator CBP/p300 dictates gene transcription outcome in disease models3 such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia, mixed lineage leukemia, HIV-associated kidney disease, and ischemia, indicating these bromodomains as attractive drug targets for diseases including cancer and inflammation.
Iii-Flight Measurements of the Vibration History of Spin-StabilizedProjectiles

M spin-stabilized projectiles commonly contain solid but nonrigid or liquid pay loads. These types of pay loads often produce projectile/pay load interactions that are undesirable. Vibrations of the projectile/pay load assembly could impair the performance of military fuzing, especially if that fuzing is mechanical in nature. In some instances, the timer is mechanical, but normally all fuzes have mechanical arming and safety devices. Projectile designers during test sequences often report fuze malfunctions, but little is known about the vibration environment of an artillery projectile during flight. In response to this need, an instrumentation package consisting of a strain gage bridge/attitude sensor and a telemetry unit was built and successfully tested. Several types of units were flight tested and data showing undesirable vibration histories during the flight of a projectile have been recorded.' Data from 155mm projectiles with liquid payloads are discussed. A standard yawsonde body was modified to accommodate a Wheatstone bridge. The bridge was located on a flat machined onto the cylindrical portion of the yawsonde body which extends into the ogive of a parojectile (Fig. 1). This flat was located 90 deg from the optical sensors of the yawsonde. Wires that provide voltage input and resistance measurements were located in a groove. These wires were brought through a hole in the groove to the interior of the yawsonde. The strain gages were semiconductor types and required amplification for telemetering. The output of the bridge circuit was not calibrated in such a fashion as to provide meaningful measurements of strain. Rather, the outputs of all units were adjusted for maximum sensitivity to variations in strain, i.e., vibrations. The output of the bridge circuit will be directly affected by the spin and yaw of the projectile; hence, yawsonde data are needed to interpret the vibration history of a particular projectile flight. The angular and spin motions of a projectile are traced by a yawsonde. The projectile motion is presented in terms of oN and 0 vs time. The complement of the angle between a vector drawn to the sun and a vector aligned with the spin axis of the projectile is aN, while is the derivative of the projectile's Eulerian roll angle with respect to the sun plane, i.e., the plane containing the missile's axis and the sun. The output of the strain gage bridge is an indicator of a fluctuating strain, and a spectral analysis can reveal the frequency content of these fluctuations. The presence of a particular frequency component implies that the projectile is experiencing a measurable mechanical strain at that frequency. For example, all projectiles experienced strains produced by the spin and yaw motions at the spin and yaw rates. As seen from Fig. 2, the Fourier transform of the bridge
Nutrient regulation of immunity: O-GlcNAcylation regulates stimulus-specific NF-κB-dependent transcription.

Nutrients regulate gene transcription by the dynamic cycling of O -linked N -acetylglucosamine ( O -GlcNAc) on proteins that constitute the transcriptional machinery. A study shows that O-GlcNAcylation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) subunit c-Rel is required for its binding to the promoters of some, but not all, key T cell receptor–dependent genes; however, O-GlcNAcylation is dispensable for the binding of c-Rel to the promoters of tumor necrosis factor–α–dependent genes. This study not only illustrates how specific stimuli that act on the same transcription factor can elicit the expression of particular sets of genes, it also suggests a possible mechanism for autoimmunity in diabetes.
Preferential incorporation of formate carbon into leukemic blood cells as indicated by autoradiography.

SummaryAt one hour after injection of 100,μc of C14-formate into mice with advanced Ak-4 leukemia, it has been shown by means of blood smear autoradiograms that about 90% of the leukemic cells are highly active as compared to about 5% of the more mature lymphoid elements. No active polymorphonuclears, erythrocytes, or thrombocytes were observed within one hour.
Classification of human parasites, vectors, and similar organisms.

* Entamoeba histolytica is being used to designate pathogenic zymodemes, while E. dispar is now being used to designate nonpathogenic zymodemes. However, unless trophozoites containing ingested red blood cells (E. histolytica) are seen, the two organisms can not be differentiated on the basis of morphology. t Although some individuals have changed the species designation for the genus Giardia to G. intestinalis or G. duodenalis, there is no general agreement. Therefore, for this listing, we will retain the name Giardia lamblia. I Genetic characterization studies now suggest that because S. intestinalis is so closely related to Encephalitozoon cuniculi, it might be reclassified as Encephalitozoon intestinalis.
Diseases of the lower respiratory tract of companion birds

Lower respiratory tract disease in the avian patient refers to disease of the bronchial tree, pulmonary parenchyma, and air sac system. Respiratory disease in any area of the upper or lower respiratory tract can affect the adjacent areas of the respiratory system. Pronounced sternal excursions, tail bob, decreased exercise and stress tolerance, open-mouth breathing, tachypnea, dyspnea, voice change, coughing, and audible breath sounds, along with general signs of malaise, are common clinical signs associated with lower respiratory tract disease. Observation, physical examination, diagnostic testing, and respiratory tract visualization may aid in disease diagnosis. Considerations for therapy in avian patients with lower respiratory tract disease include oxygenation and ventilation, airway hydration, supportive care, and surgical intervention. Bronchial disease (foreign object), pulmonary disease (neoplastic, viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic, immune-mediated, foreign material inhalation, and airborne toxins), and air sac disease (air sacculitis, air sac rupture) will be discussed.
High Tc Superconducting Thin Films And Devices Made From YBa 2 Cu 3 O y

We have used both electron-beam vapor deposition and sputtering systems to deposit superconducting thin films of the compound YBa 2 C u 30 y . In the e-beam deposition system the three metals are individually evaporated in an oxygen partial pressure while the sputtering system uses composite targets. After a high temperature furnace anneal in flowing oxygen these films can have transition temperatures as high as 91 K. The films in thicknesses ranging from 0.07 to several microns are deposited on a variety of substrates such as alumina, Si, MgO, zirconia and SrTiO3. The epitaxial films which are grown on polished SrTiO 3 single crystals generally show the highest critical current density, around 101A/cm 2 observed at 4 K. Device applications of these films such as SQUIDs and transmission lines will be discussed with particular reference to the processing and patterning techniques used in their fabrication. These techniques include photo-and e-beam lithography, ion implantation and milling and laser ablation.
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for laparoscopic surgery: a survey of members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the use of venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis for laparoscopic surgery among members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO). Methods A 23-item questionnaire was sent to all working/eligible SGO member e-mail addresses (n = 1356). Data were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics. χ2 was used to determine differences in responses between groups. Results Of the 287 (21.2%) responding SGO members, most (61.3%) estimated the risk of VTE for laparoscopic surgery between 1% and 2%. Most (51.2%) of respondents did not routinely use preoperative pharmacoprophylaxis, and most discontinued prophylaxis upon hospital discharge, regardless of benign (73.5%) or malignant (53.3%) pathology. Combination prophylaxis was preferred for procedures in the setting of intermediate- (50.2%) or high-complexity (78%), malignancy (70.7%), obesity (71.4%), multiple medical comorbidities (76%), or the elderly (64.5%). When compared with respondents of greater surgical volume, respondents who performed less than 5 laparoscopic cases per month were more likely to use sequential compression devices alone in the setting of malignancy (52.6%, P = 0.025). The omission of VTE prophylaxis was rare and varied depending on the patient scenario (0.7%–3.5%). When compared with younger respondents, those who were 61 to 70 years old more frequently omitted VTE prophylaxis in the setting of low-complexity procedures (22.2%, P = 0.003), obesity (11.1%, P = 0.021), multiple medical comorbidities (11.1%, P = 0.008), and the elderly (11.1%, P = 0.009). Conclusions Among SGO members, the preferred method of VTE prophylaxis during laparoscopic surgery for several high-risk patient scenarios was combination prophylaxis. The use versus nonuse and the preferred method of VTE prophylaxis were influenced by respondent age and surgical volume.