cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What individuals know, do not know, and need to know about watershed health in an urbanizing USA Midwestern city: A mental model approach

Individual decisions about actions one can take that both positively and negatively impact watershed health are important in a time of increased urban development. The aim of this study was to identify what individuals know, do not know, and need to know to make more informed decisions in a rapidly urbanizing watershed in Columbus, Ohio USA. Interviews with residents in our target watershed focused on ecological knowledge and associated threats and impacts, to allow comparison of resident understanding with an expert technical model. Our findings suggest participants in our study have limited knowledge of stream life and related biological processes. Stream health is often defined solely by the visibility of streamside trash. Our participants lack a complete understanding of how degradation of watershed functions impacts the ecological services rendered by healthy watersheds. Identifying knowledge gaps and critical misconceptions is a first step in a process to encourage individual stewardship in urbanizi...
Stability and fixed points of point-dissipative systems☆☆☆

Abstract It is known that if T: X → X is completely continuous or if there exists an n0 > 0 such that Tn0 is completely continuous, then T point dissipative implies that there is a maximal compact invariant set which is uniformly asymptotically stable, attracts bounded sets, and has a fixed point (see Billotti and LaSalle [Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.6 1971]). The result is used, for example, in studying retarded functional differential equations, or parabolic partial differential equations. This result has been extended by Hale and Lopes [J. Differential Equations13 1973]. They get the result that if T is an α-contraction and compact dissipative then there is a maximal compact invariant set which is uniformly asymptotically stable, attracts neighborhoods of compact sets, and has a fixed point. The above result requires the stronger assumption of compact dissipative. The principal result of this paper is to get similar results under the weaker assumption of point dissipative. To do this we must make additional assumptions. We will show these assumptions are naturally satisfied by stable neutral functional differential equations and retarded functional differential equations with infinite delay. The result has applications to many other dynamical systems, of course.
Flow cytometry with or without cytochemistry for the diagnosis of acute leukemias

Ninety-three (93) cases of acute leukemia were assessed using flow cytometry and cytochemistry and assigned to one of four categories: myeloid, lymphoid, biphenotypic, and non-diagnostic. In leukemias designated as ALL or AML by both methodologies, there was lineage agreement in all but 3 of 71 cases (95.8%). However, when nondiagnostic or biphenotypic diagnoses made by either methodology were included, complete agreement occurred in only 77.4% of cases. Of 37 cases designated myeloid origin by flow cytometry, 33 (89.2%) were read as myeloid by cytochemistry. The four discordant diagnosis were read as lymphoid (2) or as non-diagnostic (2). Eighty percent of lymphoid leukemias were diagnosed as such by both flow cytometry and cytochemistry; one early B cell ALL was diagnosed as myeloid and 8 as non-diagnostic. Fifty percent (50%) of flow cytometry defined T-cell ALL were considered non-diagnostic by cytochemistry as compared to 17% of the total ALL group. Of the remaining four designated non-T cell ALL by flow cytometry and non-diagnostic by cytochemistry, three were read by flow cytometry to be standard pre-B ALL and one an early B-cell ALL. Only 2/9 leukemias considered biphenotypic by flow were identified as such by cytochemistry. Given (1) the potential importance of non-lineage expression in the prognosis of myeloid and lymphoid leukemias, (2) cytochemistry's impaired ability to diagnose biphenotypic, T-cell, and promyelocytic leukemias, and (3) the increased costs incurred in diagnosis when both modalities are used, perhaps it is time to re-examine the utility of performing both flow cytometry and cytochemistry as initial testing for leukemia categorization.
Intracranial Pressure Dose and Outcome in Traumatic Brain Injury

Detecting and treating elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a cornerstone of management in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. The aim of this study was to determine the association between area under the curve measurement of elevated ICP and clinical outcome. Single center observational study using prospectively collected data at a University hospital, level one-trauma center. Sixty prospective patients with severe traumatic brain injury were prospectively enrolled over a 2-year period. Intracranial pressure measurements were captured using a real-time automated, high resolution vital signs data recording system. Mortality and functional outcome were assessed at 30 days, 3 and 6 months using Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale. Increasing elevated intracranial pressure time dose was associated with mortality (OR 1.08; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.15, p = 0.03) and poor functional outcome at 3 (OR 1.04; CI 1.00–1.07, p = 0.03) and 6 months (1.04; CI 1.01–1.08, p = 0.02). However, there was no association between episodic ICP data and outcome. These results suggest that pressure time dose measurement of intracranial pressure may be used to predict outcome in severe traumatic brain injury and may be a candidate biomarker in this disease.
Changing interpretations of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, 1910–1940: A historical note

Abstract The observable differences between the physical characteristics of the main sequence, giant, and white dwarf stars, together with the theoretical findings of high temperature physics, form the basic of our hypotheses of stellar evolution. The data of observation, epitomized in various forms of the Hertzsprung—Russell diagram, have been augmented over the last 60 years without substantial changes. But progress in physical theory caused three major reversals, between 1910 and 1940, in our ideas about the life history of a star. Henry Norris Russell was the principal initiator of the first, and contributed significantly to the second. This historical note describes and comments on these changes.
Tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone initiates and enhances pancreatitis responses

Clinical studies indicate that cigarette smoking increases the risk for developing acute pancreatitis. The nicotine metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a major cigarette smoke toxin. We hypothesized that NNK could sensitize to pancreatitis and examined its effects in isolated rat pancreatic acini and in vivo. In acini, 100 nM NNK caused three- and fivefold activation of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, respectively, above control. Furthermore, NNK pretreatment in acini enhanced zymogen activation in a cerulein pancreatitis model. The long-term effects of NNK were examined in vivo after intraperitoneal injection of NNK (100 mg/kg body wt) three times weekly for 2 wk. NNK alone caused zymogen activation (6-fold for trypsinogen and 2-fold for chymotrypsinogen vs. control), vacuolization, pyknotic nuclei, and edema. This NNK pretreatment followed by treatment with cerulein (40 μg/kg) for 1 h to induce early pancreatitis responses enhanced trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen activation, as well as other parameters of pancreatitis, compared with cerulein alone. Potential targets of NNK include nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and β-adrenergic receptors; mRNA for both receptor types was detected in acinar cell preparations. Studies with pharmacological inhibitors of these receptors indicate that NNK can mediate acinar cell responses through an nonneuronal α(7)-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α(7)-nAChR). These studies suggest that prolonged exposure to this tobacco toxin can cause pancreatitis and sensitize to disease. Therapies targeting NNK-mediated pathways may prove useful in treatment of smoking-related pancreatitis.
Forced convective boiling in horizontal tube bundles

Abstract Experimental studies of crossflow boiling on a horizontal tube at various in Mass fluxes, local flow qualities and geometric arrangements are investigated. Since abundant information is available for the boiling on a single tube in a pool but it is still not clear whether this information in ay be applicable to tubes in bundles, the present study is therefore performed on three different conditions, namely: (1) a heated tube in a channel; (2) a heated tube in a non-heated, in-line tube bundle; and (3) a heated tube in a heated, in-line tube bundle. The different heat transfer results between a single tube in a channel and a tube in a non-heated bundle, and between a non-heated bundle and a heated bundle are discussed in terms of the different flow field geometry and thermal environment respectively due to the presence of different structures and the heating conditions near the tube. A modified Chen's correlation is established to predict the heat transfer of a single tube in a channel or in a bundle. The correlation is also in good agreement with other data in the literature.
An investigation of the effects of dog visits on depression, mood, and social interaction in elderly individuals living in a nursing home

The present study investigated the effects of weekly dog visits on depression scores, mood, and social interaction in elderly individuals living in a nursing home. Five elderly residents participated in baseline assessments for 4–8 weeks and then received weekly dog visits for 6 weeks. Assessments, consisting of weekly observations of social interaction and paper and pencil measures of mood and depression, continued during the dog visits. The effect of dog visits was evaluated in a multiple baseline across participants design. Dog visits did not improve depression scores, mood (with the exception of one resident), or social interaction (with the exception of one resident). Residents did interact with the dog during the visits, however, and reported that they enjoyed the visits. These results show that dog visits do not always have therapeutic effects and suggest the need for further research in the area before the beneficial effects of dog visits can be substantiated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modeling of continuous hybrid heating of cryo-preserved tissue

Abstract This study developed a numerical simulation of a hybrid microwave heating process that may be used to produce high heating rates for warming cryo-preserved biological tissue. A finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique was used to model the electric field distribution within a single-mode microwave cavity. Field strength data allowed power deposition to be computed and the control volume method was used to solve the energy equation. Temperature dependence of dielectric properties was simulated through an iterative process. As an illustrative example of the numerical model, a hybrid heating process was simulated. This simulation illustrated that hybrid heating schemes can be used to produce high rates of heating with increased uniformity of the temperature distribution and reduced incidences of local hot spots.
Growth-stimulatory effect of resveratrol in human cancer cells†

Earlier studies have shown that resveratrol could induce death in several human cancer cell lines in culture. Here we report our observation that resveratrol can also promote the growth of certain human cancer cells when they are grown either in culture or in athymic nude mice as xenografts. At relatively low concentrations (≤5 µM), resveratrol exerted a significant growth-stimulatory effect in the MDA-MB-435s human cancer cells, but this effect was not observed in several other human cell lines tested. Analysis of cell signaling molecules showed that resveratrol induced the activation of JNK, p38, Akt, and NF-κB signaling pathways in these cells. Further analysis using pharmacological inhibitors showed that only the NF-κB inhibitor (BAY11-7082) abrogated the growth-stimulatory effect of resveratrol in cultured cells. In athymic nude mice, resveratrol at 16.5 mg/kg body weight enhanced the growth of MDA-MB-435s xenografts compared to the control group, while resveratrol at the 33 mg/kg body weight dose did not have a similar effect. Additional analyses confirmed that resveratrol stimulated cancer cell growth in vivo through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, these observations suggest that resveratrol at low concentrations could stimulate the growth of certain types of human cancer cells in vivo. This cell type-specific mitogenic effect of resveratrol may also partly contribute to the procarcinogenic effect of alcohol consumption (rich in resveratrol) in the development of certain human cancers. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Students' expectation, confirmation, and continuance intention to use electronic textbooks

Technology applied to education has produced numerous changes. One of these changes is the availability of electronic textbooks. However, the adoption of electronic textbooks has been slower than anticipated. This research examines adoption of electronic textbooks through studying electronic textbook users' continuance intentions. Data for the model were collected using a survey of university students. The questionnaire was web-based and distributed using a student listserv. The sample consisted of 469 usable responses received from students who had previously used an electronic textbook. The theoretical model was analyzed using structural equations modeling and maximum likelihood estimation applied to the sample. A confirmatory factor analysis was also performed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the measures for the constructs in the theoretical model. The psychometric properties of the measures were good. The fit of the measured theoretical model to the data was also good and all the paths in the measurement and structural models were statistically significant. The structural model shows that confirmation influences perceived usefulness of electronic textbooks and satisfaction with electronic textbooks. Satisfaction and perceived usefulness of electronic textbooks influence electronic textbook continuance intention. Implications and conclusions based on these findings were also provided.
THE NECK-FACE SYNDROME FOLLOWING THE USE OF PHENOTHIAZINE DRUGS.

Abstract The phenothiazine tranquilizing agents have side effects which are of particular interest to the dentist. Spasm of the facial musculature is not a rare occurrence following the use of these drugs, and the so-called “neck-face syndrome” is described. A case in point has been presented.
Value Creation in the Publishing Industry: The Impact of Acquiring IT Services Firms Between 2002 and 2007

With the presence of online, digital content and new services for manipulating and searching it, printing and publishing firms may experience technological uncertainty and risk and diminishing profitability. Mergers and acquisitions are approaches for dealing with the current technology and market changes that are underway in the printing and publishing industry. Using an event study methodology and a sample of 60 U.S. printing and publishing firms, this study investigates the value creation of acquiring information technology (IT) services firms. The study's findings reveal that printing and publishing firms experience significant increases in their market values as a result of acquiring IT services firms. In fact, non-newspaper firms realize the largest increases in market value. The study's findings should help academicians and practitioners understand the kinds of strategic acquisitions from which printing and publishing firms are most likely to benefit. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
Bacterial flagella: polarity of elongation.

Newly synthesized regions of Bacillus subtilis flagella were labeled with fluorophenylalanine or [ 3H ] leucine. The flagella were then examined for altered gross morphology or by radioautography. Results of both experiments indicate that flagella elongate in vivo by polymerization of flagellin subunits onto the distal end of the filament.
Role of selective attention to emotional and neutral stimuli in schizophrenic affective deficit.

A test of the hypothesis that psychopathological emotional deficit involves selective attention to unemotional stimuli was made. The attention of schizophrenics (n = 100) with high and low scores on measures of anhedonia and sensation-seeking to pleasant, unpleasant and neutral stimuli was contrasted. No differences in the mean attention scores of the groups appeared. The results do not support the hypothesis. Emotional deficit in schizophrenia does not seem to result from selective attention to nonemotional stimuli.
Assessing trophic interactions in a guild of primary parasitoids and facultative hyperparasitoids: stable isotope analysis.

Facultative hyperparasitism is likely to be the most common form of intraguild predation among parasitoids. However, difficulties associated with studying facultative hyperparasitoids in the field have hampered a thorough understanding of their trophic ecology. In this study, we used a combination of stable isotope analysis and published natural history information to infer trophic interactions in a guild of field-collected primary parasitoids and facultative hyperparasitoids that attack a gall-making midge on Baccharis pilularis. Our three a priori hypotheses were: (1) stable isotope values should increase incrementally from the host plant to higher trophic levels; (2) the two species of ectoparasitoids should exhibit higher stable isotope signatures than the two endoparasitoids, and; (3) the two facultative hyperparasitoids should exhibit stable isotope signatures that fall between zero and one trophic level steps above that observed for the primary parasitoids. Food webs inferred from stable isotope data generally agreed with previously published accounts of community structure. As expected, both δ13C and δ15N were progressively enriched in the heavy isotope from the host plant to the herbivorous midge to the parasitic wasps. Multivariate analysis of stable isotope data revealed that the two primary ectoparasitoids occupied a similar trophic niche, but were significantly different from the primary endoparasitoids. We attribute this result to “coincidental intraguild predation” by ectoparasitoids that develop on already-parasitized midge larvae. One of the facultative hyperparasitoids, Zatropis capitis, exhibited a stable isotope signature approximately one trophic step above the primary parasitoids. Unexpectedly, the second facultative hyperparasitoid, Mesopolobus sp., appeared to be developing as a primary parasitoid at all sites. Coupled with independent assessments of community structure, stable isotope analysis validated trophic links constructed by previous researchers and identified potential taxon-specific differences in trophic interactions for two facultative hyperparasitoids in the B. pilularis gall community.
Educators as Serving Leaders in the Classroom and on Campus

Abstract Counterintuitively, the more one develops as a leader, the less of a leader one becomes. What do great leaders do? Great leaders are ambitious first and foremost for the cause, the mission, the work—not themselves. Educators as “serving leaders” sense that every action they take, together with every decision that they make, either supports or undermines students and colleagues’ perceived levels of status, certainty, autonomy, relatedness, and fairness.
Photomask etch challenges for future technology nodes

Requirements to meet the 45nm technology node place many challenges on photomask makers. Resolution Enhancement Techniques (RET), employed to extend optical lithography in order to resolve sub-resolution features have burdened mask processes margins. Also, yield compromises rise with every nanometer of error incurred on the photomask (and device) platforms. As photomask costs rise, strict performance control is required for all photomask varieties utilized in the mask shop. Mask etching for future technology nodes, requires a system-level data and diagnostics strategy. This necessity stems from the need to control the performance of the mask etcher at increasingly stringent and diverse requirements of the photomask production environment. From etch applications perspective, alternating phase-shift masks (APSMs) and OPC masks pose key challenges. Specifically, the etcher needs to provide highly uniform CD performance across the entire active area of the photomask - for various feature sizes and load distributions, with no degradation to profiles. It is challenging to strike this balance, yet maintain adequate process window. Future etch systems require sensitive controls and knobs to provide this high precision and repeatable performance. Additionally, incoming variation in plate characteristics and quality necessitate tuning knobs capable of targeting the optimum performance across a diversity of applications.
Indexing in Modeling Languages for Mathematical Programming

Indexing structures are of fundamental importance to modeling languages for mathematical programming as a device for mathematical abstraction, and because they facilitate achieving conciseness, stability, and error-resistance. The aim of this article is to stimulate discussion of such structures, especially the two most common kinds found in algebraic style languages: sets and relations. We offer a taxonomy of set-based and relation-based indexing structures, a suite of detailed examples illustrating this taxonomy, and a number of specific principles some arguable and some not for incorporating indexing structures into modeling languages. We also examine four modeling languages in detail with respect to their indexing capabilities: AMPL, GAMS, LINGO, and SML. By attempting to work all of the illustrative examples in each language, we are able to reach some conclusions concerning relative expressive power, economy of notation, obedience to our principles of "good" language design, ease of data handling, and other criteria.
What Are the Outcomes of Radical Prostatectomy for High-risk Prostate Cancer?

Objectives To examine the long-term survival following radical prostatectomy in the population with high-risk prostate cancer. Despite considerable stage migration associated with widespread prostate-specific antigen screening, as many as one-third of incident prostate cancers have high-risk features. These patients are often treated with combined radiation and androgen deprivation therapy, and less is known about the long-term survival in this population after radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods Between 1992 and 2008, 175 men underwent RP by a single surgeon with D'Amico high-risk prostate cancer (clinical stage ≥T2c, biopsy Gleason score 8-10, or prostate-specific antigen >20 ng/mL). In this population, we examined the rates and predictors of biochemical progression, metastatic disease, and cancer-specific mortality. Results Among 175 high-risk patients, 63 (36%) had organ-confined disease in the RP specimen. At 10 years, biochemical recurrence-free survival was 68%, metastasis-free survival was 84%, and prostate cancer-specific survival was 92%. The 10-year rate of freedom from any hormonal therapy was 71%. Of the high-risk criteria, a biopsy Gleason score of 8-10 (vs ≤7) was the strongest independent predictor of biochemical recurrence, metastases, and prostate cancer death. Conclusions National data suggest that RP may be underutilized for the management of high-risk clinically localized prostate cancer. Our data suggest that surgical treatment can result in long-term progression-free survival in a subset of carefully selected high-risk men. Further prospective studies are warranted to directly compare the outcomes of RP vs combined radiation and hormonal therapy in high-risk patients.
New methods for improved SRAM detection through scattered light collection

Accelerated design rule (DR) shrinkage is introducing new challenges to the world of process control, yield monitoring and wafer inspection (WI). One of the main challenges of WI is the detection of small defects below the optical resolution limit of the inspection systems. This paper present a new optical scheme for inspection of advanced SRAM patterns and demonstrates the significant value of the transition from pattern contrast detection to dark background detection by applying tailored light illumination and collection techniques. This work demonstrates the sensitivity improvement of this approach on two advanced 2xnm DR devices. This scheme, compared with current methods, demonstrates enhanced defect signal to noise ratio (SNR), enhanced defect capture rate, and higher throughput.
Analysis of hybrid systems resulting from relay-type hysteresis and saturation: A Lyapunov approach

This paper studies a class of hybrid systems with linear (or linear plus saturated linear) continuous and discrete dynamics, which are determined by a flow map and jump map, and state-triggered jumps. One motivation for considering this class of systems is that they can model control systems with a relay-type hysteresis element. Based on Lyapunov theorems for hybrid systems, a Lyapunov function is constructed that effectively incorporates the feature of the jumps. Global asymptotic stability analysis is presented for the case when the flow map is linear, and local asymptotic stability analysis is presented for the case when the flow map is linear plus saturated linear. The stability conditions are derived as matrix inequalities. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the hybrid modeling process for a system experiencing hysteresis. Simulations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed analysis tools and demonstrate the potential of the Lyapunov function.
Tobacco Use Screening and Counseling During Hospital Outpatient Visits Among US Adults, 2005-2010.

Introduction Physicians and health care providers play an important role in educating their patients about the health risks of tobacco use and in providing effective cessation interventions. Little is known about these practices in hospital outpatient settings. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence, correlates, and trends of tobacco use screening and cessation assistance offered to US adults during their hospital outpatient clinic visits. Methods Data for aggregated hospital outpatient visits among patients aged 18 years or older (N = 148,727) from the 2005-2010 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were analyzed. Tobacco use screening was defined as documentation of screening for either current tobacco use (cigarettes, cigars, snuff, or chewing tobacco) or no current use on the patient record form. Tobacco cessation assistance was defined as documentation of either tobacco counseling or cessation medications. Results Tobacco use screening was reported for 63.0% (estimated 271 million visits) of hospital outpatient visits, and cessation assistance was reported for 24.5% (estimated 17.1 million visits) of visits among current tobacco users. From 2005 through 2010, tobacco use screening (P for trend = .06) and cessation assistance (P for trend = .17) did not change significantly. Conclusion From 2005 through 2010, more than one-third of hospital outpatient visits had no screening for tobacco use, and among current tobacco users, only 1 in 4 received any cessation assistance. Health care providers should consistently identify and document their patients' tobacco use status and provide them with appropriate tobacco cessation assistance. Opportunities also exist to expand the coverage for tobacco cessation.
Sex Differences in Stress, Coping Resources, and Illness among the Elderly

Since studies have found only a modest relationship between life change and illness, researchers have begun to study "coping resources" that facilitate adjustment to life events. Only two studies h...
"Runaway Slaves" and "Swift Danes" in Eleventh-Century Kiev

This is the only passage in the Chronicon which in any way connects the Danes with Kiev. Several nineteenth-century scholars accepted it as sufficient basis, however, for claiming that eleventh-century Kiev was peopled predominantly by Scandinavians. For example, E. Kunik wrote: "In the year 1018, the population of Kiev still consisted 'maxime ex velocibus Danis'."2 V. Thomsen stated that, "According to the German writer Thietmar, the population in Kiev even in the year 1018 consisted chiefly of Danes," and added that by "Danes" Thietmar had meant Scandinavians in general.3 Similar views were expressed more recently by V. A. Moshin.4 Writing in a somewhat different vein, the contemporary scholar H. Paszkiewicz quoted a part of the passage as evidence for his contention that the population of Kiev in the tenth-eleventh centuries was " . . . mainly a mixture of many nations," but without claiming that the Danish or Scandinavian element was numerically dominant.5 M. Z. Jedlicki, editor of a recent Polish translation of the Chronicon, characterized the same passage as a reliable indica-
Brief Report: Effect of a focused imitation intervention on social functioning in children with autism

Imitation is an early skill thought to play a role in social development, leading some to suggest that teaching imitation to children with autism should lead to improvements in social functioning. This study used a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of a focused imitation intervention on initiation of joint attention and social-emotional functioning in 27 young children with autism. Results indicated the treatment group made significantly more gains in joint attention initiations at post-treatment and follow-up and social-emotional functioning at follow-up than the control group. Although gains in social functioning were associated with treatment, a mediation analysis did not support imitation as the mechanism of action. These findings suggest the intervention improves social functioning in children with ASD.
Notes on the unknowable; Analytic secrets and the transference neurosis

(1987). Notes on the unknowable; Analytic secrets and the transference neurosis. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 7, Transference Neurosis Evolution or Obsolescence, pp. 485-509.
Ethics of Assisted Autonomy in the Nursing Home: Types of Assisting Among Long-Term Care Nurses:

Twenty-five long-term care nurses in eight nursing homes in central Kentucky were interviewed concerning ways in which they might assist elderly residents to preserve and enhance their personal autonomy. Data from the interviews were analysed using grounded theory methodology. Seven specific categories of assisting were discovered and described: personalizing, informing, persuading, shaping instrumental circumstances, considering, mentioning opportunities, and assessing causes of an impaired capacity for decision-making. The ethical implications of these categories of assisting for clinical practice are examined. Although nurses recognized the importance of resident autonomy, the majority of them failed consistently to employ the categories of assistance to foster resident self-determination and most of them held an inadequate understanding of the concepts of consent and decisional capacity. To assure confidentiality, pseudonyms are used in the following cases and discussions for all names of nurses, residents and facilities.
Disseminated Pelvic Actinomycosis Presenting as Metastatic Carcinoma: Association with the Progestasert Intrauterine Device

Actinomycosis is caused by the anaerobic bacterium Actinomyces israelii. Asymptomatic colonization of the cervix with this organism has been noted in users of an intrauterine device (IUD), and its prevalence ranges between 1.6% and 36%. Rarely, symptomatic infection may occur, with the potential for extensive morbidity and even death. Herein we report a patient who survived severe disseminated actinomycosis yet presented with the clinical picture of a metastasized malignancy. This is the first report of disseminated pelvic actinomycosis presenting as an external lesion of the abdominal wall and in which a Progestasert IUD (Alza, Palo Alto, CA) was present. The common difficulty, and thus delay, in diagnosing this disease led to considerable morbidity due to an infection considered curable with penicillin. We recommend that all patients with an IUD or a history of IUD use have such information made known to those responsible for interpreting the Papanicolaou smear. Such knowledge may heighten suspicion and focus attention on the identification of these organisms before onset of clinical disease. It is important to consider this disease when caring for patients with an IUD or when counseling those contemplating its use as a contraceptive.
Hardware Architectures for the Generalized Finite Automata Algorithm

A novel video coding scheme has been proposed previously to address the increasing demands on bitrate improvements. This scheme relies on the generalized finite automata (GFA) representation to encode a video sequence. However, the computational workload of the scheme may overwhelm software implementations to the point of hampering the throughput required by the target video applications. This paper presents an algorithmic analysis of GFA as a starting point for applying a mapping methodology in order to explore possible array architectures suitable for its acceleration. The performance of potential candidate architectures are evaluated on a set of appropriate performance parameters. The result of this evaluation shows that a two-dimensional systolic array with two different types of processors is the best promising architecture for GFA acceleration.
inTouch: a medium for haptic interpersonal communication

In this paper, we introduce a new approach for applying haptic feedback technology to interpersonal communication. We present the design of our prototype inTouch system which provides a physical link between users separated by distance.
Low-frequency ionospheric sounding with Narrow Bipolar Event lightning radio emissions: regular variabilities and solar-X-ray responses

We present refinements of a method of iono- spheric D-region sounding that makes opportunistic use of powerful (10 9 -10 11 W) broadband lightning radio emissions in the low-frequency (LF; 30-300 kHz) band. Such emis- sions are from "Narrow Bipolar Event" (NBE) lightning, and they are characterized by a narrow (10-µs), simple emis- sion waveform. These pulses can be used to perform time- delay reflectometry (or "sounding") of the D-region under- side, at an effective LF radiated power exceeding by orders- of-magnitude that from man-made sounders. We use this op- portunistic sounder to retrieve instantaneous LF ionospheric- reflection height whenever a suitable lightning radio pulse from a located NBE is recorded. We show how to correct for three sources of "regular" variability, namely solar zenith angle, radio-propagation range, and radio-propagation az- imuth. The residual median magnitude of the noise in re- flection height, after applying the regression corrections for the three regular variabilities, is on the order of 1 km. This noise level allows us to retrieve the D-region-reflector-height variation with solar X-ray flux density for intensity levels at and above an M-1 flare. The instantaneous time response is limited by the occurrence rate of NBEs, and the noise level in the height determination is typically in the range ±1 km.
CNS activation and regional connectivity during pantomime observation: No engagement of the mirror neuron system for deaf signers

Deaf signers have extensive experience using their hands to communicate. Using fMRI, we examined the neural systems engaged during the perception of manual communication in 14 deaf signers and 14 hearing non-signers. Participants passively viewed blocked video clips of pantomimes (e.g., peeling an imaginary banana) and action verbs in American Sign Language (ASL) that were rated as meaningless by non-signers (e.g., TO-DANCE). In contrast to visual fixation, pantomimes strongly activated fronto-parietal regions (the mirror neuron system, MNS) in hearing non-signers, but only bilateral middle temporal regions in deaf signers. When contrasted with ASL verbs, pantomimes selectively engaged inferior and superior parietal regions in hearing non-signers, but right superior temporal cortex in deaf signers. The perception of ASL verbs recruited similar regions as pantomimes for deaf signers, with some evidence of greater involvement of left inferior frontal gyrus for ASL verbs. Functional connectivity analyses with left hemisphere seed voxels (ventral premotor, inferior parietal lobule, fusiform gyrus) revealed robust connectivity with the MNS for the hearing non-signers. Deaf signers exhibited functional connectivity with the right hemisphere that was not observed for the hearing group for the fusiform gyrus seed voxel. We suggest that life-long experience with manual communication, and/or auditory deprivation, may alter regional connectivity and brain activation when viewing pantomimes. We conclude that the lack of activation within the MNS for deaf signers does not support an account of human communication that depends upon automatic sensorimotor resonance between perception and action.
Sonics in the sea

This paper outlines the fundamental aspects of the technology of sonar. Particular attention is given to the properties of the ocean that limit the propagation of underwater sound and to the inherent background noises that limit the performance of sonar. The basic choices that are available in design to meet these limitations are discussed and the present state of the art is described in broad terms.
Analysis of TCP/IP for high performance parallel implementations

An analysis of potential parallelism in TCP/IP is presented for two purposes. First, it is used as a basis for an implementation on a multiprocessing platform. Second, it reveals the areas where protocol modifications and/or tuning would yield more efficient implementations on multiprocessors. The focus is on the analysis, and detailed dependence graphs among the atomic TCP/IP protocol functions are presented. No specific implementation design is shown, since this highly depends on the particular hardware chosen. >
Developmental changes in source memory

Remembering how one learned a fact can be important in itself (e.g. for considering the value of information). However, source memory is also important, along with the temporal and perceptual information on which it is based, in giving memory an episodic or autobiographical quality. The present study investigated developmental changes in children’s ability to monitor source, in a paradigm adapted from Schacter, Harbluk and McLachlan (1984). This task, unlike previous source monitoring tasks used with children, has the potential to show the existence of a serious kind of source error called source amnesia. Children of 4, 6 and 8 years participated. They also completed measures believed to assess prefrontal function. Children showed a steady improvement with age in their ability to remember facts, but showed abrupt improvement between 4 and 6 years in their ability to monitor the source of those facts. Most notably, 4-year-old children displayed a great deal of source amnesia (i.e. errors of the kind committed by populations with frontal dysfunction), but 6- and 8-year-old children showed very few such errors. In addition, source memory was related, in some analyses although not in others, to behavioral measures often used to assess prefrontal functioning. The timing of the transition in source monitoring ability is discussed, including implications for childhood amnesia.
The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers: A Follow-up Study Investigating the Early Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often go undetected in toddlers. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) was used to screen 3,793 children aged 16–30 months from low- and high-risk sources; screen positive cases were diagnostically evaluated. Re-screening was performed on 1,416 children aged 42–54 months. Time1 Positive Predictive Value (PPV) was .36 for the initial screening and .74 for the screening plus follow-up telephone interview; values were similar for Time2 PPV. When separating referral sources, PPV was low for the low-risk sample but acceptable with the follow-up telephone interview. Children with ASD from the low-risk and high-risk samples were highly similar. Results indicate that the M-CHAT continues to be a promising instrument for the early detection of ASD.
Biomechanical properties of ruptured versus electively repaired abdominal aortic aneurysm wall tissue.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the biomechanical properties of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) wall tissue from patients who experienced AAA rupture with that of those who received elective repair. Methods Rectangular, circumferentially oriented AAA wall specimens (approximately 2.5 cm × 7 mm) were obtained fresh from the operating room from patients undergoing surgical repair. The width and thickness were measured for each specimen by using a laser micrometer before testing to failure with a uniaxial tensile testing system. The force and deformation applied to each specimen were measured continuously during testing, and the data were converted to stress and stretch ratio. The tensile strength was taken as the peak stress obtained before specimen failure, and the distensibility was taken as the stretch ratio at failure. The maximum tangential modulus and average modulus were also computed according to the peak and average slope of the stress-stretch ratio curve. Results Twenty-six specimens were obtained from 16 patients (aged 73 ± 3 years [mean ± SEM]) undergoing elective repair of their AAA (diameter, 7.0 ± 0.5 cm). Thirteen specimens were resected from nine patients (aged 73 ± 3 years; P = not significant in comparison to the electively repaired AAAs) during repair of their ruptured AAA (diameter, 7.8 ± 0.6 cm; P = not significant). A significant difference was noted in wall thickness between ruptured and elective AAAs: 3.6 ± 0.3 mm vs 2.5 ± 0.1 mm, respectively ( P 2 vs 82 ± 9.0 N/cm 2 ; P = .04). Considering all specimens, no significant correlation was noted between tensile strength and diameter ( R = −0.10; P = .55). Tensile strength, however, had a significant negative correlation with wall thickness ( R = −0.42; P R = 0.76; P Conclusions Our data suggest that AAA rupture is associated with aortic wall weakening, but not with wall stiffening. A widely accepted indicator for risk of aneurysm rupture is the maximum transverse diameter. Our results suggest that AAA wall strength, in large aneurysms, is not related to the maximum transverse diameter. Rather, wall thickness or stiffness may be a better predictor of rupture for large AAAs.
Work Values, Early Career Difficulties, and the U.S. Economic Recession

We examine how work difficulties in the early career, and the generally deteriorating work conditions associated with the recent U.S. economic recession, shape individuals' work values. Drawing on panel data from the Youth Development Study, we test whether individuals change their work values in response to concerns about satisfying material needs or the features of jobs that they are able to attain. Results indicate that extrinsic values are weakened in the face of unemployment, as well as reduced job security, income, and advancement. These patterns support a reinforcement and accentuation model in which workers adjust their values to emphasize what they actually obtain from the job. Intrinsic values are weakened by working in a job unrelated to one's career plans; they are reinforced by the experience of greater intrinsic rewards and advancement opportunities.
Role theory: literature review and implications for patient-pharmacist interactions.

Abstract Background There is a need to describe how role theory has been used by researchers to describe various phenomena in pharmacy so as to identify gaps in knowledge and future research priorities. Objective The primary purpose of this article is to review how role theory has been used in the community pharmacy literature. Secondary objectives are to (1) examine the use of role theory over the evolution of the profession of pharmacy, (2) determine what role theory perspectives have been used, (3) explore the implications of role theory for patient-pharmacist interactions, and (4) explore implications for future pharmacy research using role theory. Methods A literature search of Web of Knowledge and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts was conducted. Articles were included if they examined some aspect of role theory in community pharmacy and were categorized based on their role theory perspective and “era” of pharmacy in which they were published. Results Thirty research articles were identified spanning from 1956 to 2004 with the majority (19 studies) using mail surveys. Articles used functionalist (9 studies), organizational (7), functional and organization (4), cognitive (10), and symbolic interactionist (1) perspectives to role theory. The number of articles using role theory has been increasing over time. The functional and symbolic interactionist perspectives provide rich descriptions of the multiple pharmacy roles and allow for a clearer understanding of the barriers affecting actors' experience. Using an organization perspective, role stressors such as role conflict, ambiguity, and overload were found to impact pharmacists' worklife. Cognitive role theory research has clearly shown that pharmacists' and patients' expectations for the encounter shape interaction. Conclusions The use of role theory informs both researchers and practitioners about the practice of pharmacy and patient interactions. Still, there is much work to be done in role theory and pharmacy research. Experimental designs, longitudinal studies, and qualitative research methodologies may warrant greater use and attention. Role change should be identified as a priority, and research is needed to elucidate what interventions change patients' and pharmacists' expectations of the patient-pharmacist interaction.
Incorporation of Adeno-Associated Virus in a Calcium Phosphate Coprecipitate Improves Gene Transfer to Airway Epithelia In Vitro and In Vivo

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is inefficient at infecting differentiated airway epithelia because of a lack of receptors at the apical surface. We hypothesized that incorporation of AAV in a calcium phosphate coprecipitate would circumvent this barrier. Interestingly, coprecipitation of AAV type 2 improved gene transfer to differentiated human airway epithelia in vitro and to the mouse lung in vivo. These results suggest that delivery of AAV as a CaP i coprecipitate may significantly enhance its utility for gene transfer to the airway epithelia in vivo.
Identifying Student Traits and Motives to Service-Learn: Public Service Orientation among New College Freshmen.

Among college students, public service motives influence choice of major or job. Although the link between public service motives and prosocial behavior has been established among working adults, researchers have not adequately examined how these motives affect the reported behavior of precareer students. In this article, the authors explored how public service motives and certain demographic characteristics were related to the service orientation of college freshmen. More specifically, they examined whether public service motivation was related to a student’s proclivity to enroll in service-learning courses and volunteer frequently. Results indicated that public service motives were positively associated with both curricular and extracurricular public service activities among first-year college students. Race and gender were found to be key traits affecting engagement. The implications of these findings for public service research and education are discussed.