cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of familiarity in determining typicality

Ashcraft (1978b) found that people tend to know more properties of instances they rate as typical of a category than of instances they rate as atypical. This suggests that variations in typicality result from variations in familiarity. Three experiments are presented that challenge or qualify this suggestion. Experiment 1 showed that subjects sometimes produce more properties for items they rate as low in typicality. Experiment 2 showed that in a large, random sample of items, there was a tendency to produce fewer properties for atypical items, but Experiment 3 indicated that part of the reason for this result was a response bias to assign low typicality ratings to unfamiliar words, rather than a reflection of low perceived typicality of the referents themselves. These results suggest that variations in typicality can exist independent of variations in familiarity, although familiarity may also play a role.
The Optimum Allocation of Spare Components in Systems

This paper considers a system whose components may be divided into two subsystems, each containing components whose lives are exponentially distributed but with different scale parameters. Each system can be assigned a store of replacement spares for failed components. Charts are presented for allocating a fixed number of spare components between the two sub systems to provide maximum reliability over some specified interval of time. Expected life is also taken as a maximand, and a table is given of combinations of spares of each type so as to maximize system life. The effect of non-exponential component densities upon these optimum allocations of components is also discussed.
Length of Time Required to Graduate for Community College Students Transferring to Senior Institutions.

This study examined the success of students who transferred to senior institutions from community colleges. The study looked at the characteristics of the following: students who transferred; they sought to determine if there was a relationship between the personal characteristics of the students and their time to degree; they attempted to find out if the transfer students’ use of student support services and the students’ perceptions of their value related to the time required for graduation; and they sought to identify what barriers students faced when transferring to senior institutions and to what extent did these barriers affect the students’ time to degree. Twelve senior institutions in North Carolina participated in the study. A questionnaire was mailed to 779 students, and a usable sample of 173 furnished the data for the study. Analysis of variance was the primary statistical procedure used. The study indicated the following conclusions: Students who transfer from community colleges graduate from...
Gastrointestinal manifestations of HIV infection

1state that the frequency for detection of “pathogen-negative diarrhoea” depends on the extent of the diagnostic investigation. They note that the mean prevalence of enteric viruses (ie, viruses that remain localised in the intestinal tract) in AIDS patients with diarrhoea is 3·8% (range 1·5‐9·7%) and then conclude that (1) stool electronmicroscopy is of debatable value; (2) adenoviruses can be detected only by biopsy; and (3) enteroviruses (ie, a genus of the family picornaviridae that includes species of poliovirus, echovirus, and coxsackievirus) that produce a self-limiting infection do not seem to be associated with diarrhoea and are untreatable. The viral studies referred to in their table were conducted before new immunological and molecular diagnostic tests were available to detect a broader range of the routine (rotavirus, adenoviruses, and small round structured viruses [SRSVs]) and novel (astroviruses, picobirnaviruses) enteric viruses. In 1993, we examined a cohort of HIV-infected adults with and without diarrhoea for the presence of enteric viruses, with the most sensitive techniques available. 2 Viruses were detected in 38 of 109 (35%) faecal specimens from patients with diarrhoea, compared with 13 of 113 (12%) specimens from control patients without diarrhoea (Fisher’s exact test p<0·001). Astroviruses, picobirnaviruses, and adenoviruses were each significantly correlated with the presence of diarrhoea, and SRSVs were more likely to be found in patients with diarrhoea than in controls. Specimens from patients with diarrhoea were significantly more likely than those obtained from controls to have mixed viral infections. Finally, picobirnaviruses were identified in several patients with chronic diarrhoea from whom prolonged shedding of virus could be documented. We acknowledge that our small study population did not allow definitive conclusions to be drawn about the role of enteric viruses as causative agents of diarrhoea in all HIV-infected patients, but nevertheless our findings demonstrated Sharpstone and Gazzard’s point that the use of improved techniques could greatly increase the diagnostic yield. The role of enteric viruses may be much greater than previously appreciated, but this role will be wholly assessed only when the full complement of diagnostic tools is applied. Enteric viruses are known to cause life-threatening diarrhoea in other groups of immunodeficient individuals (eg, children with primary immunodeficiency diseases), for whom specific therapy with gammaglobulin has been proposed.
A New Role for Transparency

(1997). A new role for transparency. Contemporary Security Policy: Vol. 18, ARMS CONTROL New Approoaches to Theory and Policy, pp. 51-72.
Performance measures of manual multimodal traffic signal control

Representatives of traffic control agencies (TCAs)—including police officers, firefighters, and other traffic law enforcement officers who override automatic traffic signal controls—are crucial to the mitigation of nonrecurrent traffic congestion caused by planned and unplanned events. An unanswered question is how well TCA officers perform compared with state-of-practice automatic traffic signal controls. This study assessed the performance of TCA manual multimodal traffic signal control during special events. First, an interview was designed to promote understanding of the control rules of TCAs and the practice of manual traffic signal control. Next, a simulation experiment was conducted to record control actions during multimodal traffic flows containing buses, pedestrians, and passenger cars. Third, a TCA performance index was developed through a comparison of manual control with actuated signal control and optimal control solutions from an online optimization model, which assumed the availability of ...
Measurement of prolactin in milk by radioimmunoassay

Abstract Double-antibody radioimmunoassay procedures previously developed for measuring prolactin in blood plasma were used for prolactin measurements in milk. Substantial quantities of immunoreactive prolactin were in milk from cows, goats, and sheep. Milk from all three species produced assay responses qualitatively similar to those produced by standard bovine prolactin (i.e., parallel inhibition curves). While prolactin concentrations varied considerably between individual milk samples, those in cow and goat milk were substantially less than reported for rat milk. Samples of milk from all species, except cows, could be frozen and stored without appreciable decreases in prolactin. An additional validation for radioimmunoassay to measure prolactin in milk was from results of a series of in vitro experiments: (a) rat milk and cow milk each crossreacted in the heterologous radioimmunoassay for the hormone of the opposite species only slightly more than would be predicted from their content of native prolactin as measured by homologous assay; (b) cow milk did not significantly affect the final precipitation step in the assay; (c) incubation of iodine-131 labeled prolactin with 50 μ l cow milk under assay conditions did not decrease appreciably its binding to excess anti-prolactin. Incubation with 100 and 200 μ l milk did decrease binding enough to result in erroneous overestimations of prolactin concentration. None of these in vitro experiments provided results which invalidated either the experimental finding of substantial prolactin in milk or accurate quantification of the hormone.
1459 COMPARISON OF DOPPLER MEASURES AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH FLOW IN AN IN VITRO MODEL AND WITH CLINICAL FINDINGS IN NEWBORN INFANTS

Doppler ultrasound has been applied in the evaluation of blood flow in the anterior cerebral artery in the neonate with cerebro-vasculature disease. There is significant controversy as to which Doppler measure best reflects the status of the cerebrovasculature. We compared five commonly used Doppler indices of blood flow: Pourcelot's pulsatility index (PPI), Gosling's pulsatility index (GPI), diastolic amplitude (D), area under the curve (AUTC), and Systolic amplitude (S). The indices were derived from recordings obtained from an in-vitro model at different flow rates and from 33 newborn infants with either asphyxia (A), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), or “normal” state. In the in-vitro model, all had correlation coefficients > 0.93 when compared with an electromagnetic flowmeter, indicating that all indices correlate well with flow rate. The ability of the indices to classify the patients according to clinical diagnosis was evaluated using discriminant analysis. All indices appear to correlate well with flow in an in-vitro model with a fixed probe angle. In addition, PPI, GPI, and D were of equal value in detecting IVH and A. The wide range of diastolic measure appear to allow a clear separation between the groups. We suspect this because the other two angle sensitive measures, S and AUTC had smaller ranges and were less accurate.
Use of Trabeculectomy with Postoperative 5-Fluorouracil in Patients Requiring Extremely Low Intraocular Pressure Levels to Limit Further Glaucoma Progression

Abstract The authors conducted a randomized, controlled clinical trial to quantify the effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on filtration surgery. Both eyes of 17 patients with either bilateral low-tension glaucoma or advanced chronic openangle glaucoma that would be expected to progress at intraocular pressures in the normal range were included. One eye received a full-thickness filtering procedure with a modified shell tamponade technique, and the other received a trabeculectomy with postoperative 5-FU. Follow-up was equal for both eyes and averaged 9.2 months. In eyes in the shell group, the average postoperative pressure was 10.94 mmHg, and in the 5-FU group it was 6.94 mmHg, ( P = 0.0001). However, the postoperative visual acuity decrease was significantly greater in the 5-FU group ( P
A CRITERION FOR ASCERTAINING THE STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Abstract This paper deals with the failure strength of composite materials in which the reinforcing filaments are parallel. According to this theory the strength of a unidirectional composite material is determined by a particular intermediate strain value and the orientation of the reinforcing filaments relative to the principal stresses. The resulting strain equation is transformed to a stress failure equation by means of Hooke's law. The results of published experiments are used to test the theory.
Decentralized Discrete-Time Adaptive Neural Network Control of Interconnected DC Distribution System

In this paper, the interconnected dc distribution system is represented as a class of interconnected, nonlinear discrete-time systems with unknown dynamics. The dc distribution system comprises several dc sources, here called subsystems, along with resistive and constant-power loads (CPLs.) Each subsystem includes a dc-dc converter (DDC) and exploits distributed energy resources (DERs) such as photovoltaic, wind, etc. Due to the power system frequent disturbances this system is prone to instability in the presence of the DDC dynamical components. On the other hand, designing a centralized controller may not be viable due to the distance between the subsystems (dc sources.) Therefore, in this paper the stability of the interconnected dc distribution system is enhanced through decentralized adaptive nonlinear controller design that employs neural networks (NNs) to mitigate voltage and power oscillations after disturbances have occurred. The adaptive NN-based controller is introduced to overcome the unknown dynamics of each subsystem's converter and stabilize the entire grid, assuming that only the local measurements are available to each converter. Simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of the approach in damping oscillations that occur in the presence of disturbances.
Effects of Antenatal Colonization with Ureaplasma urealyticum on Pulmonary Disease in the Immature Baboon

Current nonhuman models for bronchopulmonary dysplasia have not included perinatal infection. We studied the effects of antenatal Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) infection in the 125-d immature baboon. Ten 125-d gestation (term = 185 d) baboon dams were delivered after intra-amniotic inoculation with Uu. Serial blood and tracheal aspirate samples were analyzed for Uu colony-forming units, IL-6, IL-8, and cell counts. Physiologic parameters were serially recorded. Lung histology was examined after 14 d of ventilation and compared with unexposed controls. All Uu-exposed animals had >4 x 102 CFU in tracheal aspirate at 24 h. Four of nine Uu animals remained heavily colonized [(+) Uu] at necropsy (>6 x 103). Five animals had negative or low tracheal colony-forming units. All Uu animals had significant increases for white blood cells, IL-6, and IL-8 in amniotic and fetal lung fluid. Compared with controls, (+) Uu animals had significantly higher fraction of inspired oxygen, airway pressures, oxygenation index, and ventilation efficiency index between 48 and 240 h and had significantly elevated tracheal IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations between 72 and 240 h. Compared with controls (-) Uu animals had significantly better oxygenation index and ventilation efficiency index scores between 48 and 144 h. Lung histopathology in both Uu groups showed more severe bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonitis compared with controls. Two patterns of disease were observed after Uu perinatal infection. Persistent colonization manifested a picture consistent with acute pneumonitis, worse lung function from 2 to 10 d, and prolonged elevated tracheal cytokines. Colonized animals that subsequently cleared Uu from the lung demonstrated early improved lung function compared with unexposed controls yet still manifested mixed bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonitis at necropsy. Inherent immune system responses may determine outcome of perinatal Ureaplasma colonization.
Multilevel Multitrait-Multimethod Latent Analysis of Structurally Different and Interchangeable Raters of School Climate

Informant-based systems of assessment are common platforms for measuring a variety of educational and psychological constructs where the use of multiple informants is considered best practice. In many instances, structurally different informant types (e.g., students and teachers) are solicited on the basis of their unique roles with the target of measurement. The use of multiple informants provides an opportunity to evaluate the degree to which the obtained ratings are influenced by the trait of focus and extraneous sources that can be attributed to the rater. Data from a multilevel multitrait-multimethod design in which students (N = 35,565) and teachers (N = 9,112), from 340 middle schools, responded to items measuring 3 dimensions of school climate were evaluated through a multilevel correlated trait-correlated method latent variable model. Results indicated that ratings of school climate obtained by students and teachers demonstrated high levels of convergent validity, and that school-level ratings obtained by students and teachers were equitable in the assessment of teasing and bullying. Student ratings of support and structure yielded somewhat stronger evidence of convergent validity than ratings obtained by teachers as revealed by their respective trait factor loadings. This was explained in part by the higher levels of common method effects that were observed for teachers.
Avoiding perforation during endodontic access

Preoperative considerations to avoid perforations in root canal procedures are specified. Solutions are offered for establishing access in difficult areas. Preoperative considerations to avoid perforations in root canal procedures are specified. Certain measures can be used to precisely gain endodontic access, and seven suggestions are offered for establishing access in difficult teeth.
Would a new name hasten the acceptance of amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis siné myositis) as a distinctive subset within the idiopathic inflammatory dermatomyopathies spectrum of clinical illness

The Master said,… If names are not correct, language is not in accordance with the truth of things. If language is not in accordance with the truth of things, affairs cannot be carried out to success.... Therefore a superior man considers it necessary that the names he uses be spoken appropriately., What the superior man requires, is just that in his words there may be nothing incorrect.
First‐Principles Study of Hydrolysis Reaction Barriers in a Sodium Borosilicate Glass

Understanding of dissolution processes of borosilicate glasses can shed light on mechanisms of degradation of nuclear waste forms. We have simulated structure of sodium borosilicate glass using classical molecular dynamics and calculated reaction barriers for hydrolysis reactions on the glass surface using density functional theory. The results indicate that reaction barriers in acidic conditions for dissolution of B-O-B and B-O-Si bridges are greatly reduced compared with neutral and basic conditions. We suggest barriers for B-O-B and B-O-Si hydrolysis are considerably lower than for Si-O-Si hydrolysis in acidic and neutral conditions, but less so in basic conditions. Our results suggest that at the initial stage, B-O-Si hydrolysis might contribute to the change of dissolution mechanism observed experimentally at increasing pH values.
Characters, states, and homology

We thank Marc Suchard, Jeff Thorne, Rod Page, and an anonymous reviewer for many helpful suggestions for improving the manuscript, and we thank Fredrik Ronquist for valuable discussions on this topic. We thank the National Science foundation for financial support (MTH was supported by award DBI-0306047 and DLS, POL, and MTH were funded by EF 03-31495, part of the CIPR?S project). BL acknowledges support from NIH grants ROI GM068950-01 and ROI GM069801-01. Hasegawa, M., H. Kishino, and T. Yano. 1985. Dating the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. J. Mol. Evol. 22:160-174. Hastings, W. K. 1970. Monte Carlo sampling methods using Markov chains and their applications. Biometrika 57:97-109. Huelsenbeck, J. P., and F. R. Ronquist. 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian infer ence of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17:754-755. Huelsenbeck, J. P., F. R. Ronquist, R. Nielsen, and J. P. Bollback. 2001. Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary bi ology. Science 294:2310-2314. Larget, B., and D. L. Simon. 1999. Markov chain Monte Carlo algo rithms for the Bayesian analysis of phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16:750-759.
Identifying Possible Sources of Differential Functioning Using Differential Bundle Functioning With Polytomously Scored Data

Oshima, Raju, Flowers, and Slinde (1998) described procedures for identifying sources of differential functioning for dichotomous data using differential bundle functioning (DBF) derived from the differential functioning of items and test (DFIT) framework (Raju, van der Linden, & Fleer, 1995). The purpose of this study was to extend the procedures for dichotomous DBF to the polytomous case and to illustrate how DBF analysis can be conducted with polytomous scoring, common to psychological and educational rating scales. The data set used was parent and teacher ratings of child problem behaviors. Three group contrasts (teacher vs. parent, boy vs. girl, and random groups) and two bundle organizing principles (subscale designation and random selection) were used for the DBF analysis. Interpretations of bundle indexes in the context of child problem behaviors were presented.
Primary culture of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells in a chemically defined medium.

Abstract Primary cultures of bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells have been maintained in the absence of serum for up to 3 weeks. Chromaffin cell catecholamine and protein contents were maintained, after an initial loss at the time of plating, as were the functional properties of the cells, including nicotine-evoked, calcium-dependent catecholamine secretion. Important factors in the maintenance of chromaffin cells included the cell plating density, frequency of medium replacement, and extent of medium replacement, suggesting ‘conditioning’ of the culture medium. Initially, serum was used for the first 48 h of culture, but pretreatment of the tissue culture plates with fibronectin allows complete elimination of serum from the plating medium. The establishment of serum-free culture conditions for chromaffin cells should facilitate the study of their cell biology and biochemistry.
Understanding high fertility desires and intentions among a sample of urban women living with HIV in the united states

To assess childbearing motivations, fertility desires and intentions, and their relationship with key factors, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among 181 HIV-infected women of reproductive age (15–44 years) receiving clinical care at two urban health clinics. Fertility desires (59%) and intentions (66% of those who desired a child) were high among this predominately African American sample of women, while the proportion with accurate knowledge of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) was low (15%). Multivariate regression analyses identified factors significantly associated with the intention to have a child. Notably, age and parity did not remain significant in the adjusted model. The discrepancies between expressed desires and intentions for future childbearing, and the strong role of perceived partner desire for childbearing emphasize the need for universal reproductive counseling to help women living with HIV navigate their reproductive decisions and facilitate safe pregnancies and healthy children.
The Central Laser Facility at the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Central Laser Facility is located near the middle of the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina. It features an ultraviolet laser and optical components that direct a beam of calibrated, pulsed light into the sky. Light scattered from this beam produces tracks in the Auger optical detectors, which normally record nitrogen fluorescence tracks from cosmic ray air showers. The Central Laser Facility acts as a ``test beam'' that is used to investigate properties of the atmosphere and the air fluorescence detectors. Additionally, the laser can send a light pulse via optical fiber to the nearest surface detector tank. This signal, which occurs simulateously with light beamed into the sky, is used for the hybrid timing analysis of the surface and fluorescence detectors at the Observatory.
Outdoor Downward-facing Optical Flow Odometry with Commodity Sensors

Positioning is a key task in most field robotics applications but can be very challenging in GPS-denied or high-slip environments. A common tactic in such cases is to position visually, and we present a visual odometry implementa- tion with the unusual reliance on optical mouse sensors to report vehicle velocity. Using multiple kilometers of data from a lunar rover prototype, we demonstrate that, in conjunction with a moderate-grade inertial measurement unit, such a sensor can provide an integrated pose stream that is at times more accurate than that achievable by wheel odometry and visibly more desirable for perception purposes than that provided by a high-end GPS-INS system. A discussion of the sensor's limitations and several drift mitigating strategies attempted are presented.
Application of a Multigrid Method to a Mass-Consistent Diagnostic Wind Model.

Abstract A multigrid numerical method has been applied to a three-dimensional, high-resolution diagnostic model for flow over complex terrain using a mass-consistent approach. The theoretical background for the model is based on a variational analysis using mass conservation as a constraint. The model was designed for diagnostic wind simulation at the microscale in complex terrain and in urban areas. The numerical implementation takes advantage of a multigrid method that greatly improves the computation speed. Three preliminary test cases for the model’s numerical efficiency and its accuracy are given. The model results are compared with an analytical solution for flow over a hemisphere. Flow over a bell-shaped hill is computed to demonstrate that the numerical method is applicable in the case of parameterized lee vortices. A simulation of the mean wind field in an urban domain has also been carried out and compared with observational data. The comparison indicated that the multigrid method takes only 3%–...
BIIB042, a novel γ-secretase modulator, reduces amyloidogenic Aβ isoforms in primates and rodents and plaque pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Reducing the production of larger aggregation-prone amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) remains an untested therapeutic approach for reducing the appearance and growth of Aβ plaques in the brain, which are a hallmark pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease. γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) are therapeutics that impact γ-secretase-dependent cleavage of amyloid precursor protein to promote the production of shorter Aβ peptides that are less prone to aggregation and plaque deposition. This is accomplished without inhibiting overall γ-secretase function and cleavage of other substrates, which is believed to be a source of deleterious side effects. Here, we report the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of BIIB042, a novel bioavailable and brain-penetrant GSM. In cell-based assays, BIIB042 reduced the levels of Aβ42, increased the levels of Aβ38 and had little effect on the levels of Aβ40, the most abundant Aβ species. Similar pharmacodynamic properties were confirmed in the central nervous system and in plasma of mice and rats, and also in plasma of cynomolgus monkeys after a single oral dose of BIIB042. BIIB042 reduced Aβ42 levels and Aβ plaque burden in Tg2576 mice, which overexpress human amyloid precursor protein and serve as a model system for Alzheimer's disease. BIIB042 did not inhibit cleavage of other γ-secretase substrates in cell-based and in vivo signaling and cleavage assays. The pharmacodynamic effects of lowering Aβ42 in the central nervous system coupled with demonstrated efficacy in reducing plaque pathology suggests modulation of γ-secretase, with molecules like BIIB042, is a compelling therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
A new method for prioritizing drug repositioning candidates extracted by literature-based discovery

Drug repositioning has been a topic of great attention to researchers and pharmaceutical companies due to its significant impact on the cost of drug discovery. There are several approaches to identify potentially novel drug candidates through repurposing. Literature mining has played a critical role in mining such information from scientific articles. In this paper, we used drug-gene and gene-disease semantic predications extracted from Medline abstracts to generate a list of potential drug-disease pairs. We further ranked the generated pairs, by assigning scores based on the predicates that qualify drug-gene and gene-disease relationships. On comparing the top-ranked drug-disease pairs against the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), a curated database for drug-disease relations, we found that a significant percentage of top ranked pairs appeared in CTD. Co-occurrence of these high-ranked pairs in Medline abstracts further improves the confidence in our approach to rank the inferred drug-disease relations higher in the list. Finally, manual evaluation of top ten pairs ranked by our approach revealed that nine of them have some biological significance based on expert judgment.
Models of venous admixture

Medical students, residents, and allied health professionals often have difficulty quantitating ventilation-perfusion mismatch in ill patients. This manuscript quantitates ventilation-perfusion mismatch using the underlying physiological concepts and equations that describe mismatch. In addition, clinical problems with diagrams and worked-out solutions are supplied to help students master these equations as well as their practical limitations.
Differences in Severity and Outcomes Between Hypertriglyceridemia and Alcohol-Induced Pancreatitis.

Background: Alcohol and hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) are among the most common causes of acute pancreatitis (AP) after gallstones. However, differences in severity at the time of presentation and outcomes have not been well-studied. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the differences between severity at presentation and outcomes of AP of hypertriglyceridemic and alcoholic origins. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 177 patients who were discharged with diagnosis of AP was performed. Severity at presentation was identified by the presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, bedside index for severity in AP (BISAP) score, and Balthazar index. Outcomes were measured by the length of stay, intensive care unit care, surgical intervention, and mortality. Results: We found 147 patients with alcoholic pancreatitis and 30 patients with hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis. A larger percentage of hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis patients (23.33%) had a BISAP score of ≥2 compared to the alcoholic group (12.24%). Only 32.65% of the patients with alcoholic pancreatitis but 60% of the patients with hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis had the presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) at admission (P = 0.0067). There were 73.34% hypertriglyceridemic pancreatits patients and only 40.28% alcoholic pancreatitis patients with Balthazar index C or greater, suggesting a higher disease burden at admission for hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis patients (P = 0.0047). There was a statistically significant difference in the relative number of hypertriglyceridemic and alcoholic pancreatitis patients receiving intensive care (P = 0.00030) and in receiving surgical interventions related to pancreatitis (P = 0.016). Conclusion: Our study found that patients with hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis have a greater severity of disease and they experience less favorable outcomes than patients with alcoholic pancreatitis.
Improving Thermal Comfort in Offices: The Impact of Underfloor Task Ventilation:

Questionnaire surveys measured the reactions of 6 facilities managers and 151 office workers to under-floor task ventilation. Facilities managers received fewer complaints about thermal discomfort and ventilation problems than in their previous buildings, and were very satisfied with task ventilation. A majority of office workers said that task ventilation improves thermal comfort, perceived air quality, and provides good temperature and ventilation conditions to support productive working and to help maintain alertness at work. Age and sex interactions were found for several environmental conditions, and women generally reported more frequent problems with thermal discomfort and ventilation.
Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids on the Lower Cache River Watershed, AR

The Cache River Watershed (CRW) in Arkansas is part of one of the largest remaining bottomland hardwood forests in the US. Although wetlands are known to improve water quality, the Cache River is listed as impaired due to sedimentation and turbidity. This study measured turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) in seven sites of the lower CRW; six sites were located on the Bayou DeView tributary of the Cache River. Turbidity and TSS levels ranged from 1.21 to 896 NTU, and 0.17 to 386.33 mg/L respectively and had an increasing trend over the 3-year study. However, a decreasing trend from upstream to downstream in the Bayou DeView tributary was noted. Sediment loading calculated from high precipitation events and mean TSS values indicate that contributions from the Cache River main channel was approximately 6.6 times greater than contributions from Bayou DeView. Land use surrounding this river channel affects water quality as wetlands provide a filter for sediments in the Bayou DeView channel.
The metyrapone test of pituitary function.

The basis for the metyrapone test of pituitary function is described. The carbon tetrachloride-extractable 11-DOCS response is superior to the 17-KGS or 17-OHCS end point. Patients with renal failure require a plasma 11-DOCS measurement for evaluation. Some patients with cirrhosis of the liver fail to give a normal plasma and urinary 11-DOCS response. Patients with Cushing's syndrome due to primary adrenal tumor give a subnormal 11-DOCS response, whereas those with adrenal hyperplasia respond normally.
Plain Talk About Testing and Race: A Reply to Professor Harvey Gilmore and a Law Review Publishing Drama

The following is my response to an essay that was accepted in May 2015 by the University of Minnesota’s “Law & Inequality” for its winter issue. The essay in question continues a disputation that I and a number of others have engaged in on the subject of testing and race. In brief, I favor continued use of testing for admission in law school, although with liberal allowance for alternative measures of readiness for law study. Professor Harvey Gilmore, the author of the essay, believes that tests such as the LSAT are virtually useless and that just about any college graduate who wants to go to law school should be able to do so. For reasons that will be clear at the outset, I found Gilmore’s tone to be abusive. I also found many analytical flaws. Perhaps sensing that his word would, and maybe should, not be the last on the subject, Gilmore, whom I know well, sent me a copy of his essay in which he explicitly invites my response. On the same theory, “Law & Inequality” also invited me to respond. “Law and Inequality,” for whom my piece could have been red meat,” has now rejected my submission. In addition, after reading my draft the journal is urging Gilmore to make changes, something the editors committed to not doing if my article was accepted. But nullifying a full summer’s work of mine will not do. My essay not only needs to be read, but it needs to be read in the light of the essay that was originally accepted. Adjusting Gilmore’s article in response to my draft does not solve the problem I identify -- that only validated views on race are publishable. That is to say, both the writing and the acceptance of Gilmore’s article as is, is central to the story.
Therapeutic Potential of Spirooxindoles as Antiviral Agents.

Antiviral therapeutics with profiles of high potency, low resistance, panserotype, and low toxicity remain challenging, and obtaining such agents continues to be an active area of therapeutic development. Due to their unique three-dimensional structural features, spirooxindoles have been identified as privileged chemotypes for antiviral drug development. Among them, spiro-pyrazolopyridone oxindoles have been recently reported as potent inhibitors of dengue virus NS4B, leading to the discovery of an orally bioavailable preclinical candidate (R)-44 with excellent in vivo efficacy in a dengue viremia mouse model. This review highlights recent advances in the development of biologically active spirooxindoles for their antiviral potential, primarily focusing on the structure–activity relationships (SARs) and modes of action, as well as future directions to achieve more potent analogues toward a viable antiviral therapy.
HASH Index on Non-primary Key Columns of EMS Real-time Database Based on Shared Memory

The real-time database is one of the cores of the energy management system(EMS),on which is based most of the real-time data processing.Introducing the index will greatly optimize the real-time database searching operation to improve its performance.The searching algorithm is described alongside the realization of the HASH index,the HASH index with double overflow areas for "parent-child" type searching is designed and its data structure and search algorithm are treated.It is shown that the HASH index with double overflow areas is a suitable index for "parent-child" type searching with high search efficiency.
Suction, Ram, and Biting: Deviations and Limitations to the Capture of Aquatic Prey

When feeding, most aquatic organisms generate suction that draws prey into the mouth. The papers in this volume are a demonstration of this fact. However, under what circumstances is suction ineffective as a feeding mechanism? Here we consider the interplay between suction, ram, and biting, and analyze the contribution of each to the capture of prey by a wide variety of species of fish. We find, not surprisingly, that ram is the dominant contributor to feeding because suction, and biting, are only effective when very close to the prey. As species utilize more strongly ram-dominated modes of feeding, they may be released from the morphological and behavioral constraints associated with the need to direct a current of water into the head. Morphological and behavioral changes that facilitate larger gapes and stronger jaws are explored here, including predators that lack a protrusile upper jaw, predators with elongate jaws, predators that rely on suspension feeding, and predators that bite. Interestingly, while the mobility of the jaws and the shape of the opening of the mouth are modified in species that have departed from a primary reliance on suction feeding, the anterior-to-posterior wave of expansion persists. This wave may be greatly slowed in ram and biting species, but its retention suggests a fundamental importance to aquatic feeding.
Intrabursal administration of protein kinase or proteinase inhibitors: effects on ovulation in the rat.

Objective To test the hypothesis that inhibition of protein kinase (PK) activity or proteolysis inhibits ovulation. Design Rats were injected intrabursally with protein kinase (H9 or staurosporin) or proteinase ( α 2 -macroglobulin) inhibitors and oocyte release was evaluated. Setting Clinical Research Laboratory, Center for Reproductive Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center. Participants Immature rats stimulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin. Interventions Staurosporin (1 or 10 μ M), H9 (1 mM), α 2 -macroglobulin (835 μ IU of activity); or vehicle was injected into the right ovarian bursa. The left ovarian bursa remained intact. Animals immediately received human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Main Outcome Measures Analysis of oocyte release and ovarian morphology. Results Oocyte release from the inhibitor-treated side decreased for the H9 group (8.1 ± 1.9 fewer oocytes released, P μ M staurosporin group (5.5 ± 0.6, P μ M staurosporin, α 2 -macroglobulin, or vehicle injected groups. Histologic examination of vehicle treated ovaries demonstrated numerous developing corpora lutea (CL; 20.5 ± 2.1 CL/ovary) and a lack of preovulatory follicles. In contrast, ovaries treated with PK inhibitors contained unruptured preovulatory follicles coincident with fewer forming CL (11.5 ± 3.5 CL/ovary). Conclusions Inhibition of PK activity in vivo suppresses ovulation, demonstrating that protein phosphorylation plays an important intermediary role in the ovulatory process.
Subseasonal Prediction of Significant Wave Heights over the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean Region

AbstractThe bias and skill of multi-week predictions of significant wave height (SWH) in the western Pacific and Indian Ocean (WP–IO) region are investigated. The WaveWatch III (WW3) model is forced with daily 10-m winds from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2), retrospective forecasts (CFSR). Reforecasts using January and May initial conditions for the period 1999–2009 are considered. The main features of the climatological mean 10-m winds in weeks 1–4 are well captured by CFSv2, although the magnitude of the bias increases with lead time over much of the region in both the January and May cases. The CFSv2–WW3 system similarly captures the magnitude and spatial structure of SWH in weeks 1–4 well in both cases; however, the magnitude of the positive biases increases with lead time over the Southern Ocean (SO), the South China Sea, and the northwestern Pacific region in the January cases, and over SO in the May cases. The magnitude of the SWH ...
Restoration of Hydrogen Sulfide Production in Diabetic Mice Improves Reparative Function of Bone Marrow Cells

Background:Bone marrow cell (BMC)–based treatment for critical limb ischemia in diabetic patients yielded a modest therapeutic effect resulting from cell dysfunction. Therefore, approaches that imp...
Eradicating Plant Invaders: Combining Ecologically-Based Tactics and Broad-Sense Strategy

Eradication, i.e., the complete destruction, of all individuals of an Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in a new range is universally viewed as the permanent solution to damaging these plants, assuming any reentry of the target species is reliably prevented. Yet eradication is often deemed impractical if not effectively impossible, except when the alien species occurs in very low numbers in a single circumscribed beachhead. This contention may have arisen in part because many immigrant species upon first detection already consist of numerous, spreading populations. Consequently, control (i.e., containment) of the alien species is viewed as the only feasible alternative. We contend this view of eradication dwells disproportionately on the failures to eradicate nonnative species without comprehensive examination of total (or near total) eradications. A more balanced view of the feasibility of eradications may emerge if we trace the events, features, and circumstances that successful eradications hold in common. Most useful will be careful application of strategies that have led to eradications, of which winning and keeping public support is likely the single most important contributor to success.
Laser Engineering Net Shaping of Microporous Ti6Al4V Filters

In many applications porous metal structures are necessary for proper and optimal function. Yet these structures can be difficult to build. It is especially difficult if the pore size desired is very fine or on the micro scale. For this reason, additive manufacturing processes have been looked at to build these structures. In this study LENS processing was experimented with to see if it could be a viable process to create micro-porous interconnected structures. Using Ti6Al4V and only changing processing parameters, porous structures were created having porosity ranging from 21.5% to 15.4%. The microstructure proved to be that of traditional laser processed Ti6Al4V parts. Compression test of the samples showed that the ultimate compressive strength varied from 645-556MPa. Overall LENS proved to be a viable method to make unique micro-porous interconnected structures that could be easily added to any build without having to change the design.
Style Investing, Mutual Fund Flows, and Return Comovement

Employing a difference-in-differences analysis, we find that a stock’s comovement with other stocks in its style, classified by market capitalization and book-to-market ratio, is significantly greater when this stock is owned by mutual funds that focus on its style. This increase in comovement is larger for stocks owned in greater proportion relative to their shares outstanding. In addition, flows into or out of a mutual fund style positively affect return comovement; the effect is more pronounced for index funds than for actively managed funds. Overall, the findings suggest that style investing by mutual fund investors contributes to return comovement.
Reduced modulation of thalamocortical connectivity during exposure to sensory stimuli in ASD

Recent evidence for abnormal thalamic connectivity in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and sensory processing disorders suggests the thalamus may play a role in sensory over-responsivity (SOR), an extreme negative response to sensory stimuli, which is common in ASD. However, there is yet little understanding of changes in thalamic connectivity during exposure to aversive sensory inputs in individuals with ASD. In particular, the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus is implicated in atypical sensory processing given its role in selective attention, regulation, and sensory integration. This study aimed to examine the role of pulvinar connectivity in ASD during mildly aversive sensory input. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine connectivity with the pulvinar during exposure to mildly aversive auditory and tactile stimuli in 38 youth (age 9-17; 19 ASD, 19 IQ-matched typically developing (TD)). Parents rated children's SOR severity on two standard scales. Compared to TD, ASD participants displayed aberrant modulation of connectivity between pulvinar and cortex (including sensory-motor and prefrontal regions) during sensory stimulation. In ASD participants, pulvinar-amygdala connectivity was correlated with severity of SOR symptoms. Deficits in modulation of thalamocortical connectivity in youth with ASD may reflect reduced thalamo-cortical inhibition in response to sensory stimulation, which could lead to difficulty filtering out and/or integrating sensory information. An increase in amygdala connectivity with the pulvinar might be partially responsible for deficits in selective attention as the amygdala signals the brain to attend to distracting sensory stimuli. Autism Res 2017, 10: 801-809. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Taxonomic Notes on Olibroporus Casey and Pycinus Guillebeau (Coleoptera: Phalacridae), with Diagnosis and Distribution of the Widespread Species Olibroporus punctatus Casey

Abstract The widespread New World species Olibroporus punctatus Casey, 1890 is diagnosed and illustrated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and its geographic distribution is mapped. Olibroporus grouvellei (Guillebeau, 1894) (originally in Parasemus Guillebeau) is considered a new junior synonym of O. punctatus. Based on further examination of specimens from the Neotropics, Pycinus Guillebeau, 1893 is reevaluated to be a new junior synonym of Olibroporus Casey, resulting in 12 new combinations. Novel structures imaged using SEM are discussed, and a general discussion of rampant genus-level synonymy in the Phalacridae follows.
Reducing Bias for Maximum Approximate Conditional Likelihood Estimator with General Missing Data Mechanism.

ABSTRACTIn missing data analysis, the assumption of the missing data mechanism is crucial. Under different assumptions, different statistical methods have to be developed accordingly; however, in reality this kind of assumption is usually unverifiable. Therefore a less stringent, and hence more flexible, assumption is preferred. In this paper, we consider a generally applicable missing data mechanism. Under this general missing data mechanism, we introduce the conditional likelihood and its approximate version as the base for estimating the unknown parameter of interest. Since this approximate conditional likelihood uses the completely observed samples only, it may result in large estimation bias, which could deteriorate the statistical inference and also jeopardise other statistical procedure. To tackle this problem, we propose to use some resampling techniques to reduce the estimation bias. We consider both the Jackknife and the Bootstrap in our paper. We compare their asymptotic biases through a higher...
T-Regulating Hair Follicle Stem Cells.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are well known to modulate inflammatory responses. In a recent issue of Cell, Ali et al. (2017) reveal a function for Treg cells in stem cell maintenance by showing that skin-resident Foxp3+ Treg cells preferentially localize to the hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) niche to control HFSC-mediated hair regeneration.