cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory-Based Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Sexual Aggression

PART I: TOWARD A THEORY OF SEXUAL AGGRESSION PART II: PREDICTING SEXUALLY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR PART III: THEORY-GUIDED TREATMENT PART IV: PREVENTION
Studies of learning to learn: IV. Transfer from serial to paired-associate learning

This experiment investigates the conditions determining transfer from serial to paired-associate learning. There were three conditions of transfer defined by the relationship between the successive lists. In Cond. E the paired-associate list consisted of all the pairs of adjacent items from the serial list; in Cond. C different items were used in the two lists, and in Cond. ER the paired associates were composed of nonadjacent members of the serial list. Under each condition of transfer there were an instructed group and an uninstructed group. After the end of serial learning the instructed group was informed about the relationship between the successive lists; the uninstructed group received no such information. All Ss served in three experimental cycles in each of which transfer from serial to paired-associated learning was measured. Significant amounts of positive and of negative transfer were obtained in Cond. E and Cond. ER, respectively. Instructions substantially enhanced positive transfer but failed to influence negative transfer. Positive transfer increased and negative transfer decreased as a function of practice. The results are consistent with the assumption that serial learning involves the development of sequential associations.
Higher-order cross-spectral densities of quantized fields

This paper is concerned with the properties of various normally ordered field correlations in the momentum or frequency domain. It is shown that the cross-spectral correlations, or cross-spectral densities, obey a number of inequalities and nonnegative-definiteness conditions similar to those obeyed by the more usual correlation functions. In general, cross-spectral densities of orderN+M requireN+M sets of mode labels, but it is found that, for certain states of the field,N sets of mode labels determine cross-spectral densities of orderN+N. It is shown that the conditions of stationarity and homogeneity of the field are simply expressed in terms of conditions on the cross-spectral densities, and that these conditions in turn have some simple implications for certain phase-space functions used for the calculation of quantum mechanical expectations. The condition of cross-spectral purity is introduced, and some of its consequences are discussed.
Model Selection for Likelihood-free Bayesian Methods Based on Moment Conditions: Theory and Numerical Examples

An important practice in statistics is to use robust likelihood-free methods, such as the estimating equations, which only require assumptions on the moments instead of specifying the full probabilistic model. We propose a Bayesian avored model selection approach for such likelihood-free methods, based on (quasi-)posterior probabilities from the Bayesian Generalized Method of Moments (BGMM). This novel concept allows us to incorporate two important advantages of a Bayesian approach: the expressiveness of posterior distributions and the convenient computational method of MCMC. Many different applications are possible, including modeling the correlated longitudinal data, the quantile regression, and the graphical models based on partial correlation. We demonstrate numerically how our method works in these applications. Under mild conditions, we show that theoretically the BGMM can achieve the posterior consistency for selecting the unknown true model, and that it possesses a Bayesian version of the oracle property, i.e. the posterior distribution for the parameter of interest is asymptotically normal and is as informative as if the true model were known. In addition, we show that the proposed quasi-posterior is valid to be interpreted as an approximate conditional distribution given a data summary.
Rewarding and Psychomotor Stimulant Effects of Endomorphin-1: Anteroposterior Differences within the Ventral Tegmental Area and Lack of Effect in Nucleus Accumbens

Endomorphin-1 (EM-1) is a recently isolated endogenous peptide having potent analgesic activity and high affinity and selectivity for the mu-opioid receptor. The present study was designed to investigate the rewarding and psychomotor stimulant effects of EM-1 in specific brain regions. We found that rats would learn without priming or response shaping to lever-press for microinjections of EM-1 into the ventral tegmental area (VTA); responding was most vigorous for high-dose injections into the posterior VTA. Rats did not learn to lever-press for microinjections of EM-1 into the nucleus accumbens (NAS) or regions just dorsal to the VTA. Lever-pressing for EM-1 in the VTA was extinguished when vehicle was substituted for the peptide and was reinstated when EM-1 reinforcement was re-established. Conditioned place preference was established by EM-1 injections into the posterior but not the anterior VTA or the NAS. Injection of EM-1 (0.1-1.0 nmol) into the posterior VTA induced robust increases in locomotor activity, whereas injections into the anterior VTA had very weak locomotor-stimulating effects. When injected into the NAS, EM-1 (0.1-10.0 nmol) did not affect locomotor activity. The present findings implicate the posterior VTA as a highly specific and sensitive site for opioid reward and suggest a role for EM-1-containing projections to the posterior VTA in the rewarding effects of other reinforcers.
Evaluating the performance of robotic compliant tasks according to power consumption: approach and applications

This paper proposes an approach to the quantitative evaluation of the performance of robotic compliant motion tasks based on the power consumed by interaction between parts. As an application of the technique, a method for tuning the compliant motion parameters is discussed. It employs the response surface method as a schema for experimental design, because of the method's similarity to the process whereby humans tune parameters. Finally, to confirm the effectiveness of the tuning method, it is applied to a socket attachment task.
Boson Hamiltonians and stochasticity for the vorticity equation

The evolution of the vorticity in time for two-dimensional inviscid flow and in Lagrangian time for three-dimensional viscous flow is written in Hamiltonian form by introducing Bose operators. The addition of the viscous and convective terms, respectively, leads to an interpretation of the Hamiltonian contribution to the evolution as Langevin noise.
Unit-sphere multiaxial stochastic-strength model applied to a composite material:

The Batdorf “unit-sphere” methodology has been extended to predict the multiaxial stochastic strength response of anisotropic (specifically transversely isotropic) brittle materials, including polymer matrix composites, by considering (1) nonrandom orientation of intrinsic flaws and (2) critical strength or fracture toughness changing with flaw orientation relative to the material microstructure. The equations developed to characterize these properties are general and can model tightly defined or more diffuse material anisotropy textures describing flaw populations. In this paper, results from finite element analysis of a fiber-reinforced matrix unit cell were used with the unit-sphere model to predict the biaxial strength response of a unidirectional polymer matrix composite previously reported from the World-Wide Failure Exercise. Findings regarding stress–state interactions, thermal residual stresses, and failure modes are also provided. The unit-sphere methodology is an attempt to provide an improved ...
An exploratory study in selective functions of concepts.

(1957). An Exploratory Study in Selective Functions of Concepts. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 151-164.
Formation mechanisms of aromatic compounds in aliphatic flames

Abstract Possible mechanisms for the formation of aromatic compounds in flames of aliphatic fuels were assessed by comparing predicted formation rates against experimental values calculated from mole-fraction profiles of compounds in near-sooting, premixed flat flames of 1,3-butadiene at a pressure of 2.67 kPa. The data were obtained by molecular beam sampling with on-line mass spectrometry. Postulated mechanisms, consisting of rate-controlling addition of 1,3-butadienyl radical to acetylenes followed by cyclization and H-atom elimination, and having the following overall expression and rate parameters, are consistent with the data: Acetylenic Species Aromatic product E, kcal/mol Acetylene, C2H2 Benzene, C6H6 3.7 Methylacetylene, C3H4 Toluene, C6H5CH3 3.7 Diacetylene, C4H2 Phenylacetylene, C6H5C2H 1.8 Vinylacetylene, C4H4 Styrene, C6H5C2H3 0.6 where k is l/mol s. However, the measured rate of toluene formation differs from the prediction in a manner that may indicate an important role for another toluene-forming reaction and toluene conversion to benzyl radical. The postulated role of C4H5 in aromatics formation is consistent with previous flame data in which the formation behavior of another product of C4H5, namely, C4H4, mimics that of aromatics. Diels-Alder reactions of 1,3-butadiene and free-radical mechanisms involving 1,3-butadiene are shown to be too slow to account for the formation of aromatic species in this flame.
Agonistic and sex-mimicking behaviors as related to rank proximity in rams (Ovis aries)

Abstract Social behaviors of two groups of four ram lambs were observed and recorded during five animal-age periods between birth and 38 weeks. A higher level of display of agonistic behavior was correlated with higher social position ( P P P P
Organic matter and lipids in sediments of Lake Bled (NW Slovenia): Source and effect of anoxic and oxic depositional regimes

Sources of organic matter (OM) and lipids were assessed and factors affecting OM degradation were studied for two sediment cores representing distinct depositional regimes (i.e., the oscillating oxic to suboxic/anoxic western basin and oxic Zaka Bay) for eutrophic Lake Bled, NW Slovenia. Lower surface organic carbon (OC) concentration was determined in the western basin than for Zaka Bay sediments (5.1 vs. 5.4 wt% dry sediment, respectively), but one order of magnitude greater total lipid concentration was observed in the former. Also, there was a higher proportion of autochthonous OM in the western basin (∼77% vs. ∼66%) on the basis of atomic C/N ratios. Lipid-based origin assessment suggested a similar contribution of autochthonous OM in the western basin (64-77%), but a lower one in Zaka Bay (<50%). It seems that redox potential is the main factor governing OM degradation in the western basin. In contrast, a contribution from more refractory terrestrial OM, via the surface inflow in Zaka Bay, and higher sedimentation rates may surpass redox effects in Zaka Bay. Overall, oxygen may play a more important role in degradation of the more labile pool (i.e., lipids) than bulk OM. Higher apparent degradation rate constants (k') for lipids also suggested a greater lability than for OC, while respective k' values were higher in the oxic than anoxic environment.
Characterizing the effects of transient faults on a high-performance processor pipeline

The progression of implementation technologies into the sub-100 nanometer lithographies renew the importance of understanding and protecting against single-event upsets in digital systems. In this work, the effects of transient faults on high performance microprocessors is explored. To perform a thorough exploration, a highly detailed register transfer level model of a deeply pipelined, out-of-order microprocessor was created. Using fault injection, we determined that fewer than 15% of single bit corruptions in processor state result in software visible errors. These failures were analyzed to identify the most vulnerable portions of the processor, which were then protected using simple low-overhead techniques. This resulted in a 75% reduction in failures. Building upon the failure modes seen in the microarchitecture, fault injections into software were performed to investigate the level of masking that the software layer provides. Together, the baseline microarchitectural substrate and software mask more than 9 out of 10 transient faults from affecting correct program execution.
Summary of the Workshop on Perinatal and Postnatal Defects and Neurologic Abnormalities from Chemical Exposures

SUMMARY OF THE WORKSHOP ON PERINATAL AND POSTNATAL DEFECTS AND NEUROLOGIC ABNORMALITIES FROM CHEMICAL EXPOSURES Chairpersons: Mason Barr, Jr. University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 Carl A. Keller National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Walter J. Rogan National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 Invited Participant: Jennie Kline Columbia University School of Public Health New York. New York 10027 INTRODUCTION Both chemical pollution and human reproduction are complex topics. Inquiry into chemical-related damage to human reproduction is hampered by this complexity. In general, the whole area of environmental chemicals versus human reproduction is one of great concern but. at this time, there are few hard data. The following provides an analytic framework for discussion of these topics, and also provides an outline for this presentation.
Regulation of NMDA Receptors by an Associated Phosphatase-Kinase Signaling Complex

Regulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity by kinases and phosphatases contributes to the modulation of synaptic transmission. Targeting of these enzymes near the substrate is proposed to enhance phosphorylation-dependent modulation. Yotiao, an NMDA receptor–associated protein, bound the type I protein phosphatase (PP1) and the adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)–dependent protein kinase (PKA) holoenzyme. Anchored PP1 was active, limiting channel activity, whereas PKA activation overcame constitutive PP1 activity and conferred rapid enhancement of NMDA receptor currents. Hence, yotiao is a scaffold protein that physically attaches PP1 and PKA to NMDA receptors to regulate channel activity.
Stable Synchronization of Mechanical System Networks

In this paper we address stabilization of a network of underactuated mechanical systems with unstable dynamics. The coordinating control law stabilizes the unstable dynamics with a term derived from the method of controlled Lagrangians and synchronizes the dynamics across the network with potential shaping designed to couple the mechanical systems. The coupled system is Lagrangian with symmetry, and energy methods are used to prove stability and coordinated behavior. Two cases of asymptotic stabilization are discussed; one yields convergence to synchronized motion staying on a constant momentum surface, and the other yields convergence to a relative equilibrium. We illustrate the results in the case of synchronization of $n$ carts, each balancing an inverted pendulum.
Other- and inner-worldly asceticism in medieval Waldensianism: a Weberian analysis

Building on work by Weber and Troeltsch, this article exammes other- and inner-worldly ascetiasm in Waldensianism, one of the largest heterodox religious movements in the Middle Ages. To explain variation in the types and directions of religious conduct, the historical comparative analysis focuses on the interplay of ethics and organization in early, later, and Austrian Waldensianism. Based on the exploration of largely primary sources, the article argues that asceticism in early and later Waldensianism was other worklly and confined to Walinsian itinerant preachers. In the uniqxe case of the Austrian Waldensiams, asceticism not only extended to lay congregations, but was also oriented toward the secalar sphere. For the Austrian Waldensians the world was a task and had to be mastered through diligent, methodical behavior. The Austrian Waldensians' rationalized conduct in the secular sphere was a forrn of mner-worldly asceticism that preceded ascetic Protestantlsm's by more than three centuries. Social and religious life in the Middle Ages is not a popular field of study in
Recovery cycle of evoked potentials in the thalamus and cortex of rabbits

Abstract Occlusion of evoked cortical and thalamic potentials based on sciatic nerve stimulation was studied in rabbits. The recovery cycle of the cortex was faster than that of the thalamus. Occurrence of a response in the cortex was not dependent on occurrence of a thalamic response.
Computational Complexity Theoretical Analyses on Cryptographic Algorithms for Computer Security Application

We know the i§signed-digit recoding algorithmi¨ has less occurrence probability of the nonzero digit than original binary number representation. The goal of study time-efficient and space-efficient algorithms for modular arithmetic comes from the applications in modern cryptography, such as RSA cryptography and El-Gamal cryptography. Taking the RSA cryptography for example, the public and private keys are functions of a pair of prime numbers, and the encryption and decryption operations are accomplished by modular exponentiation. Fast modular exponentiation algorithms are often considered of practical significance in RSA cryptosystem. By using the technique of recording the common parts in the folded sub strings can improve the efficiency of the binary algorithm, thus can effective reduce the computational complexity of modular exponentiation.
Some ecological effects of artificial circulation on a small eutrophic lake with particular emphasis on phytoplankton II. Kezar lake experiment, 1969

A small eutrophic New Hampshire lake was artificially circulated (mixed) from 28 May to 15 September, 1969, inclusive, to impede the annual bloom of a noxious blue-green alga; yet Aphanizomenon flos-aquae bloomed immediately after mixing was commenced. The bloom collapsed in early July; it was succeeded by heavy growth of predominantly chlorophycean taxa. In an in vitro experiment Aphanizomenon flos-aquae did reattain bloom proportions when the influence of artificial circulation was removed. Other phytoplankton exhibited population pulses only when the dominance of cyanophycean and chlorophycean taxa were in transition. Mixing maintained uniform vertical populations of all phytoplankton. Changes in water transparency attended fluctuations in phytoplankton abundance.
Selective enhancement of spatial harmonics of a photorefractive grating

We demonstrate a technique by which the amplitudes of the various spatial harmonics of a holographic grating written in a photorefractive material may be increased with respect to one another. We show that for holographic recording with a moving intensity grating, the grating velocity may be chosen so as to amplify selectively a given spatial harmonic. This result is derived analytically and tested by measurements of the first three spatial harmonics of a grating written in a photorefractive Bi12SiO20 crystal.
RULING LOS ANGELES: NEIGHBORHOOD MOVEMENTS, URBAN REGIMES, AND THE PRODUCTION OF SPACE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

This paper examines a social movement among affluent homeowners in Los Angeles. It argues that the social movement is highly institutionalized and durable, and that it has achieved many important citywide and statewide goals during the past 20 years. The paper further argues that this social movement should rightly be considered a stable branch of the urban elite along with local business and local government. However, the homeowners movement pursues a fundamentally different sociospatial agenda than either local business or local government, and those differing agendas suggest the absence of a unified governing regime in the city. The paper examines the structure, agenda, and political alliances of the movement through the case study of the debate surrounding the spatial and political reorganization of the City of Los Angeles, the most salient element of which is the possibility of San Fernando Valley secession.
Effect of unilateral perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on striatal dopamine uptake sites and D1 and D2 receptors in adult rats

Abstract The effect of unilateral perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on striatal dopamine uptake sites and on D2 and D2 receptors was investigated in rat by using in vitro quantitative receptor binding autoradiography, 9–11 weeks after the insult. Saturation experiments revealed a significant 20% decrease in maximal binding capacity (Bmax) for [3H]spiperone-labeled D2 receptors on the side of the lesion in comparison to the non-lesioned contralateral side or to either side of control animals. There was no significant change in [3H]mazindol-labeled dopamine uptake sites or in [3H]SCH 23390-labeled D1 receptor characteristics (Bmax and Kd) on the lesioned side. We conclude that the decrease in D2 receptor binding previously observed in immature animals is persistent, whereas the decrease in D1 binding is not.
A fully-integrated 10.5µW miniaturized (0.125mm 2 ) wireless neural sensor

A wirelessly powered 0.125mm2 65nm CMOS IC for BMI applications integrates four 1.5µW amplifiers (6.5µVrms input-referred noise for a 10kHz bandwidth) with power conditioning and communication circuitry. The multi-node backscatter FDMA communication scheme frequency locks to a wireless interrogator. The full system, verified wirelessly with MATLAB generated neural data, consumes 10.5µW, and operates at 1mm range in air with 50mW transmit power.
Isozymes of Aldolase

A new method of starch-gel electrophoresis using a technique of staining dependent on enzyme activity has been employed to demonstrate the isozymes of aldolase from a variety of human, rat, and frog tissues. Five of these isozymes were detected in man, seven in the rat, and at least four in the frog. The abilities of these isozymes to cleave fructose-1 ,6-diphosphate and fructose-1-phosphate were compared.
Cycle life testing of 8-cm mercury ion thruster cathodes

Two main cathodes have successfully completed 2800 and 1980 cycles and three neutralizers, 3928, 3050, and 2850 cycles in ongoing cycle life tests of flight-type cathode-isolator-vaporizer and neutralizer-isolator-vaporizer assemblies for the 4.45 mN 8-cm Hg ion thruster system. Each cycle included one hour of cathode operation. Starting and operating conditions simulated those expected in a typical auxiliary propulsion mission duty cycle. The cycle life test results are presented along with results of an insert comparison test which led to the selection of a rolled foil insert type for the 8-cm Engineering Model Thruster cathodes.
Electromagnetic chuck with instantaneous emergency feature

An electromagnetic chuck with an important safety feature has been designed at Penn State's Ordnance Research Laboratory. With this device, the danger of injury as the result of power interruption or failure is eliminated.
“You Just Might Get It Right One Day”: On Being Informed By Carl J. Couch

The founders of the intellectual tradition that became known as symbolic interaction theory were the first to articulate the principle that society exists in communication…. Let us focus our analytic powers on social acts.
Using CSP to develop trustworthy hardware

An overview of a method for formalizing critical system requirements and decomposing them into requirements of the system components and a minimal, possibly empty, set of synchronization requirements is presented. The trace model of communicating sequential processes (CSPs) is the basis for the formal method, and the EHDM verification system is the basis for mechanizing proofs. The results of the application of this method to the top-level implementation of an error-detecting character repeater are discussed. The critical requirements of the repeater are decomposed into the requirements of its components. Provided that the components meet their derived requirements, the repeater has been proven to meet its critical requirements. >
Sedation for pediatric dental patients

There are few areas of dental therapeutics as controversial as the pharmacologic management of fearful and uncooperative pediatric dental patients. A pediatric dentist is faced with one of the most difficult tasks in our profession: maximizing comfort and cooperation while minimizing risks and costs of dental care for the unmanageable child. Pharmacosedation provides the means for children to avoid psychologically traumatic experiences that might inhibit regular oral health care when they become adults. By controlling disruptive behaviors, the pediatric dentist is able to provide quality dental care in an environment that is pleasant for the child, the parent, and the practitioner.
Translational Studies in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies as a Stepping Stone to Tolerance Induction

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has most commonly been used to treat hematologic malignancies, where it is often the only potentially curative option available. The success of HCT has been limited by transplant-associated toxicities related to the conditioning regimens used and to the common immunologic consequence of donor T cell recognition of recipient alloantigens, graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). The frequency and severity of GVHD observed when extensive HLA barriers are transgressed has essentially precluded the routine use of extensively HLA-mismatched HCT. Allogeneic HCT also has potential as an approach to organ allograft tolerance induction, but this potential has not been previously realized because of the toxicity associated with traditional conditioning. In this paper we review two approaches to HCT involving reduced intensity conditioning regimens that have been associated with improvements in safety in patients with hematologic malignancies, even in the HLA-mismatched transplant setting. These strategies have been applied in the first successful pilot studies for the induction of organ allograft tolerance in humans. Thus, we summarize an example of vertical translational research between animal models and humans and horizontal translation between two separate goals that culminated in the use of HCT to achieve allograft tolerance in humans.
Older women with breast carcinoma are less likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy: evidence of possible age bias?

BACKGROUND Older women with breast carcinoma are less likely than younger women to receive adjuvant chemotherapy. The authors hypothesized that after controlling for confounders (i.e., variables related to both age and chemotherapy use) and effect modifiers (i.e., variables that have a significant interaction with age), age would become a less significant factor for predicting adjuvant chemotherapy use. METHODS Data on 480 women with localized breast carcinoma were entered into the National Comprehensive Cancer Network database at The Ohio State University Medical Center. Women were divided into 3 groups: women age 65 years (n = 121 [25%]). Chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used for univariate analyses of the variables of interest, and logistic regression was used for multivariate analyses. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders (stage, tumor size, progesterone receptor status, and lymph node involvement) and effect modifiers (namely, estrogen receptor [ER] status), the odds of not receiving chemotherapy for women ages 50–65 years and women age > 65 years with ER-positive breast carcinoma were approximately 6 (odds ratio [OR], 6.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1–13.3; P 65 years with ER-negative breast carcinoma were 7 times (OR, 6.7; 95% CI, 1.5–30.6; P = 0.013) greater than the odds for women age < 50 years. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study indicate that based on older age alone, women are less likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy. In addition, the results suggest that age bias may contribute to undertreatment and lack of accrual of older women into clinical trials. Cancer 2003;98:1141–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11640
Coronary Vascular Dysfunction and Prognosis in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Objectives This study sought to evaluate whether impaired vasodilator function, an early manifestation of coronary artery disease, which precedes angiographic stenosis, accounts for increased risk among patients with moderate to severe renal dysfunction. Background Patients with renal dysfunction are at increased risk of adverse cardiac outcomes, even in the absence of overt myocardial ischemia or infarction. Methods We included 866 consecutive patients with moderate to severe renal dysfunction referred for rest and stress myocardial perfusion positron emission tomography and followed them for a median of 1.28 years (interquartile range: 0.64 to 2.34). Regional myocardial perfusion abnormalities were assessed by semiquantitative visual analysis of positron emission tomography images. Rest and stress myocardial blood flow were calculated using factor analysis and a 2-compartment kinetic model; they were also used to compute coronary flow reserve (stress/rest myocardial blood flow). The primary endpoint was cardiac death. Results Overall, 3-year cardiac mortality was 16.2%. After adjusting for clinical risk, left ventricular ejection fraction, as well as the magnitude of scar and/or ischemia, coronary flow reserve below the median ( Conclusions The presence of coronary vascular dysfunction in patients with moderate to severe renal dysfunction, as assessed by positron emission tomography, is a powerful, independent predictor of cardiac mortality and provides meaningful incremental risk stratification over conventional markers of clinical risk.
Interventional Pain Management for Failed Back Surgery Syndrome

Patients who suffer from the condition known as failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) present to the offices of physicians, surgeons, and pain specialists alike in overwhelming numbers. This condition has been defined as persistent back and/or leg pain despite having completed spinal surgery. As lumbar surgery continues to grow in prevalence, so will the number patients suffering from FBSS. It is important for physicians treating this population to expand their knowledge of FBSS etiologies and appropriate diagnostic imaging modalities, combined with confirmatory diagnostic injections, and proper technique for interventional pain procedures. In doing so, the physician may adequately be prepared to manage these complex cases in the future, ideally with the support of stronger evidence. Management begins with a systematic evaluation of common FBSS etiologies such as new-onset stenosis, recurrent herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP), epidural fibrosis, pseudarthrosis, and others. History and physical may be supplemented by imaging including X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, or computed tomography myelography. Certain diagnoses may be confirmed with diagnostic procedures such as intra-articular injections, medial branch blocks, or transforaminal nerve root blocks. Once an etiology is determined, a multidisciplinary approach to treatment is most effective. This includes exercise or physical therapy, psychological counseling, medication, and interventional procedures. The most invasive treatment option, short of revision surgery, is spinal cord stimulation. This intervention has a number of studies demonstrating its efficacy and cost-effectiveness in this population. Finally, revision surgery may be used when indicated such as with progressive neurological impairment or with issues regarding previous surgical instrumentation.
Vibronic coupling in the valence band photoemission of the ferroelectric copolymer: poly(vinylidene fluoride) (70%) and trifluoroethylene (30%).

Two different vibrational contributions to the photoemission fine structure of the ferroelectric copolymer poly(vinlylidene fluoride) with trifluoroethylene (CH2−CF2:CHF−CF2, 70%:30%) are identified. The vibrational contributions at the higher photoemission binding energies are associated with two closely placed υa,s (CH2) stretching modes while at the smaller photoemission binding energies, the fine structure is due to a δ (CH2) bending mode. The contribution of the δ (CH2) mode to the photoemission fine structure decreases with decreasing temperature. We associate this temperature dependence to the importance of symmetry in vibronic coupling to the photoemission process and increased dipole ordering with decreasing temperature in this organic ferroelectric system.
Reliable OCR solution for digital content re-mastering

This paper addresses the system's aspects of OCR solutions in the context of digital content re-mastering. It analyzes the unique requirements and challenges to implement a reliable OCR system in a high-volume and unattended environment. A new reliability metric is proposed and a practical solution based on the combination of multiple commercial OCR engines is introduced. Experimental results show that the combination system is both much more accurate and more reliable when compared with individual engines, thus it can fully satisfy the need of digital content re-mastering applications.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Microdynamics of Hate Violence: Interpretive Analysis and Implications for Responses

By examining the link between attitudes and actions by perpetrators of hate violence and interpretation of hate violence by its victims, this article demonstrates how interpretive analytic strategies can illuminate aspects of the microdynamics of hate crime violence that are difficult to understand with variable-centered analysis. Data on the relationship between perpetrator motive and actions are from semistructured interviews of female rank-and-file members of organized racist groups in the modern United States. Data on victim interpretations are from ethnographic case studies of victims and victim communities in various settings across the United States. Interpretive analyses of these data suggest new implications for formulating effective responses to hate violence.
Optimal Routing and Power Allocation for Wireless Networks with Imperfect Full-Duplex Nodes

The joint routing and power allocation problem in a wireless full-duplex network with imperfect interference cancellation and a single source destination pair is solved. Our simplified interference model focuses on the effects of full-duplex by including residual self-interference and one hop interference while other interfering signals are assumed to be negligible. First, the optimal power allocation for a fixed route is identified. Then a modification of Dijkstra's algorithm is used to find the joint route and power allocation to maximize throughput. Due to interference, the algorithm proposed has a non decomposable objective function; however, it is efficiently solved for every candidate route. Our solution in a full interference model, that does not ignore any interference, is at most a constant bound away from the optimal solution in the full interference model. Through simulations we evaluate several scenarios and show the behavior of the solution in both interference models.
Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein Is a Cellular Receptor for Sindbis Virus in Both Insect and Mammalian Hosts

Alphaviruses, including several emerging human pathogens, are a large family of mosquito-borne viruses with Sindbis virus being a prototypical member of the genus. The host factor requirements and receptors for entry of this class of viruses remain obscure. Using a Drosophila system, we identified the divalent metal ion transporter natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) as a host cell surface molecule required for Sindbis virus binding and entry into Drosophila cells. Consequently, flies mutant for dNRAMP were protected from virus infection. NRAMP2, the ubiquitously expressed vertebrate homolog, mediated binding and infection of Sindbis virus into mammalian cells, and murine cells deficient for NRAMP2 were nonpermissive to infection. Alphavirus glycoprotein chimeras demonstrated that the requirement for NRAMP2 is at the level of Sindbis virus entry. Given the conserved structure of alphavirus glycoproteins, and the widespread use of transporters for viral entry, other alphaviruses may use conserved multipass membrane proteins for infection.
Elevated plasma cortisol during induced and spontaneous hypocalcemia in ruminants.

Abstract The relationship of Cortisol in blood plasma with plasma calcium and phosphorus was studied from 3 days before to 2.5 days after calving in 12 dairy cows (third or more parity). Cows were in three groups: 1) paretic (displayed hypocalcemic and lateral recumbency), 2) nonparetic (plasma calcium at least 8.0 mg/100ml), and 3) borderline (plasma calcium less than 8.0 mg/100ml). Cortisol concentrations from 0 to 1.5 days postpartum reflected the state of calcium stress of the groups, paretic more than borderline and borderline more than nonparetic. Phosphorus was lower from 0 to 1 day postpartum in paretic cows. Calcium and phosphorus were negatively correlated (within cow) with Cortisol (−.53,−.37). In experiments with goats, Cortisol was released in response to hypocalcemia and displayed no activity in initiating an onset of hypocalcemia when given exogenously. Also, the observation that cortisol-treated goats responded less severely with calcium depression and recovered faster from induced hypocalcemia by ethylene glycol-bis (β-amino-ethyl ester) N,N'-tetraacetic acid infusions suggests Cortisol may aid the animal in recovering from hypocalcemia.
Sensor assisted wireless communication

The nature of human mobility demands that mobile devices become agile to diverse operating environments. Coping with such diversity requires the device to assess its environment, and trigger appropriate responses to each of them. While existing communication subsystems rely on in-band wireless signals for context-assessment and response, we explore a lateral approach of using out-of-band sensor information. We propose a relatively novel framework that synthesizes in-band and out-of-band information, facilitating more informed communication decisions. We believe that further research in this direction could enable a new kind of device agility, deficient in today's communication systems. Since such a framework is located at the boundaries of mobile sensing and wireless communication, we call it sensor assisted wireless communication.
Of 2 Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry

Of. Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry. T. M. Luhrmann. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. xi. 337 pp., appendix, notes, bibliography, index.
A core-shell nanomaterial with endogenous therapeutic and diagnostic functions

In the present communication, we report the fabrication of a unique core-shell inorganic nanomaterial with potential therapeutic and diagnostic functions. It contains an iron–cobalt (FeCo) core that demonstrates magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast property and a thin nanoshell of gold that inhibits the function of a pro-angiogenic growth factor, VEGF165. Au(FeCo) core-shell nanomaterials are fabricated in the gas phase and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrum, inductively coupled plasma analysis, and MRI. Inhibition of VEGF165 function by Au(FeCo) is demonstrated against VEGF165/VPF-induced signaling cascades and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The self-contrast property of Au(FeCo) is determined in vitro by MRI after incubating HUVECs with Au(FeCo), demonstrating intrinsic contrast property of this potentially therapeutic nanomaterial. In brief, we report here the successful fabrication of an inorganic core-shell nanomaterial with potential therapeutic and diagnostic functions. It inhibits the function of VEGF165 and functions as a MRI contrast agent.
Production of hydrogen from water using biophotolytic methods

Hydrogen gas has been produced on a continuous basis using two immobilized microorganisms. One organism, the cyanobacteria it(Anacystis nidulans), oxidizes water, producing molecular oxygen, and reduces exogenous NADP. The second organism, (itRhodospirillum rubrum), reoxidizes NADPH and produces molecular hydrogen. Thus the complete system oxidizes water and produces oxygen and hydrogen while recycling NADP.
Third international workshop on software engineering for computational science and engineering

Abstract This workshop focuses on bringing together members of the software engineering community with members of the computational science and engineering community to discuss approaches for developing computational science & engineering software. The workshop provides a venue for members of these communities, who do not normally interact, to meet and discuss important issues.
Minority carrier lifetime characteristics in type II InAs/GaSb LWIR superlattice n+πp+ photodiodes

In this work the current versus voltage data of a p-n+ junction is converted into minority carrier lifetime data. Space charge recombination currents dominate at modest reverse bias at 80K and taking the dominant recombination centers to be located at the intrinsic Fermi level, the lowest minority carrier lifetime τ0 is determined to be 35ns. This single Shockley-Read-Hall carrier recombination parameter provides an excellent fit to the data over temperature range 40K≤ T≤ 130K; the 35ns minority carrier lifetime also explains the quantum efficiency data. The transition from diffusion to space charge currents occurs for temperatures, T ≤ 100K. For T≤ 40K trap assisted tunneling is the dominant current component. Based on imaging system requirements to be near background limited for photon flux ≈ 1015 ph/cm2-s and detector temperature of 80K, the minority carrier lifetime will need to be increased by one order of magnitude.
Charcot‐Leyden crystals in pemphigus vegetans

In the skin lesion of a patient with pemphigus vegetans, Charcot-Leyden crystals were observed in the eosinophilic abscess cavities of the epidermis. The finding is documented for the first time. In addition, some of the intraepidermal eosinophilic abscess cavities have been shown to be due to accumulation of eosinophils in dilated acrosyringia, but their formation from acantholysis and spongiosis can not be entirely excluded.
Reversion to methionine independence by malignant rat and SV40-transformed human fibroblasts

Abstract Although many lines of malignant and transformed cells are unable to grow in folate- and cobalamin-supplemented medium in which methionine is replaced by homocysteine its immediate metabolic precursor, rare cells from these lines regained the normal ability to grow under these conditions. Six revertant lines, one from Walker-256 rat breast carcinoma cells and five from SV40-transformed human fibroblasts, have been characterized with regard to growth and three measures of methionine biosynthetic capacity: methionine synthetase and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activities in cell extracts, and uptake of label from [5- 14 C]methyltetrahydrofolate by intact cells. When all three measures of methionine biosynthetic capacity were considered, two revertants isolated from SV40-transformed cells had regained the ability to grow like normal cells in homocysteine medium without substantial changes in these measures. Increased methionine biosynthesis thus is not a prerequisite to reversion of the methionine auxotrophy present in the transformed parental lines.
Fairness and organizational citizenship behavior: What are the connections?

A view of organizations as social contracts recognizes self-interests of individuals but does not explain the occurrence of unselfish contributions such as are denoted by “organizational citizenship behavior” (OCB). We propose that the concept of fairness, as applied to systems of relational contracts, provides a high-leverage construct for understanding the fusion of self-interest and self-denial. A review of the empirical literature suggests that fairness, rather than job satisfaction, accounts for OCB; and that the evidence points toward procedural and interactional fairness as both empirically and conceptually critical in the fairness-OCB relationship. However, we explain why distributive fairness still should not be deemphasized.
Automatic derivation of utility functions for monitoring software requirements

Utility functions can be used to monitor requirements of a dynamically adaptive system (DAS). More specifically, a utility function maps monitoring information to a scalar value proportional to how well a requirement is satisfied. Utility functions may be manually elicited by requirements engineers, or indirectly inferred through statistical regression techniques. This paper presents a goal-based requirements modeldriven approach for automatically deriving state-, metric-, and fuzzy logic-based utility functions for RELAXed goal models. State- and fuzzy logic-based utility functions are responsible for detecting requirements violations, and metric-based utility functions are used to detect conditions conducive to a requirements violation. We demonstrate the proposed approach by applying it to the goal model of an intelligent vehicle system (IVS) and use the derived utility functions to monitor the IVS under different environmental conditions at run time.
Ab initio quantum mechanical studies of the kinetics and mechanisms of silicate dissolution: H+(H3O+) catalysis

Abstract It is generally believed that the hydrolysis of Si —O —Si or Si —O —Al bonds is the key step in the dissolution processes of most silicates and aluminosilicates. High level ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been carried out to investigate the atomic processes of mineral dissolution by studying the following reactions: Si —O —Si + H 2 O → Si —OH + Si —OH, Si —O —Al + H 2 O → Si —OH + Si —OH, Si —O —A1 + H 3 O + → Si —OH + Si —OH 2 + , Si —O —A1 + H 3 O + → Si —OH + Si —OH 2 + , Our ab initio results provide detailed molecular mechanisms, which can be used to explain the pH dependence of mineral dissolution rates, the formation of leached layers during feldspar dissolution, and recent experimental data on the kinetic isotope effect associated with quartz and feldspar dissolution. The hydrolysis reactions written above were studied by truncating the mineral surface so that a finite cluster of atoms could be used in the ab initio calculations. The potential energies involved in the adsorption of various aqueous species, as well as the reaction pathways leading to the formation of the transition state in each of the reactions, were then studied from first principles. The ab initio results indicate that: 1. (1) The attack of H + (H 3 O + ) onto the bridging oxygen site significantly weakens the Si — O — Si and Si — O — Al bridging bonds, 2. (2) The calculated activation energies for the hydrolysis of Si — O — Si and Si —O —Al bonds by H 2 O are 29 (32) kcal/mol and 26 (27) kcal/mol, respectively, while under H 2 O + catalysis, they are 24 (22) kcal /mol and 16 kcal /mol (at the MP2/6-31G ∗ level). Therefore, our ab initio results provide direct evidence of both H 3 O + catalysis and of the preferred hydrolysis of Si — O — Al linkages over Si — O — Si linkages, and 3. (3) Calculations show that pure H 2 O hydrolysis leads to a rather big kinetic isotope effect ( K H 2 O K D 2 O = 2−4 ) while under H 3 O + catalysis K H 3 O + K D 3 O + = 0.7−1.1 . The latter results are in good agreement with recent experimental data for quartz and feldspar dissolution at low pH K H 3 O + K D 3 O + = 1.1−1.3 ).