cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ECONOPHYSICS AND ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY

This paper discusses the debate between those advocating a computational and those advocating a dynamic definition of complexity, and how this relates to issues in econophysics. It then reviews the criticisms that have been raised about ways in which econophysics has been done, noting that many of these are now being dealt with. Finally, it argues that while an obvious way to resolve many of these matters is to have economists and physicists work together, the physicists should be sure to work with economists who understand the complexity critique of conventional economic theory and are thus not led astray into building models that have some of the problems of standard economics models that most econophysicists have striven to overcome.
Radiation tolerant intelligent memory stack (RTIMS)

The radiation tolerant intelligent memory stack (RTIMS), suitable for both geostationary and low Earth orbit missions, has been developed. The memory module is fully functional and undergoing environmental and radiation characterization. A self-contained "flight-like" module is expected to be completed in 2006. RTIMS provides reconfigurable circuitry and 2 gigabits of error corrected or 1 gigabit of triple redundant digital memory in a small package. RTIMS utilizes circuit stacking of heterogeneous components and radiation shielding technologies. A reprogrammable field programmable gate array (FPGA), six synchronous dynamic random access memories, linear regulator, and the radiation mitigation circuitries are stacked into a module of 42.7mm /spl times/ 42.7mm /spl times/13.00mm. Triple module redundancy, current limiting, configuration scrubbing, and single event function interrupt detection are employed to mitigate radiation effects. The mitigation techniques significantly simplify system design. RTIMS is well suited for deployment in real-time data processing, reconfigurable computing, and memory intensive applications.
Satellite Positive-Ion-Beam System

Abstract : The Satellite Positive Ion Beam System (SPIBS) instrument is being developed as a charge ejection payload for the Air Force Satellite P78-2 (Satellite Charging At High Altitude). SPIBS will allow controlled ejection of xenon ions as part of the systematic investigation of satellite charging. Ion Beam currents of about 0.3 and 1.0 mA are obtained at a beam voltage of 1 kV; currents of about 0.7, 1.4, and 2.0 mA are obtained at 2 kV. Redundant filament neutralizers are provided to allow full or partial beam neutralization and an independent source of electrons. These neutralizers can be biased at ten levels from -1 kV to +1 kV with respect to satellite ground. This paper describes the engineering model design, and presents ion source, expellant, and power processor test results. (Author)
Motion of Solid D2 under Laser Irradiation

A model is derived for the behavior of both the solid and plasma of a deuterium slab under moderate intensity 10 g to 10 sec duration laser pulses. It assumes that inverse bremsstrahlung throughout an isothermally expanding plasma completely absorbs the laser radiation, and that electron conduction into the dense phase can be neglected. Numerical studies show the electron-to-ion temperature ratio in the plasma depends only on laser intensity, allowing a simple two-temperature model. A shock wave propagates through the solid and then it is uniformly accelerated. The efficiency of transfer of laser energy to kinetic energy in the solid is shown to be small (^ 5%) and wavelength dependent during the shock phase, but can be up to 28% in the acceleration phase. The model gives good agreement with numerical simulations of the plasma and solid behavior.
Electrostatic Cooling of a Horizontal Cylinder

The effects of corona wind on the heat transfer rate from a heated horizontal cylinder are described. Corona discharge and a corona wind are developed when a high voltage is applied to an electrode (emitter) near a grounded surface. In this study the corona wind is directed toward the lower region of the grounded cylinder by placing either a positively charged single-wire emitter or multipoint emitter parallel to and directly below the heated cylinder. Heat transfer rates from the heated cylinder under free convection conditions with and without a corona wind are obtained by measuring the power input to the cylinder. Free convection rates are also obtained from interferometer photographs. Free convection heat transfer rates are increased several times by the corona wind.
Theory of orbital magnetoelectric response

We extend the recently developed theory of bulk orbital magneti- zation to finite electric fields, and use it to calculate the orbital magnetoelectric (ME) response of periodic insulators. Working in the independent-particle frame- work, we find that the finite-field orbital magnetization can be written as a sum of three gauge-invariant contributions, one of which has no counterpart at zero field. The extra contribution is collinear with and explicitly dependent on the electric field. The expression for the orbital magnetization is suitable for first- principles implementations, allowing one to calculate the ME response coeffi- cients by numerical differentiation. Alternatively, perturbation-theory techniques may be used, and for that purpose we derive an expression directly for the linear ME tensor by taking the first field-derivative analytically. Two types of terms are obtained. One, the 'Chern-Simons' term, depends only on the unperturbed oc- cupied orbitals and is purely isotropic. The other, 'Kubo' terms, involve the first- order change in the orbitals and give isotropic as well as anisotropic contributions to the response. In ordinary ME insulators all terms are generally present, while in strong Z2 topological insulators only the Chern-Simons term is allowed, and is quantized. In order to validate the theory, we have calculated under periodic boundary conditions the linear ME susceptibility for a 3D tight-binding model of an ordinary ME insulator, using both the finite-field and perturbation-theory expressions. The results are in excellent agreement with calculations on bounded samples.
Joint migration velocity analysis of PP- and PS-waves for VTI media

Combining PP-waves with mode-converted PS reflections in migration velocity analysis (MVA) can help build more accurate VTI (transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis) velocity models. To avoid problems caused by the moveout asymmetry of PS-waves and take advantage of efficient MVA algorithms designed for pure modes, here we generate pure SS-reflections from PP and PS data using the PP þ PS ¼ SS method. Then the residual moveout in both PP and SS common-image gathers is minimized during iterative velocity updates. The model is divided into square cells, and the VTI parameters VP0, VS0, e, and δ are defined at each grid point. The objective function also includes the differences between the migrated depths of the same reflectors on the PP and SS sections. Synthetic examples confirm that 2D MVA of PP- and PS-waves may be able to resolve all four relevant parameters of VTI media if reflectors with at least two distinct dips are available. The algorithm is also successfully applied to a 2D line from 3D ocean-bottom seismic data acquired at Volve field in the North Sea. After the anisotropic velocity model has been estimated, accurate depth images can be obtained by migrating the recorded PP and PS data.
The impact of securities regulation on the earnings properties of European cross-listed firms

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if the securities regulation in a foreign country is related to the earnings quality of European firms cross-listed in Europe. The study compared the post-listing earnings quality of 112 European firms cross-listed in 13 European stock exchanges during 1989–2001 to those of a controlled sample of non-cross-listed firms. Earnings quality was assessed by the use of reporting discretion to manage earnings. The regulatory strictness was represented by three indices of securities regulation. Empirical results provide some support to a positive association between earnings quality and the foreign securities regulation, suggesting that the foreign regulatory requirements have little or no effect on the reported earnings of European firms cross-listed in European exchanges.
Super greedy type algorithms

We study greedy-type algorithms such that at a greedy step we pick several dictionary elements contrary to a single dictionary element in standard greedy algorithms. We call such greedy algorithms super greedy type algorithms. The super greedy type algorithms are computationally simpler than their analogues from the standard greedy algorithms. In this article, we propose the Weak Super Greedy Algorithm (WSGA) and the Weak Orthogonal Super Greedy Algorithm with Thresholding (WOSGAT). Their performance (rate of convergence) are studied as well under M-coherent dictionaries.
Stochastic system identification with noisy input using cumulant statistics

Addresses the problem of estimating the parameters of stochastic linear systems when the measurements of the system input as well as the system output are noise contaminated. It is assumed that the input is non-Gaussian and the noises are Gaussian. The square root of the magnitude of the fourth cumulant of a generalized error signal is proposed as a performance criterion for parameter estimation. An optimization algorithm is presented. Strong consistency of the proposed parameter estimators is proved under certain sufficient conditions. Both single-input single-output and multiple-input multiple-output cases are investigated. Finally, simulation results are presented to illustrate the proposed approach. >
Why Long Horizons? A Study of Power Against Persistent Alternatives

Abstract This paper studies tests of predictability in regressions with a given AR(1) regressor and an asset return dependent variable measured over a short or long horizon. The paper shows that when there is a persistent predictable component in the return, an increase in the horizon may increase the R 2 statistic of the regression and the approximate slope of a predictability test. Monte Carlo experiments show that long-horizon regression tests have serious size distortions when asymptotic critical values are used, but some versions of such tests have power advantages remaining after size is corrected.
Radiative transitions of the helium atom in highly magnetized neutron star atmospheres

Recent observations of thermally emitting isolated neutron stars revealed spectral features that could be interpreted as radiative transitions of He in a magnetized neutron star atmosphere. We present Hartree‐Fock calculations of the polarization-dependent photoionization crosssections of the He atom in strong magnetic fields ranging from 10 12 to 10 14 G. Convenient fitting formulae for the cross-sections are given along with the related oscillator strengths for various bound‐bound transitions. The effects of finite nucleus mass on the radiative absorption cross-sections are examined using perturbation theory.
Chiral restoration in hot and/or dense matter

Abstract Chiral restoration phase transition in hot and/or dense hadronic matter is discussed in terms of the BR scaling based on chiral symmetry and scale anomaly of QCD. The precise connection between the scalar field that figures in the trace anomaly and the sigma field that figures in the linear σ model is established. It is suggested that in hot and/or dense medium, the nonlinear σ model linearizes with the help of a dilaton to a linear σ model with medium-renormalized constants. The relevance of Georgi's vector symmetry and/or Weinberg's “mended symmetry” in chiral restoration is pointed out. Some striking consequences for relativistic heavy-ion collisions and dense matter in compact stars following stellar collapse are discussed.
Modular ontologies – a formal investigation of semantics and expressivity

With the growing interest in modular ontology languages to address the need for collaborative development, integration, and use of ontologies on the Web, there is an urgent need for a common framework for comparing modular ontology language proposals on the basis of criteria such as their semantic soundness and expressive power We introduce an Abstract Modular Ontology (AMO) language and offer precise definitions of semantic soundness such as localized semantics and exact reasoning, and expressivity requirements for modular ontology languages We compare Distributed Description Logics (DDL), e-connections, and Package-Based Description Logics (P-DL) with respect to these criteria Our analysis suggests that by relaxing the strong domain disjointedness assumption adopted in DDL and e-connection, as P-DL demonstrated, it is possible to overcome some known semantic difficulties and expressivity limitations of DDL and e-Connections.
Social Image and the 50–50 Norm: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Audience Effects

A norm of 50-50 division appears to have considerable force in a wide range of economic environments, both in the real world and in the laboratory. Even in settings where one party unilaterally determines the allocation of a prize (the dictator game), many subjects voluntarily cede exactly half to another individual. The hypothesis that people care about fairness does not by itself account for key experimental patterns. We consider an alternative explanation, which adds the hypothesis that people like to be perceived as fair. The properties of equilibria for the resulting signaling game correspond closely to laboratory observations. The theory has additional testable implications, the validity of which we confirm through new experiments.
On the Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process with Multiple Species

In previous work the authors, using the Bethe Ansatz, found for the N-particle asymmetric simple exclusion process on the integers a formula—a sum of multiple integrals—for the probability that a system is in a particular configuration at time t given an initial configuration. The present work extends this to the case where particles are of different species, with particles of a higher species having priority over those of a lower species. Here the integrands in the multiple integrals are defined by a system of relations whose consistency requires verifying that the Yang-Baxter equations hold.
Magnetic Fields in Galaxies

The origin and evolution of magnetic fields in the Universe is a cosmological problem. Although exotic mechanisms for magneotgenesis cannot be ruled out, galactic magnetic fields could have been seeded by magnetic fields from stars and accretion disks, and must be continuously regenerated due to the ongoing replacement of the interstellar medium. Unlike stellar dynamos, galactic dynamos operate in a multicomponent gas at low collisionality and high magnetic Prandtl number. Their background turbulence is highly compressible, the plasma β ~ 1, and there has been time for only a few large exponentiation times at large scale over cosmic time. Points of similarity include the importance of magnetic buoyancy, the large range of turbulent scales and tiny microscopic scales, and the coupling between the magnetic field and certain properties of the flow. Understanding the origin and maintenance of the large scale galactic magnetic field is the most challenging aspect of the problem.
Bayesian tree-structured image modeling using wavelet-domain hidden Markov models

Wavelet-domain hidden Markov models have proven to be useful tools for statistical signal and image processing. The hidden Markov tree (HMT) model captures the key features of the joint probability density of the wavelet coefficients of real-world data. One potential drawback to the HMT framework is the need for computationally expensive iterative training to fit an HMT model to a given data set (e.g., using the expectation-maximization algorithm). We greatly simplify the HMT model by exploiting the inherent self-similarity of real-world images. The simplified model specifies the HMT parameters with just nine meta-parameters (independent of the size of the image and the number of wavelet scales). We also introduce a Bayesian universal HMT (uHMT) that fixes these nine parameters. The uHMT requires no training of any kind, while extremely simple, we show using a series of image estimation/denoising experiments that these new models retain nearly all of the key image structure modeled by the full HMT. Finally, we propose a fast shift-invariant HMT estimation algorithm that outperforms other wavelet-based estimators in the current literature, both visually and in mean square error.
Ylide mediated carbonyl homologations for the preparation of isatin derivatives

An exceptionally mild method for the preparation of isatin derivatives has been developed using a sulfur ylide mediated carbonyl homologation sequence starting from anthranilic acid precursors. This method proceeds at ambient temperature via a sulfur ylide intermediate without the need for protection of the amine or chromatographic isolation of the intermediate ylide. Gentle oxidation of the sulfur ylides provides isatin derivatives with N–H, N-alkyl, N-aryl substitution, electron-rich and electron-poor aromatic rings, and heterocyclic aromatic systems. We anticipate that this method will greatly expand the accessibility of complex isatin derivatives.
Liquidity Needs and Vulnerability to Financial Underdevelopment

The author provides evidence of a causal and economically important effect of financial development on volatility. In contrast to the existing literature, the identification strategy is based on the differences in sensitivities to financial conditions across industries. The results show that sectors with larger liquidity needs are more volatile and experience deeper crises in financially underdeveloped countries. At the macroeconomic level, the results suggest that changes in financial development can generate important differences in aggregate volatility. The author also finds that financially underdeveloped countries partially protect themselves from volatility by concentrating less output in sectors with large liquidity needs. Nevertheless, this insulation mechanism seems to be insufficient to reverse the effects of financial underdevelopment on within-sector volatility. Finally, the author provides new evidence that: 1) Financial development affects volatility mainly through the intensive margin (output per firm). 2) Both the quality of information generated by firms, and the development of financial intermediaries have independent effects on sectoral volatility. 3) The development of financial intermediaries is more important than the development of equity markets for the reduction of volatility.
From cell phones to conflict? Reflections on the emerging ICT–political conflict research agenda:

From mobilizing masses to monitoring rebels, information and communication technologies (ICT) are transforming political conflict. We reflect on the contributions made by the articles of this speci...
Anomaly Detection with Score functions based on Nearest Neighbor Graphs

We propose a novel non-parametric adaptive anomaly detection algorithm for high dimensional data based on score functions derived from nearest neighbor graphs on n-point nominal data. Anomalies are declared whenever the score of a test sample falls below α, which is supposed to be the desired false alarm level. The resulting anomaly detector is shown to be asymptotically optimal in that it is uniformly most powerful for the specified false alarm level, α, for the case when the anomaly density is a mixture of the nominal and a known density. Our algorithm is computationally efficient, being linear in dimension and quadratic in data size. It does not require choosing complicated tuning parameters or function approximation classes and it can adapt to local structure such as local change in dimensionality. We demonstrate the algorithm on both artificial and real data sets in high dimensional feature spaces.
Impulse control: Temporal dynamics in gene transcription

Regulatory circuits controlling gene expression constantly rewire to adapt to environmental stimuli, differentiation cues, and disease. We review our current understanding of the temporal dynamics of gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and the molecular mechanisms that shape them. We delineate several prototypical temporal patterns, including "impulse" (or single-pulse) patterns in response to transient environmental stimuli, sustained (or state-transitioning) patterns in response to developmental cues, and oscillating patterns. We focus on impulse responses and their higher-order temporal organization in regulons and cascades and describe how core protein circuits and cis-regulatory sequences in promoters integrate with chromatin architecture to generate these responses.
Authenticity by typing for security protocols

We propose a new method to check authenticity properties of cryptographic protocols. First, code up the protocol in the spi-calculus of Abadi and Gordon. Second, specify authenticity properties by annotating the code with correspondence assertions in the style of Woo and Lam. Third, figure out types for the keys, nonces, and messages of the protocol. Fourth, check that the spi-calculus code is well-typed according to a novel type and effect system presented in this paper. Our main theorem guarantees that any well-typed protocol is robustly safe, that is, its correspondence assertions are true in the presence of any opponent expressible in spi. It is feasible to apply this method by hand to several well-known cryptographic protocols. It requires little human effort per protocol, puts no bound on the size of the opponent, and requires no state space enumeration. Moreover, the types for protocol data provide some intuitive explanation of how the protocol works. This paper describes our method and gives some simple examples. Our method has led us to the independent rediscovery of flaws in existing protocols and to the design of improved protocols.
AIS Faculty Familiarity And Perceptions Of AIS Journals

Much research has been published related to journal quality in fields such as accounting, finance, information systems, and management. In accounting, the sub-disciplines of auditing, financial, management, and tax have received attention in published papers. This study contributes to the literature by providing an in-depth study of AIS faculty familiarity and perceptions of AIS journals. I collected faculty perceptions about AIS journals from the American Accounting Association members of the Information Systems and Artificial Intelligence / Emerging Technology sections. The result is an AIS journal ranking that is substantially different than the rankings produced by other studies of accounting journals.
Religion as a resource for positive youth development: Religion, social capital, and moral outcomes.

Although existing literature demonstrates that developmental benefits are associated with religion for adolescents, little is understood about the dynamics of this relationship. Drawing on social capital theory, this study tested a conceptual model exploring socially embedded religious influences on moral outcomes. A three-dimensional model of social capital demonstrated how social interaction, trust, and shared vision enable social ties associated with religiousness to influence moral behavior. Structural equation modeling was used with data gathered from 735 urban youths to test a proposed model of the effects of religiousness on moral outcomes. Results suggested that religiously active youths report higher levels of social capital resources and that the influence of adolescent religiousness on moral outcomes was mediated through social capital resources. Suggestions for further research and implications for faith-based youth development organizations are considered.
Microfilter Simulations and Scaling Laws

A series of direct simulation Monte Carlo calculations of flows through microfilters were performed to evaluate the range of validity of a previously derived scaling law. This scaling law, which describes how the pressure drop across a filter depends on the Reynolds number and filter geometry, is based on Navier-Stokes calculations and experiments in the continuum regime. The simulations show that this scaling law predicts the correct Reynolds number dependence for a fixed Knudsen number, but the magnitude of the pressure drop is overpredicted as effects due to collisional nonequilibrium become important. The results of the simulations were used to derive a correction term to the scaling law that includes the Knudsen number and, thus, accounts for nonequilibrium effects.
Cyclobutane formation in the 2π+2π cycloaddition of allyl and related cations to unactivated olefins, evidence for the second step in the proposed mechanism of the ionic Diels-Alder reaction

Abstract A variety of carbocation activated olefins have been shown to add to unactivated olefins in a 2π + 2π cycloaddition to yield cyclobutanes.
Technological Revolutions and the Three Great Slumps: A Medium-Run Analysis

Abstract The Great Recession, the Great Depression, and the Japanese Slump of the 1990s were all preceded by periods of major technological innovation, which happened about 10 years before the start of the decline in economic activity. We estimate a model with noisy news. We find that beliefs about long-run income adjust to permanent shifts in productivity with an important delay. The estimation tells a common and simple story for the observed dynamics of productivity and consumption on a 20 to 25 year window. Our analysis highlights the advantages of a look at this data from the point of view of the medium run.
Information Technology and Its Role in India’s Economic Development: A Review

Information technology (IT) is an example of a general purpose technology that has the potential to play an important role in economic growth, as well as other dimensions of economic and social development. This paper reviews several interrelated aspects of the role of information technology in the evolution of India’s economy. It considers the unexpected success of India’s software export sector and the spillovers of this success into various IT enabled services, attempts to make IT and its benefits available to India’s rural masses, e-commerce for the country’s growing middle class, the use and impacts of IT in India’s manufacturing sector, and various forms of e-governance, including internal systems as well as citizen interfaces. The paper concludes with an overall assessment of these different facets of IT in the context of the Indian economy.
Indecent Exposure: Do Warrantless Searches of a Student's Cell Phone Violate the Fourth Amendment?

This article argues that searches of student’s cell phone should require a warrant in most circumstances. The amount and personal nature of information on a smart phone warrants special Fourth Amendment protection. This issue is particularly relevant in the public school setting where administrators routinely confiscate phones from students caught using them in school. With more frequency, administrators are looking at the phones, scrolling through text messages and photos, and on some occasions, responding to text messages. The U.S. Supreme Court in Safford v. Redding, acknowledges the special considerations that school children should be afforded in part because of the unique subjective view they have of their own privacy. This same unique perspective should similarly be applied to the contents of a student’s cell phone. Over 75% of teenagers carry a cell phone on a daily basis, and many use the device as a private diary and portal for personal data and information. Teens appear willing to capture in their phone’s text or photos their most private world, and this might seem to signal a renunciation of their privacy. However it is because teens are so willing to expose themselves in a world that they think is private that their expectation of privacy in their phones should be accorded substantial protection. Cell phones in and of themselves are not dangerous. They cannot hold drugs or weapons - only information about drugs or weapons. Given that a cell phone contains highly private information, poses no imminent danger, and its contents can be preserved while a warrant is obtained, school officials should be required to get a warrant unless there are exigent circumstances such as immediate, apparent threat to student safety.
Toward a theory of business

Abstract What is the purpose of business? While most agree that business minimally involves the creation of value, a blurred double image of value haunts our discussion of purpose. The image of what counts as value for a single firm is laid atop an image of what counts as value for business in general. These two images cannot match. Indeed, the resulting conceptual blurriness is a classic example of a composition fallacy. We should never mistake the properties of a part for the properties of the whole. A theory of the firm is ill equipped to handle the many expectations we hold for business practice. As such, we seek to establish the beginnings of a theory of business, one that is both empirical and normative. Offering four central propositions about the purpose, accountability, control and success of business, we close with a consideration of several important theoretical issues and practical opportunities that await us in the years ahead.
Skeletal muscle Ca2+ mishandling: Another effect of bone-to-muscle signaling

Our appreciation of crosstalk between muscle and bone has recently expanded beyond mechanical force-driven events to encompass a variety of signaling factors originating in one tissue and communicating to the other. While the recent identification of new 'myokines' has shifted some focus to the role of muscle in this partnership, bone-derived factors and their effects on skeletal muscle should not be overlooked. This review summarizes some previously known mediators of bone-to-muscle signaling and also recent work identifying a new role for bone-derived TGF-β as a cause of skeletal muscle weakness in the setting of cancer-induced bone destruction. Oxidation of the ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel (RyR1) in skeletal muscle occurs via a TGF-β-Nox4-RyR1 axis and leads to calcium mishandling and decreased muscle function. Multiple points of potential therapeutic intervention were identified, from preventing the bone destruction to stabilizing the RYR1 calcium channel. This new data reinforces the concept that bone can be an important source of signaling factors in pathphysiological settings.
A New Graph-Based Two-Sample Test for Multivariate and Object Data

ABSTRACTTwo-sample tests for multivariate data and especially for non-Euclidean data are not well explored. This article presents a novel test statistic based on a similarity graph constructed on the pooled observations from the two samples. It can be applied to multivariate data and non-Euclidean data as long as a dissimilarity measure on the sample space can be defined, which can usually be provided by domain experts. Existing tests based on a similarity graph lack power either for location or for scale alternatives. The new test uses a common pattern that was overlooked previously, and works for both types of alternatives. The test exhibits substantial power gains in simulation studies. Its asymptotic permutation null distribution is derived and shown to work well under finite samples, facilitating its application to large datasets. The new test is illustrated on two applications: The assessment of covariate balance in a matched observational study, and the comparison of network data under different co...
TradeModels and Trade Elasticities

This paper shows that new trade models with different micro-level margins--estimated to fit the same moments in the data--imply lower trade elasticities and, hence, larger welfare gains from trade relative to models without these margins. The key feature of the estimation approach is to focus on common moments where new micro-level margins, such as an extensive margin or variable markups, alter the mapping from the data to the estimate of the trade elasticity. We find that the introduction of an extensive margin as in Eaton and Kortum (2002) or Melitz (2003) increases the welfare cost of autarky by up to 50 percent relative to Armington or Krugman (1980) which feature no extensive margin. Variable markups in Bernard, Eaton, Jensen, and Kortum (2003) further increase the welfare cost of autarky by 50 percent relative to Eaton and Kortum (2002) which features perfect competition.
Finite Element Analysis of Contact Problems

A finite element procedure for modeling the interaction of contacting bodies is developed and illustrated. The model is capable of accounting for both slippage and separation of the mating surfaces. In addition, the bond springs, which in certain situations are used in the nonslip model, can be used to capture local deformation phenomena such as edge effects and local deformation caused by asperities, etc. The capabilities of the model for representing reinforced concrete bond, reinforced soil bond, soil structure interaction, and testing machine-sample interaction are considered. Numerical examples are given for modeling of concrete-reinforcement bond, pile-soil interaction, and footing-soil interaction; the results for the first two examples are compared to available experimental results.
A two-stage shape retrieval (TSR) method with global and local features

A two-stage shape retrieval (TSR) method to address the 2D shape retrieval problem is proposed.The cause of unreliable retrieval results in all state-of-the-art methods is identified.TSR decomposes the decision process into two stages: ICF and LMR.TSR removes irrelevant shapes by considering local and global features simultaneously.TSR outperforms all other methods on three popular datasets: MPEG-7, Kimia99 and Tari1000. A robust two-stage shape retrieval (TSR) method is proposed to address the 2D shape retrieval problem. Most state-of-the-art shape retrieval methods are based on local features matching and ranking. Their retrieval performance is not robust since they may retrieve globally dissimilar shapes in high ranks. To overcome this challenge, we decompose the decision process into two stages. In the first irrelevant cluster filtering (ICF) stage, we consider both global and local features and use them to predict the relevance of gallery shapes with respect to the query. Irrelevant shapes are removed from the candidate shape set. After that, a local-features-based matching and ranking (LMR) method follows in the second stage. We apply the proposed TSR system to MPEG-7, Kimia99 and Tari1000 three datasets and show that it outperforms all other existing methods. The robust retrieval performance of the TSR system is demonstrated.
Can Service Coproduction Factors Enhance Learning-by-Doing Simultaneously? Evidence from the U.S. Hotel Industry

We explore the role of service coproduction factors, including service level, service variety, and operations-centered and customer-centered cost, in fostering innovation through the effective use of learning-by-doing LBD in a customer-facing service context. We hypothesize that service organizations can simultaneously improve along these factors through learning-by-doing. We develop a unique panel data set in the U.S. hotel industry from 2001 to 2011 to test our hypothesis. We find strong direct effects on performance from these coproduction factors. Namely, profitability is negatively associated with operations-centered cost but positively associated with increases in service level, variety, and customer-centered cost. Furthermore, gains from learning-by-doing are higher when operations-centered cost is high or when service level, service variety, and customer-centered cost are low. These findings suggest that service coproduction factors can enhance learning-by-doing simultaneously but their economic impact is subject to certain profitability trade-offs. We close the article by offering theory and managerial implications of the simultaneous learning possibilities and allied profitability trade-offs.
Synthesis and Stability of Two-Dimensional Ge/Sn Graphane Alloys

There has been considerable interest in the germanium and tin graphane analogues due to their potential as optoelectronic building blocks, and novel topological materials. Here, we have synthesized for the first time alloyed germanium/tin graphane analogues from the topochemical deintercalation of CaGe2–2xSn2x (x = 0–0.09) in aqueous HCl. In these two-dimensional alloys, the germanium atom is terminated with hydrogen while tin is terminated with hydroxide. With greater tin incorporation, the band gap systematically shifts from 1.59 eV in GeH down to 1.38 eV for Ge0.91Sn0.09H0.91(OH)0.09, which allows for more sensitive photodetection at lower energies. In contrast to germanane’s oxidation resistance, the Ge and Sn atoms in these graphane alloys rapidly oxidize upon exposure to air. This work demonstrates the possibility of creating functional tin-incorporated group IV graphane analogues.
A nonlinear composite shell theory

A general nonlinear theory for the dynamics of elastic anisotropic circular cylindrical shells undergoing small strains and moderate-rotation vibrations is presented. The theory fully accounts for extensionality and geometric nonlinearities by using local stress and strain measures and an exact coordinate transformation, which result in nonlinear curvatures and strain-displacement expressions that contain the von Karman strains as a special case. Moreover, the linear part of the theory contains, as special cases, most of the classical linear theories when appropriate stress resultants and couples are defined. Parabolic distributions of the transverse shear strains are accounted for by using a third-order theory and hence shear correction factors are not required. Five third-order nonlinear partial differential equations describing the extension, bending, and shear vibrations of shells are obtained using the principle of virtual work and an asymptotic analysis. These equations show that laminated shells display linear elastic and nonlinear geometric couplings among all motions.
A Climatology of Multiple Tropical Cyclone Events

AbstractThe present study provides a climatology of multiple tropical cyclone (TC) events (MTCEs) and the potential environmental factors responsible for triggering MTCEs in the North Atlantic (NATL), eastern North Pacific (EPAC), and western North Pacific (WPAC). While single TC events (STCEs) occur more frequently than MTCEs in each basin, a substantial fraction (34%–57%) of all TCs within each basin occur during MTCEs. Comparison of the total monthly number of MTCEs and STCEs reveals significant correlations (0.79 ≤ R ≤ 0.90), while nonsignificant correlations exist between the annual number of MTCEs and STCEs. New TCs that form during MTCEs occur in the eastern main development region east of the STCE formation location in the NATL and EPAC, while new TC formation locations are spread evenly throughout the WPAC during both MTCEs and STCEs. The spatiotemporal separation between TCs during MTCEs is consistent among basins with median zonal distances between TCs of ~(1640–2010) km and median temporal sep...
Asymmetric Radical addition of TEMPO to Titanium Enolates

A mild method for α-hydroxylation of N-acyl oxazolidinones by asymmetric radical addition of the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxy (TEMPO) radical to titanium enolates was developed. The high diastereoselectivity and broad scope of the reaction show synthetic utility for the α-hydroxylation of substrates that are not tolerant to strongly basic conditions.
Effect of Rod Material on the Impedance Behavior of Small Aspect Ratio Rod Pinches

A series of experiments on small aspect ratio rod pinches using solid tungsten, solid graphite, and thin-wall tantalum anode rods driven by a nominally 375-kV linear transformer driver, powered inductive voltage adder has characterized the impedance behavior over a range of aspect ratios and materials. For the tungsten and tantalum anodes, the impedance behavior is well described by the pinched current for self-magnetically insulated flow in a cylindrical geometry with ions present and gap closure velocities of 1-2 cm/μs. The graphite anodes always exhibited strong localized pinching of the electron beam onto the anode rod, with substantially higher operating impedance, as well as a delay in the formation of the plasma at the anode. The graphite anodes also had a longer radiation delay time, consistent with the longer anode plasma formation time.
Is intravitreal bevacizumab an effective treatment option for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) causes sudden profound loss of vision with no known cause or cure. Various treatment modalities, both surgical and pharmacologic, have been tried without success. The purpose of our retrospective study was to evaluate the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) as a treatment option for NAION. We evaluated demographics of 5 patients and compared visual acuity and automated visual fields prior to and following intravitreal bevacizumab injection. Visual acuity at presentation was 20/20 in 4 of 5 patients and 20/150 in 1. Visual acuity improved to 20/40 in the patient who presented with decreased acuity and decreased slowly in 3 patients and rapidly in 1. All patients presented with variable visual field defects: 1 improved slightly, 3 progressed, and 1 remained stable. One patient subsequently developed NAION in the fellow eye. These results are consistent with the natural course of the disease, and bevacizumab did not appear to have a dramatic effect on the clinical outcome in this small series of patients with NAION.
Dinuclear PdI complexes with bridging allyl and related ligands

There are many important synthetic methods that utilize palladium catalysts. In most of these reactions, the palladium species are proposed to exist exclusively in either the Pd0 or PdII oxidation states. However, in the last decade, dinuclear PdI complexes have repeatedly been isolated from reaction mixtures previously suggested to involve only species in the Pd0 and PdII oxidation states. As a consequence, in order to design improved catalysts there is considerable interest in understanding the chemistry of dinuclear PdI complexes. A significant proportion of the known dinuclear PdI complexes are supported by bridging allyl or related ligands such as cyclopentadienyl or indenyl ligands. This review provides a detailed account of the synthesis, electronic structure and stoichiometric reactivity of dinuclear PdI complexes with bridging allyl and related ligands. Additionally, it describes recent work where dinuclear PdI complexes with bridging allyl ligands have been detected in catalytic reactions, such as cross-coupling, and discusses the potential implications for catalysis.
The Ableism of Quality of Life Judgments in Disorders of Consciousness: Who Bears Epistemic Responsibility?

After addressing significant inductive risks involved in judgments concerning patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC), Johnson argues that the best approach is to allow “patients or their fa...
Characterization of a male reproductive transcriptome for Peromyscus eremicus (Cactus mouse)

Rodents of the genus Peromyscus have become increasingly utilized models for investigations into adaptive biology. This genus is particularly powerful for research linking genetics with adaptive physiology or behaviors, and recent research has capitalized on the unique opportunities afforded by the ecological diversity of these rodents. Well characterized genomic and transcriptomic data is intrinsic to explorations of the genetic architecture responsible for ecological adaptations. Therefore, this study characterizes the transcriptome of three male reproductive tissues (testes, epididymis and vas deferens) of Peromyscus eremicus (Cactus mouse), a desert specialist. The transcriptome assembly process was optimized in order to produce a high quality and substantially complete annotated transcriptome. This composite transcriptome was generated to characterize the expressed transcripts in the male reproductive tract of P. eremicus, which will serve as a crucial resource for future research investigating our hypothesis that the male Cactus mouse possesses an adaptive reproductive phenotype to mitigate water-loss from ejaculate. This study reports genes under positive selection in the male Cactus mouse reproductive transcriptome relative to transcriptomes from Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) and Mus musculus. Thus, this study expands upon existing genetic research in this species, and we provide a high quality transcriptome to enable further explorations of our proposed hypothesis for male Cactus mouse reproductive adaptations to minimize seminal fluid loss.
Medium-Frequency Signal Propagation Characteristics of a Lifeline as a Transmission Line in Underground Coal Mines

Underground coal mines in the United States of America are required to install lifeline (LL) cable inside escapeways to guide miners out of a mine when visibility becomes poor due to heavy smoke. Some LLs consist of single or multiple steel conductors covered with a protective plastic outer layer. Research has shown that this type of LL can be a good conductor to guide a medium-frequency (MF) communication system signal to travel over large distances. To understand the MF propagation characteristics of an LL, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health researchers took measurements on a section of LL in a coal mine, and obtained propagation parameters for analysis. The measurement data show that MF signals have a low attenuation which can enable the use of an LL for communication throughout a mine. The propagation parameters measured are presented in this paper.
CT Measurements of Cranial Growth: Microcephaly

Computed tomographic (CT) head scans were measured to determine the cranial dimensions of four children with microcephaly. These measurements were compared with cranial dimensions of normal children. CT proved to be useful in determining the developmental status of children with neurologic problems relative to their normal counterparts on the basis of cranial dimensions.