cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a New Jurisprudence of Constitutional Federalism: The Supreme Court in the 1990s and Public Administration

In the 1990s, narrow majorities on the Supreme Court have reinvigorated constitutional federalism by strengthening dual sovereignty and developing a new jurisprudence for analyzing key principles of federalism. The new dual sovereignty enhances the Reserve Clause, limits Congress's Commerce Clause powers, and broadens the 11th Amendment's sovereign immunity. The new jurisprudence promotes policy and administrative diversity among the states, thereby enhancing their ability to serve as laboratories for the development of public management theories and practices. The new reality of enforceable constitutional limits to national power can invigorate discourse about federalism within the public administration community. In practice, the new jurisprudence makes some national cooperative federalism arrangements more costly or impossible. The jurisprudence is conceptualized as federalism, not intergovernmental relations, and it does not speak specifically to local governmental matters. In addition, it is not well...
Endolymphatic duct status during middle fossa dissection of the internal auditory canal: a human temporal bone radiographic study.

Objective: Successful hearing preservation after acoustic neuroma resection is sometimes complicated by delayed hearing deterioration. The middle fossa approach appears to offer superior long-term hearing results when compared to the retrosigmoid surgical approach. The goal of this study is to investigate the hypothesis that internal auditory canal (IAC) drilling during middle fossa acoustic neuroma removal is associated with a lower incidence of endolymphatic duct (ELD) injury, a potential cause of delayed hearing loss (HL) known to accompany retrosigmoid hearing preservation dissection techniques. Study Design: A human temporal bone anatomic and radiographic study complemented with a literature review. Methods: Twenty human temporal bones were analyzed with high-resolution multislice computed tomography (HRMCT) and subjected to standard extended middle fossa IAC dissection with labyrinthine preservation and follow-up HRMCT for analyses of the ELD. Results: Zero of 20 (0%) temporal bones were found to have violation of the ELD with preservation of the labyrinthine structures and the endolymphatic sac. Reviews of human and animal studies indicate that injury to the ELD may create endolymphatic hydrops, a known cause of hearing deterioration. Conclusion: The ELD is not vulnerable to injury during IAC dissection using the middle fossa approach. A previous radiographic study has shown that the ELD is violated in 24% of temporal bones during retrosigmoid dissection of the IAC. These findings support and may help explain other outcome studies that show that long-term hearing results are superior with the use of the middle fossa approach when compared to results following retrosigmoid dissection.
On the first-order expressibility of lattice properties related to unicoherence in continua

Many properties of compacta have "textbook" definitions which are phrased in lattice-theoretic terms that, ostensibly, apply only to the full closed-set lattice of a space. We provide a simple criterion for identifying such definitions that may be paraphrased in terms that apply to all lattice bases of the space, thereby making model-theoretic tools available to study the defined properties. In this note we are primarily interested in properties of continua related to unicoherence; i.e., properties that speak to the existence of "holes" in a continuum and in certain of its subcontinua.
Recent developments in anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus chemotherapy

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in early 2003 to cause a very severe acute respiratory syndrome, which eventually resulted in a 10% case-fatality rate. Owing to excellent public health measures that isolated focus cases and their contacts, and the use of supportive therapies, the epidemic was suppressed to the point that further cases have not appeared since 2005. However, despite intensive research since then (over 3500 publications), it remains an untreatable disease. The potential for re-emergence of the SARS-CoV or a similar virus with unknown but potentially serious consequences remains high. This is due in part to the extreme genetic variability of RNA viruses such as the coronaviruses, the many animal reservoirs that seem to be able host the SARS-CoV in which reassortment or recombination events could occur and the ability coronaviruses have to transmit relatively rapidly from species to species in a short period of time. Thus, it seems prudent to continue to explor...
Ligand K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy: Covalency of ligand-metal bonds

The ligand K-edge probes the ligand 1s → valence np transitions. These transitions acquire intensity when the ligand is bound to an open shell metal ion. This intensity quantifies the amount of ligand character in the metal d orbitals, hence the covalency of the ligand–metal bond. In this review the methodology is developed and applied to copper proteins, iron–sulfur sites and nickel dithiolene complexes, as examples. These illustrate the power and impact of this method in evaluating covalency contributions to electron transfer pathways, reduction potentials, H-bond interactions, electron delocalization in mixed-valent systems and small molecule reactivity.
Increasing dosage of statins in patients with coronary heart disease in China: A note of caution

A recent article from China reported a low rate of achieving the target cholesterol levels by statin use, and the authors suggested that larger doses of statins might be indicated [1]. I wish to issue a note of caution. Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, which converts HMG-CoA to mevalonate [2]. Statins lower plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by causing intracellular cholesterol depletion and upregulating the expression of LDL receptors [2]. Although statins prove to be very effective in reducing plasma cholesterol levels and are generally well tolerated, a small number of patients develop serious liverand muscle-related complications and even cancer [3]. These side effects are dose related [3,4]. With rosuvastatin (Crestor®) the most potent and most commonly prescribed statin nowadays [4], myalgia occurs in 2.8% of patients and increases in serum transaminases to >3 times the upper limit of normal occur in 1.1% of patients [5]. China has a population of 1.32129 billion as of end of 2007 [6]. Therefore, myalgia from rosuvastatin may occur in 37 million Chinese patients, and abnormal rises of serum transaminases in 15 million Chinese patients. These are not small numbers of patients that may be so affected. Chinese patients generally require smaller doses of most medications than the Westerners for reasons that I mentioned repeatedly in the past [7–9]. Furthermore, statin users have a high frequency of cardiovascular comorbidities and therefore are at a higher risk for cardiovascular events [10]. Finally, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has recently issued a warning about potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis and renal failure linked to high dosage of the second most popular statin in America, simvastatin [11]. Therefore, before recommending larger doses of statins in Chinese patients, the physicians should be aware of these concerns.
Screening mammography for frail older women: what are the burdens?

OBJECTIVE: The potential benefits and harms of screening mammography in frail older women are unknown. Therefore, we studied the outcomes of a screening mammography policy that was instituted in a population of community-living nursing home-eligible women as a result of requirements of state auditors. We focused on the potential burdens that may be experienced.
Elucidation of the metal-binding properties of the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli polymerase I and bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase by lanthanide(III) luminescence spectroscopy

Abstract Background: The exonuclease active site of the Klenow fragment (KF) of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I has a double binding site for the two essential divalent metal ions in the presence of the nucleotide monophosphate dTMF. Results: The luminescence spectroscopy observed upon binding of Eu 3+ to the exonuclease active site of T4 DNA polymerase was interpreted relative to the binding of Eu 3+ or Tb 3+ observed with KF Both wild-type enzymes tightly bind a single Ln 3+ ion but in two isomeric forms. The single mutants of KF (D424A) and T4 (D219A) also bind a single Eu 3+ ion tightly, but the alignment of the coordinating ligands is altered. The KF double mutant (D355A, E357A) exhibits a markedly altered and weakened binding site (K d = 20–26 μM). Eu 3+ serves as a competitive inhibitor of Mg 2+ -induced polymerase and exonuclease activity, validating its use as a probe for these active sites. Conclusions: Ln 3+ luminescence spectroscopy is established as a sensitive way to determine the consequences of exonuclease binding-site mutations and to examine binding site similarities and differences among DNA polymerases from different sources. The binding sites of KF and T4 DNA polymerase are shown to be quite similar.
Intraneural perineurioma of the radial nerve in a child

An intraneural perineurioma is an uncommon solitary neoplasm of major nerve trunks composed of perineurial cells from the peripheral nerve sheath. The typical course of intraneural perineurioma is indolent, with gradual-onset motor loss and presentation for evaluation months to years after onset of symptoms. We report a 9-year-old girl with an intraneural perineurioma of the radial nerve. Diagnosis was confirmed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Resection and nerve graft reconstruction were performed to prevent progression of motor compromise and to allow recovery of motor function. An algorithm for the management of focal intraneural tumors is shown.
Variability in the proliferative potential of human gliomas.

One hundred forty-three patients with gliomas of astrocytic origin (61 with glioblastomas multiforme (GM) and 82 with astrocytomas) received an intravenous infusion of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), 150–200 mg/m2 at the time of surgery, to label tumor cells undergoing DNA synthesis. BUdR-labeled cells were identified by the indirect immunoperoxidase method using anti-BUdR monoclonal antibodies. The percentage of BUdR-labeled cells, or BUdR labeling index (LI), was calculated by microscopic examination of selected viable areas of the tissue sections. The GMs had a median LI of 7.5%, and three quarters of these tumors had LIs greater than 5%. Highly anaplastic astrocytomas (HAAs) and moderately anaplastic astrocytomas (MoAAs) had median Lls of 2.3% and less than 1%, respectively. Among the HAAs, the Ll was 1% to 5% in 56% of tumors, greater than 5% in 26%, and less than 1% in 18%. More than 60% of MoAAs had LIs less than 1%, which agrees with the slow clinical progression of this type of tumor, and the remainder had LIs of 1.4% to 9.3%. These results show that histopathologically similar tumors may have different proliferative potentials. Measuring the proliferative potential of individual gliomas is therefore crucial for predicting the prognosis more accurately and for devising more tumor-specific treatment regimens for individual patients.
Cloning and characterization of cDNAs for novel proteins with glutamic acid-proline dipeptide tandem repeats.

Abstract cDNAs with identical 3′ sequences containing a hexanucleotide repeat -(GAGCCG) 9 - were isolated from rat pheochromocytoma and brain cDNA libraries. The cDNA with the longest open reading frame codes for a protein of 24.6 kDa containing a 16-fold -(Glu-Pro)-dipeptide repeat within a glutamate and proline rich region at its deduced C-terminus. cDNAs with the identical 3′ sequence and a divergent 5′ sequence were isolated from a rat skeletal muscle cDNA library. The latter are predicted to code for a protein of 15.5 kDa with a C-terminal repetitive domain identical to that in the pheochromocytoma and brain cDNAs. The cDNAs recognize a 1.8 kb mRNA species present in a variety of tissues, being particularly abundant in cardiac and skeletal muscle.
The Treatment of Linseed Meal to Improve its Feeding Value for Chicks

Abstract Although linseed meal is used extensively as a feedstuff for livestock, several investigators have shown that it depresses chick growth when fed at levels of 4.5 percent or more of the ration (Ackerson, Blish and Mussehl 1938, Bethke, Bohstedt, Sassaman, Kennard and Eddington 1928, Hammond 1944, Heuser and Norris 1944, Heuser, Norris and McGinnis 1946, Sherwood and Couch 1940, Slinger, Small, Motzok and Marcellus 1943). Amino acid analyses of linseed protein (Grau 1945) show that for the chick, it is deficient in lysine and possibly in methionine. However, if a suitable method for overcoming the detrimental effect of linseed meal could be found, it might become a valuable protein source for chicks. In the course of experiments with linseed meal, a simple treatment was found which greatly improved the meal for poultry feeding. Commercial linseed meal was mixed with three times its weight of water and allowed to stand at . . .
Astronomy moves, AAEO Becomes GEO

As of May 1, 1986, the National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Astronomical Sciences has become part of the agency's Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences (MPS). The astronomy division had been part of the Directorate for Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences (AAEO) at NSF. Because of the move, AAEO has been renamed the Directorate for Geosciences, to be abbreviated GEO.
EphrinB3 regulates cell proliferation and survival in adult neurogenesis.

Abstract Interactions between ephrins and their receptors have been implicated in many processes during central nervous system development. In the adult, ephrins and Eph receptors have been implicated in controlling cell proliferation and neuroblast migration, although there is no direct evidence for the role of ephrinB3 in these functions. In addition, activation of Eph receptors has been shown to regulate transduction pathways important in cell cycle control as well as cell death. We show that ephrinB3 contributes to the control of cell proliferation and survival in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ). EphrinB3−/− mice exhibit a significant increase in dividing cells along the lateral ventricle, and altered expression of proteins involved in cell cycle regulation. Gain-of-function approach by infusing soluble ephrinB3-Fc molecules in ephrinB3−/− can suppress cell proliferation to wild type levels. At the same time, ephrinB3 also regulates cell survival as greater numbers of cells die in the SVZ of ephrinB3−/− mice. Together, our results suggest that ephrinB3 negatively regulates cell cycle progression and cell apoptosis in the adult subventricular zone.
Chemie und Biochemie der Pflanzenstoffe, XXVI.Synthesen Methoxy‐substituierter Chalkon‐ und Flavanon‐Derivate unter milden Bedingungen

Methoxy-substituierte Chalkone (6, 7) und Flavanone (3–5) werden unter milden Bedingungen (pH 8.5, 0.07 m, 0.01 m, 37°) dargestellt. Die Einflusse der Substituenten auf die Chalkon-Flavanon-Bildung werden diskutiert. In Gegenwart von Glycin als Katalysator werden die Reaktionen beschleunigt und die Ausbeuten erhoht (Tab. 1). Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Constituents, XXVII). Syntheses of Methoxy-substituted Chalcone and Flavanone Derivatives under Mild Conditions Methoxy-substituted chalcones (6, 7) and flavanones (3–5) are prepared under mild conditions (pH 8.5, 0.07 m, 0.01 m, 37°). The influences of substituents on the formation of the chalcone and the flavanone are discussed. In presence of glycin as a catalyst the reactions are accelerated and the yields increased (table 1).
EXCHANGE RATES: BOUND OR FREE?

Lack of balance in the international accounts and the consequent "shortage" of dollars and certain other currencies are phenomena for which there are almost no precedents before World War I. On the contrary, in the pre-1920 literature on empirical international trade, we find frequent expressions of surprise at the speed, facility, and automaticity with which equilibrium was restored after any major disturbance. It would be naive to suppose that the difference between past and present is wholly accidental. Yet most of such "explanations" as have so far been offered are worse than Taussig's famous remark with respect to some of the early situations that "it all just happened," since the thesis of chance, however unsatisfying, is certainly to be preferred to highly irrational fantasy garbed in pseudo-scientific habiliments. The true explanation, however, is very simple and is not far to seek. Before World War I, we had effective pecuniary machinery for securing equilibrium in the international accounts while, since 1920, our pecuniary institutions have been all but perfectly designed to prevent it.
The use of moralistic statements in social manipulation: a reply to Roy A. Rappaport

. Rappaport's comment includes several errors. First, he conflates manipulation and deceit. Second, he confuses the rationalism of the evolutionary biological analysis of organisms with the rationalism (or lack thereof) of the motivational and cognitive structures of the organisms under study. Third, his moralistic judgment of my focus on manipulation implies that scientists should not only not explore but should also suppress such unsettling ideas. We will make little progress in understanding morality and in fostering truly moral behavior if we refuse to acknowledge that moralistic statements may sometimes, and perhaps even often, be used in a manipulative way.
Laparoscopic Repair for Recurrent Lateral Enterocele and Rectocele

It is difficult to determine what types of procedures should be attempted in patients who have recurrent prolapse. We present a case of recurrent lateral enterocele and rectocele after the patient had undergone multiple surgeries for pelvic organ prolapse (POP), including a vaginal hysterectomy, bladder-neck suspension, anterior colporrhaphy, site-specific rectocele repair, apical mesh implant, iliococcygeus vault suspension, and transobturator suburethral sling procedure. With recurrence, the patient underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic sacral colpopexy, tension-free vaginal tape transobturator sling insertion, rectocele repair, and perineorrhaphy with cystoscopy. She then presented with defecatory outlet obstruction and constipation and subsequently was treated with a stapled transanal rectal resection. The patient returned with continued defecatory dysfunction and a recurrent lateral enterocele and rectocele. The recurrence was treated laparoscopically using a lightweight polypropylene mesh. The postoperative period was uneventful. Two years later, the patient reported decreased defecatory symptoms and no further symptomatic prolapse.
Shear velocity and density of an attenuating earth

The dispersion that must accompany absorption is taken into account in many recent body-wave investigations but has been largely ignored in surface-wave and free-oscillation studies. In order to compare body-wave and free-oscillation data a correction must be made to travel times or periods to account for absorption-related physical dispersion. The correction depends on the frequency and Q of the data and can be as high as 1% which is much larger than the uncertainty of the raw data. Corrected toroidal mode data is inverted to obtain shear velocity and density versus depth. The average shear velocity in the upper 600 km is ∼2% greater than obtained from the uncorrected data. The resulting shear-wave travel times oscillate about the Jeffreys-Bullen values with an average baseline of only +0.5 second. Thus, the discrepancy between body-wave and free-oscillation studies is eliminated.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Simple Amine-Containing Conjugated Polymers

Conjugated polymers (CPs) containing amino groups have been synthesized, and their optical properties in both solution and thin film have been studied. New monomers required for the synthesis of these polymers have been readily prepared via efficient synthetic routes. These monomers have been successfully polymerized with a variety of comonomers. The spectral positions of the absorption and emission spectra correlate with the degree of electron density on the polymer chain. Polymers containing N-alkylcarbazole units display similar optical properties in solution to most CPs. Polymers with dialkylamino groups, however, display very different optical properties, including broadened absorbance and emission spectra, larger Stokes shifts, and longer excited state lifetimes. These results are consistent with a significant difference between the molecular geometries of the absorbing and emitting states. The solid state emission of most of the polymers is sufficient to warrant them for consideration as fluorescent sensing materials.
Effect of geometry on airfoil icing characteristics

A droplet trajectory computer code is used to predict the water droplet impingement characteristics of several low- and medium-speed airfoils. The maximum impingement efficiency, total collection efficiency, and limits of impingement are analyzed as functions of the airfoil geometry and freestream conditions. The airfoil geometry is represented by leading edge radius, maximum thickness, maximum camber, and angle of attack. The analysis shows that the primary effects are an increase in maximum impingement efficiency with a decrease in leading edge radius, a reduction in total collection efficiency for thicker airfoils, and a change in the limits of impingement for airfoils of different maximum camber.
Structure and Thermal Expansion of LiV 2 O 4 : Correlation between Structure and Heavy Fermion Behavior

The structural properties of the heavy fermion (HF) transition metal oxide LiV{sub 2}O{sub 4} have been studied as a function of temperature T from 4 to 295K. Upon cooling from 295K the lattice parameter a contracts gradually to become nearly constant between 65 and 20K and then decreases again below 20K. The downturn in a(T) below 20K correlates with the crossover from local moment to HF behavior. The thermal expansion is found to depend predominantly on the interatomic Li-O bonds while V-O bond lengths change only slightly. The electronic Grueneisen parameter at 7K is inferred to be large ({approximately}25), similar to low-T values of some f-electron HF compounds. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Modeling the Dropoff Between Minority Population Share and the Size of the Minority Electorate in Situations of Differential Voter Eligibility Across Groups

Abstract In any constituency partitioned into two discrete and mutually exhaustive groups, the difference between a group's share of the eligible electorate and its share of the total population will depend, on the one hand, on the differences in the age structure and eligibility rates of the two groups and, on the other hand, it will also depend upon the relative population sizes of the two groups. We model the exact nature of this relationship, providing formulae which allow us to ascertain the maximum difference between a group's share of total population and its share of the eligible electorate and to specify the percentage for ‘effective voting equality’, i.e. the population proportion in a constituency for a group whose members have lower rates of voter participation needed to equalize the sizes of each group's eligible electorate. We discuss the applicability of these results to remedial districting plans in black/Hispanic voting rights cases in the United States and their implications for the differential holding of identity papers among blacks and non-blacks in South Africa.
Food insecurity and food supplies in Latino households with young children.

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between food insecurity and food supplies in Latino households. Design Cross-sectional survey, conducted February to May 2001. Setting Six California counties. Participants Convenience sampling was used to recruit 274 low-income Latino families with preschool children from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), Head Start, and other community-based organizations. Complete data were available for 256 families. Variables Measured Food security, household food scores. Analysis Pearson correlations, Kruskal-Wallis test, and logistics regression. Significance level at P Results Controlling for maternal education, food insecurity over the past 3 months was associated with lower household food supplies: dairy, r = −.18, P r = −.36, P r = −.27, P r = −.22, P r = −.23, P r = −.29, P Conclusions and Implications In Latino households, greater food insecurity is associated with a lower variety of most foods, particularly fruits and vegetables. Future research in Latino households should explore the effects of seasonal food insecurity and household food shortages on food intake of individual household members, especially young children.
Comparison of different methods to analyze a DNA computing library using the polymerase chain reaction

Screening and analysis of collections of DNA molecules is a standard aspect of many DNA computing approaches. We describe the use of three different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection methods to screen specific members of a 5-site, 2-variable DNA computing library previously created using parallel overlap assembly of unique sequences generated from the SynDCode program. The three PCR methods (conventional gel-based PCR, SYBR Green real-time PCR and TaqMan real-time PCR) could all successfully identify individual library members separately or in a mixture. The TaqMan approach was also able to identify members in the original library we had not yet sequenced, providing more evidence supporting our hypothesis that the DNA library we generated may be complete. We expect these three approaches will be useful in future screening of other DNA computing libraries and structures.
Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Survival Through the Seed Cotton Cleaning Process in the Cotton Gin

There is concern that gins located in boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, eradication zones may become points of reintroduction when they process cotton grown in a neighboring infested area. We estimated boll weevil survival through two typical machine sequences used in commercial cotton gins to clean and dry the seed cotton in advance of the gin stand, as well as separately through two incline cylinder cleaners or one or two tower dryers operating at different temperatures. Large numbers of laboratory-reared adult boll weevils were marked with fluorescent powder, fed into the test system, and recovered with the assistance of blacklights. We found no evidence of survival through the seed cotton cleaning systems even when the dryers were not heated, or when passed separately through the two incline cleaners alone. Upper confidence limits (95%) were calculated for the observed zero recoveries based on sample size and the binomial distribution, and these represent the statistical worst-case (i.e., highest) survival potential. Survival through heated tower dryers declined rapidly to zero at higher temperatures, especially when two dryers were running. Although we conclude that the potential for survival of weevils in the seed cotton to the gin stand is zero or close to zero, a small percentage of live weevils was recovered in the green boll/rock trap, which may represent the greatest threat of reintroduction at the gin. Escape of live weevils with the gin trash is also possible, and studies addressing this issue will be presented elsewhere.
Prevalence of highly active adults—Behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2007

Abstract Background The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans ( 2008 Guidelines ) included a novel aerobic physical activity standard, in excess of minimum standards, for more extensive health benefits (> 300 minutes/week of moderate-intensity, 150 minutes/week of vigorous-intensity, or an equivalent combination). Prevalence estimates among US states have yet to be described for this new standard. Methods Respondents self-reported physical activity in the 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System was used ( n = 398,397). Total weekly aerobic activity was calculated for each respondent and 2008 Guidelines standards guided classification. Results In 2007, 43.5% (95% CI: 43.1%–43.8%) of adults met the new 2008 Guidelines standard and were classified as highly active (male, 48.3%; female, 38.9%). Linear patterns were noted by age and education, where younger age and higher levels of education had a higher proportion of highly active. Non-Hispanic whites (45.7%) had a significantly higher proportion of highly active compared with non-Hispanic blacks (37.5%) and Hispanics (37.6%). Variations in estimates were noted among those categorized as sufficiently active, insufficiently active, and inactive. Conclusion More than half of 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System respondents did not meet the new 2008 Guidelines standard. Aerobic activity levels commensurate with more extensive health benefits should be encouraged among US adults.
The outgrowth of parietal endoderm from mouse teratocarcinoma stem-cell embryoid bodies.

Abstract Teratocarcinoma stem cells can be used to study certain events occurring during early mouse embryogenesis. We report that the outgrowth of parietal endoderm from teratocarcinoma stem-cell embryoid bodies in vitro is analagous to the same process in vivo in terms of the spatial distribution of endoderm types: only parietal endoderm migrates away from the aggregate, whereas visceral endoderm remains associated with the embryoid body. The outgrowths generated on a substrate of type-I collagen from PSA-1 and retinoic-acid-treated F 9 embryoid bodies were found to be comparable, even though these aggregates express different endoderm types. We demonstrated that retinoic-acid-treated F 9 embryoid bodies that contain essentially only visceral endoderm in suspension culture can nonetheless generate parietal-endoderm outgrowth when plated on type-I collagen, suggesting that substrate interaction plays an important role in inducing parietal-endoderm differentiation. These data indicate the usefulness and relevance of studying endoderm differentiation and outgrowth in vitro employing the teratocarcinoma model system.
The Let's Go Program for Community Participation: A Feasibility Study

ABSTRACTCommunity participation positively influences health and wellness. As individuals age, chronic disease and changes in physical and cognitive capacities may influence community participation in older adults resulting in social isolation, depression, and decreased health. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of implementing Let's Go, a four-week multimodal community mobility program designed to prevent decline in community participation in older adults (≥60 years old) living in an urban area who self-identified as having difficulty with community mobility. Methods: Using a pre–post measure design, participants’ (N = 7) knowledge, confidence, and participation in community mobility were evaluated. Results: All participants increased their knowledge of alternative transportation options and their confidence in community mobility. The majority of participants maintained or increased their autonomy outdoors and social participation (85.71%) and increased the frequency of community...
Constructing and pre-constructing coherent accounts of the social world

This is a follow-up to an earlier article (Levy, 2008) on the microgenesis of narrative pre-construction (Labov, 2006) in elicited third-person retellings. As in the earlier study the focus is on the formation of anticipatory goal statements, summaries of characters’ motivations for their actions, feelings and beliefs. In the present study I examine how narrators construct inferences about characters’ mental states, comparing onto- and mesodevelopment in seven- and twelve-year olds’ repeated retellings of stories; especially the use of their own earlier speech to link descriptions of non-observable mental events to descriptions of observed activities. The data suggest the development of two discourse processes across both spans of time, one an expansion of discourse and the other a shrinking of it. The findings support the proposal that, in microgenesis, the ability to interpret events in advance of speaking results from the automatization of discourse activities learned during the long course of ontogenetic development (Werner and Kaplan, 1963; McNeill, 2005). This article presents an approach to studying the pre-construction of generalized interpretations of events, and in this sense to studying how discourse can serve a constitutive function.
Spatial-Frequency Encoding Techniques Applied to a One-Tube Color Television Camera

An analysis and experimental results are presented of a new color camera technique using a single camera tube. To avoid the difficult registration problem of conventional color cameras, the color information is encoded as the amplitude of two diffraction grating patterns. This is accomplished by imaging the colored scene onto a pair of colored diffraction gratings. The recovery of the color information is done by bandpass filtering of each channel followed by envelope detection. The three color signals are derived using linear combinations of the two decoded carriers along with the average signal, which represents a weighted sum of all three colors.
Ecosystem Development on a Coastal Barrier Island Dune Chronosequence

Abstract Soil and litter organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were measured across a dune chronosequence on Sapelo Island, Georgia, U.S.A., to characterize ecosystem development and nutrient cycling during primary succession. As successional theory predicts, litter biomass and soil organic matter increased with dune age. The proportion of nutrients contained in the litter also increased with dune age. No litter was present in the grass-dominated foredunes, whereas in the forested dunes litter accounted for 37%, 17%, and 0.11% of the ecosystem (soil plus litter) C, N, and P, respectively. Soil C and N pools increased from the foredunes to older dune classes. Surface soil (0–10 cm) plant-available N (NH+4, NO−3) increased from the foredunes to middunes, whereas soil P showed little change with dune age. Nitrogen was highly limiting across the chronosequence. Total soil N ranged from 0.006% (per gram of dry soil) in the foredunes to 0.087% in the middune. Soil N : P was less than 1.3 across all sites, al...
Biology of the Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera), With Notes on the Vespine Parasitoid Bareogonalos canadensis

AbstractThe biology of the Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera) is reviewed, with emphasis on adult behaviour. New observations on the vespine parasitoid Bareogonalos canadensis (Harrington) are presented, including oviposition behaviour in Douglas-fir foliage and overwintering in the egg stage. Potential use of Bareogonalos spp. in biological control of vespines is discussed.
MOF @ MEMS: Design optimization for high sensitivity chemical detection

Abstract Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a rapidly developing class of nanoporous materials with numerous applications in diverse fields such as chemical detection, hazardous gas detection, and carbon capture. Even though numerous articles have been written emphasizing the adsorption properties of these MOFs, their compatibility with respect to the sensing device has not been explored. While there are numerous types of sensing devices that could benefit from the use of MOF-based coatings to enhance sensitivity and selectivity, we are particularly interested in microcantilevers because of the high sensitivity they can provide within a compact, lower-power architecture. In this paper, we address this need by analyzing the effect of the mechanical properties of MOFs on the sensor response. In particular, we are interested in the structural flexibility of MOFs, because this unique guest-induced property can be used for strain-induced sensing attribute of the microcantilever. In this regard we examined the effects of important MOF mechanical properties such as the Young's Modulus, Poisson's ratio, and density on the sensor response for a range of values representative of the MOFs available in the literature. From our analysis we determined that increasing the Young's Modulus and Poisson's ratio improve the response, while the density of the MOF has a negligible effect on the cantilever response. In addition, we also examined the influence on cantilever response of the intermediate layer used to bind the MOF, from which we observe that SiO 2 provides the best sensor response for a given MOF layer.
Manganese and Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutases in the Human Olfactory Mucosa: Increased Immunoreactivity in Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract Superoxide dismutases are the cell's major enzymatic defenses against cytotoxic reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species, which induce the expression of these enzymes, have been implicated in the neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and individuals with AD exhibit early, severe deficits in olfactory ability. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the cellular localization of manganese and copper-zinc superoxide dismutases in the olfactory mucosae of nondemented young/middle-aged and old subjects as well as age- and postmortem-interval matched nondemented elderly individuals and those with AD. Tissues were obtained at autopsy from individuals ranging in age from 19 to 98 years old. Immunoreactivity for both enzymes was localized in olfactory receptor neurons, sustentacular and basal cells in the olfactory epithelium, and in olfactory and extrinsic nerves, Bowman's glands, and vascular endothelium in the lamina propria. Computer-assisted quantitative analysis demonstrated that very intense immunoreactivity for both manganese and copper-zinc superoxide dismutases occupied significantly more area, particularly near the surface and in the basal region, of the olfactory epithelium from subjects with AD than from the age- and postmortem interval-matched nondemented elderly subjects. The pronounced increase in superoxide dismutase immunoreactivity in the olfactory epithelium of AD subjects suggests that oxidative stress may be responsible, at least in part, for the olfactory deficits in subjects with AD.
Examining Social Workers' Placement Recommendations of Children with Gay and Lesbian Adoptive Parents:

Thousands of children are awaiting placement with adoptive families in the United States. However, agency practices in selecting appropriate families are slow to change, with gay men and lesbians o...
DEPRESSED MYOFILAMENT CO-OPERATIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH POST-CARDIOPLEGIC MYOCARDIAL DEPRESSION

Abstract The mechanism underlying myocardial depression after procedures involving cardioplegia are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that such depression was associated with altered myofilament interactions, using isolated hearts perfused with warm (37°C), oxygenated (95% O 2 /5% CO 2 ) Krebs–Ringer's bicarbonate (KRB) buffer. A latex balloon was inserted into the left ventricle (LV) to monitor LV function. All hearts underwent a 30-min equilibration period. One group of hearts (CPL+RPR) were arrested with St Thomas #2 cardioplegic solution (4°C; 3 ml followed by 1 ml every 15 min) for 120 min, followed by reperfusion with warm, oxygenated KRB. A second group underwent cardioplegic arrest with no reperfusion (CPL). A third group underwent 60 min of warm, oxygenated perfusion with KRB beyond the equilibration period (60 MIN). The last group only underwent the equilibration period (EQUIL). LV function was assessed at the end of equilibration, and at 30 and 60 min of reperfusion (or 30 and 60 min additional perfusion in the 60 MIN group). All hearts were frozen at the end of the temporal protocol for each group, and stored at −70°C for later measurement of Ca 2+ -stimulated Mg 2+ ATPase activity after isolation of myofibrils. CPL+RPR hearts demonstrated significant depression of systolic pressure and elevation diastolic pressure at fixed volumes, compared to baseline and 60 MIN group values. There were no significant changes in the amount of constituent myofilament proteins, as assessed by densinometric analyses of Western blots. There were also no changes in the minimal or maximal ATPase activities, nor in the pCa 50 , indicating no effect of cardioplegic arrest on myofilament sensitivity to calcium. However, all hearts that underwent cardioplegic arrest were found to have significantly lower Hill coefficients (1.85±0.09 and 1.85±0.13 v 2.31±0.13 and 2.34±0.14 in CPL+RPR and CPL v 60 MIN and EQUIL hearts, respectively), suggesting decreased co-operativity of the actomyosin interaction. Such a decrease in co-operativity would contribute to both the systolic and diastolic alterations associated with myocardial depression after cardioplegic arrest. These changes were associated with the cardioplegic event, and appeared to be independent of reperfusion.
Spectroheliograms in the Mg II line at 2795.5 Å

A rocket-borne spectroheliograph designed to take monochromatic pictures of the sun in the Mgii line at 2795.5 A was successfully launched from White Sands Missile Range on May 20, 1968. A double Solc birefringent filter with a spectral bandpass of 2.1 A was used to select the proper wavelength. Pinhole photographs in the soft X-ray region were also secured in the same flight. The Mgii and X-ray photographs are compared with simultaneous Caii and Hα spectroheliograms, radiomaps at 9.1 cm and 3.3 cm, a Fraunhofer map and a magnetogram and some preliminary results are discussed.
Drie of fused silica

This paper reports detailed characterization results of deep reactive ion etching of fused silica with three different masking materials: single-crystal Si, negative photoresist KMPR and SU-8. With an optimized etch recipe, KMPR and SU-8 show higher effective mask selectivity, are easier to integrate and remove than Si, making them better masks for creating high-aspect ratio features. Using a KMPR mask, a high aspect ratio (8:1) etch with a 6-μm mask opening is obtained. SU-8 masks also achieve high aspect ratios of 4.5:1 for 20-μm wide trenches, with mask selectivity of ~2:1. However the polymeric masks cause greater FS sidewall roughness.
Expected welfare gains from peak-load electricity charges

Abstract To estimate the benefits of peak-load electricity pricing it is necessary to consider the demand curves of different types of consumer within each subperiod. In this paper the author first examines a two-period case with two types of consumer and one type of generating technology. This illustrates the complexity of analysing the welfare gains associated with demand meters. Most of the simplifying assumptions are then relaxed and consideration is given to some of the complications which arise in a multi-period world with more than one type of technology for producing electric power. Finally the author considers questions of equity as well as efficiency in the pricing of electricity in the USA.
New Insights into the Mechanism of Odorant Detection by the Malaria-transmitting Mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes that transmit Plasmodium falciparum malaria use a series of olfactory cues present in human sweat to locate their hosts for a blood meal. Recognition of these odor cues occurs through the interplay of odorant receptors and odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) that bind to odorant molecules and transport and present them to the receptors. Recent studies have implicated potential heterodimeric interactions between two OBPs, OBP1 and OBP4, as important for perception of indole by the mosquito (Biessmann, H., Andronopoulou, E., Biessmann, M. R., Douris, V., Dimitratos, S. D., Eliopoulos, E., Guerin, P. M., Iatrou, K., Justice, R. W., Krober, T., Marinotti, O., Tsitoura, P., Woods, D. F., and Walter, M. F. (2010) PLoS ONE 5, e9471; Qiao, H., He, X., Schymura, D., Ban, L., Field, L., Dani, F. R., Michelucci, E., Caputo, B., della Torre, A., Iatrou, K., Zhou, J. J., Krieger, J., and Pelosi, P. (2011) Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68, 1799-1813). Here we present the 2.0 A crystal structure of the OBP4-indole complex, which adopts a classical odorant-binding protein fold, with indole bound at one end of a central hydrophobic cavity. Solution-based NMR studies reveal that OBP4 exists in a molten globule state and binding of indole induces a dramatic conformational shift to a well ordered structure, and this leads to the formation of the binding site for OBP1. Analysis of the OBP4-OBP1 interaction reveals a network of contacts between residues in the OBP1 binding site and the core of the protein and suggests how the interaction of the two proteins can alter the binding affinity for ligands. These studies provide evidence that conformational ordering plays a key role in regulating heteromeric interactions between OBPs.
Perforated Meckel's diverticulum in a micropremature infant and review of the literature

A 28-week estimated gestational age infant presented to our neonatal intensive care unit at 6 days of life with intestinal perforation. Urgent surgical exploration revealed a perforated Meckel's diverticulum (MD) with no other intestinal abnormalities. Pathologic examination of the specimen demonstrated a perforated MD with no heterotopic mucosa present. According to our literature review, this is the first reported case of a perforated MD in a micropremature infant. In the English literature, there have been a total of seven reported cases of perforated MD in the last 25 years. This report summarizes those cases and characterizes the presentation, prognosis and management of this very rare complication in neonates.
Polyphosphate: physiologic? Pathologic? Pharmacologic?

Polyphosphate, a linear polymer of inorganic phosphate found in bacteria, fungi, plants, and recently, human platelets, enhances fibrin clot structure and stability and may play a central role in both normal and pathologic coagulation.
FINE STRUCTURE OF THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS OF UROGLENA AMERICANA (CHRYSOPHYCEAE)1

The three-dimensional structure of the flagellar apparatus of Uroglena americana Calkins (Uroglenopsis americana [Calkins] Lemmerman) was determined using serial section reconstruction. The three microtubular rootlet systems (R2, R3, and R4) follow the general pattern found in other chrysophytes. The R2 rootlet originates between the basal bodies of the mastigoneme-bearing long flagellum (F1) and the short smooth flagellum (F2) and is attached to the former by a fibrous connection. The R3 rootlet system originates as a trough-shaped band of six microtubules spanning the distance between the proximal ends of the F1 and F2 basal bodies. The six-membered rootlet splits into two parts (designated R3 and R3) which circle the depression from which the F2 flagellum emerges in counter-clockwise direction. These two rootlets pass beneath the F2 basal body and descend into the cell alongside the chloroplast. The R4 rootlet originates in fibrous material which passes diagonally over the F2 basal body, forms a clockwise loop about three-quarters of the way around the depression, and ends in the cytoplasm. In place of a typical chrysophyte R1 rootlet, U. americana has a different array of microtubules attached to the F1 basal body which we have designated the descending rootlet (DR). This rootlet is a hairpin-shaped structure lying just below the surface of the cell; its longitudinal axis is predominantly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cell. The DR resembles the bypassing rootlet which occurs in phaeophyte zoospores. Other chrysophytes may possess rootlets which are similar to the DR found in Uroglena.