cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CD5 plays an inhibitory role in the suppressive function of murine CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells

Abstract A subset of CD4+ T cells, the CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in the lymphoid organs and peripheral blood are known to possess suppressive function. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that T cell receptor (TCR) signal is required for development of such ‘natural regulatory (Treg) cells’ and for activation of the effector function of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells. CD5 is a cell surface molecule present on all T cells and a subtype of B lymphocytes, the B-1 cells, primarily localized to coelomic cavities, Peyer's patches, tonsils and spleen. CD5 acts as a negative regulator of T cell and B cell signaling via recruitment of SHP-1. Here, we demonstrate that Treg cells obtained from CD5−/− mice are more potent than those from wild type mice in suppressing the in vitro cell proliferation of anti-CD3 stimulated CD4+ CD25− responder T cells. This phenomenon was cell contact and GITR dependent. Lack of CD5 expression on Treg cells (from spleen, lymph node and thymus) did not affect the intracellular levels of Foxp3. However, CD5−/− Treg thymocytes were able to elicit a higher Ca2+ response to TCR + co-stimulatory signals than the wild type cells. CD5−/− mice expressed more Foxp3 mRNA in the colon than wild type mice, and additionally, the severity of the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in CD5−/− mice was less than the wild type strain. We suggest that manipulation of CD5 expression or the downstream signaling components of CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells as a potential strategy for therapeutic intervention in cases of auto-immune disorders.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Neutron-Capture Elements in Very Metal Poor Stars

Using the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) we have detected the neutron-capture elements osmium, platinum, and lead in the very metal poor ([Fe/H] -2.8) Galactic halo star HD 115444. This star joins the metal-poor giant HD 126238 ([Fe/H] -1.7) as the second Galactic halo star for which "third neutron-capture peak" elements have been detected. We have also determined upper limits on these same elements for the neutron-capture deficient star HD 122563 ([Fe/H] - 2.7). We have identified zirconium and germanium features in the HST spectra of all three stars; this marks the initial identification of the latter element in halo stars. We compare and contrast the spectra and abundances of the neutron-capture elements in these three stars. Combining the new HST observations of the third neutron-capture peak elements of HD 115444 with ground-based data, we find the stellar abundance distribution, over a wider atomic number range than ever before possible, is consistent with the solar system r-process abundance curve. Comparison of this star to the more metal-rich HD 126238 finds that the ratio of the third-peak element abundances to that of the pure r-process element europium is the same in both stars. Earlier ground-based studies have found that abundances of the lighter elements, such as barium and europium, in HD 115444 exceed those of HD 122563 by ~0.7 dex. Our osmium, platinum, and lead upper limits show a similar difference and are not inconsistent with either the scaled solar r-process or the solar total distribution. Thus, the second and third neutron-capture peak element (Z ≥ 56) abundances in all three stars are consistent with scaled solar system r-process abundances. However, the zirconium abundance is approximately the same in HD 122563 and HD 115444, so this element (near the first neutron-capture peak) is overabundant (somewhat) in HD 122563 and (slightly) in HD 115444 with respect to the solar r-process abundances. Germanium (synthesized in approximately equal amounts by the r- and the s-process in solar material) is underabundant in all three stars, but does seem to scale with metallicity—it is identical in HD 115444 and HD 126238, but significantly greater in the higher metallicity HD 126238. These new results support previous observations that demonstrate the operation of the r-process, including the synthesis of the heaviest such elements, early in the history of the Galaxy. Implications of these results for early Galactic chemical evolution are discussed.
Martensitic transformation of the Ni2Al phase in 63.1 at.% NiAl

Electron diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy of 63.1 at.% NiAl have shown that the metastable hexagonal Ni[sub 2]Al precipitate, coherent in the B2 matrix phase, transforms concurrently with the martensitic transformation of the B2 NiAl matrix to the L1[sub 0] phase. The Ni[sub 2]Al precipitate that is coherent with the L1[sub 0] phase in monoclinic.
Perturbation effects in segmented rare earth cobalt multipole magnets

Abstract General formulae are given that allow calculation of harmonics produced by some fundamental perturbations of the components of segmented 2D rare earth cobalt multipole magnets. Also given are relevant specific formulae for the most frequently used shapes of components of segmented multipoles.
The Pedagogy of Heideggerian (Un)Truth: How Can We See Stars by Day in a Deep Dark Well?.

The question of truth as it relates to the teacher's role in the classroom raises not only issues of what and how we should teach, but challenges the very purpose of teaching. Since truth itself is a major question of phenomenology, the author chose to use the works of German philosopher Martin Heidegger for his phenomenological treatment of truth with the hope that it could shed some important light on the fundamental questions of teaching and learning. Then focusing on Heidegger's complex explorations of (un)truth in clearings between brightness and darkness the author suggests that in traditional direct teaching of “truth,” teaching is reduced to a method to instruct students to gain knowledge under the shining Sun of Truth, a concept criticized by Heidegger as “brighter than one thousand suns.” The powerful philosophical, ethical, and educational question Heidegger raises for us is how to “view the stars by day” when we “descend into the dark of the depths of the well.”
Solution structure of the donor site of a trans-splicing RNA.

Abstract Background: RNA splicing is both ubiquitous and essential for the maturation of precursor mRNA molecules in eukaryotes. The process of trans -splicing involves the transfer of a short spliced leader (SL) RNA sequence to a consensus acceptor site on a separate pre-mRNA transcript. In Caenorhabditis elegans , a majority of pre-mRNA transcripts receive the 22-nucleotide SL from the SL1 RNA. Very little is known about the various roles that RNA structures play in the complex conformational rearrangements and reactions involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Results We have determined the solution structure of a domain of the first stem loop of the SL1 RNA of C. elegans, using homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR techniques; this domain contains the splice-donor site and a nine-nucleotide hairpin loop. In solution, the SL1 RNA fragment adopts a stem-loop structure: nucleotides in the stem region form a classical A-type helix while nucleotides in the hairpin loop specify a novel conformation that includes a helix, that extends for the first three residues; a syn guanosine nucleotide at the turn region; and an extrahelical adenine that defines a pocket with nucleotides at the base of the loop. Conclusion The proximity of this pocket to the splice donor site, combined with the observation that the nucleotides in this motif are conserved among all nematode SL RNAs, suggests that this pocket may provide a recognition site for a protein or RNA molecule in the trans -splicing process.
Listening Comprehension: Approach, Design, Procedure

This article outlines three dimensions in the teaching of listening comprehension. In approach, it discusses the nature of spoken discourse and offers a theory of listening comprehension that takes into account the processes that listeners make use of. In design, it analyzes learners' listening needs, proposes a taxonomy of microskills, and establishes objectives for teaching these skills. And finally, in procedure, it presents classroom activities and exercise types that can be used to attain these objectives. Not to let a word get in the way of its sentence Nor to let a sentence get in the way of its intention, But to send your mind out to meet the intention as a guest; THAT is understanding. Chinese proverb, fourth century B.C. In this article, three dimensions of conceptualization, planning, and performance involved in the teaching of listening comprehension are considered. These are referred to as approach, design, and procedure (Richards and Rodgers 1982). Initially, an outline of some of what is known about the processes involved in listening is presented. This is the level of approach, where assumptions about how listeners proceed in decoding utterances to extract meanings are spelled out. The next level, that of design, is where an operationalization is made of the component micro-skills which constitute our competence as listeners. This in turn enables objectives to be defined for the teaching of listening comprehension. At the third level, that of procedure, questions concerning exercise types and teaching techniques are examined. These three levels illustrate the domain of methodology in language teaching.
Retinal structure in the smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis: light microscopy of photoreceptor and horizontal cells.

Photoreceptor and horizontal cells in retinas of the smooth dogfish were impregnated by the rapid Golgi method. Cones as well as rods are present; there are hundreds of rods per cone. The rod synaptic endings are small spherules which send out basal processes (telodendria). The cone synaptic endings are large pedicles which also extend telodendria. Horizontal cells of three distinctive varieties are segregated in vertically separate layers. Horizontal cells of the first (external) row are thick and cuboidal. They send out processes which enter into the invaginations in rod spherules. These cells and their processes cover a circular to elliptical field measuring 75–125 by 125–200 μm. They probably contact every rod in this field. Horizontal cells of the second (intermediate) row are flattened and stellate. Their processes also enter into the rod spherules. These cells cover a circular to elliptical field slightly larger than that covered by cells of the first row. Although they appear not to contact every rod in their field, the fields of adjacent cells of this type overlap. Every rod, therefore, probably contacts one horizontal cell of the second row as well as one of the first row. Horizontal cells of the third (internal) row are stellate, with a few long cylindrical horizontal processes. Finer vertical processes go from these to contact cone pedicles. Probably each cone contacts one such process, and each third-row horizontal cell contacts on the order of ten cones. Although somewhat uncertain, the size, shape, and degree of overlap of the fields covered by third-row cells are probably not very different from those of first- and second-row cells. The vertical sequence of horizontal cells which contact rods or cones in dogfish is inverted from that in teleosts.
The Training and Use of Service Dogs in Occupational Therapy Education

The purpose of this study is to describe the role of occupational therapy fieldwork students in the training of service dogs. Ethnography is an approach that strives to explore and describe the point of view of people. Ethnographers view the researcher as an instrument to gain insight into the subject. This researcher utilized her own experiences as an occupational therapist, an occupational therapy educator, and as a volunteer dog trainer of service dogs. She then validated the process through interviews with key informants. The results indicate that occupational therapists and occupational therapy students are capable of playing a significant role in the training and placement of service dogs. During a level I experience, occupational therapy students experienced the importance that a dog can play in a person’s life as a tool of adaptation. They also learned advocacy and professionalism and applied the Person-Environment-Occupation model of practice. In addition, students recognized that barriers exist in the use of service dogs.
A Reduced-Order Observer Based Piezoelectric Control of Flexible Cartesian (SCARA) Robot Manipulator

An observer based control strategy is proposed for a flexible Cartesian (SCARA) Robot which is modeled as a flexible cantilever beam with a translational base support. A piezoelectric (PZT) patch actuator is bonded on the top surface of the flexible arm to apply a controlled moment for vibration suppression requirement. Utilizing three measurable quantities (i.e., the base displacement, arm tip deflection and the strain at the root end of the arm), a reduced-order observer is designed to estimate the velocity related variables, which are not measurable. A simple PD controller is selected for the moving base regulation control, while a Lyapunov function candidate based on a very simple energy relationship is utilized for the PZT input voltage to make the closed-loop system energy dissipative and hence stable. In this paper, the PZT input voltage control uses the velocity related signals estimated by the reduced-order observer, which makes the control structure simpler. The feasibility of the controller is validated by the numerical simulations and experimental results.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
THz High Field Generation, THz Coherent Spectroscopy, and THz Coherent Control

THz pulses with over ten microjoules of energy are generated and used to drive nonlinear material responses. Nonlinear THz coherent spectroscopy and coherent control are illustrated.
Rapid microtiter plate assay for determination of inulin in human plasma and dialysate.

Abstract A rapid, sensitive, and reproducible microtiter plate assay for the determination of inulin in human plasma, dialysate, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was developed. Plasma or PBS samples (100 μl aliquots) were prepared by the addition of indole-3-acetic acid (150 μl) and HCl (3 ml) and then briefly vortex-mixed. Samples were then incubated in a 60 °C water bath for 20 min, cooled in a room temperature water bath for 40 min, then diluted with deionized, distilled water (DDW; 3 ml) and again vortex-mixed. Finally, an aliquot (200 μl) of each sample was transferred to a 96-well microtiter plate and read spectrophotometrically at 490 nm. Dialysate samples were processed in a similar manner, but required an initial enzymatic step in order to remove dextrose and minimize assay interference. Samples (100 μl aliquots) were prepared by the addition of glucose oxidase/catalase solution (100 μl), briefly vortex mixed, and then incubated in a 37 °C water bath for 60 min, samples were then reacted with indole-3-acetic acid as before. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.5–4 mg/ml or 0.025–0.4 mg/ml for plasma or PBS and dialysate, respectively; correlation coefficients (r2) were >0.99. The intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation in plasma, PBS, and dialysate were
Tire/Suspension Aligning Moment and Vehicle Pull

Abstract Vehicle drifts are affected by the forces and moments of the tire and the suspension. A steering moment equation that calculates the residual aligning torque (RAT) of a tire matched to a vehicle is derived. Using this equation, tire makers can save on development cycle time by delivering matching tires as soon as the suspension configuration is defined.
A theoretical study of the conversion of gas phase methanediol to formaldehyde

Methanediol, or methylene glycol, is a product of the liquid phase reaction of water and formaldehyde and is a predicted interstellar grain surface species. Detection of this molecule in a hot core environment would advance the understanding of complex organic chemistry in the interstellar medium, but its laboratory spectroscopic characterization is a prerequisite for such observational searches. This theoretical study investigates the unimolecular decomposition of methanediol, specifically the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of the molecule under typical laboratory and interstellar conditions. Methanediol was found to be thermodynamically stable at temperatures of ,100 K, which is the characteristic temperature range for interstellar grain mantles. The infinite-pressure RRKM unimolecular decomposition rate was found to be,10 218 s 21 at 300 K, indicating gas phase kinetic stability for typical laboratory and hot core temperatures. Therefore, both laboratory studies of and observational searches for this molecule should be feasible. © 2003 American Institute of Physics. @DOI: 10.1063/1.1596392#
Nonseparable Nth-band filters as overlapping-subarray tapers

In a receive array “overlapped subarrays” refers to an array output formed as a weighted sum of subarray outputs themselves formed as identically weighted combinations of the outputs of overlapping element subsets. The system array factor becomes a product of two array factors with different periods, one associated with each sum, just as the frequency response of a two-stage IFIR filter in a DSP system is the product of two frequency responses with different periods. It is well known that an Nth-band filter can be the most efficient choice for an IFIR filter's first stage, but the corresponding array idea appears unknown. Design examples apply modern optimization to nonseparable tapers, with three of four examples featuring Nth-band subarray tapers. Whether an Nth-band approach is best is not settled here and is properly context dependent: designs should be carried out both ways and compared. Further, a very small subarray taper can easily be Nth-band entirely by accident, so designers should be aware of the associated array-factor features that necessarily result and cannot be optimized away.
MO-D-ValB-02: OpenGL Based 2D-3D Registration of a CT Image Dataset With OBI Images

Introduction. A limiting factor in registration of a three‐dimensional (3D) computed tomography(CT) dataset with two‐dimensional (2D) x‐ray images has been the time‐consuming generation of digitally reconstructedradiographs(DRRs). This can be overcome using a commercial graphics card for DRR generation enabling fast, robust, and accurate automatic image‐based 2D‐3D registration. Methods and Materials. For the iterative registration process hundreds of DRRs are created using hardware rendering in OpenGL. Each DRR from a 512×512×100 CT volume is rendered in less than 0.1 seconds using an nVidia 7800GT graphics card. The registration is based on a publicly available implementation of Mattes Mutual Information (ITK, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). To improve speed, the registration is performed on a sub‐image. A two‐step registration strategy is adopted for robustness with the first pass using a larger margin around the sub‐image and a down‐sampled resolution. A thoracic phantom (Model 602, CIRS, Norfolk, VA) was imaged and setup according to our clinical protocol and then shifted from 0–1.5 cm along each of the major axes. Anterior‐Posterior and Lateral kV x‐ray images were acquired using a commercial patient imaging system (OBI, Varian Medical System, Palo Alto, CA). Results: The mean registration times were 8 and 16 seconds without and with rotations respectively. We observed a systematic 1.1 mm offset in the longitudinal direction that we believe results from 2.5 mm CT slice spacing and OBI calibration. With this removed the mean three‐dimensional distance of the registered positions from the phantom positions was 0.4 mm with the largest disagreement being 0.75 mm. The systems ability to calculate rotations was only tested numerically. Conclusions. The speed and accuracy of this system demonstrate that it could be a viable tool for reducing daily setup uncertainty by automating the analysis of setup images. Research sponsored by Phillips Medical Systems.
Is there a link between dollarization and banking crises

I estimate a multivariate probit model to identify key variables that are predictive of banking crises. To add to the literature on this subject, I focus on the role played by unofficial dollarization of domestic banking systems. Unofficial dollarization is a source of vulnerability for emerging markets as large depreciations render both domestic firms and banks unable to pay dollar-denominated debt. Surprisingly, I find only weak evidence that unofficial dollarization affects the probability of a banking crisis. This finding casts doubt on the widely held belief that liability dollarization is a significant source of risk for emerging markets and developing nations, although there are still reasons to believe that dollarization remains a significant source of risk. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating Research in Early Childhood Special Education: The Use of Meta-Analysis.

Integrating of efficacy studies in early childhood special education is an important and useful strategy for locating consistent trends and relationships in the intervention literature. Based upon consideration of the current status of efficacy research integration and a review of nine exemplary efficacy studies, this article proposes the viability of meta-analysis as a useful technique for integrating cross-study findings in early childhood special education. Meta-analysis is an integrative perspective incorporating many techniques of primary and secondary analysis. Issues of efficacy research, research integration, and the mechanics of conducting a meta-analysis are discussed within the text. A meta-analysis of nine early childhood special education efficacy studies is presented in order to demonstrate principal techniques.
Simultaneous determination of lopinavir and three ester prodrugs by LC-MS/MS in lysates of BeWo cells.

Abstract A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method with positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode has been validated for the simultaneous determination of lopinavir (LPV) and three prodrugs, succinic acid ester of lopinavir (SLPV), glutaric acid ester of lopinavir (GLPV), and diglycolic acid ester of lopinavir (DLPV) in BeWo cell lysate. A methanolic precipitation was employed after addition of an internal standard ritonavir (RTV), followed by centrifugation, separation of the supernatant liquid, evaporation, and reconstitution. A reversed-phase Phenomenex C18 column was used for separation of lopinavir and three prodrugs with a mobile phase which comprises methanol (solvent A), acetonitrile (solvent B), and 50 mM ammonium acetate buffer adjusted to pH 5.5 with acetic acid (solvent C), with isocratic elution (A:B:C = 34:34:32, v/v). The detection of target compounds was conducted using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with the following transitions of m/z 729 → 447, 745 → 563, 743 → 429, 629 → 447 and 721 → 296 to measure SLPV, DLPV, GLPV, LPV and RTV (I.S.), respectively. The calibration ranges were determined using quadratic regression over concentration ranges of 7–743 ng/mL (DLPV), 7.5–745 ng/mL (GLPV), 7–729 ng/mL (SLPV) and 6–189 ng/mL (LPV). The reverse calculated residuals for LPV and these prodrugs were all less than 15% different from nominal (range). The method we established was fully validated for accuracy (≤15% different from nominal) and precision (≤15% RSD). The results proved that the method is accurate and specific, and also this method has been successfully applied to test the uptake of lopinavir and prodrugs into BeWo cells.
Multifactorial determination of skeletal age at death: A method and blind tests of its accuracy

Traditional methods of estimating skeletal age at death have relied solely on the pubic symphyseal face or on this indicator combined with others in nonsystematic ways. A multifactorial method is presented that uses a principal components weighting of five indicators (pubic symphyseal face, auricular surface, radiographs of proximal femur, dental wear, and suture closure). This method has been tested by completely blind assessment of age in two samples from the Todd collection carefully screened for accuracy of stated age at death. Results show a marked superiority of the multifactorial method over any single indicator with respect to both bias and accuracy. This represents the first truly blind test of an age-at-death indicator or system, as the test populations were independent of the system(s) being tested, and the age, sex, and ethnogeographic origin of the individuals being assessed (as well as the compositions of the test samples with respect to these variables) were completely unknown until the tests were completed. Implications for paleodemography are discussed.
Imaging analysis of hepatoblastoma resectability across neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Purpose Hepatoblastomas often require neoadjuvant chemotherapy to facilitate partial hepatectomy, which necessitates freedom of tumor borders from the confluence of hepatic veins (COHV), portal vein bifurcation (PVB), and retrohepatic inferior vena cava (IVC). This study aimed to clarify the effect of incremental neoadjuvant cycles on the AHEP0731 protocol criteria of hepatoblastoma resectability.
Ca2+-Induced Gelation of Pre-heated Whey Protein Isolate

Addition of CaCl2 to pre-heated whey protein isolate (WPI) suspensions caused an increase in turbidity when pre-heating temperatures were greater than or equal to 64 degrees C. Pre-heating to greater than or equal to 70 degrees C was required for gelation. WPI suspensions which contained CaCl2 became turbid at 45 degrees C and formed thermally induced gels at 66 degrees C. Thermally and Ca2+-induced gels showed significant time/temperature effects but the penetration force values in the Ca2+-induced gels were always lower. However, Ca2+-induced gels were higher in shear stress at fracture. The Ca2+-induced gels had a fine-stranded protein matrix that was more transparent than the thermally induced gels, which showed a particulate microstructure.
Midwestern streamflow, precipitation, and atmospheric vorticity influenced by pacific sea-surface temperatures and total solar-irradiance variations

A solar effect on streamflow in the Midwestern United States is described and supported in a six-step physical connection between total solar irradiance (TSI), tropical sea-surface temperatures (SSTs), extratropical SSTs, jet-stream vorticity, surface-layer vorticity, precipitation, and streamflow. Variations in the correlations among the individual steps indicate that the solar/hydroclimatic mechanism is complex and has a time element (lag) that may not be constant. Correct phasing, supported by consistent spectral peaks between 0.092 and 0.096 cycles per year in all data sets within the mechanism is strong evidence for its existence. A significant correlation exists between total solar irradiance and the 3-year moving average of annual streamflow for Iowa (R = 0.67) and for the Mississippi River at St Louis, Missouri (R = 0.60), during the period 1950–2000. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative autoradiography of [3H]ouabain binding sites in rat brain.

Abstract In vitro quantitative autoradiography was used to localize in rat brain binding sites for [3H]ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na+,K+-ATPase. High levels of [3H]ouabain binding sites were found in the superior and inferior colliculi, the mammillary nucleus, the interpeduncular nucleus, and in various divisions of the olfactory, auditory and somatomotor systems. The heterogeneous distribution of [3H]ouabain binding closely parallels the regional brain glucose consumption as determined by the [14C]deoxyglucose method. Lesion studies of the rat hippocampus using the excitotoxin, ibotenic acid, showed both a marked decrease of neuronal cell types on the injected side and a corresponding decrease in [3H]ouabain binding, indicating that some of the [3H]ouabain binding sites are localized to neurons. The close correlation between [3H]-ouabain binding and regional glucose utilization provides further evidence for a linkage between glucose utilization and the neuronal Na+,K+-ATPase.
The Asymptotic Worst-Case Behavior of the FFD Heuristic for Small Items

The First-Fit-Decreasing (FFD) algorithm is one of the most famous and most studied methods for an approximative solution of the bin-packing problem. The question on the parametric behavior of the FFD heuristic for small items was raised in D. S. Johnson's thesis (1973, MIT, Cambridge, MA) and in E. G. Coffman et al. (1987, SIAM J. Comput.7, 1?17): what is the asymptotic worst-case ratio for FFD when restricted to lists with item sizes in the interval (0,?] for ??12. Let R∞FFD(?) denote the asymptotic worst-case ratio for these lists. In his thesis, Johnson gave the values of R∞FFD(?) for 829<??14 and he conjectured thatR∞FFD1m=Fm?1+1m+2?2mm+1m+2for all integers m?4. J. Csirik (1993, J. Algorithms15, 1?28) proved that, for all integers m?5, this conjecture is true when m is even. When m is odd, he further showedR∞FFD1m=Gm,where Gm?1+(m2+m?1)/(m(m+1)(m+2))=Fm+1/(m(m+1)(m+2)). These results leave open the values of R∞FFD(?) for 0<?<1/5 that are not the reciprocals of integers. In this paper we resolve the remaining open cases.
Individual differences in vigilance: Personality, ability and states of stress

Abstract Vigilance is notoriously hard to predict from personality measures. This study adopted a new multivariate approach based on attentional resource theory. Measures were taken of the Five Factor Model (FFM), more narrowly-defined ‘cognitive–energetic’ traits, cognitive ability and stress and coping scales. Participants (210) performed one of two related high-workload visual vigilance tasks. Results showed that personality traits were weak predictors of correct detection rate, although extraversion was negatively correlated with performance. Ability, subjective task engagement and coping scales were more strongly associated with vigilance. However, both the FFM and cognitive–energetic factors related to subjective states experienced during performance. Data support multivariate approaches to the prediction of vigilance based on attentional resource theory.
The Crucial Role of Hispanic-Serving Institutions in the Education of Latino/a Youth

This article offers an analysis of policy issues and recommendations regarding the specific mission of Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) in the United States. Through anecdotes and a brief historical outline, I urge readers not to forget the rich historical activist legacy of early Latino leaders who worked to ensure the inclusion of Hispanics in American higher education. The urgent need to improve access to education among this historically underserved population includes the need to develop leadership in many fields besides education and free public higher education for everyone as a revised goal for HSI and non-HSI institutions.
Locating Afghan History

Afghanistan's 20th century has long been seen through an analytical dichotomy. One concentration of historical scholarship has sought to explain the fraught progress of Afghan nation-building in the 1910s and 1920s. A second has sought to explain the unraveling of the Afghan nation after 1979. Weighted toward the decades at either end of the century, this dichotomized field has been problematic in both chronological (and thereby processual) and methodological terms. On the level of chronology, the missing long mid-section (indeed, half) of the century between the framing coups of 1929 and 1979 has made it difficult to convincingly join together the two bodies of scholarship. Not only has the missing middle further cemented the division of scholarly labor but it also has made it more difficult to connect the history of the last quarter of the century to that of the first quarter (except as a story of parallels), rendering them discrete narratives of development, one ending and the other beginning with a coup. The problems are deeper than this, though, extending from questions of chronology and process to matters of method. For if in its focus on nationalism and nation-building the first-quarter scholarship is framed within the neat boundaries of national spaces and actors, then in its focus on the unraveling of the nation and its peoples through the consequences of Soviet intervention, the last-quarter scholarship elevates nonnational actors as the key agents of historical process.
The six Ps of manufacturing strategy

The operating definition of manufacturing strategy in published research has often been too restrictive to accommodate the entire gamut of approaches used in practice. In particular, the manufacturing strategies of world class manufacturers do not fit the prevalent planning orientation suggested by many researchers. Claims a multifaceted view of manufacturing strategy is needed to depict accurately the strategic efforts of all manufacturers. Describes six distinct views of the manufacturing strategy: planning, proactiveness, pattern of actions, portfolio of manufacturing capabilities, programmes of improvement, and performance measurement.
Structure of 1-(2'-tosyloxyethoxy)-8-tosyloxy-9,10-anthraquinone

The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/c;a=12.938(1),b=11.041(1),c=19.285(2) A, β=104.314(8)°,Z=4. Refinement based on 1660 unique observed reflections converged toR=0.054. The anthraquinone moiety is distorted due to intramolecular steric hindrance from the tosylate groups.
Detection of Cardiac Biomarkers Using Single Polyaniline Nanowire-Based Conductometric Biosensors

The detection of myoglobin (Myo), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) plays a vital role in diagnosing cardiovascular diseases. Here we present single site-specific polyaniline (PANI) nanowire biosensors that can detect cardiac biomarkers such as Myo, cTnI, CK-MB, and BNP with ultra-high sensitivity and good specificity. Using single PANI nanowire-based biosensors integrated with microfluidic channels, very low concentrations of Myo (100 pg/mL), cTnI (250 fg/mL), CK-MB (150 fg/mL), and BNP (50 fg/mL) were detected. The single PANI nanowire-based biosensors displayed linear sensing profiles for concentrations ranging from hundreds (fg/mL) to tens (ng/mL). In addition, devices showed a fast (few minutes) response satisfying respective reference conditions for Myo, cTnI, CK-MB, and BNP diagnosis of heart failure and for determining the stage of the disease. This single PANI nanowire-based biosensor demonstrated superior biosensing reliability with the feasibility of label free detection and improved processing cost efficiency due to good biocompatibility of PANI to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Therefore, this development of single PANI nanowire-based biosensors can be applied to other biosensors for cancer or other diseases.
Traumatic endotracheal intubation in the cat

Abstract Background Orotracheal intubation is a commonly performed procedure in the cat, but it is not without complications. Tracheal rupture has been reported in cats, but trauma to the arytenoids from intubation has not been documented. Observations An otherwise healthy, 5-year-old male domestic shorthair cat presented for total ear canal ablation to resolve intractable otitis media and externa. The cat was premedicated with glycopyrrolate, hydromorphone, and acepromazine. Anesthesia was induced with diazepam and ketamine, and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. During orotracheal intubation, the larynx was poorly visualized and excessive force was used to perform intubation. Subsequently, blood was observed in the larynx and laryngoscopy revealed a tear lateral to the patient's right arytenoid which had been created during intubation. The larynx was re-intubated normally and the cat suffered no obvious ill effects from the trauma to the larynx. Conclusions Direct observation and proper technique must be employed during orotracheal intubation in cats in an attempt to avoid laryngeal trauma.
Formation of voids and oxide particles in silicon crystals

Agglomeration of vacancies in oxygen-rich silicon crystals starts with nucleation of oxide particles. Some particles are then transformed into voids by cavitation: a bubble is nucleated at a corner of an octahedral particle. Evolution of a bubbled particle may result in formation of a double octahedral void. The vacancy loss (mainly to voids) results in suppression of further cavitation. The final microdefect population includes both voids and oxide particles. The density of either microdefect is computed in dependence of the vacancy concentration, oxygen content and cooling rate.
The Seasonal Cycle of Low Stratiform Clouds

The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds is studied using data from surface-based cloud climatologies. The impact of low clouds on the radiation budget is illustrated by comparison of data from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment with the cloud climatologies. Ten regions of active stratocumulus convection are identified. These regions fall into four categories: subtropical marine, midlatitude marine, Arctic stratus, and Chinese stratus. With the exception of the Chinese region, all the regions with high amounts of stratus clouds are over the oceans. In all regions except the Arctic, the season of maximum stratus corresponds to the season of greatest lower-troposphere static stability. Interannual variations in stratus cloud amount also are related to changes in static stability. A linear analysis indicates that a 6 percent increase in stratus fractional area coverage is associated with each 1 C increase in static stability. Over midlatitude oceans, sky-obscuring fog is a large component of the summertime stratus amount. The amount of fog appears to be related to warm advection across sharp gradients of SST.
Utilization of Organic Carbon by a Marine Crustacean: Analysis with Carbon-14

An isotope-dilution technique using carbon-14 was employed to determine quantitatively the carbon budget of a filter-feeding crustacean. The amount of carbon ingested ranged between 0.044 and 0.139 mg. Incorporation of carbon varied between 11.3 and 73.6 percent per day per organism, with an average of 32.5 percent for the animals tested. Values for oxygen consumption are given as they relate to carbon intake and utilization.
FEDERAL STUDENT FINANCIAL AID AWARDS AS SUBSIDIES FOR HIGHER EDUCATION: What Kinds of Institutions Are We Supporting?

This paper attempts to shed light on the following question: What kinds of four-year institutions of higher learning benefit the most from federal student financial aid programs? We address this question by investigating how institutional quality, institutional mission, and the student's average net cost of attendance covary with average Pell grant, SEOG grant, GSL loan, and college work-study financial aid awards. Our sample is comprised of 254 nonproprietary four-year public institutions of higher learning and 499 nonproprietary four-year private institutions of higher learning.
Our Human-Machine Civilization

Diane Proudfoot's review ( Science 's Compass, 30 Apr., p. [745][1]) of my book The Age of Spiritual Machines (Viking, New York, 1999) ignores its salient arguments and instead mires the reader in obscure and misleading factual objections. For example, she says that Univac was installed in April 1951, and “not in 1950 as Kurzweil claims.” Actually, I made no such claim, but correctly stated that Univac was developed during 1950. Later (p. [320][2]), I cited 1951 as Univac's installation date. And Univac was installed in March, not April, 1951. If this all seems petty, then you have a good fix on the spirit of the review. Proudfoot says that Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus “says nothing about brains.” But Wittgenstein describes it as an examination of what humans can “know,” and it is generally accepted that the brain is the organ responsible for knowing. Proudfoot complains about anthropomorphizing, but there is no harm in using such terms; we routinely speak of the legs of a chair or the hands of a doll. It doesn't follow that it is our intent to endow these objects with human qualities. I clearly state that today's machines do not have the endearing qualities of humans—they are, after all, still a million times simpler, although this disparity is rapidly shrinking. She makes no comment on the book's specific theses, such as reverse engineering the human brain and harnessing its methods in increasingly powerful computational mediums. We are already able to replicate the detailed input-output response of extensive clusters of human neurons, and there is nothing to prevent these efforts from scaling up to the entire human brain. Instead, she drags out old anti-artificial-intelligence (AI) arguments: some early predictions were wrong (which I discuss); many AI projects have crashed (although I appreciate her acknowledgement that my projects are not among these). Proudfoot's arguments aside, nonbiological entities, which today have many narrowly focused skills, are going to vastly expand in the breadth, depth, and subtlety of their intelligence and creativity. My book discusses why this is inevitable, the nature of the technologies that will emerge, and the impact this will have on our human-machine civilization, a development no less important than the emergence of human intelligence some thousands of generations ago. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.284.5415.745 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.285.5426.320
Separation and determination of denatured αs1-, αs2-, β- and κ-caseins by hydrophobic interaction chromatography in cows’, ewes’ and goats’ milk, milk mixtures and cheeses

Caseins alpha(s1)-, alpha(s2)-, beta- and kappa- from raw cows', ewes' and goats' milk were separated and determined by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) by using a Propyl column (Eichrom) in the presence of 8.0 M urea in the mobile phase. The method is based on fast and easy solubilization of real raw samples by 4.0 M guanidine thiocyanate followed by the HIC analysis, without any preliminary precipitation or separation of the casein fraction. Elution conditions have been optimized by analyzing commercial single bovine standard caseins and their mixture. In the optimized chromatographic conditions the four casein fractions were separated in less than 45 min. A linear relationship between the concentration of casein and peak area (UV absorbance detector at 280 nm) has been obtained over the concentration range of 0.5 to 40 microM. The detection limit for alpha-, beta- and kappa-caseins ranged between 0.35 and 0.70 microM. The precision of the method was evaluated, the coefficient of variation for alpha-, beta- and kappa-casein determination ranging between 3.0 and 6.0%. The method has been validated by the analysis of reference skim milk powder (BCR-063R) certificated for total nitrogen content. The method was applied to commercial casein mixture and to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of casein fractions in unprocessed, raw cows', goats' and ewes' milk (10 samples analyzed for each species), in one sample of unprocessed buffalos' milk and in commercial cheeses (mozzarella, robiola, ricotta and stracchino). Binary mixtures of milk (cow/goat and cow/ewe) were also analyzed and the ratio between casein peak areas (alpha(s1)/kappa, alpha(s2)/beta, beta/kappa and alpha(s2)/alpha(s1)) of the HIC chromatograms was proposed and discussed in order to evaluate a possible application of this method to detect milk adulteration.
Migrating Birds as Dispersal Vehicles for West Nile Virus

Whereas migrating birds have been implicated in the spread of West Nile virus (WNV), there is no direct evidence of birds actively migrating while infectious. The role of birds in WNV dispersal is difficult to assess in the field. However, this role can be evaluated experimentally because birds in migratory disposition display increased locomotor activity or restlessness under captive conditions. We tested the following hypotheses: (1) migrating passerine birds continue to exhibit migratory activity while infectious with WNV and (2) the migratory state of the individual affects the magnitude of viremia. We examined the migratory activity of two neoarctic-neotropical passerine migrants, Swainson’s thrush (Catharus ustulatus) and gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), during acute WNV infection. All gray catbirds and six of nine Swainson’s thrushes exhibited migratory activity while infectious. Moreover, migratory status did not appear to influence viremia titers, as might be expected if individuals were immunosuppressed during migration. Therefore, we demonstrate that migrating passerine birds are potential dispersal vehicles for WNV.
Automated adjustment of inspired oxygen in preterm infants with frequent fluctuations in oxygenation: a pilot clinical trial.

Objective To assess the efficacy of a system for automated fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) adjustment in maintaining oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) within an intended range in preterm infants with spontaneous fluctuations in SpO 2 . Study design Sixteen infants (gestational age, 24.9 ± 1.4 weeks; birth weight, 678 ± 144 g; age, 33 ± 15 days) with frequent hypoxemia episodes underwent two 4-hour periods of FiO 2 adjustment by clinical personnel (routine) and the automated system (automated). Results Compared with the routine period, the percent time within intended SpO 2 range (88%-95%) increased during the automated period (58% ± 10% versus 42% ± 9%; P 2 higher than the intended range and ≥98% were reduced (9% ± 10% versus 31% ± 8% [ P P 2 P = .003) because of more frequent episodes, whereas the time with SpO 2 2 was lower during the automated period (29% ± 4% versus 34% ± 5%; P Conclusion Automated FiO 2 adjustment improved maintenance of SpO 2 within the intended range and reduced hyperoxemia and FiO 2 . These findings should be examined in longer periods with standard clinical conditions and, eventually, in the context of randomized trials powered to detect clinically important effects on outcome.
Computational design of a gain-stabilized 2.5∶1 bandwidth ridged horn antenna

The design of a ridge waveguide horn antenna covering the 18-45 GHz band and having a gain of 15.5 dBi plus or minus approximately 0.5 dB throughout the band is discussed. This gain stability enables the antenna to achieve a total beamwidth variation of only 13 degrees (10 degrees average) across the entire band, while achieving a return loss greater than 18 dB throughout the band.
Linear Oligo(ferrocenyldimethylsilanes) with between Two and Nine Ferrocene Units: Electrochemical and Structural Models for Poly(ferrocenylsilane) High Polymers

In order to gain insight into the electrochemical and conformational properties of the prototypical high polymeric poly(ferrocenylsilane), poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane) [Fe(η-C5H4)2SiMe2]n 6, three series of oligo(ferrocenylsilanes) R-fc-[SiMe2-fc]n-1-R‘ (fc = Fe(η-C5H4)2) 72−79 (R = R‘ = H), 82−87 (R = H and R‘ = SiMe3), and 92−97 (R = R‘ = SiMe3) have been prepared and studied (the subscript n in the oligomer refers to the number of ferrocene units present). These species were prepared via the anionic ring-opening oligomerization of the silicon-bridged [1]ferrocenophane Fe(η-C5H4)2SiMe2 5. Initiation with ferrocenyllithium FcLi (Fc = Fe(η-C5H5)(η-C5H4)) followed by quenching with H2O or SiMe3Cl afforded H-fc-[SiMe2-fc]n-1-H (72-9) or H-fc-[SiMe2-fc]n-1-SiMe3 (82-7), respectively. Initiation with the dilithioferrocene complex fcLi·2/3TMEDA followed by quenching with H2O or SiMe3Cl similarly afforded the oligomers H-fc-[SiMe2-fc]n-1-H (72-9) or alternatively the bis(silyl)-capped species Me3Si-fc-[SiMe2-...