cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidatively Modified Calmodulin Binds to the Plasma Membrane Ca-ATPase in a Nonproductive and Conformationally Disordered Complex

Oxidation of either Met(145) or Met(146) in wheat germ calmodulin (CaM) to methionine sulfoxide prevents the CaM-dependent activation of the plasma membrane (PM) Ca-ATPase (D. Yin, K. Kuczera, and T. C. Squier, 2000, Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13:103-110). To investigate the structural basis for the inhibition of the PM-Ca-ATPase by oxidized CaM (CaM(ox)), we have used circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy to resolve conformational differences within the complex between CaM and the PM-Ca-ATPase. The similar excited-state lifetime and solvent accessibility of the fluorophore N-1-pyrenyl-maleimide covalently bound to Cys(26) in unoxidized CaM and CaM(ox) indicates that the globular domains within CaM(ox) assume a native-like structure following association with the PM-Ca-ATPase. However, in comparison with oxidized CaM there are increases in the 1) molar ellipticity in the CD spectrum and 2) conformational heterogeneity between the opposing globular domains for CaM(ox) bound to the CaM-binding sequence of the PM-Ca-ATPase. Furthermore, CaM(ox) binds to the PM-Ca-ATPase with high affinity at a distinct, but overlapping, site to that normally occupied by unoxidized CaM. These results suggest that alterations in binding interactions between CaM(ox) and the PM-Ca-ATPase block important structural transitions within the CaM-binding sequence of the PM-Ca-ATPase that are normally associated with enzyme activation.
Differential fluorescence enhancement of 8-anilino-1-napthalene sulfonic acid by ricin A and B chains.

Abstract Incubation of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid with ricin and its isolated A and B polypeptide chains showed an increase in fluorescence at 470 nm. The A chain induced more fluorescence enhancement than either ricin or ricin B chain. The addition of B chain to A chain resulted in decreased fluorescence enhancement which was pH dependent. Sephadex gel filtration showed that A and B chain efficiently reassociated and the reassociation was not dependent on formation of the interchain disulfide bond and could not be prevented by high salt concentration.
Aerosol transport and deposition in sequentially bifurcating airways.

Deposition patterns and efficiencies of a dilute suspension of inhaled particles in three-dimensional double bifurcating airway models for both in-plane and 90 deg out-of-plane configurations have been numerically simulated assuming steady, laminar, constant-property air flow with symmetry about the first bifurcation. Particle diameters of 3, 5, and 7 microns were used in the simulation, while the inlet Stokes and Reynolds numbers varied from 0.037 to 0.23 and 500 to 2000, respectively. Comparisons between these results and experimental data based on the same geometric configuration showed good agreement. The overall trend of the particle deposition efficiency, i.e., an exponential increase with Stokes number, was somewhat similar for all bifurcations. However, the deposition efficiency of the first bifurcation was always larger than that of the second bifurcation, while in general the particle efficiency of the out-of-plane configuration was larger than that of the in-plane configuration. The local deposition patterns consistently showed that the majority of the deposition occurred in the carinal region. The distribution pattern in the first bifurcation for both configurations were symmetric about the carina, which was a direct result of the uniaxial flow at the inlet. The deposition patterns about the second carina showed increased asymmetry due to highly nonuniform flow generated by the first bifurcation and were extremely sensitive to bifurcation orientation. Based on the deposition variations between bifurcation levels and orientations, the use of single bifurcation models was determined to be inadequate to resolve the complex fluid-particle interactions that occur in multigenerational airways.
The Development of Clinical Renal Transplantation

Any two people can travel the same road and see different things. Thus, others discussing the history of renal transplantation might have noted different landmarks. Valuable personal reminiscences have been written by R.Y Calne of England1 and J.E. Murray of Boston,2 whose initially separate careers came together in a remarkable joint venture at Harvard in 1960. In addition, original articles, which are usually cited in historical reviews, but rarely read because of their inaccessibility, were republished recently in a volume of the Clio Chirurgica series.3 Perusal of this material gives unusual insight into the process of discovery and development. Another prime source of historical information was published in 1972 by Professor Carl Groth, the Swedish transplantation surgeon who examined the medical literature from the crucial period of 1950 to 1970 and interviewed or corresponded with almost all of the physicians and surgeons who were working during this time.4 Kidney transplantation as a practical therapeutic option came from a series of steps that began to appear in the literature at the turn of this century. At first, the steps were small, widely spread in time, and often quixotic enough to be overlooked or condemned. As late as 1961, the Nobel Laureate Macfarland Burnet wrote in the New England Journal of Medicine that “… much thought has been given to ways by which tissues or organs not genetically and antigenically identical with the patient might be made to survive and function in the alien environment. On the whole, the present outlook is highly unfavorable to success . . . .”5 This opinion was published on the eve of the successful clinical renal transplantations in 1962 and 1963 that extended such procedures beyond the occasional identical and fraternal twin cases of the mid and late 1950s. These clinical trials in 1962 and 1963 provoked editorials questioning the inherent feasibility of such efforts, as well as their ethical basis.6 Yet, these trials were already late in a long, but at first slowly unfolding, story of whole organ transplantation, which was dominated by but not confined to the kidney.
416 Anti-Thymocyte Globulin Induction Therapy after Heart Transplantation: Impact on Rejection Rates, Survival, and CMV Infection

diabetes occurred. Surgical interventions for pericardial effusions were necessary in 5 patients. 9 patients intermittently discontinued sirolimus treatment due to side effects or adverse events (4 acute rejections, 3 delayed wound healing, 2 GI-toxicity). Conclusions: De novo CNI-free immunosuppression after heart transplantation is less efficacious in prevention of acute rejection and is associated with a variety of side effects. On the other hand CNI-free immunosuppression is possible and long-term results are favourable for survival, malignancy, renal function, CMV-infections and vasculopathy.
Calculation of the Hydrodynamic Contribution to Peak Asymmetry in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Using the Equilibrium−Dispersive Model

The equilibrium−dispersive model of chromatography and measurements of sorption isotherms were applied to reversed-phase C18 systems of several solutes with 40:60 methanol/water mobile phases to calculate the band shapes of eluites in the linear, analytical region of chromatography. These predicted profiles were compared to experimental profiles to determine the error associated with the equilibrium−dispersive model. This error is associated with the assumption of a uniform plug flow profile of mobile phase through the column. Analysis of the results of several systems and columns illustrates the asymmetry that exists in the actual mobile-phase flow profiles. The model error asymmetry decreases for higher efficiency columns as expected and increases in the form of peak tailing for lower efficiency columns. This behavior suggests that portions of the column are not swept by the mobile-phase flow at the same rate as the rest of the column, indicating an inhomogeneous packing density. The general method desc...
Lateral diffusion of lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium

Gram-negative enteric bacteria are enveloped by two membrane systems1. The inner or cytoplasmic membrane is responsible for the major metabolic functions including biosyn-thetic activities2, while the major known functions of the outer membrane are primarily physical: it contains receptors for bacteriophages and bacteriocins3; it contributes to the maintenance of cell shape4; and it controls access of nutrient solutes and agents such as antibiotics and detergents to the cytoplasmic membrane5. Several investigations have indicated that mobility of membrane components, particularly lipopolysaccharide5,6, is essential for biogenesis of the outer membrane7,8, and is a primary event in phage infection9,10. To define more accurately the fluid dynamic properties of the outer membrane as related to function, we have now developed the capability to measure lateral diffusion coefficients in vivo of rhodaminated G30 lipo-polysaccharide fused into Salmonella typhimurium G30A filamentous bacteria. The method used extends the FRAP procedure (fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching)11,12 to bacteria and the results demonstrate rapid diffusion of lipopolysaccharide (D = 2.0 ± 0.9 × 10−10 cm2 s−1) over micrometre distances.
Tree Generating Regular Systems

Trees are defined as mappings from tree structures (in the graph-theoretic sense) into sets of symbols. Regular systems are defined in which the production rules are of the form Φ → ψ , where Φ and ψ are trees. An application of a rule involves replacing a subtree Φ by the tree ψ . The main result is that the sets of trees generated by regular systems are exactly those that are accepted by tree automata. This generalizes a theorem of BUchi, proved for strings.
Power system state estimation with dynamic optimal measurement selection

Power system measurement devices continue to evolve towards higher accuracy and update rate. On the other hand, the computation required for processing the enormous amounts of measurement data associated with large complex power systems makes real-time estimation a major challenge. In this paper we present the Lower Dimensional Measurement-space (LoDiM) state estimation method for large-scale and wide-area interconnected power systems. We present the method in the context of the Kalman filter and Extended Kalman filter, however our measurement selection procedure is not filter-specific, i.e. it can also be applied on other state estimation methods such as particle filters and unscented filters. Our method can also take advantage of large-scale parallel computation techniques for further improvement. Moreover, the concept of LoDiM should be applicable to other large-scale, real-time and computationally-intensive state tracking systems beyond the power systems, such as weather forecasting systems, gas-pipeline systems, and other critical infrastructure.
Estimating Pullout Loads for Hill-Embedded Rock Anchors

AbstractBased on classical mechanics, a mathematical model is formulated to predict the pullout load of an expanding steel anchor embedded in solid rock on the side of a hill. Thirteen anchor/rock system parameters are identified. Results are illustrated with a case study involving a rock anchor that failed while giving partial support to a line of utility poles subjected to high winds.
Exact PPP excitation energies and oscillator strength of octatetraene and decapentaene

Abstract Low-lying singlet and triplet states of all-trans decapentaene and octatetraene are found exactly within the Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) model by means of diagrammatic valence bond (VB) theory. The oscillator strength of the dipole-allowed 1 1 A g → 1 1 B u transition is also found exactly for correlated states based on linear combinations of VB diagrams, with almost 20000 singlets for the 10 π electrons of decapentaene. Standard PPP parameters account for the available excitation energies of both molecules and for the reduced oscillator strength compared to Huckel theory.
Small-sample adjustments to tests with unbalanced repeated measures assuming several covariance structures

Recent advances in methods for analysis of longitudinal data arid incomplete repeated measures have been in the area of maximum likelihood (ML) and restricted maximum likelihood (REML) methods (e.g., Laird and Ware, 1982 Biometrics, Jennrich and Schluchter, 1986 Biometrics). This paper outlines the ML and REML approaches to the analysis of incomplete repeated measures data and growth curves, and then examines methods for small-sample adjustment of asymptotic Wald-type chi-square tests constructed from ML and REML estimates under four different assumed covariance structures. These adjustments involve transformation of the Wald Ghi-square statistic to an approximate F-statistic. In certain cases when data are complete and balanced, the transformed test statistics have exact F-distribution under the null hypothesis. The first three covariance structures: (1) Compound Symmetry, (2) First-Order Autoregressive, and (3) Multivariate (unstructured), are examined in the context of the analysis of a repeated measur...
Performance evaluation of asynchronous, modular systems

Abstract A theoretical foundation is presented for a practical method of evaluating the expected performance of asynchronous, modular systems. Five basic types of asynchronous control modules are defined, which can be easily implemented using combinatorial logic. These modules can be used to control the execution of digital computations; and the result is a high degree of concurrency with true “speed-independence” (i.e. the correct operation of the system is not dependent on any relative timing assumptions). For such digital computations, methods are presented for estimating the expected execution time and throughput rate. Both deterministic and probabilistic models of computations are considered. For some restricted classes of computations, exact analytical solutions for the execution time are derived and for the general case, upper and lower bounds on the expected execution time are given.
The landscape of values in evaluation: Charted terrain and unexplored territory

Examining ethical questions about practice can make evaluators more critical of what they are doing: What is it to be a good evaluator? In whose interests should we be acting and to what purpose?
Cloning bovine cytokine cDNA fragments and measuring bovine cytokine mRNA using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

Bovine cytokine-specific primers and the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to clone cDNA fragments that were specific for bovine IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, and IFN-gamma. Specificity of the cDNA fragments was verified by sequence analysis based on known bovine IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, and IFN-gamma gene sequences. In addition, RT-PCR was used to monitor cytokine mRNA expression in concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and the results were compared with those obtained by measuring PBMC cytokine secretion using biologic assays. IL-1 activity in LPS-stimulated PBMC cultures was similar at 12 h and 24 h, although the activity decreased by approximately 40% at 48 h. IL-2 and IFN-gamma activity in supernatants of Con A-stimulated PBMC cultures was low at 12 h and reached maximum levels at 48 h. RT-PCR transcript analysis detected an increase in IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, and IFN-gamma mRNA expression that was usually correlated with the detection of these soluble cytokines by the bioassays. These results indicate that RT-PCR is a sensitive and effective method of obtaining cDNA probes and that this technique can be used to monitor bovine cytokine mRNA expression.
Depiction of Upper/Lower Vortex Interaction Associated with Extratropical Cyclogenesis

Abstract Using observed data and model simulations, an attempt is made to verify that baroclinic instability can be viewed as an interaction and mutual amplification of a pair of upper- and lower-tropospheric potential vorticity (PV) perturbations. This view has recently been advanced by Hoskins et al. and McIntyre. Two episodes from March and May 1989, encompassing two lee-cyclogenetic events east of the Rocky Mountains and one over the central Gulf states, are selected to demonstrate this concept. In order to depict the low-level PV maximum which forms infinitely thin sheets of infinite PV, the display of PV in cartesian space is replaced by a display of absolute vorticity in isentropic space. Perspective computer drawings of iso-surfaces of absolute vorticity in three-dimensional space are found to be a convenient means of conveying the desired information.
Peer Victimization and Adolescent Suicide: The Mediating Effect of Risk Behaviors

This study explored the impact of three risk behaviors (risky sexual behaviors, aggression, and substance use) on the peer victimization–suicide relationship. A hypothesized model was developed using an integrated conceptual model based on social cognitive theory and escape theory of suicide. This model was then tested using structural equation modeling. The participants were 7,656 males (49.8 %) and 7,708 females (50.2 %) from the 2011 Youth Risk Behavior Survey ranged in age from 12 years or less to over 18 years (mean = 16.1 years, SD = 1.24). Results demonstrated that peer victimization has a significant direct effect on suicidal behavior. Aggression, and substance use, but not risky sexual behavior, mediated the risk of suicide. Also, substance use has a significant direct effect on aggression that affects suicidal behavior. Findings were discussed within the context of the empirical and theoretical review and implications for social work practice were considered.
Pro-adhesive and Chemotactic Activities of Thrombospondin-1 for Breast Carcinoma Cells Are Mediated by α3β1 Integrin and Regulated by Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and CD98

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) is a matricellular protein that displays both pro- and anti-adhesive activities. Binding to sulfated glycoconjugates mediates most high affinity binding of soluble TSP1 to MDA-MB-435 cells, but attachment and spreading of these cells on immobilized TSP1 is primarily beta1 integrin-dependent. The integrin alpha3beta1 is the major mediator of breast carcinoma cell adhesion and chemotaxis to TSP1. This integrin is partially active in MDA-MB-435 cells but is mostly inactive in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells, which require beta1 integrin activation to induce spreading on TSP1. Integrin-mediated cell spreading on TSP1 is accompanied by extension of filopodia containing beta1 integrins. TSP1 binding activity of the alpha3beta1 integrin is not stimulated by CD47-binding peptides from TSP1 or by protein kinase C activation, which activate alphavbeta3 integrin function in the same cells. In MDA-MB-231 but not MDA-MB-435 cells, this integrin is activated by pertussis toxin, whereas serum, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and ligation of CD98 increase activity of this integrin in both cell lines. Serum stimulation is accompanied by increased surface expression of CD98, whereas insulin-like growth factor-1 does not increase CD98 expression. Thus, the pro-adhesive activity of TSP1 for breast carcinoma cells is controlled by several signals that regulate activity of the alpha3beta1 integrin.
The Quantitative Measurement of l -Phenylephrine Hydrochloride in Dilute Aqueous Solution *

An optically pure specimen of levo-diacetylphenylephrine has been prepared. This substance has served as a basis for subsequent measure of the resistance of l phenylephrine hydrochloride toward racemization when multiple autoclaved, and when refluxed at two pH levels. The effect of time vs. stereochemical stability, in commercial l -phenylephrine hydrochloride formulas, has likewise been considered.
Stress, Trauma, and Substance Use: An Overview

This special issue of Stress, Trauma, and Crisis: An International Journal focuses on the interaction between stress, trauma, and substance use. In soliciting manuscripts for this special issue, we...
Side-coupled optical fiber devices for sensing applications

We demonstrate experimentally the light coupling between two types of optical fiber devices, including the long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) and fiber tapers. Optical power transfer is achieved through evanescent field coupling between the cladding modes. The output spectra from the LPFG couplers exhibit band-pass/band-rejection pattern, which could be used as add/drop filters. The output spectra from the fiber taper couplers show an interference pattern similar to a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. By fixing the fiber devices in a capillary glass tube, we demonstrated a miniaturized coupler for displacement sensing.
Winner of the Brazier Award. The dysmature EEG pattern in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and its prognostic implications.

Abstract Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease which occurs in premature infants who require prolonged mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen support. Infants with severe BPD often have neurological sequelae or early mortality. We have observed a pattern of delay in the maturation of cerebral electrical activity of some infants who have more severe forms of BPD. This delayed electroencephalographic (EEG) maturation or ‘dysmaturity' is best recognized when the conceptional age (CA) of the premature infant approaches term and is characterized by the presence of EEG activity which normally disappears in premature infants by 36–37 weeks CA. We studied 36 infants with BPD who had serial EEGs and at least 1 EEG between 37 and 42 weeks CA. Dysmature EEGs were found in 23 infants. Unfavorable outcomes were found in 83% (19/23) of these infants, including 22% (5/23) mortality, and 61% (14/23) abnormal or suspect neurological outcome. Thirteen infants had EEGs which lacked dysmature features. Of these infants, 62% (8/13) had normal neurological outcome, and 38% (5/13) had unfavorable outcome (1 death, 2 abnormal, and 2 suspect). In 2 of the 5 infants with unfavorable outcomes without dysmature EEGs, a suppression-burst pattern (known to be associated with neurological sequelae) was found. The presence of dysmature patterns in the near-term or term EEG was associated with significantly less favorable outcome ( P = 0.01). Several other clinical factors which were associated with dysmature EEGs are also discussed.
Vibration analysis of composite turbopropellers using a nonlinear beam-type finite-element approach

An analytical model for determining the free vibration characteristics of advanced composite turbopropellers (prop-fans) is presented. The blade is modeled using a number of straight beam-type finite elements, where the elastic axis of each element is a piecewise straight representation of the curved line of shear centers of the swept blade. The finite-element model is obtained from Hamilton's principle with allowances for: generally anisotropic material behavior, arbitrary cross-sectional properties, large pretwist angles, out-of-plane cross-section warping, and geometrically nonlinear behavior based upon moderate deflection theory. The natural frequencies and mode shapes of the rotating blade are calculated assuming linear perturbations about the nonlinear static equilibrium position of the blade. This model is sufficiently general to analyze other advanced composite aerospace structures. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the versatility of the method by applying it to 1) a conventional propeller (TRW-Hartzell 101/16) and 2) a highly swept and pretwisted isotropic turbopropeller (NASA SR-3). Excellent agreement with experimental test results is obtained for the lower modes of both the conventional propeller and the advanced turbopropeller.
A Comparison of the Patterns of Drug Use among Patients with and without Severe Mental Illness

We compared the patterns of substance use among patients with severe mental illness (SMI) served by three community treatment teams, substance users with non-severe mental illness (NSMI), and substance abusers without mental illness (no mental illness: NMI). There were highly significant differences in substance use patterns among the groups: among patients with SMI, the order of drug preference was alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, and then heroin; in the NMI group, it was cocaine, alcohol, heroin, and then cannabis; while in the NSMI group, it was alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and then cannabis. The data suggest that the choice of drugs by individuals with SMI may be determined by factors related to their illness, in addition to the price and availability of the particular drug.
Uranyl Sequestration: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Uranyl Complexes with a Tetradentate Methylterephthalamide Ligand

Uranyl complexes of a bis(methylterephthalamide) ligand (LH4) have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structure is an unexpected [Me4N]8[L(UO2)]4 tetramer, formed via coordination of the two MeTAM units of L to two uranyl moieties. Addition of KOH to the tetramer gave the corresponding monomeric uranyl methoxide species [Me4N]K2[LUO2(OMe)].
Silicon material problems in semiconductor device technology

Abstract The influence of micro defects in silicon on semiconductor device performance is reviewed. It is shown that such defects are more important in determining device yield, device performance and device reliability than the material properties normally specified. Process-induced crystal defects, their influence on device yield and their elimination through changes in process technology are also discussed.
Lymphocytic infiltrates and subclinical epithelial tumor extension in patients with chronic leukemia and solid-organ transplantation.

BACKGROUND. Dense infiltrates in association with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in patients with underlying chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) may complicate pathologic interpretation of histologic margins. OBJECTIVE. The study was conducted to determine the frequency of identifying dense inflammatory infiltrates in frozen histologic sections during Mohs operation for BCC or SCC in patients with CLL and organ-transplant recipients, to characterize the infiltrate (reactive versus leukemic) in CLL, and to estimate the subclinical tumor extension in patients with CLL, transplant recipients, and control subjects undergoing Mohs procedure. METHODS. Frozen sections of head and neck BCC and SCC obtained during Mohs procedures in patients with CLL, organ transplant recipients, and a control group were reviewed retrospectively. Biopsy specimens of CLL with dense infiltrates were assessed with immunohistochemical stains. Subclinical tumor extension (postoperative defect size minus preoperative tumor size) was evaluated in each group. RESULTS. Dense infiltrates were found in tumors of 20 of 55 patients with CLL (36%), 1 of 8 transplant recipients (13%), and 1 of 105 controls (1%). In patients with CLL, 75% of the dense infiltrates were B-cell leukemic. Compared with controls, the mean subclinical tumor extension was larger in patients with CLL (P 5 0.029) and in transplant recipients (P 5 0.55). CONCLUSION. Dense leukemic infiltrates associated with BCC or SCC in CLL may complicate pathologic interpretation of Mohs surgical histologic margins and may be associated with larger postoperative defects relative to preoperative clinical tumor appearance. In patients with CLL, as in transplant recipients, SCC seems more likely to develop than BCC.
Research Strategy in the Study of Memory: Fads, Fallacies, and the Search for the "Coordinates of Truth".

This article presents an evaluation of research strategy in the psychology of memory. To the extent that a strategy can be discerned, it appears less than optimal in several respects. It relates only weakly to subjective experience, it does not clearly differentiate between structure and strategy, and it is oriented more toward remembering which words were in a list than to the diverse functions that memory serves. This last limitation fosters assumptions about memory that are false: that encoding and retrieval are distinct modes of operation; that the effects of repetition, duration, and recency are interchangeable; and that memory is ahistorical. Theories that parsimoniously explain data from single tasks will never generalize to memory as a whole because their core assumptions are too limited. Instead, memory theory should be based on a broad variety of evidence. Using findings from several memory tasks and observations of everyday memory, I suggest some ways in which involuntary reminding plays a cent...
Phase space structure and fractal trajectories in 1½ degree of freedom Hamiltonian systems whose time dependence is quasiperiodic

Abstract. We consider particle motion in nonautonomous 1 degree of freedom Hamiltonian systems for which H(p,q,t) depends on N periodic functions of t with incommensurable frequencies. It is shown that in near-integrable systems of this type, phase space is partitioned into nonintersecting regular and chaotic regions. In this respect there is no different between the N = 1 (periodic time dependence) and the N = 2, 3, ... (quasi-periodic time dependence) problems. An important consequence of this phase space structure is that the mechanism that leads to fractal properties of chaotic trajectories in systems with N = 1 also applies to the larger class of problems treated here. Implications of the results presented to studies of ray dynamics in two-dimensional incompressible fluid flows are discussed.
DNA Sequence-Directed Organization of Chromatin: Structure-Based Computational Analysis of Nucleosome-Binding Sequences

The folding of DNA on the nucleosome core particle governs many fundamental issues in eukaryotic molecular biology. In this study, an updated set of sequence-dependent empirical “energy” functions, derived from the structures of other protein-bound DNA molecules, is used to investigate the extent to which the architecture of nucleosomal DNA is dictated by its underlying sequence. The potentials are used to estimate the cost of deforming a collection of sequences known to bind or resist uptake in nucleosomes along various left-handed superhelical pathways and to deduce the features of sequence contributing to a particular structural form. The deformation scores reflect the choice of template, the deviations of structural parameters at each step of the nucleosome-bound DNA from their intrinsic values, and the sequence-dependent “deformability” of a given dimer. The correspondence between the computed scores and binding propensities points to a subtle interplay between DNA sequence and nucleosomal folding, e.g., sequences with periodically spaced pyrimidine-purine steps deform at low cost along a kinked template whereas sequences that resist deformation prefer a smoother spatial pathway. Successful prediction of the known settings of some of the best-resolved nucleosome-positioning sequences, however, requires a template with “kink-and-slide” steps like those found in high-resolution nucleosome structures.
SHEAR FORCE ANALYSIS AS AN INDICATOR OF CHANGES IN MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF ISOLATED BEEF INTRAMUSCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE DURING AGING

Intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) was isolated from bovine semitendinosus (ST) muscles aged 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days postmortem. Shear force values were collected from raw ST muscle and IMCT preparations to determine changes in mechanical strength (resistance to shearing) of the connective tissue fibers during postmortem aging. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences in mean shear force values of isolated IMCT preparations between aging periods (P 0.05) was observed. Other investigators have incorporated the same procedure and reported decreasing shear force values with increased aging times for IMCT preparations and raw ST samples. Our results were not in agreement with these findings.
Variation of DNA Synthesis with Age in Chick Embryo Skin

THE embryonic epidermis maintains a two or three cell layer population of undifferentiated cells for several days before about the eleventh day when a sudden burst of proliferation occurs. Although these events immediately precede the initiation of differentiation, an interrelationship between proliferation and differentiation has not been demonstrated. Because of the stimulation, the chick embryo epidermis at days 11–14 is five-fold more active mitotically than the terminal embryonic or post-embryonic chick epidermis1. The same stimulus or stimuli may also be related to the induction of DNA polymerase found during days 10–13 (ref. 2), an event which precedes the increase in DNA synthesis during this period. This increase was verified3 by in vitro experiments in which 2-14C-thymidine was incorporated into the DNA of cultured chick embryo skin. Both the epidermis and dermis of the day 14 embryonic skin show similar stimulation of DNA synthesis compared with synthesis in the day 19 embryonic skin. The study of DNA synthesis in the chick embryo skin is therefore of considerable interest because it encompasses both the stimulatory and inhibitory stages of synthesis. We here report the variation of DNA synthesis in the chick embryonic skin as a function of age (embryonic) as a way of clarifying these events before further investigation of the natural stimulants and inhibitors of DNA synthesis and their influences on the epidermal cell cycle.
Aqueous co-precipitation of Pd-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles: chemistry, structure, and particle growth

Nanoparticles of palladium-doped cerium oxide (Pd–CeO2) have been prepared by aqueous co-precipitation resulting in a single phase cubic structure after calcination according to X-ray diffraction (XRD). Inhomogeneous strain, calculated using the Williamson–Hall method, was found to increase with palladium content, and the lattice contracts slightly, relative to nano-cerium oxide, as palladium content is increased. Moreover, high resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals some instances of defective microstructure. These factors combined imply that palladium is in solid solution with CeO2 in these nanoparticles, but palladium (II) oxide (PdO) peaks in the Raman spectra indicate that solid solution formation is partial and that highly dispersed PdO is present as well as the solid solution. Nevertheless, the addition of palladium to the CeO2 lattice inhibits the growth of the 6% Pd–CeO2 particles compared to pure CeO2 between 600 and 850 °C. Activation energies for grain growth of 54 ± 7 and 79 ± 8 kJ/mol were determined for 6% Pd–CeO2 and pure CeO2, respectively, along with pre-exponential Arrhenius factors of 10 for the doped sample and 600 for pure cerium oxide.
The multi-fracture response of cross-ply ceramic composites

Abstract The mechanical response of cross-ply SiC/CAS ceramic matrix composites was investigated experimentally and analytically. The experiments consisted of recording stress-strain behavior, counting matrix cracks and measuring the interlaminar shearing strength. The analysis employed an extended shear-lag model which incorporated non-linear behavior of the 0° plies and interlaminar slip between the 0 and 90° plies. The evolution of the multi-cracking process was determined by means of fracture criterion, leading to the prediction of the overall stress-strain response of the cross-ply laminate.
Functional Characteristics of Users in Tasks Associated with Grocery Retail Checkout: A Literature Review

The intent of this literature review is to examine existing research on functional characteristics and limitations of individuals engaged in tasks associated with grocery retail checkout. The resulting data will be used to generate performance criteria to guide the development of grocery retail checkstands and facilitate comparisons between highly varied populations. Target populations for this study are wheelchair users, standing users, elderly individuals and women who are pregnant. Comparing the characteristics of these individuals can contribute to understanding of key user requirements for this and related tasks in addition to providing a context for future research in the area of retail workstation optimization through the application of universal design principles.
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Association With Clostridium difficile Infection and Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) or Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS) is a potentially life threatening disorder that presents with fever, suppressed blood cell counts, hepatosplenomegaly and multi-organ failure. HLH has been reported in association with genetic mutations, infections, autoimmune disorders, and various malignancies. However to the best of our knowledge, HLH in association with Clostridium difficile infection has never been reported. We present a case of HLH in a patient with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive natural killer T (NKT) cell cutaneous lymphoma and active Clostridium difficile infection. A 35-year-old male with recently diagnosed EBV positive NKT cell lymphoma was admitted for Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. During the course of hospitalization he gradually developed pancytopenia and multi-organ failure leading to death. Post-mortem examination confirmed the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. doi:10.4021/wjon307w
A normative decision analysis method for the sustainability-based design of products

This paper introduces a new normative decision analysis method for the sustainability-based design of products (NASDOP). It is based on the fundamental principles of normative decision-making methods for design optimisation when multiple and often conflicting criteria influence the design of products. A unique feature of NASDOP is that it enables direct consideration of both environmental and economic impacts during a design process. Furthermore, NASDOP takes full advantage of the enhanced life cycle assessment (LCA) capabilities, reflecting the increase in knowledge about the material and energy flows of various processes in recent years, and offers a methodical approach to account for the inherent uncertainty associated with such knowledge. This paper details the development of sustainability models, including the effective integration of LCA mathematical models combined with compatible life cycle costing models from the early stages of conceptual design for use throughout the entire design process. Thi...
Cytogenetic effects of butadiene metabolites in rat and mouse splenocytes following in vitro exposures.

Abstract As a first step in investigating the genotoxic effects of the principal metabolites of 1,3-butadiene (BD) in both rats and mice, splenocytes (which have little mixed function oxidase activity) from each specimen were exposed to a series of concentrations of either 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB) (20 to 931 μM) or 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB) (2.5 to 160 μM) for 1 h. The splenocytes were then washed, cultured, and stimulated to divide with concanavalin A, and metaphases were analyzed for the induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosome aberrations (CAs). In addition, cells from some experiments were taken after exposure but before culture, and subjected to the single cell gel (SCG) assay to measure DNA damage in the form of DNA strand breakage and/or alkaline-labile sites. Initial studies indicate that EB does not induce cytogenetic damage in either rat or mouse G 0 splenocytes. However, DEB was an extremely potent SCE- and CA-inducer in both species with no species differences apparent. Neither DEB nor EB produced any statistically significant DNA-damaging effects as measured by the SCG assay.
Consecutive Peierls distortions and high-pressure phase transitions in YH 3

High-pressure phase transformations in ${\text{YH}}_{3}$ were investigated using the evolutionary algorithm for structural searches. A series of phase transformations are predicted with three lowest enthalpy phases identified. Two consecutive Peierls distortions within the hcp and fcc cells result into two low-pressure structures, the previously identified $P\overline{3}c1$ structure and a predicted $C2/m$ structure. The $P\overline{3}c1$ structure transforms to a $C2/m$ structure at 12 GPa and stabilizes to a fcc structure at 38 GPa. The predicted properties of the $C2/m$ structure agree well with experimental observation. At 200 GPa, the fcc structure transforms to a hcp structure. At 214 GPa, a transformation analogous to a Burgers deformation becomes more favored in the hcp form and this results in a stable $Cmcm$ structure.
Muscle Microdialysis to Confirm Sublethal Ischemia in the Induction of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning

Exposure of one tissue to ischemia–reperfusion confers a systemic protective effect, referred to as remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). Confirmation that the desired effect of ischemia is occurring in tissues used to induce RIPC requires an objective demonstration before this technique can be used consistently in the clinical practice. Enrolled patients underwent three to four RIPC sessions on non-consecutive days. Sessions consisted of 4 cycles of 5 min of leg cuff inflation to 30 mmHg above the systolic blood pressure followed by reperfusion. Absence of leg pulse was confirmed by Doppler evaluation. To evaluate limb transient ischemia, patients were monitored with muscle microdialysis. Glucose, lactate, lactate/pyruvate ratio, and glycerol levels were measured. Fourteen microdialysis sessions were performed in seven patients undergoing RIPC (42.8 % male; mean age, 51.8; Fisher grade 4 in all seven patients, Hunt and Hess grade 5 in five patients, four in one patient and one in one patient). An average follow-up of 29 days demonstrated no complications associated with the procedure. Muscle microdialysis during RIPC sessions showed a significant increase in lactate/pyruvate ratio (21.2 to 26.8, p = 0.001) and lactate (3.0 to 3.9 mmol/L, p = 0.002), indicating muscle ischemia. There was no significant variation in glycerol (234 to 204 μg/L, p = 0.43), indicating no permanent cell damage. The RIPC protocol used in this study is safe, well tolerated, and induces transient metabolic changes consistent with sublethal ischemia. Muscle microdialysis can be used safely as a confirmatory tool in the induction of RIPC.
Tyrosine 23 Phosphorylation-Dependent Cell-Surface Localization of Annexin A2 Is Required for Invasion and Metastases of Pancreatic Cancer

The aggressiveness of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by its high metastatic potential and lack of effective therapies, which is the result of a lack of understanding of the mechanisms involved in promoting PDA metastases. We identified Annexin A2 (ANXA2), a member of the Annexin family of calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins, as a new molecule that promotes PDA invasion and metastases. We found ANXA2 to be a PDA-associated antigen recognized by post-treatment sera of patients who demonstrated prolonged survival following treatment with a PDA-specific vaccine. Cell surface ANXA2 increases with PDA development and progression. Knockdown of ANXA2 expression by RNA interference or blocking with anti-ANXA2 antibodies inhibits in vitro invasion of PDA cells. In addition, post-vaccination patient sera inhibits in vitro invasion of PDA cells, suggesting that therapeutic anti-ANXA2 antibodies are induced by the vaccine. Furthermore, cell-surface localization of ANXA2 is tyrosine 23 phosphorylation-dependent; and tyrosine 23 phosphorylation is required for PDA invasion. We demonstrated that tyrosine 23 phosphorylation resulting in surface expression of ANXA2 is required for TGFβ-induced, Rho-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), linking the cellular function of ANXA2 which was previously shown to be associated with small GTPase-regulated cytoskeletal rearrangements, to the EMT process in PDA. Finally, using mouse PDA models, we showed that shRNA knock-down of ANXA2, a mutation at tyrosine 23, or anti-ANXA2 antibodies, inhibit PDA metastases and prolong mouse survival. Thus, ANXA2 is part of a novel molecular pathway underlying PDA metastases and a new target for development of PDA therapeutics.
Synthesis, characterization and photovoltaic properties of azadipyrromethene-based acceptors: effect of pyrrolic substituents

Azadipyrromethene derivatives are conjugated molecules with high absorptivity in the visible to near-IR region and high electron affinity that have great potential as electron acceptors for solar harvesting applications. To fully take advantage of these molecules, it is necessary to understand their structure–property relationships. We recently showed that phenylethynyl pyrrolic substituents red-shifted the visible absorption band, increased the electron affinity, and significantly improved the device performance in organic photovoltaic devices. Here, we synthesized and characterized a series of azadipyrromethene derivatives and their chelates, where the pyrrolic substituents were chosen to examine the effect of ethynyl group, aryl group and alkyl solubilizing group. Using thienylethynyl or alkoxyphenylethynyl substituents caused a small red-shift of the absorption compared to phenylethynyl substituents. The zinc(II) complexes were blended with regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) as the electron donor and tested in organic solar cells. All fullerene-free solar cells studied showed good photovoltaic properties, with power conversion efficiencies ranging from 2% to 4%. The blend films all had similar AFM images with no evidence of large-scale segregation. When comparing solubilizing groups on the pyrrolic substituents, we find that the performance varied as follows: H > t-butyl > 2-ethylhexyl. These results pave the way for developing higher performance non-fullerene acceptors for organic photovoltaic devices.
Realizing the social and commercial potential of interactive technologies

Abstract Although interactivity has become inexorably linked to personal computing and the Internet, other communication technologies provide interactive options, too. Many of these alternative technologies are complementary to Internet usage in that their reach includes populations that lack regular PC-based Internet access. Among the challenges facing these communication technologies is finding ideal combinations of entertainment and information features that can be applied to service and work needs in a sufficiently attractive manner so as to justify the considerable supply-side and consumer investment in infrastructure, software, and equipment. Understanding interactivity in entertainment potentially has additional value in helping explain barriers to adoption of nonentertainment interactive media, such as electronic shopping, telework, distance learning, telemedicine, and smart house technology.
An Information-Theoretic Approach to Stochastic Materials Modeling

An approach derived from information-theoretic principles can help researchers build stochastic microstructural models. This approach involves extracting topological information from microstructural samples and using this information to build a stochastic model. To generate huge databases of stochastic material models, the authors thus propose using an information-learning algorithm to train a network for statistical outputs
WorldCat Local implementation: the impact on interlibrary loan

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of WorldCat Local implementation on interlibrary loan and to suggest some strategies for successful implementation.Design/methodology/approach – The experience of the University of Washington Libraries is described in detail with additional data from other early adopters of WorldCat Local.Findings – The implementation of WorldCat Local caused a significant increase in the number of interlibrary loan requests, and a change in the type of requests and the demographics of requesters.Originality/value – The University of Washington Libraries was the first library system to adopt WorldCat Local and now has two years' worth of interlibrary loan data to evaluate. This is the first analysis of those data.