cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
32 Gbps heterogeneously integrated quantum dot waveguide avalanche photodiodes on silicon.

We report a heterogeneous GaAs-based quantum dot (QD) avalanche photodiode (APD) on silicon with an ultralow dark current of 10 pA at -1V, 3 dB bandwidth of 20 GHz and record gain-bandwidth product (GBP) of 585 GHz. Furthermore, open eye diagrams up to 32 Gb/s are demonstrated at 1310 nm. The k-factor has been measured for these devices to be as low as 0.14. A polarization dependence on gain and bandwidth has been observed and investigated. This shows the potential to integrate a high-speed receiver in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system on a QD-based silicon photonics platform.
The Adjoint p-Adic L-Function and the Ramification Locus of the Eigencurve

In this chapter, we introduce the theory of the L-ideal of a finite extension of rings, and use it to construct (locally) a p-adic analytic function on the eigencurve which interpolates, at a classical point, the near-central value of the complex adjoint L-function of the associated classical modular form. We prove a precise relationship between the order of vanishing of this p-adic L-function and the geometry of the eigencurve.
Constitutive phosphorylation of the vesicular stomatitis virus P protein modulates polymerase complex formation but is not essential for transcription or replication.

As a subunit of both the P-L polymerase complex and the P-N assembly complex, the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) P protein plays a pivotal role in transcription and replication of the viral genome. Constitutive phosphorylation of this protein is currently thought to be essential for formation of the P-L complex. We recently identified the three relevant phosphate acceptor sites in the VSV Indiana serotype P protein (R. L. Jackson, D. Spadafora, and J. Perrault, Virology 214:189‐197, 1995). We now report the effects of substituting Ala at these acceptor sites on transcription reconstitution in vitro and replication of defective interfering virus (DI) templates in vivo. The singly substituted S60A, T62A, and S64A mutants and the doubly substituted S60A/T62A and T62A/S64A mutants, all of which retain some constitutive phosphorylation, were nearly as active as the wild type in both assays. Surprisingly, the nonphosphorylated S60A/S64A protein was also active in transcription (>28%) and replication (>50%) under optimal conditions. However, this mutant was much less active in in vitro transcription (<5% of wild type) at low P concentrations (<27 nM). In addition, S60A/S64A required higher concentrations of L protein than did the wild type for optimal DI replication in vivo. DI replication efficiency and intracellular accumulation of L, P, and N proteins in the transfected system wereverysimilartothoseinVSV-infectedcells.WeconcludethatPproteinconstitutivephosphorylationisnot essential for VSV RNA synthesis per se but likely plays an important role in vivo in facilitating P multimerization and possibly P-L complex formation. Transcription and replication of the 11-kb, negative-stranded vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) genome require a virus-encoded polymerase complex that contains two subunits: the large L pro
The cell biology of the plasminogen system.

The plasminogen system plays a pivotal role in maintaining vascular patency and in cell migration. Binding of plasminogen to surfaces (i.e., fibrin or cells) is of crucial importance in regulating the function of this system. Plasmin(ogen) binds to cells with low affinity and high capacity via its lysine binding sites, which are associated with its kringle domains and recognize carboxy-terminal lysines of cell surface proteins. Upon binding to cellular receptors, plasminogen is more readily activated; bound plasmin has increased enzymatic activity and is protected from inactivation by inhibitors. Plasminogen receptors are modulated by numerous factors, including proteases, steroid hormones, cytokines and the adhesive state of the cells. The apoprotein(a) moiety of lipoprotein(a) is remarkably similar in amino acid sequence to plasminogen. Shared binding sites for lipoprotein(a) and plasmin(ogen) on cell surfaces and in the subendothelial matrix may contribute to the pathogenetic risks associated with elevated levels of lipoprotein(a).
History and Physics.

This paper argues that research and teaching in physics and in the history of physics are complementary in nature, and it explores some of the implications of this point of view.
A Solution to Concerns Over Public Access to Scientific Data

A proposed regulation in the United States to make data sets from federally funded, published research publicly available has raised a storm of controversy in the scientific community. The authors believe that the peer-review process preceding scientific publication is not adequate to inform policy decisions. To balance the public need for accountability and better policy decision-making with concerns regarding burdens on scientists and scientific progress, the authors propose that increased access be limited to data relevant in analyzing regulations that would have an annual economic impact of at least $100 million.
Abstract 19727: ROCK2 Mediates Browning of White Fat and Protects Against Obesity

Background: The Rho-activated kinases (ROCK1 and ROCK2) are serine threonine kinases that are ubiquitously expressed with higher levels of ROCK2 compared to ROCK1 in adipocytes. Recent studies suggest that ROCK2 may be an important regulator of energy metabolism and obesity. However, its role in adipocyte development and function is unknown. Methods and Result: To determine the role of ROCK2 in adipocyte development and obesity, we generated adipocyte-specific deletion (ROCK2 adipoQ-/- ) and overexpression (CA-ROCK adipoQ+/+ ) of ROCK2 in mice. Compared to control mice, CA-ROCK adipoQ+/+ mice exhibited increased browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). Indeed, immunohistochemical staining of iWAT in CA-ROCK adipoQ+/+ mice showed that UCP1 was upregulated. Furthermore, CA-ROCK adipoQ+/+ mice on high fat diet were resistant to weight gain and obesity for up to 18 weeks. This is in contrast to ROCK2 adipoQ-/- mice, which developed more weight gain or obesity than control mice. To determine the physiological effects of ROCK2 on browning of iWAT, control and ROCK2 adipoQ-/- mice were exposed to 4°C for 1 week. In control mice, cold exposure increased ROCK2 activity and lead to browning of iWAT. However, the iWAT in ROCK2 adipoQ-/- mice failed to undergo browning. Analysis of gene expression in iWAT demonstrated increased UCP1 and mitochondria proteins in control but not ROCK2 adipoQ-/- mice. Thermal imaging revealed that ROCK2 adipoQ-/- mice were unable to maintain basal body temperature after prolonged cold exposure. In contrast, the heat map of the CA-ROCK adipoQ+/+ mice showed an elevation of body temperature, particularly in areas of iWAT as compared to that of control littermates. Conclusions: ROCK2 mediates the “browning” of white adipocytes and prevents the development of obesity through increased thermogenesis. These findings suggest that the activation of ROCK2 in adipocytes may have therapeutic benefits in preventing diet-induced obesity.
WL Ross and Plascar

How can distressed investors take advantage of the procedures governing an international bankruptcy? Wilbur L. Ross, chairman and CEO of the private equity firm WL Ross & Co., LLC, has the opportunity to bid for debt and equity claims on Plascar Industria e Comercio Ltda., the Brazilian subsidiary of the bankrupt global auto components company Collins & Aikman Corp. In evaluating this opportunity, students must analyze Ross's strategy to reshape a global industry with significant overcapacity, consider the opportunities created by the legal procedures that govern cross-border insolvencies, study a debt overhang problem, and consider how restructuring alternatives can address this problem.
Use of zinc phosphate cement as a luting agent for Denzir™ copings: an in vitro study

Background The clinical success rate with zinc phosphate cemented Procera crowns is high. The objective with this study was to determine whether CADCAM processed and zinc phosphate cemented Denzir copings would perform as well as zinc phosphate cemented Procera copings when tested in vitro in tension.
How Success In A Task Depends On The Skills Level: Two Uncertainty-Based Justifications Of A Semi-Heuristic Rasch Model

The more skills a student acquires, the more successful this student is with the corresponding tasks. Empirical data shows that the success in a task grows as a logistic function of skills; this dependence is known as the Rasch model. In this paper, we provide two uncertainty-based justifications for this model: the first justification provides a simple fuzzy-based intuitive explanation for this model, while the second – more complex one – explains the exact quantitative behavior of the corresponding dependence.
Cell Fusion by Canine Distemper Virus-Infected Cells

Abstract AV3 cells (continuous human amnion) infected with the Onderstepoort strain of canine distemper virus produced cell fusion within 2 to 5 hr when added to AV3 cell monolayers. An apparent requirement for intact, infected cells was demonstrated by showing that (i) frozen-and-thawed infected cells failed to induce fusion, (ii) infected cells frozen in the presence of glycerol retained their ability to induce fusion, (iii) infected cells subjected to swelling in hypotonic buffer and homogenization lost their ability to fuse cells, and (iv) semipurified and concentrated virus preparations with infectivity titers as high as 107.5 mean tissue culture doses per ml failed to induce fusion within 5 hr. Preparations of intact, infected cells had a mean log10 ratio of infectivity to fusion activity of 3.6. Treatment with beta-propiolactone rendered the active preparations free from detectable infectivity while they retained their ability to cause cell fusion. Cycloheximide did not block the formation of syncytia in assay cells. This type of cell fusion was neutralized by canine distemper virus immune antisera, and measles virus immune sera showed a slight degree of cross-neutralization. Other cell lines, HEp-2, MA 139 (embryonic ferret lung), MA 104 (embryonic rhesus monkey kidney), and Vero (African green monkey kidney) were also susceptible.
Metallic phases in the Luna 24 soil samples

The metal and sulfide phases in the Luna 24 soil samples were studied with the optical microscope and the electron microprobe. The compositions of the metal particles fall into three groups based on their Ni and Co contents: (1) Samples of meteoritic composition which have undergone metamorphism on the lunar surface. (2) Samples of submeteoritic, low Ni and low Co contents, including most of the metal particles observed. These particles are contained in glass and agglutinate particles and were probably formed by the mixing of meteoritic metal with lunar metal produced by the reduction of silicates during shock-impact. (3) Samples of high-CO content probably formed by mixing of meteoritic material with high-Co metal from the mare basalt or by fractional crystallization from a metal silicate melt. The sulfide minerals were also studied. These are almost pure FeS, and crystallized from a late stage liquid in the mare basalt. Three high-Ni sulfides were also found in the glass phase of agglutinates.
AMIODARONE PHOTOTOXICITY TO HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES AND LYMPHOCYTES

Amiodarone (AD) therapy for cardiac arrhythmia frequently leads to cutaneous phototoxicity. Amiodarone and its metabolite, desethylamiodarone (DEA), photosensitized hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) and were phototoxic to lymphocytes. Hemolysis photosensitized by 3.3 μM AD was partially oxygen dependent and was partially quenched 5 mM sodium azide, 50 mM mannitol, superoxide dismutase (251 U/mee) and catalase (1500 U/me), but was unaffected when H2O was replaced by D2O. These results suggest that membrane damage may be important in the in vivo phototoxicity to AD, that both oxygen dependent and oxygen independent mechanisms may operate, and that active oxygen species such as O2 and hydrogen peroxide may be involved. Photohemolysis was more rapid in the presence of DEA than of AD. However, this may be due to the greater fragility of the cell membrane in the presence of DEA. The greater phototoxicity of DEA than AD towards lymphocytes was not due to greater membrane fragility.
Surface acoustic wave planar prism waveguide coupler

The design and experimental measurements of a planar prism waveguide coupler on YZ lithium niobate are presented. The coupler was used to compress a 60‐wavelength‐aperture surface acoustic wave into a 3‐wavelength‐wide Δv/v waveguide. The coupling efficiency was measured to be within 1 dB of the theoretical maximum 80% at the center frequency of 300 MHz. A 1.5‐dB coupling bandwidth of 45 MHz was observed.
Barriers to Follow-Up of an Abnormal Pap Smear in Latina Women Referred for Colposcopy

BACKGROUND Lower rates of follow-up after an abnormal Pap smear in racial and ethnic minorities may contribute to the higher incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer seen in these groups.
Late Proterozoic phyllonite in the granitoid basement terrane of the northern Virginia Blue Ridge

Abstract Rocks resembling mica schist or phyllite can be produced from granite or other quartzofeldspathic rocks by severe retrograde hydration plus strain. Recognition of such rocks (phyllonite) is important to petrogenetic interpretation in crystalline terranes, for they can easily be confused with metasediments, whereas correct identification leads to significant tectonic implications. This is illustrated in the Grenvillian basement of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium, where zones of phyllite-like rocks 1 m to 1.5 km wide are recognized as phyllonite by comparison of microscopic and mesoscopic features of variably-deformed rocks in the schistose zones to features in rocks of the surrounding terrane. Recognition of the true nature of these zones refutes previous interpretations based on the concept that the zones represent metamorphosed sediments. The presence of phyllonite of this kind implies that there was a low-grade dynamothermal event that was accompanied by voluminous hydration of the crust that facilitated ductile strain. Field relations with cover rocks show that this event was in the late Proterozoic and was, therefore, probably related to continental rifting that initiated opening of the proto-Atlantic ocean.
Global Transformation and Local Counter Movements: The Prospects for Democracy Under Neoliberalism

This article compares Mexico and India’s experiences with neoliberalism to propose that the collapse of the developmentalist state generates countermovements. In both nations, neoliberalism is associated with the decline of the one-party dominant system, and a restructuring of civil society. Variations emerge in the timing of democratization in these countries. In India, democratization preceded neoliberal reforms, whereas in Mexico democratization followed neoliberal reforms, but in both cases democratization mitigates the effects of neoliberalism on civil society. Conclusions drawn from the comparative analysis of Mexico and India concur with Karl Polanyi’s proposition that there is a double movement of marketization and protectionist countermovements. The case studies suggest a pattern to these countermovements. Actors are confronted abruptly with threats to their well-being; not only economic threats but also environmental, political, and symbolic threats. The threatened value in each case is a former...
Adaptation of Pharmacomechanical Coupling of Vascular Smooth Muscle to Chronic Hypoxia

Hypoxia is one of the most common stresses that affect an organism's homeostasis. Although much is known of the mechanisms of the cellular and biochemical responses to acute hypoxia, relatively little is known of the mechanisms of the responses to prolonged or chronic hypoxia. Chronic hypoxia suppresses vascular smooth muscle contractility in many vascular beds. While the endothelium is likely to play a role, part of the mechanisms underlying chronic hypoxic-induced changes in vascular responses resides in the changes in receptor-mediated excitation-contraction coupling and/or signal transduction in the vascular smooth muscle. Recent studies have demonstrated that chronic hypoxia attenuates both receptor-second messenger and second messenger-contraction coupling efficiencies in the vascular smooth muscle. This suppression of pharmacomechanical coupling is likely to represent one of the adaptive mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle and to play an important role in an adjustment of vascular tone and blood flow under the stress of moderate chronic hypoxia.
Prospects for Latin America and Caribbean Region in the Global Market for International Tourism: A Projection to the Year 2020

International tourism has become very important to several developing countries as a major source of foreign exchange earnings for their economic development. This article explores the potentials of countries of the Latin America and Caribbean region in the global market for international tourism up to the end of the next decade. This was achieved by analyzing past trends of international tourism in the region, and projecting these trends to the year 2020 using a combination of four different time‐series projection models evaluated by the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Results show that international tourism arrivals into the Latin America and Caribbean region would increase from 51.21 million in 2004 (end of observed period) to between 87.58 million and 100.03 million by the year 2020. The corresponding figures for international tourism receipts would go from US$34.11 billion in 2004 to between US$64.92 billion and US$75.79 billion by the year 2020. Socioeconomic impacts of these findings are giv...
Seasonal temperature characteristics of supernatant malic dehydrogenase of adult and juvenile Mellita quinquiesperforata (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Abstract 1. 1. Seasonal temperature characteristics of supernatant malic dehydrogenase of gut tissue were determined to ascertain whether there existed differences in acclimatization abilities in adult and juvenile Mellita quinquiesperforata. 2. 2. Disc electrophoresis resolved one band of supernatant and one band of particulate malic dehydrogenase. 3. 3. Translations with season in the Arrhenius plots of specific enzyme activity appear to be reflections of fluctuations in the levels of total gut protein and are non-compensatory in nature. 4. 4. Plots of apparent Km of malic dehydrogenase vs temperature of adults and juveniles are U-shaped and do not change with seasonal changes in ambient temperature. 5. 5. In the absence of profound seasonal changes in the effects of temperature on the activity or the kinetic behavior of the enzyme, there appears to be no seasonal acclimatization of supernatant malic dehydrogenase activity.
Social and Individual Behaviors in Captive Greater Galagos

Two groups of wild-born greater galagos were housed in a semi-natural laboratory environment for 20 weeks. The animals are nocturnal and were observed under dim red illumination by means of a low-light TV camera. The behavior of each animal was videotaped for five consecutive minutes three times a week. Then written records were obtained of everything that the animal did or had done to it, moment by moment, as well as the time spent on each activity. Analyses were carried out to determine: which behaviors accounted for the majority of time and frequency scores, how behavior changed over time, and what were the dynamics of within-group interaction. Adult greater galagos were found to have only a limited capacity for establishing social bonds with strangers. Serious fights were infrequent after the first week, but throughout the study animals tended to spend the majority of their waking time away from others, often left immediately when approached, and ignored most solicitations for play and social grooming. In each group, most of the active friendly interactions were between the adult male and one particular female. Interactions between the male and the other female were hostile, while those between the two females were friendly but passive. These results are in keeping with the generally-held view that nocturnal prosimians are relatively unsociable but they are in striking contrast to those of an earlier study (EHRLICH & MUSICANT, 1977) in which a related species, the slow loris, was observed in the identical laboratory environment and was found to be highly sociable. It would seem, then, that a wide range of behavioral variability exists among nocturnal prosimians - even when species are compared that share a common behavioral repertoire.
The Mechanism of Cytoplasmic Dynein Processivity

Cytoplasmic dynein is a homodimeric AAA+ motor that transports a multitude of cargos towards the microtubule minus end. It is currently unknown how the two catalytic head domains interact and move relative to each other during processive movement. We have tracked the relative positions of both heads with nanometer precision and directly observed that the heads move independently along the microtubule. The heads remain widely separated and the stepping behavior of the heads varies as a function of interhead separation. Consistent with a lack of tight coordination, only one active head is sufficient for processive movement and the active head drags its inactive partner head forward. Only a single active ATPase ring is sufficient for processivity, and the linker swing provides required force to drive minus end directed motion. These results show that dynein is the first dimeric motor that moves processively without interhead coordination, a mechanism fundamentally distinct from hand-over-hand motion of kinesin and myosin.
A review of natural circulation loops in pressurized water reactors and other systems

Abstract A survey is presented on the theoretical and experimental work on single-phase natural circulation loops (thermosyphons). It includes available modeling methods (analytical and numerical) to describe steady-state flows, transients and stability characteristics of the various loops. These range from simple geometry systems through small-scale (laboratory) loops to full-scale systems—nuclear reactor plants and solar water heaters. An attempt is made to compare some of the analytical models and to present the results by using generalized parameters. The available data are given and the comparison with the theoretical results is discussed.
Estimation of the differential pulse propagation times in two-color laser ranging systems

Two-color laser ranging systems can be used to determine the atmospheric delay by measuring the difference in propagation times between two optical pulses transmitted at two different wavelengths. In this paper, the performance of a cross-correlation technique for estimating the differential propagation time is analyzed by considering both speckle and shot noise. For the flat diffuse targets, the differential timing accuracy is highly dependent on the receiver bandwidth and the characteristics of the time-resolved speckle. At low signal levels, when the receiver bandwidth is chosen properly, the performance of the correlation estimator is comparable with that of the maximum-likelihood estimator. At high signal levels, however, speckle places a fundamental limit on the performance of the correlation estimator. For the cube-corner reflector arrays, timing performance is dominated by partially developed speckle. The differential propagation time cannot by resolved to better than the pulse widths of the received signals.
Malignant endobronchial lesions of adolescence.

Rare primary endobronchial malignancies were diagnosed in four adolescents: atypical bronchial carcinoid, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, bronchogenic (squamous cell) carcinoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metastatic disease was evident in each case. Three of the four patients died within one year of diagnosis. This paper describes each of these entities, illustrates their plain film and CT abnormalities (bronchial “cut-off”, hilar mass, local congestive edema, lobar collapse, hyperinflation), and discusses the utility of CT in their diagnosis.
A comparison of “GLOBAL” temperature estimates from satellite and instrumental data, 1979–88

A comparison of surface temperature changes over land and ocean areas with tropospheric air temperatures derived from satellite measurements over the period 1979–88 reveals differences in the relative rankings of the individual yearly values over the oceans. The discrepancy occurs mainly in the warm half of the set of years, with good agreement evident during the colder half. Since the land data agrees well with the satellite measurements, unless there is an unknown problem with the surface marine temperatures, it appears that interannual surface temperature variations over the oceans compare poorly with such variations in the troposphere above it, particularly when the oceans are relatively warm. Agreement between the satellite measurements and an index of troposheric temperature derived from a set of globally distributed radiosonde stations is excellent.
On the Eichten-Preskill proposal for lattice chiral gauge theories

Abstract We present some results indicating that the Eichten-Preskill proposal for constructing lattice chiral gauge theories may not work due to a dynamical behavior similar to that of the Smit-Swift model.
Selective-black absorbers using sputtered cermet films

Abstract Selective-black absorbers have high solar absorptivity and low infrared emissivity. We have prepared excellent selective-black absorbers by using r.f. sputtering to deposit MgO-Au and Cr2O3-Cr cermet films, which are highly absorbing in the solar spectrum and highly transparent in the infrared, on metal substrates. Both types of films are found to consist of individual crystallites less than 200 A in size. Absorbers with solar adsorptivity of over 0.9 and infrared emissivity of less than 0.1 have been prepared by depositing films of 75 vol.% MgO-25 vol.% Au on molybdenum-coated stainless steel. These absorbers are stable in air up to 400°C. Absorbers with similar optical properties have been obtained by depositing films of 71 vol.% Cr2O3-29 vol.% Cr on nickel-coated stainless steel, provided that these films are covered with a Cr2O3 antireflection coating. These absorbers are stable in air up to 300°C. Computer calculations indicate that even better selective properties can be obtained by using Cr2O3-Cr films with a graded composition profile rather than a discrete Cr2O3 coating.
Reconfigurable THz filters with integrated micro-heater

We propose a reconfigurable terahertz (THz) filter using frequency selective surfaces (FSS) combined with vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) phase change materials (PCMs) integrated with micro-heater for THz applications. The integration of novel material and micro-heater with our FSS design enables simultaneous control of temperature and conductivity of the PCM film leading to transmittance profile control of the filter. The FSS filter is fabricated on a sapphire substrate and employs four metallic double-square loops with a VO 2 films between them. Simulations show excellent transmittance (-1dB loss at peak and high out-of-band rejection) and a resonance at 0.44 THz switched on and off at temperatures below and above ~70 °C, respectively.
2013 Victor A. McKusick Leadership Award Addresses.

It is with gratitude and humility that I thank The American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) and the Board of Directors for the incredible honor of awarding Rochelle and me the highly coveted Victor A. McKusick Leadership Award. The fact that the award is for both Rochelle and me makes it particularly sweet and gratifying. The wonderful introduction by our son, Joel Hirschhorn, adds even more joy to this wonderful occasion.
Use of wound soaker catheters for the administration of local anesthetic for post-operative analgesia: 56 cases

Abstract Objective To describe the administration of local anesthetic through wound soaker catheters for post-operative veterinary patients and to characterize complications. Study design Retrospective study of hospital records. Animals Records of patients in which a wound soaker catheter was placed post-operatively between November 1, 2004 and July 1, 2006 at a veterinary teaching hospital. Records in which a limb amputation was performed between January 1, 2002 and August 1, 2007 and in which a wound soaker catheter was not placed were reviewed for historic control. Results A total of 56 cases were identified in which a wound soaker catheter was placed post-operatively including 52 dogs, 2 cats, and 2 goats. Twenty canine cases were identified in which limb amputation was performed and no wound soaker catheter was placed. The majority of surgical procedures for which a wound soaker catheter was placed included thoracic limb amputation (46.4%) and pelvic limb amputation (35.7%). Wound soaker catheters remained in place for an average of 1.6 ± 0.5 days. Feline and caprine patients received intermittent bupivacaine boluses every 6 hours. Canine patients received continuous lidocaine infusions. Complications included disconnection of the catheter from the infusion (7.7%), one seroma, and one suspected lidocaine neurotoxicity. Incisional infections were noted in 3/56 (5.3%) limb amputations with wound soaker catheters placed which was not higher than the incisional infection rate found in the historic control cases 3/20 (15%). Conclusion and clinical relevance Use of the wound soaker catheter was a viable means of providing local analgesia in post-operative veterinary patients. Studies are needed to evaluate efficacy of pain management, and to further investigate techniques for catheter placement and maintenance which may help to optimize the analgesia achieved using this technique.
Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and agglomeration economies in consumption and production

Abstract This paper models agglomeration economies endogenously, showing explicitly the origins of the external effects involved. The emphasis is on how variety within the urban service sector is determined, within a market structure of monopolistic competition, and on how this diversity generates agglomeration economies. Through the consumption side, the urban agglomeration of households is shown to raise the number of consumer services locally available, shifting upwards household utility in the presence of tastes toward product diversity. Through the production side, an agglomeration of industrial producers raises the derived demand for producer or business services, increasing the scope for specialization and division of labor among these. This augments, in turn, the productivity of the industrial base, giving rise to external economies of scale.
Bradykinin inhibition by butylated hydroxyanisole.

Concentrations of butylated hydroxyanisole as low as 8 x 10 -9 mole per liter can inhibit detectably the contraction of smooth muscle elicited by bradykinin. The mechanism of the inhibitory effect of this food grade anti-oxidant is apparently complex, and the effect is only partially reversible.
Substance Abuse and HIV: Considerations With Regard to Methamphetamines and Other Recreational Drugs for Nursing Practice and Research

Substance use continues to be closely associated with both HIV infection and treatment considerations in all at-risk populations. Among those groups heretofore not well characterized epidemiologically or clinically are those dual-risk men who have sex with other men (MSM) and use and/or inject drugs. Of particular current concern with regard to drug-using MSM is the growth in popularity of a group of recreational or so-called party drugs associated with specific social and sexual environments and networks. Chief among these drugs are hallucinogens, such as MDMA, ketamine, and GHB, and stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and methamphetamine. Increased methamphetamine use by MSM is particularly alarming because of its reported associations with high-risk injecting and sexual behaviors. Preliminary data are reported from an ethnographic exploration of MSM methamphetamine users in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Case studies drawn from the data illustrate the complex and variable patterns of methamphetamine use among MSM. Finally, implications for nursing are discussed, and "upstream nursing" is suggested as a means of patient advocacy for HIV nurses working with substance-using populations.
Frequency-channel-based visual models as quantitative quality measures in halftoning

The recent proliferation of digital binary output devices, such as laser printers and facsimile machines, has brought increased attention to high quality halftone reproduction. A question that often arises in halftone research is how to evaluate the quality of halftone images using a quantitative quality metric. Such metrics would allow objective evaluation, could be incorporated in halftoning algorithms, in addition to being independently reproducible. Given that halftoning introduces unique types of distortions and the display medium (a hardcopy device) is different than that of conventional image processing applications (a CRT display), it becomes necessary to develop visual models specifically for halftoning applications. In this paper, frequency-domain visual models are investigated as to their suitability for the formulation of quantitative quality metrics specifically for halftoning applications. Two types of frequency-domain models are investigated: models that utilize a simple contrast-sensitivity function and models that utilize multiple independent narrowband channels. The quantitative quality metric for both types of models is formulated as a weighted frequency domain error. Since the ultimate judges of image quality are human viewers, the success of the quantitative measures is assessed by comparing their results with the results of a psychovisual test performed on halftone images.
On Crossing Borders and Building Bridges over Troubled Waters.

Through description of personal encounters and reflections, the author suggests both the benefits and challenges of rehabilitation counseling professionals' becoming more engaged with disability studies scholars. Disconcerting discrepancies between the self-perception and public perception of counselors are discussed.
Endothelins in the Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology

Summary In summary, ET may be important in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases of the kidney. Alterations in ET-1 production and action may lead to severe vasoconstriction, mesangial cell contraction, glomerular cell proliferation, and enhanced sodium and water retention. It is not surprising, therefore, that intense investigations are under way in an effort to develop specific inhibitors of ET action, including ECE inhibitors and ET receptor blockers. It is likely that with the development of these agents, we will uncover even more diseases in which ET mediates renal dysfunction and in which, hopefully, blockers of ET action will be of therapeutic benefit.
On the PrnO2n−2 series of oxides and the structure of Pr24O44: An investigation by high-resolution electron microscopy

Abstract The ordered intermediate rare earth oxides of praseodymium in the composition range between PrO1.714 and PrO1.833 (PrnO2n−2, n = 7, 9, 10, 11, 12) are easily transformed into each other by the variation of temperature and/or oxygen pressure. X-ray powder diffraction patterns of all the intermediate phases are fluorite-related and it is supposed that there are structural relationships between members of the homologous series. Group-subgroup relationships are discussed within this framework, and the probable structure of Pr24O44 is proposed. The unit cell, reported as monoclinic from electron diffraction studies, is assumed to contain two clusters, each with contents Pr7O30, but no definitive structure analysis has been made. From the contrast variation observed in a high-resolution electron microscope (HREM) image of Pr24O44 the relative positions and orientation of these clusters can be inferred, which allows selection of a unique model from those possible. This same image further suggests that the unit cell is actually triclinic. The atomic coordinates have been calculated for the two defect clusters within the unit cell, and have been used for image calculations and simulation comparisons.
Polyuronides in the cell walls of Mucor rouxii

Uronic acid polymers may comprise a major portion of the cell wall of Mucor rouxii depending on the developmental stage of the fungus. The uronic acid content ranges from as much as 25% in sporangiophore walls, through about 12% in hyphal or yeast cell walls, to less than 2%, if any, in the spore walls. D-Glucuronic acid was the only hexuronic acid identified. Two types of polyuronide fractions were recognized and partly characterized: a readily hydrolyzable heteropolysaccharide of D-glucuronic acid, L-fucose, D-mannose and D-galactose (mucoran) and a polymer, resistant to acid hydrolysis, composed largely of D-glucuronic acid (mucoric acid).
The economic legacy of gothic cathedral building: France and England compared

The accomplishments of the Gothic cathedral builders are immense. They are usually examined in terms of technical and artistic achievement, however, This seems shortsighted in view of their economic ramifications. The legacy of these works can be seen in technology, specialization and mobility of labor, and procedures in accounting. They thus served as a vehicle for the transformation of feudal society to the early capitalism which generated our modern world.
Regulation of interferon-τ (IFN-τ) gene promoters by growth factors that target the Ets-2 composite enhancer : A possible model for maternal control of IFN-τ production by the conceptus during early pregnancy

Expression of interferon-τ gene (IFNT) by conceptuses of cattle and sheep must be in phase with the physiological state of the mother if the pregnancy is to be successful. IFNT has a close-to-consensus AP1 site (−71 to −64), overlapping a binding site for Ets-2 (−79 to −70), the key transcription factor controlling IFNT expression. When a bovine IFNT gene control region-luciferase (luc) construct was transfected into mouse 3T3 fibroblasts in the presence of Ets-2 and oncogenic Ras, luc expression was activated (50- to 100-fold). Mutations in either the activator protein 1 (AP1) site or the Ets-2 site of this construct abolished this effect. Similarly, a mutation of Thr72 of the Ets-2 or the addition of a specific inhibitor for the MAPK signal transduction pathway also markedly reduced expression. IFNT promoter activity was up-regulated in response to colony-stimulating factor-1 in 3T3 cells expressing the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor c-fms. This response did not occur when the AP1 site or the Ets-...
Tetanus toxin: immunocytochemical evidence for retrograde transport.

Abstract Since autoradiographic studies demonstrating the retrograde axonal transport of 125I-tetanus toxin have been questioned, the present study was designed to determine whether locally injected, unlabeled toxin followed an intraaxonal pathway toward the CNS. Rats were injected intramuscularly with purified tetanus toxin, double ligatures were placed on both sciatic nerves, and, 24 h later, the nerves were removed and fixed. The indirect immunoperoxidase method showed reaction product within axons on the distal but not on the proximal side of the distal ligature. No label was detected in other parts of the nerve or in other tissue compartments of the sciatic nerve. These results demonstrate that immunoreactive tetanus toxin is carried toward the central nervous system by retrograde axonal transport.
Light, temperature and nutrients as factors in photosynthetic adjustment to an elevated concentration of carbon dioxide

The short-term stimulation of the net rate of carbon dioxide exchange of leaves by elevated concentrations of CO2 usually observed in C3 plants sometimes does not persist. Experiments were conducted to test whether the patterns of response to the environment during growth were consistent with the hypotheses that photosynthetic adjustment to elevated CO2 concentration is due to (1) feedback inhibition or (2) nutrient stress. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Williams] and sugar beet (Best vulgaris L. cv. Mono Hye-4) were grown from seed at 350 and 700 μl− CO2, at 20 and 25°C, at a photon flux density of 0.5 and 1.0 mmol m−2 S−1 and with three nutrient regimes until the third trifoliolate leaf of soybean or the sixth leaf of sugar beet had finished expanding. Net rates of CO2 exchange of the most recently expanded leaves were then measured at both 350 and 700 μl 1−1 CO2. Plants grown at the elevated CO2 concentration had net rates of leaf CO2 exchange which were reduced by 33% in sugar beet and 23% in soybean when measured at 350 μl 1−1 CO2 and when averaged over all treatments. Negative photosynthetic adjustment to elevated CO2 concentration was not greater at 20 than at 25°C, was not greater at a photon flux density of 1.0 than at 0.5 mmol m−2 S−1 and was not greater with limiting nutrients. Furthermore, in soybean, negative photosynthetic adjustment could be induced by a single night at elevated CO2 concentration, with net rates of CO2 exchange the next day equal to those of leaves of plants grown from seed at the elevated concentration of CO2. These patterns do not support either the feedback-inhibition or the nutrient-stress hypothesis of photosynthetic adjustment to elevated concentrations of CO2.
Age-related changes in DNA polymerase α expression

DNA polymerase alpha isozymes differing in specific activity and affinity of binding to DNA were purified from human fibroblasts derived from donors of different ages. Fetal-derived fibroblasts expressed a single, high-activity enzyme (A2), with high affinity of binding to DNA. Adult-derived fibroblasts exhibited two forms of DNA polymerase alpha, one identical to the fetal enzyme, and a second with about tenfold less activity showing low affinity of binding to DNA (A1). The ratio of DNA polymerase A2/A1 decreased dramatically with age, from 100% A2 in fetal-derived fibroblasts to about 94% A1 in fibroblasts derived from a 66-year-old donor. The DNA binding affinity of polymerase alpha A1 from adult-derived fibroblasts increased concomitant with a significant increase in activity when the enzyme was treated with phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate (PIP), or with inositol-1, 4-bisphosphate (I(1,4)P2). The enzyme reverted back to a less active form, with loss of the noncovalently bound I(1,4)P2, as a function of time. When permeabilized human fibroblasts with low DNA excision repair capacity were treated with 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxybenzo(a)-pyrene (BPDE) in the presence of 32P-ATP, phosphatidylinositol, and cycloheximide, excision repair was initiated and 32P-labeled DNA polymerase alpha was recovered in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. DNA synthesis associated with either scheduled DNA synthesis or BPDE-initiated excision repair declined as a function of increased age in human cells. The data suggest that the decline in both DNA excision repair-associated and mitogen-activated DNA synthesis may be correlated with decreased total intracellular levels of DNA polymerase and with the decline in polymerase alpha activity as a function of age, that DNA repair-associated initiation of DNA synthesis in adult-derived cells may increase with activation of a pool of low activity DNA polymerase alpha, and that DNA polymerase alpha activity increases as a function of enzyme interaction with a component of the PI phosphorylation cascade.
The effects of lead on algae II. Mutagenesis experiments on Platymonas subcordiformis (Chlorophyta: volvocales)

Abstract Under conditions in which two known mutagenic agents, ultraviolet irradiation and nitrosoguanidine (MNG), induced high proportions of mutations (chiefly affecting growth rate and colony form), PbCl2 produced no appreciable increase in the incidence of such mutant types above the spontaneous frequency in Platymonas subcordiformis.
Disparate Post-Neonatal Mortality Rates of African-American and Mexican-American Infants: A Challenge for Epidemiologic Research

Disparate Post-Neonatal Mortality Rates of African-American and Mexican-American Infants: A Challenge for Epidemiologic Research
Bivariate and multivariate normal characterizations: a brief survey

(1992). Bivariate and multivariate normal characterizations: a brief survey. Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods: Vol. 21, No. 9, pp. 2665-2688.
The Ambulatory Workload of Office-Based Neurologists: Implications of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey

Since 1973, the National Center for Health Care Statistics, Hyattsville, Md, has carried out a series of national probability sample surveys—the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). In these studies, only visits to office-based physicians are examined, including health maintenance organizations and clinics that are not hospital based. Visits to physicians in government-operated facilities are excluded, along with visits to hospitalbased physicians and physicians primarily engaged in teaching, research, or administration. Telephone contacts of surveyed physicians with patients or visits carried out in any care setting other than the office are also excluded. I have previously reported results of the 1985 NAMCS.1A major objective of this article is to examine the trends in the ambulatory practice of neurology in recent years by comparing data obtained over time using the same NAMCS protocol.
Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Localization Domains Regulate Krüppel-Like Factor 6 (KLF6) Protein Stability and Tumor Suppressor Function

Background The tumor suppressor KLF6 and its oncogenic cytoplasmic splice variant KLF6-SV1 represent a paradigm in cancer biology in that their antagonistic cancer functions are encoded within the same gene. As a consequence of splicing, KLF6-SV1 loses both the C-terminus C2H2 three zinc finger (ZF) domain, which characterizes all KLF proteins, as well as the adjacent 5′ basic region (5BR), a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS). It has been hypothesized that this NLS is a functional domain critical to direct the distinct subcellular localization of the tumor suppressor and its splice variant. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we demonstrate using EGFP fusion constructs that KLF6/KLF6-SV1 nucleo-cytoplasmic transport is not regulated by the 5′ basic region but activated by a novel NLS encoded within the ZF domain, and a nuclear export signal (NES) located in the first 16 amino acids of the shared N-terminus sequence. We demonstrate KLF6 nuclear export to be Crm1-dependent. The dysregulation of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport when disrupting the KLF6 NLS using site-directed mutagenesis showed that its integrity is necessary for appropriate protein stability. Moreover, these mutations impaired transcriptional induction of two KLF6 well-characterized target genes, E-cadherin and p21, as shown by RT-PCR and luciferase promoter assays. The addition of the ZF domain to KLF6-SV1 results in its nuclear localization and a markedly decreased half-life similar to wild type KLF6. Conclusions/Significance We describe the domains that control KLF6 nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling and how these domains play a role in KLF6 protein half-life and tumor suppressor function. The results begin to mechanistically explain, at least in part, the opposing functions of KLF6 and KLF6-SV1 in cancer.