cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micro- and nanofabrication using Bessel-beam activated photopolymerization

Microfabrication based on photopolymerization is typically achieved by scanning a focal spot within the material point by point, which significantly limits the fabrication speed. In our previous study, the authors explored a method for rapid fabrication of high-aspect-ratio micro- and nanostructures by scanning the Bessel beam in the plane transverse to the direction of beam propagation. However, the structure fabricated by this method suffers from the surface texture. In this work, the origin of these effects is investigated by the in situ measurement of the photopolymerization process. By scanning the laser beam at a speed faster than the polymerization that takes place at any given position, we show that it is possible to eliminate the surface texture and obtain smooth surface finish.
The orphan receptor GPR139 signals via Gq/11 to oppose opioid effects.

The interplay between G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) is critical for controlling neuronal activity that shapes neuromodulatory outcomes. Recent evidence indicates that the orphan receptor GPR139 influences opioid modulation of key brain circuits by opposing the actions of the µ-opioid receptor (MOR). However, the function of GPR139 and its signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we report that GPR139 activates multiple heterotrimeric G proteins, including members of the Gq/11 and Gi/o families. Using a panel of reporter assays in reconstituted HEK293T/17 cells, we found that GPR139 functions via the Gq/11 pathway and thereby distinctly regulates cellular effector systems, including stimulation of cAMP production and inhibition of G protein inward rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels. Electrophysiological recordings from medial habenular neurons revealed that GPR139 signaling via Gq/11 is necessary and sufficient for counteracting MOR-mediated inhibition of neuronal firing. These results uncover a mechanistic interplay between GPCRs involved in controlling opioidergic neuromodulation in the brain.
Parental Leave and Neuroradiology Fellowships

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A uniform policy on parental leave in radiology training programs is lacking. Although previous publications have addressed the status of parental leave policy among radiology residency programs, the state of parental leave in radiology fellowships has not been addressed to date. Our aim was to determine the state of parental leave policies in American neuroradiology fellowship programs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An Internet survey was sent to the directors of neuroradiology fellowship programs listed on the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Web site (n = 87) in January 2020. The questionnaire assessed the policies of the fellowship programs and Program Directors’ attitudes toward maternal and paternal leave. Four reminders were sent during the 3 weeks before closing data collection. RESULTS: The response rate was 76% (66/87). Ninety-four percent (62/66) of program directors claimed to have a maternal leave policy, of which 51/62 (82%) were written and 53/62 (85%) were paid. Additionally, 77% (51/66) had a policy for paternal leave, of which 80% (41/51) were written and 76% (39/51) were paid. The average length of paid leave was 6.7 ± 3.25 weeks for new mothers and 2.9 ± 2 weeks for new fathers. Unpaid leave was mostly based on the Family and Medical Leave Act. Fellows were responsible for making up call duties during the parental leave in 47% of the programs. Radiation exposure was restricted in 89% of the programs during pregnancy. Policies addressed breast feeding and untraditional parenthood in just 41% of the responding programs. Most program directors supported the development of a unified national policy on maternal (83%) and paternal (79%) leave. CONCLUSIONS: Most neuroradiology fellowship programs have explicit maternal and paternal leave policies that grant paid leave to trainees. Some also offer unpaid leave, mostly through Family and Medical Leave Act guidelines. A uniform policy derived from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and/or American Board of Radiology would be useful and overwhelmingly accepted.
Notes on relaxation of the resonant model using a scattering approach

Here we consider a non-perturbative description of the non-interacting resonant model using a scattering approach employed in JCP 152(24) 244126 (2020). We showed that such description coincides with the standard NEGF and Landauer-Buttiker approaches.
The Ransomware Threat to Energy-Delivery Systems

Ransomware attacks on energy systems are on the rise. We consider ransomware attacks within an IT system's operational technology side, reference some known ransomware incidents, consider attack vectors, and comment on the work still to be done.
Impact of Investors in Distressed Housing Market

We examine a recent trend in the market where investors purchase residential properties. We find that investors purchase at a discount of 9.5% compared to individuals purchasing in the same period and geographic area. More specifically, we find that small investors purchase at a discount of 8.0%, medium investors purchase at a discount of 11.1%, large investors purchase at a discount of 13.6%, and institutional investors purchase at a discount of 7.7%. We also find that the presence of investor buyers in a market helps improve house values. A 10% increase in the percentage of houses purchased by investors in a census block leads to a 0.20% increase in house prices.
Plasma transport simulations of Rayleigh–Taylor instability in near-ICF deceleration regimes

Rayleigh–Taylor (R–T) instability between plasma species is examined in a kinetic test and near-inertial confinement fusion (ICF) regimes. A transport approximation to the plasma species kinetics is used to represent viscosity and species mass transport within a hydrodynamic fluid code (xRage). R–T simulation results are compared in a kinetic test regime with a fully kinetic particle-in-cell approach [vectorized particle-in-cell (VPIC)] and with an analytic model for the growth rate of R–T instability. Single-mode growth rates from both codes and the analytic model are in reasonable agreement over a range of initial wavelengths including the wavenumber of maximum growth rate. Both codes exhibit similar diffusive mixing fronts. Small code-to-code differences arise from the kinetics, while simulation-analytic model differences arise from several sources dominated by the choice of gradients establishing the hydrostatic equilibrium initial conditions. After demonstrating code agreement in the kinetic test regime, which is practically accessible to the VPIC code, then the xRage code, with the fluid plasma transport approximation, is applied to single mode R–T instability under deceleration conditions closer to an ICF implosion, approximated with a carbon (C) shell imploding on a deuterium (D) fuel. The analytic wavelength of maximum instability is limited by the kinetics, primarily in the viscosity, and is found to be ≈10 μm for an ion temperature near 1 keV at this C–D interface, with the most unstable wavelength increasing as temperature increases. The analytic viscous model agrees with simulation results over a range of initial perturbation wavelengths, provided the simulation results are analyzed over a sufficiently short duration ( ⪅0.2 ns in this case). Details of the fluid structure evolution during this R–T deceleration are compared between the inviscid Euler equations and cases, which include plasma transport over a range in initial wavelengths and initial perturbation amplitudes. The inviscid Euler solutions show a grid-dependent cascade to smaller scale structures often seen in the R–T instability, while simulations with plasma transport in this deceleration regime develop a single vortex roll-up, as the plasma transport smoothes all hydrodynamic fluid structures smaller than several micrometers. This leads to a grid-converged transient solution for the R–T instability when kinetic effects are included in the simulations, and thus represents a direct numerical simulation of the thermal ions during R–T unstable mixing in ICF relevant conditions.
Rapid Sequence Airway with the Intubating Laryngeal Mask in the Emergency Department.

Abstract Background The administration of sedation and neuromuscular blockade to facilitate extraglottic device (EGD) placement is known as rapid sequence airway (RSA). In the emergency department (ED), EGDs are used largely as rescue devices. In select patients, there may be significant advantages to using EGDs over laryngoscopy as the primary airway device in the ED. Objective Our study sought to describe the practice of RSA in the ED, including rates of successful oxygenation, ventilation, and complications from EGD use. Methods We identified patients in the ED between 2007 and 2017 who underwent RSA with the LMA® Fastrach™ (hereafter termed ILMA; Teleflex Medical Europe Ltd., Athlone, Ireland) placed as the first definitive airway management device. A trained abstractor performed chart and video review of the cases to determine patient characteristics, physician use of the ILMA, indication for ILMA placement, success of oxygenation and ventilation, success of intubation, and complications related to the device. Results During the study period, 94 patients underwent RSA with the ILMA. Of those, 93 (99%) were successfully oxygenated and ventilated, and when intubation was attempted, 89% were able to be intubated through the ILMA. The incidence of vomiting and aspiration was 1% and 3%, respectively. There were 30 different attending physicians who supervised RSA and the median number was 2 per physician in the 10-year study period. Conclusion The practice of RSA with the ILMA in the ED is associated with a high rate of successful oxygenation, ventilation, and intubation with infrequent complications, even when performed by physicians with few experiences in the approach.
Continuity and Change in the Cross-Strait Relations

This paper argues that the cross-Strait relations can best be modeled as a two-level, or even a multilevel, game. There is a domestic level pitting the KMT against the DPP in Taiwan politics; there is also a cross-Strait level involving the CCP and whichever government is installed in Taiwan; and there is yet another level with the U.S. being a player in the game. That these should be treated as different levels is owing to the fact that they entail different incentive structures. In the past couple of decades, changes in the cross-Strait relations result mainly from the actions and reactions in Taiwan’s domestic politics and in the cross-Strait exchanges between Beijing and Taipei. However, there is also a certain degree of stability in the cross-Strait relations, which can be attributed to such factors as domestic constraints in Taiwan, a concern of economic development on the mainland, and the U.S. concern about peace and stability in the region and its leverage over the local players.
RNA primers in Simian virus 40 DNA replication. II. Distribution of 5' terminal oligoribonucleotides in nascent DNA.

Abstract A cell-free simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication system served to study the role of RNA in the initiation of nascent DNA chains of less than 200 nucleotides (Okazaki pieces). RNA-DNA covalent linkages were found to copurify with SV40 replicating DNA. These linkages were identified by transfer of a fraction of the 32P from the 5′ position of a deoxyribonucleotide to 2′(3′)rNMPs upon either alkaline hydrolysis or RNAase T2 digestion of SV40 replicating [32P]DNA. Alkaline hydrolysis also exposed 5′ terminal hydroxyl groups in the nascent DNA which were detected as nucleosides after digestion with P1 nuclease. The RNA-DNA covalent linkages resulted from a population of Okazaki pieces containing uniquely sized oligoribonucleotides covalently attached to their 5′ termini (RNA primers). The density of a portion of the Okazaki pieces in potassium iodide gradients corresponded to a content of 90% DNA and 10% RNA, while the remaining Okazaki pieces appeared to contain only DNA. Incubation of Okazaki pieces with a defined length in the presence of either RNAase T2 or potassium hydroxide converted about one-third to one-half of them intto a second well defined group of DNA chains of greater electrophoretic mobili y in polyacrylamide gels. The increased mobility corresponded to the removalof at least seven-residues. Since alkaline hydrolysis of similar Okazaki pieces revealed that one-third to one-half of them contained rN-32P-dN linkages, the oligoribonucleotides must be covalently attached to the 5′ ends of nascent DNA chains. Although the significance of two populations of Okazaki pieces, one with and one without RNA primers, is imperfectly understood, a sizable fraction of nascent DNA chains clearly contained RNA primers. Neither the length of the RNA primer nor the number of RNA primers per DNA chain changed significantly with increasing length of Okazaki pieces. Since the frequency of RNA-DNA junctions found in nascent DNA chains greater than 400 nucleotides was similar to that of Okazaki pieces, the complete excision of RNA primers appears to occur after Okazaki pieces are joined to the 5′ end of growing daughter strands. 32P-label transfer analysis of Okazaki pieces recovered from hybrids with isolated HindII + III restriction fragments of SV40 DNA revealed a uniform distribution of rN-P-dN sequences around the replicating DNA molecule. Therefore, most, if not all, RNA primers serve to initiate Okazaki pieces rather than to initiate DNA replication at the origin of the genome. Moreover, the positions of RNA primers are not determined by a specific set of nucleotide sequences.
The evolution of the seismic‐aseismic transition during the earthquake cycle: Constraints from the time‐dependent depth distribution of aftershocks

[1] Using the example of the 1992 M 7.3 Landers earthquake, we show that in the aftermath of a large earthquake the depth extent of aftershocks shows an immediate deepening from pre-earthquake levels, followed by a time-dependent postseismic shallowing. We use these seismic data to constrain the change in the depth of the seismic-aseismic transition with time throughout the earthquake cycle. Most studies of the seismic-aseismic transition have focussed on the effects of temperature and/or lithology on the transition either from brittle faulting to viscous flow or from unstable to stable sliding. A strain-rate dependent transient deepening of the brittle-ductile transition following a major earthquake is predicted by geological and laboratory observations. By analyzing the time-dependent depth distributions of aftershocks, we identify and quantify the temporal evolution of this transition. In the example of the Landers earthquake, its depth changes by as much as 3 km over the course of 4 years.
Persistence of viral RNA in fish infected with VHSV-IVb at 15°C and then moved to warmer temperatures after the onset of disease.

Smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque (coppernose strain), koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), were infected by intraperitoneal injection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus genotype IVb (VHSV-IVb) at 15 °C. When clinical signs of disease developed, one-third of the fish was moved to 20°C and one-third to 25°C. Mortality in challenged fish at all three temperatures ranged from 25 to 45% in smallmouth bass and from 70 to 90% in bluegill. No koi carp or channel catfish died during the study. Viral copy numbers detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qrt-RTPCR) in fish dying at 20 and 25°C decreased over time. In survivors of the challenge, viral copy numbers were higher in the more susceptible species (smallmouth bass and bluegill) than in the more VHSV-IVb disease-resistant species (koi carp and channel catfish). In fish surviving 28days post-infection, prevalence of infection was 66-100% depending on species and temperature, and VHSV-IVb was detected at 10(3) -10(5) copies μg(-1) host RNA. Our results show that qrt-RTPCR is a useful tool to investigate fish kills even 28days after temperatures are elevated above those known to be permissive for VHSV replication.
Genetic Location of Certain Mutations Conferring Recombination Deficiency in Escherichia coli

Four mutations conferring recombination deficiency (recA1, recA13, rec-12, and rec-65) have been cotransduced with cysC and pheA; consequently they lie between 53 and 50 on the standard genetic map of Escherichia coli. The four mutations show different degrees of apparent dominance in transient rec+/rec− zygotes, and the degree of apparent dominance of a particular mutation was shown to be a characteristic of that mutation, not a reflection of other genetic differences in the original rec mutant strain. All four mutations map at similar distances from cysC and pheA and, despite the different degrees of apparent dominance, all may lie in the recA gene.
Molecular cloning of the murine JAK1 protein tyrosine kinase and its expression in the mouse central nervous system

Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were employed in PCRs to clone protein tyrosine kinases that may play potential roles in the development of the mammalian CNS. Using one PCR clone to screen a mouse eye cDNA library, a full-length cDNA of a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, the homolog of human JAK1, was obtained. The murine JAK1 kinase belongs to a new family of cytoplasmic kinases that contain two tandem catalytic domains. Northern analyses indicated that murine JAK1 mRNA is expressed in a variety of tissues and cell lines. In the adult mouse eye, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that JAK1 mRNA and protein were expressed in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the inner part of the inner nuclear layer, presumably in amacrine cells. JAK1 protein was also detected in horizontal cells and in the two synaptic layers of the adult retina. During retinal development, JAK1 protein was first detected in retinal ganglion cells and in their axons as early as embryonic day 14. Expression of JAK1 protein in amacrine cells and horizontal cells occurred only postnatally. This pattern of expression was also observed in the chick retina, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved function of JAK1 kinase in vertebrate retinal development and/or function. Immunohistochemical staining against JAK1 was detected in two areas of the adult mouse brain, the olfactory bulb and a group of cells in the hypothalamus. Together, these expression studies suggest a role for JAK1 kinase in the differentiation or function of a subset of CNS neurons.
Hydration of mononucleotides

The sequential addition of water molecules to protonated and deprotonated forms of the four mononucleotides dAMP, dCMP, dGMP, and dTMP was studied experimentally by equilibrium measurements using an electrospray mass spectrometer equipped with a drift cell and theoretically by computational methods including molecular modeling and density functional theory calculations. Experiments were carried out in positive and negative ion mode, and calculations included the protonated and deprotonated forms of the four nucleotides. For deprotonated anionic nucleotides the experimental enthalpies of hydration (DeltaH degrees n) were found to be similar for all four systems and varied between -10.1 and -11.5 kcal mol-1 for the first water molecule (n = 1) and -8.3 and -9.6 kcal mol-1 for additional water molecules (n = 2-4). Theory indicated that the first water molecule binds to the charge-carrying phosphate group. Simulations of deprotonated mononucleotides with four water molecules yielded a large number of structures with similar energies. In some of the structures all four water molecules cluster around the phosphate group, and in other structures the four water molecules each hydrate a different functional group of the nucleotide. These include the phosphate group, the deoxyribose hydroxyl group, and various functional groups on the nucleobases. Experimental DeltaH degrees 1 values for the protonated cationic mononucleotides ranged from -10.5 to -13.5 kcal mol-1 with more negative values (< or =-12 kcal mol-1) for dCMP, dGMP, and dTMP and the least negative value for dAMP. For n = 2-4 DeltaH degrees n values varied from -6.9 to -9.7 kcal/mol and were similar in value to the deprotonated nucleotides except for dAMP. Theory on the protonated nucleotides indicated that the first water molecule binds to the charge-carrying group for dCMP, dGMP, and dTMP. For protonated dAMP, on the other hand, the charge-carrying N3 group is well self-solvated by the phosphate group and not readily available for a hydrogen bond with the water molecule. The insight gained on nucleotide stabilization by individual water molecules is used to discuss the competition between hydration of individual nucleotides and Watson-Crick base pairing.
Dietary and anthropometric determinants of plasma lipids and blood pressure in vegetarian males

Abstract Dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements, and plasma lipids were previously reported in 36 vegetarian males. The present paper reports relationships of dietary and anthropometric variables to plasma lipids and blood pressure in this subpopulation. Anthropometric indices which approximate adiposity (i.e., Quetelet index, skinfold measures) were significantly related to plasma lipids and blood pressure. A marked interaction between dietary and anthropometric variables was observed. The data suggested an indirect effect of dietary factors upon plasma lipids and blood pressure due to the associations between dietary factors and body composition.
Imaging the Pore Structure of Geomaterials

Laser scanning confocal microscopy can be used to image the pore structure of geologic materials in three dimensions at a resolution of 200 nanometers. The technique involves impregnation of the void space with an epoxy doped with a fluorochrome whose fluorescent wavelength matches the excitation wavelength. Optical sections with a thickness of less than 1 micrometer can be sliced from thick polished sections and combined to produce three-dimensional reconstructions. Application of the technique to rocks with porosities from 1 to 20 percent reveals the geometric complexity of the pore space. The technique can also be applied to other brittle solids such as ceramics.
Hydrographic Observations along the CODE Central Line off Northern California, 1981

Abstract Repeated CTD observations were made along a single section spanning the continental shelf off northern California at 38°40′N during 1981. The section consisted of nine standard stations between 1 and 46 km from the shore in water depths between 40 and 1700 m. The shelf break was at a depth of 150 m about 25 km from shore. The section was occupied 17 times between 13 April and 3 August and twice in December, and a similar section had been occupied in February. During the April–August period, winds were strong and persistently favorable for upwelling. Isotherms, isohalines and isopycnals in the upper 200 in sloped persistently upward toward the coast, and coldest, saltiest and densest surface waters almost always occurred at the most inshore nation. Variations in wind strength caused changes in the surface layer over the entire shelf: stronger winds were associated with lower temperatures and higher salinities. Subsurface temperatures increased gradually between April and August. We were unable to ...
ECONOMIC CONVERSION: INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND DEMOCRATIC VALUES

While arms control and disarmament represent efforts to respond to the military and political factors in the arms race, there has not been a com- parable effort to reduce the economic incentives. To do so military contrac- tors would have to be able to convert their production facilities to civilian manufacturing without loss of profits or workers.
Faculty development in medical education research: a cooperative model.

Abstract As the definition of scholarship is clarified, each specialty should develop a cadre of medical education researchers who can design, test, and optimize educational interventions. In 2004, the Association for American Medical Colleges' Group on Educational Affairs developed the Medical Education Research Certificate (MERC) program to provide a curriculum to help medical educators acquire or enhance skills in medical education research, to promote effective collaboration with seasoned researchers, and to create better consumers of medical education scholarship. MERC courses are offered to individuals during educational meetings. Educational leaders in emergency medicine (EM) identified a disparity between the “scholarship of teaching” and medical education research skills, and they collaborated with the MERC steering committee to develop a mentored faculty development program in medical education research. A planning committee comprising experienced medical education researchers who are also board-certified, full-time EM faculty members designed a novel approach to the MERC curriculum: a mentored team approach to learning, grounded in collaborative medical education research projects. The planning committee identified areas of research interest among participants and formed working groups to collaborate on research projects during standard MERC workshops. Rather than focusing on individual questions during the course, each mentored group identified a single study hypothesis. After completing the first three workshops, group members worked under their mentors' guidance on their multiinstitutional research projects. The expected benefits of this approach to MERC include establishing a research community network, creating projects whose enrollments offer a multiinstitutional dimension, and developing a cadre of trained education researchers in EM.
Vectorization and multitasking of nonlinear network programming algorithms

Vector supercomputers are designed with two levels of parallelism in order to achieved computational efficiency: low level parallelism through vector operations and high level parallelism with multiple independent processors. These innovations have a significant impact on the development of algorithms for network optimization.
Comparative study of neutral proteoglycanase activity by growth plate zone

The degradation of proteoglycans has been considered an essential step in the process of endochondral ossification. Neutral proteases, described in the growth plate, have been implicated in this process. If these neutral proteases are important in the endochondral process, their level of activity should be highest at the point where calcification is occurring. This study measures neutral protease activity with a quantitative viscometric assay throughout all zones of the bovine growth plate. The results demonstrate that the enzyme is present throughout all zones of the growth plate. However, enzyme levels in the lower hypertrophic and calcifving zones are significantly higher than anywhere else. The enzymes came from the cartilage cells and not from the invading vasculature. This implied proof of the role of neutral proteases in the endochondral process implies that by inhibiting this class of enzymes, one should be able to block endochondral ossification.
South Africa and Land Ownership: What's in a Deed?

The subject of African land ownership is and will continue to be a highly emotional issue of great importance in the new South Africa. Africans and Afrikaners alike have strong historical ties to the land. Thousands of Africans owned land outside the Reserves before 1948. These landowners included large numbers of Africans who purchased over 3,000 farms and lots between 1913 and 1936 in the Transvaal, Natal, and even the Orange Free State (plus uncounted African buyers in the Cape Province). Individuals, tribal groups, or people organized into partnerships owned land. In the 1990s Africans complain bitterly about land losses, especially after 1948 as a result of the apartheid policy of forced removals which aimed to eliminate the so-called “black spots” from white areas. In addition, some Africans point to the problem of land losses between 1913 and 1948, and others resent the severe restrictions resulting from the Natives Land Act, Act No. 27 of 1913, which prevented Africans from freely buying land in three of the four provinces of South Africa after 1913.On 8 November 1994 the South African Parliament passed the Restitution of Land Rights Act, a law which is intended to allow Africans to reclaim their lost land. Claims by former owners or their descendants will be buttressed by legal documents of one type or another. Some of these legal documents have an interesting and unintended use, however: historians can take advantage of them to build an understanding of African land ownership before and after apartheid began in 1948.
Distributed LC Resonant Clock Grid Synthesis

Clock distribution networks can consume 35-70% of total chip power in high-performance designs. Resonant clocks can potentially reduce this power by recycling the energy using on-chip inductors. We propose the first automated algorithm called Resonant clOCK Synthesis (ROCKS) that includes distributed LC tank placement, a novel AC-based resonant grid buffer sizing, and resonant grid buffer incremental placement optimization. Experimental results show that using inductors limited to 30% of one metal layer, the resonant clock power can be reduced at least by 40% and the clock buffer area is reduced by at least 53% on average. With larger inductors, it is feasible to achieve up to 90% power savings.
The nucleic acid content of Neurospora crassa

A method has been developed for the routine analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) in Neurospora. This method adequately separates DNA and RNA components. The base ratios of DNA and RNA from conidia, germinated conidia, and mycelium have been determined. There is no difference in the base ratios of these different growth stages.
A combinatorial correspondence for walks in Weyl chambers

Abstract The m × m determinant of hyperbolic Bessel functions det |Iai − bj(2x)| can be factored into two smaller determinants by elementary operations if ai = −am + 1 − i and bi = −bm + 1 − i. We give combinatorial interpretations for these determinants as exponential generating functions for walks which stay within Weyl chambers. We then use these to provide a combinatorial proof of the formulas by finding a sequence of reflections which give a correspondence between the walks enumerated on opposite sides of the equation.
Respiratory control by ventral surface chemoreceptor neurons in rats

A long-standing theory posits that central chemoreception, the CNS mechanism for CO(2) detection and regulation of breathing, involves neurons located at the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata (VMS). Using in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological recordings, we identify VMS neurons within the rat retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) that have characteristics befitting these elusive chemoreceptors. These glutamatergic neurons are vigorously activated by CO(2) in vivo, whereas serotonergic neurons are not. Their CO(2) sensitivity is unaffected by pharmacological blockade of the respiratory pattern generator and persists without carotid body input. RTN CO(2)-sensitive neurons have extensive dendrites along the VMS and they innervate key pontomedullary respiratory centers. In brainstem slices, a subset of RTN neurons with markedly similar morphology is robustly activated by acidification and CO(2). Their pH sensitivity is intrinsic and involves a background K(+) current. In short, the CO(2)-sensitive neurons of the RTN are good candidates for the long sought-after VMS chemoreceptors.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CERAMIC WORK AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA1

The development of the Ceramics Department of the University of North Dakota; correlation of research in chemical and experimental laboratories and cultural value of the work; inexhaustible supplies of the state being utilized.
Increased liver calcium after calcium or milk gavage in rats.

For 1 or 2 h following a gavage of milk or 300 mM CaCl2 (2 ml/100 g b.wt), rats had an increased liver calcium content when compared to rats receiving a deionized water gavage.
Aging of plasmodial heterokaryons in Didymium iridis

Isogenic diploid plasmodia of different ages were produced by crossing clonal gamete populations of the myxomycete Didymium iridis. These plasmodia were then used to produce “age” heterokaryons to study the timing of death in comparison to the senescence of the two original homokaryons. A majority of the age heterokaryons died concurrently with the oldest nuclear component which indicates that the control of aging may be a “dominant” or active process in the true slime molds. Age heteroplasmons using transfilter contact between two plasmodia across 1 μ pore size Nucleopore membrane filters were also produced which indicates that senescence may not be a cytoplasmic infectious particle.
Three-dimensional axisymmetric ball model for the PC-TAP program

Spherical-geometry solids' thermal modeling is presently undertaken with a three-dimensional FEM method that can be used in conjunction with the IBM-PC Thermal Analyzer Program (TAP). The elements of the model's nodal network are spherical triangles having approximately equivalent volumes for transient cases, thereby decreasing computer run times. Attention is given to results for the three test cases to which the model has been applied, which are compared with results from analytical closed-form solutions. Absolute temperature errors not greater than 1 percent are indicated by the comparisons.
On the use of shifted Jacobi polynomials in accurate evaluation of roots and weights of Rys polynomials.

In this paper it is shown that shifted Jacobi polynomials Gn(p,q,x) can be used in connection with the Gaussian quadrature modified moment technique to greatly enhance the accuracy of evaluation of Rys roots and weights used in Gaussian integral evaluation in quantum chemistry. A general four-term inhomogeneous recurrence relation is derived for the shifted Jacobi polynomial modified moments over the Rys weight function e−Tx/x. It is shown that for q=1/2 this general four-term inhomogeneous recurrence relation reduces to a three-term p-dependent inhomogeneous recurrence relation. Adjusting p to proper values depending on the Rys exponential parameter T, the method is capable of delivering highly accurate results for large number of roots and weights in the most difficult to treat intermediate T range. Examples are shown, and detailed formulas together with practical suggestions for their efficient implementation are also provided.
The presence of a microsomal UDP‐glucuronyl transferase for bilirubin in homozygous jaundiced gunn rats and in the crigler‐najjar syndrome

The infusion of a closely related derivative of bilirubin, its dimethyl diester (DME), into jaundiced (jj) Gunn rats was associated with biliary excretion of mono-and diglucuronides of bilirubin. In vitro incubation of DME with liver microsomes from jj rats demonstrated sequential demethylation and glucuronidation of DME. Liver microsomes from a patient with the Crigler-Najjar syndrome were unable to form glucuronides of bilirubin in vitro unless DME was used as substrate. The results suggest that the deficiency in Gunn rats and in the Crigler-Najjar syndrome may be due to a structural defect in the microsomal matrix which contains glucuronyl transferase. This interpretation envisions a microenvironment of the transferase enzyme which is either impermeable to bilirubin or induces conformational changes which interfere with glucuronidation.
Library Security Gates: Effectiveness and Current Practice

For years, library personnel have relied on security gates to prevent theft from their collections. However, recent anecdotal evidence suggests that libraries are removing the gates for various reasons, including cost and patron frustration with false alarms. This study examines current practices via a survey of libraries and security gate vendors and analyzes the effectiveness of security gates by empirical testing of alarms and with loss inventories of collection samples, supplemented by lost item statistics from interlibrary loan. Thus we use three primary methods to assess libraries’ approaches to security gates.
AN EVALUATION OF PROGRESSIVELY INCREASING INTERTRIAL INTERVALS ON THE ACQUISITION AND GENERALIZATION OF THREE SOCIAL SKILLS

We evaluated the effects of different intertrial intervals (ITIs; time between programmed learning opportunities) on the acquisition and generalization of 2 preschoolers' social skills. Independent and generalized skills were observed only when the daily ITI was gradually increased from short to progressively longer intervals.
Descent velocities of particle clusters at the wall of a circulating fluidized bed

Abstract The descent velocities of clusters of particles near the wall of a circulating fluidized bed have been measured and reported by many investigators. Curiously, the measured velocities all fall within the range 0.3–2.0 m/s, regardless of particle size, material density or gas velocity. In an attempt to explain this phenomenon, a model for drag on a cluster was developed. This model neglects the interaction between the particles and the wall as well as the forced flow of gas in the wall region, considering only the descent of a cluster in quiescent air at a terminal velocity. There are two elements to the drag force acting on a cluster in this model: one caused by flow passing through the cluster of particles, the other caused by flow passing around the cluster. Simplification of terms in this model shows that the terminal velocity of a cluster, non-dimensionalized by the minimum fluidization velocity of the particles, can be related to the Archimedes number of the gas–solid flow. Good agreement is obtained between this simple model and the reported measurements of cluster velocities.
The decay of 293 min Tc94

Abstract The 293 min Tc94 activity has been produced by the reactions Nb93(α, 3n) and Mo94(d, 2n). It decays chiefly by electron capture to Mo94 levels at 2425±16 and 1579±7 keV. Weak position branches to both levels are also observed. Gamma rays (energies in keV) of 846±14(72%), 705±5(100%) and 874±5 (100%) are present. The beta transition to the 2425 level is followed by a 3γ cascade without crossover transitions. The previously known 52 min Tc94 activity is assigned to Tc94m. The x-ray intensity of 52 min half-life is greater than that expected from its decay to Mo94. The excess is attributed to a highly converted isomeric transition 52 min → 293 min. A spin of 5+ is suggested for Tc94. A solvent-extraction procedure for the separation of Technetium is described in the appendix.
The 4000-dip: anatomic considerations.

In a number of sectional series of temporal bones of malformed fetuses and newborn, the enchondral layer of the cochlear capsule was found to perforate, in a broad stream, the periosteal layer and to meet beyond the latter the so-called cartilage (chondral) bar. This third interruption of the capsular layers—the first and second being the internal acoustic meatus and the cochlear aqueduct—is located in the basal cochlear turn corresponding to the 4000 dip of the audiometric curve. Lack of shielding by the periosteal layer, combined with the disturbance of the enchondral layer caused by the abrupt change of direction, may create here an area of diminished protection for the underlying membranous parts.This interpretation, based on observations in the osseous capsule, is offered as a counterpart to the explanatory attempts regarding the 4000-dip, which consider happenings in the membranous portions exclusively.Investigation of this “enchondral outflow” in normals of different ages is desirable.
The measurement of gain on the 1.315 μm transition of atomic iodine in a subsonic flow of chemically generated NCl(a1Δ)

Abstract Gain is measured on the electronic I( 2 P 3/2 )– I ∗ ( 2 P 1/2 ) transition of atomic iodine at 1.315 μm when hydrazoic acid HN 3 is injected into a flow of iodine and chlorine atoms. The inversion was generated in a transverse subsonic flow device that produced electronically excited I ∗ ( 2 P 1/2 ) atoms from the efficient energy transfer reaction between NCl(a 1 Δ ) metastable and ground state I ( 2 P 3/2 ) atoms. The population inversion was directly observed using a 1.315 μm tunable diode laser that scanned the entire line shape of the (3,4) hyperfine transition of iodine.
Monte Carlo generation of two body resonant states

Abstract For Monte Carlo calculations of elementary particle processes, the transition rate integral can be written in terms of intermediate mass variables. Events generated in this way bear a weight factor consisting of the product of the squared transition amplitude and several two-body phase space factors. Importance sampling, using a Breit-Wigner density, can improve efficiency in the case that one or more mass variables of the transition density are well approximated by a Breit-Wigner resonance. With the further restriction that the resonance occurs close to threshold and decays to two final-state particles, we have improved the efficiency by sampling a probability density which is the product of a Breit-Wigner density times the associated two-body phase space factor.
Analysis of The Neuroprotective and Neurodestructive Effects of Nitric Oxide Donor Compounds in Murine Mixed Cortical Cell Cultures. • 1767

Analysis of The Neuroprotective and Neurodestructive Effects of Nitric Oxide Donor Compounds in Murine Mixed Cortical Cell Cultures. • 1767
The electrooxidation of carbon monoxide on platinum as examined by surface infrared spectroscopy under forced hydrodynamic conditions.

Abstract A flow-cell arrangement for FTIR spectroelectrochemical studies involving continuous or periodic replenishment of the thin-layer solution is described, and applied to the pseudo steady-state electrooxidation of solution carbon monoxide at platinum electrodes in 0.1 M HClO4. Unlike potential-difference infrared spectra obtained using a conventional stagnant thin layer, substantial CO coverages θCO (as deduced from the intensity of the terminal C-O stretching band) are maintained to relatively positive electrode potentials (ca. 1.0 to 1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl) in the presence of continuous solution flow. Similar results are obtained following positive-going potential steps and slow potential sweeps. Corresponding current-potential data indicate that facile electrooxidation of solution CO occurs at potentials where high CO coverages are observed (θCO ~ 1), although the fastest rates are obtained at more positive potentials where θCO
Biogenesis and content of rhodopsin in the retina of the chick during development

Developmental aspects of the formation of rhodopsin in the chick were investigated. The content of rhodopsin was measured in the retina of the developing chick embryo, newly hatched and adult chickens by both spectral and immunological procedures. Rhodopsin was first detected spectrally at day 18 (stage 43) with the level increasing about 6 fold through hatching. The concentration in the adult retina was about one half that present in the 1 day old chick. By the more sensitive procedure of radioiiranunoassay (RIA), rhodopsin was detected as early as day 12 (stage 37), but was undetectable in the 8 day old embryo. The rhodopsin concentration remained low and relatively constant until day 17 (stage 42), at which point it increased rapidly up to hatching. Retina from the newly-hatched chick had a rhodopsin concentration some 30 fold higher than the 16 day old embryo (stage 41). The results of RIA indicate that the biosynthesis of rhodopsin may significantly precede the morphological appearance of outer segments.
Design and implementation of generics for the .NET Common language runtime

The Microsoft.NET Common Language Runtime provides a shared type system, intermediate language and dynamic execution environment for the implementation and inter-operation of multiple source languages. In this paper we extend it with direct support for parametric polymorphism (also known as generics), describing the design through examples written in an extended version of the C# programming language, and explaining aspects of implementation by reference to a prototype extension to the runtime.Our design is very expressive, supporting parameterized types, polymorphic static, instance and virtual methods, “F-bounded” type parameters, instantiation at pointer and value types, polymorphic recursion, and exact run-time types. The implementation takes advantage of the dynamic nature of the runtime, performing just-in-time type specialization, representation-based code sharing and novel techniques for efficient creation and use of run-time types.Early performance results are encouraging and suggest that programmers will not need to pay an overhead for using generics, achieving performance almost matching hand-specialized code.
Synthesis of uniform diameter single-wall carbon nanotubes in Co-MCM-41: effects of the catalyst prereduction and nanotube growth temperatures

Catalyst pretreatment and CO disproportionation reaction conditions were observed to strongly affect the diameter uniformity of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) grown on Co-MCM-41 catalysts. The prereduction and CO disproportionation reaction temperatures were varied systematically while the carbon loading and the SWNT diameter uniformity were monitored by TGA, Raman spectroscopy, and TEM. The state of the catalyst during prereduction and the size of the cobalt clusters formed during the SWNT growth process were monitored by in situ XANES during the prereduction of the Co-MCM-41, and ex situ EXAFS of catalyst samples was performed after carbon deposition. These experiments allow development of correlations between the SWNT quality and the state of the catalyst. Control of the cobalt cluster size in the Co-MCM-41 catalyst is critical to the SWNT diameter control. The size of the cobalt cluster changes with both the prereduction and the SWNT synthesis temperatures. SWNT with a very narrow diameter distribution can be grown in Co-MCM-41 by controlling both the prereduction and the reaction temperatures.
Ethical Health Communication: A Content Analysis of Predominant Frames and Primes in Public Service Announcements

Health communication is increasingly being held to higher moral standards. No longer do noble goals outweigh ethical concerns. This content analysis examines ethical frames and primes in health public service announcements (PSAs) so we may begin to address the most prevalent of the problematic ones and find more ethical alternatives. In this study, 80% of the PSAs conveyed messages that individuals were to blame. Negative emotion, such as fear, was the second most frequent frame. Stereotypes of women were the primes most prevalent in the visuals, and visual and verbal messages were vastly different for some of these primes. The ethical implications of each are addressed.