cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forward Photoproduction of Vector Mesons from Hydrogen at Energies from 6.5 to 17.8 gev

We report measurements of the differential cross sections of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$- and $\ensuremath{\phi}$-meson photo-production on hydrogen for a range of the square of the four-momentum transfer $t$ from -0.2 to -0.9 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ and a range of incident photon energies from 6.5 to 17.8 GeV. We find that differential cross sections obtained for ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ production are in good agreement with the vector-dominance model.
Markov processes, random fields and Dirichlet spaces☆

It seems that the path integration extended to a certain class of generalized functions can be a useful tool in the Euclidean quantum field theory and statistical mechanics. This is an example of a direct application of the probability theory to physics as opposed to more common applications via classical analysis. We establish the following facts. A. The free field is the Gaussian random field corresponding to the Brownian motion killed exponentially with the rate A (equal to the squared mass). In general, to every symmetric Markov process X there corresponds a Gaussian field I~. B. The prediction problem for ~Pcan be solved in terms of the hitting probabilities for X. C. The field iJ has the Markov property on sets B, C if and only if it is impossible for X to reach B from C without crossing B fl C. D. The Dinchiet space D associated with the process X can be interpreted as the configuration space for the field P. Every symmetric k-linear form on D describes an interaction in the continuous medium determined by ~P. The results A, B, C have been presented in more detail in [1].
Effects of non-inverting deep tillage vs. conventional ploughing on collembolan populations in an organic wheat field

Abstract A study of the effect of different tillage methods on the soil system and crop yield in an organic agroecosystem has been carried out in Denmark as a joint effort of a team of soil scientists, microbiologists, zoologists and modellers. In this paper, the reaction of the collembolan community to two kinds of primary soil tillage in the autumn, i.e. deep tillage with a non-inverting tine subsoiler (modified Dutzi method) vs. conventional ploughing, is compared. A surprisingly high mean number of Collembola, i.e. more than 100,000 m –2 , were present in the field before soil tillage. The abundance of total Collembola was strongly reduced 1 week after tillage with both methods and the sum of populations in four strata between the soil surface and 32 cm in depth showed no significant difference between the two tillage treatments. Conventional ploughing reduced the collembolan population more than the non-inverting tillage in the uppermost 4 cm stratum, while in the deepest stratum the immediate effect was opposite. When the whole soil horizon is considered, the two tillage treatments resulted in similar population changes for most collembolan species whereas significant differences were observed in individual strata. Especially strong effects were observed in epedaphic and hemiedaphic species.
Reaction of α-cedrene with ozone: Mechanism, gas and particulate products distribution

Abstract The gas-phase reaction of ozone with α-cedrene ( I ) in the absence and presence of an OH radical scavenger (cyclohexane) has been studied in the outdoor 25 m 3 Teflon film chambers at the UNC smog chamber facility. Twenty-two compounds were identified for the first time in this study. Important products identified and semi-quantified were α-cedronaldehyde ( VI ), α-cedronic acid ( VIII ), α-cedrinic acid ( X ), α-norcedronaldehyde ( VII ), 8-hydroxy-9-α-cedranone ( III ), and α-norcedronic acid ( IX ). Acetone, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde also were identified in this study. On average, measured gas and particle phase products accounted for ∼56% of the reacted α-cedrene. The total yield of products bearing hydroxy groups (e.g. 8-hydroxy-9-α-cedranone ( III )) and aldehydes (e.g. α-cedronaldehyde ( VI ), α-norcedronaldehyde ( VII )) was found to be slightly dependent on the presence of an OH radical scavenger. Generally, the aldehyde yield was found to be higher when cyclohexane was present, and the hydroxy compounds yield was higher when cyclohexane was absent. All products identified in this study were found in the particle phase. α-Cedrinic acid ( X ), α-cedronic acid ( VIII ), and α-cedronaldehyde (VI) were observed in the early stage in the aerosol phase and may play an important role in the early formation of SOA. Detailed reaction schemes leading to most reaction products observed here are presented and discussed.
Interactive video programs: crisis counseling and organizational assessment

Summary This paper describes two interactive video disc programs that have been designed to teach social work practice skills. One program is designed to teach students how to apply crisis concepts in a simulated interview with a client, and the other program is designed to teach students how to assess institutional racism and sexism in an agency context The purpose in presenting diese two programs is to demonstrate how interactive video can be used as a training tool in social work education, and also to encourage other educators and trainers to begin to develop their own interactive video programs.
Role of arachidonic acid in the regulation of adrenocorticotropin release from rat anterior pituitary cell cultures

In addition to cAMP-dependent mechanisms, stimulation of pituitary ACTH secretion by various stimuli, including CRF, may involve phospholipid and arachidonic acid turnover. To determine the role of phospholipase A2 activation in corticotroph function, we studied the effect of exogenous arachidonic acid, phospholipase A2, and the phospholipase A2 activator melittin on ACTH release in cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. Incubation with 1–100 nm arachidonic acid, 0.01–1 μm melittin, 0.1–10 U/ml phospholipase A2, and 0.01–10 nm CRF caused dose-dependent increases in ACTH release to 8.1 ± 1.1- (±se), 16.2 ± 0.9-, 13.6 ± 1.2-, and 2.9 ± 0.3-fold; respectively. The participation of the major pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism in the control of ACTH release was analyzed in cells treated with nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a lipoxygenase inhibitor; indomethacin, a cycloxygenase inhibitor; and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, an inhibitor of both pathways. The effects of arachidonic acid, melittin, and CRF were...
Time, Age, and the Transition to Retirement: New Evidence on Life-Course Flexibility?:

The past twenty-five years have seen dramatic changes in the transition to retirement. This article considers an overlooked set of social processes—informal age structuring—within the context of these changes. Data are drawn from a random sample of 319 adults from the Chicago area. For about half of the respondents, age was considered an irrelevant dimension for both men's and women's retirement Those respondents who found age relevant cited deadlines that were clustered not only around the critical points at which researchers have observed regularity in retirement patterns, but they also included the lower junctures that are emerging as part of the shift toward earlier retirement. These deadlines most often marked the place of retirement relative to a larger set of work transitions, or they budgeted enough time to pursue developmental opportunities at the end of life. However, most respondents said there were no serious consequences for retiring late. Important patterns also emerged across the background...
Molecular virology and immunology of HIV infection

Great progress has been made with respect to our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of AIDS and the infectious agent, HIV, that causes the disease. HIV, a human retrovirus with tropism for CD4(+) T cells and monocytes, induces a decrease of T-cell counts, T-cell dysfunction, and, ultimately, immunodeficiency. HIV also causes B-cell dysfunction characterized by polyclonal activation, hypergammaglobulinemia, and lack of specific antibody responses. Chemokine receptors-mainly CCR5 and CXCR4-have been found to be necessary for viral entry into the host cell, a step that can be inhibited by chemokine-related molecules that are ligands for those receptors. After HIV infection, a strong cellular immunity develops and partially controls viral replication. It can take several years for HIV infection to become clinically evident. Studies in long-term nonprogressors have shown the determinant roles of both helper and cytotoxic T cells in the control of HIV disease. Advances in HIV immunology research are currently being applied in the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.
Undergraduate Biology Students’ Interpretations of the Term “Animal”

ABSTRACTMultiple definitions of the term “animal” exist. Definitions include the scientific definition of kingdom Animalia, the human-centered definition that excludes humans, and other definitions, such as only vertebrates or even only mammals. Due to their education background and interests, upper-level biology students should know the scientific definition of animal, but how do they interpret the term “animal”? In the present study, we examined how these students interpret the term by examining what first comes to mind when asked to name animals, what they think of when asked about the diversity of the animal kingdom, and which organisms, from a list, they would consider to be animals and why. Students first completed surveys (n=59) and then a proportion of those students were interviewed (n=25). Survey and interview transcripts were coded via content analysis to discover emerging themes. Themes were assessed by frequency analysis. On the survey, when first asked to name animals, participants mostly li...
Disambiguation of horizontal direction for video conference systems

All existing video conferencing systems which support more than two sites and more than one user at each site suffer from directional ambiguity: not only is it generally impossible for two remote users to look each other in the eyes, but even just horizontal directionality is not preserved. Under horizontal directionality we understand that the direction of the users' gaze or pointing fingers does not match what the other participants perceive. We present a video tele-conferencing concept, which, by combining existing software and hardware technologies, achieves horizontal directionality for multiple sites and participants at each site. Our solution involves multiple cameras, as well as large stereo or multi-view display walls at each site. Because building a physical prototype of our proposed system would have been fiscally impossible for us, we instead built a prototype for our virtual realit CAVE. In this publication we report on our experiences and findings with this prototype.
Towards a typology of vowel reduction: The phonology of unstressed vowels in Russian

Abstract The standard treatment of Russian vowel reduction is outlined and shown to have two major deficiencies. First, a significant group of morphological endings exhibit alternations which must be marked as exceptions to phonological rules. Second, the coexistence of both a raising and a lowering rule appears to be irregular in light of typological studies which suggest that vowel reduction is essentially a centering process. A generative analysis is proposed which incorporates the grammatical endings into a phonological solution. Further, it brings Russian vowel reduction more into line with that displayed by other languages by eliminating the necessity of referring to the consonantal environment in the formulation of the reduction rule and, after taking into account certain subphonemic details, by showing that the process is one of centering.
The tone of pulmonary smooth muscle: ROK and Rho music?

in normal lungs, minor aspiration or mucus plugging can cause local underventilation and hypoxia, which increases tone in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle, resulting in local vasoconstriction, diversion of blood flow to better-ventilated lung regions, preservation of normal ventilation-perfusion
Evolution of stress in Southern California for the past 200 years from coseismic, postseismic and interseismic stress changes

SUMMARY The seismicity of southern California results from stresses that arise from the relative motion of the Pacific and North American Plates being accommodated along the San Andreas Fault (SAF) system and the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ). Here we calculate how the stress field in southern California has evolved over the past two centuries due to interseismic loading, as inferred from current GPS observations of surface velocities, from redistributions of static stress induced by large (M w ≥ 6.5) earthquakes since the 1812 Wrightwood quake, and postseismic viscoelastic relaxation associated with these events that serves to transfer coseismic stresses from the deep, warm, lower crust and upper mantle to the overlying seismogenic upper crust. We calculate Coulomb stress changes on vertical strike-slip faults striking parallel to the SAF and at the hypocenters on the rupture planes of all M w ≥ 6 events over the past two centuries. Our results suggest that the 1857 M w = 8.2 Fort Tejon earthquake, by far the largest event to have occurred in the region over the past two centuries, had a profound influence on the state of stress in Southern California during the 19th century, inducing significant stress increases to the north (Parkfield region and adjoining creeping SAF) and south (southern SAF and San Jacinto fault), and stress relief across the southern ECSZ. These stress changes were then greatly magnified by postseismic relaxation through the early part of the 20th century. Slow interseismic build-up of stress further loads all major strike-slip faults and works to reload the areas of the ECSZ where stress was relieved by the 1857 quake. Our calculations suggest that only 56% of hypocenters were pushed closer to failure by preceding coseismic stress changes, suggesting that the occurrence of large earthquakes is not strongly determined by coseismic Coulomb stress changes. This percentage rises to 70% when postseismic stress changes are also considered. Our calculations demonstrate the importance of postseismic viscoelastic relaxation in the redistribution of stress following large earthquakes. We find, however, that postseismic processes associated with events more than about a decade old are near completion and thus do not significantly influence the regional velocity field presently observed in southern California.
Coping strategies and burnout among veteran child protection workers.

Abstract Objectives: First, to learn how veteran (2 years or more) child protective service (CPS) investigations workers cope with job stress; and secondly, to examine the relationship between coping strategies and levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and sense of reduced personal accomplishment (burnout syndrome). Method: Cross-sectional, self-report methodology was used to measure coping strategies and the burnout syndrome. The voluntary subjects were 151 front-line CPS workers with at least 2 years experience in a southeastern Department of Social Services. They attended one of nine stress management workshops provided in various locations around the state. Quantitative analyses were run on the data. Results: These workers perceived themselves to use Engaged (active) coping strategies more than Disengaged (avoidant) strategies. Sixty-two percent of participants scored in the high range on Emotional Exhaustion, the aspect some researchers consider to be the heart of Burnout. Those who used Engaged coping were less likely to feel depersonalized and more likely to feel a sense of personal accomplishment. Those who used Disengaged coping were more likely to feel emotionally exhausted, depersonalized, and to have a sense of reduced personal accomplishment. Conclusion: Neither the use of active nor avoidant coping strategies saved these workers from Emotional Exhaustion. The problem-focused strategies they are taught and use most do not help deal with the emotional content and context of their work, suggesting the use of emotion-focused coping to prevent and remediate burnout.
Computation of lower bounds for switching activity using decision theory

Accurate switching-activity estimation is crucial for power budgeting. It is impractical to obtain an accurate estimate by simulating the circuit for all possible inputs. An alternate approach would be to compute tight bounds for the switching activity. In this paper, we propose a nonsimulative decision theoretic method to compute the lower bound for switching activity. First, we show that the switching activity can be modeled as the decision error of an abstract two-class problem. It is shown that the Bayes error L* is a lower bound for the switching activity. Further, we improve L* to obtain a tighter bound L/sub 1/, which is based on the one-nearest neighbor classification error. The proposed lower bounds are used for switching-activity characterization at the register transfer (RT) level. Experimental results for the RT-level switching-activity estimates for ISCAS'85 circuits are presented. This technique is simple and fast and produces accurate estimates.
Correction of multigroup cross sections for resolved resonance interference in mixed absorbers

The effect that interference between resolved resonances has on averaging multigroup cross sections is examined for thermal reactor-type problems. A simple and efficient numerical scheme is present...
Experimental determination of subcritical crack growth parameters in sedimentary rock

Mounting evidence suggests that subcritical crack growth is an important mechanism for the development of natural fractures. Numerical simulations of fracture patterns are sensitive to the subcritical crack growth index, the exponent used to describe the power law dependence of crack velocity on stress intensity. Few measured values of subcritical indices in sedimentary rocks have been published, however, and no systematic studies of diagenetic controls of subcritical crack index behavior are available. Subcritical crack index measurements are especially difficult in weak, porous rock, primarily because non-elastic material response can obscure fracture-related behavior. We have carried out numerous subcritical crack index measurements with the widely used dual torsion beam test configuration and developed a modified test methodology for subcritical crack index measurements on porous rocks. The principal element of the methodology is a specimen pre-loading procedure to minimize transient material response. Measurement reliability is documented in the study by documentation of reproducibility in three sets of sandstone and carbonate specimens.
Topical Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) Vaccination with Human Papillomavirus Vectors Expressing gB/gD Ectodomains Induces Genital-Tissue-Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells and Reduces Genital Disease and Viral Shedding after HSV-2 Challenge

ABSTRACT No herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) vaccine has been licensed for use in humans. HSV-2 glycoproteins B (gB) and D (gD) are targets of neutralizing antibodies and T cells, but clinical trials involving intramuscular (i.m.) injection of HSV-2 gB and gD in adjuvants have not been effective. Here we evaluated intravaginal (ivag) genetic immunization of C57BL/6 mice with a replication-defective human papillomavirus pseudovirus (HPV PsV) expressing HSV-2 gB (HPV-gB) or gD (HPV-gD) constructs to target different subcellular compartments. HPV PsV expressing a secreted ectodomain of gB (gBsec) or gD (gDsec), but not PsV expressing a cytoplasmic or membrane-bound form, induced circulating and intravaginal-tissue-resident memory CD8 + T cells that were able to secrete gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as well as moderate levels of serum HSV neutralizing antibodies. Combined immunization with HPV-gBsec and HPV-gDsec (HPV-gBsec/gDsec) vaccines conferred longer survival after vaginal challenge with HSV-2 than immunization with HPV-gBsec or HPV-gDsec alone. HPV-gBsec/gDsec ivag vaccination was associated with a reduced severity of genital lesions and lower levels of viral shedding in the genital tract after HSV-2 challenge. In contrast, intramuscular vaccination with a soluble truncated gD protein (gD2t) in alum and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) elicited high neutralizing antibody titers and improved survival but did not reduce genital lesions and viral shedding. Vaccination combining ivag HPV-gBsec/gDsec and i.m. gD2t-alum-MPL improved survival and reduced genital lesions and viral shedding. Finally, high levels of circulating HSV-2-specific CD8 + T cells, but not serum antibodies, correlated with reduced viral shedding. Taken together, our data underscore the potential of HPV PsV as a platform for a topical mucosal vaccine to control local manifestations of primary HSV-2 infection. IMPORTANCE Genital herpes is a highly prevalent chronic disease caused by HSV infection. To date, there is no licensed vaccine against HSV infection. This study describes intravaginal vaccination with a nonreplicating HPV-based vector expressing HSV glycoprotein antigens. The data presented in this study underscore the potential of HPV-based vectors as a platform for the induction of genital-tissue-resident memory T cell responses and the control of local manifestations of primary HSV infection.
Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. V. Habitat preference of host-seeking mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).

To determine the habitat distribution of potential vectors of EEEV in an endemic area, host-seeking mosquitoes were collected in bird-baited CDC traps from 12 habitats during the summer of 1980; traps were placed at 3 heights within each of 4 cover types. Four of the major species preferred a single habitat: open field/ground for Culiseta melanura, Cs. morsitans and Coquillettidia perturbans and swamp/ground for Aedes canadensis . All of the major species had a preferred cover type: open field for Cs. melanura, Cs. morsitans and Cq. perturbans , tree row for the Culex pipiens-restuans group and swamp for Ae. canadensis . Only Cs. melanura and Ae. canadensis had a preferred height (ground). Results support the hypothesis that the epidemic spread of EEEV is a function of the movement of infected Cs. melanura .
GAD-immunoreactive neural elements in the basilar pontine nuclei and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis of the rat. I. Light microscopic studies.

Immunocytochemical procedures employing the unlabeled antibody enzyme (PAP) method were used to visualize those neuronal elements in the basilar pontine nuclei (BPN) and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) of the rat which contain glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Neuronal somata, axons, and axon terminals in the BPN and NRTP exhibited GAD-immunoreactivity. Both thick and thin varieties of labeled axons and terminals were distributed in varying densities throughout the BPN and NRTP. The greatest accumulation of labeled terminals was noted in the ventrolateral and lateral border regions of the BPN while a slightly less dense aggregation was observed along the ventral, ventromedial and midline regions of the pontine gray. Labeled fibers and terminals were also observed in the dorsal and ventral peduncular regions as well as central portions of the lateral, ventral, and medial pontine areas. Axonal and terminal labeling was present throughout the NRTP but no focal increases in density similar to those in the BPN were apparent. No obvious GAD-labeled fiber bundles could be observed to enter the BPN or NRTP. However, small fascicles of labeled axons were seen to course ventrally around the dorsolateral aspect of the cerebral peduncle to reach lateral pontine areas while other labeled axons descended through clefts in the mid-portion of the cerebral peduncle or passed through the medial lemniscus and around the medial portion of the cerebral peduncle to enter the pontine gray. The number of GAD-positive neuronal somata in the BPN and NRTP is quite sparse in comparison to that of neighboring brainstem regions such as the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the pontine reticular formation. The majority of labeled neuronal somata were less than 20 μm in diameter although some, particularly in NRTP, were as large as 28 μm. A variety of morphologies was represented in the population of labeled somata ranging from spheroidal to spindle-shaped or polygonal. GAD labeled somata were distributed throughout the BPN and NRTP but were most numerous in the rostral medial pontine region and the lateral, ventral, and medial border areas of the BPN, adjacent to the fibers of the brachium pontis. From these observations it is proposed that the population of GAD positive cells in the BPN and NRTP gives rise to at least a portion of the labeled axon terminals while other GABA-ergic neurons extrinsic to the pontine gray serve as a source of the remainder of the labeled axons and terminals.
Unusual case of Epstein-Barr virus DNA tissue positive: blood negative in a patient with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

: Detection of PTLD uses PCR to detect circulating EBV DNA in the blood or in situ hybridization to identify EBV DNA in tissue biopsies. EBV DNA was detected in the tissue section using both real-time PCR and in situ hybridization. We report an unusual presentation of PTLD with no detectable EBV DNA in the blood using EBER-1 and EBNA-1 PCR assays. This report suggests that the use of EBV-PCR for the early detection of PTLD in blood samples may not be 100% effective in detecting disease.
IC technology R&D for the next century

Summary form only given. As we have gone through the era of integrated circuits, more strictly silicon-based CMOS integrated circuits, where integration density has increased from hundreds of transistors on a chip to almost one quarter of a billion transistors on a chip, a way to develop technology itself has come to the point where we must examine any possible new model for research and development. Technology trends which have been well discussed in forums such as consortia in the USA, Japan, Europe, South-east Asian countries are now converging reasonably, with some differences due to the differences of so-called "technology drivers". Common parameters are the minimum geometries, though they have increasingly become more conceptual parameters as opposed to what can be found on a real chip. Obviously, the density of active elements per unit area and the number of interconnect layers are more important parameters for high-density memories and high performance processors, respectively. The purpose of this talk is not to discuss the technology trend itself, but to examine how we have developed technology and how we can possibly continue in the future.
Racial differences in temporal changes in newborn viability and survival by gestational age

This study examines trends in the rates of very preterm, moderately preterm and gestational age-specific neonatal mortality, and in the gestational age limit of viability in South Carolina (SC) from 1975 to 1994. We also investigate whether trends were similar between African-Americans and Whites. We hypothesised that disproportionate reductions in gestational age-specific mortality, rather than any major changes in the gestational age distributions of either race group, underlie any increasing racial disparity in overall mortality rates. During 1975-94, single livebirths, who were born to mothers resident in SC and were either White or African-American based on recorded maternal race, were selected for the investigation. We define the gestational age limit of viability as the gestational age at which > or = 50% of infants in the population died within 28 days of life. Although preterm percentages have not improved, there was a marked decline in neonatal mortality. Gestational age-specific neonatal mortality decreased for both race groups, although there were greater reductions for White preterm infants. By the end of the study period, the African-American neonatal mortality rate was 2.3 times that of Whites and the gestational age at which 50% of newborns died within 28 days of life was 24.5 weeks for Whites and 23.9 weeks for African-Americans. The ongoing decline in neonatal mortality continues to be mainly due to reductions in gestational age-specific neonatal mortality, probably related to high-risk obstetric and neonatal care. Technological developments in these areas may have differentially benefited Whites, resulting in an increasing racial disparity in neonatal mortality rates. Preterm African-American infants no longer have a marked survival advantage over White infants, even at the gestational age limit of viability.
Electronic transport in single molecules

Abstract We present a review of recent results on the non-linear transport properties of single molecules using density-functional theory. In particular, we investigate the role of contact chemistry and geometry, current-induced forces, and polarization effects induced by a gate field on the current–voltage characteristics of molecules for which experiments are available. The results show that single molecules, if appropriately tailored, have physical properties that could be useful in electronic applications.
The role of paediatric nurse in home visiting of newborns and infants in the past – literary survey

Abstract This article deals with the problems of home visiting service for newborns, infants and mothers in the territory of Czechoslovakia during the period from 1949 to 1989. At that time the complex child care requirements was carried out through the district system. In-depth analysis of documents and articles from professional journals were used as the method of obtaining and processing the data. The articles were researched up via a research service in the National Medical Library in Prague. Criteria for the selection included the period 1949–1989 and the key words used were – nurse, newborn, infant, care and nursing. One hundred and thirty-four documents were found in total and after a thorough analysis 14 articles were included in the literary survey. The goal of this literary survey was to map out the care of newborns and infants in the territory of former Czechoslovakia from 1949 to 1989. The results of the survey showed that the care of newborns and infants was ensured via the district system which included home visiting in families, counselling for infants and toddlers and the district medical care. It is also obvious that the introduction of district health care in the past was a comprehensive solution to the problems of health care of the children. This data provides a rational basis for the idea that community care of an infant plays an important role in the health care system also in the present when we miss home visiting service of a paediatric nurse of newborns and infants which is absolutely common practice in developed European countries.
Inversion of Combined Surface and Borehole First-Arrival Time

Site characterization for the design of geotechnical structures such as deep foundations is crucial, as unanticipated site conditions still represent the most common and most significant cause of problems and disputes that occur during construction. Surface-based refraction methods have been widely used recently to assess spatial variation, but one of the biggest limitations of these methods is that they cannot well characterize reverse profiles (decreasing in velocity with depth), buried low-velocity zones, or deep bedrock. An addition of borehole data to surface data is expected to improve inversion results. In this study, the coupling of so-called downhole and refraction tomography techniques using only one borehole is presented. To both qualitatively and quantitatively appraise the capability of the data, a global inversion scheme based on simulated annealing was investigated. Many synthetic and real test data sets with or without boreholes were inverted using the developed technique to obtain both inverted profiles and associated quantitative uncertainties. A comparison of tomograms utilizing the combined borehole and surface data against tomograms developed using just the surface data suggests that significant additional resolution of inverted profiles at depth are obtained with the addition of a borehole. The uncertainty estimates provide a quantitative assessment of the reliability of the interpreted profiles. It is also found that the quantitative uncertainties associated with the inverted profiles are significantly reduced when adding a borehole. In addition, the inversion results of the combined data provide credible information for the design of deep foundations, particularly useful in implementing the new load and resistance factor design methodology that can explicitly account for spatial variability in design parameters. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000587. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Radiography; Deep foundations; Simulation; Optimization; Boreholes; Site evaluation. Author keywords: Tomography; Deep foundations; Rock socket; Simulated annealing; Global optimization; Travel time.
Perceptual Scale-Space and Its Applications

When an image is viewed at varying resolutions, it is known to create discrete perceptual jumps or transitions amid the continuous intensity changes. In this paper, we study a perceptual scale-space theory which differs from the traditional image scale-space theory in two aspects. (i) In representation, the perceptual scale-space adopts a full generative model. From a Gaussian pyramid it computes a sketch pyramid where each layer is a primal sketch representation (Guo et al. in Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 106(1):5---19, 2007)--an attribute graph whose elements are image primitives for the image structures. Each primal sketch graph generates the image in the Gaussian pyramid, and the changes between the primal sketch graphs in adjacent layers are represented by a set of basic and composite graph operators to account for the perceptual transitions. (ii) In computation, the sketch pyramid and graph operators are inferred, as hidden variables, from the images through Bayesian inference by stochastic algorithm, in contrast to the deterministic transforms or feature extraction, such as computing zero-crossings, extremal points, and inflection points in the image scale-space. Studying the perceptual transitions under the Bayesian framework makes it convenient to use the statistical modeling and learning tools for (a) modeling the Gestalt properties of the sketch graph, such as continuity and parallelism etc; (b) learning the most frequent graph operators, i.e. perceptual transitions, in image scaling; and (c) learning the prior probabilities of the graph operators conditioning on their local neighboring sketch graph structures. In experiments, we learn the parameters and decision thresholds through human experiments, and we show that the sketch pyramid is a more parsimonious representation than a multi-resolution Gaussian/Wavelet pyramid. We also demonstrate an application on adaptive image display--showing a large image in a small screen (say PDA) through a selective tour of its image pyramid. In this application, the sketch pyramid provides a means for calculating information gain in zooming-in different areas of an image by counting a number of operators expanding the primal sketches, such that the maximum information is displayed in a given number of frames.
Predictions of a Film Coolant Jet in Crossflow With Different Turbulence Models

This study investigates the performance of several existing turbulence models for the prediction of film coolant jet in a crossflow. Two equation models employing k-e and k-ω closures, broadly categorized as high Reynolds number formulations, low Reynolds number formulations, DNS based formulation and non-linear formulations have been used to simulate the flow. In all, seven different turbulence models have been tested. Predictions with different models have been compared with experimental results of Ajersch et al. (1995) and with each other to critically evaluate model performance. The assessment of models has been done keeping in mind that all models have been formulated for wall bounded flows and may not be well suited for the jet-in-a-crossflow situation. Close agreement with experimental results was obtained at the jet exit and far downstream of the jet injection region, but all models typically overpredicted the magnitude of the velocities in the wake region behind the jet. The present study clearly underscores the deficiencies of the current models, and demonstrates the need for improvements.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
Mechanism of short-chain fatty acid uptake by apical membrane vesicles of rat distal colon

In this study, the presence of a bicarbonate gradient-dependent, carrier-mediated anion exchange process for butyrate (a representative short-chain fatty acid) uptake in apical membrane vesicles isolated from rat distal colon is described. An outward gradient of both butyrate- and bicarbonate-stimulated [14C]butyrate uptake and resulted in transient accumulation (an "overshoot" phenomenon). Butyrate gradient-stimulated [14C]butyrate uptake was not altered either by an imposed pH gradient or at different pH values. In contrast, bicarbonate gradient-stimulated [14C]butyrate uptake was stimulated severalfold by an additional imposition of an outward pH gradient (pHi = 7.5; pH0 = 6.0). This bicarbonate- and pH gradient-stimulated butyrate uptake was not inhibited by either voltage clamping, with equimolar intravesicular and extravesicular K+ and valinomycin, or 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), an anion-exchange inhibitor. Increasing butyrate concentrations saturated the bicarbonate- and pH gradient-stimulated butyrate uptake with a half-maximal concentration (Km) of 26.9 +/- 1.6 mmol/L. Butyrate uptake was substantially inhibited by 20 mmol/L propionate (45%) and acetate (60%) but was not inhibited by oxalate, inorganic anions (SO4(2-) and NO3-), and transport inhibitors (amiloride, acetazolamide, furosemide, and ouabain). It is concluded from these results that bicarbonate gradient-stimulated butyrate uptake in apical membrane vesicles of rat distal colon occurs via a carrier-mediated anion-exchange process that differs from other DIDS-sensitive anion exchanges [e.g., the Cl- -OH- (HCO3-) process].
The Performer’s Role

This chapter outlines my stance toward what a musical work is and toward the relationship between performance/interpretation and the work. After surveying and critiquing the music-ontological positions of various scholars, I argue that a musical work is comprised of (1) the score—that is, the tonal and rhythmic properties it denotes and the structural and emotive meanings those properties connote; and (2) performances, which both sonically realize those denoted properties and actualize the connoted meanings. Interpretation is integral to the work in pointing up otherwise concealed features of the score. To support this notion, I draw upon Adorno’s remarkable theory of musical “reproduction.” The final section considers the concrete ramifications of the above for interpretation. I conclude that to assume a position of partial autonomy with respect to the score—to explore, at least initially, a range of interpretive possibilities irrespective of what the score seems to mandate—leads to felicitous interpretive choices that probably would not arise from an overly deferential approach to the score.
Comparison of the Clinical Microscopy Laboratory with the Cytopathology Laboratory in the Detection of Malignant Cells in Body Fluids

The clinical microscopy (fluids) laboratory evaluates almost every body fluid that is obtained in the hospital. Because the fluids laboratory functions at all hours, it is often the first laboratory to receive a body-fluid. In addition to its primary purpose of quantitating categories of cells, the medical technologist in this laboratory has an opportunity to identify malignant cells. To our knowledge, no formal study has ever been undertaken to evaluate the performance of the fluids laboratory in detecting malignancy. The authors therefore retrospectively identified 928 body fluids (pleural, peritoneal, cerebrospinal, and miscellaneous) over a 2-year period that had undergone simultaneous cytologic examination in our cytopathology laboratory and body fluid analysis in our fluids laboratory
A Systematic Study of the Coccaceae in the Collection of the Museum of Natural History

Five years ago the Winslows published a book1 in which they proposed the adoption of the statistical method for the systematic classification of bacteria. They made a careful study of 500 strains of cocci which, together with the similar work on streptococci by Andrewes and Horder,2 covered the entire family of the Coccaceae. It appeared that by applying a number of morphological and biochemical tests, recording the results quantitatively, wherever possible, and plotting them, the cocci grouped themselves about a few well-defined type centers. The correlation between different characters indicated that there are two main series or subfamilies among the Coccaceae, one primarily of parasitic origin and the other commonly found in water and earth outside the body. Within these two subfamilies, subgroups appeared conveniently characterized by the chromogenesis of their growth on agar. The various physical and physiological properties of the organisms correlated so well with that of pigment production that genera could be broadly distinguished in accordance with this character; and a natural biological grouping was apparently obtained. Since the appearance of this book various workers have applied the same principle to other groups of bacteria. Winslow,3 Broadhurst,4 Stowell and Hilliard5 have attacked the difficult problem of discovering some order among the streptococci with promise of success. Howe6 has applied this method in a study of the colon group. Morse7 has recently published the results of a very successful application of the principles of biometry to the study of the
The ontogeny of neurosensory structures in larval Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Summary The ontogenic development of neurosensory structures in larval Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.) was examined using microscopy imaging techniques and analysis. Larval samples were preserved at developmental stages of 444, 486, 528, 570, 612, and 666 degree-days, respectively. Larvae were measured and photographed macroscopically. The fish were then embedded in paraffin for histological processing. 5 μm sequential sections of the anterior of the larvae were cut and stained using hematoxylin and eosin dyes. The resulting sections were examined using an Olympus BX60 compound microscope. The development of neurosensory structures such as neuromasts and sensory papillae were observed throughout all developmental stages of larvae and early development of the lateral line was observed at 666 degree-days. Neuromast frequency increased as larvae matured, suggesting that larvae were approaching their first feeding event towards the end of the sampling period. Possible implications of development on larval first feeding are discussed.
The 1986 Crested Butte earthquake swarm and its implications for seismogenesis in Colorado

In August and September 1986, an earthquake swarm of possibly several hundred earthquakes occurred near Crested Butte, Colorado. The epicentral area is located within the Ruby Range in a region of extensive middle Tertiary volcanic and intrusive activity. The recording of this sequence has provided the best data to date to evaluate the source characteristics of an earthquake sequence in Colorado and the associated tectonic stresses. At least 200 events were recorded at regional distances; 30 events were Richter magnitude ( ML ) 1.6 and greater, and 16 were reported felt. The largest event, ML 3.5, occurred on 3 September. In addition to the regional recordings, a portable seismographic network was deployed from 19 to 26 August. Based on these data, 78 events were relocated using a master event technique. The earthquakes define a 6-km-long, northwest-striking planar zone dipping steeply to the northeast, between the depths of 2 and 11 km. Focal mechanisms indicate predominantly normal faulting with a minor left-lateral component on an approximately northwest-striking, northeast-dipping plane. These observations are all consistent with possible slip on the Treasure Mountain fault, a late Tertiary structure within the Ruby Range. The northeast-oriented T axes exhibited by the Crested Butte focal mechanisms are consistent with the regional extensional stress direction characteristic of the southern Rocky Mountains as indicated by other earthquake focal mechanisms. Within this extensional stress regime, earthquakes in western Colorado appear to be the result of normal slip on reactivated preexisting faults that are favorably oriented to the contemporary stress field.
Study on the pretreatment of medical && chemical wastewater by secondary oxidation technology

The medical chemical wastewater is a high concentraction and intractale organic wastewater.The last effluent is directly influenced by the pretreatment.The secondary oxidation technology of O3-ClO2 was used to pretreat paranitrobenzoic acid wastewater.The results show that when the chemical oxygen demand(CODcr)was 10 960mg/L,CODcr removal rate is about 75%,the ratio of BOD5/CODcr is increased from 0.1 to 0.46.The process can improve biodegradability of the wastewater.
Untangling the Web: Juvenile Justice in Indian Country

The juvenile justice system in Indian country is broken. Native youth are vulnerable and traumatized. They become involved in the system at high rates, and they are more likely than other youth to be incarcerated and less likely to receive necessary health, mental-health, and education services. Congressional leaders and the Obama administration have made the needs of Indian country, especially improvement of tribal justice systems, an area of focus in recent years. The release of two major reports — one from a task force convened by the Attorney General to study violence and trauma among Native youth and the other from a bipartisan commission appointed to recommend improvements to criminal justice in Indian country — has further trained this focus on improving juvenile justice. Two recommendations appear again and again in every report and article: give tribes more control over their juvenile justice systems and reduce the reliance on secure detention. Yet, implementing these recommendations seems next to impossible.Taking as its starting point these two devastating reports, this Article provides a thorough description and diagnosis of the reasons that the Indian country juvenile justice system continues to fail Native youth, one that has been missing from the legal and policy literature. It provides a careful analysis of the law governing juvenile delinquency jurisdiction in Indian country. While it echoes others’ observations that the confusing jurisdictional web is part of the reason Native youth remain neglected and invisible in federal and state systems, and ill-served by tribal systems, this Article’s detailed analysis of the law reveals much greater potential for tribal control under current laws than others assume exists. More importantly, the Article moves beyond the familiar complaint about the jurisdictional web to examine the inner workings of each sovereign’s approach to Indian country justice, providing the fuller picture necessary to identify and implement both large-scale and small-scale solutions. As federal and tribal leaders debate legal and policy changes to the Indian country juvenile justice system, including potential amendments to the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act, the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, federal criminal laws, and Public Law 280, this Article’s timely investigation of barriers to improvement will elucidate a better path to healing, not harming, Native youth.