cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Were the 1980s' Anti-Nuclear Weapons Movements New Social Movements?

The cycle of social movement mobilization over the past generation moved theorists to make claims about the novelty of student, peace, ecology, and women's movements of the period. It has not been determined whether such characteristics apply to the anti-nuclear weapons movements of the 1980s. This article reviews the theoretical underpinning of “new social movements” and assesses the extent to which it accurately describes the action, identity, and organization of recent peace movements, with special attention to the West German antimissile movement. The author argues that anti-nuclear weapons efforts, in both Europe and the United States, evinced a distinctive blend of borrowed and innovative features but had more in common with their predecessors than previously recognized.
Enhanced Double Ionization with Circularly Polarized Light

Using 120-fs, 800-nm Ti:sapphire laser pulses, ionic yields of singly and doubly charged magnesium ions were measured as a function of intensity and laser field ellipticity. A clear ``nonsequential'' enhancement of the doubly charged ion is observed for circularly polarized light in addition to linearly polarized light. Over the entire intensity range the double-ionization yield is considerably higher for linear polarization than it is for circular polarization.
Pressure and Oxygen Content Measurements Distal to Temporary and Permanent Unilateral Occlusion of a Pulmonary Artery in Dogs

Both pressure and oxygen content of blood in the left pulmonary artery distal to an inflated balloon simulate that observed in the wedged cardiac catheter position. Clamping the ipsilateral pulmonary veins after inflation of the left pulmonary artery balloon, in this or in the reverse order, produces a rise in pressure distal to the balloon that exceeds the resting left pulmonary artery pressure. No corresponding increase in oxygen content of blood sampled distal to the inflated balloon, compared with that in the unoccluded pulmonary artery, could be demonstrated. This contrasts with the flow of arterialised blood that had been sampled after some months of permanent left pulmonary artery occlusion from the same position. The pressures both proximal and distal to the site of permanent occlusion are approximately the same.
Deformable mirror device spatial light modulators and their applicability to optical neural networks

All neural networks are characterized by a large number of interconnections between processor nodes. In general, the value of these interconnections (weights) must be modifiable. However, current semiconductor technology does not lend itself well to modifiable interconnection technology. A novel type of spatial light modulator, the deformable mirror device, is proposed as the breakthrough needed to solve the neural network interconnect problem.
Excluded from the Record: Women, Refugees and Relief 1914–1929

Katherine, Storr, Oxford, Peter Lang, 2010, xii +318 pp., ISBN 9783039118557, (£44.00) Two generations of historians have attempted to write women into the story of the First World War: as munition...
Spatial-frequency characteristics of letter identification

To investigate the spatial-frequency components that govern letter identification we compared contrast thresholds for three types of visual stimulus (1) standard Sloan letters, (2) Sloan letters that were spatially bandpass filtered by cosine log filters, and (3) D6 patterns (sixth spatial derivatives of Gaussians). Stimuli were presented on a gray-scale display screen of a Macintosh computer-based testing system at temporal frequencies primarily of 2 and 16 Hz. Contrast thresholds were measured in two subjects with normal visual acuity with use of forced-choice staircases. Contrast sensitivity functions for standard Sloan letters and D6 patterns were comparable at a temporal frequency of 16 Hz but differed systematically at a temporal frequency of 2 Hz. The measurement of contrast sensitivity for cosine log filtered letters presented at a temporal frequency of 2 Hz indicated that the object spatial frequency of maximum sensitivity shifted to lower frequencies as letter size decreased, whereas the retinal spatial frequency of maximum sensitivity remained relatively constant. When letters were spatially bandpass filtered at a peak object spatial frequency of 2.5 cycles/letter, then contrast sensitivity functions for letter identification were equivalent to those for D6 patterns at both temporal frequencies. These results suggest that spatially filtered letters may provide a more appropriate test of visual function than do standard letter optotypes.
A Multivariate Analysis of Clinical and Pathological Factors that Predict for Prostate Specific Antigen Failure after Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer

AbstractA Cox regression multivariate analysis was done to determine the clinical and pathological indicators that predict for prostate specific antigen (PSA) failure in 347 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer between 1989 and 1993. In the patient subgroups (PSA less than 20 ng./ml. and biopsy Gleason sum 5 to 7 or PSA more than 10 to 20 ng./ml. and biopsy Gleason sum 2 to 4) not classifiable into those at high and low risk for postoperative PSA failure using PSA and biopsy Gleason sum, the status of the seminal vesicles and prostatic capsule on endo-rectal coil magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed for this categorization. Specifically, 2-year actuarial PSA failure rates were 84 percent versus 23 percent in patients with and without seminal vesicle invasion, respectively, on MRI (p less than 0.0001) and 58 percent versus 21 percent in those with and without extracapsular extension, respectively (p = 0.0001). In patients with extracapsular extension but...
Microstructure-property relationships of in situ reacted TiC/AlCu metal matrix composites

A novel technique was utilized for the fabrication of in situ titanium carbide reinforced aluminum alloy metal matrix composites. The reacted, cast, extruded and heat-treated samples exhibited a homogeneous distribution of fine (0.1–3 μm) TiC platelets in a fine-grained recrystallized Al4.5wt.%Cu matrix. Elevated temperature tensile testing indicated that the composite retains its room temperature strengths up to 250 °C and compared favorably with composites fabricated by more complex and costly processes. When compared with Al4.5wt.%Cu alloy processed similarly but without the TiC reinforcement, the additions of TiC resulted in a yield strength and tensile strength increase of 130% and 65% respectively. Fractographic analysis indicated ductile failure, although the ductility and strength were limited by the presence of coarse titanium aluminides (Al3Ti).
Heterogeneity of CD5 Membrane Expression on B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells

The CD5 antigen has been used to characterize the typical B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cell. CD5 antigen while found on mature T cells is also frequently found on malignant clonal B cells in B-CLL. We have sequentially evaluated the presence of CD5 antigen on a group of B-CLL cells using flow cytometry. Purified peripheral blood B cells from B-CLL patients were studied for the presence of both CD19 and CD5. This approach insured that the presence of CD5 antigen was only assessed on CD19 positive B cells. Our data suggests that there is considerable heterogeneity for presentation of CD5 antigen in clonal B cells in this disease. We define 3 B cell groups based on the presentation of CD5; low CD5, intermediate CD5 and high CD5 antigen positive B cells. In addition sequential analysis over several months of study indicates that the CD5 antigen is consistently present on these clonal B cells. Low CD5 B cells appear to have an excess of kappa phenotype. In conclusion CD5 antigen may be considerably more heterogeneous on clonal CLL B cells than previously thought. This variable presentation of CD5 antigen on CLL B cell clones needs to be considered in the assessment and characterization of B-CLL.
Is an armed society a polite society? Guns and road rage.

Abstract Background While concerns about road rage have grown over the past decade, states have made it easier for motorists to carry firearms in their vehicles. Are motorists with guns in the car more or less likely to engage in hostile and aggressive behavior? Methods Data come from a 2004 national random digit dial survey of over 2400 licensed drivers. Respondents were asked whether, in the past year, they (1) made obscene or rude gestures at another motorist, (2) aggressively followed another vehicle too closely, and (3) were victims of such hostile behaviors. Results Seventeen percent admitted making obscene or rude gestures, and 9% had aggressively followed too closely. Forty-six percent reported victimization by each of these behaviors in the past year. Males, young adults, binge drinkers, those who do not believe most people can be trusted, those ever arrested for a non-traffic violation, and motorists who had been in a vehicle in which there was a gun were more likely to engage in such forms of road rage. Conclusion Similar to a survey of Arizona motorists, in our survey, riding with a firearm in the vehicle was a marker for aggressive and dangerous driver behavior.
Tristan II: Extension of the Tristan facility to the study of non-gaseous activities☆

Abstract The TRISTAN on-line isotope separator facility was modified in the summer of 1976 by installing an integrated target/ion source to provide non-gaseous fission product activities. The new capabilities of the facility are presented, along with plans for future studies.
Symbolic form, Burkean scapegoating, and rhetorical exigency in Alioto's response to the “Zebra” murders

This essay describes Kenneth Burke's theory of scapegoating as a major symbolic form of rhetorical action. Scapegoating is illustrated in Mayor Joseph Alioto's response to the 1974 Zebra murders in San Francisco. Drawing on the theoretical implications of symbolic form, the Mayor's rhetoric is used as proof of the social, symbolic character of rhetorical exigency.
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 (mda-7)/interleukin (IL)-24 induces anticancer immunity in a syngeneic murine model.

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7 (mda-7 )/interleukin (IL)-24 induces anticancer immunity in a syngeneic murine model
A global model of the internal magnetic field of the Moon based on Lunar Prospector magnetometer observations

A preliminary model of the internal magnetic field of the Moon is developed using a novel, correlative technique on the low-altitude Lunar Prospector magnetic field observations. Subsequent to the removal of a simple model of the external field, an internal dipole model is developed for each pole-to-pole half-orbit. This internal dipole model exploits Lunar Prospector's orbit geometry and incorporates radial and theta vector component data from immediately adjacent passes into the model. These adjacent passes are closely separated in space and time and are thus characteristic of a particular lunar regime (wake, solar wind, magnetotail, magnetosheath) or regimes. Each dipole model thus represents the correlative parts of three adjacent passes, and provides an analytic means of continuing the data to a constant surface of 30 km above the mean lunar radius. The altitude-normalized radial field from the wake and tail regimes is used to build a model in which 99.2% of the 360 by 360 bins covering the lunar surface are filled. This global model of the radial magnetic field is used to construct a degree 178 spherical harmonic model of the field via the Driscoll and Healy sampling theorem. Terms below about degree 150 are robust, and polar regions are considered to be the least reliable. The model resolves additional detail in the low magnetic field regions of the Imbrium and Orientale basins, and also in the four anomaly clusters antipodal to the large lunar basins. The model will be of use in understanding the sources of the internal field, and as a first step in modeling the interaction of the internal field with the solar wind.
Biosynthesis of linoleic acid in the American cockroach.

The biosynthesis of linoleic acid was investigated in the cockroach P. americana. In vivo experiments showed that 8% of the radiolabel from [9,10-3H]oleate that was recovered after a 6 hr incubation period co-chromatographed on TLC and radio-GLC with linoleate. Similarly, approximately 10% of the radiolabel from [1-14C]acetate that was incorporated into fatty acids co-chromatographed with linoleate. In vitro studies with isolated tissues showed that both cuticle and fat body tissue readily converted labeled oleate and acetate to linoleate, whereas gut tract tissue did not. These data show that the American cockroach is capable of synthesizing linoleate, and suggest that linoleate is not an essential fatty acid in this insect.
Conformational changes following Mn(II) binding to demetalized concanavalin A

Abstract A temperature-dependent conformational change occurs following the binding of only one Mn(II) to a concanavalin A monomer. This change is independent of Ca(II) near pH 7 and is characterized by an activation energy of 22.3 kcal mol −1 , a value similar to that attributed to a cis-trans peptide isomerization. Two conformations have been detected in magnetic resonance experiments on solvent water protons where spin lattice relaxation times are influenced by bound Mn(II). Both conformations possess saccharide binding activity and Ca(II) stoichiometrically enhances the rate of conversion to the final, more stable conformation.
Nature;Carbon Sinks and Rising Rice: Climate Change and Our Biosphere

In recognition of Earth Day 2010, this installment of Reports from Other Journals: Nature summarizes articles on the contribution of China’s vegetation to the global carbon sink, the effects of global warming on carbon sinks, and the promise of deepwater rice to expand cultivation of this important grain.
Heuristic Survivable Routing Algorithm for Multiple Failures in WDM Networks

In this paper, we study the problem of multiple failures in WDM networks and propose a new heuristic algorithm called shared multi-sub-backup-paths reprovisioning (SMR) to improve the survivable performance. Compared with previous algorithms, the survivable performance of SMR in multiple failures can be significantly improved.
Psychotherapy in Geriatric Long‐Term Care

Psychotherapy with older adult nursing home residents will likely be carried out with two groups of patients: the chronically mentally ill, and the medical rehabilitation patients. A typology of patients with mental illness is described: the mild cognitively impaired and behaviorally disturbed, the cognitively intact but interpersonally troubled, and the mentally ill patients who have lost their support systems. Unique inpatient methods of assessing and treating depression and alcohol abuse are explored for rehabilitation patients. For both groups there is a focus on functioning and behavioral outcomes.
Critical evaluation of perioperative complications in laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.

OBJECTIVES To analyze our experience with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) to detail postoperative adverse events and identify factors that may contribute to adverse surgical outcomes. Complications from LPN result from a variety of factors, both technical and inherent. METHODS Single-center review of 144 consecutive LPN (4 surgeons) performed between November 2002 and January 2008 was conducted. Identified complications were graded using standard reporting criteria. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis of variables and their association with complication event and blood loss was performed. RESULTS A total of 39 complications occurred in 29 (20%) cases. Of these, 20 (51%) were urologic and 19 (49%) were nonurologic. Individual adverse events by grade were as follows: grade I, 6 (15.4%); grade II, 19 (48.7%), grade III, 11 (28.2%), and grade IV, 3 (7.7%). No grade V complications occurred. The median tumor size and ischemia time were 2.7 cm and 35 minutes, respectively. Univariate analysis identified increased American Society of Anesthesiologists risk score (odds ratio 2.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28, 6.94) and ischemia time (odds ratio 1.31; 95% CI 1.00, 1.71) as associated with complication risk. On multivariate analysis, longer ischemia time was associated with increased estimated blood loss (95% CI 3, 57; P = .03). Hospital readmission and reintervention was required in 15 (10.4%) and 9 (6.2%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Complications from LPN occur in a meaningful proportion of procedures although the majority does not require reintervention and half are not urologic. Increasing ischemia time and American Society of Anesthesiologists score are associated with risk for unfavorable surgical outcomes.
Tunnel-construction methods and foraging path of a fossorial Herbivore, Geomys bursarius

Abstract.—The fossorial rodent Geomys bursarius excavates tunnels to find and gain access to belowground plant parts. This is a study of how the foraging path of this animal, as denoted by feeding-tunnel systems constructed within experimental gardens, reflects both adaptive behavior and constraints associated with the fossorial lifestyle. The principal method of tunnel construction involves the end-to-end linking of short, linear segments whose directionalities are bimodal, but symmetrically distributed about 0°. The sequence of construction of left- and right-directed segments is random, and segments tend to be equal in length. The resulting tunnel advances, zigzag-fashion, along a single heading. This linearity, and the tendency for branches to be orthogonal to the originating tunnel, are consistent with the search path predicted for a “harvesting animal” (Pyke, 1978) from optimal-foraging theory. A suite of physical and physiological constraints on the burrowing process, however, may be responsible for this geometric pattern. That is, by excavating in the most energy-efficient manner, G. bursarius automatically creates the basic components to an optimal-search path. The general search pattern was not influenced by habitat quality (plant density). Branch origins are located more often than expected at plants, demonstrating area-restricted search, a tactic commonly noted in aboveground foragers. The potential trade-offs between construction methods that minimize energy cost and those that minimize vulnerability to predators are discussed.
Studies on calcium and sodium in uterine smooth muscle excitation under current-clamp and voltage-clamp conditions.

The objective of these studies was to define the roles of calcium and sodium in uterine smooth muscle excitation. The double sucrose-gap technique was used for current-clamp and voltage-clamp experiments. It was shown that neither sodium nor calcium alone is capable of supporting excitation in estrogen-dominated uterine smooth muscle. Calcium dependence was explained in part by increased membrane "leakage" current in calcium-free solution and calcium control of the voltage dependence of the early transient conductance. High concentrations of TTX did not affect the magnitude of the peak transient current while La+++, Mn++, and Co++ greatly reduced or abolished it and decreased the steady-state current. From these and other data it was concluded that the regenerative mechanism in uterine smooth muscle has the functional characteristics of a single transient conductance channel whose activation requires the presence of both sodium and calcium. Insensitivity to TTX indicates that the molecular structure of the channel is unlike that in certain sodium-dependent systems, while the effects of La+++, Mn++, Co++, and Ca++ reveal a similar dependence of conductances on extracellular polyvalent cations.
Robust OFDM in fast fading channels

Techniques for reducing interchannel interference (ICI) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems under a fast fading channel are presented. Combined frequency domain equalization and bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) are investigated. Using the fact that ICI energy is concentrated in adjacent subchannels, the complexity of the frequency domain equalization can be significantly reduced without much performance degradation. New bit metrics for the BICM are derived to improve the performance when the frequency domain equalizer and BICM are used together. Computer simulation demonstrates the robustness of the suggested techniques even when the normalized Doppler frequency is higher than 0.1.
DNA sequence variation at the period locus within and among species of the Drosophila melanogaster complex.

A 1.9-kilobase region of the period locus was sequenced in six individuals of Drosophila melanogaster and from six individuals of each of three sibling species: Drosophila simulans, Drosophila sechellia and Drosophila mauritiana. Extensive genealogical analysis of 174 polymorphic sites reveals a complex history. It appears that D. simulans, as a large population still segregating very old lineages, gave rise to the island species D. mauritiana and D. sechellia. Rather than considering these speciation events as having produced “sister” taxa, it seems more appropriate to consider D. simulans a parent species to D. sechellia and D. mauritiana. The order, in time, of these two phylogenetic events remains unclear. D. mauritiana supports a large number of polymorphisms, many of which are shared with D. simulans, and so appears to have begun and persisted as a large population. In contrast, D. sechellia has very little variation and seems to have experienced a severe population bottleneck. Alternatively, the low variation in D. sechellia could be due to recent directional selection and genetic hitchhiking at or near the per locus.
Clinical Syndromes Are Not God's Gift to Cognitive Neuropsychology: A Reply to a Rebuttal to an Answer to a Response to the Case against Syndrome-Based Research

Abstract In this paper we consider several issues about single-patient versus syndromebased research in response to E. Zurif, D. Swinney, and J. A. Fodor's (1991, Brain and Cognition, 16, 198–210) criticism of A. Caramazza and W. Badecker (1989, Brain and Cognition, 10, 256–295). We argue that these authors have failed to provide convincing arguments in favor of syndrome-based research. In particular, we show that the specific example—a study by D. Swinney, E. Zurif, and J. Nicol (1989, Journal of Cognitive Neurosciences, 1, 25–37)—given by these authors as a demonstration of the usefulness of syndrome-based research to inform theories of normal language processing does not in fact serve this purpose.
Impact of Photoperiod on the Sexual Behavior of the Black Cutworm Moth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that changes in photoperiod alone are responsible for the delay in the onset of sexual maturity that has been previously observed in natural populations of the migratory black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), moth.We hypothesized that under short days, which occur at the onset of the spring and fall migrations, the first age at which males and females engage in sexual communication would be later than under long days typical of nonmigratory periods. Individuals were kept at 25°C from egg to adult under three photoregimes that they encounter in nature at different latitudes: 12:12 (L:D) h (late March and late September), 14:10 (L:D) h, and 16:8 (L:D) h. As predicted, the mean age at which females first called (i. e., released pheromone) was earlier under long-day than under short-day photoregimes, but this trend was not significant. The percentage of females that called over a 6-d-period was similar among photoregimes but it varied with age. There was no interaction be...
Transplanting a Different Gardening Style into England: Matteo Ripa and his Visit to London in 1724

In the second half of the 18th century, the naturalistically planted pleasure ground of England came to be known in France as le jardin anglo-chinois. What the French saw as the Oriental connection of the English landscaping revolution has been denied by English garden historians since Horace Walpole. By way of Matteo Ripa's 1724 visit to London, this paper takes a close look at the issues involved and tries to determine not only whether China was involved at all in the initial change of English gardening taste, but also how specific and crucial that involvement was.
Challenges and Prospects for the Large Scale Application of Superconductivity in High Energy Physics and Fusion Programs

The large scale use of superconductivity continues to be dominated by applications for which there is generally no conventional option. In these cases, superconductivity has enabled new science and technology that could not exist without it. Thanks to persistent ongoing research, new ancillary technology and the development of new materials, the field is far from exhausted. The fields of fusion energy and high energy physics (HEP) have particularly benefited from the application of superconductivity. High magnetic fields are absolutely necessary to achieve the required performance parameters. Even though superconductivity is an enabling technology for these fields, it comes with a number of challenges. The progress in development of applications is driven from one side by the available materials and on the other, by the evolution, or sometimes revolution, in ancillary technologies. Technology for use in both fusion and accelerator magnets begins with the same materials and inherent constraints, yet results in substantially different configurations and unique challenges due to the operational requirements for the respective applications. This paper presents a comparison of the technology developed by the fusion and high energy physics programs, both the similarities and the differences, and prospects for future development.
A Review of: “Hybrid Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application, G. Kickelbick (Ed.)”

The editor of this specific bound volume is of the opinion that research and development of novel hybrid materials and nanocomposites having extraordinary properties is one of the most expanding fi...
Overview of popular benchmark sets

One of the most difficult tasks CAD users face is the evaluation and comparison of different tools and algorithms. For commercial software purchasers, it is vital to understand how well a given tool does the required job and which of many possible choices is best for the kinds of problems a user will face. For the tool developer, whether in academia or industry, the efficiency of critical algorithms must be measured and compared to understand both tool behavior and progress over time. Over the years, there have been many attempts to create and use neutral benchmarks for tool evaluation and comparison. Typically, a benchmark set consists of a collection of circuits in a common format, which attempt to represent a range of problems for evaluating algorithms and tools within an important problem domain. In principle, if everyone uses the same test cases to evaluate similar tools, it should be straightforward to compare results-although this is rarely true in reality. Several benchmark sets are widely used. The paper summarises briefly some of the more important ones. In addition, advanced research is under way to develop synthetic benchmarks with carefully controlled properties, with the objective of studying scaling and perturbation effect.
Silicon micromachining for terahertz component development

Waveguide component technology at terahertz frequencies has come of age in recent years. Essential components such as ortho-mode transducers (OMT), quadrature hybrids, filters, and others for high performance system development were either impossible to build or too difficult to fabricate with traditional machining techniques. With micromachining of silicon wafers coated with sputtered gold it is now possible to fabricate and test these waveguide components. Using a highly optimized Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) process, we are now able to fabricate silicon micromachined waveguide structures working beyond 1 THz. In this paper, we describe in detail our approach of design, fabrication, and measurement of silicon micromachined waveguide components and report the results of a 1 THz canonical E-plane filter.
Adaptive Instruction: An Alternative Service Delivery Approach

This article provides a summary of the theoretical and research bases for the design and effects of programs using the adaptive instruction approach to maximize student learning. It also discusses the salient features, implementation requirements, and effects of using a particular program, the Adaptive Learning Environments Model (ALEM), as an alternative service delivery approach for serving students with special needs in regular classrooms. Research on the outcomes and feasibility of adaptive instruction programs such as the ALEM indicates that high degrees of program implementation can be achieved in a variety of school settings when supported by systematic staff development and organizational support. Furthermore, when general classroom teachers and specialized professionals work collaboratively to provide coordinated and inclusive instructional support in an integrated education system, all students can benefit.
Video management in peer-to-peer systems

Providing scalable video services in a peer-to-peer (P2P) environment is challenging. Since videos are typically large and require high communication bandwidth for delivery, many peers may be unwilling to cache them in whole to serve others. In this paper, the authors addressed two fundamental research problems in providing scalable P2P video services, namely (1) how a host can find enough video pieces, which may scatter among the whole system, to assemble a complete video, and (2) given a limited buffer size, what part of a video a host should cache. A new distributed video management technique was proposed. This scheme organizes hosts into a number of cells, each of which is a distinct set of hosts which together can supply a video in its entirety. A client looking for a video can stop its search as soon as it finds a host that caches any part of the video. Caching operations can be coordinated within each cell to balance data redundancy in the system. The extensive study on a Gnutella-like simulation network shows convincingly the performance advantage of the new scheme.
Outcomes after long-term follow-up of combat-related extremity injuries in a multidisciplinary limb salvage clinic.

Background Although the incidence of casualties from the Global War on Terror is decreasing, there remains a focus on the long-term sequelae from injuries sustained in the combat. Patients with prior significant limb injuries remain at risk of future complications. This study examines our institution's experience with a multidisciplinary team approach toward this challenging patient population. Methods A retrospective review was performed on all patients treated in a single institution Limb Preservation Clinic over a 2-year period. Those patients who sustained a combat-related injury in theater were examined. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, amputation rates, time to amputation, and reasons for failure were examined. Results Ninety-four patients were evaluated in our multidisciplinary Limb Preservation Clinic over a 2-year period. Twenty patients (21%) were seen for combat-related injuries. Sixteen patients were evaluated and treated for chronic complications at a median of 13 months from their injury. All 16 patients were male with a median age of 24 years (range, 20–35). Ten patients sustained injuries secondary to a dismounted improvised explosive device (IED). All 16 patients had extensive soft tissue injuries and associated fractures. Only 2 patients sustained a vascular injury. The median number of prior surgeries to the affected limb was 8 (range, 3–19). The limb salvage rate of 37% was lower than our noncombat cohort (47%). The most common reasons for delayed amputation included chronic pain, osteomyelitis, and soft tissue infections. Conclusions The high secondary amputation rates seen in this cohort underscores the need for long-term follow-up. Despite successful initial outcomes, many patients eventually progress to limb loss. Patients who sustain a dismounted IED are at greatest risk for a delayed amputation. Identifying and addressing those factors which lead to delayed amputation should be a priority for returning war veterans and focus of future studies.
Muscle Cholinergic Dilators in the Sinus Baroreceptor Response in Cats

Experiments were done to evaluate the effect of the cholinergic vasodilator system on the flow-pressure relation in the isolated, perfused gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the cat. Reflex changes in the muscle vascular resistance were produced by maintaining the isolated, perfused carotid sinus at different pressure levels. Flow-pressure curves were obtained from the isolated muscles at high, medium, and low carotid sinus pressures before and after administration of adrenergic or cholinergic blocking drugs or denervation, or both. Following cholinergic receptor blockade, flow-pressure relations at high sinus pressure showed a loss of a dilator component, hut curves at low and medium sinus pressures were the same as controls. Following adrenergic receptor blockade, flow-pressure curves at low and medium sinus pressures were superimposed; however high sinus pressure still produced a decrease in vascular resistance. The remaining vasodilation could be abated by either denervation or anticholinergic agents. The difference between the untreated and the cholinergically blocked flow-pressure responses represented 15-30% of the range of change in vascular resistance evoked by the sinus baroreceptor reflex. Thus, effective withdrawal of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone did not account for total vasodilation. The data indicate that the sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator system participated in the vascular responses of skeletal muscle during baroreceptor stimulation.
THE FAMOUS SAYINGS TEST: SEX DIFFERENCES AND SOME CORRELATIONS WITH OTHER VARIABLES '

31 men and 54 women responded to Bass' Famous Sayings test, the Social Interest Scale, and the Narcissism Personality Inventory. Women scored significantly higher on measures of Conventional Mores, Social Acquiescence, and Social Interest. Correlations of Bass' four scales were similar to those reported in earlier studies. Social interest correlated positively with Conventional Mores and negatively with Hostility for women, while Social Interest correlated negatively with Fear of Failure for men only.
Species of Megamelus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Associated with Pontederiaceae in South America

The genus Megamelus Fieber (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), frequently associated with aquatic plants, includes four species in South America. One of these species, Megamelus scutellaris Berg, was the only species previously recorded in Argentina. In recent explorations in wetlands of South America (northeastern Argentina, eastern Peru, and southeastern Brazil), five species on Pontederiaceae were studied: Megamelus electrae Muir, Megamelus iphigeniae Muir, M. scutellaris, Megamelus timehri Muir, and Megamelus bellicus Remes Lenicov & Sosa sp. nov. Male holotypes of M. electrae, M. iphigeniae, and M. timehri were redescribed; females of both winged forms and brachypterous males of M. electrae and M. iphigeniae, and the female allotype of M. timehri, were described for the first time. M. bellicus is new for science, and it is described based on the following pattern combination: front coloration, anal segment with asymmetrical spine-like processes, shape of pygofer and aedeagus processes in the male, length of the ovipositor, and shape of the valvifer VIII. A key to distinguish the five South American species, based on male and female genitalia and the external morphology, is presented. This work is an update of knowledge on this genus, incorporating new specific diagnostic characters such as the length of ovipositor, shape and position of valvifer VIII, shape and denticulation of the first and second valvulae, and coloration pattern. Further information on host plants, geographical distribution, and biological data are reported.
Meyerhof’s Aldolase — 35 Years Later

Meyerhof’s genius lay not only in his ability to integrate chemical and physiological observations into broad, often revolutionary, biological concepts, but also in his emphasis on the value of quantitative data and the development of methods for obtaining such data. His early interest in the problem of utilization of chemical energy for life processes led him to the discovery that the lactic acid which Hopkins [1] had shown to be formed during muscle contraction arose from the breakdown of muscle glycogen, and that the resynthesis of glycogen from lactic acid was an endergonic process which depended on energy derived from the complete combustion of a portion of this lactic acid. These concepts of the breakdown and resynthesis of glycogen from lactic acid led him to the search for an enzyme which would catalyze the formation of carbon-carbon bonds and specifically for a reaction in which three-carbon precursors could give rise to six-carbon sugars.
Coat Color Genetics of Peromyscus: IV. Variable White, a New Dominant Mutation in the Deer Mouse

The variable white mutation arose spontaneously in 1983 within a laboratory stock of wild-type deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). The original mutant animal was born to a wild-type pair that had previously produced several entirely wild-type litters. Other variable white animals were bred from the initial individual. Variable white deer mice exhibit extensive areas of white on the head, sides, and tail. Usually a portion of pigmented pelage occurs dorsally and on the shoulders, but the extent of white varies from nearly all white to patches of white on the muzzle, tip of tail, and sides. The pattern is irregular, but not entirely asymmetrical. Eyes are pigmented, but histologically reveal a decrease in thickness and pigmentation of the choroid layer. Many variable white animals do not respond to auditory stimuli, an effect that is particularly evident in animals in which the head is entirely white. Ataxic behavior is also prevalent. Pigment distribution, together with auditory and retinal deficiencies, suggests a neural crest cell migration defect. Breeding data are consistent with an autosomal semidominant, lethal mode of inheritance. The trait differs from two somewhat similar variants in Peromyscus: from dominant spot (S) in extent and pattern of pigmentation and from whiteside (ws), an autosomal recessive trait, in the mode of inheritance and viability. Evidence for possible homology with the Va (varitint-waddler) locus in house mouse (Mus) is presented. The symbol Vw is tentatively assigned for the variable white locus in Peromyscus.
Reduced bicarbonate secretion mediates increased distal tubule acidification induced by dietary acid

We examined the components of net HCO3 reabsorption (H+/HCO3 secretion) in in vivo perfused distal tubules of anesthetized rats to determine the mechanisms by which dietary acid increases acidifica...
Would a test ban strengthen SDI

Strategic defense advocates should realize, the author contends, that continued nuclear testing makes their job harder, not easier, since testing benefits the development of offensive weapons more than defensive ones.
American Politics and Political Science in an Era of Growing Racial Diversity and Economic Disparity

Political science should play a larger role in grappling with the political roots, meanings, and implications of the various levels and unique configurations of class inequality and racial diversity that have characterized the last several decades of U.S. history. I offer some observations about the discipline’s research, or lack thereof, and indicate suggestions about how we might think about and do more in these respects. I will come at these concerns by noting some developments that influenced the present in social and political terms and other events in political science; identifying intellectual guideposts that may help how we think about research issues of our day; considering why race and class are not studied (more); acknowledging how the questions have been studied, as well as noting some reservations about these; and providing several examples from the research in which I have been involved, both directly and indirectly, that suggest how we might or can study these questions.
Treatment of Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease--Reply.

espanol.Drs Civeira and Mateo-Gallego question the referral of a stable patient for CABG surgery. The patient we described had severe myocardial ischemia and more than 70% obstructive disease in all 3 coronary arteries—findings that provide a class I indication for CABG surgery to improve survival.1 Results from trials such as COURAGE and FAME 2 (Fractional Flow Reserve vs Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation 2) demonstrate that many patients with stable ischemic heart disease can be treated with optimal medical therapy alone but do not fully address how to manage the care of patients with severe ischemia. EnglishDrs Civeira and Mateo-Gallego point out the contradictory messages between our article and the article by Polonsky et al1 and state that “contradictory messages [on revascularization] may contribute to this important problem [of inappropriate coronary revascularization].” The concern stems from a case described by Polonsky et al of a 53-year-old man with intermediate pretest probability of coronary artery disease and mild angina who had excellent work capacity and low prognostic risk on an ETT but 1.5-mm downsloping ST-segment depressions in multiple leads that began during recovery. He was referred for coronary angiography, found to have multivessel disease, and underwent CABG surgery.
Development and implementation of a portable grating interferometer system as a standard tool for testing optics at the Advanced Photon Source beamline 1-BM

We developed a portable X-ray grating interferometer setup as a standard tool for testing optics at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) beamline 1-BM. The interferometer can be operated in phase-stepping, Moire, or single-grating harmonic imaging mode with 1-D or 2-D gratings. All of the interferometer motions are motorized; hence, it is much easier and quicker to switch between the different modes of operation. A novel aspect of this new instrument is its designed portability. While the setup is designed to be primarily used as a standard tool for testing optics at 1-BM, it could be potentially deployed at other APS beamlines for beam coherence and wavefront characterization or imaging. The design of the interferometer system is described in detail and coherence measurements obtained at the APS 34-ID-E beamline are presented. The coherence was probed in two directions using a 2-D checkerboard, a linear, and a circular grating at X-ray energies of 8 keV, 11 keV, and 18 keV.
Mindful School Leadership: Guidance from Eastern Philosophy on Organizing Schools for Student Success

Organizing schools for high reliability is receiving increased attention in educational leadership literature. The processes of reliability proposed for school improvement are largely focused on mindlessness, which raise questions both practical and theoretical. To address identified issues, this chapter examines mindfulness in Eastern philosophy, connects identified concepts and principles to the processes advanced in research on high reliability organizing, and explicates the affordances and limitations for leadership concerned with achieving success for all students. Recommendations and research on mindful school leadership are proposed that speak to professional responsibilities related to instructional leadership, social justice, and educator stress and coping.
Pitfalls in clinical staging of bladder tumors.

SUMMARY Errors in clinical staging of bladder carcinoma occur in about 50 per cent of patients. Sources of error include (1) a variable assortment of diagnostic studies performed, (2) inexactitudes inherent in the diagnostic measures employed, (3) insufficient corroboration by surgical and pathologic staging, (4) the lack of a satisfactory means for detecting micrometastases, and (5) a generalized confusion regarding the multiple classifications available for clinical staging. More precise clinical staging will be influential in treatment decision-making and in prognosis. Minimum requirements for clinical staging of the primary tumor currently include complete examination, excretory urography, cystoscopy, bimanual examination under anesthesia, and transurethral resection or biopsy. Polycystography, triple contrast cystography and arteriography may be helpful occasionally to document muscle invasion. Pedal lymphangiography and lymphography can in selected cases be helpful in detecting otherwise silent nodal involvement in spite of its inability to demonstrate many primary or regional lymph nodes. Familiarity with the above diagnostic options and the advantages and limitations of each is essential for each physician caring for a patient with bladder carcinoma. Conversion to TNM classification for bladder carcinoma that is similar to that of the UICC seems appropriate (1) because of its more rational approach to extent of involvement by primary tumor, lymph node and distant sites, and (2) in order for our western hemisphere urologists to communicate better with our colleagues from around the globe. Such a system is now under consideration by a subcommittee of the American Joint Committee on Staging and End Result Reporting.
Large-Scale Stochastic Mixed-Integer Programming Algorithms for Power Generation Scheduling

This chapter presents a stochastic unit commitment model for power systems and revisits parallel decomposition algorithms for these types of models. The model is a two-stage stochastic programming problem with first-stage binary variables and second-stage mixed-binary variables. The here-and-now decision is to find day-ahead schedules for slow thermal power generators. The wait-and-see decision consists of dispatching power and scheduling fast-start generators. We discuss advantages and limitations of different decomposition methods and provide an overview of available software packages. A large-scale numerical example is presented using a modified IEEE 118-bus system with uncertain wind power generation.
Poisonous Plants: Biomarkers for Diagnosis

Research on poisonous plants in the USA began over 100 years ago and resulted from livestock poisonings by locoweeds, larkspurs, lupines, hemlocks, death camas, selenium-accumulating forages, and other plants. Poisonings soon began to occur in livestock as the migration westward resulted in overgrazing and exposure of livestock to unfamiliar rangelands and toxic forbs. Research was initiated by the U.S. government in an attempt to mitigate losses and to further encourage settlement of the west. Much of this early research was based on identifying the offending plant and observational studies to describe the poisonings in livestock. Over the last 50 years, advances in technology and research have resulted in identification of thousands of phytochemicals, characterization of their biological effects, and development of management methods or treatments to mitigate poisoning. Identification of biomarkers to improve diagnosis of plant toxicoses has always been an important need for clinicians, diagnostic labs, and scientists. However, few biomarkers specific for plant toxicoses exist. At the USDA Poisonous Plant Research Lab, one area of research emphasis is development of biomarkers specific for poisonous plant diagnosis. This includes chemical detection of toxins in specific tissues, histopathological description, and biochemical changes associated with specific poisonous plant toxicoses. In this chapter, some of the most important poisonous plants and their toxins that affect livestock are reviewed, and the current status of biomarker development is discussed.
Gender and Pain

Purpose of Review Sex differences in pain have become a topic of significant interest over the past two decades. This brief review addresses the epidemiological literature on sex-related influences on pain, with an emphasis on the mechanisms that may account for the greater incidence of chronic pain in women.