cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binding of methylumbelliferyl mannoside to concanavalin A under high pressure.

Abstract The equilibrium binding of 4-methylumbelliferyl α- d -mannopyranoside to concanavalin A was measured by changes in fluorescence quenching observed at pressures ranging from 1 to 2000 bar (1974 atmospheres). From the pressure-induced changes in the apparent Ka, we calculated volume changes for the association reaction of −2.5 and −1.7 ± 1 ml/mol for concanavalin A in its dimeric and tetrameric forms, respectively. This carbohydrate-binding reaction is less pressure-sensitive than other protein-ligand interactions that have been studied under pressure. The volume change observed is comparable to that expected for a reaction involving hydrogen bond formation, in a non-polar environment.
FIT kids: time in target heart zone and cognitive performance.

Abstract Objective This present study examined time spent in the target heart zone (THZ) and its relationship to tasks requiring variable amounts of executive control function in prepubescent children participating in a 9-month randomized controlled physical activity program. Methods A sample of 59 participants performed the Stroop Color-Word Test and the Comprehensive Trail Making Test cognitive assessments. Heart rate data were collected during participation in the physical activity program using E600 heart rate monitors (Polar, Finland). Results There was a significant difference, F(1, 58)=7.44, p Conclusions These results suggest that heart rate, as a measure of physical activity intensity, should be closely monitored during research that is intended to make inferences about its effects on cognitive performance as participation in vigorous activities may have specific benefits over lower intensities among prepubescent children.
Rigid nylon foil-anchored polytetrafluoroetyhlene (Gore-Tex) sheet stenting for conjunctival fornix reconstruction.

Purpose To describe an operative technique that deepens foreshortened conjunctival fornices by providing a scaffold for epithelialization that opposes contractile forces during wound healing. Design Retrospective interventional case series. Participants Seventeen patients with anophthalmic sockets containing foreshortened conjunctival fornices. Methods Conjunctival fornices was reconstructed with stents of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) sheet draped over rigid, 0.8-mm thick-nylon strips that were anchored to the orbital rim. Preoperative and postoperative symptoms, prosthesis retention, fornix depth, and lagophthalmos were assessed. Main Outcome Measures Prosthesis retention, fornix depth, and lagophthalmos. Results All 17 patients had preoperative inability to retain their prosthesis. After postoperative follow-up of 47±43 months, retention was improved in all patients and was entirely satisfactory in 15 (88%) patients. After reconstruction, the repaired fornix was deep in 7 (41%) patients, adequate to retain a prosthesis in 9 (53%), and shallow in 1 (6%). Lagophthalmos improved in 15 (88%) patients and remained unchanged in 2 (12%). The superior fornix was reconstructed concurrently with the inferior fornix in 6 patients. In these patients, the superior fornix improved to deep (3 patients; 50%) or adequate (2; 33%). In 1 (17%) patient, it remained shallow. Conclusions Rigid, nylon foil-anchored e-PTFE stenting opposes postoperative contracture, improving prosthesis retention, and lagophthalmos. It does not require an additional surgical site for graft harvesting. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
Non-monotonic logic I

Abstract ‘Non-monotonic’ logical systems are logics in which the introduction of new axioms can invalidate old theorems. Such logics are very important in modeling the beliefs of active processes which, acting in the presence of incomplete information, must make and subsequently revise assumptions in light of new observations. We present the motivation and history of such logics. We develop model and proof theories, a proof procedure, and applications for one non-monotonic logic. In particular, we prove the completeness of the non-monotonic predicate calculus and the decidability of the non-monotonic sentential calculus. We also discuss characteristic properties of this logic and its relationship to stronger logics, logics of incomplete information, and truth maintenance systems.
Magnesium chloride supported high‐mileage catalysts for olefin polymerizations. XVIII. Effect of hydrogen and lewis bases

Hydrogen has been found earlier to increase the initial rate of polymerization by MgCl2/EB/PC/AlEt3/TiCl4-AlEt3/MPT, CW-catalyst (+Bi, +Be) (EB, ethyl benzoate; PC, p-cresol; MPT, methyl-p-toluate), but decays more rapidly as compared to polymerizations in the absence of H2. In this study the effect of H2 was studied when either the internal Lewis base, EB Bi, or the external Lewis base, MPT Be, or both are deleted from the CW-catalyst. H2 does not affect the stereospecificity of all the catalysts, but causes a slight increase of polymer yield, whereas the yield is virtually unchanged by H2 for the catalysts activated with Be. Unlike the catalyst (+Bi, +Be) where H2 increases active site concentrations [Ti*] about threefold, it affects [Ti*] negligibly when Be is absent. The rate constants of propagation is about the same with or without H2 for the CW-catalyst (+Bi, –Be) or (–Bi, –Be); the same statement can be said about the rate constant of chain transfer with AlEt3 or with H2. Hydrogen increases the rate of catalyst site deactivation for the various catalysts in the order of(+Bi, +Be) > (–Bi, –Be) > (+Bi, –Be).
Pulmonary Immunotoxicity of Inhaled Ammonium Metavanadate in Fisher 344 Rats

Abstract Male Fisher 344 rats were exposed to 2 mg vanadium(V)/m3(as ammonium metavanadate NH4VO3, 0.32 μm MMD) atmospheres for 8 hr/day for 4 days in a nose-only exposure system. In exposed rats, lung V burdens increased in a time-dependent fashion. Analysis of lung cells and lavage fluid 24 hr after the final exposure suggested that tissue damage and a strong inflammatory response was elicited; numbers of neutrophil and small macrophages (Mo), as well as levels of lavageable protein and lactate dehydrogenase, were significantly elevated as compared with levels observed with air-exposed rats. Vanadium also affected pulmonary alveolar Mo (PAM) capacities to produce and respond to immunoregulating cytokines. Inducible PAM production of tumor necrosis factor-α was significantly inhibited, as was the ability to increase cell surface Class II/I-A molecule expression in response to interferon-γ (IFNγ). PAM from V-exposed hosts were also inhibited in their ability to be primed by IFNγ to produce superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in response to stimulation with opsonized zymosan. These studies indicate that short-term repeated exposure of rats to atmospheric V, at levels encountered in an occupational setting, can alter host pulmonary immunomocompetence, with one major effect occurring at the level of cytokine-related functions. These alterations may be underlying mechanisms for the well-documented increases in bronchopulmonary infections and cancers in workers chronically exposed to V-containing atmospheres.
A GUIDE FOR GERMAN CLUBS

stimuli." Insofar at least as the ready use of a foreign language is concerned, the teacher must agree with this tenet of Behaviorism. For, to learn a living language, it is not enough for the student to know its rules, to be able to read it freely, and even to speak it a bit in the classroom. The association of a word with a thought can become involuntary only when the sounds have been incorporated into the very muscles of the speech-organs. For this purpose, language clubs have proved valuable adjuncts to classroom work, affording as they do considerable practice in conversational games, parliamentary drill, dramatics, and groupsinging in the foreign tongue. In addition they provide an opportunity for sociability not possible in ordinary class routine. But, in order to be really efficient, such clubs must have well-defined guiding principles and faculty supervision. Immature students too easily lose sight of the fact that in every phase of the language club's program the foreign tongue must be in the foreground. Even with the best of motives, students lack the experience and knowledge of a foreign language requisite for accomplishing the serious mission of the club. It is the teacher's duty, by wise and tactful guidance, to assist in producing meetings that will properly emphasize the new language, and at the same time satisfy the social instincts in the average American student. The offices themselves may be held by students, but the recommendations for membership should be strictly under faculty control. On every important committee there should be at least one faculty member. The division of labor and responsibility should be divided among several standing committees, e.g. membership, program, dramatic, musical, and refreshment, consisting of-let us say-five members each. The following type of program proved highly satisfactory in doing justice simultaneously to the linguistic, literary, and social
Design of a dual CCD configuration to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.

The noise of a digital charge coupled device(CCD)detector increases with the readout speed, causing problems in a number of important applications, such as x-rayfluoroscopy and micro-CT. In this paper, we present an approach for the design of a dual-CCD configuration to improve the average signal-to-noise ratio, and hence provide an inexpensive solution within the constraint of the current technology.
The value of L(12, χ) for Abelian L-functions of complex quadratic fields

Abstract It is shown that the values of Abelian L -functions of complex quadratic fields at s = 1 2 can be expressed as finite sums of values of a non-holomorphic modular form at certain special points in the Poincare upper half-plane. It is also shown that these values are related to a Petersson inner product. From this relation a criterion is derived for the vanishing at s = 1 2 of the Dedekind zeta function for the non-cyclic cubic extensions of the rational field.
Realistic single-neuron modeling

Abstract Realistic single-neuron modeling organizes and clarifies physiological hypotheses. It extends the experimenter's intuition and leads to testable predictions. A powerful new algorithm, several user-friendly software packages and the advent of fast, cheap computers have together made this tool accessible to a broad range of neurobiologists. Equally dramatic advances in experimental findings have increased the level of sophistication of the models. Here we provide a guide to single-neuron modeling, illustrate its power with a few examples and speculate on possible future directions for this rapidly growing field.
Primary and secondary lymphoedema in male patients with oedema in lower limbs

Objective: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate patients with clinically diagnosed lymphoedema of the lower extremities. The proportions of primary and secondary lymphoedema, the possible aetiologic factors and the concomitance of chronic venous diseases and lymphoedema were focused on.Method: The male patients who attended our outpatient clinic during 2000 and 2004 were evaluated. In all, 160 male patients with 5 cm circumference difference at calf level between two lower extremities or with clinically diagnosed bilateral leg oedema were enrolled. All patients underwent duplex venous ultrasonography and lymphoscintigraphy. Venography was performed in 12 patients with normal lymphoscintigraphy and ultrasonography.Results: The age distribution was between 20 and 54 years (mean ± SD; 22.9 ± 4.3). Among 160 patients, 70.0% had lymphoedema, while 7.5% had chronic venous insufficiency, 3.75% chronic deep venous thrombosis, 7.5% concomitant venous disease and lymphatic obstruction, and 7.5% idi...
Management of digoxin therapy using pharmacokinetics in a patient undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration.

Purpose The management of digoxin therapy using pharmacokinetics in a patient undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) is reported. Summary A 46-year-old African-American woman with New York Heart Association class IV, American College of Cardiology– American Heart Association stage D heart failure arrived from an outside facility with complaints of dyspnea after minimal exertion, orthopnea, and lower-extremity edema. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed an estimated left ventricular ejection fraction of 15%. The patient subsequently required left ventricular assist device placement on hospital day 5 as a potential bridge to transplantation. A total digoxin loading dose of 500 μg i.v. (8.2 μg/kg) was given in two divided doses six hours apart. The next morning, the serum digoxin concentration was 1.9 ng/mL, and the patient was started on a maintenance digoxin dosage of 125 μg i.v. daily. On postoperative day (POD) 20, the patient developed acute kidney injury, and CVVH was initiated. The sieving coefficient (Sc), transmembrane clearance (CLtm), digoxin concentration in ultrafiltration fluid ( C uf), and need for supplemental digoxin were determined to account for CVVH- associated digoxin loss. After 14 days of CVVH, the patient’s clinical condition improved, and CVVH was transitioned to intermittent hemodialysis. On POD 66, the patient was discharged to an extended-care facility without adverse reactions related to digoxin therapy. Conclusion Analysis of serum digoxin concentration and digoxin C uf values suggested that digoxin was cleared by CVVH, allowed calculation of Sc and CLtm values, and facilitated determination of digoxin requirements in a critically ill patient requiring CVVH.
A coat of many complements

A novel mechanism used by pathogenic mycobacteria to enter macrophages (in low complement environments) may provide a new therapeutic target for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Distribution of neostigmine and its metabolites in rat tissues after acute and chronic administration

Abstract The rate and pattern of neostigmine metabolism in different tissues of rat were studied after acute and chronic subcutaneous administration of the 14 C-labelled drug. Radioactivity in plasma, liver, kidney and muscle was determined and the analysis of different metabolites and neostigmine was carried out by paper chromatography. The t 1 2 of parent drug and its metabolites is on the average 10 min in plasma, 33 min in liver, and 1.5 hr in muscle. Neostigmine is metabolised in the liver at a rate of 2.24 × 10 −2 μ mol/min/g (wet weight) and 3-hydroxyphenyltri-methylammonium (3-HPTMA) is metabolized at a rate of 2.89 × 10 −2 μ mol/min/g. Metabolic degradation of neostigmine proceeds in muscle at a rate of 2.1 × 10 −2 μ mol/g. During chronic administration, the concentration of neostigmine and its metabolites rose in liver between day one to eight from 0.63 to 5.89 μmolg of tissue and in muscle from 0.085 to 0.39 μmol/g of tissue. Liver contained the highest concentration of glucuronide of 3-HPTMA (G-3-HPTMA) followed by neostigmine and 3-HPTMA. G-3-HPTMA concentration was 0.321 μmol on day 1 and increased to 2.89 μmol/g liver on day 8. The neostigmine concentration increased from 0.14 to 1.62 μmol/g of liver during the same period. Similar increases in the concentration of neostigmine and its metabolites were also obseved in muscle under the same conditions. 3-Hydroxyphenyldimethyl amine (3-HPDMA) and an unknown metabolite also consistently increased in liver and muscle.
Outcomes of a prenatal cytogenetic screening program in an urban state university medical center

Prenatal screening has been adopted universally to prevent or at least reduce the number of children born with severe congenital anomalies by identifying women at an increased risk over the general population. Specifically, prenatal screening for chromosomal disorders includes maternal serum markers (MSM), maternal age and history (MA) and ultrasonography (US). Upon identification of increased risk, women are offered counseling and given the option of having an invasive diagnostic procedure. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the number of invasive diagnostic procedures performed after non-directive genetic counseling for a positive MSM, MA or US. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 2525 pregnant women in 1995, 1996, 1997 and Jan 1 to Oct 31 1999. 53.4 % of patients were Hispanic, 30.4% African American, 12.1% Caucasian and 3.9% of other ethnic backgrounds. 1866 patients (74%) were on Medicaid or uninsured while 659 patients (26%) had their own insurance. RESULTS: Of these 2525 women, 1695 (67%) were referred due to positive prenatal screening. The remaining 830 patients were referred for other indications: teratogenic exposure, family history, previous pregnancy loss, consanguinity, etc. The table shows the number of patients referred for MSM (37%), MA (51%) and US (12%) as well as the percentage accepting further invasive prenatal testing (%TEST). CONCLUSIONS: Although the success of counseling is based solely on whether patients are effectively informed of their diagnostic and therapeutic options, our screening outcomes strongly suggest that community and institutional factors are responsible for the relatively low participation in prenatal diagnostic testing. Primary care providers should offer information on the objectives of prenatal screening, as well as the nature of the invasive procedures for diagnosis and the potential consequences of having a child with special needs. Providing accurate information prior to prenatal screening and referral could potentially decrease the number of referrals of patients who are truly uninterested in the objectives of prenatal screening and diagnosis.
Electron Microscopy of Fossil Bacteria Two Billion Years Old

Occurrence of well-preserved rod-shaped and coccoid bacteria in the Precambrian Gunflint chert (1.9 x 109 years old) has been demonstrated by electron microscopy. This appears to be the oldest definite occurrence of bacteria in the fossil record. The organisms are morphologically comparable with certain modern iron bacteria.
The STEDMAN Project: Biophysical, Biochemical and Metabolic Effects of a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention during Weight Loss, Maintenance, and Regain

Abstract The Study of the Effects of Diet on Metabolism and Nutrition (STEDMAN) Project uses comprehensive metabolic profiling to probe biochemical mechanisms of weight loss in humans. Measurements at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks, 6 and 12 months included diet, body composition, metabolic rate, hormones, and 80 intermediary metabolites measured by mass spectrometry. In 27 obese adults in a behavioral weight loss intervention, median weight decreased 13.9 lb over the first 6 months, then reverted towards baseline by 12 months. Insulin resistance (HOMA) was partially ameliorated in the first 6 months and showed sustained improvement at 12 months despite weight regain. Ghrelin increased with weight loss and reverted to baseline, whereas leptin and PYY fell at 6 months and remained persistently low. NPY levels did not change. Factors possibly contributing to sustained improvement in insulin sensitivity despite weight regain include adiponectin (increased by 12 months), IGF-1 (increased during weight loss and conti...
More than Freedom: Fighting for Black Citizenship in a White Republic, 1829–1889

Nearly 70 years after the close of the Civil War, Langston Hughes challenged the nation to reckon with its unrealized ideals. ‘O, let America be America again – The land that never has been yet – A...
Ion exchange separation of chromium from natural water matrix for stable isotope mass spectrometric analysis

Abstract A method has been developed for separating the Cr dissolved in natural water from matrix elements and determination of its stable isotope ratios using solid-source thermal-ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). The separation method takes advantage of the existence of the oxidized form of Cr as an oxyanion to separate it from interfering cations using anion-exchange chromatography, and of the reduced form of Cr as a positively charged ion to separate it from interfering anions such as sulfate. Subsequent processing of the separated sample eliminates residual organic material for application to a solid source filament. Ratios for 53 Cr/ 52 Cr for National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 979 can be measured using the silica gel-boric acid technique with a filament-to-filament standard deviation in the mean 53 Cr/ 52 Cr ratio for 50 replicates of 0.00005 or less.
Melatonin potentiates running wheel-induced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult C3H/HeN mice hippocampus.

This study assessed the role of melatonin in modulating running wheel(RW)-induced hippocampal neurogenesis in adult C3H/HeN mice. Chronic melatonin (0.02 mg/mL, oral for 12 days) treatment did not affect cell proliferation or cell survival determined by the number of BrdU-positive cells in dentate gyrus of mice with access to fixed wheel (FW). RW activity significantly increased cell proliferation [RW (n = 8) versus FW (n = 6): dorsal, 199 ± 18 versus 125 ± 12, P < 0.01; ventral, 211 ± 15 versus 123 ± 13, P < 0.01] and newborn cell survival [RW (n = 7) versus FW (n = 8): dorsal, 45 ± 8.5 versus 15 ± 1.8, P < 0.01; ventral, 48 ± 8.1 versus 15 ± 1.4)] in the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus. Oral melatonin treatment further potentiated RW activity-induced cell survival in both areas of the dentate gyrus [melatonin (n = 10) versus vehicle (n = 7): dorsal, 63 ± 5.4 versus 45 ± 8.5 P < 0.05; ventral, 75 ± 7.9 versus 48 ± 8.1, P < 0.01] and neurogenesis [melatonin (n = 8) versus vehicle (n = 8): dorsal, 46 ± 3.4, versus 34 ± 4.5, P < 0.05; ventral, 41 ± 3.4 versus 25 ± 2.4, P < 0.01]. We conclude that melatonin potentiates RW-induced hippocampal neurogenesis by enhancing neuronal survival suggesting that the combination of physical exercise and melatonin may be an effective treatment for diseases affecting the hippocampus neurogenesis.
Long-term Clinical Results After Stent Implantation in Old Obstructed Saphenous Vein Grafts

Study objective To assess the long-term clinicaloutcome of treating patients with coronary artery disease and obstructed saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) with stents deployed byoversized balloon catheters. Design The studyincluded 89 of 92 consecutive patients who had 121 SVG stent implants(average, 1.4 stents per patient). We aimed at achieving a negativestenosis using oversized balloons to achieve a catheter to artery ratioof 1.1 : 1, and a 100% follow-up at 24 ± 14 months (range, 0 to54 months) was achieved. Patients As 3 of 92 patientsdied during hospital admission, the study follow-up populationconsisted of 89 of 92 patients (mean age, 67 ± 10 years). The age ofthe SVGs was 10 ± 4 years. Results We implanted118 Palmaz-Schatz and 3 Gianturco-Roubin stents. Procedural success wasachieved in 87 of 92 patients (94.5%; Conclusions Despite highprocedural success and excellent angiographic results with oversizedballoon catheters, the long-term clinical outcome of SVG stentimplantation is suboptimal.
Far-infrared absorption of silver-particle composites.

The far-infrared absorption of oxide-coated small Ag particles in a Teflon insulating host has been measured. Excellent agreement between the experimental absorption and the Maxwell-Garnett theory is obtained when the particle size distribution and oxide coating are taken into account. We show for the first time experimental evidence that a highly absorbing oxide coating will enhance the electric-dipole absorption. Moreover, we explicitly show that the anomalous absorption of oxide-coated Ag particles is mainly due to clustering.
Context-specific adaptation of vertical vergence to correlates of eye position

Vertical phoria (vertical vergence in the absence of binocular feedback) can be trained to vary with non-visual cues such as vertical conjugate eye position, horizontal conjugate eye position and horizontal vergence. These prior studies demonstrated a low-level association or coupling between vertical vergence and several oculomotor cues. As a test of the potential independence of multiple eye-position cues for vertical vergence, context-specific adaptation experiments were conducted in three orthogonal adapting planes (midsagittal, frontoparallel, and transverse). Four vertical disparities in each of these planes were associated with various combinations of two specific components of eye position. Vertical disparities in the midsagittal plane were associated with horizontal vergence and vertical conjugate eye position; vertical disparities in the frontoparallel plane were associated with horizontal and vertical conjugate eye position; and vertical disparities in the transverse plane were associated with horizontal vergence and horizontal conjugate eye position. The results demonstrate that vertical vergence can be adapted to respond to specific combinations of two different sources of eye-position information. The results are modeled with an association matrix whose inputs are two classes of eye position and whose weighted output is vertical vergence.
A short route to avenaciolide & isoavenaciolide via radical cyclization

Abstract The bicyclic ether/lactone 5 was prepared from 7 in 6 steps including radical cyclization and a Pummerer rearrangement. After 5 was converted to 12 and 13 under Keck's conditions, divergent formal total syntheses of avenaciolide and isoavenaciolide were accomplished in four additional steps.
Inhibition of collagen lattice contraction by pentoxifylline and interferon-alpha, -beta, and -gamma

Abstract The ability to control wound contraction is important in preventing disfiguring scarring in burn and trauma patients. Fibroblasts within the wound generate the mechanical forces that cause this contraction, and their interactions with various extracellular matrix components are thought to regulate this process. Because pentoxifylline and the interferons are believed to moderate fibroblast production of such matrix components, we assessed the effects of these agents on wound contraction in vitro , using a model wherein dermal fibroblasts are incorporated into a collagen lattice. Pentoxifylline and interferon-α, -β, and -γ inhibited lattice contraction in a dose-dependent manner and showed no effect on cell number or cell viability. These results suggest that pentoxifylline and the interferons may retard wound contraction in vivo and thus reduce scarring associated with severely contracted wounds. Further study is needed to determine the mechanism of action of these agents on the collagen lattice model.
When Fewer Is More: Small Groups in Early Childhood Classrooms.

Small group instruction is important yet it is one of the most underused strategies in early childhood classrooms. This paper presents guidelines based on research-based best practices for using small groups in early childhood. In addition, the benefits of small group instruction for both children and teachers are described. Specific suggestions for managing small groups in classrooms are presented.
A survey of cohabitation on two college campuses.

Cohabitation emerged in the late 1960s because of relaxed housing rules, the availability of the “pill,” a philosophy held by a plurality of students regarding the desirability of sex accompanying affection, and, perhaps, a need on the part of some students for a primary relationship. Some empirical data on the climate in which cohabitation emerged on two colleges are presented. A limited portrait of some of the characteristics of students who would cohabit or had cohabitated and the conditions under which they would consider entering into this arrangement is also provided. Data from this study revealed that a plurality of students on both campuses felt that cohabitation was acceptable when it was part of a relationship involving either planned marriage or affection. In addition, willingness to cohabit as well as cohabitation was more common among (1) males than females, (2) Jewish than Catholic and Protestant students, and (3) low church attendance students than high church attendance students. Between 10% and 15% of the students on the campuses were cohabiting.
Advocates and truth-seeking in the old bailey courtroom

During debates in the House of Commons in the 1820s over one of the early prisoners' counsel bills, James Mackintosh identified professional conservatism as a powerful force working against impleme...
Psychology and somatology: a critical psychology in the medical setting.

Abstract A non-technical approach to psychology in the medical setting, and distinct from the medical assumptions of psychiatry, is proposed. This view which emphasizes a concern for the social “reciprocity” of human existence is developed in contradistinction to more biological or mechanistic theories. The application of the “critical” psychology to the study of “medical interactions” is explained. A method of psychological consultation following from this perspective is also described.
The Montreal Olympics: an insider's view of organizing a self-financing games

The Montreal Olympics: an insider's view of organizing a self-financing games, by Paul Charles Howell, Montreal, Quebec & Kingston, Ontario, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009, x + 207 pp., US$4...
A synthetic auxin (NAA) suppresses secondary wall cellulose synthesis and enhances elongation in cultured cotton fiber

Use of a synthetic auxin (naphthalene-1-acetic acid, NAA) to start (Gossypium hirsutum) ovule/fiber cultures hindered fiber secondary wall cellulose synthesis compared with natural auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA). In contrast, NAA promoted fiber elongation and ovule weight gain, which resulted in larger ovule/fiber units. To reach these conclusions, fiber and ovule growth parameters were measured and cell wall characteristics were examined microscopically. The differences in fiber from NAA and IAA culture were underpinned by changes in the expression patterns of marker genes for three fiber developmental stages (elongation, the transition stage, and secondary wall deposition), and these gene expression patterns were also analyzed quantitatively in plant-grown fiber. The results demonstrate that secondary wall cellulose synthesis: (1) is under strong transcriptional control that is influenced by auxin; and (2) must be specifically characterized in the cotton ovule/fiber culture system given the many protocol variables employed in different laboratories.
Association of Esterases With Insecticide Resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

ABSTRACT The southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, is a competent vector of human disease and an important target of mosquito abatement programs. However, these management programs have been compromised by development of insecticide resistance. In the current study, susceptibilities to naled and resmethrin, two adulticides used in mosquito abatement, were monitored using a topical and contact bioassay, respectively, in five field- collected populations of C. quinquefasciatus (MARC, HOOD1, HOOD2, MINLOVE, and THIB). Frequencies of resistance, measured as survival after treatment with discriminating concentrations (i.e., sufficient to kill>90% of a reference susceptible strain) were high (88.0–96.8%) in all field collections treated with naled, but were variable (3.3–94.2%) with resmethrin. In addition, esterase activities in mosquitoes from these collections were quantified using α-naphthyl acetate and ranged from 1.08 to 3.39 µmol α-naphthol produced min-1 mg prot-1. Heightened activities w...
Urban Code or Urban Legend: Endorsement of the Street Code Among Delinquent Youth in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Georgia

Elijah Anderson's subcultural explanation for the adoption of the "code of the street" has directed scholarly attention toward specific cultural norms and scripts that encourage or sanction violence in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods. We provide an explicit test of the general assumption that the code of the street is predominantly endorsed by youth residing in urban communities. Using data on 2,183 juvenile offenders committed to the State of Georgia's Department of Juvenile Justice between July 2002 and December 2003, we examine youths' strength of endorsement of code-specific attitudes. Importantly, these delinquent youth formerly resided in Georgia zip codes of varying degrees of urbanism, from highly urbanized to isolated rural areas. The findings suggest a considerable generalizability in strength of endorsement of the street code among delinquent youth residing in very distinctive types of territorial units. These analyses illustrate that the contemporary preoccupation among criminologists with an urban-based theory of the code may be misguided; the street code has broader reach than the inner city and is, in general, neither race-specific nor more strongly endorsed among delinquent youth in highly urbanized areas. Language: en
Evaluation of the Dietary Zinc Requirement of Penaeus vannamei and Effects of Phytic Acid on Zinc and Phosphorus Bioavailability

Experiments were conducted to determine the dietary zinc requirement of Penaeus vannomri and evaluate the effects of phytate on zinc bioavailability. Prior to initiation of the growth trial, 20-day-old P. vonnamei postlarvae (mean weight 0.0032 g) were fed a casein-gelatin based semi-purified diet lacking zinc supplementation but containing 18 mg Zn/kg diet for one week. Subsequently, juveniles (mean weight 0.058 g) were fed one of seven diets containing either supplemental zinc (0, 15, 30, 60 mg/kg diet) without phytate or supplemental zinc (0, 60, 200 mg/kg diet) with 1.5% phytate for 33 days. Weight gain was greatest in shrimp fed 15 mg supplemental Zn/kg diet. In the absence of dietary phytate, zinc concentrations in the hepatopancreas of shrimp were maximized when zinc was supplemented at levels greater than or equal to 15 mg Zn/kg diet (33 mg total Zn/ kg). Supplementation of 1.5% phytate to the diet did not have a significant effect on growth or zinc concentrations in the carapace; however, it did depress zinc levels in the hepatopancreas. Supplementation of 200 mg Zn/kg diet was required to overcome the depressed bioavailability of zinc caused by the presence of dietary phytate and return zinc levels of the hepatopancreas to that observed when phytate was not present. Based on apparent digestibility values phytate phosphorus was unavailable to the shrimp and the presence of phytate depressed the bioavailability of phosphorus and zinc.
Hispanic Bachelor's Degree Recipients in Connecticut: Effect of Major Field of Study on Expected Starting Salaries.

Hispanics’ earnings remain below those of Whites, even after controlling for educational attainment. This article explores the effect of college major on estimated starting salaries of White and Hispanic bachelor’s-degree recipients from Connecticut colleges and universities. Results indicate that while the earnings gap between Hispanic and White workers will decrease as bachelor’s-degree attainment of Hispanics increases, differences in the distributions of students across college majors will mitigate that decrease.
Solution of a factorizable S-matrix and an asymmetric eight-vertex model

We present here a solution to an asymmetric eight-vertex model using the recent correspondence between vertex models and factorizableS matrices.
Does ADHD in adults affect the relative accuracy of metamemory judgments

Objective: Prior research suggests that individuals with ADHD overestimate their performance across domains despite performing more poorly in these domains. The authors introduce measures of accuracy from the larger realm of judgment and decision making—namely, relative accuracy and calibration—to the study of self-evaluative judgment accuracy in adults with ADHD.Method: Twenty-eight adults with ADHD and 28 matched controls participate in a computer-administered paired-associate learning task and predict their future recall using immediate and delayed judgments of learning (JOLs). Retrospective confidence judgments are also collected.Results: Groups perform equally in terms of judgment magnitude and absolute judgment accuracy as measured by discrepancy scores and calibration curves. Both groups benefit equally from making their JOL at a delay, and the group with ADHD show higher relative accuracy for delayed judgments.Conclusion: Results suggest that under certain circumstances, adults with ADHD can make ...
Geothermal energy in China

The potential for power generation from geothermal energy in China is vast but as yet largely untapped.
Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous origin of modern avian lineages

Background: Determining an absolute timescale for avian evolutionary history has proven contentious. The two sources of information available, paleontological data and inference from extant molecular genetic sequences (colloquially, 'rocks' and 'clocks'), have appeared irreconcilable; the fossil record supports a Cenozoic origin for most modern lineages, whereas molecular genetic estimates suggest that these same lineages originated deep within the Cretaceous and survived the K-Pg (Cretaceous-Paleogene; formerly Cretaceous-Tertiary or K-T) mass-extinction event. These two sources of data therefore appear to support fundamentally different models of avian evolution. The paradox has been speculated to reflect deficiencies in the fossil record, unrecognized biases in the treatment of genetic data or both. Here we attempt to explore uncertainty and limit bias entering into molecular divergence time estimates through: (i) improved taxon (n = 135) and character (n = 4594 bp mtDNA) sampling; (ii) inclusion of multiple cladistically tested internal fossil calibration points (n = 18); (iii) correction for lineage-specific rate heterogeneity using a variety of methods (n = 5); (iv) accommodation of uncertainty in tree topology; and (v) testing for possible effects of episodic evolution. Results: The various 'relaxed clock' methods all indicate that the major (basal) lineages of modern birds originated deep within the Cretaceous, although temporal intraordinal diversification patterns differ across methods. We find that topological uncertainty had a systematic but minor influence on date estimates for the origins of major clades, and Bayesian analyses assuming fixed topologies deliver similar results to analyses with unconstrained topologies. We also find that, contrary to expectation, rates of substitution are not autocorrelated across the tree in an ancestor-descendent fashion. Finally, we find no signature of episodic molecular evolution related to either speciation events or the K-Pg boundary that could systematically mislead inferences from genetic data.
Preliminary findings of Salmonella spp. in captive green iguanas (Iguana iguana) and their environment

Captive reptiles are routinely identified as reservoirs of Salmonella spp. and reports of reptile-associated salmonellosis are increasing. Unfortunately, little is known about the epidemiology of Salmonella spp. and green iguanas. We did a limited survey of a green-iguana farm in El Salvador to identify sources of Salmonella spp. in green iguanas and their environment. A limited number of samples for microbiological culture were collected from iguanas (adult, hatchling, and embryos) and their environment (food, water, soil, shelter, insects, and wild-caught lizards). Salmonella spp. was isolated from the intestine of both adult (3/20) and hatchling iguanas (8/20). There was no evidence of Salmonella spp. in the reproductive tracts of female iguanas (0/10). Salmonella spp. was isolated from the surface of 40% (7/16) of the egg surfaces tested. Salmonella spp. was not identified from the externalized yolk-sac of the iguana embryos tested. Soil samples from a breeding pen and a nest were both positive for Salmonella spp. Eight different Salmonella spp. serotypes were identified in this survey. These results suggest that horizontal transmission of Salmonella spp. is a potential source of exposure to hatchling iguanas at this facility.
Support envelopes: a technique for exploring the structure of association patterns

This paper introduces support envelopes---a new tool for analyzing association patterns---and illustrates some of their properties, applications, and possible extensions. Specifically, the support envelope for a transaction data set and a specified pair of positive integers (m,n) consists of the items and transactions that need to be searched to find any association pattern involving m or more transactions and n or more items. For any transaction data set with M transactions and N items, there is a unique lattice of at most M*N support envelopes that captures the structure of the association patterns in that data set. Because support envelopes are not encumbered by a support threshold, this support lattice provides a complete view of the association structure of the data set, including association patterns that have low support. Furthermore, the boundary of the support lattice---the support boundary---has at most min(M,N) envelopes and is especially interesting since it bounds the maximum sizes of potential association patterns---not only for frequent, closed, and maximal itemsets, but also for patterns, such as error-tolerant itemsets, that are more general. The association structure can be represented graphically as a two-dimensional scatter plot of the (m,n) values associated with the support envelopes of the data set, a feature that is useful in the exploratory analysis of association patterns. Finally, the algorithm to compute support envelopes is simple and computationally efficient, and it is straightforward to parallelize the process of finding all the support envelopes.
Dopamine cell transplantation in Parkinson's disease: challenge and perspective

Conclusion: The existing data from studies of embryonic DA transplantation for advanced PD have provided valuable insights for the design of new cell-based therapies for the treatment of this and related neurodegenerative disorders.
Generalized dual Gabor atoms and best approximations by Gabor family

Resume Soit g une fenetre de Gabor de longueur N et (a,b) une paire de constantes de treillis. a et b sont consideres comme etant les intervalles de temps et de frequence pour un treillis TF de N 2 /ab elements. Les deplacements temps−frequence correspondants de g forment ce qu'on appelle une famille de Gabor. Dans cet article, nous discutons des proprietes structurelles des transformees de Gabor discretes. Nous considerons le probleme de trouver la meilleure approximation d'un signal x∈C N par des combinaisons lineaires d'une famille de Gabor. Nous etudions 1'echantillonnage critique, le sur- et le sous-echantillonnage, et ne supposons pas que la famille de Gabor est une trame. Pour cette tâche, nous determinons 1'atome de Gabor dual (generalise) (GDGA). Ceci revient a determiner le pseudo-inverse de la matrice de Gabor et peut etre resolu en utilisant 1'algorithme du gradient conjugue (GC) de complexite O(N) pour des constantes de treillis fixees (a,b). Nous donnons un critere pratique simple pour verifier si un triplet de Gabor (g,a,b) genere une trame de Gabor ou pas. Nous proposons un algorithme efficace pour estimer les limites de la trame de Gabor et un algorithme pour determiner les atomes de Gabor.
Population-specific deviations of global human craniometric variation from a neutral model

Past studies have revealed that much of human craniometric variation follows a neutral model of population relationships. At the same time, there is evidence for the influence of natural selection in having shaped some global diversity in craniometrics. In order to partition these effects, and to explore other potential population-specific influences, this article analyzes residuals of craniometric distances from a geographically based neutral model of population structure. W.W. Howells' global craniometric data set was used for these analyses, consisting of 57 measurements for 22 populations around the world, excluding Polynesia and Micronesia because of the relatively recent settlement of these regions. Phenotypic and geographic distances were derived between all pairs of populations. Three-dimensional multidimensional scaling configurations were obtained for both distance matrices, and compared using a Procrustes rotation method to show which populations do not fit the geographic model. This analysis revealed three major deviations: the Buriat, Greenland Inuit, and Peru. The deviations of the Buriat and Greenland Inuit appear to be related to long-term adaptation to cold environments. The Peruvian sample is more similar to other New World populations than expected based on geographic distance alone. This deviation likely reflects the evolutionarily recent movement of human populations into South America, such that these populations are further from genetic equilibrium. This same pattern is seen in South American populations in a comparative analysis of classical genetic markers, but not in a comparative analysis of STR loci, perhaps reflecting the higher mutation rate for the latter.
Edge detection with embedded confidence

Computing the weighted average of the pixel values in a window is a basic module in many computer vision operators. The process is reformulated in a linear vector space and the role of the different subspaces is emphasized. Within this framework wellknown artifacts of the gradient-based edge detectors, such as large spurious responses can be explained quantitatively. It is also shown that template matching with a template derived from the input data is meaningful since it provides an independent measure of confidence in the presence of the employed edge model. The widely used three-step edge detection procedure - gradient estimation, non-maxima suppression, hysteresis thresholding - is generalized to include the information provided by the confidence measure. The additional amount of computation is minimal and experiments with several standard test images show the ability of the new procedure to detect weak edges.
Implant Failure Associated With Actinomycosis in a Medically Compromised Patient

Oral actinomycosis is not a common disease, but it can cause massive destruction. This article reports a case of implant failure associated with actinomycosis. A 55-year-old Caucasian male patient had tooth #20 extracted years ago and an implant placed 3 years ago. The #20 implant area developed an abscess about 1½ years after implant placement. Radiographic findings revealed a large radiolucency on the mesial aspect of the #20 implant. The implant was surgically removed and the lesion thoroughly debrided. The patient experienced severe pain when the apical soft tissue was curreted following implant removal. A periapical radiograph revealed that the lesion approached the mental foramen. A short course of antibiotics was prescribed. Histological observation found sulfur granules, which were found to be actinomycotic colonies. Peri-implant actinomycosis was diagnosed. No recurrence had occurred at the 1-year follow-up.
Aberrant islet unfolded protein response in type 2 diabetes

The endoplasmic reticulum adapts to fluctuations in demand and copes with stress through an adaptive signaling cascade called the unfolded protein response (UPR). Accumulating evidence indicates that the canonical UPR is critical to the survival and function of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, and alterations in the UPR may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. However, the dynamic regulation of UPR molecules in the islets of animal models and humans with type 2 diabetes remains to be elucidated. Here, we analyzed the expression of activating factor 6 (ATF6α) and spliced X-box binding protein 1 (sXBP1), and phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), to evaluate the three distinct branches of the UPR in the pancreatic islets of mice with diet- or genetic-induced obesity and insulin resistance. ATF6 and sXBP1 expression was predominantly found in the β-cells, where hyperglycemia coincided with a decline in expression in both experimental models and in humans with type 2 diabetes. These data suggest alterations in the expression of UPR mediators may contribute to the decline in islet function in type 2 diabetes in mice and humans.