cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Painting the Maya Universe: Royal Ceramics of the Classic Period

Lavishly illustrated with nearly 400 color images, Painting the Maya Universe is the most thorough study and brilliant display of Classic Maya ceramic painting yet published. Building on twenty years of research and debate, Dorie Reents-Budet and her collaborators Joseph W. Ball, Ronald L. Bishop, Virginia M. Fields, and Barbara MacLeod bring together many perspectives, including the art historical, archaeological, epigraphical, and ethnohistorical, to examine one of the world's great but overlooked painting traditions. With an emphasis on sixth- to eighth-century pottery featuring both pictorial and hieroglyphic imagery, Painting the Maya Universe presents an extraordinary exploration of the cultural roles and meanings of these Guatemalan, Belizean, and Mexican elite painted ceramics. Maya pottery is discussed both in aesthetic terms and for the important information it reveals about Maya society, artistry, politics, history, religion, and ritual. The range of ceramic painting styles developed during this period is also presented and defined in detail. Painting the Maya Universe is the first publication to present a definitive translation of the hieroglyphic texts painted on these objects. With many glyphs deciphered here for the first time, this analysis reveals much about how these vessels were perceived and used by the Maya, their owners' names, and, in several cases, the names of the artists who created them. This information is combined with archaeological and other data, including nuclear chemical analyses, to correlate painting styles with specific Maya sites. Published in conjunction with Duke University Museum of Art and an exhibition touring the United States, Painting the Maya Universe presents an astonishing visual record as well as a monumental scholarly achievement. With photographs by Justin Kerr, the foremost photographer of pre-Columbian art, it includes over 90 unique full-color rollout photographs, each showing the entire surface of an object in a single frame. The book also addresses the questions and controversy regarding the loss of information that occurs when objects are removed from their archaeological context to become part of public and private collections. Painting the Maya Universe will energize discussion of Maya pottery, hieroglyphic texts, and iconography. Its photographs, a lasting resource on this great painting tradition, will stimulate and delight the eye. It is a breakthrough in art history and Latin American scholarship that will enrich general readers and scholars alike.
The formation of ß SiC on Si

s-SiC was formed on Si substrates in an horizontal, rf powered reactor. The reaction of Si with CH4} was either directly at temperatures of 1200-1350‡C or by a two step reaction in which CH4} was first cracked at 900‡C and then the deposited C reacted with Si at temperatures of 1200-1350‡C. Important features of the study were the minimization of contam-inants from susceptor and substrate support materials, removal of native oxides and a novel susceptor design. A rectangular, TaC coated Ta susceptor was used in conjunction with sapphire supports. Preheated He was used as a carrier gas. Growth characteristics and film structure are presented as a function of CH4} concentration and substrate temperature.
Vulvar nevi, melanosis, and melanoma: An epidemiologic, clinical, and histopathologic review

Pigmented vulvar lesions are present in approximately 1 in 10 women and include melanocytic and nonmelanocytic proliferations. Vulvar nevi, melanosis, and melanoma are particularly challenging because of the similarity of their clinical and/or histopathological presentation. As a result, they are often difficult to diagnose, may result in patient and physician anxiety, and can lead to unneeded, potentially disfiguring surgical procedures. Because it is often detected late, vulvar melanoma carries a poor prognosis with associated significant morbidity and mortality, underscoring the importance of prompt recognition and treatment. In this review, we analyze the distinct epidemiologic, clinical, and histopathologic characteristics of vulvar nevi, melanosis, and melanoma, discuss treatment options, and propose a practical, systematic approach to facilitate formulation of a differential diagnosis and initiation of appropriate management.
Trends and Prospects for Circular Ring Positron Cameras

This paper presents an overview of circular ring systems for transverse section tomography using annihilation photons from positron emitting radionuclides. In many respects the analysis is applicable to hexagonal moving systems, wobbling rings, and multiple section geometries. Some important aspects of physics and engineering are only superficially discussed because this paper is meant to serve as an introduction to special considerations such as sampling, wobbling, shielding, and data routing covered in detail in succeeding papers of this symposium. This presentation will outline the history of development, the concepts of geometry optimization, the problems of point spread function variance and anisotropy, detector selection and coupling, statistics, and reconstruction and data handling.
The constituents of corporate responsibility: Separate, but not separable, interests?

Corporations should consider "societal" expenses as they consider R&D and advertising: risky, long-term expenses that are absolutely essential to the health of the firm. I I n his r ecen t -and splendid--Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos, Dennis Overbye observed that it is the "grinding of interests that leads to the sawdust of progress." Although he addressed this comment to the history of cosmological inquiry, we have taken the liberty (with apologies to Mr. Overbye) of citing his work out of his context because we fervently believe in its application here. We take a second liberty, then, and presume to modify his insight for our specific use in this forum: It is the grinding of separate, but not necessarily separable, interests that leads to the sawdust of progress when addressing issues of corporate social responsibility. We argue that the interests of corporate constituencies that give rise to questions on the order of "To Whom is the Corporation Responsible?" are often separate, but they are not separable. This article, then, is organized into several sections that address this issue. First, we openly admit our guilt for providing a ~'hook," designed to pique the curiosity of those with interests in this area. Second, we present an overview of the allocative problem. Third, we provide some "collaborative" strategies by which corporations may attend simultaneously to the preferences of separate constituencies. Finally, we revisit the "hook," as a dilemma all corporations increasingly face in responsibly attending to shareholder interests while simultaneously benefiting society.
Civic involvement across the life course: moving beyond age-based assumptions.

Abstract This paper critically examines factors which, over time and context, are linked to civic involvement for individuals, age groups, and cohorts. We begin by critiquing current age- and cohort-related civic involvement canons and norms by extracting and evaluating rationales for why such activity in two particular periods of life—early adulthood and old age—is assumed to be good for individuals and for society. Then, employing elements of a life course perspective, we consider an alternative approach to civic involvement—one that emphasizes dynamic trajectories and the significant degree of variability within individuals, age groups and cohorts resulting in a very different set of assumptions about individual choice and activity. We close by discussing the utility of this alternative approach for research, policy, and practice regarding civic involvement.
RF-sputtered CuInSe2 thin films

Abstract Thin films of CuInSe 2 were prepared by rf-sputtering from targets which were fabricated from previously synthesized CuInSe 2 powders subjected to various combinations of annealing and cold pressing. By judicious selection of target properties and sputtering conditions, it was possible to obtain CuInSe 2 films of chalcopyrite structure, grain size up to 1 μm, resistivities in the 0.3 to 2.0 ω cm range and Hall mobilities up to about 6 cm 2 /V s. Solar cells were made by combining these films with thin CdS films fabricated by rf-sputtering without breaking the vacuum and by evaporation in a separate system. Better cells having efficiencies up to 5% were obtained by evaporating CdS onto rf-sputtered CuInSe 2 films.
Tree Methods for Moving Interfaces

Fast adaptive numerical methods for solving moving interface problems are presented. The methods combine a level set approach with frequent redistancing and semi-Lagrangian time stepping schemes which are explicit yet unconditionally stable. A quadtree mesh is used to concentrate computational effort on the interface, so the methods move an interface withNdegrees of freedom inO(NlogN) work per time step. Efficiency is increased by taking large time steps even for parabolic curvature flows. The methods compute accurate viscosity solutions to a wide variety of difficult moving interface problems involving merging, anisotropy, faceting, and curvature.
The Cascade Mountains revisited: A re-evaluation in light of new lead isotopic data

Abstract Lead isotopic analyses have been repeated using silica gel for several samples from the Cascade Mountains which were previously analyzed by lead sulfide. The improved precision indicates that some of the scatter in the original data was due to thermal fractionation; however, the bulk of the data have not changed significantly. Two-point mixing lines are demonstrated for main cone-satellitic cone pairs from Glacier Peak, Mt. Baker and Mt. Shasta. Comparison with data on oceanic basalts from the Juan de Fuca and Gorda Ridge area indicates that hypothesis of mixing of mid-ocean ridge (MOR) basalt lead and “alkali basalt-like” lead from the oceanic crust is not tenable. Lead isotope analyses of pre-Astoria Fan sediments from DSDP Leg 18 sites and from the Eocene Tyee Formation indicate that the sedimentary continental detritus from the North American continent has the correct lead isotopic composition to be the continental component necessary to account for the Cascade Mountains lead isotopic array by mixing with Juan de Fuca-Gorda Ridge MOR basalts. However, from recent work on the structure of oceanic trenches by Karig and Sharman (1975), it does not appear that subduction of sediments is the rule. A model of crustal contamination and/or assimilation at the crust/mantle interface is the preferred explanation for the lead isotopic data from the Cascade Mountains.
Graphene applications in electronics and photonics

Graphene is a material with outstanding properties that make it an excellent candidate for advanced applications in future electronics and photonics. The potential of graphene in high-speed analog electronics is currently being explored extensively because of its high carrier mobility, its high carrier saturation velocity, and the insensitivity of its electrical-transport behavior to temperature variations. Herein, we review some of the key material and carrier-transport physics of graphene, then focus on high-frequency graphene field-effect transistors, and finally discuss graphene monolithically integrated circuits (ICs). These high-frequency graphene transistors and ICs could become essential elements in the blossoming fields of wireless communications, sensing, and imaging. After discussing graphene electronics, we describe the impressive photonic properties of graphene. Graphene interacts strongly with light over a very wide spectral range from microwaves to ultraviolet radiation. Most importantly, the light–graphene interaction can be adjusted using an electric field or chemical dopant, making graphene-based photonic devices tunable. Single-particle interband transitions lead to a universal optical absorption of about 2% per layer, whereas intraband free-carrier transitions dominate in the microwave and terahertz wavelength range. The tunable plasmonic absorption of patterned graphene adds yet another dimension to graphene photonics. We show that these unique photonic properties of graphene over a broad wavelength range make it promising for many photonic applications such as fast photodetectors, optical modulators, far-infrared filters, polarizers, and electromagnetic wave shields. These graphene photonic devices could find various applications in optical communications, infrared imaging, and national security.
A comparison of the l‐average coupled states, corrected coupled states, and close coupling results for a model system

Calculations are reported for a model collision system using the l‐average coupled states [CS(lav)] approximation. These results are compared against exact close coupling and corrected centrifugal sudden (CCS) results of McLenithan and Secrest. The uncorrected CS(lav) results are found to be more accurate for the McLenithan–Secrest model than the CCS results. (AIP)
Acoustic and satellite remote sensing of blue whale seasonality and habitat in the Northeast Pacific

Northeast Pacific blue whales seasonally migrate, ranging from the waters off Central America to the Gulf of Alaska. Using acoustic and satellite remote sensing, we have continuously monitored the acoustic activity and habitat of blue whales during 1994–2000. Calling blue whales primarily aggregate off the coast of southern and central California in the late summer, coinciding with the timing of the peak euphausiid biomass, their preferred prey. The northward bloom of primary production along the coast and subsequent northbound movements of the blue whales are apparent in the satellite and acoustic records, respectively, with the calling blue whales moving north along the Oregon and Washington coasts to a secondary foraging area with high primary productivity off Vancouver Island in the late fall. El Ni ~ no conditions, indicated by elevated sea-surface temperature and depressed regional chlorophyll-a concentrations, are apparent in the satellite records, particularly in the Southern California Bight during 1997/1998. These conditions disrupt biological production and alter the presence of calling blue whales in primary feeding locations. Remote sensing using acoustics is well suited to characterizing the seasonal movements and relative abundance of the northeast Pacific blue whales, and remote sensing using satellites allows for monitoring their habitat. These technologies are invaluable because of their ability to provide continuous large-scale spatial and temporal coverage of the blue whale migration. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Charge sharing in common-grid pixelated CdZnTe detectors

Abstract The charge sharing effect in pixelated CdZnTe (CZT) detectors with a common anode steering grid has been studied. The impact on energy resolution of weighting potential cross-talk and ballistic deficit due to cathode signal shaping has been investigated. A detailed system modeling package considering charge induction, electronic noise, pulse shaping, and ASIC triggering procedures has been developed to study the characteristics of common-grid CZT detectors coupled to the VAS_UM/TAT4 ASIC. Besides an actual common-grid CZT detector coupled to VAS_UM/TAT4 ASIC, a prototype digital read-out system has been developed to better understand the nature of the charge sharing effect.
Factors associated with hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. A report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study.

Hydrocephalus is an important complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We analyzed several factors possibly related to hydrocephalus following SAH in 3521 patients from the International Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Hydrocephalus was diagnosed on admission computed tomographic (CT) scans in 15% of patients and was thought to be clinically symptomatic in 13.2% of patients. There was a 5.9% overlap between these groups. Using contingency table analysis, we found the following were significantly related to clinical hydrocephalus: increasing age; preexisting hypertension; admission blood pressure measurements; postoperative hypertension; admission CT findings of intraventricular hemorrhage, a diffuse collection of subarachnoid blood, and a thick focal collection of subarachnoid blood; posterior circulation site of aneurysm; focal ischemic deficits; use of antifibrinolytic drugs preoperatively; hyponatremia; admission level of consciousness; and a low score on the Glasgow outcome scale. Using discriminate factor analysis to predict clinical hydrocephalus, the most important variables in order were the following: CT hydrocephalus, intraventricular hemorrhage, admission level of consciousness, presubarachnoid hypertension, increasing age, subarachnoid blood noted on CT scan, posterior circulation aneurysm site, and hypertension postoperatively (canonical correlation=.399). We conclude that the development of hydrocephalus after SAH is multifactorial. Factors that compromise cerebrospinal fluid circulation acutely (e.g., intraventricular hemorrhage, hemorrhage from a posterior circulation site of aneurysm, and diffuse spread of subarachnoid blood) contribute to the development of acute hydrocephalus.
Teaching the Teachers: Dismantling Racism and Teaching for Social Change

As a response to the attacks on ethnic studies in Arizona and the move to ban certain books, this essay presents theoretical and pedagogical reflections from two professors and addresses the ways teacher preparation programs can offer a resistance. Based on the authors’ experience in teacher preparation programs, one in the humanities and the other in mathematics, they discuss fundamental concepts that undergird social change methodology from Gloria Anzaldua (la facultad and conocimiento) and from Isabel Gunning’s work (World Traveling). Ultimately, our premise is that teachers of teachers can impact the curricula in significant ways that result in dismantling racism and in teaching that is focused on positive social change. We posit that the university classroom where future teachers are trained must address (1) Equity issues, (2) Cultural identity or cultural framing, and (3) Culturally relevant strategies and teaching, modeled by the university professor.
Experimental Measurement of Utricle System Dynamic Response to Inertial Stimulus

The membranous utricle sac of the red-eared turtle was mounted in a piezoelectric actuated platform mounted on the stage of a light microscope. The piezoelectric actuator oscillated the base of the neuroepithelium along a linear axis. Displacements were in the plane of the utricle and consisted of a linear sinusoidal-sweep signal starting at 0 and increasing to 500 Hz over 5 s. This inertial stimulus caused measurable shear displacement of the otoconial layer’s dorsal surface, resulting in shear deformation of the gelatinous and column filament layers. Displacements of the otoconial layer and a reference point on the neuroepithelium were filmed at 2,000 frames/s with a high-speed video camera during oscillations. Image registration was performed on the video to track displacements with a resolution better than 15 nm. The displacement waveforms were then matched to a linear second-order model of the dynamic system. The model match identified two system mechanical parameters—the natural circular frequency ω n and the damping ratio ζ—that characterized the utricle dynamic response. The median values found for the medial-lateral axis on 20 utricles with 95 % confidence intervals in parenthesis were as follows: ω n = 374 (353, 396) Hz and ζ = 0.50 (0.47, 0.53). The anterior-posterior axis values were not significantly different: ω n = 409 (390, 430) Hz and ζ = 0.53 (0.48, 0.57). The results have two relevant and significant dynamic system findings: (1) a higher than expected natural frequency and (2) significant under damping. Previous to this study, utricular systems were treated as overdamped and with natural frequencies much lower that measured here. Both of these system performance findings result in excellent utricle time response to acceleration stimuli and a broad frequency bandwidth up to 100 Hz. This study is the first to establish the upper end of this mechanical system frequency response of the utricle in any animal.
Star formation in the first galaxies - III. Formation, evolution, and characteristics of the first metal-enriched stellar cluster

We simulate the formation of a low metallicity (0.01 Zsun) stellar cluster in a dwarf galaxy at redshift z~14. Beginning with cosmological initial conditions, the simulation utilizes adaptive mesh refinement and sink particles to follow the collapse and evolution of gas past the opacity limit for fragmentation, thus resolving the formation of individual protostellar cores. A time- and location-dependent protostellar radiation field, which heats the gas by absorption on dust, is computed by integration of protostellar evolutionary tracks with the MESA code. The simulation also includes a robust non-equilibrium chemical network that self-consistently treats gas thermodynamics and dust-gas coupling. The system is evolved for 18 kyr after the first protostellar source has formed. In this time span, 30 sink particles representing protostellar cores form with a total mass of 81 Msun. Their masses range from ~0.1 Msun to 14.4 Msun with a median mass ~0.5-1 Msun. Massive protostars grow by competitive accretion while lower-mass protostars are stunted in growth by close encounters and many-body ejections. In the regime explored here, the characteristic mass scale is determined by the temperature floor set by the cosmic microwave background and by the onset of efficient dust-gas coupling. It seems unlikely that host galaxies of the first bursts of metal-enriched star formation will be detectable with the James Webb Space Telescope or other next-generation infrared observatories. Instead, the most promising access route to the dawn of cosmic star formation may lie in the scrutiny of metal-poor, ancient stellar populations in the Galactic neighborhood. The observable targets that correspond to the system simulated here are ultra-faint dwarf satellite galaxies such as Bootes II, Segue I and II, and Willman I.
Direct Thrombin Inhibitors for Anticoagulation

OBJECTIVE:To review the progress in developing direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) for anticoagulation within the context of existing anticoagulation therapies.DATA SOURCES:Searches of MEDLINE (1993–June 2003) were conducted.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:We examined English-language articles, human studies, and relevant animal studies, and obtained additional citations from the references of these articles.DATA SYNTHESIS:Because of its pivotal role in hemostasis, thrombin is a key therapeutic target in the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic disorders. Conventional anticoagulant therapies, such as warfarin, unfractionated heparin, and low-molecular-weight heparin, exert their pharmacologic action by indirect thrombin inhibition. Although these agents are effective, each has limitations, prompting a search for more effective, specific, better-tolerated, and convenient anticoagulants. The efficacy and safety of factor Xa inhibitors are being investigated. Furthermore, the development of DTIs such...
Asian Indian “Self-Suppression” and Self-Disclosure: Enactment and Adaptation of Cultural Identity

This article studies the cultural influences guiding Asian Indians in deciding whether to express or suppress self-disclosures and self-expressive actions. Philipsen’s definition of ritual is used ...
Cracks in the Glass Ceiling: In What Kinds of Organizations Do Women Make it to the Top?

This study investigates variables that differentiate work establishments that have women in top management positions from those that do not. Women occupied top management positions in slightly more than half of the 228 medium- to large-sized private sector establishments the authors studied. The authors found that women are more likely to occupy top management ranks in establishments that have more lower level management positions filled by women, have higher management turnover, have lower average management salary levels, place greater emphasis on development and promotion of employees, and operate in nonmanufacturing industries.
Confinement & Current Drive Measurements for Steady-State FRCs

Detailed measurements in the TCS Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) driven FRC device display a highly non-uniform resistivity profile, highly peaked near the separatrix where the ratio of electron drift velocity v de to ion sound speed v s is large. The RMF parameters determine the plasma density. The plasma temperatures are governed by power balance, and higher temperatures result in higher diamagnetic currents, mostly inside the magnetic field null, and higher magnetic fields, with surprisingly little increase in absorbed power. The results are well modeled by a ‘Chodura’ type resistivity scaling with electron collision frequency scaling as νch∼ωpi(1− exp[−v de/v s]).
The capacitance of a dielectric coated finite cylindrical duct

A simple formula is presented for the capacitance of a finite-length, perfectly-conducting right-circular cylindrical tube coated with a homogeneous dielectric sleeve. The formula may be used to determine capacitance for all practical aspect ratios (radius/length) and is validated by comparisons with available data calculated from numerical solutions of the coupled set of integral equations.
Optical Kerr-effect in fiber-optic Brillouin ring laser gyroscopes

The optical Kerr effect in a reciprocal fiber-optic Brillouin ring laser gyroscope is investigated. It is found that the Kerr effect, as the major error source of the rotation rate measurement in this gyroscope, causes a bias of beat frequency with nonlinear dependence on rotation rate. A differential Stokes power of 1 mW inside the ring resonator is measured to produce a beat frequency bias of 69 Hz, which agrees well with the theoretical expectation. >
Role of the Rab3A-Binding Domain in Targeting of Rabphilin-3A to Vesicle Membranes of PC12 Cells

Rab3A is a small GTPase implicated in the docking of secretory vesicles in neuroendocrine cells. A putative downstream target for Rab3A, rabphilin-3A, is located exclusively on secretory vesicle membranes. It contains near its C terminus two C2 domains that bind Ca2+ in a phospholipid-dependent manner and an N-terminal, Rab3A-binding domain that includes a Cys-rich region. We have determined that the Cys-rich domain binds two Zn2+ ions and is necessary but not sufficient for efficient binding of rabphilin to Rab3A. A minimal Rab3A-binding domain consists of residues 45 to 170 of rabphilin. HA1-tagged Rab3A and a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-rabphilin fusion were used to examine the roles of Rab3A and of rabphilin domains in the subcellular localization of these proteins. A Rab3A mutant (T54A) that does not bind rabphifin in vitro colocalized with the GFP-rabphilin fusion, indicating that Rab3A targeting is independent of its interaction with rabphilin. Deletion of the C2 domains of rabphilin reduced membrane association of GFP-rabphilin but did not cause mistargeting of the membrane-associated fraction. However, disruption of the zinc fingers, which drastically reduced Rab3A binding, did not reduce membrane association. These results suggest that the C2 domains are required for efficient membrane attachment of rabphilin in PC12 cells and that Rab3A binding may act to target the protein to the correct membrane.
Diffusion in silicate melts: II. Multicomponent diffusion in CaOAl2O3SiO2 at 1500°C and 1 GPa

Abstract Chemical diffusion profiles in molten CaO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 have been measured over a large range of compositions at 1500°C and l GPa. The diffusion profiles have been inverted for effective binary diffusion coefficients (EBDCs) and for the chemical diffusion matrix. The EBDCs are shown to depend strongly on both composition and direction of diffusion in composition space. The dependence of EBDCs on direction in composition space, which for the system studied here can be as large as a factor of seven, severely limits the applicability of EBDCs to interdiffusion in any direction other than the one used to derive the EBDCs. The chemical diffusion matrix for molten CaO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 was determined using diffusion profiles from two or three mutually orthogonal diffusion couples in the ternary composition space. All features of the diffusion profiles shown in this work can be reproduced by representing the chemical fluxes in the three-component system as a linear combination of concentration gradients via a 2 × 2 diffusion matrix. Chemical diffusion in molten CaO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 shows clear evidence of strong diffusive coupling among the components. This can be seen in the uphill diffusion profiles of components that were initially uniform, in the fact that the apparent rate of diffusion of some components is a strong function of direction in composition space, and most quantitatively in the magnitude of off-diagonal elements of the diffusion matrix relative to the magnitude of the diagonal elements. SiO 2 for example, is found to be strongly coupled with CaO in relatively silicic melts, whereas Al 2 O 3 is strongly coupled with CaO in less silicic melts. Furthermore, the coupling of CaO with either Al 2 O 3 or Si02 reverses sign between more and less polymerized compositions. Interdiffusion profiles in natural melts have numerous features that suggest similar coupling between Al 2 O 3 and CaO and between SiO 2 and CaO.
Thermal-aware cell and through-silicon-via co-placement for 3D ICs

Existing thermal-aware 3D placement methods assume that the temperature of 3D ICs can be optimized by properly distributing the power dissipations, and ignoring the heat conductivity of though-silicon-vias (TSVs). However, our study indicates that this is not exactly correct. While considering the thermal effect of TSVs during placement appears to be quite complicated, we are able to prove that when the TSV area in each bin is proportional to the lumped power consumption in that bin, together with the bins in all the tiers directly above it, the peak temperature is minimized. Based on this criterion, we implement a thermal-aware 3D placement tool. Compared to the methods that prefer a uniform power distribution that only results in an 8% peak temperature reduction, our method reduces the peak temperature by 34% on average with even slightly less wirelength overhead. These results suggest that considering thermal effects of TSVs is necessary and effective during the placement stage. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first thermal-aware 3D placement tool that directly takes into consideration the thermal and area impact of TSVs.
Grasshopper outbreak challenges conservation status of a small Hawaiian Island

A tiny (63.1 ha) and uninhabited Nihoa Island within the Hawaiian Archipelago is situated 250 km NW of Kauai. It is a part of Papahānaumokuākea National Marine Monument established in 2006 and jointly administered by NOAA, USFWS, and the State of Hawaii (Department of Land and Natural Resources). The island’s known terrestrial biota include 26 vascular plant species, 27 bird species, and 243 arthropod species. Approximately half of the species are endemic to Nihoa or indigenous to Hawaii. Four plant species and two resident bird species are federally listed as threatened or endangered species. Gray bird grasshopper Schistocerca nitens has occurred on the main Hawaiian Islands since 1964 and was first reported from Nihoa in 1977. In 2002–2004, there was an outbreak of this grasshopper that aggravated the drought and denuded most of the island’s vegetation. Since then, grasshopper numbers crashed, most probably due to insufficient soil moisture for embryonic development. With subsequent rains, the island’s vegetation recovered. During the USFWS expedition to Nihoa in October 2006, grasshopper population assessments were undertaken. Based on 18, 300 × 2 m transect counts, the Nihoa grasshopper population was estimated at 19,430 ± 10,360 individuals. Laboratory rearing of S. nitens revealed that its development occurs without diapause. Potentially, the grasshopper can produce as many as four annual generations on Nihoa, although it is likely that only two generations occur. This article reviews the implications of fluctuations in S. nitens population dynamics for island flora and entomo- and avifauna, in particular, for the endangered endemics, the insectivorous Millerbirds. Potential threats to the island’s biota and challenges for conservation are discussed.
The Making of Expert Patients: The Role of Online Health Communities in Arthritis Self-Management

Chronic disease is an epidemic, one that requires patients to play an active role in managing symptoms and disease affect. This study used ethnomethodology (N = 8231) to understand how patients with arthritis use online health communities to exchange disease-related information to better manage their chronic disease. The findings show that online health communities facilitate self-management behaviors through the exchange of health information and disease experience. These online health communities act as self-management programs led by peers with the same chronic disease through the exchange of health information based on experience, working to improve members' health literacy related to arthritis.
Developing the Navy's NC Flying Boats: Transforming Aeronautical Engineering for the First Transatlantic Flight

When Rear Admiral David Taylor proposed building a flying boat with the capability to cross the Atlantic Ocean in 1917, it was not for national glory, winning a race, or even achieving a world’s first. The aircraft’s purpose was to support the critical wartime mission of combating German U-boats that were wreaking havoc on transatlantic shipping. The aircraft available at the time had numerous limitations for anti-submarine duty. Seaplanes did not have the ability to operate over the open ocean without a support ship and were not seaworthy enough to survive the harsh conditions of the North Atlantic. The large, land based bombers did not have the range, duration, or payload required for the extended patrols required over water, nor could they safely land on the water if necessary. Rear Admiral Taylor understood that a self-deploying anti-submarine aircraft could be transformative in the battle for control of the seas. Intended for combat, the design was to be reliable, survivable, and maintainable, and had to operate both in the air and on the open ocean. It could not be a fragile vehicle designed for the singular purpose of crossing the ocean, or optimized for long duration flight in ideal conditions. The result was the largest flying boat ever built, featuring an unusual shape, advanced engineering, cutting edge technology, and unsurpassed sea-worthiness. By late 1918, the first of these craft, the NC-1 (the “N” for Navy and the “C” for Curtiss), had been constructed and was undergoing testing, but the war ended before testing was complete, and the military necessity for their unique capability quickly vanished. Navy leadership, however, was undeterred and refocused the efforts of the NC flying boat team to do what many still thought impossible – cross the Atlantic Ocean by air. Significant development was still required to prepare the aircraft for the transatlantic voyage, and with renewed focus the team set about the task of becoming the first to fly across the ocean. In May of 1919, NC Seaplane Division One set off from Rockaway, New York on a voyage to make history. Of the three flying boats that began the journey, only the NC-4 completed it. The other NC’s, one lost at sea and the other heroically brought into port via the ocean, achieved a version of success as well. This paper chronicles the engineering advancements and technological achievements that went into the development of these aircraft, and the lasting legacy of the first aircraft to cross any ocean.
Neural network simulation on shared-memory vector multiprocessors

We simulate three neural networks on a vector multiprocrssor. The training time can be reduced significantly especially when the training data size is large. These three neural networks are: 1) the feedforward network, 2) the recurrent network and 3) the Hopfield network. The training algorithms are programmed in such a way to best utilize 1) the inherent parallelism in neural computing, and 2) the vector and concurrent operations available on the parallel machine. To prove the correctness of parallelized training algorithms, each neural network is trained to perform a specific function. The feedforward network is trained to perform the Fourier transform, the recurrent network is trained to predict the solution of a delay differential equation, the Hopfield network is trained to solve the traveling salesman problem. The machine we experiment with is the Alliant FX/80.
Trust-Based Intrusion Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks

We propose a trust-based intrusion detection scheme utilizing a highly scalable hierarchical trust management protocol for clustered wireless sensor networks. Unlike existing work, we consider a trust metric considering both quality of service (QoS) trust and social trust for detecting malicious nodes. By statistically analyzing peer-to-peer trust evaluation results collected from sensor nodes, each cluster head applies trust-based intrusion detection to assess the trustworthiness and maliciousness of sensor nodes in its cluster. Cluster heads themselves are evaluated by the base station. We develop an analytical model based on stochastic Petri nets for performance evaluation of the proposed trust-based intrusion detection scheme, as well as a statistical method for calculating the false alarm probability. We analyze the sensitivity of false alarms with respect to the minimum trust threshold below which a node is considered malicious. Our results show that there exists an optimal trust threshold for minimizing false positives and false negatives. Further, the optimal trust threshold differs depending on the anticipated wireless sensor network lifetime.
A Typology of Intergroup Competencies

The authors propose a theoretically and empirically grounded typology of 14 intergroup competence skills that may be applied across social group differences. The skills are classified according to two dimensions—approach (reflection and action) and focus (self, relationships, context, and organizational patterns). Self-related skills include becoming aware of one’s cultural values and assumptions, committing to personal change, processing emotions, and reframing one’s mental models. Relationship skills include empathizing with multiple perspectives, differentiating intent from impact, engaging in inquiry and openness, and engaging in responsible feedback. Contextual (critical consciousness) skills include connecting the personal to the cultural and societal and addressing dominant/nondominant group dynamics. Organizational skills include identifying systemic patterns, identifying one’s role in perpetuating patterns, surfacing undiscussables, and advocating and engaging in systemic change.
Note on the normal form of a spatial stiffness matrix

There has been some recent interest in the problem of designing compliance mechanisms with a given spatial stiffness matrix. A key result that has proven useful in the design of such mechanisms is Loncaric's normal form. When a spatial stiffness matrix is described in an appropriate coordinate frame, it will have a particularly simple structure. In this form the 3/spl times/3 off-diagonal blocks of the stiffness matrix are diagonal. It has been shown that generically, a spatial stiffness matrix can be written in normal form. For example, it is fairly well known that this is possible for any positive definite spatial stiffness matrix. In this article, it is shown that any symmetric positive semi-definite matrix can be written in normal form. As an application this result is used to design a compact parallel compliance mechanism with a prescribed positive semi-definite spatial stiffness matrix.
A class of bounded distributed controllers for connectivity preservation of unicycles

This paper is concerned with the connectivity preservation of a group of nonholonomic agents using a novel distributed control scheme. The proposed controllers are bounded, and are capable of maintaining the connectivity of those pairs of agents which are initially within the connectivity range. This means that if the underlying network of agents is initially connected, it will remain connected at all times. The main idea is to design the controller in such a way that when an agent is about to lose connectivity with a neighbor, the lowest-order derivative of the agent's position that is neither zero nor perpendicular to the edge connecting the agent to the corresponding neighbor makes an acute angle with this edge, forcing it to shrink. The results are first developed for a static information flow graph and are then extended to the case of dynamic edge addition. The control laws are derived based on a set of potential functions which are smooth, resulting in bounded control inputs. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is illustrated by a consensus example.
Invention by evolution: functional analysis in paleobiology

Functional analysis of fossils is and should remain a key component of paleobiological research. Despite recently expressed doubts, conceptual and methodological developments over the past 25 years indicate that robust and testable claims about function can be produced. Functional statements can be made in at least three different hierarchical contexts, corresponding to the degree of structural information available, the position in the phylogenetic hierarchy, and the degree of anatomical specificity. The paradigm approach, which dominated thinking about function in the 1960s and 1970s, has been supplanted with a methodology based on biomechanics. Paleobiomechanics does not assume optimality in organismal design, but determines whether structures were capable of carrying out a given function. The paradigm approach can best be viewed as a way of generating, rather than testing, functional hypotheses. Hypotheses about function can also be developed and supported by well-corroborated phylogenetic arguments. Additional functional evidence can be derived from studies of trace fossils and of taphonomy. New computer techniques, including “Artificial Life” studies, have the potential for producing far more detailed ideas about function and mode of life than have been previously possible. Functional analysis remains the basis for studies of the history of adaptation. It is also an essential component of many paleoecological and paleoenvironmental studies.
California's Curious Practice of "Pocket Review"

The majority of any California appellate panel is permitted to certify an opinion for publication that establishes new law or modifies existing rules. The California Supreme court can reverse any publication decision without giving any reason. This practice is called "pocket review." Pocket reviews risk thwarting legislative intent and sweeping the results under the rug.
Chapter 16 The Proton as an Integrating Effector in Metabolic Activation

Publisher Summary Numerous cell types undergo intracellular pH changes during defined metabolic transitions, and pH i changes play a role as metabolic effectors. This chapter focuses on four cell systems: (1) sea urchin egg fertilization, (2) insulin stimulation of frog skeletal muscle,; (3) growth factor stimulation of serum-starved fibroblasts, and (4) dormancy termination in Artemia embryos. It enlists a number of events common to all four of the pH i -mediated cell responses under consideration. The pH dependence of amphibian and mammalian skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) is an important regulatory enzyme of glycolysis. Another important event in the pH i -mediated metabolic activation of the cell systems is an increase in protein synthetic rate. Not only enzymatic activities are subject to modulation by pH i changes; structural and other proteins, too, can be pH dependent. Actin-cross-linking ability of the protein can be modulated either by changes in pH or by changes in free-Ca 2+ concentration within physiological ranges for both these parameters. Any enzymatic activity possessing significant pH dependence can be regulated in a graded fashion by pH i changes; any structural protein that displays pH-dependent behavior can also be regulated by pH i ; any other metabolic effector whose interactions with its triggering agents is pH dependent can be modulated by pH i changes.
Shear Layer Stability Analysis in Later Boundary Layer Transition and MVG controlled flow

A 2D flow linear stability analysis based on standard Orr-Sammerfeld equation and the corresponding equation for axisymmetric flow is investigated in this paper. A typical velocity profile in a shear layer with infection point is studied first. The fluid motion is decomposed to two parts: the rotational part and shear part. Linear stability analysis shows the rotational part (like the motion of a rigid body) is stable but the shear part is unstable. Following this analysis, a velocity profile taken from the later boundary layer transition and another one from flow field generated by the micro vortex generator are considered as the base flow. A global figure has been obtained that is the ring-like vortices found in both boundary layer transition and MVG controlled flow can be generated by the shear layer instability. The shear layers are located at the boundary of the olive-shaped momentum deficit zones.
Efficacy comparison of two way to deliver drugs to treat female genital tuberculosis

Objective To compare the efficacy of intrauterine injection and systemic delivery to treat female genital tu berculosis and the two methods' impacts on the prognosis of the patients.Methods Sixty female patients with genital tuberculosis treated in our hospital from February 2005 to June 2007 were selected and divided into two groups ac cording to RX with 30 patients in each group.Patients in treatment group were treated by intrauterine injection while patients in control group were treated by systemic delivery.Retrospective research methods were used to analyze the effects of the treatments.Results Statistically significant differences(P 0.05) existed in efficacy between the two groups in which treatment group showed better results.Patients in the treatment group didn't show adverse effects while some patients in the control group showed transient mild gastrointestinal reactions without other adverse effects.Conclusion The clinical use of intrauterine injection is far better than the use of systemic delivery in terms of efficacy considering its extremely low occurance of adverse effects.In addition,it has provided clinical basis for local therapy treatment in female genital tuberculosis patients.Safe,effective,simple and economic local treatment can promote the quick rehabilitation of female genital tuberculosis patients and improve the quality of life of patients with great value and significance for clinical application.
Association of pretreatment body mass index and survival in human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract Background Pretreatment body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m 2 is a positive prognostic factor in patients with head and neck cancer. Previous studies have not been adequately stratified by human papilloma virus (HPV) status or subsite. Our objective is to determine prognostic significance of pretreatment BMI on overall survival in HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Methods This is a retrospective review of patients with HPV+ OPSCC treated between 8/1/2006 and 8/31/2014. Patients were stratified by BMI status (>/ 2 ). Univariate and multivariate analyses of survival were performed. Results 300 patients met our inclusion/exclusion criteria. Patients with a BMI >25 kg/m 2 had a longer overall survival (HR = 0.49, P = 0.01) as well as a longer disease-specific survival (HR = 0.43, P = 0.02). Overall survival remained significantly associated with high BMI on multivariate analysis (HR = 0.54, P = 0.04). Conclusions Pre-treatment normal or underweight BMI status is associated with worse overall survival in HPV+ OPSCC.