cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-integral vortex structures in diffracted light beams

We study the optical fields produced by non-integral binary forked gratings. We analyze experimentally the phase structure of the light beams by interference. We were able to identify individual optical vortices directly by observing the dislocations in the fringe pattern. Our experimental results agree well with of all the generic features predicted by the theoretical model [M.V. Berry, "Optical vortices evolving from helicoidal and fractional phase steps," J. Opt. A 6, pp. 259-268, 2004.]. Our results underscore the conservation of orbital angular momentum of the light/optical-apparatus system.
A descriptive survey of Swedish child health nurses' awareness of abuse and neglect. II. Characteristics of the children.

AIM: To determine whether children considered by child health nurses to be at risk of abuse or neglect differed from the general population in gender, age and health status, and whether such child ...
Effectiveness of roll-over protective structures in reducing farm tractor fatalities.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of roll-over protection structures (ROPS) as an engineering control for prevention of fatalities from farm tractor roll-overs. Methods: Using a systematic approach to literature searching, relevant studies from peer-reviewed journals, technical and government reports, and unpublished reports were retrieved. Studies meeting initial criteria for possible inclusion were screened to determine whether they addressed the review topic (ROPS), included comparison data and included outcomes data such as injury or fatality. Articles that evaluated the use and impact of ROPS on operators of agricultural tractors were reviewed. Outcomes included two primary categories: implementation of ROPS and fatalities. Main Results: Of a total 207 citations reviewed, 53 met initial screening criteria and 21 studies were included in this review. Farm tractor roll-overs result in approximately 200 fatalities per year in the United States. ROPS or crush-proof cabs, which are designed to protect the farmer during a roll-over incident, are currently used on only about 50% of the estimated 4.8 million tractors in the United States. A significant proportion of tractors built after 1985 (when manufacturers began implementing a voluntary ROPS standard) have had ROPS removed. Evidence from Sweden and other Northern European countries clearly demonstrates that ROPS can essentially eliminate roll-over fatalities. In the United States, the only fatalities associated with roll-overs of ROPS-equipped tractors occurred when farmers did not use a seatbelt to hold them within the protective envelope of the ROPS. Estimates of costs of programs to retrofit older tractors with ROPS range from approximately $500,000 to $900,000 per life saved, which is comparable to other accepted life-saving interventions. Conclusions: Future research efforts should include the development of collapsible and telescoping ROPS that can be used in low clearance areas such as dairy barns and fruit orchards. ROPS retrofits also need to be developed for many older tractor models. Effective educational and incentive programs need to be developed to increase the acceptance and use of ROPS among U.S. farmers. A national policy should be implemented to ensure that all tractors operated in the United States are equipped with ROPS or crush-proof cabs.
Suppression of marker genes in sequentially transformed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Transgenic potato lines were developed from the advanced selection, ND860-2, by sequential transformation usingAgrobacterium tumefaciens and two different constructs. Five doubly-transformed lines were utilized to study gene expression of the first construct. Three doubly-transformed lines had less NPT II antigen than the singly-transformed counterpart from which each was derived. GUS activity was reduced in all doubly-transformed lines compared to their singly-transformed original genotypes. Therefore, NPT II and GUS genes in the first construct were suppressed to varying degrees by a second construct. Further investigations into this important subject will be necessary to enable multiple transformations with genes of agronomic interest.
Prediction and identification of some forbidden lines in the Ne i sequence

A magnetic quadrupole transition which according to a prediction by Garstang (1969) is to have an appreciable transition probability in the higher ions of the Ne I sequence has recently been observed in Fe XVII with high resolution by Parkinson (1973), at 17.086 A. Values of an interval predicted by calculations of Crance (1973) are plotted in a graph. Interval values obtained from the curve are used to predict the values of certain transition wavelengths in the ions Si V Cr XV.
Amorphous silica solubilities—VI. Postulated sulfate-silicic acid solution complex

Abstract A solution complex of composition Si(OH) 4 · SO 4 −2 is postulated to account for the salting-in of amorphous silica by aqueous sodium sulfate solutions at high temperatures. The postulate is suggested by 1. (1) the observed salting-in effec 2. (2) the calculation of association constants that adhere remarkably to a straight line van't Hoff relation, providing a nearly constant and feasible value for the heat of association from 0 to 350°C, and the reasonable spatial structure envisioned for the weak complex.
Effects of soil water content, temperature and experimental nitrogen deposition on nitric oxide (NO) efflux from semiarid shrubland soil

Southern Californian urban shrublands are exposed to high nitrogen (N) deposition, which can potentially enhance soil nitric oxide (NO) efflux; however, environmental controls on NO emission are still uncertain. We conducted a laboratory experiment to evaluate the NO efflux response of chaparral soil to variations in N availability, temperature and moisture. We hypothesized that NO efflux would increase with N addition, have an optimum response to soil moisture, and increase exponentially with temperature. Our results supported our hypotheses. Nitrogen addition caused a linear increase in NO efflux, primarily because of an increase in NH4+. NO efflux reached a peak at intermediate soil moisture (25% water-filled pore space (WFPS)), and the temperature response of NO flux was well-described by the Arrhenius model. However, there were statistically significant interactions between N, temperature and soil water content, making the NO response complex. Our results suggest that southern California urban shrublands may be important sources of NO, and that chronic, high levels of anthropogenic N deposition will enhance NO efflux from these ecosystems.
Quasilocal Mass in General Relativity

There have been many attempts to define the notion of quasilocal mass for a spacelike two surface in spacetime by the Hamilton-Jacobi analysis. The essential difficulty in this approach is to identify the right choice of the background configuration to be subtracted from the physical Hamiltonian. Quasilocal mass should be non-negative for surfaces in general spacetime and zero for surfaces in flat spacetime. In this Letter, we propose a new definition of gauge-independent quasilocal mass and prove that it has the desired properties.
Drafting the competition: Labor unions and military conscription

This paper applies the interest‐group theory of government to the question of what determines the choice by a government to employ conscription as a recruiting device. We model the government's choice of the draft as a function of various potentially significant influences on that decision, including the extent of unionization of the labor force. We argue that unions may expect to benefit from the presence of conscription in much the same way as from a minimum wage rate — both are devices that tend to protect union‐members from low‐skilled, younger competitors. We find that, controlling for other influences, countries where union influence is greater are indeed more likely to employ the military draft.
IN VITRO TESTING OF 99mTc‐LABELED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR DIROFILARIA IMMITIS

Monoclonal antibodies specific for Dirofilaria immitis were labeled with technetium-99m (99WTc), and their affinity was assessed in vitro. Of six monoclonal antibodies tested, three were IgG and three were IgM. A canine polyclonal IgG was used to establish the labeling technique and later as a control. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was used as a bifunctional chelator to bind 99mTc covalently to the antibody. Radiochemical purity was measured with the use of gel filtration by a Sephadex G-25 column linked to an absorbance monitor and with instant thin-layer chromatography. The radiochemical purity had no significant influence on percent uptake on the heartworms. The clone designated as Di 130.1 had a significantly higher percent uptake than other clones tested.
Association between Support and Maternal Stress at One Year Postpartum: Does Type Matter?

Left untreated, maternal parenting stress in the first year postpartum can have serious long-term consequences for both the mother and her child. Although studies have shown that perceived support can ameliorate maternal stress, more research is needed on whether the type of support matters when measured among a diverse sample of new mothers. Data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N =2, 412) were used to examine effects of four types of perceived support on maternal parenting stress and to test a moderating effect of education. Multivariate analyses of variance and ordinary least squares regression found direct effects of partner support. Emotional support from fathers was most ameliorative for a mother’s stress regardless of education, race, or marital status. Predominantly, the association between support and stress did not differ by educational attainment. Implications for policy, research, and practice that buffer parenting stress for mothers of differing demographics are discussed.
Rheology and microstructure of chemically superphosphorylated whole casein

Abstract Whole bovine casein was chemically modified using POCl 3 to contain 9.1, 10.6, and 12.5 mmol of bound P/mmol of casein (160, 190, and 220% P, respectively) relative to the 5.6 mmol of P/mmol of unmodified casein (100% P). Superphosphorylation produced two types of modified caseins. Solutions made with 220% P casein had low viscosities, which remained constant between pH 5 and 9 and between protein concentrations of 0.2 and 0.7%; these solutions remained fluid when exposed to up to 30m M Ca 2+ . Solutions made with 160 or 190% P caseins increased in viscosity as protein concentration and pH increased; the solutions formed gels at 1% protein, which increased in elastic modulus, viscous modulus, and complex viscosity as the protein and Ca 2+ . concentrations increased. When exposed to Ca 2+ , gels became more curd-like as protein aggregated and then underwent syneresis. Electron microscopy showed that the gel microstructure consisted of an open matrix of folded strands and sheets of casein in irregular sizes that condensed upon exposure to Ca 2+ . These unique interactions among proteins and unique rheological properties suggest that superphosphorylation could be useful in creating novel dairy foods with added value and enhanced functionality.
Enediol mimics as inhibitors of the d-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase (KdsD) from Francisella tularensis

We explored the D-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase (KdsD, E.C. 5.3.1.13) from Francisella tularensis, a highly infectious gram-negative pathogen that has raised concern as a potential bioweapon, as a target for the development of novel chemotherapeutics. F. tularensis KdsD was expressed in Escherichia coli from a synthetic gene, purified, and characterized. A group of hydroxamates designed to be mimics of the putative enediol intermediate in the enzyme's catalytic mechanism were prepared and tested as inhibitors of F. tularensis KdsD. The best inhibitor, which has an IC(50) of 7 μM, is the most potent KdsD inhibitor reported to date.
Processing of emotional information in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder

A possible etiological factor for the social disability described in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a deficit in the ability to accurately evaluate emotional stimuli. Children with ADHD were compared to normal controls on a battery of emotional processing. This battery, the Minnesota Tests of Affective Processing (MNTAP), measures face perception and recognition of affective stimuli as conveyed via facial expression, language, and speech prosody. Overall, children with ADHD were found to be no different from normal children in their ability to process emotional cues. A subgroup of younger children with ADHD were found to have modest difficulties on a test of decoding facial affective stimuli. Significant differences were found between ADHD and normal control groups on those tasks requiring complex auditory processing and extensive use of working memory. Additional analyses found significant effects on affective processing for children with nonverbal impairment We conclude...
Growth and accumulation of 15N in rice inoculated with the parent and a nitrogenase-derepressed mutant strain of Anabaena variabilis

Abstract Rice plants were grown in a temperature-controlled greenhouse in 1.2 L glass fleakers. The rooting media were inoculated with either the parent strain or a nitrogenase-derepressed mutant strain (which excreted NH4 4 + produced by nitrogenase) of the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis and exposed to 15 N 2 . Dry matter and total N accumulated in the roots and shoots of plants inoculated with the mutant strain were significantly greater than from plants inoculated with the parent strain. Significantly higher levels of 15 N 2 accumulated in the roots and shoots of plants inoculated with the mutant strain, which indicated that more fixed N was readily available for root uptake and assimilation. Roots and shoots of uninoculated plants exposed to 15 N 2 had a small, consistent but nonsignificant increase in levels of 15 N compared with treatments that were exposed only to the natural atmospheric abundance of the isotope. These results show that the NH 4 + -excreting mutant strain of A. variabilis has the potential to increase N input for plant growth in rice production systems.
Kinetic mechanism of luciferase subunit folding and assembly.

The kinetic mechanism in vitro of the folding and assembly of the heterodimeric flavin monooxygenase bacterial luciferase has been defined by a unique set of rate constants which describe both the productive refolding pathway and competing off-pathway reactions in 50 mM phosphate, pH 7.0 at 18 degrees C. The individual alpha and beta subunits fold independently to form heterodimerization-competent species, alpha i and beta i. The alpha i beta i species can interact to form an inactive heterodimeric intermediate, [alpha beta ]i, which isomerizes to form the active alpha beta structure; the structure of the enzyme has been determined to 1.5 A resolution [Fisher, A. J., Thompson, T. B., Thoden, J. B., Baldwin, T. O., & Rayment, I. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 21956-21968]. In the absence of alpha i, beta i can form a kinetically trapped homodimer, beta 2, with a second-order rate constant of about 180 M-1 s-1 [Sinclair, J. F., Ziegler, M. M., & Baldwin, T. O. (1994) Nat. Struct. Biol. 1, 320-326]; the structure of beta 2 has recently been reported [Thoden. J. B., Holden, H. M., Fisher, A. J., Sinclair. J. F., Wesenberg, G., Baldwin, T.O., & Rayment, I. (1997) Protein Sci. 6, 13-23]. The beta i species, or some other form that precedes beta i on the refolding pathway, can also undergo a first-order conversion into a form (designated beta x) that cannot associate with alpha i to form the native enzyme. The rate constant for this process, assigned here, accounts well for the previously observed dependence of final yield on concentration of refolding species [Ziegler, M.M., Goldberg, M.E., Chaffotte, A. F., & Baldwin, T. O. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 10760-10765]. In simulations of the refolding reaction, all processes associated with the refolding of the individual subunits were combined into single first-order rate constants for each subunit which were consistent with the rate constants determined from stopped-flow circular dichroism studies. The first-order rate constant for the folding of the alpha subunit, estimated from the concentration-independent lag preceding the appearance of active enzyme, and the second-order rate constant for assembly of alpha i and beta i into the heterodimer, estimated from the concentration-dependent rate of appearance of active enzyme, were consistent with the rates of first- and second-order processes monitored by changes in fluorescence of an extrinsic probe [the product of modification with N-(4-anilino-1-naphthyl)maleimide] on the alpha subunit during refolding. The rate constant for the isomerization of [alpha beta]i to form the active heterodimer was estimated from the kinetic data of a secondary dilution experiment and from fluorescence measurements of protein diluted 20-fold from 2.1 M urea-containing buffer. The rate constants reported here for the kinetic mechanism of refolding permitted simulation of the time courses and yields for activity recovery during the refolding of luciferase from about 1 to 25 micrograms/mL which are in excellent agreement with our previously reported data.
Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond.

We present new experimental results on the thermal conductivity of isotopically enriched $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ diamond crystals at low temperatures. To our knowledge, the measured value for a 99.9% $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ crystal at 104 K, 410 W/cm K, is the highest measured thermal conducitivity for a solid above liquid nitrogen temperature. Our measured temperature dependent conductivities for the isotopically enriched diamond and natural abundance diamond specimens are well described by Callaway's theoretical model. We predict that the thermal conductivity of a 99.999% $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ diamond crystal should exceed 2000 W/cm K at \ensuremath{\sim}80 K.
The epidemiology of psychiatrist-ascertained depression and DSM-III depressive disorders Results from the Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey Clinical Reappraisal

Psychiatrists used a semi-structured Standardized Psychiatric Examination method to examine 810 adults drawn from a probability sample of eastern Baltimore residents in 1981. Of the population, 5.9% was found to be significantly depressed. DSM-III major depression (MD) had a prevalence of 1.1% and 'non-major depression' (nMD), our collective term for the other depressive disorder categories in DSM-III, had a prevalence of 3.4%. The two types of depression differed by sex ratio, age-specific prevalence, symptom severity, symptom profiles, and family history of suicide. Analyses using a multiple logistic regression model discerned that both types of depression were influenced by adverse life events, and that nMD was influenced strongly by gender, marital status, and lack of employment outside the home. Neither type of depression was influenced by income, education, or race. This study validates the concept of major depression as a clinical entity. Future studies of the aetiology, mechanism, and treatment of depression should distinguish between these two types of depression. Language: en
The prevalence and characteristics of incentive plans for clinical productivity among academic anesthesiology programs

Performance-based compensation is encouraged in medical schools to improve faculty productivity. Medical specialties other than anesthesiology have used financial incentives for clinical work. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence and the types of clinical incentive plans among academic anesthesiology departments. We performed an electronic survey of the members of the Society of Academic Anesthesiology Chairs and the Association of Anesthesiology Program Directors in the spring of 2003. The survey included questions about departmental size, presence of a clinical incentive plan, characteristics of existing incentive plans, primary quantifiers of productivity, and factors used to modify productivity measurements. An incentive plan was considered to be present if the department measured clinical productivity and varied compensation according to the measurements. The plans were grouped by the primary measure used into the following categories: None, Charges, Time, Shift, Late/Call (only late rooms and call), and Other. Eighty-eight (64%) of 138 programs responded to the survey, and 5 were excluded for incomplete data. Of the responding programs, 29% had no system, 30% used a Late/Call system, 20% used a Shift system, 11% used a Charges system, 6% used a Time system, and 3% fit in the Other category. Larger groups (>40 faculty members) had a significantly more frequent prevalence of incentive plans compared with smaller groups (<20 faculty members). Incentives were paid monthly or quarterly in 85% of the groups. In 90% of groups, incentive payments accounted for <25% of total compensation. Adjustments for operating room schedule supervisors, personally performed cases, day surgery preoperative clinics, pain-management services, and critical care services were included in less than half of the programs that reported incentive plans. Call and late room compensation was based on varied formulas. Sixty-nine percent of academic anesthesiology departments did not vary compensation according to clinical activity during regular hours. Most did vary payments on the basis of call and/or late rooms worked. Larger departments were more likely to use clinical incentive plans.
II VI compounds in solar energy conversion

Abstract The principal advantages of II–VI compounds for terrestrial solar photovoltaics are low cost, direct bandgap, and the ease of deposition of good quality films of these materials by a variety of growth methods. Existing solar cell technology shows that a solar efficiency of 10% for all thin film, II–VI compoud cells will be reached within a year or two. This paper outlines the useful II–VI compounds and their preparation in this and discussions many of the heterojunctions which show promise. The interaction between the structural parameters of these films such as growth morphology and grain size and the electrical properties of the heterojunctions fabricated from them is crucial to producing efficient cells. Still very little research has been done in this area. The effect of grain boundaries in thin films and heterojunction lattice mismatch is demonstrated by simple models in this paper in order to gain a perspective on the required film properties and cell conjunctions. Finally experimental results are presented for a number of heterojunctions involving II–VI compounds, focusing particularly on the CdS/CdTe cell.
Structure and composition of corticolous epiphyte communities in a Sierra Nevada old-growth mixed-conifer forest

Fifty white fir, red fir, incense cedar, Jeffrey pine and sugar pine were surveyed for corticolous bryophytes and macrolichens in the Teakettle Experimental Forest. Epiphyte abundances were estimated by percent cover in 5 m strata from ground-level to tree-tops. Gradients of bark pH within tree species and stand-level vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were also measured. Mosses had a strong positive association with white fir and proximity to perennial water. Clustering of trees in macrolichen space resulted in four significant groups: white fir, red fir, incense cedar, and Pinus. The lichens Ahtiana sphaerosporella and Letharia indicated the red fir group, Hypogymnia imshaugii and Melanelia elegantula the white fir group, and Nodobryoria oregana the Pinus group. Two nitrophilous lichens, Xanthoria polycarpa and Candelariella efflorescens were strongly positively associated with white fir, and absent from the Pinus species. Bark pH distinguished presence/absence of moss and composition of macrolichens among tree groups, while increasing VPD with height best explained within-group community structure. To foster epiphyte richness and diversity in this mixed-conifer forest, a heterogeneous mix of mature tree species should be retained when thinning, and mature trees in the narrowly confined riparian zone should not be harvested.
‘Obedience’ in the classroom

Abstract The second general standard of the AICPA states “In all matters relating to the assignment, an independence in mental attitude is to be maintained by the auditor or auditors.” Despite assertions that the ultimate responsibility of independence rests with the individual auditor, emphasis is typically placed on the AICPA's code of ethics in the auditing classroom. But, does such an approach reflect and accentuate the ultimate moral responsibility of the individual? The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of Milgram's film “Obedience,” which portrays a psychological experiment on response to authority, as a means of dramatizing the subtle nature of “mental independence” to auditing students. The paper describes the use of this film in auditing instruction and the corresponding response of students. Recommendations for effective administration of the film are offered.
Nonlinear Optics of Electron Spin Coherences in Semiconductors

I will discuss recent experimental studies of nonlinear optical properties of electron spins in semiconductors. Differences and similarities between atomic and semiconductor spin systems as well as effects of manybody Coulomb correlations will be emphasized.
The contralateral deltopectoral flap in repeat resections for recurrent cancer of the head and neck

Surgery may be the only chance of cure or satisfactory palliation in recurrent cancer of the head and neck. Five such cases are presented. The reconstructive possibilities of a second deltopectoral flap, contralateral to the previously used one, are illustrated.
Characteristics of in-situ deposited Si3N4⧸Si⧸In0.53Ga0.47As metal-insulator-semiconductor structures

Abstract Interfacial properties of Si 3 N 4 /Si/InGaAs metal-insulator-semiconductor structures are studied in detail. Both the Si 3 N 4 and Si layers are deposited in-situ in an ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition chamber on as-grown MBE In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As surfaces. In-situ deposition is found to be crucial to obtain low interface-trap density. By incorporating a pseudomorphic Si interlayer up to 4 monolayers, it is shown that frequency dispersion of CV curves reduces as the thickness of the Si layer increases. A minimum frequency dispersion is obtained, which is the same as that of the Si 3 N/(bulk Si) interface, when the thickness of the Si is 3 to 4 monolayers. In a recent paper, we have shown that the frequency dispersion is due to tunneling related trapping. The present results, therefore, indicate that the density of tunneling related traps is reduced as the thickness of the Si interlayer increases. In this paper, the conductance and quasi-static CV methods are also used to characterize the interface trap density. The minimum interface trap density of these samples is found to be of the order of low 10 11 eV -1 cm -2 depending on the deposition conditions. Dependence of the interface trap density on the deposition temperature will also be reported. Metal-insulator-semiconductor depletion-mode field effect transistors fabricated on in-situ deposited samples exhibit a maximum transconductance of over 200 mS/mm for devices with 2.2 μm gate length.
2-(3-Methyl-3H-diaziren-3-yl)ethyl 1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate: A Derivative of the Stereoselective General Anesthetic Etomidate for Photolabeling Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

To locate general anesthetic binding sites on ligand-gated ion channels, a diazirine derivative of the potent intravenous anesthetic, R-(+)-etomidate (2-ethyl 1-(1-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carbo...
n/γ Pulse shape discrimination comparison of EJ301 and EJ339A liquid scintillation detectors

Abstract In this work, we evaluated the neutron-gamma discrimination capability of EJ301 and EJ339A liquid scintillation detectors via the pulse shape discrimination (PSD) method. Both simulation and experimental results are reported. The Geant4 simulation toolkit was used to model the scintillation process inside the scintillator, for neutron and gamma events, respectively. For the experiments, a high-speed digitizer was used to acquire data, which was then processed in MATLAB. This work compared the PSD performance of two liquid scintillation detectors and demonstrated the capability of Geant4 with regard to simulation of pulse shape.
Hormone levels and cataract scores as sex-specific, mid-life predictors of longevity in genetically heterogeneous mice

Serum levels of thyroxine (T4), leptin, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), as well as cataract severity, were evaluated as predictors of life span in a population of genetically heterogeneous mice (UM-HET3). Long life span was predicted by low levels of leptin at age 4 months in females, and by low levels of IGF-I at age 15 months and high levels of T4 at age 4 months, in males. Cataract severity at either 18 or 24 months was also a significant predictor of life span in females only, but in contrast to what has been reported in human studies, relatively severe cataract was correlated with longer life span. Additional work is needed to evaluate the role of these hormones as potential modulators of the aging process, and to resolve the conflicting data obtained for cataract severity as a predictor of life span.
Transmission and yield effects of a gibberellin mutant allele in potato

A selected clone ofSolanum tuberosum Group Andigena PI 347773 (clone Adg 11.1) and the cultivar Superior had previously been shown to be heterozygous at a gibberellin related dwarfing locus, ga1. Experiments were conducted to test for gametophytic selection for alleles at the ga1 locus in reciprocal crosses and for the effect of genotype on tuber yield. The genotypes of individuals from superior-Adg 11.1 reciprocal F1 families were determined by test crossing. Genotypic classes could be distinguished by the percentages of dwarf seedlings in their test cross progeny. No differences were found in the genotypic distributions of the reciprocal families, which indicates gametophytic selection at this locus is not the cause of reciprocal yield differences. Superior-Adg 11.1 individuals classified by ga1 locus genotype were evaluated for tuber yield. Tuber yields were highly correlated with genotype in both reciprocal families. Yields followed the pattern of simplex>duplex>triplex, indicating that the recessive mutant ga1 allele exhibited a dose effect stimulating yield.
Three-phase DC-AC converter with five-level four-switch characteristic

This paper presents a three-phase DC-AC converter with an optimized number of levels per number of switches. Each phase of the proposed converter includes four controlled power switches and it is able to generate five levels. The most significant characteristics of the proposed converter are: (i) reduced number of semiconductor devices, while keeping a high number of levels at the output side of each phase, (ii) no need to control DC-link capacitor voltage as in NPC and flying capacitor topologies, and (iii) reduced semiconductor losses. The principle of operation, modulation technique, and modeling of the proposed converter are presented in this paper. The proposed configuration is simulated and validated experimentally.
Computer estimated alpha attenuation during problem solving in children with learning disabilities.

Abstract The parieto-occipital EEG and power spectra were recorded during resting intervals, while listening to instructions on tape, and during active performance of mental arithmetic and immediate recall to determine if 10 boys with learning disabilities (LD) would show less alpha attenuation than 11 normal controls. The LD boys showed less alpha attenuation than the normal control boys. In addition, the control boys responded correctly to more of the problems. Since attention deficits are found in LD children, and attenuation of the parieto-occipital alpha rhythm is correlated with attention, these results show that a deficit of the latter can be associated with disturbances in the former.
State‐trait communication apprehension dimensions and potential clients' responses to help offering ads

The effects of state and trait communication apprehension's impact on potential clients' responses to help offering ads were investigated. Responses to help offering ads in general and to ads with different levels of communication intensive treatment programs were measured. The results indicate that trait apprehension is associated with diminished enthusiasm about help offering, whereas state apprehension is associated with increasing enthusiasm about help. The results also indicate that individuals with high state and state apprehension have different preferences for help offering programs than low apprehension individuals. Individuals with high state and high trait communication apprehension rated communication intensive programs (e.g., those with interactive role plays and videotaping) as most helpful, but were found to be no more likely to use those programs than other programs rated less effective. The findings are consistent with state-trait communication apprehension theory, and indicate that marketing psychological help-offering services may require segmenting promotional communications by problem dimensions and severity. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Membrane reflectors with variable area electrostatic actuation for laser beam guidance

The following is an investigation into the dynamic behavior of small deformable mirrors based on thin, metallized membranes. Focusing on providing a predetermined focus/defocus correction to a beam, as well as producing specified angular deflections of the beam in the vertical and horizontal planes. Directing the mirrored surface is accomplished using electrostatic actuation. Current designs are comprised of 3 actuator pads fabricated on a fiber reinforced plastic substrate that drive a metallized kapton membrane, which is separated from the substrate by spacers that provide a known air gap. A previous paper[3] consisted of a variable area actuation strategy that would only allow membrane deflection of 1/3 the total gap size before incurring instability due to "snap down". Addressed here is the proingblem of extend the control strategy into the deflection regime where the full nonlinear model must be used for the actuation force. A solution to this problem is an extended controller that can handle the full deflection range of the 40m air gap between the charged electrodes on the fixed substrate and the movable metallized reflective membrane. The observer for the control system operates in continuous time mode. Although the discrete area approximation is also shown alongside, only the continuous-area approximation is studied here. From the continuous-area approximation it is easily seen that the open loop system would be unstable, while the closed loop system closely follows the desired reference specification (maximum deflection approaching 40m, and bandwidth approaching 500 Hz).
Surface regeneration of sulfur-poisoned Ni surfaces under SOFC operation conditions predicted by first-principles-based thermodynamic calculations

Abstract The surface regeneration or de-sulfurization process of a sulfur-poisoned (i.e. sulfur-covered) nickel surface by O2 and H2O has been studied using first-principles calculations with proper thermodynamic corrections. While O2 is more effective than H2O in removing the sulfur atoms adsorbed on nickel surface, it readily reacts with the regenerated Ni surface, leading to over-oxidization of Ni. Thus, H2O appears to be a better choice for the surface regeneration process. In reality, however, both O2 and H2O may be present under fuel cell operating conditions. Accordingly, the effects of the partial pressures of O2 [ p O 2 ] and H2O [ p H 2 O ] as well as the ratio of p O 2 / p H 2 O on the regeneration of a sulfur-covered Ni surface without over-oxidization at different temperatures are systematically examined to identify the best conditions for regeneration of Ni-based SOFC anodes under practical conditions.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and juvenile polyposis: an overlap of syndromes

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome) is a syndrome characterized by multiorgan telangiectases and arteriovenous malformations. A subset of patients with a mutation in the MADH4 gene on chromosome 18 exhibits an overlapping syndrome of HHT and juvenile polyposis (JPS). We present one such family. Genetic testing is warranted when either HHT or JPS is diagnosed, as early recognition of this syndrome overlap allows appropriate management of these patients.
The Impact of Victim-Focused Outreach on Criminal Legal System Outcomes Following Police-Reported Intimate Partner Abuse

Randomized control designs have been used in the public health and psychological literatures to examine the relationship between victim outreach following intimate partner abuse (IPA) and various outcomes. These studies have largely relied on samples drawn from health providers and shelters to examine outcomes outside the criminal legal system. Based on the positive findings from this body of research, we expected that a victim-focused, community-coordinated outreach intervention would improve criminal legal system outcomes. The current study used a randomized, longitudinal design to recruit 236 ethnically diverse women with police-reported IPA to compare treatment-as-usual with an innovative community-coordinated, victim-focused outreach program. Findings indicated that the outreach program was effective in increasing women’s engagement with prosecution tasks as well as likelihood of taking part in prosecution of their abusers. Results were particularly robust among women marginalized by ethnicity and cl...
Forces for Positive Change: Preparing Leaders for the 21st Century in an Undergraduate Honors Program.

Leadership education is offered in myriad ways at m any institutions of higher education (Borgese, Deutsch, & Winkler, 2004). This article highlights the West Chester University Honors College (WCUHC), a highly selective, four-year program for undergraduate students. The WCUHC instituted a liberal education, interdisciplinary approach to leadership development that emphasizes the application of leadership through scholarship and service. WCUHC envisions that leadership involves a shared responsibility for creating a better world in which to live and work which manifests in a passion to engage others in bringing about purposef ul change. One major challenge was designing a program that meets WCUHC goals while still working within the constraints of the larger state university system (14 schools t otal). The following article outlines a program that meets all of these important goals: le adership development using liberal education while working within larger institutional goals, an interdisciplinary perspective to leadership development, and the meaningful appli cation of leadership skills in the classroom and in the community through scholarship and service.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Chemical Analysis of Food

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an emerging and promising technique for the chemical analysis of food. The use of metallic nanosubstrates improves the sensitivity and capacity of conventional Raman spectroscopy greatly. This paper comprehensively reviews the development and applications of SERS in the chemical analysis of food, mainly focusing on food additives and chemical contaminants. The progress of SERS development and their applications in chemical analysis of food, from detection and characterization of target analytes in simple solvents to complex food matrices, is summarized. The advantages and limitations of different SERS substrates and methodologies are discussed. As most of the current SERS research on chemical analysis of food is still in an early stage, there are still several hurdles for further advancing SERS techniques into real-world applications for complex food products. This review includes our perspectives on the future trends of the SERS technique in the field of food analysis.
Reserve Memories: The Power of the Past in a Chilcotin Community.

Reserve Memories: The Power of the Past in. Chilcotin Community David W. Dinwoodie Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002 xi. 120 pp.
High-pressure cation-exchange treatment of a ZSM-5 zeolite

Under ambient pressure, an aqueous solution may not enter the nanopores of a hydrophobic ZSM-5 zeolite, which imposes difficulties to cation-exchange treatment. In the current study, a high-pressure cation-exchange technique is developed. With a relatively short treatment time, the degree of hydrophobicity is significantly increased.
Theory and Applications of Lattice Point Methods for Binomial Ideals

This survey of methods surrounding lattice point methods for binomial ideals begins with a leisurely treatment of the geometric combinatorics of binomial primary decomposition. It then proceeds to three independent applications whose motivations come from outside of commutative algebra: hypergeometric systems, combinatorial game theory, and chemical dynamics. The exposition is aimed at students and researchers in algebra; it includes many examples, open problems, and elementary introductions to the motivations and background from outside of algebra.
Bradycardia after heart transplantation: Reversal with theophylline

Objectives. We attempted to demonstrate that theophylline, an adenosine receptor antagonist, can reverse bradyarrhythmias after orthotopic heart transplantation. Background. Sinus node dysfunction, primarily sinus bradycardia, frequently occurs after orthotopic heart transplantation and may lead to permanent pacemaker implantation. Endogenous adenosine has been implicated as a cause of such posttransplantation bradyarrhythmia. Methods. Twenty-nine transplant recipients (group 1) were given theophylline after bradyarrhythmias developed after transplantation. Data in these patients were compared with those in a control group of 18 patients without bradyarrhythmias (group 2) who were not given theophylline. Results. The mean heart rate in group 1 increased from 62 ± 7 to 89 ± 10 beats/min after administration of theophylline (p Conclusions. The use of theophylline for posttransplantation bradyarrhythmias increased heart rate and facilitated the withdrawal of chronotropic support. We conclude that theophylline offers effective and specific therapy for heart transplant patients with early bradyarrhythmias, reducing the need for implantation of a permanent pacemaker.
Phase Equilibria in the Ti-AI-O System at 945°C and Analysis of Ti/Al2O3 Reactions

Phase relations in the Ti-Al-O system were evaluated experimentally at 945°C. The tie lines were established using equilibrated samples with phase compositions determined by electron probe microanalysis. The phase relations were in agreement with previous estimates but the phase fields of α-Ti[O,Al] and Ti3Al[O] were significantly different. The Ti3Al[O] phase has a maximum solubility of 22 at. % O, corresponding to a nominal stoichiometry of Ti3AlO, whereas the α-Ti[O,Al] phase, at a maximum O solubility of 33.33 at. %, has a negligible amount of Al in solution. The disagreement between these results and previous studies was attributed to the differences in experimental techniques for sample preparation and analysis. The reported layer sequences at the Ti/Al2O3 interface were evaluated based on the ternary section and the corresponding O activity diagram. The layered interfaces were found to be stable, with the evolution of the reaction products governed by the thickness of the initial Ti layer and the O partial pressure in the ambient.
Synthesis of paraplegic gait with multichannel functional neuromuscular stimulation

Template stimulation patterns were used for a multichannel functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) system to synthesize movements for walking in paraplegia. Rules were developed and tested for tailoring template walking stimulation patterns to individuals. The criteria for effective rule application were based on the degree to which the paraplegic gait approached normal appearance, independence of forward progression, the least amount of upper body support, and the minimum amount of energy used as perceived by the user. The ability of preset microprocessor-controlled stimuli to generate walking in paraplegia were limited by muscle strength, fatigue, and timing of stimulation. Joint moment testing showed that paraplegic subjects had 20-60% of normal strength. In individuals at the lower end of the range, the strength was insufficient to allow independent forward progression. The muscle fatigue effected the strength and timing of joint movements during walking. Timing of hip extensor activation at heel strike was found to be critical for progression. Excessive forces were taken up through arm support, especially with hip and trunk extensor fatigue, and forward lean was essential for progression. Hip and trunk stability was achieved through stiffening by co-contraction and upper body support. This resulted in metabolic energy expenditure as high as four times normal. >
Personality Pathology as a Risk Factor for Negative Health Perception

Previous findings suggest that self-perception of health relates to many physical health outcomes, including mortality. Many factors appear to shape health perceptions, such as personality. Little research, however, has focused on whether personality pathology may affect perceived health. This preliminary study examined the unique effects of personality pathology on health perceptions beyond those of objective health and normal personality factors. As part of an ongoing longitudinal study, the authors examined data from a representative sample (N = 697) of St. Louis residents (ages 55–64) who were identified using standard epidemiological methods. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule and the Health Status Inventory were used to collect reports of health perceptions, chronic illnesses, and physical functioning. Personality traits were measured with the revised NEO Personality Inventory, and personality disorders were assessed using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality. Number of physical illnesses,...
Fine-grained kitchen activity recognition using RGB-D

We present a first study of using RGB-D (Kinect-style) cameras for fine-grained recognition of kitchen activities. Our prototype system combines depth (shape) and color (appearance) to solve a number of perception problems crucial for smart space applications: locating hands, identifying objects and their functionalities, recognizing actions and tracking object state changes through actions. Our proof-of-concept results demonstrate great potentials of RGB-D perception: without need for instrumentation, our system can robustly track and accurately recognize detailed steps through cooking activities, for instance how many spoons of sugar are in a cake mix, or how long it has been mixing. A robust RGB-D based solution to fine-grained activity recognition in real-world conditions will bring the intelligence of pervasive and interactive systems to the next level.
An IC for linearizing RF power amplifiers using envelope elimination and restoration

Efficient power amplifiers (PAs) are desirable because power amplifiers typically dominate the power consumed in portable radio devices. Cellular systems such as the advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) employ modulation schemes that generate constant amplitude RF outputs to use efficient but nonlinear PAs. Modern digital communication standards such as the North American dual-mode cellular (NADC) system require nonconstant amplitude RF outputs to maximize frequency spectral usage, and therefore require linear PAs. The traditional approach to linear RF power amplification is to back-off the output power of a PA until its distortion is reduced to an acceptable level. Power back-off can lead to significant reduction in output power and efficiency. The envelope elimination and restoration (EER) system is an alternative to power back-off, to simultaneously achieve efficiency and linearity in RF PAs.