cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum arising in minor salivary glands

Abstract Two cases of papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum arising in the minor salivary glands of the palate are reported. They are histologically identical to adenolymphomas (Warthin's tumors) arising in parotid glands. The location of the lesions and the morphologic alterations present in adjacent salivary glands suggest that the lymphoid component is reactive and not a passive component of the lesion.
Energy-efficient sampling schedules for Body Area Networks

We present a novel sampling method to overcome the tradeoff between sensing fidelity and energy-efficiency in the context of localized sensor arrays used by Body Area Networks (BANs). Prior research has tackled this tradeoff as a coverage problem, wherein a subset of sensors must cover the sensor field. Instead, we formulate it as a power-constrained sampling problem, limiting the number of samples taken per epoch to produce schedules with enhanced coverage and energy savings. This formulation capitalizes on the periodic nature and the strong spatio-temporal interactions that are innate to BAN sensor samples. Our algorithm produces schedules with over 170% in energy savings with increased sensor coverage that yields up to a 41% improvement in diagnostic estimates.
The direct embryotoxicity of immunoglobulin G fractions from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

PROBLEM: To determine if IgG fractions from sera of individuals with systemic lupus erthymatosus (SLE) were toxic to cultures of whole rat embryos. METHODS: Head-fold stage rat embryos (9.5 days of gestation) were cultured on media consisting of 50% rat serum containing IgG fractions isolated from plasmapheresis plasma of six subjects with SLE and six with other autoimmune diseases. Each fraction was tested at 11 mg/ml and those toxic were also tested at 7.5 and 4 mg/ml. RESULTS: Of the six SLE IgG fractions, four were embryotoxic (embryolethal or teratogenic) while only one of the six non-SLE fractions were embryotoxic. CONCLUSION: IgG fractions from subjects with SLE can be toxic to cultures of whole rat embryos in the absence of maternal tissues or influence. Such cultures of whole embryos may be useful to identify those antibodies that represent a risk for fetal loss as well as to understand their mechanisms of embryotoxicity.
Mechanism of Action of 17α-Propyltestosterone in Inhibiting Hamster Flank Organ Development

Win 17,665 [topterone, (17 β )-17-hydroxy-17-propylandrost-4-en-3-one] inhibited stimulation of flank organ development of castrated immature male hamsters by both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, whereas progesterone inhibited the stimulation by only testosterone. Topical application of Win 17,665 on the flank organs of the male hamster did not cause any significant effect on testosterone metabolism of this tissue. In addition, there was no decrease in the lipogenic capacity of the flank organ. The evidence presented indicates that Win 17,665 exerts its antiandrogenic action by binding with the cytosolic androgen receptor(s) in the flank organ thus inhibiting the action of dihydrotestosterone.
Commentary: What Were They Thinking? The Role of Family Firm Mental Models on Threat Recognition:

In this commentary, we extend Sirmon, Arregle, Hitt, and Webb's work in this issue by introducing shared mental models as antecedents of threat of imitability recognition and as moderators of the relationship between threat recognition and strategic action. Specifically, while Sirmon, Arregle, Hitt, and Webb focus on responses to threat recognition, we develop propositions on how shared mental models related to business issues affect the threat recognition process and on how shared mental models related to family issues influence strategic responses to recognized threats. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.
Increasing the Accuracy of EpiPen Administration With a Brief Behavioral Skills Training Package in a School for Autism

Behavioral staff at a school for children with autism investigated the effects of a brief behavioral skills training procedure to promote the appropriate administration of the EpiPen in an emergency situation by school staff. A 10-item task analysis was created outlining the steps required to use the EpiPen effectively and safely and was validated by the school’s registered nurse. Following a pretest in which members of both groups completed a minimal number of steps, the experimental group was trained via instructions, modeling, praise, feedback, and role playing to correctly use the EpiPen whereas the control group received no such training. Posttest scores indicated that the brief intervention was an effective means of teaching appropriate administration of the EpiPen with school staff.
Electrical Aspects of Adsorbing Colloid Flotation. XVI. Double-Layer Relaxation

Abstract A mathematical model for studying relaxation processes in the electric double layer adjacent to a plane charged surface is developed and analyzed. The model is nonlinear and nonideal. A time constant of roughly 7 × 10−8 s qualitatively describes the relaxation processes. Increased applied potentials yield nonlinear responses, which are investigated by Fourier analysis. The effects of ionic size are determined. The relaxation rate is fast enough so that the local equilibrium assumption in foam flotation is amply justified.
Regulation of nerve growth factor synthesis in mouse submaxillary glands by testosterone.

—It has long been known that the activity of nerve growth factor (NGF) in extracts obtained from the male mouse submaxillary gland is higher than in extracts from the female gland, and that the activity present in female glands can be increased by testosterone treatment. This communication presents a study of the mechanism of the testosterone effect. Of several different steroids administered to female Swiss–Webster mice only testosterone propionate led to increased gland NGF activity. The increase did not appear to be due to an enhancement of the activity of pre-existing molecules on sympathetic nerve fiber outgrowth, or due to an altered affinity for the specific antibodies used in the estimation of NGF content, but appeared rather to be due to an accumulation of NFG molecules. The kinetics of change in the male gland NGF content upon castration and secondary testosterone propionate stimulation was analyzed by application of the plateau principle. The rate of loss of NGF from this organ was not measureably different between the castrate and testosterone propionate stimulated state. On the other hand, there was estimated to be a 10-fold difference in the rate of input between the basal and steroid stimulated state. Tracer amounts of radioiodine labelled NGF administered i.v. was not accumulated by the gland, and there is no evidence for uptake of this protein from the circulation. We, therefore, infer that the increased NGF concentration in male submaxillary glands is due to a 10-fold increase in the rate constant of synthesis.
A Mechanistic, Multiscale Mathematical Model of Immunogenicity for Therapeutic Proteins: Part 1—Theoretical Model

A mechanistic, multiscale mathematical model of immunogenicity for therapeutic proteins was formulated by recapitulating key biological mechanisms, including antigen presentation, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells, secretion of antidrug antibodies (ADA), as well as in vivo disposition of ADA and therapeutic proteins. This system-level model contains three scales: a subcellular level representing antigen presentation processes by dendritic cells; a cellular level accounting for cell kinetics during humoral immune response; and a whole-body level accounting for therapeutic protein in vivo disposition. The model simulations for in vivo responses against antigenic protein challenge are consistent with many known immunological observations. By simulating immune responses under various initial parameter conditions, the model suggests hypotheses for future experimental investigation and contributes to the mechanistic understanding of immunogenicity. With future experimental validation, this model may potentially provide a platform to generate and test hypotheses about immunogenicity risk assessment and ultimately aid in immunogenicity prediction.
Is surveillance of small renal masses safe in the elderly

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE To determine if preoperative variables, including gender, age and tumour size, influence the decision for active surveillance of renal masses, as due to the increasing detection of incidental renal masses within the ageing population there is a need to identify reliable means of selecting patients who require therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified all renal masses resected at our institution between 1 December 1999, and 1 October 2005. The size of tumour, patient age and gender were compared between those with and without malignancy on final pathology. The influence of these variables in predicting malignancy, high grade, and high stage were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis using logistic regression models, with a significance level of P 3 cm and those aged ≤75 or >75 years. RESULTS Among 466 of 501 patients with evaluable data, univariate analysis showed that both male gender and increasing size positively predicted malignancy (odds ratio 1.13 and 1.40, respectively), but age, treated as a continuous variable, did not. On multivariate analysis both remained independent predictors of malignancy (odds ratio 1.13 and 1.40, respectively). Size was the only independent predictor of high-stage and high-grade disease on both univariate and multivariate analysis. Among 156 patients with tumours of ≤3 cm, on multivariate analysis, male gender was only weakly associated with the risk of malignancy, whereas size remained strongly predictive (odds ratio 1.98, P = 0.076; and 2.16, P = 0.015, respectively). Neither male gender, size nor age increased the risk of high-stage or high-grade disease in this cohort. Patients who were aged >75 years had a greater risk of high-stage disease than those aged 75 years remained an independent predictor of malignancy and high-stage, along with size (odds ratio 2.75, P = 0.014; and 1.35, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Increased size of tumour increases the risk of malignancy and the likelihood of high-stage and high-grade disease. Among patients aged >75 years there was a higher risk of malignancy and high-stage disease than in those aged ≤75 years. As such, the decision for observation should not be based upon age alone, and should be approached with caution in patients aged >75 years, particularly for larger lesions.
Eyes Wide Shut: University, State and Society

The article seeks to explain why the ties between industry and university are reacted to in different ways across the Atlantic. The modal European response is one of concern while the modal response in the United States of America is more optimistic. Some sociological explanations emphasize how differences in historical legacies explain persisting differences in what constitutes universities and why these differences in turn explain differences in sensibilities toward university industry links. These explanations indicate that the historical legacy of greater social embeddedness makes American universities more open to multiple external influences, including those rooted in industry. An alternative sociological perspective suggests that the weight of historical legacies is increasingly offset by the authority of a common world frame that defines what constitutes a university. More broadly, world models of progress and justice and their enactment to attain viability and probity as universities leads to com...
Geometrical modeling using multiregional marching tetrahedra for bioluminescence tomography

Localization and quantification of the light sources generated by the expression of bioluminescent reporter genes is an important task in bioluminescent imaging of small animals, especially the generically engineered mice. To employ the Monte Carlo method for the light-source identification, the surfaces that define the anatomic structures of the small experimental animal is required; to perform finite element-based reconstruction computation, the volumetric mesh is a must. In this work, we proposed a Multiregional Marching Tetrahedra (MMT) method for extracting the surface and volumetric meshes from segmented CT/micro-CT (or MRI) image volume of a small experimental animal. The novel MMT method extracts triangular surface mesh and constructs tetrahedra/prisms volumetric finite element mesh for all anatomic components, including heart, liver, lung, bones etc ., within one sweep over all the segmented CT slices. In comparison with the well-established Marching Tetrahedra (MT) algorithm, our MMT method takes into consideration of two more surface extraction cases within each tetrahedron, and guarantees seamless connection between anatomical components. The surface mesh is then smoothed and simplified, without losing the seamless connections. The MMT method is further enhanced to generate volumetric finite-element mesh to fill the space of each anatomical component. The mesh can then be used for finite element-based inverse computation to identify the light sources.
Analysis of parameter error in a nonlinear model

Abstract Solutions of a two-variable nonlinear model were studied by randomly selecting parameters from independent triangular distributions, with maximum and minimum parameter values equal to 10% of the expected value. Small coefficients of variation on parameter values can result in coefficients of variation on model output that are as much as an order of magnitude larger. Establishing limits of acceptable system behavior (error criteria at four points in time reduced the total error and revealed significant variance-covariance relationships between parameters. With parameters drawn from a prespecified variance-covariance matrix, total error over the entire simulation was reduced by a factor of 4.8. Our results can be applied to improve the design of experiments used to estimate parameter values and validate model output.
Interference in astronomical speckle patterns

Astronomical speckle patterns are examined in an atmospheric-optics context in order to determine what kind of image quality is to be expected from several different imaging techniques. The model used to describe the instantaneous complex field distribution across the pupil of a large telescope regards the pupil as a deep phase grating with a periodicity given by the size of the cell of uniform phase or the refractive index structure function. This model is used along with an empirical formula derived purely from the physical appearance of the speckle patterns to discuss the orders of interference in astronomical speckle patterns.
Safar al-Hawali : Saudi Islamist or Saudi nationalist ?

Abstract Safar al‐Hawali's name came to prominence during the Gulf War due to the popularity of his taped sermons, which galvanized public debate inside Saudi Arabia on a range of issues of major concern for both the Saudis and the Muslim world. Because most Western writings on the Islamists discourse have depended on second‐hand material, Hawaii was presented in the Western media as a Saudi Shaykh who opposed the royal family of Saudi Arabia. Here I will attempt to give a more complete picture of the man and his discourse through an analysis of his written work and his cassette‐taped sermons. This portrayal will reveal that Hawaii is concerned with broad issues transcending the local Saudi setting. He debates such issues as Western domination of the Arab/Muslim world, the role of the US in the Gulf region, the implications of that domination for the Muslim community at large, and the role of Christian fundamentalists who, in Hawaii's view, work relentlessly to undermine the Muslim world. These fundamenta...
Dynamic Matchings and Quasidynamic Fractional Matchings. I

This paper presents and solves in polynomial time the dynamic matching problem, an integer programming problem which involves matchings in a time-expanded infinite network. The initial model is a finite directed graph G = (V, E) in which each edge has an associated real-valued weight and an integral distance. We wish to "match" vertices over an infinite horizon, and we permit vertex i in period p to be matched to vertex i in period r if and only if there is an edge e = (i, i) of E with distance r-p or else an edge e = (j, i) of E with distance p-r. Equivalently, we construct a "dynamic graph" in which there is an edge incident to vertex i-p and to vertex j-r in the above cases. The weight of this matched edge in the dynamic (time-expanded) graph is the weight of e. The dynamic matching problem is to determine a matching M in the dynamic graph such that M has a maximum long-run average weight per period. We show that the infinite horizon dynamic matching problem is linearly transformable to the finite horizon Q-matching problem, which is shown to be solvable in polynomial time in Part II of this paper. I. INTRODUCTION In this paper we consider the dynamic matching problem, a matching problem defined on infinite dynamic (periodic, time-expanded) graphs in which the objective is to maximize the average weight per period of a (periodic) matching. We show that the infinite-horizon dynamic matching problem is linearly transformable to the finitehorizon quasidynamic fractional matching problem, which is shown to be solvable by a polynomial-time algorithm in Part II of this paper. One can pose other problems on dynamic graphs such as network flow problems, connectivity problems, independence set problems, etc. Orlin [15, 16] has shown that the dynamic network flow problem is polynomially solvable, whereas the Hamiltonian path problem, the maximum independent set problem, the 3-colorability problem, and others are all P-space hard. (See Garey and Johnson [91 for definitions). Thus the polynomial solvability of the dynamic matching problem highlights the difference between polynomially solvable graph problems and NP-hard graph problems as generalized to dynamic graphs.
A Comparison of the Perceived Importance of Information Systems Development Strategies by Developers from the United States and Korea

This study examined the perceptions of Information Systems IS developers from the U.S. and Korea with regards to the strategies that are considered crucial for IS success. The results of a principal component analysis revealed that the IS development strategies could be classified into four categories: 1 Organizational Integration, 2 Team Member Characteristics, 3 Project Leader Traits, and 4 Project Development Management. ANOVA results indicated that developers from both countries viewed Organizational Integration as the most important component and Project Development Management as the least important component. However, while IS developers in the U.S. viewed Team Member Characteristics as the second most important component, Korean IS developers rated the Project Leader Traits as the second most important component. Moreover, the IS developers from the U.S. rated Organizational Integration and Team Member Characteristics as significantly more important than did the IS developers from Korea. The results were discussed in terms of Hofstede's model of national culture.
Oral hairy leukoplakia: A light microscopic and immunohistochemical study

We compared the light microscopic features and immunoperoxidase staining for human papillomavirus antigen of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) and flat condylomatous lesions of the cervix. Our findings support the conclusion that OHL and flat condylomatous lesions of the cervix are not similar morphologically or etiologically. Therefore the term koilocyte seems inappropriate to describe the swollen epithelial cells in OHL. The various diagnostic criteria for a diagnosis of OHL were reviewed. On the basis of the review of our cases of OHL and our review of the literature, we conclude that a definitive diagnosis of OHL requires either the biochemical evidence of Epstein-Barr virus or the ultrastructural demonstration of herpesviruses in suspected lesions.
Suppression of EGF binding in rat liver by the hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferators, 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio-(N-β-hydroxyethyl)acetamide and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

Dietary administration of 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio(N-beta-hydroxyethyl) acetamide(BR931) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), hypolipidemic agents, to rats for 3-35 days induced a marked reduction in the hepatocyte surface and intracellular binding of [125I]EGF without affecting its binding affinity. The reduction was apparent after 3 days' feeding of BR931 and the magnitude of the reduction was consistently higher in hepatocytes of BR931-treated rats than those of DEHP-treated rats. The liver extracts and the sera from rats fed BR931 or DEHP for 4 weeks showed no inhibitory effects on the EGF binding of hepatocytes from rats fed a basal diet. Possible significance of the changes in relation to their hepatocarcinogenic action was discussed.
Intramolecular Vibrational Excitation of Unfolding Reactions in ZnII-Substituted and Metal-Free Cytochromes c: Activation Enthalpies from Integrated Fluorescence Stokes Shift and Line Shape Excitation Profiles

We have employed continuous-wave fluorescence spectroscopy to observe the light-induced formation of partially unfolded states of ZnII-substituted and metal-free (or free-base) cytochrome c (ZnCytc...
Varieties and modules with vanishing cohomology

Several years ago the authors, together with Dave Benson, conducted an investigation into the vanishing of cohomology for modules over group algebras [2]. It was mostly in the context of kG-modules where k is a field of finite characteristic p and G is a finite group whose order is divisible by p. Aside from some general considerations, the main results of [2] related the existence of kG-modules M with H*(G, M) = 0 to the structure of the centralizers of the p-elements in G. Specifically it was shown that there exists a non-projective module M in the principal block of kG with H*(G, M) = 0 whenever the centralizer of some p-element of G is not p-nilpotent. The converse was proved in the special case that the prime p is an odd integer (p > 2). In addition there was some suspicion and much speculation about the structure of the varieties of such modules. However, proofs seemed to be waiting for a new idea.
Abstract 1394: Pro-apoptotic and anti-tumorigenic effects of a naturally occurring proteasome inhibitor on hormone-refractory prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC A major mode by which cancer cells evade death is by an acquired ability to suppress apoptosis. In hormone refractory prostate cancer, the overexpression of pro-survival/anti-apoptotic proteins results in resistance to chemo- and radio-therapy. Hence, developing co-therapies that sensitize cells to standard treatment regimens by overcoming this apoptotic block could improve treatment outcomes in advanced prostate cancer. The naturally occurring proteasome inhibitor celastrol has been previously reported to inhibit DNA damage processing and synergize with radiotherapy to kill PC-3 cells. To further explore the mechanism by which celastrol might potentiate cell death, several lines of questioning were explored. First, the open question regarding whether or not celastrol inhibits DNA damage repair, not simply processing, was tested in the comet assay. The tail moments measured in cells treated with celastrol, irradiated and allowed to recover were significantly greater than those in untreated cells, indicating that DNA damage repair was inhibited. In other experiments, cells treated with celastrol displayed an increased expression of the pro-apoptotic, BH3 only protein Noxa. This correlated with an increase in apoptotic cell death which was further augmented by ionizing radiation treatment. The pro-survival protein NFkB is tightly controlled by IkB-alpha binding. Proteasome inhibition can suppress the pro-survival activity of NFkB by decreasing the turnover of IkB-alpha. Indeed, IkB-alpha was found to accumulate in celastrol treated cells. Further, NFkB target gene activation was markedly reduced. To test the feasibility of celastrol treatment in animals, the PC-3 xenograft model in the athymic nude mouse was employed. When celastrol was combined with radiotherapy, tumor volume decreased, apoptosis increased, angiogenesis decreased, and NFkB target gene mRNA levels were found to be lower. Taken together, these data show that celastrol sensitized PC-3 cells to radiation both in vitro and in vivo by impairing DNA damage repair and augmenting apoptosis through suppressing NFkB activation and increasing the protein levels of Noxa. Celastrol may hold promise as a co-therapy with radiation for the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1394.
Sexual Harassment—Develop a Policy

(1996). Sexual Harassment—Develop a Policy. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 4-5.
Low frequency of Helicobacter DNA in benign and malignant liver tissues from Baltimore, United States

Helicobacter DNA has been reported in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues in several studies from varying geographic locations, raising the possibility that Helicobacter infection may contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Other known risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma show significant geographic variability, but whether the same holds for Helicobacter is unknown. We studied the prevalence of Helicobacter DNA in a US cohort of hepatocellular carcinoma, where the prevalence of Helicobacter infection is low in the general population. Liver tissues from 57 individuals were examined. Thirty-five individuals had paired tumor/nontumor samples, including 21 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, for a total of 92 samples studied. Both Helicobacter genus and Helicobacter pylori species-specific polymerase chain reaction was performed. Helicobacter DNA was detected in 5 (9%) of 57 cases, all in nonneoplastic cirrhotic liver tissues from individuals with hepatitis C infection (n = 4) or alcohol liver disease (n = 1). Tissues from 22 hepatocellular carcinomas and 10 cholangiocarcinomas were all negative as were tissues from 8 benign primary hepatic tumors. In conclusion, Helicobacter DNA was detectable in 9% of liver tissues in this cohort but was not found in primary benign or malignant liver tumors. These findings indicate that Helicobacter infection is unlikely to be etiologically associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in this cohort. If Helicobacter infection does contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in general, then significant regional variability must exist.
Daily experiences of intimacy: A study of couples

The present study examined people's working definitions of intimacy, which emerge through daily interactions that are perceived as intimate by the participant. We proposed that working definitions should be reflected in a set of interaction characteristics that prompt relationship partners to label their interaction as intimate. Participants were 113 cohabiting couples who completed questionnaires and kept diaries of their interactions for 1 week. Interaction characteristics explaining perceived intimacy were interaction pleasantness, disclosure of private information, the expression of positive feelings, the perception of being understood by one's partner, and the disclosure of emotion. Further, more satisfied couples perceived their interactions as more intimate and showed stronger associations between interaction intimacy and partner disclosure than did less satisfied couples. Findings indicated that couple characteristics are more salient than person characteristics as predictors of intimacy in interactions. The deepest need of man, then, is the need to overcome his separate-ness, to leave the prison of his aloneness. The absolute failure to achieve this aim means insanity, because the panic of complete isolation can be overcome only by such a radical withdrawal from the world outside that the feeling of separation disappears–because the world outside, from which one is separated, has disappeared.
The src gene product (pp60src) of avian sarcoma virus rapidly induces DNA synthesis and proliferation of calcium-deprived rat cells

A general characteristic of neoplastic cells, but not their non-neoplastic counterparts, is the ability to proliferate in calcium-deficient medium. NRK cells infected with the transformation-defective, temperature-sensitive, ASV mutant, tsLA23, were unable to proliferate in calcium-deficient medium at the non-permissive 40°C, but they very rapidly initiated DNA synthesis (within 1 hour) and resumed proliferation in this medium after being shifted to 36°C, a temperature permissive for the production of active pp60src and for neoplastic transformation. These observations suggest that activated pp60src acts near the G1S transition point in the cell cycle to bypass or stimulate a calcium-dependent mechanism required for the initiation of DNA synthesis, which enables the cells to display the neoplastic property of proliferating in calcium-deficient medium.
Light Regulation in Turkey Management 1. Effect on Body Weight (Growth)

Abstract CONFINEMENT rearing is the general procedure for the production of young turkey fryer-roasters. Consequently, artificial light is supplied, particularly during the “off season” when the natural day lengths are short. Often the light is continuous as producers have felt that this lighting program reduced certain management problems. The diurnal light-dark sequence is an important environmental factor which conditons, synchronizes, and stimulates various physiological processes in the avian species, including the turkey. Alterations of the light-dark sequence at an early age is of interest in at least two phases of turkey management. One of these is the effect on subsequent management for reproductive purposes and the other is the effect on market quality characteristics such as growth and feathering. Previous investigations bearing on the latter phase by Mueller et al. (1951), Moultrie et al. (1955) and McCartney (1956) indicated that body weights were somewhat larger in groups receiving the longer light …
Chemical response of the middle atmosphere to changes in the ultraviolet solar flux

Time variations in the solar flux between 1000 and 4000 A induce changes in the concentrations of minor constituents in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. The response of mesospheric ozone to variations in the Lyman α line over the course of several solar rotations may be of measurable magnitude. Large Lyman α fluxes lead to small O3 densities above 65 km due to the enhanced dissociation of H2O and resultant destruction of odd oxygen by odd hydrogen. An increase in continuum and Lyman α fluxes causes a slight enhancement in both the odd oxygen and hydrogen concentrations in the upper stratosphere.
An introduction to the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in risk assessment.

Many extrapolation issues surface in quantitative risk assessments. The extrapolation from high-dose animal studies to low-dose human exposures is of particular concern. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are often proposed as tools to mitigate the problems of extrapolation. These models provide a representation of the disposition, metabolism, and excretion of xenobiotics that are believed to possess the potential of inducing adverse human health responses. Given a model of xenobiotic disposition that is applicable for multiple species and appropriate for nonlinearity of the xenobiotic biotransformation process, better extrapolation may be possible. Unfortunately, the true structure of these models (e.g. number of compartments, type of metabolism, etc.) is seldom known, and attributes of these models (tissue volumes, partition coefficients, etc.) are often experimentally determined and often only central measures of these quantities are reported. We describe the use of PBPK models in risk...
RHESSI e + -e - Annihilation Radiation Observations: Implications for Conditions in the Flaring Solar Chromosphere

RHESSI has measured the positron-electron annihilation line and continuum in three solar flares: 2002 July 23, 2003 October 28, and 2003 November 2. The 511 keV line was broad (~4-8 keV) in all three flares, consistent with annihilations in an ambient ionized medium at temperatures above 105 K. The measured continuum from positronium and from Compton scattering was unobservable, with the exception of the first 4 minutes of the October 28 flare observation; this indicates that the density at which most annihilations occurred was greater than ~1014 H cm-3. The width of the line narrowed in 2 minutes to ~1 keV late in the October 28 flare, consistent with annihilation in ionized H < 104 K and ≥1015 cm-3. There is evidence for a similar decrease in line width late in the November 2 flare. These observations suggest a highly dynamic flaring atmosphere at chromospheric densities that can reach transition-region temperatures, then cool to less than 104 K in minutes while remaining highly ionized. Although the energy contained in high-energy accelerated particles may have been enough to heat the plasma, the rate of deposition is not correlated with the temperature determined by the 511 keV line width, and this raises questions about the energy source.
Maintenance of Permanently Implanted Cardiac Pressure Catheters in Experimental Animals

Two techniques for maintaining permanently implanted cardiac catheters in experimental animals are described. Polyvinylchloride catheters are coated with TDMAC-Heparin, a polymer complex currently used clinically to prevent thrombogenesis in vascular shunts. Long-term catheter obstruction and thrombus formation have been obviated by using this method. Also, to assure multiple, painless studies in awake animals, a somewhat different technique for pressure catheter access has been developed and is detailed in this report.
DVI image compression: second generation

The goal of this compression algorithm is to exploit the i750TM video processor to achieve VCR quality video at CD-ROM data rates. The algorithm uses motion compensation with fractional-pixel displacements to produce good predicted images. The residual errors are then encoded using pyramid and vector-quantization techniques. A binary tree is used to efficiently encode large areas of the image with the same displacement vector, and large areas where the residual errors quantize to zero. The remaining quantities are statistically encoded for the programmable statistical decoder of the i750 video processor. This second-generation algorithm has achieved its goal and is now incorporated in current DVI products.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An approximate likelihood for genetic data under a model with recombination and population splitting

We describe a new approximate likelihood for population genetic data under a model in which a single ancestral population has split into two daughter populations. The approximate likelihood is based on the 'Product of Approximate Conditionals' likelihood and 'copying model' of Li and Stephens [Li, N., Stephens, M., 2003. Modeling linkage disequilibrium and identifying recombination hotspots using single-nucleotide polymorphism data. Genetics 165 (4), 2213-2233]. The approach developed here may be used for efficient approximate likelihood-based analyses of unlinked data. However our copying model also considers the effects of recombination. Hence, a more important application is to loosely-linked haplotype data, for which efficient statistical models explicitly featuring non-equilibrium population structure have so far been unavailable. Thus, in addition to the information in allele frequency differences about the timing of the population split, the method can also extract information from the lengths of haplotypes shared between the populations. There are a number of challenges posed by extracting such information, which makes parameter estimation difficult. We discuss how the approach could be extended to identify haplotypes introduced by migrants.
Calmodulin gene family in potato: developmental and touch-induced expression of the mRNA encoding a novel isoform

Eight genomic clones of potato calmodulin (PCM1 to 8) were isolated and characterized. Sequence comparisons of different genes revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of PCM1 had several unique substitutions, especially in the fourth Ca(2+)-binding area. The expression patterns of different genes were studied by northern analysis using the 3'-untranslated regions as probes. The expression of PCM1, 5, and 8 was highest in the stolon tip and it decreased during tuber development. The expression of PCM6 did not vary much in the tissues tested, except in the leaves, where the expression was lower; whereas, the expression of PCM4 was very low in all the tissues. The expression of PCM2 and PCM3 was not detected in any of the tissues tested. Among these genes, only PCM1 showed increased expression following touch stimulation. To study the regulation of PCM1, transgenic potato plants carrying the PCM1 promoter fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene were produced. GUS expression was found to be developmentally regulated and touch-responsive, indicating a positive correlation between the expression of PCM1 and GUS mRNAs. These results suggest that the 5'-flanking region of PCM1 controls developmental and touch-induced expression. X-Gluc staining patterns revealed that GUS localization is high in meristematic tissues such as the stem apex, stolon tip, and vascular regions.
The effects of stereotyped behaviour on orienting and tonic cardiac activity.

. The relationship of cardiac activity to stereotyped behaviour was studied in profoundly mentally retarded persons, using both intra- and inter-group comparisons. The first intra-group comparison involved examining the relative magnitude of an orienting response to an auditory stimulus during the occurrence or nonoccurrence of stereotyped body rocking. While no differences were found between periods of rocking and non-rocking when behavioural measures of orienting were used, smaller changes in post-tone heart rate were observed during periods of stereotyped rocking. A second intra-group comparison found that stereotyped behaviour was associated with a significant increase in heart rate but no change in heart rate variability when compared to periods of no stereotyped activity. Finally, using an inter-group comparison, individuals who displayed stereotyped body rocking exhibited higher tonic heart rates and lower heart rate variability during periods of no stereotyped behaviour than was observed in matched control subjects. This result suggests that stereotyped behaviour may be correlated with reduced vagal tone.
Response of broilers to graded levels of microbial phytase added to maize-soyabean-meal-based diets containing three levels of non-phytate phosphorus

Male 1-d-old broilers (n 920) were given 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 U microbial phytase/kg diet in combination with 2.0, 2.7 or 3.4 g non-phytate P (nP)/kg or 4.0, 5.1 or 5.8 g total P (tP)/kg in a 21 d trial to assess the effectiveness of phytase in a maize-soyabean-meal diet. In addition to the above twenty-one diets, a positive control P diet supplied 4.5 g nP/kg, 6.9 g tP/kg and 10 g Ca/kg. The basal diet contained 230 g crude protein/kg, 8.8 g Ca/kg, 4.4 g tP/kg and 2.0 g nP/kg. Defluorinated phosphate and limestone were used to supply P and Ca. A Ca :tP ratio of 2 :1 was maintained except in the positive control diet which had a ratio of 1.45 :1. Phytase additions linearly increased (P < 0.01) body-weight (BW) gain, feed intake, toe ash percentage, and apparent retention (% of intake) or total amount (g/bird) of retained Ca and P, and linearly decreased (P < 0.01) P excretion (g/kg of DM intake) at each level of nP with the magnitude of the response inversely related to the level of nP. Above-normal mortality was only observed in the group receiving 2.0 g nP/kg diet without phytase. Adding nP linearly increased (P < 0.01) BW gain, feed intake, toe ash percentage, Ca retention, total amount (g/bird) of P retained, and P excretion, and linearly decreased (P < 0.01) apparent retention (%) of P. Derived linear and non-linear equations for BW gain and toe ash percentage at the two lower nP levels, 2.0 and 2.7 g/kg, were used to calculate P equivalency values of microbial phytase. The results show that 939 U microbial phytase is equivalent to 1 g P from defluorinated phosphate in broilers fed on maize-soyabean-meal diets. The amount of P released per 100 U phytase decreased as the total amount of phytase increased.
pH- and temperature-dependent ß-glucosidase multiplicity in maize (Zea mays L.) is a proteolysis artifact

Abstract Maize s-glucosidase (s-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) isolated from inbred lines displays multiple electrophoretic variants in a time-dependent manner during storage, especially at low pH (below pH 6.0) and in the presence of a reducing agent. The enzyme was extracted from the coleoptiles of 5–6-day-old maize seedlings with a variety of aqueous buffers and assayed for activity spectrophotometrically and by zymogram techniques. The pH values of the crude enzyme preparations were adjusted to vary from 3.0 to 10.0 and the preparations were incubated at different temperatures (−30°, 4°, 25° and 37°C) for varying lengths of time in the presence of the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and assayecl for activity and changes in zymogram patterns. The results showed that the enzyme lost activity at higher temperatures (25° and 37°C) and at pH values 9. Similarly, the number of charge variants resolved by electrophoresis increased during incubation, especially at higher temperatures. These novel variants had increased anodal mobilities; they could be resolved into 5 distinct bands after extracts were incubated at pH 4–6. When polypeptide profiles were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the staining intensity of individual polypeptides decreased and complete loss of some polypeptides occurred between pH 4 and 6 in a time-dependent manner, especially after incubation at 25° and 37°C. Based on these data, it was concluded that maize s-glu multiplicity observed in zymograms of inbred lines is an artifact of proteolysis. An SH-proteinase active under acidic conditions and requiring a reducing agent (e.g., 2-ME) for activation was postulated to be primarily responsible for artifactual s-glu multiplicity. Another class (undefined) of proteolytic activity was responsible for producing charge multiplicity above pH 6; but this multiplicity occurred as a broad and diffuse zone instead of distinct bands.
The relation of White Matter Hyperintensities to implicit learning in healthy older adults.

Objective This study examined whether MRI evidence of cerebrovascular disease in the form of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) was associated with decreased implicit sequence learning performance in a high-functioning group of normal elderly volunteers. Method One hundred and eight community-dwelling elderly individuals received an MRI and performed an implicit sequence learning task, the serial reaction time (SRT) task. Results Hyperintensities present in the white matter were associated with a decreased learning effect. This association was found with both deep white matter and periventricular changes. Other factors affecting SRT performance (i.e., baseline reaction time and switch-cost) were not significantly related to the presence of WMH. Conclusions The results indicate that in addition to previously identified generalized cognitive deficits, WMH are also associated with a specific decrease in the implicit learning of sequences. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Fuzzy Robot Control System

Summary form only given. The ability of robots to perform desired tasks requires that the robot be supplied with a mechanism in which to carry out the planning of the actions necessary to carry out these tasks. Reference is made to pertinent research by N. Nilsson and others.
An enzymatically stable peptide with activity in the central nervous system: Its penetration through the blood-CSF barrier

Abstract Vasopressin, other neurohypophyseal peptides and certain of their fragments can affect central nervous system function. Cyclo(Leu-Gly), formally derived from the C-terminal dipeptide of oxytocin, is also active in memory processes. This molecule, radioactively labeled for this study, was found to be resistant to enzymatic degradation both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, after its intravenous application in cat, it easily penetrated into cerebrospinal fluid. This indicates that cyclo(Leu-Gly) can readily pass from blood into the central nervous system to exert it's central pharmacological actions. Thus, labeled cyclo(Leu-Gly) is a valuable model for studying the distribution and localization of peptides which have activity in the central nervous system.
Pressure-shear impact-induced phase transformations in Cu-14.44Al-4.19Ni single crystals

Pressure-shear plate impact experiments have been carried out on Cu-14.44Al-4.19Ni (wt. %) single crystals in order to study the kinetics of the stress-induced phase transformation occurring in this shape memory alloy. In these plane wave experiments, the crystal is oriented in such a way as to activate only a single variant of martensite. The habit plane of the variant to be induced is parallel to the impact plane and shearing is parallel to the shearing direction of the transformation. Wave profiles are monitored at the rear surface of the target plate. Arrival of step-like quasi-longitudinal and quasi-shear waves are evidence of the nearly elastic response of the material. Velocity profiles provide several indications of the existence of a propagating phase boundary. The measured transverse free-surface velocity after arrival of the three elastic waves, is less than the imposed velocity at the impact plane. This velocity difference, in the absence of any evidence of plastic deformation, is indicative of a stress induced phase transformation that propagates into the crystals from the impact face. The resolved shear stress driving the transformation is approximately the same in experiments conducted at different impact angles and velocities. Velocity profiles at the rear surface of the specimen also exhibit features consistent with the interaction of the quasi-longitudinal wave with a phase boundary. Reflection of the quasi-longitudinal wave from the phase boundary results in an increase in free surface particle velocity in both the normal and transverse velocity records. The velocity profiles appear to provide an effective means for probing the kinetics of the phase transformation.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the operator freezing effect

Based on a number of operations creating operator-variable chains, namely, wh-movement, focalization, topicalization, quantifier raising, and the NPI-licensing movement, the article argues that operators in operator-variable chains cannot undergo further operator movement. It is shown that the generalization in question can be deduced from Chomsky’s (2000, 2001a) Activation Condition. The article also discusses the contexts where Bulgarian, a multiple wh-fronting language, allows extraction out of wh-islands. A new generalization is proposed regarding the ability of languages like Bulgarian to violate the Wh-Island Constraint in the contexts in question, which dissociates it from multiple wh-fronting and ties it to a property of D, in particular, availability of affixal articles.