cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological Rat Assay for Total Fluoride Availability in Foods

A fluoride (F) bioassay procedure based on the method of standard additions and using weanling rats was designed and tested. Rats were distributed between a control (C) group fed MIT 200 diet (F conc. less than 0.5 ppm) and an experimental (E) group fed this diet plus 1% dehydrated instant tea used as a model test food. Both groups were further divided into subgroups fed the C or E diets, but supplemented with 0.5, 10, 20 or 40 ppm F as NaF, and offered deionized water for a period of 10 days. Rats were then killed and femur (fm) and tibia (tb) dissected. Bone samples were treated in a closed system with HCl (6 N) and later with sodium citrate (30%) to determine F concentration using a specific ion electrode. F values (y) for fm and tb were plotted against F amounts added to the diets (xt). Weighted regression equations describing the linear relationship between the two variables were used to calculate the available F content of dehydrated tea which was 830 +/- 43 ppm F (using fm data) and 836 +/- 67 ppm (using tb data). Chemical assay of the dehydrated tea used as a test food gave a F concentration of 887 +/- 16 or 93.5 +/- 5.1% availability. This rat bioassay to determine total available fluoride in a dried food can be combined with a chemical assay to obtain a measure of percent availability of F.
Management for Distributed Computing Environment-based applications

Many applications that work well in a development environment may fail in a live operational environment because they can not be monitored and managed. The potential problems in a distributed client/server environment are even greater. This paper describes some of the main issues and the environment within BT into which new applications must fit. It then discusses the innovative work done to address the problems of providing a comprehensive and extensible solution for BT‘s Distributed Computing Environment-based applications.
Fourier Integrals in Classical Analysis

Background 1. Stationary phase 2. Non-homogeneous oscillatory integral operators 3. Pseudo-differential operators 4. The half-wave operator and functions of pseudo-differential operators 5. Lp estimates of eigenfunctions 6. Fourier integral operators 7. Local smoothing of Fourier integral operators Appendix. Lagrangian subspaces of T*IRn.
The Staged Combustion Compound Engine (SCCE): Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy Potential

Experiments with a two-cylinder research engine showed that low NO emission could be obtained without sacrificing engine efficiency. However, approximately 40 percent more displacement is required to produce the same power as conventional SI engines. The sources of HC, CO, and NO emissions were investigated, as were the effects of major engine variables on these exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. The staged combustion concept was implemented using a 7.46 litre V-8 engine. Present FTP emission levels are 0.87 g/mi HC, 8.7 g/mi CO, and 0.34 g/mi NO at low mileage using a catalytic converter. FTP fuel economy is 4.9 km/2 (11.5 mpg). /GMRL/
Implementation of an Efficient Constraint Solver for the Layout of Graphs in Delaunay

Delaunay [2] is a visualization system to display and query object-oriented databases. It supports DOODLE [1], a visual and declarative meta-language, with which users can specify the display of quantitative information (such as bar charts and pie charts) and of qualitative information (such as graphs). The visual vocabulary available to the user comprises only simple visual primitives such as box, circle, and line. It also supports constraints as a means of specifying distances between objects (length constraints) and occlusion between objects (overlap constraints).
Pesticides, pesticide residues, tolerances, and the law (U.S.A.).

Until the latter part of the 1950–1960 decade, pesticide, residue, and tolerance (the last two terms in the connotative sense of pesticides) were words primarily limited to the vocabulary of those involved in agricultural pursuits and small groups of specialists within the confines of the University academe. Similarly, the 1947 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1964) and the Miller Bill (Pesticide Chemicals Amendment) of 1954 and the Food Additives Amendment of 1958 to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1967) were of primary interest only to the agriculturist, food processor, and chemical manufacturer.1
Dyspnea-fasciculation syndrome: early respiratory failure in ALS with minimal motor signs.

Background: Respiratory failure (RF) in ALS typically occurs as a late manifestation. While there are uncommon patient reports of early RF, most had moderate limb and bulbar weakness.Design/Methods: We reviewed clinical and laboratory data from 3 patients with ALS, early RF, and minor motor signs.Results: Patients were male, ages 62, 75 and 80 years. The patients presented with 6 months to 2 years of exertional and nocturnal dyspnea, daytime hypersomnolence, limb fatigability, and weight loss. Exam showed tachypnea, slight distal limb weakness, and hyperreflexia. All three patients had prominent fasciculations, insomnia, supportive EMG findings, ↓FVC (32–74% predicted), ↓PO2 (50–80 mmHg), ↑PCO2(52–76 mmHg) and required BiPAP (Bi-level positive airway pressure). One patient had a reduced FEV1/FVC of 0.55 and a 15% increase in FEV1 post-bronchodilator suggesting concurrent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, his P(A-a)O2 was only 7 mmHg suggesting COPD was not the major factor causing res...
Commotio cordis: size matters, so does shape

O h d b s H g s L Sudden cardiac death in young athletes is a devastating event that is typically caused by unrecognized cardiovascular diseases. However, it can also happen in young, healthy athletes who are free of any form of heart disease when a blow to the chest occurs during the vulnerable period of repolarization and ventricular fibrillation (VF) is induced, that is, commotio cordis. It has long been known that externally applied mechanical forces can stimulate the heart electrically. The phenomenon is called mechanoelectrical coupling and is mediated by stretch-activated ion channels. In 1920, Schott decribed how a sharp impact with a fist to the lower half of he sternum could pace the asystolic heart of individuals ith Stokes-Adams syndrome. In 1930, Hyman observed hat the insertion of a needle into the myocardium (to eliver drugs during asystole) was by itself capable of epolarizing the heart. These are probably some of the first eports of mechanoelectrical coupling. The phenomenon is now well described in different setings with a wide range of externally applied mechanical orces. In 1976, Zoll et al developed an external mechanical cardiac stimulator using an electrically powered stapling gun. Atrial and ventricular premature contractions were triggered by applying the device to different areas of the chest. More recently, it has been reported that chest compressions can electrically stimulate the heart in an animal model as well as in humans during out-of-hospital PR, which may trigger VF. Commotio cordis is the second leading cause of death in outh athletes in the United States and has been extenively studied. The importance of the velocity and of the timing of blows to the chest during the cardiac cycle in the generation of VF has been well described in an animal model. Therefore, it is now widely accepted that an exernally applied mechanical force, if sufficiently strong, can lectrically stimulate the heart and, if sufficiently strong, imed to the vulnerable period of repolarization, and aimed irectly at the precordial area, can cause VF.
Dynamics of nuclear associated granules in bovine luteal cells after treatment in vitro with prostaglandin F2α

A group of electron-dense granules of 150-300 nm in diameter, with a single limiting membrane, were found adjacent to the nuclei of large (25-50 μm in diameter), but not small (15-22 μm), bovine luteal cells of pregnancy. These granules were quite heterogeneous with respect to size, shape, content, etc. Most granules contained varying amounts of light and dark electron-dense material, and very few contained only light or dark material in their core. These granules occupied 160.4 ± 7.8 μm3 cytoplasmic volume, which did not significantly decrease until 2 h of incubation without any hormone at 22 or 38 C (P < 0.05). Subsequently, however, volume occupancy of these granules decreased to 127.3 ± 6.4 and 117.6 ± 8.0 /tm3 (P < 0.05) by 4 and 12 h of incubation, respectively. Incubation of luteal tissue with 10 nM prostaglandin F2a (PGF2J, on the other hand, resulted in a decrease to 124.4 ± 8.0 fim3 of volume occupancy of granules by 10 min (P < 0.05). The volume occupancy further decreased to 46.2 ± 4.8 nm3 by ...
Risk Assessment of Inhaled Chloroform Based on Its Mode of Action

The development of scientifically sound risk assessments based on mechanistic data will enable society to better allocate scarce resources. Inadequate risk assessments may result in potentially dangerous levels of hazardous chemicals, whereas overly conservative estimates can result in unnecessary loss of products or industries and waste limited resources. Risk models are used to extrapolate from high-dose rodent studies to estimate potential effects in humans at low environmental exposures and determine a virtually safe dose (VSD). When information to the contrary is not available, the linearized multistage (LMS) model, a conservative model that assumes some risk of cancer at any dose, is traditionally employed. In the case of airborne chloroform, the dose at which an increased lifetime cancer risk of 10(-6) could be calculated was chosen as the target VSD. Applying the LMS model to the mouse liver tumor data from a corn-oil gavage bioassay yields a VSD of 0.000008 ppm chloroform in the air. The weight of evidence indicates that chloroform is not directly mutagenic but, rather, acts through a nongenotoxic-cytotoxic mode of action. In this case, tumor formation results from events secondary to induced cytolethality and regenerative cell proliferation. Toxicity is not observed in rodents when chloroform is not converted to toxic metabolites at a rate sufficient to kill cells. Thus, tumors would not be anticipated at doses that do not induce cytolethality, contrary to the predictions of the LMS model. Inhalation studies in rodents show no cytolethality or regenerative cell proliferation in mouse liver at a chloroform concentration of 10 ppm as the no observed effect level (NOEL) or below. Using that NOEL and a safety factor approach, one can develop a VSD of 0.01 ppm. Integrating these data into the risk assessment process will yield risk estimates that are appropriate to the route of administration and consistent with the mode of action.
Epidemiology and Transmission of Cytomegalovirus

Although a great deal has been learned about cytomegalovirus (CMV), it remains the most important cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, a significant cause of transfusion-acquired infection (especially in small premature newborns), and a frequent cause of morbidity among organtransplant recipients and other immunocompromised patients. Continued development of antiviral drugs may eventually allow effective treatment of some CMV infections, but chemotherapy cannot be expected to be of much help in treating congenital CMV infections. Of primary maternal gestational infections, >90% are asymptomatic and therefore clinically undetectable [1-3]. Antiviral treatment of the newborn with congenital infection is not likely to reverse the damage done in utero. Prevention of CMV infections, especially in pregnant women, should be our ultimate goal. Immunization has been spectacularly successful against other viral infections, e.g., smallpox, measles, mumps, polio, and rubella. Congenital infection with rubella is now a rarity in the United States [4]. In addition, it appears that we will be able to reduce greatly the carriage of hepatitis B virus and attendant long-term sequelae by combined use of active and passive immunization of the newborn to prevent perinatal transmission of virus [5, 6]. Successful preventive strategies against these viral infections were employed by using immunization, and in each case knowledge of the epidemiology and transmission of the virus was a key element. Although multiple factors, including the need for a safe, effective vaccine, hinder application of previously successful approaches directly to CMV, the lack of information on CMV transmis-
Histologic subtypes as determinants of outcome in esophageal carcinoma patients with pathologic complete response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy.

Background The current study tested the hypothesis that the clinical outcome of patients with localized esophageal carcinoma after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CTRT) depends on histology. Methods The authors stratified patients by adenocarcinoma (ACA) or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and compared the overall survival (OS) and patterns of failure among patients achieving pathologic complete response (pathCR) and Results Of the 235 patients who underwent preoperative CTRT, 42 (18%) had SCC and 193 (82%) had ACA. In the ACA group, 56 patients (29%) achieved a pathCR and in the SCC group 13 patients (31%) achieved a pathCR. In the ACA group, a larger proportion of pathCR patients (n=44; 79%) than or=0.05). In the ACA group, a greater portion of Conclusions The results of the current study suggest that the clinical biology of SCC and ACA is different after CTRT. An investigation of molecular and patient genetics is needed to improve therapy.
Recognition and treatment of depressive disorders by internal medicine attendings and housestaff

Depression is underdiagnosed and undertreated by nonpsychiatric practitioners. Research suggests improvement is needed in the recognition and treatment of depressive disorders by primary care physicians. This study was undertaken to better understand internists' ability to recognize depressive disorders, choice of appropriate medications, dosage, and treatment patterns. Questionnaires were distributed to 45 internal medicine attendings, 45 internal medicine housestaff, and 32 adult psychiatry residents. Each questionnaire contained four vignettes: major depressive disorder (MDD), MDD with melancholic features, MDD with atypical features, and MDD with psychotic features. Eleven questions per case covered diagnoses, management, and treatment. Data analysis with intragroup comparisons on 20 internal medicine attendings, 33 internal medicine housestaff, and 32 psychiatry residents suggested that many internal medicine attendings and housestaff had difficulty in recognizing major depression and its subtypes. Although the findings indicated that internists would initiate pharmacological treatment, they frequently made incorrect or questionable pharmacological choices. Psychiatric referral or consultation was often endorsed. Our findings among internists are consistent with previous research examining other primary care physicians suggesting that depression is underdiagnosed and undertreated.
Clinical trial: pilot study of metformin for the treatment of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis

Background Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a form of progressive fatty liver disease that is strongly associated with insulin resistance, which suggests that insulin sensitizing agents such as metformin may be beneficial for NASH.
RNA Editing at Arg607 Controls AMPA Receptor Exit from the Endoplasmic Reticulum

AMPA-receptor (AMPAR) transport to synapses plays a critical role in the modulation of synaptic strength. We show that the functionally critical GluR2 subunit stably resides in an intracellular pool in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). GluR2 in this pool is extensively complexed with GluR3 but not with GluR1, which is mainly confined to the cell surface. Mutagenesis revealed that elements in the C terminus including the PDZ motif are required for GluR2 forward-transport from the ER. Surprisingly, ER retention of GluR2 is controlled by Arg607 at the Q/R-editing site. Reversion to Gln (R607Q) resulted in rapid release from the pool and elevated surface expression of GluR2 in neurons. Therefore, Arg607 is a central regulator. In addition to channel gating, it also controls ER exit and may thereby ensure the availability of GluR2 for assembly into AMPARs.
Antinuclear autoantibodies: probes for defining proteolytic events associated with apoptosis

Antinuclear autoantibodies (ANAs) derived from patients with systemic autoimmune diseases have proven to be powerful tools in cell and molecular biology. The availability of these autoantibodies has been instrumental in the identification and characterization of a wide range of intracellular proteins involved in essential cellular activities. Recently, these autoantibodies have been used in molecular studies of apoptosis, particularly in the identification of substrates cleaved by proteases of the ICE/CED-3 family during this cell death pathway. The identification of these substrates may help to understand the role of proteolysis in apoptosis. Examples of nuclear autoantigens whose cleavage during apoptosis have been defined using ANAs include the 70 kD protein of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (U1-70 kD), the nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA), DNA topoisomerase I, the RNA polymerase I upstream binding factor (UBF), and the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs). The use of ANAs as probes for defining proteolytic events associated with apoptosis promises to yield important insights into the mechanisms driving this cell death pathway.
The cognitive perspective: a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship's basic “why” questions

Abstract It is suggested that a cognitive perspective may provide important insights into key aspects of the entrepreneurial process. Specifically, it is proposed that this perspective—which has yielded impressive results in many other fields—can help the field of entrepreneurship to answer three basic questions it has long addressed: (1) Why do some persons but not others choose to become entrepreneurs? (2) Why do some persons but not others recognize opportunities for new products or services that can be profitably exploited? (3) Why are some entrepreneurs so much more successful than others? Specific cognitive factors relevant to each of these questions are identified, and their potential effects are described. It is suggested that a cognitive perspective can prove beneficial both to researchers wishing to understand entrepreneurship as a process and to practitioners hoping to assist entrepreneurs in their efforts to create successful new ventures.
Age-related changes in the antioxidative potential of cerebral microvessels

To determine if aging in rats is associated with increased susceptibility of cerebral microvessels to oxidative damage microvessels from the cerebrum of 4-, 12-, 18- and 26-month-old male Fischer 344 rats were studied. The malondialdehyde (MDA) (micrograms/mg protein) content of cerebral microvessels from 12-month-old rats (0.032 +/- 0.002) was significantly higher than that in 4-month-old rats (0.020 +/- 0.015) P < 0.01. The difference between 26-month-old (0.025 +/- 0.002) and 4-month-old rats did not reach statistical significance. The antioxidative potential was measured in the presence of a peroxy radical generator 2,2'-azobis(2-amidionopropane)hydrochloride (AAPH) with monitoring of the fluorescence of phycoerythrin at 37 degrees C. The free radical quenching activity of cerebral microvessels expressed as % inhibition of phycoerythrin oxidation by AAPH was significantly reduced in 12-month-old (33.6 +/- 4.6%) and 18-month-old rats (26.9 +/- 1.4%) compared with 4-month-old rats (54.3 +/- 4.9%) (P < 0.01). The 26-month-old rats (46.4 +/- 4.6%) were not significantly different from 4-month-old rats. It is concluded that aging is associated with increased lipid peroxidation byproducts in cerebral microvessels along with a transient decrease in their antioxidative capacity.
Acid-catalyzed iodination of a hindered alkyl aryl ketone: 2,4,6-trimethylacetophenone (1). rate dependence on iodine concentration

Abstract Rates of the perchloric and hydrochloric acid-catalyzed reactions of iodine with the title ketone ( 1 ) in 50% aqueous acetic acid at constant ionic strength were studied by following the decrease in iodine concentration at 353 nm. The rates were first order in iodine at concentrations up to about 6 × 10-5 M and first order in ketone oncentration. A slight decrease in rate with increase in iodine concentration was attributed to complexation of iodine with the carbonyl oxygen. The effect of perchloric acid concentration on the rate was studied; a plot of k vs. [HClO4] was bell-shaped with a maximum at about 9 × 10-3 M. Reversibility of the iodination reaction is suggested. Explanations are proposed for anomalous results observed in the effect of iodide concentration on the rate. Ea for the iodination reaction (82 kJ mol-1) is higher than that for bromination of 1 in accord with the order for halogenation of other organic substrates.
Insulin therapy prevents spontaneous recovery from streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Syrian hamsters. An autoradiographic and immunohistochemical study.

Streptozotocin (Sz) given as a single dose of 50 mg/kg body wt. caused severe diabetes in Syrian hamsters. However, the level of blood glucose decreased gradually after 21 days post-Sz and reached the near normal level at 70 days in 90% of hamsters. The recovery from diabetes was associated with the regeneration of theβ-cells of islets and a reduction in the initially increased number ofα- andδ-cells. Daily treatment of diabetic hamsters with insulin was associated with the persistence of severe diabetes, lack of or minimal tendency forβ-cell regeneration and sustained hyperplasia ofα- andδ-cells in 90% of hamsters. Insulin also inhibited DNA synthesis (as measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine), in ductal, ductular and acinar cells in Sz-pretreated hamsters but not in normoglycemic control hamsters treated with insulin alone. The results demonstrate a deleterious effect of exogenous insulin in the course of Sz-induced diabetes in hamsters.
A nutrient requirement mapping system for new crop introduction

Abstract A procedure for mapping nutrient requirement for introduction of a new crop to an area has been developed. The procedure makes use of the US Soil Taxonomy for grouping soils into homogeneous fertility areas. Subsoil chemical properties are used for nutrient estimation. The Hawaii Natural Resource Information System was adapted to produce sample phosphorus requirement maps for the island of Oahu.
Conflict in 2-person teams working on a mixed cognitive perceptual-motor task.

Summary.-This study applies Hammond's cognitive conflict paradigm to a mixed cognitive perceptuzl-motor (P-M) situation in which Ss must agree on a strategic decision and then must coordinate their P-M activity to implement this decision. The study was designed to permit the observauon of the effects of cognitive differences on conflict and P-M performances. The task was designed around a 3-choice-point maze leading to a single goal. 18 2-person teams completed the maze by using a 2-channel control system. Ss with discrepant prior experience disagree when required to make joint decisions. Disagreemenrs are greatest during the initial portion of their joint task but taper off on subsequent trials. There was no significant relationship between decision con(1ict and the efficiency of an entailed P-M performance. This study applies Hammond's (1965) cognitive conflict paradigm to a mixed cognitive perceprual-motor (P-M) task in which Ss must agree on a snategic decision and then must coordinate cheir P-M activity to implement this decision. The task involves a three-choice-point maze leading to a single goal." Ss were required to complete the maze by using a 2-channel conuol system. In this system, cwo hand cranks control, respectively, the horizontal and vertical movements of a stylus through the maze. The system makes it easy to move the stylus along a straight horizontal or vertical path but difficult to move it along a curved or diagonal path. By varying path lengths the task was arranged so that Ss faced strategic decisions involving a choice between long-easy and shortdifficult paths. To investigate the effects of cognitive differences in this situation, three groups of 2-person teams were tested on the experimental maze: Group E I, the "same training" group, consisted of 6 teams in which all Ss were trained to prefer diagonal paths. Group E 2, the "discrepant training" group, contained 6 teams in which one S was trained eo prefer diagonals, while his partner was trained to prefer curves. Group C was the control group of 6 teams in which Ss received no training. One-way analysis of variance shows that Ss in the three treatment groups differed significantly (9 < .01) in cheir mean numbers of diagonal choices.
Social desirability and behavior rating scales: An exploratory study with the child behavior checklist/4-18

This study investigated the relationship between the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 (CBCL/4–18) and two modified measures of social desirability, the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Edwards Social Desirability Scale with a sample of 65 parents of normal children from grades K–7. Results from correlational and multiple regression analyses showed that the Aggressive Behaviors and Attention Problems cross-informant syndromes were modestly associated with social desirability scale scores. The relevance of findings are discussed in terms of the susceptibility of behavior rating scales to the self-deception and other-deception factors of social desirability [Paulhus, D.L. (1984). In: J.P. Robinson et al., (eds.) Measures of social psychological attitudes. (pp. 17–59). San Diego: Academic Press.] and fake-good response sets. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 225–235, 2003.
Flux Creep in Multifilamentary Conductors of NbTi and Nb3Sn

Long term decay of the sextupole field has been observed in accelerator dipole magnets, and this effect has been linked to “flux creep” in the superconductor. To study this problem, the decay of the magnetization of mult if ilamentary conductors of NbTi and Nb-Sn have been measured as a function of time. Measurements show that as a function of lnt this decay cannot always be characterized by a single decay rate. Long time decay rates are sometimes approximately half that which is observed at short times < 1000 secs. Creep rates are found to: (1) scale with filament diameter, (2) change slowly with field, (3) change rapidly as H is backed off from the critical state and (4) is fairly insensitive to temperature for 0.3TC < T < 0.8TC. Results of this investigation are compared to sextupole field decay observed in magnets.
High-resolution spectrometer: solution to the axial resolution and ranging depth trade-off of SD-OCT

We demonstrate a cross-dispersed spectrometer for Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT). The resolution of a conventional SD-OCT spectrometer is limited by the available sizes of the linear array detectors. The adverse consequences of this finite resolution is a trade-off between achieving practical field of view (i.e. ranging depth) and maintaining high axial resolution. Inspired by spectrometer designs for astronomy, we take advantage of very high pixel-density 2D CCD arrays to map a single-shot 2D spectrum to an OCT A-scan. The basic system can be implemented using a high-resolution Echelle grating crossed with a prism in a direction orthogonal to the dispersion axis. In this geometry, the interferometric light returning from the OCT system is dispersed in two dimensions; the resulting spectrum can achieve more pixels than a traditional OCT spectrometer (which increases the ranging depth) and maintains impressive axial resolution because of the broad bandwidth of the detected OCT light. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first demonstration of OCT data using an Echelle-based cross-dispersed spectrometer. Potential applications for such a system include high-resolution imaging of the retina or the anterior segment of the eye over extended imaging depths and small animal imaging.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin Modulates Human Mononuclear Phagocyte Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production In Vitro

ABSTRACT: Mononuclear phagocytes (MO) secrete tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) in response to inflammatory stimuli, most notably the bacterial product lipopolysaccha-ride (LPS). Cross-linking of MO Fc receptors also induces TNF release. Immunoglobulin for i.v. use is currently being investigated for the treatment and prophylaxis of neonatal sepsis and for the treatment of various syndromes of autoimmune dysfunction in children and adults. We examined the in vitro effect of immunoglobulin-γ (IgG) on neonatal (cord blood) monocyte and adult MO TNF production. Kinetic studies were performed on MO incubated with IgG alone and on MO preincubated with IgG and stimulated with interferon-γ/LPS. Incubation of MO in IgG (1–25 g/L) for 2, 6, and 24 h did not stimulate TNF secretion or production. However, enhanced TNF secretion was detected in MO preincubated in IgG and subsequently stimulated with interferon-γ/LPS. TNF secretion by cord blood monocytes was increasingly enhanced by preincubation for 6 h with 1, 10, and 25 g/L IgG (2413.1 ± 1389.4, p < 0.05; 4070.4 ± 3069.2, p < 0.005; and 6383.7 ± 2982.2, p < 0.005 versus 1215 ± 575.9 ng/L, respectively, in cells preincubated in medium alone). Significant enhancement was also detected in cord blood monocytes preincubated in IgG for 2 h. TNF secretion by adult MO was similarly enhanced (6082.0 ± 1732.8, p < 0.05; 7158.8 ± 3938.2, p < 0.05; and 7302.7 ± 3451.4, p < 0.05 versus 3353.2 ± 2946.7 ng/L for 1, 10, and 25 g/L IgG, respectively, versus preincubation in medium alone). In additional experiments performed with Fc, Fab, and F(ab‘)2 fragments, only F(ab’)2 fragments yielded positive results. Northern analyses revealed increased levels of mRNA for TNF only when 25 g/L IgG were used for preincubation. Preincubation in the lower concentrations of IgG did not result in increased accumulations of TNF mRNA. Thus, IgG acts primarily posttranscriptionally to enhance interferon-γ/ LPS-induced TNF release in vitro.
A verification of Glicksman's reduced scaling under conditions analogous to pressurized circulating fluidization

Abstract A dimensional analysis of the momentum balance in circulating fluidized beds reveals that their fluid dynamics is governed by five dimensionless groups. However, it is not possible to match the hydrodynamics of a range of industrial circulating fluidized beds using a single laboratory facility operated at ambient temperature and pressure. To address this difficulty, Glicksman et al. (Powder Technology 77 (1993) 177) proposed a “reduced set” involving only four dimensionless parameters. They showed that it is sufficient when the drag on solid particles conforms either to the viscous or to the inertial limit. They assumed that it would also succeed in the intermediate regime, where many industrial beds operate. We verify this assumption by comparing two series of experimental data obtained in the same facility with different combinations of gases and solids that preserve the “reduced set” but exhibit a mismatch of the complete five-parameter set of dimensionless numbers. We find that the dimensionless profiles of pressure along the flow and solid volume fraction in the radial direction are nearly identical in the two series of experiments. These observations validate the reduced scaling proposed by Glicksman et al. (1993) for the intermediate regime, at least for the simulated pressurized conditions of our experiments.
Divalent cations and the phosphatase activity of the (Na+K)-dependent ATPase

Phosphatase activity of a kidney (Na + K)-ATPase preparation was optimally active with Mg2+ plus K+. Mn2+ was less effective and Ca2+ could not substitute for Mg2+. However, adding Ca2+ with Mg2+ or substituting Mn2+ for Mg2+ activated it appreciably in the absence of added K+, and all three divalent cations decreased apparent affinity for K+. Inhibition by Na+ decreased with higher Mg2+ concentrations, when Ca2+ was added, and when Mn2+ was substituted for Mg2+. Dimethyl sulfoxide, which favorsE 2 conformations of the enzyme, increased apparent affinity for K+, whereas oligomycin, which favorsE 1 conformations, decreased it. These observations are interpretable in terms of activation through two classes of cation sites. (i) At divalent cation sites, Mg2+ and Mn2+, favoring (under these conditions)E 2 conformations, are effective, whereas Ca2+, favoringE 1, is not, and monovalent cations complete. (ii) At monovalent cation sites divalent cations compete with K+, and although Ca2+ and Mn2+ are fairly effective, Mg2+ is a poor substitute for K+, while Na+ at these sites favorsE 1 conformations. K+ increases theK m for substrate, but both Ca2+ and Mn2+ decrease it, perhaps by competing with K+. On the other hand, phosphatase activity in the presence of Na+ plus K+ is stimulated by dimethyl sulfoxide, by higher concentrations of Mg2+ and Mn2+, but not by adding Ca2+; this is consistent with stimulation occurring through facilitation of an E1 to E2 transition, perhaps an E1-P to E2-P step like that in the (Na + K)-ATPase reaction sequence. However, oligomycin stimulates phosphatase activity with Mg2+ plus Na+ alone or Mg2+ plus Na+ plus low K+: this effect of oligomycin may reflect acceleration, in the absence of adequate K+, of an alternative E2-P to E1 pathway bypassing the monovalent cation-activated steps in the hydrolytic sequence.
Effects of dark preference on attention to the positive cue in posterior neodecorticated albino rats

Transfer of attention to the relevant stimulus dimensions of a successive brightness discrimination was assessed by the “acquired distinctiveness of cues” method in posterior neodecorticated rats. Attention to the relevant cue was retarded when Ss responded trophically toward the dark in a simultaneous brightness problem. Dark preference was negatively correlated with effective performance of a subsequent successive problem.
Buckling of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under axial compression

Buckling of single-walled and multiwalled carbon nanotubes SWNTs and MWNTs, respectively due to axial compressive loads has been studied by molecular mechanics simulations, and results compared with those from the analysis of equivalent continuum structures using Euler buckling theory and the finite element method. It is found that a MWNT of large aspect ratio length/diameter buckles as a column with axial strain at buckling given reasonably well by the Euler buckling theory applied to the equivalent continuum structure. However, a MWNT of low aspect ratio buckles in shell wall buckling mode with the axial strain at buckling corresponding to the highest axial strain at buckling of one of its constituent SWNTs. A finite element model has been developed that simulates van der Waals forces by truss elements connecting nodes on adjacent walls of a MWNT; the axial strain at buckling from it is close to that obtained from the MM simulations but the two sets of mode shapes are different.
On Orenstein’s and Meighan’s finding of left visual field recognition superiority for bilaterally presented words

Orenstein and Meighan failed to control, or in any way monitor, the subjects’ point of fixation. Ample evidence attests to the importance of insuring the intended fixation in bilateral presentation studies of half-field word recognition differences. When fixation control is insured, right, not left, visual field superiority obtains. Orenstein and Meighan’s experiment offers no evidence against the “lateral dominance” hypothesis regarding visual half-field recognition performance differences.
Do Faxed Quitline Referrals Add Value to Dental Office–Based Tobacco-Use Cessation Interventions?

ABSTRACT Background The Ask, Advise, Refer (AAR) model of intervening with patients who use tobacco promotes a brief office-based intervention plus referral to a tobacco quitline. However, there is little evidence that this model is effective. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on patients' tobacco use of two levels of a dental office-based intervention compared with usual care. Methods The authors randomly assigned 68 private dental clinics to one of three conditions: 5 As (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange); 3 As (AAR model); or usual care, and they enrolled 2,160 participants. Results At the 12-month assessment, compared with those in usual care, participants in the two intervention conditions combined were more likely to report cessation of tobacco use, as measured by nine-month prolonged abstinence (3 percent versus 2 percent; F 1,66 = 3.97, P F 1,66 = 7.32, P Conclusions The results of this study are inconclusive as to whether referrals to a quitline add value to brief dental office–based interventions. Patients receiving telephone counseling quit tobacco use at higher rates, but only a small percentage of those proactively referred actually received counseling. Clinical Implications The results confirm those of previous research: that training dental practitioners to provide brief tobacco-use cessation advice and assistance results in a change in their behavior, and that these practitioners are effective in helping their patients to quit using tobacco.
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis, Type II and Partial Lipodystrophy in an Adult

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, type II is commonly seen in patients with the rare disorder, partial lipodystrophy. This disease complex, although usually seen in the pediatric or young adult age group, should be considered in older patients with characteristic loss of facial fat and signs and symptoms of nephritis. A case of partial lipodystrophy with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, type II in an older patient demonstrates the characteristic ultrastructural renal findings.
Prospective comparison of continuous femoral nerve block with nonstimulating catheter placement versus stimulating catheter-guided perineural placement in volunteers.

Background and Objectives: Stimulating catheter-guided perineural placement may potentially increase the success rate and quality of continuous femoral nerve block as compared with a nonstimulating catheter technique. These hypotheses have not been rigorously tested. Methods: Twenty volunteers underwent placement of bilateral femoral nerve catheters in this prospective, randomized, double-blind study. For each side, a stimulating needle was advanced until quadriceps contractions were obtained at ≤0.5 mA. On one side, a stimulating catheter was advanced 4 to 5 cm beyond the needle tip while eliciting quadriceps contractions via the catheter. If quadriceps contractions decreased or disappeared, the catheter position was adjusted until quadriceps contractions could be elicited at ≤0.5 mA. On the contralateral side, an identical catheter was advanced 4 to 5 cm beyond the needle tip without attempts to elicit quadriceps contractions via the catheter. After bolus injection of 10 mL lidocaine 1%, ropivacaine 0.2% at 10 mL/h was continuously infused through both catheters for 4 hours. Success of femoral block was defined as loss of sensation to cold and pinprick stimuli. Quality of successful block was determined by tolerance to transcutaneous electrical stimulation and force dynamometry of quadriceps strength. Results: Block success was 100% via the stimulating catheters versus 85% via the nonstimulating catheters (P = .07). Overall tolerance to transcutaneous electrical stimulation (P = .009) and overall depth of motor block (P = .03) was significantly higher in the stimulating catheter-guided femoral nerve blocks. Conclusions: In this volunteer study, there was no statistically significant difference in block success between the two techniques. However, stimulating catheter-guided placement provided an increased overall quality of continuous femoral perineural blockade. Further studies are needed to verify these observations in the clinical setting.
Pleistocene Glaciation and the Viscosity of the Lower Mantle

Summary The non-tidal acceleration of the Earth, revealed by astronomical observations and records of eclipses in antiquity, is attributed to the change in the Earth’s moment of inertia resulting from isostatic response to the most recent deglaciation and rise in sea level. The isostatic response time for a spherical harmonic deformation of degree two is calculated on this basis to be either - 2000 y or - 100 OOO y. A correlation of the geopotential with the potential that would have existed following deglaciation indicates that any large scale anomalies resulting from deglaciation have already decayed. This rules out the 100000 relaxation time; thus the relaxation time of the Earth is -2000 y for degree two. Calculations of the relaxation time spectrum of a layered, gravitating spherical viscous earth model indicates that a model with a uniform mantle viscosity of -10” poise, except for fine structure in the upper few hundred kilometres, can satisfy a relaxation time of 3000~ for degree two as well as the relaxation time of -4OOOy for degree twenty which results from studies of post-glacial uplift in Fennoscandia. A zone of high viscosity in the lower 800 km of the mantle has a significant effect on the degree two relaxation time. This rules out any substantial increase in viscosity in the lower mantle. The calculated viscosity permits rapid polar wandering and convection in the lower mantle.
Electrophilic reactivity of the dienyl ring in carbonylnitrosyl(cycloheptadienyl)manganese cations

Abstract A kinetic study is reported for the addition of phosphorus and nitrogen donor nucleophiles to the cycloheptadienyl ring in (C 7 H 8 R)Mn(CO)(NO)L + complexes ( 3 , R = H, Ph; L = CO, PBu 3 ) to give cycloheptadiene complexes ( 4 ). A substituent at the C(6) carbon in 3 does not produce any detectable steric effect, and the relative nucleophilic reactivities closely parallel those observed with other electrophilic organometallic and organic systems. The reaction 3 → 4 is the second step in the manganese-mediated conversion of a cycloheptatriene to a difunctionalized cycloheptadiene.
Embryonic expression of mSharp-1/mDEC2, which encodes a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor

Abstract We describe the expression pattern of mouse Sharp-1 (mSharp-1), a member of the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors. mSharp-1 belongs to the Hairy/Enhancer of Split (E(Spl)) subfamily of bHLH factors that are key targets of the Notch signaling pathway and exhibits the highest sequence identity with Stra13. RNA in situ hybridization analysis from embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5) to E16.5 revealed specific expression of mSharp-1 in several developing organs during mouse embryogenesis. In early stage embryos (E8.5–E12.5), mSharp-1 is expressed in specific dorsal regions of the developing brain, the heart, the developing eye and olfactory system, as well as in the limb buds. At later stages (E12.5-E16.5), mSharp-1 is also expressed in the liver, prevertebrae, and the developing adrenal and thyroid glands. The diversity of its expression pattern suggests that mSharp-1 may regulate the differentiation of several cell types during vertebrate development.
Aerosol filtration enhancement using carbon nanostructures synthesized within a sintered nickel microfibrous matrix

Enhancement in aerosol filtration by synthesizing carbon nanostructures including nanofibers within nickel sintered metal microfibrous matrices/filter media was studied. An improvement in filtration performance observed in the quality factor (−ln(1 − E)/ΔP) analysis was attributed to wall slip flow over nanofibers. The wall slip flow contributed to high filtration efficiency and a low rise in pressure drop. The effect of varying quantities of carbon nanostructures and their effects on matrices of various pore sizes were also studied. Three different diameters of nickel microfibers (4, 8 and 12 μm) were used to prepare filter media to study the effects of carbon nanofiber synthesis on filter media of different pore sizes. The synthesis condition was chosen for uniform synthesis in the 3-dimensional structure of the matrix and to prevent only 2-dimensional surface deposition. The quantity of nanostructures was changed by varying the synthesis time. Two competing effects were seen as the quantity of nanostructures increased: an increase in filtration efficiency due to nanostructures and an increase in pressure drop due to the decrease in the mean pore diameter of the filter media. For 4 μm matrices, which had a small initial mean pore diameter, the benefit of an increase in filtration efficiency was outweighed by the decrease in the mean pore diameter. This study shows that carbon nanostructure synthesis leads to significant improvement in the performance of filter media with large initial pore size because the pore diameters do not reduce significantly with synthesis.
Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity

Rates of obesity and insulin resistance have climbed sharply over the past 30 years. These epidemics are temporally related to a dramatic rise in consumption of fast food; until recently, it was not known whether the fast food was driving the obesity, or vice versa. We review the unique properties of fast food that make it the ideal obesigenic foodstuff, and elucidate the mechanisms by which fast food intake contributes to obesity, emphasizing its effects on energy metabolism and on the central regulation of appetite. After examining the epidemiology of fast food consumption, obesity, and insulin resistance, we review insulin’s role in the central nervous system’s (CNS) regulation of energy balance, and demonstrate the role of CNS insulin resistance as a cause of leptin resistance and in the promotion of the pleasurable or “hedonic” responses to food. Finally, we analyze the characteristics of fast food, including high-energy density, high fat, high fructose, low fiber, and low dairy intake, which favor t...
Evaluation of methods for soil inorganic nitrogen analysis

Abstract This study determined the effects of soil preservation methods on inorganic nitrogen (N) analysis and evaluated methods of soil inorganic N analysis. Soils were preserved by oven‐drying at 55'C, air‐drying at 27°C, and freezing at ‐ 7°C. Inorganic N results were compared with initial N levels prior to imposing preservation treatments. Soil preservation effects on ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4 +‐N) were not consistent across soil types. Soil nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3 ‐‐N) levels after air‐drying and freezing compared most favorably with initial levels indicating that both are acceptable methods of soil inorganic‐N preservation. Levels of NH4 +‐N averaged across soils were 3.9 mg/kg for steam distillation, 4.2 mg/kg for sodium salicylate‐hypochlorite, and 3.7 mg/kg for indophenol blue. When compared with steam distillation averaged across soils, NO3 ‐‐N for cadmium‐copper (Cd‐Cu) reduction was 4 mg/kg greater, followed by nitrate electrode at 3 mg/kg, and salicylic acid at 2 mg/kg. Recovery of added N ranged ...
Role of adenosine in reactive hyperemia of the dog heart.

Le dipyridamol, la lidoflazine et l'aminophylline modifient la vasodilatation provoquee par l'adenosine. Le dipyridamol seul augmente l'hyperhemie reactionnelle et les resultats ne confirment pas l'hypothese que l'adenosine peut etre un mediateur de l'hyperhemie reactionnelle.
Reaction of iodocarbonylrhodium ions with methyl iodide. Structure of the rhodium acetyl complex: [Me3PhN+]2[Rh2I6(MeCO)2(CO)2]2−

A rhodium acetyl complex [Me 3 PhN + ] 2 [Rh 2 I 6 (MeCO) 2 (CO) 2 ] 2− has been prepared and structure determined by X-ray diffraction: the RhC (acetyl) bond length is 2.062(23) A and the dimeric anion is held together by RhIRh bridges with unequal RhI bond lengths.