cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital-PWM audio power amplifiers with noise and ripple shaping

This paper presents a digital pulse width modulation (PWM) technique featuring noise and ripple shaping for audio power amplification. The sampled power-source amplitude signal is used to shape the interpolated input digital signal, which is fed to a noise shaper to produce a lower bit digital signal to represent the original signal. The output power signal is not affected by the requantization error or the power-source ripple. Therefore, DC power regulators can be eliminated without sacrificing the signal-to-noise ratio. Spectral analysis is provided for double edge uniform sampling modulation. >
Neomycin: A novel potent blocker of communication between T‐tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was induced in isolated triads by direct stimulation of the SR moiety by polylysine, or stimulation via chemical depolarization of the transverse tubule (T-tubule) moiety. Polylysine-induced release was blocked by neomycin with an IC50 (the concentration for half-maximal inhibition) of O.3, μM. However, the IC50 for neomycin block of depolarization-induced Ca2+ release sharply decreased in a voltage-dependent fashion, and it was 5.3 nM at a maximal extent of T-tubule depolarization. These results suggest that the high affinity binding of neomycin to the triad leads to the specific blocking of the signal transmission from T-tubule to SR.
Individual droplet heat-transfer rates for splattering on hot surfaces

Abstract An experimental study of the splattering and bouncing of water, acetone, and alcohol droplets from a heated plate reveals that the heat transfer per drop exhibits a maximum at a temperature excess of approximately 300°F and that a satisfactory correlation for this maximum Q max \ gr L d 3 λ = 8·44(10 −4 )(ρ 2 L V 2 d \ gr VF σgg c ) 0·341 The effect of impact angle is also investigated and the general result is that the normal component of velocity is the important factor. A normalized heat flux-temperature excess curve is presented for the three fluids tested. The maximum point in heat transfer is postulated to result from opposing effects of increasing thermal gradient and decreasing droplet contact time in the splattering process.
Very large counteranion modulation of cationic metallocene polymerization activity and stereoregulation by a sterically congested (perfluoroaryl)fluoroaluminate

We communicate here the unusual structural and cocatalytic features of a new, stable (perfluoroaryl)aluminate anion, tris(2,2`,2``-nonafluorobiphenyl)flouroaluminate (PBA{sup -}). Noteworthy features include very large ion pairing/metallocenium ancillary ligand structural effects on olefin polymerization activity and stereoselectivity. These results considerably expand what is known about the consequences of strong cation-anion interactions for group 4-mediated olefin polymerization. For anions that coordinatively `intrude` into the cation coordination sphere, the effects can be dramatic. 15 refs., 1 tab.
Crystallization and melting transitions of hexadecane droplets in polystyrene nanocapsules.

Shifts to lower transition temperatures are observed for the freezing and melting of submicron-sized hexadecane droplets encapsulated within thin polystyrene shells. Supercooling of ∼14 K is observed in the first-time cooling scans for the oil. We attribute this lowering predominantly to nucleation of the phase change originating from the oil/polymer/water interface. We obtain a rough estimate of the interfacial tension between the hexadecane oil droplet and the polystyrene of 14 mN/m assuming the Gibbs−Thomson relationship. Melting points for the hexadecane are 1−2 K below the bulk transition temperatures. This effect is connected with the surface/volume ratio of the capsules. Both the supercooling and the melting point depression approach the bulk-phase transition temperature when the sample is taken through multiple cool/heat cycles. The heating and cooling rates affects the number of cycles required before bulk-like behavior is observed. The thickness of the capsule wall is also observed to be critica...
The absence of memory in the climatic forcing of glaciers

Glaciers respond to both long-term, persistent climate changes as well as the year-to-year variability that is inherent to a constant climate. Distinguishing between these two causes of length change is important for identifying the true climatic cause of past glacier fluctuations. A key step in addressing this is to determine the relative importance of year-to-year variability in climate relative to more persistent climate fluctuations. We address this question for European climate using several long-term observational records: a century-long, Europe-wide atmospheric gridded dataset; longer-term instrumental measurements of summertime temperature where available (up to 250 years); and seasonal and annual records of glacier mass balance (between 30 and 50 years). After linear detrending of the datasets, we find that throughout Europe persistence in both melt-season temperature and annual accumulation is generally indistinguishable from zero. The main exception is in Southern Europe where a degree of interannual persistence can be identified in summertime temperatures. On the basis of this analysis, we conclude that year-to-year variability dominates the natural climate forcing of glacier fluctuations on timescales up to a few centuries.
Molecular organization of lignin during carbonization

Abstract Thermotropic liquid-crystalline (LC) behaviour of lignin-like model compounds, lignin, (commercial) petroleum pitch and blends of lignin and pitch was studied using hot-stage optical microscopy. The results indicate that, while all the dimeric lignin-like model compounds representing β-O-4, β-5 and 5-5 intermonomer linkages exhibit thermotropic LC phenomena in some temperature range, the LC behaviour remains incomplete for lignin. At the temperature at which a maximum amount of LC behaviour is observed for lignin, large carbonized particles are observed as well. This prevents the formation of a molecularly organized fluid phase from ever developing. The inability to fluidize totally at elevated temperatures is likely to be responsible for lignin's (lignin derivative's) inability to produce high-strength, high-modulus carbon fibres.
The differential response of the early mouse embryo to actinomycin D treatment in vitro.

Preimplantation mouse embryos (ICR strain) were removed from the oviducts of pregnant females at 55, 60, and 65 hours after ovulation and cultured in a medium containing inorganic salts, horse serum, and sodium pyruvate. Experimental embryos were exposed to a range of dosages of actinomycin D (10−1–10−5 μg/ml) and were observed at 24 and 48 hours after the initiation of the experiment. The results obtained were independent of embryonic stage but demonstrated a distinct dose-dependency. Exposure to 10−1 μg/ml was incompatible with further development. Embryos exposed to 10−2 μg/ml formed blastocysts (24 hours) at a rate lower than corresponding controls and all were degenerated at the termination of the experiment (48 hours). Blastocyst formation by embryos exposed to 10−3 μg/ml occurred at a rate that was equal to or exceeded control values, but a significant percentage of these blastocysts were degenerated after 48 hours in vitro. Embryos exposed to the lower dosages (10−4 and 10−5 μg/ml) did not differ from corresponding control embryos with respect to the percentage of blastocysts observed at 24 and 48 hours. These results suggest that actinomycin D affects two developmental processes: blastocyst formation and blastocyst survival or differentiation. The latter of these is more sensitive to the developmental effects of the agent and is at least circumstantially related to the early appearance of the nucleolus in this organism.
Towards Alleviating Vibration Response Variation Based on Reduced Order Modeling and Analysis

Periodic structures generally consist of spatially repetitive substructures, which are very common in industrial applications such as turbo-machinery bladed disks. The dynamic responses of these structures are very sensitive to variations in geometry and material properties. Previous studies have shown that, when the substructure-to-substructure coupling is weak, even small variations (referred to as mistuning) among the substructures can cause drastic different in the vibratory response of a periodic structure. The goal of this research is to analyze the variation propagation from substructural properties to the dynamic response of the integral structure, and then inversely identify the design perturbation needed to reduce the response anomaly when such anomaly exceeds the allowable threshold. An order-reduced modeling approach is formulated to facilitate the efficient analysis of vibratory response of the integral structure, and several design perturbations are evaluated in order to reduce the response variations in an example periodic structure.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
On the vertical transport of angular momentum in the atmosphere

The possible modes of vertical transport of angular momentum in the atmosphere are considered. Momentum balance calculations for both hemispheres show the possibility of countergradient transport by vertical eddies in the region of the mid-latitude jet. As a consequence, it is pointed out that the transport of momentum downward from the region of maximum westerlies would have to be accomplished by the mean meridional motions, through the action of “Coriolis torques’. The same mechanism may account for a large part of the upward transport in the tropics. The very approximate nature of the calculations must, however, be borne clearly in mind.
Thermodynamics of Phosphine Coordination to the [PNP]RhI Fragment: An Example of the Importance of Reorganization Energies in the Assessment of Metal−Ligand “Bond Strengths”

Reaction enthalpies of the complexes [RPNP]Rh(COE) ([RPNP] = N(SiMe2CH2PPh2)(2), N(SiMe2-(CH2PPr2)-Pr-i)(2); COE = cyclooctene) with a series of phosphine ligands and CO have been measured by solution calorimetry. The measured enthalpies span range of ca. 40 kcal/mol. These systems favor coordination of strong pi-acceptor/weak sigma-donor ligands as shown by the trend in Delta H-rxn: CO much greater than Ppyrl(3)' > Ppyrl(3) > PPhpyrl(2) > PPh(2)pyrl > PPh3. This trend is exactly the opposite of that observed in another square planar rhodium(I); system, trans-RhCl(CO)(PZ(3))(2). With the exception of CO, the ligands investigated are isosteric, and so the observed trends are electronic in nature. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies on several of theses complexes ([RPNP]RhL where R, L = Ph, PPh3; Ph, Ppyrl(3); Ph, CO; Pr-i, PPh3; Pr-i, Ppyrl(3); Pr-i, CO; Pr-i, COE) have been performed. Although the structural trends are readily understood in:terms of the electronic (donor/acceptor) nature of each ligand array, it is not obvious that the structural data predict the trends or, in particular, the trend reversal in Delta H-rxn in the two Rh(I) systems. Rather, these results illustrate the importance of reorganization energies in thermodynamic analyses of metal-ligand bonding, especially in the presence of synergistic bonding involving sigma-donor, pi-donor, and pi-acceptor ligands, interacting through shared metal orbitals (electron push-pull). In such cases the interpretation of a metal-ligand bond dissociation enthalpy (D) as an intrinsic, universal, and transferable property of that bond (e.g., a ''bond strength") is an invalid proposition.
SCHEDULE TIGHTNESS AMONG TRACTOR-TRAILER DRIVERS

The extent to which schedules are sufficiently tight to encourage violations of Hours-of-Service Regulations, speed limits, or both was investigated through a survey of over 1,600 tractor-trailer drivers. The focus was on drivers with refrigerated trailers. The results indicate high incidence levels of tight schedules. For example, assuming average speed limits of 65 mph, 24% had violation-inducing schedules with regard to the movement they were making at the time of the interviews. Incorporating information about previous driving, the incidence of violation-inducing schedules rose to 40%. Comparison with an earlier study suggests that, despite increases in speed limits which would tend to loosen schedules, schedules have become tighter over the past decade. The implications of these findings for reforms of Hours-of-Service Regulations are briefly discussed.
The development of process flavors

Abstract The scientific, artistic and regulatory aspects of process flavors are reviewed. The role of the flavorist, as it relates to the creation of process flavors for commercial purposes, is discussed. An overview of the chemistry and analytical techniques used as tools for the artistic approach is also given. In addition, the development of ‘building blocks’ for flavor creation is discussed, and comparisons are made between the methods used for the creation of classical flavors versus process flavors. Finally, the regulations relating to the safety and labeling of these flavors are considered.
Allotypic determinants (Igh-3) associated with the IgG2c subclass of rat immunoglobulins

Rat antibodies to group A streptococcal carbohydrate are primarily of the IgM and IgG isotypes. Hyperimmunization often results in antibodies of a restricted molecular heterogeneity of the IgG2c isotype. An allotypic marker, designated Igh-3a, was detected on the heavy chains of the IgG2c isotype from Copenhagen rats. Igh-3b was detected on the heavy chains of IgG2c from SHR rats. A strain distribution of the Igh-3 determinants as well as inheritance patterns for their expression are presented.
The diffusivity of hydrogen in copper at low temperatures

Abstract An electrochemical method has been used to measure the diffusivity of hydrogen in copper in the temperature range 299–322.5 K. Both uncoated and Pd-coated copper foils were used. The measurements show, in combination with other data, that there are no deviations from classical Arrhenius diffusion behavior in the entire temperature range from 1200 down to 300 K.
Mother-Offspring vocal recognition in northern fur seals is mutual but asymmetrical.

Abstract During the 4-month period of offspring dependence, northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus , mothers and pups use a well-developed multimodal recognition ability to routinely find one another within large and dense breeding aggregations. I studied the vocal/auditory aspect of this ability to look at operational differences between the two members of a recognition dyad. If parent–offspring conflict theory is applied to animal communication behaviour, we should expect unequal selective forces acting on parents and offspring. In northern fur seal maternal recognition dyads, I expected pups to expend more energy in the reunion process because they carry the greater burden of a failed reunion. Furthermore, in terms of signal detection theory, pups should have a lower rejection threshold (lower bias) than mothers. To address these questions, I conducted vocal playback experiments and behavioural observations on a natural population of northern fur seals in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, U.S.A. Although playback results support mutual vocal recognition, pups were both more vocally responsive and made more recognition errors (i.e. false alarms). Behavioural observations, including search time, distance travelled, signalling behaviour and contact with nonoffspring show that pups expend more effort in the reunion process. These findings are consistent with expectations and begin to quantify how selection pressure on recognition behaviour can vary at different stages of development.
MACROPHAGES AND THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF BREAST MILK IN NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS

An experimental model of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborn Sprague-Dawley rats has previously been described (Barlow et al., APSA 1974). It was found that newborn rats exposed to daily hypoxia all succumbed to this disease within two to five days if fed artificial formula (F) but not if fed breast milk (BM). These studies were undertaken to determine the protective factors in BM. In vitro, BM killed 99% of 107/cc Klebsiella in two hours, while frozen breast milk (FBM) killed none and F supported bacterial growth. The Klebsiella used was one which produced peritonitis and sepsis in the experimental model. FBM and F lack the 106/cc macrophages (mO) present in BM. FBM plus 106cc rat peritoneal mO or rat peripheral white cells or rat BM mO also killed these organisms in vitro. In the experimental model, all rats died if fed F, 90% died if fed FBM and 20% died if fed F plus peripheral white cells. These studies suggest the importance of the mO in milk as cells capable of killing potential bacterial pathogens and of preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in the appropriate stressed animal.
Use of phosphonocarboxylic acids as inhibitors of sodium-phosphate cotransport.

Abstract Phosphonocarboxylic acids, initially developed as antiviral agents, are found to be specific inhibitors of phosphate (P i ) transport across cell membranes. Foscarnet (PFA), the most potent and the most widely used compound, can induce phosphaturia both after parenteral and oral administration. Furthermore, it can inhibit intestinal phosphate absorption when administered orally. PFA absorption and bioavailability are increased in animals on phosphate-restricted diets. PFA also blunts the adaptive increase in intestinal and renal Na + -P i cotransport which accompanies dietary phosphorus restriction. Finally, PFA is shown to inhibit hydroxyapatite crystal formation and calcium-phosphate precipitation when tested in in vitro systems. These properties, and the low toxicity of PFA, point to potential new applications for PFA and some of its analogs in clinical conditions such as chronic renal insufficiency, where phosphate retention may lead to progression of renal failure and to other serious complications.
Stopped-flow kinetic determination of glucose and lactate with immobilized enzymes

Abstract Kinetic procedures are described for the measurement of lactate and glucose with enzymes immobilized in the observation cellof a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. Kinetic data are obtained by two-point or multipoint methods with data acquisition over any time range desired. Glucose was quantified in a fixed-time mode with a linear range of 0–10 mM. Lactate was quantified in the range 0–50 μM by obtaining the slope of the absorbance/time profile between 10 and 20 s after each reaction was initiated. Results for these two substrates in control sera are presented.
Interval-indexed formulation based heuristics for single machine total weighted tardiness problem

In this paper, we solve the single machine total weighted tardiness problem by using integer programming and linear programming based heuristic algorithms. Interval-indexed formulation is used to formulate the problem. We discuss several methods to form the intervals and different post-processing methods. Then, we show how our algorithm can be used to improve a population of a genetic algorithm. We also provide some computational results that show the effectiveness of our algorithm. Many aspects of our heuristic algorithm are quite general and can be applied to other scheduling and combinatorial optimization problems.
Proteinuria in malignant hypertension.

Abstract Proteinuria was investigated in 28 patients with malignant hypertension. All had proteinuria at some time during the course of their disease. There was a wide variation in the degree of proteinuria. Severe, persistent hypertension with progressive deterioration in renal function is commonly associated with massive proteinuria. Control of blood-pressure is associated with a decrease of proteinuria. In 2 patients the nephrotic syndrome developed. The rarity of the nephrotic syndrome in malignant hypertension may be due to daily fluctuation and absence of persistent massive proteinuria.
Motion correction via nonrigid coregistration of dynamic MR mammography series

The objectives of this investigation are to improve quality of subtraction MR breast images and improve accuracy of time-signal intensity curves (TSIC) related to local contrast-agent concentration in dynamic MR mammography. The patients, with up to nine fiducial skin markers (FSMs) taped to each breast, were prone with both breasts suspended into a single well that housed the receiver coil. After a preliminary scan, paramagnetic contrast agent gadopentate digmeglumine (Gd) was delivered intravenously, followed by physiological saline. The field of view was centered over the breasts. We used a gradient recalled echo (GRE) technique for pre-Gd baseline, and five more measurements at 60s intervals. Centroids were determined for corresponding FSMs visible on pre-Gd and any post-Gd images. This was followed by segmentation of breast surfaces in all dynamic-series images, and meshing of all post-Gd breast images. Tetrahedral volume and triangular surface elements were used to construct a finite element method (FEM) model. We used ANSYSTM software and an analogy between orthogonal components of the displacement field and the temperature differences in steady-state heat transfer (SSHT) in solids. The floating images were warped to a fixed image using an appropriate shape function for interpolation from mesh nodes to voxels. To reduce any residual misregistration, we performed surface matching between the previously warped floating image and the target image. Our method of motion correction via nonrigid coregistration yielded excellent differential-image series that clearly revealed lesions not visible in unregistered differential-image series. Further, it produced clinically useful maximum intensity projection (MIP) 3D images.
Immune Complexes Facilitate Uptake of Antigen from the Gut

Radiolabeled DNP-ovalbumin was injected with and without DNP-specific antibody into ligated gut segments of neonatal rats. The transfer of this labeled protein to mesenteric lymph nodes and binding to gut tissue was examined. When the antigen, DNP-ovalbumin, was present in the gut in an immune complex form a selective localization of antigen in the mesenteric lymph node was observed. These data suggest that immune complexes in milk could potentially modulate neonatal immunological development.
Fairness in sequential estimation: A cooperative game theoretic solution for WSNs

In this paper, the problem of sequential estimation in a wireless sensor network (WSN) is formulated in a cooperative game theoretic framework. This framework allows addressing the issue of fair resource allocation for sequential estimation task at the Fusion center (FC) in a WSN as a solution of a cooperative game. We propose a simple game theoretic solution to the problem of power allocation for sensor nodes that are subjected to power constraints. Simulation results show that the proposed solution has the same performance trend (in terms of the estimator quality at the FC) as when all nodes transmit at their maximum powers, while our proposed solution leads to an overall improvement of the network lifetime.
Penetrative convection in the upper ocean due to surface cooling

Abstract A new non-linear model of mixing and convection based on a modelling of two buoyant interacting fluids is applied to penetrative convection in the upper ocean due to surface cooling. In view of simple algebra, the model is one-dimensional. Dissipation is included, but no mean shear is present. A non-similar analytical solution is found in the case of a well-mixed layer bounded below by a sharp thermocline treated as a boundary layer. This solution is valid if the Richardson number, R i , defined as the ratio of the total mixed-layer buoyancy to a characteristic rms vertical velocity, is much greater than unity. The model predicts a deepening rate proportional to R i −3/4. The thermocline remains of constant thickness, and the ratio thermocline thickness to mixed-layer depth decreases as R i −3/4 as the mixed layer deepens. If the surface flux is constant, the mixed-layer depth increases with time as t ½. The vertical structure throughout the mixed layer and thermocline is given by the analytical ...
Sick from Freedom: An Unusual Perspective on the Civil War and Reconstruction.

Review of : Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ; Jim Downs; (2012). Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. 280 pages.
All the President's Men as a Woman's Film

The author reads Alan J. Pakula's 1976 film as a "woman's film." The vignettes focused on women witnesses to the cover-up of the Watergate burglary reveal the pattern of seduction and abandonment common to soap opera and melodrama. The "woman's film" is a suitable genre through which to address the deep distress suffered by the nation at the discovery of presidential (patriarchal) betrayal.
Ergodic properties of stationary Poisson sequences

Abstract A stationary Poisson sequence (X n ) n ϵ Z can be represented as Xn=M(τnA), where A is a set in a measure space (E, E , μ), τ is an invertible measure-preserving transformation on (E, E , μ), and M is a random Poisson measure on (E, E , μ) . We explore the relationship between the ergodic properties of the sequence and the properties of τ, and construct examples with various ergodic properties using a stacking method on the half-line [0, ∞). We also investigate the spectral properties of the sequence.
Micro-zooplankton and its abundance relative to the larger zooplankton and other seston components

Micro-zooplankton populations in the upper 100 m were sampled from 5 marine environments in the northeast Pacific Ocean extending from slope waters off San Diego to an oceanic site near Isla Guadalupe, and their abundance related to that of the larger zooplankton, phytoplankton (as estimated from chlorophyll a), and detritus. The micro-zooplankton and other components of the seston were subdivided into 3 fractions on the basis of size in the deck-mounted collecting unit of a seawater pumping system. Through the euphotic zone at each site, the Protozoa, of which ciliates were the dominant forms, accounted for 95% or more of the total micro-zooplankton numbers. Their biomass, as volume, was estimated to be 13 to 28% of that of the total micro-zooplankton. The standing stock of micro-zooplankton over the euphotic zone at the various sites, in terms of dry weight, was estimated to be 14 to 34% (average 23%) of that of the phytoplankton crop. Micro-zooplankton volumes in the upper 100 m were 21 to 26% of those for the larger zooplankton sampled over the same depth.
Mars Observer laser altimeter investigation

Surface topography is one of the fundamental measurements required to understand the structure and evolution of planetary bodies. Specifically, topographic data constitute an important input into a variety of studies in geophysics, geology, and atmospheric circulation. Topog raphic measurements with long-wavelength integrity provide a basis for interpreting the gravity field and determining the internal structure, state of stress and isostatic compensation of planetary lithospheres. Regional-scale topography and derived topographic gradients are required in geological investigations of fluid and lava flow, erosion, volcanic and impact processes. In addition, topography provides an important constraint on global atmospheric circulation models.
African American Women and Power Politics in New York City, 1944–1972

ABSTRACT Between 1944 and 1972, African American women from New York City ran for all levels of elected office, from City Council to the United States Presidency. In this article, I argue that World War II created unprecedented opportunities for women to enter politics. A study of postwar New York offers an excellent opportunity to examine how black women defied conventions of gender and race, challenging the pervasive image of the urban political operative, to advance in the city's tough electoral arena. They succeeded in overcoming the Democratic Party machine, Tammany Hall's, resistance to running black women. Once inside the system, despite significant obstacles, these women pushed to change the Democratic Party in important ways for women and for African Americans.
Observations on the epidemiology and natural history of prostate cancer

Abstract Objective. To place prostate cancer in an appropriate perspective by examining issues of incidence, death rates, prevalence, risk factors, and natural history. Methods Selective literature review and extraction of data on the epidemiology andnatural history of prostate cancer. Results Prostate cancer is becoming an enormous clinical problem because of the sheer numbers of men diagnosed. A broader use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is likely related to a recent surge in incidence. A rather indiscriminate use of PSA is suggested by marked increase in the incidence among men > 80 years of age. Death rates from prostate cancer are relatively low when compared with other common cancers. Risk factors for prostate cancer are primarily African-American race and family history, but patients with these risks represent a relatively small amount of the total disease burden. Autopsy studies demonstrate a high prevalence of prostate cancer that may even begin at Conclusion Recent data have enhanced our knowledge about the epidemiology and natural history of prostate cancer, providing new insights in some areas and reinforcing traditional concepts in others.
Structuring for Subjective Experience: The Contextual Scenario Framework

Systems developed without addressing subjective experience can generate interactions successful in their tasks but counterproductive as experiences. Addressing subjective experience requires creating hypothetical situations with realistic human actors, subjectivity's embodied nature prevents examination in isolation from either person or context. The Contextual Scenario Framework (CSF) assists in the systematic creation of scenarios incorporating subjective experience. It supports structuring, management and reuse of discoveries from domain research, enabling authors to weave contextual information throughout scenario development. This paper extends the CSF in three ways: relating it to structural features of subjective consciousness, formalizing the model for implementation, and increasing linkages between scenarios and field data. A demonstration case starts with a generic event sequence from a Use Case. The scenario written using the CSF intermingles the source sequence with field-research learnings to explore the subjective experiences of two human actors, addressing the question, "What might happen in the real world?"
Towards Bayesian estimator selection for QuikSCAT wind and rain estimation

The QuikSCAT scatterometer infers wind vectors over the ocean using measurements of the surface backscatter. During rain events the QuikSCAT observations are subject to rain contamination. Three separate estimators have been developed: wind-only, simultaneous wind and rain, and rain-only, which account for rain contamination in varying degrees. This paper introduces a Bayes estimator selection technique to adaptively choose a best estimator from among the three types of estimators at each measurement location. Bayes estimator selection is introduced from a general perspective after which it is applied specifically to QuikSCAT wind and rain estimation. Bayes estimator selection is demonstrated in a case study to illustrate improvements in wind and rain estimation which can be obtained.
Sensitivity to Light in the Sea-Anemone Metridium senile (L): Adaptation and Action Spectra

The sea-anemone Metridium senile responds to illumination by local contraction of the longitudinal musculature, particularly of the parietal system. No specific receptors have so far been identified for this response. The phenomena of light and of dark adaptation are shown by the photoreceptive mechanism. The action spectra of white individuals show a maximum at about $\text{490 to 520}$ $\text{m}\mu $. Relative to this the sensitivity in the region $\text{550 to 600}$ $\text{m}\mu $ varies in different individuals. The possible presence of two distinct photosensitive systems is mentioned. Sensitivity decreases very rapidly beyond 600 $\text{m}\mu $. Action spectra of the white, red and brown coloured varieties of the species are compared in relation to the absorption spectra of tissues obtained from the three types. It is concluded that the pigments which give the characteristic body colour in the red and brown varieties act as filters. Comparison with the white variety indicates that these pigments probably do not act as specific photosensitive substances. It is pointed out that the differential sensitivity of the coloured varieties appears to have no selective influence on the occurrence and distribution of the different coloured varieties.
The impact of visual information on perceptions of water resource problems and management alternatives

To assess changes in human understanding and decision making, the paper examines (1) the influence of visual information on perceptions about groundwater management in Phoenix, Arizona and (2) the correlates and dimensions underlying people's views about water scarcity and mitigation strategies. While perceptions entrenched in ideologies are difficult to change, different types of information (three-dimensional versus two-dimensional) have distinct impacts on the perceived magnitude of problems compared to judgements about their causes and solutions. Overall, visual information may be especially useful for developing a shared understanding of problems and a collective vision for management alternatives. Additional implications of this study for fostering environmental awareness, policy support, and collaborative decision making are also discussed.
Determining screw axes using holographic interferograms

An optical method is presented for the experimental determination of a screw axis for a small movement of a rigid body. The method is based on analysis of a holographic interferogram and is well suited to the analysis of small movements where other techniques are difficult to apply. The theoretical basis for the method is presented and four different motion situations are provided to demonstrate the validity of the method in determining screw axes.
Autocrine Glutamate Signaling Promotes Glioma Cell Invasion

Malignant gliomas have been shown to release glutamate, which kills surrounding brain cells, creating room for tumor expansion. This glutamate release occurs primarily via system x C − , a Na + -independent cystine-glutamate exchanger. We show here, in addition, that the released glutamate acts as an essential autocrine/paracrine signal that promotes cell invasion. Specifically, chemotactic invasion and scrape motility assays each show dose-dependent inhibition of cell migration when glutamate release was inhibited using either S-(4)-CPG or sulfasalazine, both potent blockers of system x C − . This inhibition could be overcome by the addition of exogenous glutamate (100 μmol/L) in the continued presence of the inhibitors. Migration/invasion was also inhibited when Ca 2+ -permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors (AMPA-R) were blocked using GYKI or Joro spider toxin, whereas CNQX was ineffective. Ca 2+ imaging experiments show that the released glutamate activates Ca 2+ -permeable AMPA-R and induces intracellular Ca 2+ oscillations that are essential for cell migration. Importantly, glioma cells release glutamate in sufficient quantities to activate AMPA-Rs on themselves or neighboring cells, thus acting in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion. System x C − and the appropriate AMPA-R subunits are expressed in all glioma cell lines, patient-derived glioma cells, and acute patient biopsies investigated. Furthermore, animal studies in which human gliomas were xenographed into scid mice show that chronic inhibition of system x C − –mediated glutamate release leads to smaller and less invasive tumors compared with saline-treated controls. These data suggest that glioma invasion is effectively disrupted by inhibiting an autocrine glutamate signaling loop with a clinically approved candidate drug, sulfasalazine, already in hand. [Cancer Res 2007;67(19):9463–71]
Complete Rations for Dairy Cattle. IX. Effects of Percent Ground Corrugated Boxes and Citrus Molasses Solubles-Soybean Millfeed Product on Milk Production and Ration Digestibility ~

Abstract Thirty-six lactating Holstein cows were allotted to complete rations of either 30% cottonseed hulls or 10, 20, and 30% ground corrugated boxes as sources of roughage. Within each roughage treatment a citrus molasses solubles-soybean millfeed product (SuperFerm) was compared with citrus pulp at either 0, 15, or 30%. Least squares means for dry matter intake as a percent of body weight, daily milk yield, and milk fat percent for cows consuming 30% cottonseed hulls and 10, 20, and 30% ground corrugated boxes were 4.50, 3.68, 3.78, 3.53%; 23.0, 23.3, 23.1, 21.0kg; and 3.8, 3.1, 3.5, and 3.6%. Ground corrugated boxes were a satisfactory roughage replacement for cottonseed hulls at 20%. Milk fat percent for the 10% ground corrugated box ration and milk production for the 30% ground corrugated box ration were less than for other rations. Rations containing a mixture of 15% citrus pulp and 15% SuperFerm were consumed in greater amounts than the 0 and 30% SuperFerm rations. Rations containing SuperFerm produced no significant responses for milk yield, milk fat, or change in body weight. Means for digestibility of organic matter (74.9 to 79.1%) with chromic oxide as an indicator did not differ; means for organic matter digestibility with the lignin ratio method were lower on cottonseed hulls (59.2%) than the intermediate 72.4 on the 30% ground corrugated box rations whereas those on the 10 and 20% ground corrugated box rations (81.9 and 80.4%) were highest.
Development of an omniwheel-based holonomic robot platform for rough terrain

In this paper, we present an ongoing effort to develop a robust omnidirectional robotic platform for outdoor operation on non-smooth surfaces. The design of an off-road, low-cost omniwheel is presented along with a suspension system that will allow the platform to traverse rough terrain. We also provide a control architecture based on the open-source Robotic Operating System (ROS).
Late embryogenesis abundant proteins protect human hepatoma cells during acute desiccation

Expression of late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins is highly correlated with desiccation tolerance in anhydrobiotic animals, selected land plants, and bacteria. Genes encoding two LEA proteins, one localized to the cytoplasm/nucleus (AfrLEA2) and one targeted to mitochondria (AfrLEA3m), were stably transfected into human HepG2 cells. A trehalose transporter was used for intracellular loading ofthisdisaccharide.Cellswererapidlyanduniformlydesiccatedtolow water content (<0.12 g H2O/g dry weight) with a recently developed spin-drying technique. Immediately on rehydration, control cells without LEA proteins or trehalose exhibited 0% membrane integrity, compared with 98% in cells loaded with trehalose and expressing AfrLEA2 or AfrLEA3m; surprisingly, AfrLEA3m without trehalose conferred 94% protection. Cell proliferatio na cross 7ds howed an 18-fold increase for cells dried with AfrLEA3m and trehalose, compared with 27-fold for nondried controls. LEA proteins dramatically enhance desiccation tolerance in mammalian cells and offer the opportunity for engineering biostability in the dried state.
Progress on high precision calculations for the ground state of atomic lithium

Abstract Progress on high precision calculations for the ground state of atomic lithium is reviewed. The following properties are considered: upper and lower bounds to the nonrelativistic ground state energy, the specific mass shift, the transition isotope shift, relativistic corrections to the ground state energy, the Lamb shift, the ionization potential, the electron affinity, the hyperfine coupling constant, the nuclear magnetic shielding constant, the diamagnetic susceptibility, several polarizability factors, shielding constants, oscillator strength sums, the electron density and spin density, intracule functions, moments 〈rin〉 and 〈rijn〉 and form factors. A discussion is also given on some convergence considerations as they apply to high precision calculations on the lithium atom.
Iterative size-exclusion chromatography coupled with liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry to enrich and identify tight-binding ligands from complex mixtures

Abstract A method is described for the enrichment of tight-binding ligands from complex mixtures. The mixture is equilibrated with a protein or receptor, and protein: ligand complexes are separated from unbound ligands by size-exclusion. If the resulting mixture is allowed to re-establish its equilibrium and then passed again through the size-exclusion column, significant enrichment of tight-binding ligands is realized, even in cases where the weak-binders are present in large excess. Ligands are identified by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry following the size-exclusion step. The process can be repeated multiple times to further enrich ligands. Analysis of pools of ligands generated by combinatorial chemistry is an obvious application of the technique.
Averages of functions and ergodic measures inF-spaces

For each sequence of points in a compactF-spaceX the corresponding sequence of Cesaro sums (1/n)Σ =1 f(x i ) diverges for somef inC(X). It follows that each minimal set in a discrete flow (X, h) supports at least two ergodich-invariant Borel probability measures.
Location of the transverse colon in relationship to the umbilicus: Implications for laparoscopic techniques

Abstract Study Objective. To establish the location of the transverse colon in relationship to the umbilicus, and determine if it varies as a function of patient height or weight. Design. Setting. University hospital. Patients. Sixty-seven women with normal abdominal anatomy. Intervention. Review of abdominal CT scans. Measurements and Main Results. Conclusion. Because the transverse colon lies below the umbilicus in more than 10% of women, injury to it may be an uncommon yet unavoidable complication of laparoscopy.
Kohn-Sham theory for orbital dependent exchange-correlation energy functionals: Application to the calculation of ionization potentials and electron affinities

Available approximations to Exc[{nσ}], the exchange-correlation energy functional of spin-density-functional theory, do not include self-interaction corrections (SIC). This leads to Kohn–Sham (KS) potentials, Vxcσ, that fail to satisfy some important analytic properties known to be exhibited by the exact potential. To resolve these difficulties, we consider a KS theory for orbital-dependent exchange-correlation energy functionals that explicitly includes SIC. Recent work by Krieger, Li, and lafrate (KLI), which considers the analytic properties of the spin-polarized optimized effective potentials (OEP), V, i.e., the KS potentials corresponding to Exc = Exc[{ϕiσ,}], is reviewed as well as the properties of VxcσKLI, an easily calculated approximation to the exact result which, unlike Vxcσ0, can be employed for systems of arbitrary symmetry. In addition, we compare the results of the exact and approximate OEP calculation of the properties of the ground state of atoms and singly charged negative ions in the exchange-only case in which Ex = ExHF [{ϕiσ}] where HF = Hartree–Fock. We conclude that V maintains most of the important analytic properties of V, and provides an excellent numerical approximation to the exact result. We also give detailed consideration to the calculation of the ionization potential, I, and the electron affinity, A, in the exchange-only approximation for atoms with Z ≤ 20. We find that the KLI results for both I and A are always within 0.1 milli-au of the exact KS results, whereas both the local spin density (LSD) approximation and the Becke exchange only energy functional lead to deviations which on average are two orders of magnitude larger and significantly exceed the criterion for quantum chemistry accuracy. Finally, using the KLI method for orbital dependent Exc, we compare the KS results for I and A for Z ≤ 20 with the experimental values by employing various approximations for Exc[{ϕiσ] including: (1) HF exchange with LSD correlation with SIC, (2) LSD approximation for exchange and correlation with SIC, (3) the conventional spin density LSD approximation, and (4) the Becke exchange-energy functional with LSD correlation. In addition, we examine how closely the ionization theorem for ∈m, the energy eigenvalue for the highest occupied orbital, is satisfied in these approximations. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Opening the legal literature portal to multilingual access

The issues of multilingual access to legal information are examined, and strategies of cross-language retrieval to legal information resources are illustrated as additional services of the Portal to legal literature created by ITTIG. Consideration is given to the peculiarities of legal language as a technical language closely related to the diverse legal systems. The paper describes a methodological approach planned for the Portal to provide a single point of access into disparate repositories where categories of law (i.e. trade law, constitutional law, criminal law) are the essential metadata to point to relevant material irrespective of the language used in a query. Categories of law of a specific legal system represent the way how retrieval can be satisfactorily achieved. Strategies and techniques for translating legal queries to different target languages, eventually disambiguating ambiguous words by a machine learning approach are illustrated.
Illness, injury, and disability among Shiwiar forager‐horticulturalists: Implications of health‐risk buffering for the evolution of human life history

Human life history is distinguished by long lifespan, delayed reproduction, intergenerational asymmetric benefit transfers from adults to juveniles and between adults, and a large brain able to engage in unprecedented levels of learning, reasoning, and insight. The evolution of these traits depends on relatively low human mortality. Understanding why humans have low mortality is therefore critical for understanding the evolution of key human traits. One explanation is that the evolution of food provisioning during periods of health crisis reduced mortality. This hypothesis turns on health risk having posed a significant adaptive problem that could be effectively buffered by healthcare provisioning. Unfortunately, the frequency, duration, and fitness effects of temporary disability are difficult to estimate based on osteological evidence alone, and systematic ethno-biological research on these issues among extant small-scale societies with little access to Western medical care is lacking. Here I present data on 678 injuries and illnesses suffered by 40 Shiwiar forager-horticulturalists, based on physical evidence and informant reports. A subsample of 17 individuals provided data on incidence and duration of disability for 215 pathological incidents. Results indicate that injury and illness occur frequently across the lifespan. Most living individuals have suffered temporarily disabling health crises likely to have been lethal without provisioning. The fitness effects of surviving these episodes are high, suggesting that the Shiwiar population structure and lifeway are dependent on infrequent extended provisioning to temporarily disabled individuals, and that provisioning of aid during healthcare crises effectively lowers mortality in this small-scale society.