cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Perceptions of Technological Risks

Technology that is developed for benefits and profits will always produce risks and costs. Although technology assessments evaluate and compare these consequences, balancing the trade-offs and distributing the contrary effects require political decisions, which traditionally have been carried out by “stakeholders” representing special interests. With the emergence of new “public” interest organizations, the risk management system has been confronted with additional voices seeking ways to have their points of view included in risk management decision making. Hence, intervention in the form of organized opposition to, or support of, specific technologies, installations, or products—sometimes expressed in the name of the public—has become increasingly pivotal in the outcome of policy debates (Nelkin, 1979).
Assessment of an integrated pest mite and disease management program on Florida citrus utilizing 224°C or 235°C horticultural mineral oils (HMO)*

The objective of this work was to compare HMO-only foliar spray programs with grower´s usual practices for the control of the fungal pathogen greasy spot, Mycosphaerella citri Whiteside, and for suppression of arthropod pests, primarily the citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), the pink citrus rust mite, Aculops pelekassi (Keifer), and the spider mites, Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) and Panonychus citri (McGregor). Four cooperators with 2.38 to 5.22 hectare blocks of either ‘Hamlin’ or ‘Valencia’ oranges were switched to 224°C or 235°C horticultural mineral oil (HMO)-only foliar spray programs applied at 46.8 liters/hectare for four years. HMO applications varied from one to three applications in the test blocks per location at each year. Cooperating grower spray programs included various fungicides, acaricides, insecticides, and HMOs. First year transition from the standard fungicide-insecticide-acaricide programs resulted in active citrus rust mite development, and multiple HMO treatments were required in three of the four sites for their control. Subsequent rust mite populations in years two, three, and four did not develop in three of four sites using the HMO-only foliar spray programs. Spider mite densities in the four HMO blocks never reached levels of economic injury during any year of the study. One of the cooperators was dropped after the third (2002) season, as the test block in his property was sprayed sometime early in 2003 with a pesticide that eliminated beneficial mite populations. No secondary arthropod or disease problems developed in any of the remaining three HMO-only blocks through March 2004. The percentage of greasy spot infected leaves was significantly greater in each HMO block most years compared to the grower spray programs. However, there were no differences in leaf retention, tree canopy vigor, or yields between the HMO-only foliar spray program and the control pesticide programs. The severity of greasy spot on leaves averaged in the lowest rating category (e.g., 0 to 5%) in all treatment blocks in all years and ranged from 0.1 to 2.0% in the HMO blocks versus 0.2 to 1.5% in the control blocks. Greasy spot was effectively controlled with HMO-only treatments through the four years of this study in all orchard sites. Comparative effects between the HMO and grower spray programs on beneficial mites in the families Phytoseiidae, Stigmaeidae and Tydeidae are reported through 2002. All three mite families failed to re-establish in the four HMO-only foliar spray program blocks by the end of the third year.
The Challenge of Company Stock Transactions for the Directors' Duties of Loyalty

This Article explores the intersection of state and federal law in defining corporate directors' duties of loyalty to shareholders and obligations to 401(k) plan beneficiaries. Part I describes the duty of loyalty in trust law, upon which loyalty obligations in state corporate law and federal ERISA law are based. Part II explores the evolving role of the duty of loyalty in Delaware corporate law. Part III analyzes the loyalty obligations that the ERISA law imposes and examines the application of loyalty principles in 401(k) employer stock litigation. Part IV scrutinizes how Delaware jurisprudence and ERISA law diverge and argues that enhanced scrutiny should apply to transactions in which fiduciaries suffer from a "substantial lack of independence." The authors argue that limiting enhanced scrutiny to situations of self-dealing in the transaction itself fails to properly protect shareholders and conclude that their proposal offers increased flexibility and effectiveness in protecting beneficiaries and shareholders from self-interested fiduciaries.
An Individual Surgeon Composite Metric: Are We Ready?

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Quality Measurement Task Force has created a multiprocedural, multidimensional composite measure of individual surgeon performance [1]. It was developed with multiple procedures for a 3-year period, with version 2.73 creating an individual surgeon’s composite score as a combination of his or her risk-adjusted mortality and major morbidity rate reflecting the proportion of cases performed. With this effort, the Quality Measurement Task Force and the STS have demonstrated their continued willingness to be leaders in quality measurement as well as in individual performance feedback. For related article, see page 1315 With the evolution of composite measurement during the last 7 years, the statistical platform was created for individual surgeon performance measurement focused on death and morbidity in five categories, including five procedures with specific risk models. Although this is not a statistical commentary, the statistical approach and rigor are outlined, and readers will recognize the thorough approach and clarity, the sophisticated methodology, and the anticipated challenges in any measurement or “profiling” system. Based on the audited STS Adult Cardiac Surgery data, this approach offers a reasonably broad mix of procedures during a 36-month period appropriately using multidomain measurements to ensure factors other than death are measured. Although some may ask why this seemingly complex approach is advantageous for individual surgeon performance, it is based on the accepted composite metrics for multiple adult cardiac surgical procedures, and the composite approach has been supported by groups such as the National Quality Forum. The better questions perhaps are:
Cost-effectiveness of Different Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Modalities:

Current screening strategies aimed at detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) historically have poor compliance, but advancements in technology can enable improved access to care. Nearly 80% of all persons with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), highlighting the importance of a cost effective screening program. Establishing mechanisms to reach populations with geographic and financial barriers to access is essential to prevent visual disability. Teleretinal programs leverage technology to improve access and reduce cost. The quality of currently employed screening modalities depends on many variables including the instrument used, use of pupillary mydriasis, number of photographic fields, and the qualifications of the photographer and image interpreter. Recent telemedicine and newer technological approaches have been introduced, but data for these technologies is yet limited. We present results of a systematic review of studies evaluating cost-effectiveness of DR screening, and discuss potential relevance for LMICs.
Attention Deficit Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, and Learning Disabilities

Abstract This article details an individualized psychoeducational model designed to treat a child with interrelated psychological and developmental issues whose psychic functioning was deteriorating within the traditional educational system. The team had leeway to function outside of the educational system to create an individualized, remedial, psychoeducational program. At the time we began the program, her diagnostic picture included: Anxiety Disorder, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Learning Disabilities. The treatment team consisted of an education specialist, two additional part-time teachers, a clinical social worker, an occupational therapist, a consulting senior child psychoanalyst, and the child's mother. The results at the close of the first school year are examined. Perspectives informing the psychoanalytic aspects of this case include Winnicottian and Fairbairnian Object Relations Theory and therapeutic milieu model.
Orientable Cases 11, 2, and 8

Let the positive integer n be of the form n= 12 s +11. In harmony with the general outline in Section 5.3 we construct a triangular embedding of K n — K5 into a closed orientable surface. This means we will find a triangular rotation of K n — K5.
Host Selection of Liriomyza Species (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and Associated Parasites in Adjacent Plantings of Tomato and Celery

Host preferences of Liriomyza species leafminers and their associated parasites were determined from adjacent plantings of celery and tomatoes during 1981 and 1982 in Orange County, Calif. Liriomyza sativae Blanchard was the predominant leafminer species reared from tomatoes in 1981 and 1982. Moderate densities of L. sativae were found in celery on two sampling dates in 1981, but L. sativae did not migrate to celery in 1982, even after tomato plants senesced. Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) demonstrated a significant preference for celery in 1981 and 1982, although density increased in tomatoes in 1982. Chrysocharis parksi Crawford and Diglyphus begini (Ashmead) were the most numerous parasites reared from Liriomyza species infesting tomatoes: D. begini predominated initially, but C. parksi was prevalent from midseason to late season. D. begini and D. intermedius (Girault) were the most common parasites reared from celery, with D. intermedius demonstrating the greatest host-habitat specificity. Niche selection of the key parasite species is discussed.
In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Investigation of Fracture Mechanisms in a Calcium Aluminate MDF Cement.

Fracture mechanisms in calcium aluminate macro-defect-free-cement were studied by in situ deformation in the TEM. Fracture occurred predominantly at the cement / polymer interface. The toughening mechanism involved crack bridging at the interphase / polymer interface. XPS studies of the chemistry of the interphase revealed it to be made up of an AlOC complex in addition to the amorphous hydration product phase.
Moments A Wearable Device for Early Stage AD Patients to Maintain Their Autonomy

Moments is a wearable device designed for helping people suffering from early stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) be able to walk alone outdoors independently. Moments is featured by a voice control interface that allows users to follow pre-recorded instructions to travel along the routes preset by their care partners. We conducted user and expert research and then a user test with five early stage AD patients to collect their feedbacks on the prototype in order to improve our final design. Moments makes early stage AD patients feel secure while walking outside alone, and thus maintains their autonomy.
Clouding the issue of climate

For scientists, the archetypal romantic hero is the unappreciated pioneer working long hours while being scorned for his unorthodox, but ultimately correct, ideas. Galileo is the defining case, though picking just from the field of earth science, Svante Arrhenius, Milutin Milankovitch, Louis Agassiz, Guy Callendar and Alfred Wegener all endured their time in the wilderness before their ideas were finally vindicated. It is unsurprising then that many lone researchers who find their ideas criticized by the scientific establishment like to portray themselves in this light.
Simply a Clear Windowpane: A Review of Clear and Simple as the Truth: Writing Classic Prose by Francis-Noël Thomas & Mark Turner

Clear and Simple as the Truth is “[a] brilliant little book,” says Stephen Pinker’s blurb on the cover of its second edition. And it is. In A Sense of Style, Pinker describes and lauds in his own disarming, chummy voice what Thomas and Turner dub “classic style.” But Thomas and Turner’s own prose exemplifies that style. Their writing is rich but spare; it is clear and direct and smart. “Smart”: discerning, discriminating, and the product of authors who are well read.
Corrosion and Cathodic Protection at Disbonded Coatings

The effectiveness of cathodic protection to control corrosion and the resulting corrosion rate of pipelines are determined by the chemical and electrochemical conditions at local areas along the pipeline. The disbonding of coatings and tapes is also controlled to a large extent by the chemical and electrochemical conditions. Processes that occur on the metal surface and their effect on corrosion and cathodic protection are discussed with respect to real pipeline conditions. Disbonded coatings on steel can interfere with the current distribution from cathodic protection. Shielding the current under disbonded coatings can affect the level of protection, the corrosion behavior and the disbonding of coatings. A major thrust in the laboratories has been the use of laboratory measurements and computational models to determine the changes in the corrosive environment that occur beneath disbonded coatings as a function of applied potential, disbonded area geometry, prior corrosion products and wet/dry cycles. These results are summarized here.
Songs and Words of Social Justice

“Cult or ritual” has been defined by Mowinckel (1962, vol. I pp. 15–17) as the totality of “holy acts and words in which the encounter and communion of the Deity with the congregation is established, developed, and brought to its ultimate goal.” What the Israelite congregation sought to achieve “is life—in the most comprehensive sense of the word…The Israelites experienced the…idea by the word ‘blessing’.” In ancient times both sacrifice and prayer were seen as part of the process of receiving “blessing.” As Mowinckel (1962, vol. I, p. 22) has observed, the psalm, is the natural form of cultic prayer. “From Babylonia-Assyria, Egypt, the Hittites in Asia Minor…we have a long series of psalms with indications of the definite cultic performance at which they were to be recited. The Ugaritic texts give strong reason to believe that the same was done by the Canaanites.” Now as Peters (1922, p. 1) has pointed out the title of the Israelite book of Psalms is tehillim which means “sacrificial praise songs.” (The word tehillim is from the same root as hallel which is, of course, familiar to us in the form of halleluiah.) “Ritual sacrificial use is indicated in headings: 30, 38, 70, 88, 100, 102, and perhaps 8, 9, 22, 32 as by first lines: 105–107, 118, 136, 138, 145” and elsewhere. But at some point in time, Peters (1922, p. 4) nbotes, psalms with no obvious connection with sacrifice (for example, 9, 10, 34, 37) were introduced into the Psalter.
Epidemiologic Analysis of Onychomycosis in the San Diego Pediatric Population.

Background Onychomycosis (OM) is thought to be a rare disease in children, although there are few epidemiologic studies. Methods This 3-year retrospective case series of nearly 400 children seen at Rady Children's Hospital–San Diego (RCHSD) describes the characteristics of OM found in this pediatric population. Results From 2011 to 2013, the Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology Clinic at RCHSD saw a total of 36,634 unique patients, of whom 433 were unique patients with OM. Thirty-four patients met exclusion criteria, leaving 399 (1.1%) with a diagnosis of OM by a pediatric dermatologist. Nail cultures were obtained in 242 cases (60.7%), 116 (48.0%) of which were positive. Trichophyton rubrum was the most commonly isolated pathogen, responsible for 106 cases (91.3%) of positive cultures in the cohort. Conclusions Our study provides important regional information regarding epidemiologic data in pediatric onychomycosis, highlighting the diagnostic methods most commonly used and the pathogens most frequently encountered in our practice.
Management of Hemoglobin Variants Detected Incidentally in HbA1c Testing: A Common Problem Currently Lacking a Standard Approach

Although HbA1c is widely used for diagnosis and management of diabetes in clinical practice and research studies, management of the incidental detection of hemoglobin variants (e.g., hemoglobin S [HbS], HbC) by common HbA1c methods, such as ion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is not well established. Many clinical laboratories do not report the presence of hemoglobin variants, whereas others report them only if they interfere with HbA1c measurement (1). As routine HbA1c testing may incidentally yield information regarding hemoglobin variants that can affect clinical care, planning for appropriate management is warranted. The Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) Study is a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial testing whether vitamin D supplementation reduces diabetes incidence in people at high risk (2). Adults meeting at least two of the three criteria for prediabetes established in 2010 by the American Diabetes Association are eligible for enrollment, and a racially and ethnically diverse study population is sought to ensure generalizability of results. HbA1c testing is performed using an HPLC method (Tosoh G8, Tosoh Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA) at the University of Vermont’s Laboratory for Clinical Biochemistry Research. Review of chromatograms can reveal unexpected peaks reflecting the presence of hemoglobin variants. Although HbS and HbC do not interfere with the assay, the presence of other variants, such as HbE, precludes reporting of HbA1c results. When an abnormal peak is seen, hemoglobin electrophoresis is performed to identify the hemoglobin variant. Because reporting of incidentally detected hemoglobin variants is not standardized, D2d investigators sought consultative opinions from …
Fast-To-Slow: Myosin Heavy Chain Alterations in Response to Altered Six1 Gene Expression

Muscle activation patterns (e.g. exercise) affect muscle fiber-type proportions in skeletal muscle. The developmental gene, Six1’s, expression is altered by exercise, and altering its expression af...
Advance care planning in Medicare: an early look at the impact of new reimbursement on billing and clinical practice

Objective In this study, we examined the US Medicare programme’s (government-funded social insurance for the elderly or disabled) new reimbursement for advance care planning (ACP) that began on 1 January 2016. This single-centre study addressed whether clinicians who have ACP conversations with patients will use the new reimbursement code and if the new reimbursement is successful at motivating clinicians to have more ACP conversations with patients. Methods This is a multimethod study. To gain a general sense of ACP practice and code visibility, we first surveyed 493 clinicians in a large academic medical centre (20% response rate). Then, for more in-depth answers and to illuminate the reasons behind survey findings, we conducted semistructured interviews with 28 physicians. Results We found that while clinicians are open to using the reimbursement codes, organisational barriers such as low visibility and documentation make it difficult for clinicians to bill for ACP. Moreover, structural and professional factors have rendered Medicare’s ACP reimbursement largely ineffective at motivating healthcare providers to perform more ACP conversations during the first 3 months of this policy. Conclusions It does not appear that Medicare’s reimbursement of ACP has made a significant, direct impact on ACP billing or practice during the policy’s first 90 days. However, there is a symbolic role that this change can serve, and the policy could have more impact as its existence becomes more widely known. Barriers to ACP that we identify should be addressed directly to expand the use of ACP.
Evaluating Subgrid-Scale Models for Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Katabatic Flow

The performance of commonly used subgrid-scale (SGS) models is evaluated for large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent katabatic flow. The very stable stratification and strong low-level shear in this flow provide a stringent test for SGS models. Using an a posteriori testing procedure, the SGS models’ performance in reproducing turbulence statistics and spectra in katabatic flow is investigated.
Motif Scraper: A cross-platform, open-source tool for identifying degenerate nucleotide motif matches in FASTA files

Many genomic features are defined not by exact sequence matches, but by degenerate nucleotide motifs that represent multiple compatible matches. While there are databases cataloging genomic features, such as the location of transcription factor motifs, for commonly used model species, identifying the locations of novel motifs, known motifs in non-model genomes, or known motifs in personal whole-genomes is difficult. I designed motif scraper to overcome this limitation, allowing for efficient, multiprocessor motif searches in any FASTA file.
Improving adherence to cardiovascular disease medications with information technology

Objectives Evaluate the utility of 2 electronic medical record (EMR)-linked, automated phone reminder interventions for improving adherence to cardiovascular disease medications. Study design A 1-year, parallel arm, pragmatic clinical trial in which 21,752 adults were randomized to receive either usual care (UC) or 1 of 2 interventions in the form of interactive voice recognition calls-regular (IVR) or enhanced (IVR+). The interventions used automated phone reminders to increase adherence to cardiovascular disease medications. The primary outcome was medication adherence; blood pressure and lipid levels were secondary outcomes. Methods The study took place in 3 large health maintenance organizations. We enrolled participants who were 40 years or older, had diabetes mellitus or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and were suboptimally adherent. IVR participants received automated phone calls when they were due or overdue for a refill. IVR+ participants received these phone calls, plus personalized reminder letters, live outreach calls, EMR-based feedback to their primary care providers, and additional mailed materials. Results Both interventions significantly increased adherence to statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEIs/ARBs) compared with UC (1.6 to 3.7 percentage points). Adherence to ACEIs/ARBs was also significantly higher for IVR+ relative to IVR participants. These differences persisted across subgroups. Among statin users, IVR+ participants had significantly lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels at follow-up compared with UC (Δ = -1.5; 95% CI, -2.7 to -0.2 mg/dL); this effect was seen mainly in those with baseline LDL levels ≥ 100 mg/dL (Δ = -3.6; 95% CI, -5.9 to -1.3 mg/dL). Conclusions Technology-based tools, in conjunction with an EMR, can improve adherence to chronic disease medications and measured cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Uneven missing data skews phylogenomic relationships within the lories and lorikeets

Resolution of the Tree of Life has accelerated with massively parallel sequencing of genomic loci. To achieve dense taxon sampling within clades, it is often necessary to obtain DNA from historical museum specimens to supplement modern genetic samples. A particular challenge that arises with this type of sampling scheme is an expected systematic bias in DNA sequences, where older material has more missing data. In this study, we evaluated how missing data influenced phylogenomic relationships in the brush-tongued parrots, or the lories and lorikeets (Tribe: Loriini), which are distributed across the Australasian region. We collected ultraconserved elements from modern and historical material representing the majority of described taxa in the clade. Preliminary phylogenomic analyses recovered clustering of samples within genera, where strongly supported groups formed based on sample type. To assess if the aberrant relationships were being driven by missing data, we performed an outlier loci analysis and calculated gene-likelihoods for trees built with and without missing data. We produced a series of alignments where loci were excluded based on Δ gene-wise log-likelihood scores and inferred topologies with the different datasets to assess whether sample-type clustering could be altered by excluding particular loci. We found that the majority of questionable relationships were driven by particular subsets of loci. Unexpectedly, the biased loci did not have higher missing data, but rather more parsimony informative sites. This counterintuitive result suggests that the most informative loci may be subject to the highest bias as the most variable loci can have the greatest disparity in phylogenetic signal among sample types. After accounting for biased loci, we inferred a more robust phylogenomic hypothesis for the Loriini. Taxonomic relationships within the clade can now be revised to reflect natural groupings, but for some groups additional work is still necessary.
Effects From Continuous Infusions of Dexmedetomidine and Propofol on Hemodynamic Stability in Critically Ill Adult Patients With Septic Shock

Purpose:To compare the development of clinically significant hemodynamic event (ie, hypotension or bradycardia) in adults with septic shock receiving either propofol or dexmedetomidine.Materials an...
Performance of natural rubber and silicone-based magnetorheological elastomers under large-strain combined axial and shear loading:

This study presents an experimental investigation on large-strain behavior of natural rubber– and silicone-based magnetorheological elastomers within a larger scope of structural vibration mitigati...
Statistical Uncertainty Analysis for Small-Sample, High Log-Variance Data: Cautions for Bootstrapping and Bayesian Bootstrapping

Recent advances in molecular simulations allow the evaluation of previously unattainable observables, such as rate constants for protein folding. However, these calculations are usually computationally expensive, and even significant computing resources may result in a small number of independent estimates spread over many orders of magnitude. Such small-sample, high "log-variance" data are not readily amenable to analysis using the standard uncertainty (i.e., "standard error of the mean") because unphysical negative limits of confidence intervals result. Bootstrapping, a natural alternative guaranteed to yield a confidence interval within the minimum and maximum values, also exhibits a striking systematic bias of the lower confidence limit in log space. As we show, bootstrapping artifactually assigns high probability to improbably low mean values. A second alternative, the Bayesian bootstrap strategy, does not suffer from the same deficit and is more logically consistent with the type of confidence interval desired. The Bayesian bootstrap provides uncertainty intervals that are more reliable than those from the standard bootstrap method but must be used with caution nevertheless. Neither standard nor Bayesian bootstrapping can overcome the intrinsic challenge of underestimating the mean from small-size, high log-variance samples. Our conclusions are based on extensive analysis of model distributions and reanalysis of multiple independent atomistic simulations. Although we only analyze rate constants, similar considerations will apply to related calculations, potentially including highly nonlinear averages like the Jarzynski relation.
Alternative ZAP70-p38 signals prime a classical p38 pathway through LAT and SOS to support regulatory T cell differentiation

T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation activates diverse kinase pathways, which include the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK and p38, the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), and the kinase mTOR. Although TCR stimulation activates the p38 pathway through a “classical” MAPK cascade that is mediated by the adaptor protein LAT, it also stimulates an “alternative” pathway in which p38 is activated by the kinase ZAP70. Here, we used dual-parameter, phosphoflow cytometry and in silico computation to investigate how both classical and alternative p38 pathways contribute to T cell activation. We found that basal ZAP70 activation in resting T cell lines reduced the threshold (“primed”) TCR-stimulated activation of the classical p38 pathway. Classical p38 signals were reduced after T cell–specific deletion of the guanine nucleotide exchange factors Sos1 and Sos2, which are essential LAT signalosome components. As a consequence of Sos1/2 deficiency, production of the cytokine IL-2 was impaired, differentiation into regulatory T cells was reduced, and the autoimmune disease EAE was exacerbated in mice. These data suggest that the classical and alternative p38 activation pathways exist to generate immune balance.
MAGNETIC STRUCTURES OF SAMARIUM.

The magnetic structures of metallic samarium have been determined from neutron-diffraction data on a single crystal of $^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$. Anomalies in a number of physical properties of this metal at 106 and 13.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are associated with ordering of the moments on the hexagonal and cubic sites, respectively. The unusual form factor expected for a $4{f}^{5}$ configuration has been observed. Striking evidence for important conduction-electron polarization effects has been found.
Privacy Assurance for Android Augmented Reality Apps

Augmented Reality (AR) is an emerging technique that enriches real environment with virtual information objects. Despite its wide application scenarios, AR techniques also raise concerns on its dependability, especially on the privacy protection of the users and of the people appearing in users' eyesight. In our research, we performed a case study on the mostly popular augmented reality Android app: Google Translate. In this paper, we report our major findings in the case study, and propose potential mechanism to detect unnecessary privacy leaks in Android augmented reality apps.
Metacognitive therapy for rumination

Abstract Adrian Wells and colleagues have spent over 20 years developing a model of and treatment for rumination and worry that emphasize the importance of metacognitive beliefs about repetitive thinking. This work started in the worry and generalized anxiety disorder literature. However, metacognitive theory and therapy have been successfully applied to major depression, obsessive–compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, social anxiety, psychosis, and substance use. In this chapter, I first review the general metacognitive model and therapy. I then present disorder-specific models and empirical support for the efficacy of this treatment.
Isolation by Distance in Populations with Long-Range Dispersal

1 Abstract Limited dispersal results in isolation by distance in spatially structured populations, in which individuals found further apart tend to be less related to each other. Models of populations undergoing short-range dispersal predict a close relation between the distance individuals disperse and the length scale over which two sampled individuals are likely to be closely related. In this work, we study the effect of long jumps on patterns of isolation by distance by replacing the typical short-range dispersal kernel with a long-range, power-law kernel. We find that incorporating long jumps leads to a slower decay of relatedness with distance, and that the quantitative form of this slow decay contains visible signatures of the underlying dispersal process.
Reexamining the Findings of the American Psychological Association’s 2015 Task Force on Violent Media: A Meta-Analysis:

In 2015, the American Psychological Association (APA) released a task-force technical report on video-game violence with a concurrent resolution statement linking violent games to aggression but no...
Studies of moist air properties up to 1 THz

A millimeter-wave propagation model was developed that describes atmospheric medium properties. Experimental, analytical and theoretical details are presented as they pertain to formulation and validation of the model. An improved water vapor continuum was obtained from laboratory measurements of water vapor and moist air attenuation rates at 138 GHz.
Emergency Department Utilization in the U.S. Military Health System.

INTRODUCTION Emergency department (ED) utilization represents an expensive and growing means of accessing care for a variety of conditions. Prior studies have characterized ED utilization in the general population. We aim to identify the clinical conditions that drive ED utilization in a universally insured population and the impacts of care setting on ED use and admissions in the U.S. Military Health System. METHODS We queried TRICARE claims data from October 1, 2012, to September 30, 2015, to identify all ED visits for adult patients (age 18-64). The primary presenting diagnoses of all ED visits and those leading to admission are presented with descriptive statistics. Logistic regression was used to identify clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with admission from the ED. RESULTS A total of 4,687,205 ED visits were identified, of which 46% took place in the DoD healthcare facilities (direct care). The most common diagnoses across all ED visits were abdominal pain, chest pain, headache, nausea and vomiting, and urinary tract infection. A total of 270,127 (5.8%) ED visits led to inpatient admission. The most common diagnoses leading to admission were chest pain, abdominal pain, depression, conditions relating to acute psychological stress, and pneumonia. For patients presenting with 1 of the 10 most common ED diagnoses, those who were seen at a civilian ED were significantly less likely to be admitted (3.4%) compared to direct care facilities (4.1%) in an adjusted logistic regression model (Adjusted Odds Ratio 0.40 [95% CI: 0.40-0.41], P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, we show that abdominal pain and chest pain are the most common reasons for presentation to the ED in the Military Health System and the most common presenting diagnoses for admission from the ED. Among patients presenting with the most common ED conditions, direct care EDs were significantly more likely to admit patients than civilian facilities.
Recent, small beginnings: genetic analysis suggests Catostomus rimiculus (Klamath smallscale sucker) in the Smith River, California, are introduced.

Identification of introduced species can be important to understanding ecological systems and meeting conservation and management goals, but the process can be surprisingly challenging. The Klamath smallscale sucker C. rimiculus seems likely to be native to the Smith River because the drainage separates two basins believed to be within the fish's native range, the Rogue and Klamath rivers. Further, C. rimiculus is broadly distributed in the Smith River and the indigenous Dee-ni' People of the Smith River have a unique word for sucker. However, a historical survey of fishes that described C. rimiculus from the Rogue and Klamath rivers did not include C. rimiculus among the fishes of the Smith River. To determine if the genetic structure of the Smith River C. rimiculus reflects expectations for a native sucker population, we examined variation in microsatellite and mitochondrial genetic markers from the Smith River and surrounding drainages. The genetic analyses revealed a pattern consistent with extreme founder effects in Smith River C. rimiculus, as would be expected from a single introduction of six or fewer effective individuals. The sharing of a high-frequency haplotype between the Smith River and Klamath rivers that is not detected in the Rogue River suggests the Klamath River as the likely source for the introduction. Our findings highlight that local-scale introductions can be easily overlooked because the newly established populations can appear to be parts of contiguous natural distributions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Most emergency department patients meeting sepsis criteria are not diagnosed with sepsis at discharge.

Objectives Effective sepsis resuscitation depends on useful criteria for prompt identification of eligible patients. These criteria should reliably predict a discharge diagnosis of sepsis, ensuring that interventions are triggered for those who need it while avoiding potentially harmful interventions in those who do not. We sought to determine the proportion of patients meeting sepsis criteria in the emergency department (ED) that was ultimately diagnosed with sepsis and to quantify the subset of nonseptic patients with risk factors for harm from fluid resuscitation. Methods This retrospective cohort study of adult ED patients at a tertiary academic medical center included vital signs and laboratory results from the first 6 hours, plus administration of intravenous antibiotics, to determine if patients met 2016 Sepsis-3 consensus criteria. If these patients also had hypotension and lactic acidosis, we categorized them as Sepsis-3 plus shock. We used discharge ICD-9 codes to determine if patients were ultimately diagnosed with sepsis. Results Over 8 years, 3,121 ED patients met 2016 Sepsis-3 criteria in the first 6 hours. Of these, only 25% and 48% met explicit and implicit criteria for a discharge diagnosis of sepsis. Of 1,032 patients with Sepsis-3 plus shock, 48% and 62% met explicit and implicit criteria. Overall, 60% to 75% of ED patients meeting Sepsis-3 criteria with or without shock did not receive a sepsis discharge diagnosis. At least one plausible risk factor for harm from large-volume fluid resuscitation was identified among 19% to 36% of patients meeting sepsis criteria in the ED but not ultimately diagnosed with sepsis at discharge. Conclusions Most patients meeting sepsis criteria in the ED were not diagnosed with sepsis at discharge. Urgent treatment bundles triggered by consensus criteria in the early phase of ED care may be administered to several patients without sepsis, potentially exposing some to interventions of uncertain benefit and possible harm.
On Spinodal-Like Phase Decomposition in U-50 Zr Alloy

Finley dispersed two phase microstructures resulting from a spinodal decomposition are of interest as they are associated with enhanced mechanical properties and excessive interfaces to mitigate defect related behavior. This study reports a spinodal-like phase decomposition in a U-50Zr alloy by thermal annealing at 620°C and ion irradiation at 550°C, with the latter temperature too low to initiate phase transformation pure thermally. The results hold broad impact for U-Zr alloy systems and its application as advanced nuclear fuel.
CRISPR screen to determine the in vivo fitness of Toxoplasma genes

Summary The virulence of eukaryotic parasites like Toxoplasma gondii depends on their capacity to escape from the host immune response and disseminate throughout the host organism. However, Toxoplasma gene products essential for its in vivo pathogenesis remain uncharacterized. Here, we present the complete workflow of a CRISPR-Cas9 in vivo loss-of-function screen to identify Toxoplasma fitness-conferring genes. This protocol can be used to uncover gene products that play a role in Toxoplasma immune evasion, nutrient acquisition, dissemination, and tissue colonization. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Sangare et al. (2019) .
Tax Evasion across Industries: Soft Credit Evidence from Greece

We begin with the new observation that banks lend to tax-evading individuals based on the bank's perception of true income. This insight leads to a novel approach to estimate tax evasion from privatesector adaptation to semiformality. We use household microdata from a large bank in Greece and replicate bank models of credit capacity, credit card limits, and mortgage payments to infer the bank’s estimate of individuals’ true income. We estimate a lower bound of 28 billion euros of unreported income for Greece. The foregone government revenues amount to 31 percent of the deficit for 2009. Primary taxevading occupations are doctors, engineers, private tutors, accountants, financial service agents, and lawyers. Testing the industry distribution against a number of redistribution and incentive theories, our evidence suggests that industries with low paper trail and industries supported by parliamentarians have more tax evasion. We conclude by commenting on the property right of informal income.
Mysterious Checks from Mauborgne to Fabyan

It has long been known that George Fabyan’s Riverbank Laboratories provided the U.S. military with cryptanalytic and training services during World War I. The relationship has always be seen as voluntary. Newly discovered evidence suggests that Fabyan was in fact paid, at least in part, for his services. At the start of World War I, the United States military had no formal cryptanalytic organization. There was certainly some expertise, notably in the persons of Parker Hitt, Joseph O. Mauborgne, and Herbert Yardley [8], but three people, however capable, cannot handle the demands of a war. There was a pocket of civilian expertise at George Fabyan’s Riverbank Laboratories in Illinois. He had set up a cryptologic group to find the alleged “hidden” cipher messages in Shakespeare’s plays [8]. Fabyan offered his services to the government; his staff, led by William Friedman, did some cryptanalysis (especially of Mexican government messages) and trained Army officers [12, p. 107]. It has long been thought that Fabyan provided these services gratis. Indeed, Friedman himself said so [12, p. 109]: It should be noted, and it gives me considerable pleasure to tell you, that this instruction was conducted at Colonel Fabyan’s own expense as his patriotic contribution to the U.S. war effort. I can’t, in this lecture, say much more about this than it involved the expenditure of many thousands of dollars, never repaid by the government — not even by income-tax deduction or by some decoration or similar sort of recognition. Mauborgne said the same thing in a December 1960 oral history interview [7, Memo from Dr. Thompson, Signal Corp Hist. Div.]: Fabyan offered gratis to take 50 army officers and enlisted men and teach them, an offer which Army G-2 accepted. There is further support for this notion in a letter from Fabyan to Hitt [3]: I have written to Major Gowen today. They have got a lot of funny laws in Washington. I don’t believe the M.I.D. is posted on the acceptance of free services from civilians — God knows they have had a lot and are asking a lot more. “M.I.D.” is the Military Intelligence Division, where Yardley worked [9]; it was the beneficiary of Riverbank’s services. Fabyan seems to be grousing about some laws—just which aren’t clear—that are preventing him from being paid. It might not have been that simple. A recent chance Internet query found a sales listing for a July 1918 check from Mauborgne to Fabyan for $40 (Figure 1). Correspondence with the seller revealed the existence of at least three more checks: November 26, 1917 for $25, January 2, 1918 for $40, and August 5, 1918 for $40. Furthermore, he had sold other Mauborgne checks over the years; he does not know if any more of them were to Fabyan [2].1 1 All four known Mauborgne-Fabyan checks are now at the National Cryptologic Museum.
Appendix A: Integer Operators

This documentation was generated from the Python documentation available by typing help(int) in the Python shell.
Spatial, seasonal, and source variability in the stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of tap waters throughout the USA

To assess spatial, seasonal, and source variability in stable isotopic composition of human drinking waters throughout the entire USA, we have constructed a database of δ18O and δ2H of US tap waters. An additional purpose was to create a publicly available dataset useful for evaluating the forensic applicability of these isotopes for human tissue source geolocation. Samples were obtained at 349 sites, from diverse population centres, grouped by surface hydrologic units for regional comparisons. Samples were taken concurrently during two contrasting seasons, summer and winter. Source supply (surface, groundwater, mixed, and cistern) and system (public and private) types were noted. The isotopic composition of tap waters exhibits large spatial and regional variation within each season as well as significant at-site differences between seasons at many locations, consistent with patterns found in environmental (river and precipitation) waters deriving from hydrologic processes influenced by geographic factors. However, anthropogenic factors, such as the population of a tap's surrounding community and local availability from diverse sources, also influence the isotopic composition of tap waters. Even within a locale as small as a single metropolitan area, tap waters with greatly differing isotopic compositions can be found, so that tap water within a region may not exhibit the spatial or temporal coherence predicted for environmental water. Such heterogeneities can be confounding factors when attempting forensic inference of source water location, and they underscore the necessity of measurements, not just predictions, with which to characterize the isotopic composition of regional tap waters. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Spirituality and Health: Empirically Based Reflections on Recovery

In this chapter, we explore the spiritual functioning and well-being of individuals and how this relates to mental health and recovery from alcoholism within the conceptual framework of Alcoholics Anonymous. We raise the question of whether the spiritually oriented focus of AA is a critical factor in achieving recovery. We suggest that examining the findings from a large body of research on religion and mental health may provide further insight into this question. Specifically, we assert that the mechanisms through which the spiritual focus of AA may influence recovery from alcoholism may be similar to the mechanisms through which spirituality may influence mental health. These potential explanatory mechanisms include the provision of a community, a narrative framework for meaning-making, a means of coping through submission and redemption, and prescribed lifestyle behaviors.