cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in Library Technology and Reference Desk Statistics : Is There a Relationship?

Abstract The incorporation of technology into library processes has tremendously impacted staff and users alike. The University of North Texas (UNT) Libraries is no exception. Sixteen years of reference statistics are analyzed to examine the relationships between the implementation of CD-ROMs and web-based resources and the number of reference questions. Gate counts and circulation statistics for recent years are also evaluated. Overall, reference statistics have been declining over the years under review. The introduction of CD-ROMs caused a rise in reference statistics for several years before the statistics decreased again. Moving the resources to a web-based format minimally affected the number of reference question numbers, although the rate of decline slowed. Gate counts are increasing in one of the libraries examined and circulation statistics are rising. Changes in gate and circulation numbers are due to factors such as increased student enrollment and increased library instruction rather than tec...
Passive driver gaze tracking with active appearance models

Abstract: "Passive gaze estimation is usually performed by locating the pupils, and the inner and outer eye corners in the image of the driver's head. Of these feature points, the eye corners are just as important, and perhaps harder to detect, than the pupils. The eye corners are usually found using local feature detectors and trackers. In this paper, we describe a passive driver gaze tracking system which uses a global head model, specifically an Active Appearance Model (AAM), to track the whole head. From the AAM, the eye corners, eye region, and head pose are robustly extracted and then used to estimate the gaze."
A mini-fellowship in clinical nutrition for primary care physicians.

Abstract When the Regional Nutrition Center's (RNC's) mini‐fellowship was being developed, physicians teaching in medical schools and residency programs had little formal training in nutrition, so it was difficult to identify faculty to serve as role models and clinical preceptors. Using funds provided by an NIH/NCI R‐25 grant, the mini‐fellowship in clinical nutrition was developed as a model to meet the nutrition education needs of senior residents and junior faculty in primary care disciplines. It provided a brief but broad exposure to clinical nutrition topics, with a focus on issues relevant to the practice of primary care and teaching skills. In four weeks, fellows completed didactic course work, a clinical preceptorship, and a teaching project. Tracking of the 55 physicians who completed the program by questionnaires has shown significant improvement in their nutrition‐related patient care activities.
Reflections on the History of the French and American Labor Movements

Jules Michelet remarked that the forms of association “must differ … among the different countries, according to the diversity of national genius.” and Denis W. Brogan once said (he is surely one who does not merit the reproach): “Because we have studied only France, we have not understood even France.” The second remark might apply to the United States, too. There has been talk of the value of comparative study of labor movements, but comparatively little application of comparative methods to labor history. A comparison of the history of association in labor unions in France and the United States may therefore throw a little more light on the “national genius” of each country as well as on die behavior of each labor movement.
Lipid Metabolism of Rumen Ciliates and Bacteria: II. Uptake of Fatty Acids and Lipid Analysis of Isotrichia intestinalis and Rumen Bacteria with Further Information on Entodinium simplex

The total lipid and free fatty acid contents of Isotricha intestinalis, Entodinium simplex, and the rumen bacterial flora of the respective protozoa were determined. Warburg manometric data showed that the sodium salts of tributyrin, oleic, and acetic acids stimulated gas production in I. intestinalis, whereas tributyrin was stimulatory with E. simplex and less active with oleic and acetic acids. Rumen bacteria provided fatty acids produced lower manometric gaseous increases when compared with the protozoa. Volatile fatty acids were produced by I. intestinalis and rumen bacteria with tributyrin, but not with tripalmitin. Sodium oleate gave little volatile fatty acid response with I. intestinalis or rumen bacteria. Washed suspensions of I. intestinalis and rumen bacteria concentrated C(14)-labeled oleic, palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids within the cells during short incubation periods. Autoradiographs demonstrated the conversion of C(14)-labeled oleic, palmitic, stearic, linoleic, and acetic acids in the rumen protozoa and bacterial cells.
Achievement Values, Cognitive Style and Social Class: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Peruvian and U.S. Students

Abstract L'œuvre de McClelland et les recherches interculturelles rapportees par Witkin permettent de supposer que les aspirations a la reussite personnelle, d'une part, et le style cognitif, d'autre part, sont lies au niveau d'industrialisation. Dans cette etude, on a compare les valeurs de realisation de soi et le style cognitif d'etudiants americains et peruviens de měme niveau social et de měme origine urbaine. Les resultats ne soutiennent pas l'hypothese de difference entre les deux echantillons et attirent l'attention sur la necessite de controler, dans ce type de recherches, des variables telles que le niveau social, le degre d'instruction ou l'origine urbaine des sujets.
Mechanistic Classification of Unbound Materials

The effectiveness of an approach, based on the use of default resilient modulus (Mr) values in providing input to the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) developed under the NCHRP 1-37A project, was evaluated. The process is intended to assist users of the guide in estimating the Mr of an unbound material based on its AASHTO soil class. Assessment conducted at the National Research Council Canada (NRC) involved comparing values of the parameter determined in the laboratory using the AASHTO protocol with default values included in MEPDG. Comparison revealed that the proposed default values frequently overestimate the value of the Mr parameter, hence yielding inadequate layer design. Examination of the AASHTO Mr test revealed that the procedure does not account for permanent deformations that accumulate during the laboratory test. These findings prompted the NRC team to develop a different approach for estimating the Mr parameter. The new approach yielded a mechanistic soil classification sy...
Union mergers is the U.S. and abroad

Although there is an extensive research literature on union mergers, our research agenda points to some fundamental questions that remain unanswered. Research on mergers has evolved without a common direction or unifying theories and propositions. Investigators rarely replicate or extend each other’s work in articles, books, and dissertations. Interpretations of the dynamics of union mergers and conclusions about merger trends are not being critically appraised at conferences. There is no consensus among researchers on issues beyond the fundamental reasons for mergers and the forms of mergers. The result of all of this is that the research community that has little to offer legislators trying to regulate union merger activity, federation officers proposing merger policies or trying to fit mergers into their prescriptions for union revival, union officers and staff considering merger invitations, and union members evaluating claims made during merger campaigns.
The Significance of Increased Early Contact Between

The amount and type of interaction between a mother and her newborn in the early postpartum days affect later maternal attachment and infant development. Our “open door” policy in the neonatal intensive care unit permits mothers of premature or high-risk term infants to scrub and gown, enter the unit, and care for their babies, When the infants are taken home, the parents are skilled in their care and are confident. No longer do they have complete responsibility thrust upon them suddenly.
Role in acute urinary retention

Abstract The relationship between prostatic infarction and acute urinary retention was studied. Serial sections of two groups of 100 prostates each were studied for evidence of infarction. One group consisted of patients with acute urinary retention while the other group consisted of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Eighty-five per cent of the retention group had prostatic infarcts while only 3 per cent of the patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy had infarcts. Despite the close association of acute urinary retention with infarction of the prostate, the exact mechanism in the production of acute retention is as yet undetermined.
The Lack of a Budgetary Theory

On the most significant aspect of public budgeting, i.e., the allocation of expenditures among different purposes so as to achieve the greatest return, American budgetary literature is singularly arid. Toilers in the budgetary field have busied themselves primarily with the organization and procedure for budget preparation, the forms for the submission of requests for funds, the form of the budget document itself, and like questions. That these things have deserved the consideration given them cannot be denied when the unbelievable resistance to the adoption of the most rudimentary essentials of budgeting is recalled and their unsatisfactory condition in many jurisdictions even now is observed. Nevertheless, the absorption of energies in the establishment of the mechanical foundations for budgeting has diverted attention from the basic budgeting problem (on the expenditure side), namely: On what basis shall it be decided to allocate x dollars to activity A instead of activity B?Writers on budgeting say little or nothing about the purely economic aspects of public expenditure. “Economics,” says Professor Robbins, “is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.” Whether budgetary behavior is economic or political is open to fruitless debate; nevertheless, the point of view and the mode of thought of the economic theorist are relevant, both in the study of and action concerning public expenditure.
Vertical Distribution in Soil of Unincorporated Surface-applied Phosphorus Under Sprinkler Irrigation

Determining vertical distribution of P is important in irrigated conservation cropping systems for evaluation of P fertilization because soil-immobile phosphorus accumulates near the soil surface where limited tillage reduces soil mixing. The objective was to determine in field and laboratory experiments the vertical distribution of P from surface-applied monoammonium phosphate ( MAP; 227 g P kg -1 ) triple superphosphate (TSP; 197 g P kg -1 ), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP; 149 g P kg -1 ). (...)
A Murine Monoclonal Antibody with Broad Specificity for Occupationally Relevant Diisocyanates

Diisocyanates (dNCOs) used in industrial applications are well known low molecular weight allergens. Occupational exposure is associated with adverse health outcomes including allergic sensitization and occupational asthma. In this study, we report the production and initial characterization of a dNCO-hapten specific murine IgM monoclonal antibody (mAb). Female BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with 25 μg of 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Following six biweekly booster immunizations, splenocytes were recovered and fused to Sp2/0-Ag14 murine myeloma cell line for hybridoma production. Hybridomas were then screened in a solid-phase indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against 40:1 4,4′-MDI– human serum albumin (HSA). mAb reactivity to dNCO-HSA conjugates and dNCO-HSA spiked human serum were characterized using a sandwich ELISA. One hybridoma produced a multimeric IgM mAb (15D4) that reacted with 4,4′-MDI-HSA. Sandwich ELISA analysis demonstrate...
What is the Electric Output of a Cogeneration Project Worth

The economics of cogeneration depend on whose perspective is being considered. A retail electric customer is concerned with the degree to which electric purchases at regulated tariffs can be reduced. A public utility’s perspective includes where the unit would fit in the generation “stack,” how much the unit would operate, and the opportunity costs of operating the cogeneration unit as opposed to other available units. An independent power producer (IPP) has many of the same objectives as an electric utility. However, an IPP has no franchised service territory guaranteeing markets for electricity it produces, although an IPP escapes many issues associated with regulation.Because of these different perspectives, a cogeneration project which is economic for one entity might not be for another. In addition, even if cogeneration is thought to be economic for all three, the optimal equipment selection and operating scenario can vary substantially among potential investors.This paper discusses the factors which influence economic viability of cogeneration from the perspectives of different potential investors.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Chaos in percepts

Multistability in perceptual tasks has suggested that the mechanisms underlying our percepts might be modeled as nonlinear, deterministic systems that exhibit chaotic behavior. We present evidence supporting this view, obtaining an estimate of 3.5 for the dimensionality of such a system. A surprising result is that this estimate applies for a rather diverse range of perceptual tasks.
Electrochemical Growth of Platinum Particles and Platinum-Containing Crystals in Silica Gel

A simple procedure has been developed to prepare platinum particles and (NH4)2PtCl6 crystals. This procedure involves electrochemical growth at low pH in silicate gel. Platinum particles of size fr...
Detecting walking pedestrians from leg motion in driving video

Pedestrian detection in the driving video is an important function for accident avoidance. Different from the detection method based on human shape analysis, this paper introduces a new method to detect walking people from their motion in the driving video. Motion profiles of the driving video are acquired where the authors found walking people showing their leg moving trajectories as twisted chains. These chains are very different from the moving traces of background and other vehicles appearing as smooth curves according to the vehicle motion mechanism. Thus the authors design a method to recognize chains uniquely at leg crossing by using HOG features and confirmed with template matching. This method can detect a person in two walking steps. The results show a promising detection rate in the reduced data dimension of video.
Turning aluminium into a noble-metal-like catalyst for low-temperature activation of molecular hydrogen

Activation of molecular hydrogen is an important step for many applications such as fuel cells and ammonia synthesis, but has so far required high temperatures and expensive noble-metal catalysts. Aluminium doped with small amounts of titanium is now shown to activate molecular hydrogen at temperatures as low as 90 K.
Lepton scattering and the slope of the Regge trajectory in an SU(2) ⊗ SU(2) ⊗ U(1) gauge theory

We consider again an SU(2) x SU(2) x U(1) gauge theory in which the left-handed leptons (e,..nu../sub e/, ..mu.., ..nu../sub ..mu../) are in a quartet representation. The model is motivated by requiring duality in its Regge region. Here we check that the energy of the Regge region is high but not absurdly so, so that the slopes of the trajectories are not so small as to make the Regge-recurrence region forever inaccessible. We also revise our prediction for ..nu../sub e/e elastic scattering. (AIP)
Synthesis of a new transition-state analog of the sialyl donor. Inhibition of sialyltransferases

Abstract A new class of glycosyltransferase inhibitor has been designed and synthesized. The designed inhibitors 3a / 3b provide conformational mimicry of the transition state in sialyltransfer reactions. The key synthetic steps involve a Meinwald rearrangement and a palladium-catalyzed carbonylation reaction. The results of kinetic studies show that 3a / 3b exhibit significant inhibition on both 2,3- and 2,6-sialytransferases.
Cerebral Angiography Practices at US Teaching Hospitals Implications for Carotid Endarterectomy

Background and Purpose Although several clinical trials of carotid endarterectomy (CE) have been carried out in the last decade, the methods for angiographic measurement of carotid stenosis have not been standardized. How one measures carotid stenosis may affect the applicability of clinical trial results. We sought to obtain information on cerebral angiography practices at teaching hospitals in the United States. Methods We surveyed hospitals with an accredited radiology residency program. Results Of the 200 radiology program directors who were sent the survey, 97 responded. The angiographic complication rate was known in 68 of 97 medical centers and averaged 0.6%. The most common method being used for measurement of carotid stenosis is the NASCET method (70%). Forty-two of 97 program directors reported a decrease in the volume of angiography being performed. Of these 42, one third reported that CE was commonly being performed on the basis of noninvasive tests alone. Conclusions The angiographic complication rate at American teaching hospitals is within the “acceptable” range. The NASCET method of stenosis measurement is the most popular among academic radiologists. The volume of cerebral angiography appears to be decreasing. How these data compare with community hospitals without an accredited radiology residency program warrants further study.
Surgical implications of transesophageal echocardiography to grade the atheromatous aortic arch

Stroke is an especially serious complication of cardiopulmonary bypass with an incidence of 2% to 5%. This prospective study used transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in 97 patients more than 65 years of age (mean age, 73 years) to identify those at high risk for aortic atheroemboli. The atheromatous disease of the aorta was graded by TEE: grade I = minimal intimal thickening (n = 29); II = extensive intimal thickening (n = 33); III = sessile atheroma (n = 15); IV = protruding atheroma (n = 10); V = mobile atheroma (n = 10). Clinical evaluation was also performed by intraoperative aortic palpation. Four patients who were graded as having normal aortas by palpation had intraoperative strokes. In contrast, 3 of these 4 patients were in grade V on TEE. The relationship of TEE to incidence of stroke was statistically significant (p less than 0.006), whereas there was no significant correlation between clinical grade and stroke incidence. Four of 10 TEE grade V patients were treated with hypothermic circulatory arrest and aortic arch debridement, and none suffered strokes. The other 6 patients were treated with standard techniques, and 3 had strokes. These results suggest that patients with mobile atheromatous disease are at high risk for embolic strokes that are not predicted by routine clinical evaluation. Selective use of circulatory arrest in the presence of TEE-detected mobile arch atheromas may reduce the risk of intraoperative stroke.
Radiation-Induced Notch Signaling in Breast Cancer Stem Cells

Purpose To explore patterns of Notch receptor and ligand expression in response to radiation that could be crucial in defining optimal dosing schemes for γ-secretase inhibitors if combined with radiation. Methods and Materials Using MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines, we used real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction to study the Notch pathway in response to radiation. Results We show that Notch receptor and ligand expression during the first 48 hours after irradiation followed a complex radiation dose–dependent pattern and was most pronounced in mammospheres, enriched for breast cancer stem cells. Additionally, radiation activated the Notch pathway. Treatment with a γ-secretase inhibitor prevented radiation-induced Notch family gene expression and led to a significant reduction in the size of the breast cancer stem cell pool. Conclusions Our results indicate that, if combined with radiation, γ-secretase inhibitors may prevent up-regulation of Notch receptor and ligand family members and thus reduce the number of surviving breast cancer stem cells.
THE USE OF IODIN IN EXOPHTHALMIC GOITER

Iodin has been the active agent in most of the remedies recommended for goiter since the twelfth century, when Roger, of the University of Salerno, discovered the value of the ashes of sponge and seaweed in this connection. Coindet in 1820, however, was the first to recognize the fact that the beneficial agent in the various concoctions administered for goiter was iodin. In a series of papers beginning in 1850, Chatin presented evidence that iodin would prevent the development of endemic goiter and cretinism, and following this iodin preparations were used extensively in the treatment of goiter.
QUANTITATIVE EFFECTS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON TESTIS AND PROSTATE OF DOGS

SOME of the chemical changes occurring after hypophysectomy in the prostate and testis of dogs are described in this paper. For several reasons it has become important to study the involution of normal tissues, particularly since the methods which induce regression in them can sometimes be applied to produce dysfunction in neoplastic cells; the endocrine glands, as implied by definition, exert remote control of certain other tissues. Despite many and extensive studies of the results of extirpation of the pituitary, few quantitative data exist concerning its effect on the testis. The principal concern of previous investigators has been with changes in weight and cytology and with tissue metabolism.
A comparison of keyword‐in‐context (KWIC) indexing of titles with a subject heading classification system

Research was directed at comparing the results of automatic computer indexing of titles by the KWIC system with human indexing using a subject heading system. One source of data was 803 legal research projects and theses titles indexed under a modified form of the Index to Legal Periodicals (ILP) system. The other source of data was 2,625 legal articles classified under the ILP system. Interpretation of data revealed, among other things, that 64.4% of the title entries contained as keywords one or more of the ILP subject heading words under which they were indexed; and 25.1% contained logical equivalents. The remaining 10.5% of the title entries had nondescriptive titles. The author concludes that KWICing of legal titles produces an index which costs less than a subject heading system in both time and cost of production and which ranks high in “find-ability”.
Characterization of mannitol polymorphic forms in lyophilized protein formulations using a multivariate curve resolution (MCR)-based Raman spectroscopic method.

Purpose To develop a novel multivariate curve resolution (MCR)-based Raman spectroscopic method to characterize and quantify five known mannitol solid-state forms in lyophilized protein formulations.
Evaluation of chondral injuriesby magnetic resonance imaging: Repair assessments

Abstract Magnetic resonance (MR) is a versatile imaging modality that can be tailored to address many of the clinical andresearch questions encountered in musculoskeletal diseases. Developments in MR techniques for cartilage imaging have paralleled the advances in clinical approaches to cartilage injury assessment and repair. This article reviews the current state-of-the-art clinical MR imaging methods designed for noninvasive evaluation of cartilage. Basic technical considerations are discussed, including selection of an imaging site for patient referral, interpretation of MR images, and the limitations of each acquisition technique. Clinical examples are used to illustrate the appearance of chondral lesions. Finally, the unique issues arising from cartilage assessment after surgical repair are examined.
Anti-dysrhythmic effects of long-pulse gastric electrical stimulation in dogs.

Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-dysrhythmic effect of long-pulse gastric electrical stimulation (GES) in dogs. Methods: The stud
PYROXENES IN THE PATWAR MESOSIDERITE

Major and minor elements were determined with an electron microprobe in pyroxene from Patwar, one of the least metamorphosed mesosiderites. All but two orthopyroxene crystal fragments fall in the range Wo(2.3)En(73) to Wo(3.9)En(59), while pigeonite from a basalt clast clusters around Wo(13)En(38). Absolute and relative amounts of Ti, Cr, and Al are distinct from those in pyroxenes in irons-with-silicate inclusions. Zoning within orthopyroxene grains suggests crystallization from an igneous melt in the presence of plagioclase and chromite, followed at some later time by brecciation and subsequent minor thermal metamorphism. Compositional data support petrographic evidence that the silicates in Patwar were derived from a heterogeneous source.
Microsecond analysis of transient molecules using bi-directional capillary electrophoresis.

We demonstrate the feasibility for minimizing electrophoretic analysis times of transient chemical species by inducing nascent, oppositely charged photochemical products to migrate in opposite directions from their point of creation. In this approach, separate probe sites are positioned within an electrophoretic channel both upfield and downfield from a photoreaction site formed by high-numerical-aperture optics, with positively charged (and in some cases neutral) components migrating toward one probe site and negatively charged species migrating in the opposite direction, toward the second probe site. As a proof-of-concept, fluorescent photoproducts of the hydroxyindoles, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), 5-hydroxytrptophan, and 5-hydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, are formed within a geometrically modified capillary and are transported electrophoretically and electroosmotically to probe sites several micrometers away. Although it is possible to detect all components in a single channel, or to use a two-cha...
Reductions in genetic variation in Drosophila and E. coli caused by selection at linked sites

Selection at linked sites has important consequences for the properties of neutral variation and for tests of the predictions of the neutral theory of molecular evolution. We review the theory of the effect of adaptive gene substitutions on neutral variability at linked sites (hitchhiking or selective sweeps) and discuss theoretical results on the effect of selection against deleterious alleles on variation at linked sites (background selection). InDrosophila melanogaster there is a clear relation between the frequency of recombination in a given region of the chromosome and the amount of natural variability in that region. Attempts to predict this relation have given rise to models of selective sweeps and background selection. We describe possible methods of discriminating between these models, and also discuss the probable strong influence of selective sweeps on variation in largely nonrecombining genomes, with particular reference toEscherichia coll. Finally we present some unresolved questions and possible directions for future research.
ATP-dependent hydrogen evolution by cell-free preparations of Azotobacter vinelandii.

Summary 1. The ATP-dependent evolution of H 2 catalyzed by cell-free preparations of N 2 -grown A. vinelandii was examined. The reaction required hydrosulfite and Mg 2+ as well as ATP. Optimal reaction conditions were determined. The enzyme preparations were stable in air for several days when stored at 0°. 2. A distinction was made between the enzyme catalyzing ATP-dependent H 2 evolution and that catalyzing H 2 uptake associated with the reduction of methylene blue and ferricyanide. H 2 evolution was limited to preparations of cells grown on nitrogen-free medium and could not be demonstrated with extracts of urea-grown cells; H 2 uptake was catalyzed by extracts of both N 2 − and urea-grown cells. H 2 evolution was associated with material sedimented between 1-and 6-h centrifugation at 144 000 × g ; H 2 uptake activity was associated with more readily sedimented material. Heating the extracts at 60° for 15 min destroyed H 2 uptake activity but had little effect on H 2 evolution activity. It was concluded that the two reactions were catalyzed by different enzymes.
Empirically derived latent classes of tobacco dependence syndromes observed in recent-onset tobacco smokers: Epidemiological evidence from a national probability sample survey

This study pursued a line of large-sample epidemiological research on tobacco dependence syndromes that may appear during the first 2 years of tobacco smoking, as clinical features begin to emerge. Focusing on smokers who just recently started using tobacco may provide insights into the transitions that lead from initial smoking toward tobacco dependence. A specific focus was a possible excess risk of tobacco dependence associated with early-onset smoking. Data came from public use files of the 1995-1998 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse. Analyses were based on responses from 2,993 smokers, that is, those whose age at onset of tobacco smoking was either equal to the age at the time of the interview (n=1,030) or within 1 year of the age at the interview (n=1,963). Seven clinical features were assessed for a measure of the tobacco dependence syndrome, elicited during a standardized assessment. Findings from latent class analysis best support a model with three classes of smokers; features of tobacco dependence are prominent in just two of these classes, which in aggregate constitute 29% of the recent-onset smokers. Earlier-onset tobacco smokers may have a modestly higher probability of expressing dependence features within 2 years of smoking onset, compared with later-onset smokers (i.e., those starting after age 20). Clinical features of tobacco dependence emerge within 1-2 years after the onset of smoking. If the three-class model of tobacco dependence is correct, early-onset smoking may confer modest excess risk of becoming tobacco dependent during the first 2 years after smoking onset.
Breakdown of the Z=64 shell gap below N=82

Abstract The systematic behavior of 21+ and 41+ state energies in GdXe nuclei, below the neutron N = 82 shell gap, are examined in terms of the product of numbers of valence proton and neutron particles, NpNn. To produce a smooth dependence of these spectroscopic quantities as functions of NpNn, requires that the Z = 64 shell gap disappears for neutron numbers less than, or approximately equal to, N = 78.
Anthrax Countermeasures: Current Status and Future Needs

The U.S. government does not yet have the range of medical countermeasures needed to protect its citizens from anthrax and other potential bioweapons. In the event of an anthrax attack, treatment interventions in addition to antibiotics would be needed so that very ill patients can be treated and clean-up crews can be better protected, especially if an engineered strain is used. This article describes specific anthrax countermeasures that are in development, barriers to development, and potential mechanisms the government could use to accelerate the movement of these countermeasures through the pipeline. A key challenge will be to encourage the transition of promising leads from basic research to the product development stage, when they may qualify for BioShield funds.
Status of the Mussel Fauna of the Poteau River and Implications for Commercial Harvest

Abstract The Poteau River, a major tributary of the Arkansas River, flows through the Ouachita Uplands of eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas. The river has been harvested for mussels, historically by the Caddo Indians and recently for the pearl industry. We documented the current distribution and abundance of mussels in the river, compared this with historical distributions and examined whether the river can sustain current levels of commercial harvest. The Poteau River retains a rich mussel fauna of 35 species. However, mussel abundance is much lower than in surrounding rivers. Mean total mussel densities in the largest beds in the river are 3.8 individuals/m2. Densities of the two commercially harvested species, Megalonaias nervosa (washboard) and Amblema plicata (threeridge), are only 0.15 and 1.25 individuals/m2, respectively. Mussel size distributions indicate very low recent recruitment of both M. nervosa and A. plicata. The majority of M. nervosa exceed the shell height limit of 4 inches establi...
The effect of substrate radiation damage on the stability of discontinuous films

Abstract Discontinuous metal films have numerous potential applications in physics and engineering devices. A principal problem is their instability with time which is thought to be due to island coalescence or agglomeration. Using evaporated gold films we studied the effect of pre-radiation damage of the substrate surface on resistance and strain gauge stability. Although some improvement was noted over unirradiated control samples, the irradiated samples nevertheless eventually became unstable. Comparison of the experimental data with theoretical formulae indicated that interisland distances are of the order of a few angstroms for the useful region of operation, in marked contrast with previous claims.
Patch departure decisions by spice finches foraging singly or in groups

The marginal value theorem predicts that when resources are clumped in space, a forager can maximize its rate of intake by deciding to leave a patch when its current feeding rate falls below the average for the habitat. A group version of the model predicts that when rate-maximizing group members share a patch, they should leave sooner, and each with less gain, than single animals exploiting the same patch. We tested these predictions in the laboratory by measuring patch departure decisions of spice finches, Lonchura punctulata, exploiting food patches alone or in groups of three under two habitats that require different travel times. As predicted, group members left the patch sooner and with fewer seeds than single foragers. Unlike the model's assumptions, however, birds did not share the patch equally, and their exploitation curves could not be simply derived from those of single foragers. Grouping decreased the effect of travel time on patch exploitation. Moreover, within each group the bird expected to leave first delayed its departure although it collected fewer seeds than the others. This delayed departure could aim to maintain group membership. We noted an increased variability in seed number collected by group members compared with single foragers, which could be a cost of group foraging.
A study of the relative effectiveness of climax and anti‐climax order in an argumentative speech∗

(1946). A study of the relative effectiveness of climax and anti‐climax order in an argumentative speech. Speech Monographs: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 35-44.
Analysis of particulate matter air pollution using Markov random field models of spatial dependence

Researchers are beginning to realize the need to take spatial structure into account when modeling data on air pollutants. We develop several models for particulate matter in an urban region that allow spatial dependence to be represented in different manners over a time period of one year. The models are based on a Markov random field approach, and a conceptualization of observed data as arising from two random processes, a conditionally independent observation process and a spatially dependent latent pollution process. Optimal predictors are developed for both of these processes, and predictions of the observation process are used for model assessment.
Prevalence of Significant Noncardiac Findings on Electron-Beam Computed Tomography Coronary Artery Calcium Screening Examinations

Background— Screening electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) examinations for the detection and quantification of coronary artery calcification are being performed throughout the country. In addition to information about the heart, great vessels, and coronary arteries, these examinations include portions of the lungs, bony thorax, and upper abdomen. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of significant noncardiac findings in a series of patients undergoing coronary artery calcification screening studies with EBCT scanning. Methods and Results— Between January 1, 2001, and October 1, 2001, 1326 consecutive patients underwent coronary artery calcification screening with EBCT (3-mm-thick slices were obtained at 3-mm intervals). Two board-certified radiologists reviewed the examinations on a workstation using standard mediastinal windows, lung windows, and bone windows. Significant extracardiac abnormalities were noted. Of 1326 patients, 103 (7.8%) had significant extracardiac pathology r...
Generalizing change through participant modeling with self-directed mastery.

Abstract It was hypothesized that a brief experience of self-directed mastery after phobic behavior had been eliminated by participant modeling would enhance generalized changes in psychological functioning. Adult phobics received participant modeling alone, or participant modeling followed by self-directed performance with either familiar or varied threats. Subjects who had the benefit of independent mastery experiences, compared to those who received participant modeling alone, displayed more generalized behavioral changes, greater fear reduction, higher levels of self-competency, and less fear of threats beyond the one specifically treated. Self-directed performance with a familiar threat, however, extinguished fears more thoroughly and induced a stronger sense of self-competency than did coping independently with varied threats. The overall evidence indicates that the successful transfer effects resulted from stimulus generalization, enhancement of self-adequacy. and acquisition of a generalizable skill for coping with fear-provoking situations.
Prostaglandin F2α Stimulates Hypertrophic Growth of Cultured Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes

Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) stimulates protein synthesis of skeletal and smooth muscle cells in culture and is elevated in the heart during compensatory growth. We hypothesized that PGF2α stimulates hypertrophic growth of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Prostaglandin F2α increased [3H]phenylalanine incorporation by cultured ventricular myocytes in a dose-dependent manner (EC50 = 11 nM), suggesting action through a PGF-specific receptor. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction revealed that PGF receptor mRNA is expressed in ventricular myocytes > A7R5 vascular smooth muscle cells ≫ cardiac fibroblast-like cells. The protein content of cardiomyocyte cultures was increased by 10 nM PGF2α and 11β-PGF2α but was unchanged by 10 nM PGD2, PGE2, PGF1α, carbaprostacyclin, U-46619, or 12- or 15-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid. Stimulation of myofibrillar gene expression by PGF2α was demonstrated by Northern and Western blot analysis for myosin light chain-2 (MLC-2) and by transient transfection experiments with MLC-2 luciferase expression plasmids. In addition, myofibrillogenesis was increased by PGF2α as assessed by immunocytochemical staining with MLC-2 antisera. Prostaglandin F2α did not affect myocyte proliferation or [3H]thymidine incorporation, thus myocyte growth occurred by hypertrophy. Proliferative and hypertrophic growth of cardiac fibroblast-like cells were unaffected by PGF2α. We conclude that PGF2α stimulates hypertrophic growth of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes in culture and speculate that PGF2α plays a role in myocardial adaptation to chronic hypertrophic stimuli, recovery from injury, and cardiac ontogeny.
Superlattices of YBa2Cu3O7−δ/PrBa2Cu3O7−δ grown by the pulsed organometallic beam epitaxy method

We report on the growth of YBa2Cu3O7−δ/PrBa2Cu3O7−δ superlattices by pulsed organometallic beam epitaxy technique. X‐ray diffraction and analytical high resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements show high‐quality superlattice crystalline structures are being grown. Electrical measurements of these layered oxides have also shown very promising results. This work demonstrates the capabilities of pulsed organometallic chemical vapor deposition as an alternative method for growing high temperature superconducting oxides in a controlled manner.
Athletic head injuries

Recent studies have shown a decrease in mortality from head and neck injuries, especially in American football. This has resulted from rule changes and their enforcement, equipment modification, improved coaching and training techniques, and educational programs for neck injuries. Morbidity data, however, are not as complete, particularly as they apply to concussion, the most frequent type of head injury in contact sports. Questions on this condition that still need to be answered before a sound medical disposition can be made are the possible cumulative damage from repeated concussions, and whether one concussion renders a player more susceptible to a second. Currently, decisions on when to allow a football player to return to a game or participate in future contests are arbitrary and based primarily on the experience of the team physician. Certainly, further studies are essential before these decisions can be based on sound scientific data. Thus, the pioneer work of Richard Schneider needs to be continued.
The effect of sensory modalities on learning

As the importance of modalities to learning becomes increasingly apparent, the dearth of modality tests and assessment techniques becomes a critical problem. A classroom model for assessing modality strengths is suggested in which students learn to spell nonsense words via six different modalities: visual, auditory, audiovisual, vocal, motor, and tactile. The technique was used and proven effective in a study involving 396 eighth-grade students. Results of the study indicated that the presentation modality did significantly affect the amount of information learned (F = 12.36, p < .01), and that the auditory and visual modalities were most effective for this particular learning task. It is felt that this assessment technique can facilitate application of modality theory in classroom teaching.
LEAD AND CADMIUM CONTENT OF SELECTED OREGON GROUNDFISH

The lead and cadmium content of selected Oregon groundfish was determined. Rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus), English sole (Parophrys vetulus), Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus), petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani), orange rockfish (Sebastes pinniger), lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) and sand sole (Psettichthys melanostictus) samples had mean lead and cadmium contents of < 0.25 ppm. Therefore Oregon groundfish would not be a source of toxic levels of Pb and Cd in the diet.
Optimal analytic method for the nonlinear Hasegawa-Mima equation

The Hasegawa-Mima equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation that describes the electric potential due to a drift wave in a plasma. In the present paper, we apply the method of homotopy analysis to a slightly more general Hasegawa-Mima equation, which accounts for hyper-viscous damping or viscous dissipation. First, we outline the method for the general initial/boundary value problem over a compact rectangular spatial domain. We use a two-stage method, where both the convergence control parameter and the auxiliary linear operator are optimally selected to minimize the residual error due to the approximation. To do the latter, we consider a family of operators parameterized by a constant which gives the decay rate of the solutions. After outlining the general method, we consider a number of concrete examples in order to demonstrate the utility of this approach. The results enable us to study properties of the initial/boundary value problem for the generalized Hasegawa-Mima equation. In several cases considered, we are able to obtain solutions with extremely small residual errors after relatively few iterations are computed (residual errors on the order of 10-15 are found in multiple cases after only three iterations). The results demonstrate that selecting a parameterized auxiliary linear operator can be extremely useful for minimizing residual errors when used concurrently with the optimal homotopy analysis method, suggesting that this approach can prove useful for a number of nonlinear partial differential equations arising in physics and nonlinear mechanics.
Excitation and damping of drift waves.

Excitation and damping of drift waves in stable regime of ionized plasma radially confined by axial magnetic field
Mhc class I and non-class I gene organization in the proximal H2-M region of the mouse.

A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contig was constructed across the proximal part of the H2-M region from the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) of mouse strain 129 (H2 bc ). The contig is composed of 28 clones that span approximately 1 megabasepair (Mb), from H2-T1 to Mog, and contains three H2-T genes and 18 H2-M genes. We report the fine mapping of the H2-M class I gene cluster, which includes the previously reported M4-M6, the M1 family, the M10 family, and four additional class I genes. All but two of the H2-M class I genes are conserved among haplotypes H2 k , H2 b , and H2 bc , and only two genes are found in polymorphic HindIII fragments. Six evolutionarily conserved non-class I genes were mapped to a 180 kilobase interval in the distal part of the class I region in mouse, and their order Znf173-Rfb30-Tctex5-Tctex6-Tctex4-Mog was found conserved between human and mouse. In this Znf173-Mog interval, three mouse class I genes, M6, M4, and M5, which are conserved among haplotypes, occupy the same map position as the human HLA-A class I cluster, which varies among haplotypes and is diverged in sequence from the mouse genes. These results further support the view that class I gene diverge and evolve independently between species.
Hospital Politics in Seventeenth-Century France: The Crown, Urban Elites, and the Poor

Tim McHugh, Hospital Politics in Seventeenth-Century France: The Crown, Urban Elites, and the Poor (2007), 202 (Ashgate Publishing, Burlington, Vermont, $99.95). Hospital Politics in Seventeenth-Ce...
Heterologous expression, purification, and properties of human cytochrome P450 27C1.

Abstract Cytochrome P450 (P450) 27C1 is one of the “orphan” P450 enzymes without a known biological function. A human P450 27C1 cDNA with a nucleotide sequence modified for Escherichia coli usage was prepared and modified at the N-terminus, based on the expected mitochondrial localization. A derivative with residues 3–60 deleted was expressed at a level of 1350 nmol/L E. coli culture and had the characteristic P450 spectra. The identity of the expressed protein was confirmed by mass spectrometry of proteolytic fragments. The purified P450 was in the low-spin iron state, and the spin equilibrium was not perturbed by any of the potential substrates vitamin D3, 1α- or 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, or cholesterol. P450s 27A1 and 27B1 are known to catalyze the 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 and the 1α-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, respectively. In the presence of recombinant human adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase, recombinant P450 27C1 did not catalyze the oxidation of vitamin D3, 1α- or 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, or cholesterol at detectable rates. P450 27C1 mRNA was determined to be expressed in liver, kidney, pancreas, and several other human tissues.
Skepticism about Practical Reasons Internalism

Critique du scepticisme motivationnel de C. Korsgaard qui neglige le caractere axiomatique de l'exigence internaliste des raisons pratiques. Examinant les principes de l'action rationnelle chez Hume et Williams, l'A. defend le pouvoir justificatif des raisons et montre que celles-ci ne peuvent pretendre a l'action.
Salt and blood pressure in children

The relationship of dietary sodium to blood pressure in adults is well established by substantial epidemiological and clinical data,1, 2 as well as various pathophysiological studies.3, 4 Not surprisingly, considerably less is known about the relationship in children.