cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Culture: The Social Lineage Account

Persuaded by the critique of cultural essentialism, many critics believe that there is no defensible way of identifying distinct cultures, or of distinguishing cultural loss from cultural change, that is compatible with the normative agenda of multiculturalism. This article challenges this widely shared belief by developing a concept of culture that can withstand the critique of essentialism and support the positive claims of multiculturalists. Culture, in the view developed here, is what people share when they have shared subjection to a common formative context. A division of the world, or of particular societies, into distinct cultures is a recognition that distinct processes of socialization operate on different groups of people. Because culture in this view is the precipitate of a common social lineage, the view is called the “social lineage account” of culture.
Fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography: Absorption and lifetime contrast studies

Three-dimensional fluorescence-enhanced optical tomography on fluorescence absorption and fluorescence lifetime is demonstrated on clinically relevant phantom volumes employing a rapid data acquiring gain-modulated intensified CCD imaging system in the frequency-domain.
Free Flight of Lambornella clarki-Infected, Blood-Fed, and Gravid Aedes sierrensis (Diptera: Culicidae)

Total flight times and flight numbers of Lambornella clarki Corliss & (Coatsinfected and uninfected nonblood-fed (control), blooded, and gravid Aedes sierrensis (Ludlow) were monitored in laboratory experiments using a free-flight acoustical system. Mean flight time and number of males were not affected by L. clarki infection, but mean flight time of infected females was significantly less than those of control and gravid females. Flight numbers of infected and control females did not differ significantly. Blood feeding initially suppressed flight, but flight dramatically increased with increasing time after the blood meal. There was an increase in flight that corresponded to increased parasite presence inside the ovaries in young, but not older, females.
Jurisprudential Analysis of the Right of Obtaining Social Relief of Urban Vagrants and Beggars for the Right of Legal Analysis

In contemporary China with the philosophy of human rights becoming popular,that urban vagrants and beggars enjoy the right of obtaining social relief should be confirmed.This right in nature is a social right,and the subject of it should be further made clear.The nation is the obligation subject of this right and should perform the duty of respect,protection and realization.The realization of the right of obtaining social relief of urban vagrants and beggars depends on the active performance of national obligation on one hand,and on the other hand,the nation should offer relief when violates its duties.Ways of relief include administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation.
Midstory removal reduces effectiveness of oak (Quercus) acorn dispersal by small mammals in the Central Hardwood Forest region.

Abstract Timber harvests that aim to promote oak (Quercus) regeneration may have indirect impacts on seedling recruitment by altering trophic interactions between oak and animals. For example, changes in habitat structure following harvest may alter the conditionally mutualistic relationship between oak and small mammal granivores like the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) and white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) that act both as acorn predators and as dispersers. Over 4 years (2010–2013), we tracked the fate of a total of 8000 tagged acorns placed beneath black (Quercus velutina) and white oaks (Quercus alba) at 5 control (unharvested) sites and 5 sites where the midstory was removed as part of a three-phase shelterwood harvest in an oak-dominated forest in southern Indiana, USA. We found that acorns in harvested sites were more likely to be taken by granivores and were less likely to survive the winter, resulting in an overall 67% reduction in seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE). Harvested sites had more vegetative cover and coarse woody debris in the understory, providing increased cover from aerial predators and potentially facilitating greater acorn removal and a higher probability of cache recovery. Reduced seed dispersal effectiveness following midstory removal has potential to slow accumulation of oak regeneration prior to overstory removal and therefore to reduce the effectiveness of shelterwood treatments in promoting future oak dominance in harvested stands. Augmentation of shelterwoods with prescribed fire or other treatments to reduce understory density may counter this effect.
A first report of Cretaceous sponges from the Carnarvon Basin in Western Australia

The new species Craticularia australis is a broad, conical, stalked sponge showing craticularid diplorhysis and a fine textured dictyonine skeletal net. These are the first sponges, and the first dictyid sponges in particular, reported from Cretaceous rocks of the Carnarvon Basin in Western Australia. The sponges are preserved as three-dimensional, silicified and iron-strained individuals with somewhat obscure skeletons.--Journal abstract.
Assessing Global Awareness over Short-Term Study Abroad Sequence: A Factor Analysis

Over the past 10 years, U.S. undergraduate participation in study abroad has increased dramatically. The majority of these study abroad experiences have durations of less than eight weeks. Due to the rapid growth in both of these areas, there has been increased interest in assessing student outcomes associated with short-term study abroad (STSA) programs. This paper investigates the impact of an STSA experience on undergraduate students' levels of global awareness over the entire STSA sequence: pre-preparatory course, post-preparatory course, and post-STSA program. We adopt and extend the measures constructed in Chieffo and Griffiths (2004),by implementing a longitudinal study across 23 separate STSA courses. Findings indicate that students’ global awareness does not change significantly after the preparatory course, but that students' levels of global awareness experience statistically significant increases along several dimensions after completing the STSA program. We also find that students who have completed a previous study abroad experience still benefit from an additional STSA course.
Economic History and Health Care in Industrialized Nations

The focus is on three points: Medical care delivery is only a subset of health protection systems. Indeed, from a historical standpoint, nutritional improvement, establishment of sanitary control and the spread of educational achievement in industrialized nations have been clearly more significant for improving the health of nations (particularly in the reduction or postponement of mortality) than medical delivery has been. Second, our imperfect mortality data (which are about all we presently have) must be supplemented by a sophisticated collection of morbidity data so that we can compare output to the variety of inputs we are so frantically collecting. The design for such data collection must basically be the responsibility of epidemiologists and biostatisticians; only after they have completed their tasks can the analytical contributions of economists ring true. Finally, the two methods upon which economists have relied, investment in human capital (essentially an aspect of benefit-cost studies) and production function analysis (leading to an examination of substitutabilities), have inherent logical inadequacies. None the less, the product has served to improve our understanding of the problems and probably thereby to improve the quality of the health institutions serving our various communities. It is reasonable to expect that these techniques, coupled with better data and refined perceptions of the priority of problems, will serve us even better in the future.
Ctw vs. the afl-cio: the potential impact of the split on laborʼs political Action

Unions representing 40 percent of union membership broke away from the AFL-CIO in 2005 to form a rival federation, Change to Win (CTW). CTW leaders argued that the AFL-CIO placed too much emphasis on politics and too little on organizing new workers. This study looks at the potential impact of the split on laborʼs political action in lobbying and electoral mobilization. It examines differences between Change to Win and AFL-CIO affiliates in their political action committee spending, their support of Democrats, and their overall political spending on lobbying and electoral mobilization and concludes that CTW unions are no less reliant on political action than AFL-CIO unions and are likely to continue their involvement in politics.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Regioselective Silylation of Alkyl C-H Bonds for the Synthesis of 1,4-Diols.

A rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular silylation of alkyl C–H bonds has been developed that occurs with unusual selectivity for the C–H bonds located δ to the oxygen atom of an alcohol-derived silyl ether over typically more reactive C–H bonds more proximal to the same oxygen atom. (Hydrido)silyl ethers, generated in situ by dehydrogenative coupling of tertiary alcohols with diethylsilane, undergo regioselective silylation at a primary C–H bond δ to the hydroxyl group in the presence of [(Xantphos)Rh(Cl)] as catalyst. Oxidation of the resulting 6-membered oxasilolanes generates 1,4-diols. This silylation and oxidation sequence provides an efficient method to synthesize 1,4-diols by a hydroxyl-directed, aliphatic C–H bond functionalization reaction and is distinct from the synthesis of 1,3-diols from alcohols catalyzed by iridium. Mechanistic studies show that the rhodium-catalyzed silylation of alkyl C–H bonds occurs with a resting state and relative rates for elementary steps that are significantly differen...
HOW EFFECTIVE ARE EXPERT TV HOSTS AT SAVING FAILING BUSINESSES

The profit and loss system is an integral part of a dynamic market economy. Losses eliminate businesses that are inefficiently managed or whose products no longer provide sufficient value. Almost a dozen popular television shows feature entertaining expert hosts claiming to “save” failing businesses with injections of physical and human capital. We undertake the first comprehensive analysis of these shows, calculating the failure rates of the businesses and analyzing the incentive structure facing the shows, networks, hosts, and participants. In general, we find that these shows are largely unsuccessful in saving failing businesses. (JEL L26, L82)
The young Damocles. The adolescent at high risk for serious or fatal status asthmaticus.

The most vulnerable population in the recent increase in morbidity and mortality in asthma is the preteen and teenaged group. This particular group, remarkably resistant to outside input, would seem the most likely audience for programs dealing with asthma self-care. We have postulated 4 problem areas for this group that may be important in patients who have severe or refractory disease. These problems involve physiology, noncompliance with the medical regimen, stress, and depression and suicide. Each problem requires a specific intervention strategy and should be amenable to treatment in a comprehensive management plan. Language: en
Treatment for Middle Income Problem Drinkers

Various psychological procedures for treating problem drinking have been proposed over the years (Pomerleau, 1977). Few suggestions have been as controversal as behavioral treatment using controlled drinking — the idea the alcoholics might be able to learn to moderate their drinking as a result of therapy. Interest in controlled drinking was started by reports of “spontaneous” moderation in former alcoholics (Davies, 1962) and has received considerable momentum from the lack of scientific support for the theoretical basis for mandatory abstinence (Lloyd and Salzberg, 1975; Pomerleau, Pertschuk, and Stinnett, 1976). While much careful investigation still needs to be done, initial results on controlled drinking have been promising.
Soft material actuation by atomization

Soft robotics are receiving great attention due to its compliant nature and its potential for achieving high degree-of-freedom motions, which are essential for mimicking bioinspired systems. Various methods have been developed to actuate soft materials, ranging from pneumatic actuation to implementing phase transformation. However, techniques that involve fluid pressure require tethered tubes and external compressors, whereas phase transformation generally relies on high temperature changes. In this study, a novel method of actuation that employs ultrasonic-atomization-induced phase transformation of liquid embedded in cavities within soft materials is achieved. In short, atomization is achieved by applying ultrasonic waves on a layer of liquid to create capillary waves at the surface, where small droplets are then ejected from the crests. Small droplets generated by atomization drastically increase the evaporation rate without the need to increase the temperature to boiling. In this study, hollow structures were fabricated with a soft elastomer that were partially filled with ethanol. Ultrasonic waves were propagated through a wall of the structure to atomize the embedded ethanol. Atomizing the embedded ethanol demonstrated as high as ~10 times faster actuation rates as compared to evaporating bulk ethanol through heating. The results showed that actuation performance could be controlled by adjusting the voltage and frequency of the signal exciting the transducer. Furthermore, repetitive back-and-forth movement without having to cool the structure was successfully validated.
How Should We Now Conceptualize Protest, Diffusion, and Regime Change?:

Brancati and Lucardi’s findings on the absence of “democracy protest” diffusion across borders raise important questions for the future of protest studies. I argue that this subfield would benefit ...
Patterns Specific to Pediatric EEG

Misinterpretations of the EEG can result in erroneous diagnosis of epilepsy, causing considerable family anxiety, over protectiveness of children, and delays in normal development and developmental exploration. The burden of a chronic disease can result in expensive and unnecessary medical treatment. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy has been well documented in adults, but misdiagnosis in normal children can have a long-lasting impact on their health. Furthermore, the EEG has a wider range of morphology and hence a greater opportunity for the missed diagnosis of epilepsy. Lack of familiarity of normal sleep patterns and age-related changes from the premature neonate to the young child make children particularly susceptible to misdiagnosis of epilepsy.
Filtered Rayleigh Scattering for Pressure Measurement Applications

A model of filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) sensitivity for air is developed and presented over the gas temperature range of 300–750 K for an iodine vapor cell and laser wavelength around 532 nm ...
Universal hepatitis B screening in a high risk community.

244Background: 2015 ASCO guidelines for Hepatitis B (HBV) screening in patients (pts) receiving chemotherapy recommend a risk-adaptive strategy considering patient and treatment-specific factors. T...
Polar question particles: Hindi-Urdu kya:

We distinguish between two types of interrogative particles, (regular) question particles and polar question particles. The first, canonically exemplified by Japanese -ka, occurs in all interrogatives, in matrix as well as embedded contexts. The second, the object of the present study, is exemplified by the Hindi-Urdu particle kya:. Polar kya: occurs in polar questions but not in wh questions, and it occurs optionally in matrix questions but only in a restricted way in embedded questions. We analyze this particle as presupposing that its prejacent denotes a singleton propositional set and as partitioning the questioned proposition into two parts that can be characterized as at-issue and not at-issue. These two aspects of its meaning are shown to capture several facets of the behavior of the polar question particle kya: that have not previously been analyzed or even systematically described. The paper also touches upon well-known phenomena, such as interrogative selection and alternative questions, but from a new perspective and opens up a way of looking at interrogative particles in other languages that do not seem to neatly fit the mold of regular question particles.
Primary cicatricial alopecia associated with systemic indolent mastocytosis

We present a case of a 63-year-old woman diagnosed with indolent cutaneous and systemic mastocytosis (SM) who presented with hair loss due to primary cicatricial alopecia (PCA).
Influence of different piercing methods of abrasive waterjet on delamination of fiber reinforced composite laminate

Abstract Cutting fiber reinforced polymer composite with traditional rotary cutting tools often results in tool wear, high heat, and dust generated during the cutting process. Abrasive waterjet cutting (AWJ) does not have direct contact between the machine and material and it is a cold machining process, so many of the machining challenges can be avoided. However, the impact of waterjet machining may cause delamination of composite laminates. This research addresses the influence of different piercing methods of the waterjet cutting process on delamination of woven prepreg composite laminates. After cutting the sample with AWJ, the delamination zone of the composite laminate will be observed using a computed tomography (CT) scan and X-ray imaging technique. The results showed that delamination can be avoided by allowing the water and abrasive to mix properly before reaching high water pressure.
IUCN Red List and the value of integrating genetics

Many species on endangered species lists such as the IUCN Red List (RL) are categorized using demographic factors such as numbers of mature individuals. Genetic factors are not currently used in the RL even though their explicit consideration, including effective population size (Ne) and expected heterozygosity-loss (H-loss), could improve the assessment of extinction risk. Here, we consider the estimation of Ne and H-loss in the context of RL species. First, we investigate the reporting of number of mature individuals for RL Endangered species, which is needed to estimate Ne and H-loss. We found 77% of species assessments studied here did not report methods used to estimate the number of mature adults, and that these assessments rarely report other important determinants of Ne (e.g., sex ratio, variance in family size). We therefore applied common rules of thumb to estimate Ne, and found that Ne was likely < 50 for at least 25% of the 170 RL Endangered species studied here. We also estimated mean expected H-loss for these species over the next 100 years, and found it to be 9–29%. These estimates of high H-loss and low Ne suggest that some species listed as Endangered likely warrant listing as Critically Endangered if genetic considerations were included. We recommend that RL and other assessment frameworks (i) report methods used for estimating the number of mature adults, (ii) include standardized information on species traits that influence Ne to facilitate Ne estimation, and (iii) consider using concepts like Ne and heterozygosity-loss in risk assessments.
Corruption and careerism in New Spain: don Alonso de Peralta y Robles, Creole inquisitor, 1594–1610

‘Poderoso caballero es don dinero’ Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas (1580–1645) On 18 October 1612, feast day of Saint Luke, the newly consecrated Archbishop of Charcas, don Alonso de Peralta y Robl...
“We gon be alright:” containment, creativity, and the birth of hip-hop:

In the United States, Black cultural production is bound up with geographic containment, restrictions on mobility, and racial segregation. Jazz, hip-hop, house music, and the Minneapolis Sound (the...
Poor Kids Versus Bad Teachers: Vergara v. California and the Social Construction of Teachers

BackgroundIn the past decade, the laws governing teachers’ employment have been at the center of legal and political conflicts across the United States. Vergara v. California challenged five Califo...
Sperm-bound antisperm antibodies are associated with poor cryosurvival of stallion spermatozoa.

Different stallions exhibit a high level of variation in the ability of their sperm to survive cryopreservation. A large fraction of stallions show poor post-thaw sperm motility, and their semen is not suitable for commercial freezing. In this study, we hypothesized that the presence of sperm-bound antisperm antibodies (ASAs) was associated with poor cryosurvival of stallion sperm. Our objective was to assess the level of ASA binding to stallion sperm, and determine if it was associated with good or poor sperm cryosurvival. In Experiment 1, cooled shipped semen from 27 stallions was frozen using three commercial semen extenders. Sperm motility, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity and apoptosis were evaluated before and after freezing for each aliquot. In addition, the percentage of ASA-bound sperm was evaluated post-thaw. In Experiment 2, semen from 22 stallions was frozen immediately after collection a single formulation of semen extender. Sperm motility and ASA binding were evaluated post-thaw. The results of both experiments showed similar findings. The frequency of ASA-positive samples was higher among stallions with poor sperm cryosurvival (Exp. 1 and 2 = 6/11, 54.5%) than for good sperm cryosurvival (Exp. 1 = 0/16, 0%; Exp. 2 = 1/11, 9.1%). The percentage of IgG- and IgA-bound sperm was also higher in stallions with poor sperm cryosurvival in both experiments (P < 0.05). Post-thaw sperm motility, velocity and distance parameters were lower in ASA-positive than ASA-negative stallions (P < 0.005). No effect of the semen extender used was observed. In addition, stallions with ASAs had a higher percentage of apoptotic sperm than stallions without ASAs. The presence of sperm-bound ASAs was associated with poor cryosurvival for stallion spermatozoa. Thus, it may be beneficial to evaluate stallions for binding of ASAs prior to freezing to offer and indicator of the prognosis for cryosurvival.
The Evolution of Evolutionary Medicine

For several decades interdisciplinary research has been pushed by funding agencies, science administrators and generations of well-intentioned scientists. Interdisciplinary research is needed, so the argument goes, because the problems we face in medicine, environmental sciences, sociology or anthropology - the list can go on - are too complex to be mapped onto one traditional discipline. While the motivation for interdisciplinary research is clear, its actual success is less obvious. For one, we don’t quite know how to measure interdisciplinarity. While there have been many attempts at measuring interdisciplinarity, they typically refer to simple collaborations between field $A$ and field $B$ without taking into account the knowledge exchange at the heart of interdisciplinarity. Multiple studies find the need to distinguish interdisciplinary from multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary; where interdisciplinary combines disciplines in an integrative approach, multidisciplinary simply uses two separate approaches from different disciplines, and transdisciplinary occurs when disciplines are integrated but the product transcends disciplines and becomes more than the sum of its parts. Here, we exposed the heterogeneity of interdisciplinarity through computation.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a systemic disorder: Pathways to cardiovascular disease.

Evidence indicates that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a significant risk factor for the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most explanations for PTSD-CVD associations conceptualize PTSD as a stress-related mental health disorder that elicits physiological, behavioral, and psychological responses that are causal factors in the development of cardiovascular disorders. This article reviews evidence for the broader physical health consequences of PTSD, and presents a conceptual model based on research suggesting that PTSD is a systemic disorder. Specifically, research findings indicate that diagnostic criteria are just the "tip of the iceberg" of a broader systemic disorder with elements that are cardiovascular risk factors. These systemic physiological and behavioral elements therefore should not be regarded as accompanying but unrelated diseases or comorbidities, but as inherent components of PTSD that directly impact the development of CVD. The systemic disorder approach has implications for the conceptualization of PTSD as a cardiovascular risk factor, for needed research on PTSD and CVD, and for clinical efforts to reduce PTSD-associated cardiovascular risk. It is suggested that treatments that aim to reduce cardiovascular disease risk need to address both the PTSD diagnostic components and its associated cardiovascular risk factors. Further research is needed to test the applicability and implications of the systemic disorder perspective. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Does FDI Contribute to Economic Growth

Using data from an Arab country, this paper shows that foreign direct investment (FDI) contributes to higher growth both directly and indirectly through its effects on exports. Knowledge of the positive influence of FDI on growth could enable businesses to have a stronger negotiation position vis-a-vis the host country. Drawing on the findings and the methodology in this paper, business decision-makers could enhance their measurement of expected risks by estimating the effects of increased FDI to the host country. The results also highlight the potential for FDI to contribute to political stability through efficient allocation of corporate resources.
Lay Intuitions About Child Support and Marital Status

Given the fact that the child and custodial parent generally share a living standard, there is some tension between the traditional rule excluding marital status altogether as a consideration in setting child support levels, and the traditional American rule making marriage an absolute requirement in claims by one spouse against the other for support (traditionally, ‘alimony’) for herself. How should that tension be resolved? This paper is part of a larger project investigating how ordinary citizens resolve such policy problems, by asking them to decide a series of cases that systematically vary critical facts so as to reveal the underlying principles animating their views. This study extends the authors’ prior child support studies by (a) expanding the range of paternal incomes presented to respondents, and (b) examining the effect of the parents’ marital status and relational duration. We replicate our prior findings on the impact of parental incomes, and the disparity between them, across the expanded income range, and our finding that, overall, citizens favour higher support amounts than the law provides when custodial parent income is low, but lower support amounts when the custodial parent income is higher. We also now find that our respondents would increase support awards for low income mothers (over current levels) by larger amounts when parents had married than when they had cohabited, and would give the lowest awards to mothers who had had no relationship at all with the father beyond the single sexual act leading to the child’s conception. We explain why the pattern of their support awards suggests that in setting child support levels our respondents give more weight than current American law to the children’s interests.
Cor triatriatum evaluated by real time 3D TEE.

We present two cases of cor triatriatum, a rare congenital anomaly that consists of a membrane that divides the left atrium into two chambers. The first case involves an older adult man admitted for evaluation of left-sided weakness attributed to stroke. The second is a case of a middle-aged woman with dyspnea. Both patients had transthoracic echocardiograms as a part of their initial evaluation, which revealed abnormal structures in the left atrium, and both subsequently underwent transesophageal echocardiography. During these exams, real-time 3D imaging was utilized to more completely define the pathology. (Echocardiography 2011;28:E125-E128)
Radiometry of Partially Coherent Fields. I

A formalism is given to generalize the laws of radiometry to include partially coherent fields. This is an alternative formalism to the one proposed by Walther, Marchand, and Wolf. The generalization of radiometry is formulated as a natural extension of the pioneering work due to Wolf in formulating the theory of partial coherence. For the non-coherent case it is shown that the generalized quantities reduce to their counterparts in conventional radiometry.
Molecular dynamics simulation of the forces between colloidal nanoparticles in Lennard–Jones and n-decane solvent

Molecular-dynamics is utilized to simulate solvation forces between two nanoparticles immersed in two different solvents: Lennard–Jones spheres and and n-decane. Three different sizes and shapes of solvophilic nanoparticles are investigated. Nanoparticles in the Lennard–Jones liquid exhibit solvation forces that oscillate between attraction and repulsion as the nanoparticle separation increases. The magnitude of these solvation forces increases with particle size and depends on particle shape, consistent with the Derjaguin approximation. When n-decane is the solvent, the solvation forces are negligible for small nanoparticles, with sizes comparable to the end-to-end distance of all-trans decane. The solvation forces oscillate between attraction and repulsion for sufficiently large nanoparticles in decane—however the Derjaguin approximation does not appear to be effective at describing the dependence of nanoparticles forces on nanoparticle size and shape when decane is the solvent. For both the Lennard–Jones and n-decane solvents, it is apparent that the force profiles are influenced by the surface roughness of the nanoparticles. These factors should be taken into account in efforts to engineer colloidal suspensions.
Special Issue: Education in the Abrahamic Traditions

JRCE announces a call for manuscripts for a special themed issue on Education in the Abrahamic Traditions. The journal invites scholars of Jewish, Christian, and Islamic education to submit researc...
Functional whole-brain imaging in behaving rodents

A wearable imaging device allows functional whole-brain imaging of awake, freely moving rats. This technology opens up a noninvasive window for simultaneously assessing brain function and behavior in response to a wide variety of interventions in living rats.
Phonon Assisted Optical Absorption in an Electric Field

The optical absorption in crystals caused by interband transitions of electrons is altered in the presence of an external electric field (electro-absorption effect). The theory presented here treats the effect for indirect (phonon-assisted) transitions neglecting electron-hole interaction. The transition rate is computed using a time dependent second order perturbation procedure based on the Houston representation for a lattice electron in an electric field. The theory yields a formula for the optical absorption as a function of the photon energy ħ ω which consists of two principal terms. The first one is just the usual zero field absorption rising from a threshold E proportional to (ħ ω - E)2. The second term varies oscillatory (with decreasing amplitude) for ħ ω > E and falls off exponentially for ħ ω < E. The magnitude of the second term increases as the 4/3 power of the field strength in distinction to the shift of the zero values above the threshold and the width of the exponential decay below the threshold which increase as the 2/3 power of the field strength. In addition, the theory provides another absorption term of oscillatory structure (“Stark-ladder”). However, this contribution vanishes if electron collisions are taken into account, their occurrence being, in fact, a necessary condition to prevent the crystal from electrical breakdown. Die durch elektronische Interbandubergange verursachte optische Absorption in Kristallen andert sich beim Anlegen eines auseren elektrischen Feldes (Elektro-Absorptions-Effekt). Die vorliegende Theorie behandelt den Einflus des Feldes auf indirekte (d. h. unter Mitwirkung von Phononen erfolgende) Ubergange. wobei Elektron-Loch-Wechselwirkung vernachlassigt wird. Die Ubergangswahrscheinlichkeit wird in einer zeitabhangigen Storungsrechnung zweiter Ordnung berechnet, wobei zur Darstellung des Kristallelektrons im elektrischen Feld Houston-Funktionen benutzt werden. Die Theorie liefert eine Absorptionsformel, die zwei wesentliche Terme enthalt. Der erste stellt genau die optische Absorption ohne auseres Feld dar, die fur Photonenenergien ħ ω oberhalb einer Schwelle E proportional (ħ ω - E)2 anwachst. Der zweite Term variiert fur ħ ω > E oszillatorisch (mit abnehmen-der Amplitude) und fallt fur ħ ω < E exponentiell ab. Mit wachsendem Feld F nehmen die Maxima des oszillatorischen Anteils proportional F4/3 zu, wohingegen die Nullstellen proportional zu F2/3 verschoben werden. Ebenso nimmt die Breite des exponentiellen Abfalls mit F2/3 zu. Auserdem liefert die Theorie ein weiteres oszillatorisches Absorptionsglied (die sog. “Stark-Leiter”). Dieser Beitrag verschwindet jedoch, wenn Elektronenstose in die Rechnung mit einbezogen werden. Tatsachlich sind Elektronenstose notwendig, um einen elektrischen Durchschlag im Kristall zu vermeiden.
Internal Friction in Metals

A tubular specimen of the metal is made the elastic control of a heavy pendulum bar. The system can be set into forced vibrations, either bending or twisting the specimen, by a measured periodic magnetic force-couple. The resonance amplitude and frequency, with the moment of the impressed force-couple, yield the ratio of the energy dissipated in one cycle to the energy of the vibration. The tubular form of the specimen enables the relation between dissipation and stress-amplitude to be studied in detail, at least for torsion. For normal (unfatigued) metal, the internal friction appears to be entirely associated with shear. This is not borne out in certain specimens of fatigued or overstrained metal; but these exceptions are easily accounted for. If the energy dissipated per cc. per cycle of stress-amplitude is represented by $F$, the relation of friction to stress-amplitude is given by the formula $F=8\ensuremath{\varphi}W(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{{f}_{0}}{f})$ where $W$ is the total strain energy, $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ is the coefficient of internal friction, and ${f}_{0}$ is a "threshold" stress-level which is zero initially, but takes on larger values as the vibration history becomes longer. If ${f}_{0}=0$, this formula is the same as that proposed by Kimball, viz. $F=\ensuremath{\xi}{f}^{2}$. The coefficient $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ here introduced is independent of systems of units and to a certain extent independent of the vibration history. If $f$ is less than ${f}_{0}$ the dissipation is negligible; if $f$ is greater than another much higher level ${f}_{1}$, $F$ increases faster than any power of $f$. Repeated cycles of high amplitudes cause all the constants gradually to change; ${f}_{0}$ decreases again, $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ increases many fold, the upper limit itself may change. These progressive changes are probably associated with the progress of fatigue.
Internal condensation of a single DNA molecule

We report a theoretical description of the collapse of a single chain molecule, such as DNA, from a voluminous random coil to a condensed state. With the polymer lattice theory developed by Flory as a starting point, the configurational free energy of a single polymer molecule in solution is expressed as a virial expansion in the polymer segment volume fraction. We have extended the series by one term beyond Flory's analysis and have evaluated the third virial coefficient. Whenever the potential of interaction between two chain segments is attractive, the addition of this new term causes a new minimum to appear in the free energy. The new minimum represents a polymer configuration in which the chain occupies a very small solution volume; we identify this minimum with the collapsed state. There is a critical point for the transition to the collapsed state; above a certain value of the rms end-to-end distance, the change in the polymer solution volume is a sudden one, whereas below this value the transition is gradual. An example of the results of the free energy calculation using parameters from T2 DNA is presented. DNA should show a sudden collapse, but synthetic polymers such as polystyrene should show a gradual collapse.
Hepatic yttrium-90 radioembolotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab or bevacizumab.

Yttrium-90 microspheres have been recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration and have become available to physicians in the United States for the treatment of hepatic neoplasia. Published results regarding the benefits of 90 Y radioembolotherapy within the rapidly evolving landscape of systemic therapies for advanced unresectable colorectal cancer are limited. In that context, outcomes in patients who have received the recently approved biologic agents bevacizumab and cetuximab in addition to chemotherapy are unknown. This report briefly describes the authors' treatment experience with this cohort of patients.
Differential effects of chronic imipramine and fluoxetine on basal and amphetamine-induced extracellular dopamine levels in rat nucleus accumbens

Abstract The effect of chronic treatment with the tricyclic antidepressant drug, imipramine (10 mg/kg per day), the selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg per day), and vehicle, in drinking water for 24–28 days followed by 3–5 days withdrawal, on extracellular dopamine levels was studied in rat nucleus accumbens by in vivo microdialysis. Basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens were increased after chronic imipramine (12.7±1.5 fmol/20 μ l per 30 min, P =0.019), and moderately decreased after chronic fluoxetine (6.5±0.6, P =0.047), as compared to the vehicle controls (9.1±0.7), determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Repeated measure ANOVA indicated that the d -amphetamine sulfate (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced increase in extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens was potentiated after chronic imipramine ( P =0.002), but unchanged after chronic fluoxetine ( P =0.83). The difference in the effect of amphetamine could be influenced by the significant differences in basal levels. However, these results were also confirmed by analysis of the net area under the curve (net-AUC) for a 180-min period (six samples): for chronic imipramine (337±45 fmol/180 min, P =0.005) and chronic fluoxetine (249±38, P =0.57), as compared to the vehicle controls (178±29), determined by one-way ANOVA. We suggest that the effect of treatment with these agents on mesolimbic dopamine is unlikely to be involved in their shared antidepressant action, but may be relevant to other aspects of the therapeutic profile of these two drugs, e.g. the switch into mania which is more common after treatment with imipramine than fluoxetine and exacerbation of positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
Effects of temperature on the infra-red spectrum of partially crystalline trans-1,4-polyisoprene

Abstract Fourier-transform infra-red spectra were taken for semicrystalline solution-crystallized trans-1,4-polyisoprene at various temperatures from −145°C to the melting temperature (60–65°C) and in the melt to 110°C. Changes were followed by use of difference spectra. A decrease in amorphous content with decreasing temperature down to about −30°C and an increase in this parameter with temperature to 60°C were followed quantitatively. Crystal-field splitting of a CH2 scissoring band was observed at −145°C. Changes in conformationally sensitive amorphous bands at temperatures above 65°C were used for tentative assignment of components of these bands.
Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Process Improvement in a Rural ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Receiving Center

Abstract Background Rural ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) care networks may be particularly disadvantaged in achieving a door-to-balloon time (D2B) of less than or equal to 90 minutes recommended in current guidelines. ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Process Upgrade Project A multidisciplinary STEMI process upgrade group at a rural percutaneous coronary intervention center implemented evidence-based strategies to reduce time to electrocardiogram (ECG) and D2B, including catheterization laboratory activation triggered by either a prehospital ECG demonstrating STEMI or an emergency department physician diagnosing STEMI, single-call catheterization laboratory activation, catheterization laboratory response time less than or equal to 30 minutes, and prompt data feedback. Evaluating success An ongoing regional STEMI registry was used to collect process time intervals, including time to ECG and D2B, in a consecutive series of STEMI patients presenting before (group 1) and after (group 2) strategy implementation. Significant reductions in time to first ECG in the emergency department and D2B were seen in group 2 compared with group 1. Conclusions Important improvement in the process of acute STEMI patient care was accomplished in the rural percutaneous coronary intervention center setting by implementing evidence-based strategies.
Discussion of two-element antenna correlation coefficient and received waveform correlation in a simple multipath environment

In this paper we discuss antenna correlation coefficient and its application in a two-element receiving antenna system within a simple multipath rich environment. We conjecture here, that in general, the antenna correlation coefficient does not necessarily provide an accurate estimation of how well or how poorly a multiple antenna receiving system will perform in a multipath rich environment. In general, the reliability of the communication channel is as much if not more a function of the multipath environment and the choice of diversity scheme or MIMO implementation, factors that the antenna correlation coefficient do not characterize. We consider the performance of a two-element antenna system in a simple multipath rich environment as part of this discussion. Finally, we discuss the significance of the antenna correlation coefficient when two receiving antennas are closely spaced and may be highly coupled.
Review of suicide among elderly persons.

The literature was reviewed on the topic of suicide among elderly persons. Incidence rates were discussed from the United States as well as other countries. Suicide rates were noted for the general...
Hedonic Pricing of Milk Components at the Farm Level

Raw milk derives its value from the products made from it: fluid milk, ice cream, yogurt, butter, cheese, nonfat dry milk, and other condensed dairy products. The key components of milk used to make these products are butterfat (BF), solids-not-fat (SNF), and water (W). Since these products use the components in different proportions, each component has an implicit value. These implicit values can be derived either from the retail market for dairy products (Lancaster; Ladd and Suvannunt) or from the farm market where raw milk is sold to dairy processors (Ladd and Martin). If the dairy marketing system efficiently transmits price signals, then the values implicit in prices paid to the farmer will equal their value to the dairy processor, as derived from the retail market. The problem of interest is whether the milk marketing system efficiently transmits milk component values from the retail market for dairy products to the farm market for raw milk. Federal Milk Marketing Orders control approximately 70 percent of all milk marketed in the United States. Thirty-five of the 33 Milk Marketing Orders use the volume-butterfat differential pricing system to pay milk producers in the farm market. Many have argued that the volume-butterfat differential pricing system is inefficient (Jacobson and Walker; Ladd and Dunn; Perrin; Graf; Kirkland and Mittelhammer; Gillmeister et al.; Lenz, Mittelhammer, and Hillers). Multiple-component pricing has been identified as an alternative system that would pay explicit prices for all three milk components. The issue of efficiency of the butterfat differential price formula arose for two reasons.
Self-consistent 1-D Schrödinger–Poisson solver for III–V heterostructures accounting for conduction band non-parabolicity

Abstract We present in this paper a novel method to solve self-consistently the Schrodinger and Poisson’s equations with non-parabolic conduction bands in III–V heterostructures with one dimensional material and electrostatic potential variation. Our calculation suggests ∼20% more sheet charge density ( N s ) may be expected for a representative quantum well FET structure featuring an InGaAs channel cladded with an AlGaSb barrier, compared to predictions from the parabolic band assumption; N s reaches >5 × 10 12 cm −2 at 0.8 V gate overdrive. The increase in sheet density directly results in a higher FET gate capacitance and therefore better transconductance, which stems from the different density of states (DOS) function with the non-parabolic conduction band. Calculation demonstrates that non-parabolicity results in a “tilted staircase” DOS function (as opposed to the classical “flat staircase”). This model was also extended to accommodate satellite valleys, which allows the proper FET gate bias range to be determined in order to avoid overall carrier mobility drop due to L-valley occupation.
Letm1, the mitochondrial Ca2+/H+ antiporter, is essential for normal glucose metabolism and alters brain function in Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome

Mitochondrial metabolism, respiration, and ATP production necessitate ion transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Leucine zipper-EF-hand containing transmembrane protein 1 (Letm1), one of the genes deleted in Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome, encodes a putative mitochondrial Ca2+/H+ antiporter. Cellular Letm1 knockdown reduced Ca2+mito uptake, H+mito extrusion and impaired mitochondrial ATP generation capacity. Homozygous deletion of Letm1 in mice resulted in embryonic lethality before day 6.5 of embryogenesis and ∼50% of the heterozygotes died before day 13.5 of embryogenesis. The surviving heterozygous mice exhibited altered glucose metabolism, impaired control of brain ATP levels, and increased seizure activity. We conclude that loss of Letm1 contributes to the pathology of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome in humans and may contribute to seizure phenotypes by reducing glucose oxidation and other specific metabolic alterations.
A THz-Bandwidth Optical Memory for Quantum Storage

We have demonstrated a THz-bandwidth quantum memory using the optical phonon modes of room-temperature diamond [1]. A noise-floor of just 0.007 photons per pulse provides the opportunity to store photons produced by spontaneous parametric downconversion.
Editorial: State and direction of the journal, 2013☆☆☆

Technological Forecasting & Social Change is enjoying rapid growth in both its manuscript submission rate and its impact factor. These trends imply changes in the way editorial processes and decisions will be carried out. This editorial details these changes, with the aim of helping authors, reviewers and readers understand the new directions.
A note on rule representation in expert systems

Abstract We consider the problem of rule representation in expert systems when quantifiers are present. The approach is based on the concept of possibility distribution. Using this concept we are able to derive a formula for the possibility induced by a statement containing imprecise quantifiers.