cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regular Representations of Quantum Groups at Roots of Unity

We study the bimodule structure of the quantum function algebra for type A at roots of unity and prove that it admits a filtration with factors isomorphic to the tensor products of the dual of the Weyl modules . As an application, we compute the HH 0 Hochschild cohomology of the function algebra at roots of unity.
On the photodissociation of interstellar H2 and CH molecules

Abstract The photodissociation of molecular hydrogen in H I regions by the mechanism discussed by Stecher and Williams has been examined quantitatively in more detail by Liszt. Numerical results are presented and discussed in connection with the observations of CH and other interstellar molecules.
Distribution of birth weight-specific Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes among four racial/ethnic groups in the United States. 1246

Distribution of birth weight-specific Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes among four racial/ethnic groups in the United States. 1246
Low carrier concentration (PbSn)Te by molecular beam epitaxy

pb0.77.77SN0.23Te was grown by evaporation of the pure elements or of the binary compounds from Knudsen cell sources at l0-10 torr. The growth chamber was provided with ion bombardment, LEED, Auger spectroscopy and quartz crystal deposition moni-toring. A Sn-wetted heating block was used for close control of substrate temperature. On chemomechanically-polished BaF2 (100) substrates, monocrystalline films smooth to tens of Angstroms were obtained at 1 micrometer/hour growth rate over a substrate temperature range from 300 to 420°C; above A20°C, re-evaporation occurred. In growth from the elements, excess Pb remains as droplets on the film surface, but most excess Te re-evaporates. The remaining Te produces Pb vacancies which generate p-carriers; conversely, excess Pb produces n-carriers. A quartz crystal deposition rate monitor operat-ing at the growth temperature was used to tune impinging (Te/ Pb+Sn) ratio by observing the discontinuity in rate vs. (Te/ Pb+Sn) which occurred at the stoichiometric ratio. This technique yielded films with as-grown carrier concentrations in the high l017 p/cm3 range at 77K. Closer stoichiometry control was obtained by growing from PbTe and SnTe sources with the use of a separate Pb source for reduction of inher-ent Te excess. For Pb0.77Sn0.23Te, The metal-rich single-phase boundary was found to cross the stoichiometric composition at 395 + 5°, so that only p-type material was obtainable above this temperature. By using 0.014 atomic fraction excess Pb, it was possible to constrain the film composition to this boundary and thus obtain close control over carrier concen-tration by appropriate adjustment of substrate temperature. Carrier concentrations of 2×l017/cc at 77K were obtained in this manner for both n- and p-type material. Excess Pb coalesced into droplets spaced sparsely enough on the sur-face so as not to interfere with device fabrication. Hall mobilities were about 1×104 cm2 /v⋅sec at 77K. Attempts to reduce carrier concentration below 2×1017 cm-3 resulted in anomalously low Hall voltages, suggesting existence of p and n domains in the films. The origins of this inhomogeneity are not clear at present.
Prasugrel as a Safe Alternative for Clopidogrel-Induced Polyarthralgias

Clopidogrel is an oral thienopyridine that has been shown to reduce the risk of vascular death in patients with acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. The drug is associated with rare adverse effects such as thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura, acute hepatotoxicity, and neutropenia. Only six cases have been reported that link acute arthritis with the use of clopidogrel. We describe a 64-year-old Caucasian man with sudden onset of severe arthritis, erythema, and swelling after starting clopidogrel therapy; he had no history of arthralgias while taking prasugrel during the previous 8 months. The patient was hospitalized for 3 days, and after cessation of clopidogrel therapy and conservative management, he improved dramatically, showing resolution of his joint erythema and swelling. The patient started prasugrel therapy at discharge, and no arthritic development was noted 8 weeks later. Although clopidogrel is commonly well tolerated, this case report demonstrates that clinicians should be aware that acute arthritis may be a possible adverse effect of clopidogrel. Additionally, polyarthralgias may not be a class effect of thienopyridines; patients who experience acute arthralgias during clopidogrel therapy may not experience similar adverse effects with prasugrel.
Rhythmic movement, the city symphony and transcultural transmediality: Liu Na'ou and The Man Who Has a Camera (1933)

AbstractThis article explores how the creative career, protean experiments and theoretical writings of Taiwanese/Shanghainese/Japanese writer, translator, filmmaker and critic Liu Na'ou (1905–1940) were enriched by the interpenetration of his transcultural and transmedial aspirations. Through close reading of Liu's amateur “city film,” The Man Who Has a Camera (1933), paying explicit homage to Soviet filmmaker Dziga Vertov's “city symphony” film The Man With a Movie Camera (1929), I investigate how it embodies and encompasses the notions of reinvention and transculturation. Furthermore, through Liu's film criticism, especially on sound aesthetic and rhythmicity, I examine how camera movement and body movement, rhythm and musicality communicate and become entangled with the concept of transmediality. These complications also mediate Liu's ambiguous cultural identity as a colonial subject and transnational practitioner. I suggest how these intertwined concepts and practices created new aesthetic possibiliti...
Measurement of mode field diameter and fiber bending loss

This paper describes the variable aperture measurement technique for Mode Field Diameter (MFD) in 1300 nm optimized single-mode fiber. Measurement of macrobending induced loss correlates well with theory for both depressed and matched clad singlemode fiber designs. No significant difference in bending loss is found between depressed and matched clad fibers with the same MFD. For bending radii of 8 mm or smaller, the larger MFD fiber yields significantly high bending loss (>1 dB/cm). The bending loss is negligible for bending radii greater than 14 mm. For datacom applications, it is desirable to select small MFD to avoid excess bending loss.
Trends in diagnosis and management of iron deficiency during infancy and early childhood

Iron deficiency remains a public health challenge. The neurocognitive deficits that are associated with iron deficiency are most worrisome. Moreover, iron deficiency-associated elevated blood lead levels magnify the problem. Pediatricians must strive to prevent iron deficiency.
Texture analysis of cartilage T2 maps: individuals with risk factors for OA have higher and more heterogeneous knee cartilage MR T2 compared to normal controls - data from the osteoarthritis initiative

Introduction: The goals of this study were (i) to compare the prevalence of focal knee abnormalities, the mean cartilage T2 relaxation time, and the spatial distribution of cartilage magnetic resonance (MR) T2 relaxation times between subjects with and without risk factors for Osteoarthritis (OA), (ii) to determine the relationship between MR cartilage T2 parameters, age and cartilage morphology as determined with whole-organ magnetic resonance imaging scores (WORMS) and (iii) to assess the reproducibility of WORMS scoring and T2 relaxation time measurements including the mean and grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture parameters. Methods: Subjects with risk factors for OA (n = 92) and healthy controls (n = 53) were randomly selected from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) incidence and control cohorts, respectively. The specific inclusion criteria for this study were (1) age range 45-55 years, (2) body mass index (BMI) of 19-27 kg/m 2 , (3) Western Ontario and McMaster University (WOMAC) pain score of zero and (4) Kellgren Lawrence (KL) score of zero at baseline. 3.0 Tesla MR images of the right knee were analyzed using morphological gradings of cartilage, bone marrow and menisci (WORMS) as well as compartment specific cartilage T2 mean and heterogeneity. Regression models adjusted for age, gender, and BMI were used to determine the difference in cartilage parameters between groups. Results: While there was no significant difference in the prevalence of knee abnormalities (cartilage lesions, bone marrow lesions, meniscus lesions) between controls and subjects at risk for OA, T2 parameters (mean T2, GLCM contrast, and GLCM variance) were significantly elevated in those at risk for OA. Additionally, a positive significant association between cartilage WORMS score and cartilage T2 parameters was evident. Conclusions: Overall, this study demonstrated that subjects at risk for OA have both higher and more heterogeneous cartilage T2 values than controls, and that T2 parameters are associated with morphologic degeneration.
Modified F-matrix calculation of Bragg grating spectra and its use with a novel nonlinear index growth law

Reflection spectra and index structures created by the growth of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are modeled using a modified piecewise-uniform approach that can accommodate realistic index growth behavior. Because grating formation generally involves nonlinear index growth, models that assume sinusoidal modulation shapes do not accurately predict the evolution of the grating spectra during the writing exposure. The authors first present a generally applicable treatment of arbitrarily shaped index modulations such that their reflection spectra can be accurately treated with an established modeling technique. This approach examines the actual photoinduced index modulation shape at each subregion of the grating and identifies the ac and dc coupling coefficients (from coupled-mode theory) of an equivalent sinusoidal modulation at the fundamental Bragg resonance. These derived coupling coefficients are then used to compute the grating spectrum via the fundamental matrix (F-matrix) method. Given an accurate description of index at each point along the grating, the modified F-matrix method can efficiently model grating spectra that result from complex exposure schemes including scanned exposures, various apodization profiles, chirp, and postexposures with fringeless light. Additionally, this paper presents a method for determining the detailed index profiles formed by arbitrary exposures. To obtain realistic index modulation profiles, a new index growth model consisting of a three-dimensional (3-D) surface of induced index (versus exposure time and intensity) and a rule for linking complex sequences of index growth under differing intensities is introduced. Using the index growth surface, the compound growth rule, and the modified F-matrix technique, the spectra of weak FBGs similar to those found in distributed fiber sensor systems are numerically synthesized.
Production of small molecular weight catalysts and the mechanism of trinitrotoluene degradation by several Gloeophyllum species

The ability of Gloeophyllum species to produce dimethoxybenzoquinones (DMBQ), particularly 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone (2,5DMHQ), and oxalic acid was investigated. The involvement of these compounds, along with hydrogen peroxide and Fe(III), in 2,4,6trinitrotoluene (TNT) degradation was examined. Salicylic acid (SA) and phenol (PH) were used as probes to trap Fenton process-produced hydroxyl radicals in several of the investigated species. All the cultures degraded SA and PH readily. A low concentration of 2,3-dihydroxy benzoic acids was detected in cultures of only two Gloeophyllum species. TNT was rapidly transformed by G. trabeum, but ring-UL- 14 CTNT was not converted to 14 CO2. Mass balance studies indicated that about 74% of the radioactivity from TNT remained in the culture supernatant. Analysis of culture extracts revealed several aromatic nitro-amines and nitro-aldehydes and their oligomeric coupling products formed by Schiff base reaction mechanism. 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidynyloxide (TEMPO), a stable free radical, was used as a trap in in vitro reactions containing hydrogen peroxide, 2,5-DMHQ, and TNT. The coupling products of TEMPO and 2,5-DMHQ were detected, indicating semi-dimethoxy quinone radical formation. The in vitro Fenton-like reaction containing all above reactants except methoxyquinones produced degradation products from TNT similar to those extracted from G. trabeumcultures, suggesting that reduced oxygen species produced by Fenton-like reactions are involved in the transformation of TNT by brown-rot fungi such as G. trabeum. © 2002 Elsevier
Viscoelasticity imaging using ultrasound: parameters and error analysis.

Techniques are being developed to image viscoelastic features of soft tissues from time-varying strain. A compress-hold-release stress stimulus commonly used in creep-recovery measurements is applied to samples to form images of elastic strain and strain retardance times. While the intended application is diagnostic breast imaging, results in gelatin hydrogels are presented to demonstrate the techniques. The spatiotemporal behaviour of gelatin is described by linear viscoelastic theory formulated for polymeric solids. Measured creep responses of polymers are frequently modelled as sums of exponentials whose time constants describe the delay or retardation of the full strain response. We found the spectrum of retardation times τ to be continuous and bimodal, where the amplitude at each τ represents the relative number of molecular bonds with a given strength and conformation. Such spectra indicate that the molecular weight of the polymer fibres between bonding points is large. Imaging parameters are found by summarizing these complex spectral distributions at each location in the medium with a second-order Voigt rheological model. This simplification reduces the dimensionality of the data for selecting imaging parameters while preserving essential information on how the creeping deformation describes fluid flow and collagen matrix restructuring in the medium. The focus of this paper is on imaging parameter estimation from ultrasonic echo data, and how jitter from hand-held force applicators used for clinical applications propagate through the imaging chain to generate image noise.
ConnectBoard: A remote collaboration system that supports gaze-aware interaction and sharing

We present ConnectBoard, a new system for remote collaboration where users experience natural interaction with one another, seemingly separated only by a vertical, transparent sheet of glass. It overcomes two key shortcomings of conventional video communication systems: the inability to seamlessly capture natural user interactions, like using hands to point and gesture at parts of shared documents, and the inability of users to look into the camera lens without taking their eyes off the display. We solve these problems by placing the camera behind the screen, where the remote user is virtually located. The camera sees through the display to capture images of the user. As a result, our setup captures natural, frontal views of users as they point and gesture at shared media displayed on the screen between them. Users also never have to take their eyes off their screens to look into the camera lens. Our novel optical solution based on wavelength multiplexing can be easily built with off-the-shelf components and does not require custom electronics for projector-camera synchronization.
Membrane fluidity and lipid order in ternary giant unilamellar vesicles using a new bodipy-cholesterol derivative

Cholesterol-rich, liquid-ordered (Lo) domains are believed to be biologically relevant, and yet detailed knowledge about them, especially in live cells under physiological conditions, is elusive. Although these domains have been observed in model membranes, understanding cholesterol-lipid interactions at the molecular level, under controlled lipid mixing, remains a challenge. Further, although there are a number of fluorescent lipid analogs that partition into liquid-disordered (Ld) domains, the number of such analogs with a high affinity for biologically relevant Lo domains is limited. Here, we use a new Bodipy-labeled cholesterol (Bdp-Chol) derivative to investigate membrane fluidity, lipid order, and partitioning in various lipid phases in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) as a model system. GUVs were prepared from mixtures of various molar fractions of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and egg sphingomyelin. The Ld phase domains were also labeled with 1,1′-didodecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine (DiI-C12) for comparison. Two-photon fluorescence lifetime and anisotropy imaging of Bdp-Chol are sensitive to lipid phase domains in GUVs. The fluorescence lifetime of Bdp-Chol in liquid-disordered, single-phase GUVs is 5.50 ± 0.08 ns, compared with 4.1 ± 0.4 ns in the presence of DiI-C12. The observed reduction of fluorescence lifetime is attributed to Forster resonance energy transfer between Bdp-Chol (a donor) and DiI-C12 (an acceptor) with an estimated efficiency of 0.25 and donor-acceptor distance of 2.6 ± 0.2 nm. These results also indicate preferential partitioning (Kp = 1.88) of Bdp-Chol into the Lo phase. One-photon, time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy of Bdp-Chol decays as a triexponential in the lipid bilayer with an average rotational diffusion coefficient, lipid order parameter, and membrane fluidity that are sensitive to phase domains. The translational diffusion coefficient of Bdp-Chol, as measured using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, is (7.4 ± 0.3) × 10−8 cm2/s and (5.0 ± 0.2) × 10−8 cm2/s in the Ld and Lo phases, respectively. Experimental translational/rotational diffusion coefficient ratios are compared with theoretical predictions using the hydrodynamic model (Saffman-Delbruck). The results suggest that Bdp-Chol is likely to form a complex with other lipid molecules during its macroscopic diffusion in GUV lipid bilayers at room temperature. Our integrated, multiscale results demonstrate the potential of this cholesterol analog for studying lipid-lipid interactions, lipid order, and membrane fluidity of biologically relevant Lo domains.
Bile Acid Signaling in Metabolic Disease and Drug Therapy

Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol catabolism. Hepatic bile acid synthesis accounts for a major fraction of daily cholesterol turnover in humans. Biliary secretion of bile acids generates bile flow and facilitates hepatobiliary secretion of lipids, lipophilic metabolites, and xenobiotics. In the intestine, bile acids are essential for the absorption, transport, and metabolism of dietary fats and lipid-soluble vitamins. Extensive research in the last 2 decades has unveiled new functions of bile acids as signaling molecules and metabolic integrators. The bile acid–activated nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, vitamin D receptor, and G protein–coupled bile acid receptor play critical roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism, inflammation, and drug metabolism and detoxification. Bile acid synthesis exhibits a strong diurnal rhythm, which is entrained by fasting and refeeding as well as nutrient status and plays an important role for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Recent research revealed an interaction of liver bile acids and gut microbiota in the regulation of liver metabolism. Circadian disturbance and altered gut microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of liver diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and obesity. Bile acids and their derivatives are potential therapeutic agents for treating metabolic diseases of the liver.
Extreme itching treated by a family systems approach

A case study is presented in which a 16-year-old daughter developed extreme itching and scratching behavior that was triggered by the occurrence of manifested parental conflict. The daughter's scratching also served the family function of helping the parents avoid marital conflict. Family treatment consisted of helping the parents manifest, negotiate, and resolve marital conflict issues in front of the daughter so that she could experience the benefits of dealing with a family conflict in a functional way. This approach had helped the daughter decrease her anxiety about conflict situations which, in turn, has resulted in a significant decrease in her itching and scratching behavior. In addition, the parents report an improved marital relationship now that the daughter's itching no longer occurs and no longer interrupts the parents' attempts to negotiate marital conflict issues.
Infrared spectroscopic characterization of dehydration and accompanying phase transition behaviors in NAT-topology zeolites

Relative humidity ( $$ P_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}} $$ , partial pressure of water)-dependent dehydration and accompanying phase transitions in NAT-topology zeolites (natrolite, scolecite, and mesolite) were studied under controlled temperature and known $$ P_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}} $$ conditions by in situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and parallel X-ray powder diffraction. Dehydration was characterized by the disappearance of internal H2O vibrational modes. The loss of H2O molecules caused a sequence of structural transitions in which the host framework transformation path was coupled primarily via the thermal motion of guest Na+/Ca2+ cations and H2O molecules. The observation of different interactions of H2O molecules and Na+/Ca2+ cations with host aluminosilicate frameworks under high- and low- $$ P_{{{\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}}}} $$ conditions indicated the development of different local strain fields, arising from cation–H2O interactions in NAT-type channels. These strain fields influence the Si–O/Al–O bond strength and tilting angles within and between tetrahedra as the dehydration temperature is approached. The newly observed infrared bands (at 2,139 cm−1 in natrolite, 2,276 cm−1 in scolecite, and 2,176 and 2,259 cm−1 in mesolite) result from strong cation–H2O–Al–Si framework interactions in NAT-type channels, and these bands can be used to evaluate the energetic evolution of Na+/Ca2+ cations before and after phase transitions, especially for scolecite and mesolite. The 2,176 and 2,259 cm−1 absorption bands in mesolite also appear to be related to Na+/Ca2+ order–disorder that occur when mesolite loses its Ow4 H2O molecules.
Algorithm for combinatorial coalition formation and payoff division in an electronic marketplace

In an electronic marketplace, coalition formation allows buyers to enjoy a price discount for each item, and combinatorial auction enables buyers to place bids for a bundle of items that are complementary. Coalition formation and combinatorial auctions both help to improve the efficiency of a market, and they have received much attention from economists and computer scientists. But there has not been work studying the situations where both coalition formation and combinatorial auctions exist. In this paper we consider an e-market where each buyer places a bid on a combination of items with a reservation cost, and sellers offer price discounts for each item based on volumes. By artificially dividing the reservation cost of each buyer among the items, we can construct optimal coalitions with respect to each item. These coalitions satisfy the complementarity of the items by reservation cost transfers, and thus induce the optimal solution. We focus on the systems with linear price functions and present a polynomial-time algorithm to find a semi-optimal solution and a payoff division scheme that is in the core of the coalition. Simulation results show that the algorithm obtains a solution close to the optimal value.
Statistical foundations for model-based adjustments.

Most epidemiology textbooks that discuss models are vague on details of model selection. This lack of detail may be understandable since selection should be strongly influenced by features of the particular study, including contextual (prior) information about covariates that may confound, modify, or mediate the effect under study. It is thus important that authors document their modeling goals and strategies and understand the contextual interpretation of model parameters and model selection criteria. To illustrate this point, we review several established strategies for selecting model covariates, describe their shortcomings, and point to refinements, assuming that the main goal is to derive the most accurate effect estimates obtainable from the data and available resources. This goal shifts the focus to prediction of exposure or potential outcomes (or both) to adjust for confounding; it thus differs from the goal of ordinary statistical modeling, which is to passively predict outcomes. Nonetheless, met...
A Directional Filter Diplexer Using Optical Techniques for Millimeter to Submillimeter Wavelengths

An optical diplexer for injection of a local oscillator into a mixer, useful in the submillimeter and short millimeter range, is described. It has very low insertion loss for both the signal and local oscillator (L.O.) and high rejection of L.O. noise. Measured performance of a unit tested at 337 GHz indicates ~.2 dB loss for both inputs and 20 dB noise rejection.
Bioeffects issues of power frequency magnetic fields

The recent release of two Swedish epidemiological studies correlating residential and occupational magnetic field exposures with certain cancers has strengthened the hypothesis that high voltage power delivery can increase the incidence of cancer. The studies have received wide television, radio, and newsmedia attention, and can be expected to influence public and governmental attitudes regarding residential and occupational 60-Hertz (Hz) magnetic field exposures. Although no significant body of convincing laboratory evidence has emerged to firmly establish a connection between 60-Hz magnetic fields and human health hazards, an intense, international research effort is in progress and efforts are underway to assemble, from often conflicting research results, a set of general safety standards for 60-Hz magnetic field exposure. The authors focus in detail on research into possible biological effects of 60-Hz magnetic fields and the status of the search for a set of exposure standards. >
DjiNN and Tonic: DNN as a service and its implications for future warehouse scale computers

As applications such as Apple Siri, Google Now, Microsoft Cortana, and Amazon Echo continue to gain traction, webservice companies are adopting large deep neural networks (DNN) for machine learning challenges such as image processing, speech recognition, natural language processing, among others. A number of open questions arise as to the design of a server platform specialized for DNN and how modern warehouse scale computers (WSCs) should be outfitted to provide DNN as a service for these applications. In this paper, we present DjiNN, an open infrastructure for DNN as a service in WSCs, and Tonic Suite, a suite of 7 end-to-end applications that span image, speech, and language processing. We use DjiNN to design a high throughput DNN system based on massive GPU server designs and provide insights as to the varying characteristics across applications. After studying the throughput, bandwidth, and power properties of DjiNN and Tonic Suite, we investigate several design points for future WSC architectures. We investigate the total cost of ownership implications of having a WSC with a disaggregated GPU pool versus a WSC composed of homogeneous integrated GPU servers. We improve DNN throughput by over 120× for all but one application (40× for Facial Recognition) on an NVIDIA K40 GPU. On a GPU server composed of 8 NVIDIA K40s, we achieve near-linear scaling (around 1000× throughput improvement) for 3 of the 7 applications. Through our analysis, we also find that GPU-enabled WSCs improve total cost of ownership over CPU-only designs by 4–20×, depending on the composition of the workload.
Subword and Spatiotemporal Models for Identifying Actionable Information in Haitian Kreyol

Crisis-affected populations are often able to maintain digital communications but in a sudden-onset crisis any aid organizations will have the least free resources to process such communications. Information that aid agencies can actually act on, 'actionable' information, will be sparse so there is great potential to (semi)automatically identify actionable communications. However, there are hurdles as the languages spoken will often be under-resourced, have orthographic variation, and the precise definition of 'actionable' will be response-specific and evolving. We present a novel system that addresses this, drawing on 40,000 emergency text messages sent in Haiti following the January 12, 2010 earthquake, predominantly in Haitian Kreyol. We show that keyword/ngram-based models using streaming MaxEnt achieve up to F=0.21 accuracy. Further, we find current state-of-the-art subword models increase this substantially to F=0.33 accuracy, while modeling the spatial, temporal, topic and source contexts of the messages can increase this to a very accurate F=0.86 over direct text messages and F=0.90-0.97 over social media, making it a viable strategy for message prioritization.
Carboxylesterase and A-Esterase Activities during Maturation and Aging: Relationship to the Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos and Parathion in Rats

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and parathion (PS), two common organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, exhibit higher acute toxicity in younger animals compared to adults. Maturational differences in detoxification via carboxylesterases (CEs) and A-esterases (AEs) have been suggested as contributors to the higher sensitivity of younger animals to OP toxicants. AEs (e.g., chlorpyrifos oxonase and paraoxonase) catalytically inactivate while CEs stoichiometrically eliminate OP anticholinesterases. While earlier studies have reported a relationship between the toxicity of some OP pesticides and the maturational profile of AEs and CEs, little information exists on the relative OP-toxicant sensitivity and detoxification capacities of aged animals. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between toxicity of CPF and PS and the activity of CEs and AEs in liver, plasma, and lung of neonatal (7 day), juvenile (21-day), adult (3-month), and aged (24-month) Sprague Dawley rats. CE sensitivity in vitro to chlopyrifos oxon and paraoxon was also evaluated across age groups. Neonatal and juvenile rats were more sensitive than adults to the acute lethality of both CPF and PS. Aged rats exhibited similar sensitivity to CPF but were markedly more sensitive than adults to PS. Levels of CEs and AEs in neonatal and juvenile rats were significantly lower than in adult tissues. Aged rats showed similar levels of AEs in all tissues and CEs in liver and lung, but plasma CE levels were significantly lower (50%) when compared to the adult rats. There were no significant age-related differences in in vitro sensitivity of CEs to either chlorpyrifos oxon or paraoxon in any tissues. In general, acute sensitivity (MTD) was highly correlated with age-related differences in both esterase activities across all 3 tissues with CPF, but only plasma carboxylesterase activity was highly correlated with sensitivity to parathion. The results suggest that both carboxylesterase and A-esterase activities can be correlated with acute sensitivity to CPF and PS, but that age-related differences in CE activity are probably more important in differential toxicity. Furthermore, plasma carboxylesterase activity may play a more pivotal role in the differential sensitivity to PS.
Nitric oxide regulates the 26S proteasome in vascular smooth muscle cells.

It is well established that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation by modulating cell cycle proteins. The 26S proteasome is integral to protein degradation and tightly regulates cell cycle proteins. Therefore, we hypothesized that NO directly inhibits the activity of the 26S proteasome. The three enzymatic activities (chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like and caspase-like) of the 26S proteasome were examined in VSMC. At baseline, caspase-like activity was approximately 3.5-fold greater than chymotrypsin- and trypsin-like activities. The NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) significantly inhibited all three catalytically active sites in a time- and concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Caspase-like activity was inhibited to a greater degree (77.2% P < 0.05). cGMP and cAMP analogs and inhibitors had no statistically significant effect on basal or NO-mediated inhibition of proteasome activity. Dithiothreitol, a reducing agent, prevented and reversed the NO-mediated inhibition of the 26S proteasome. Nitroso-cysteine analysis following S-nitrosoglutathione exposure revealed that the 20S catalytic core of the 26S proteasome contains 10 cysteines which were S-nitrosylated by NO. Evaluation of 26S proteasome subunit protein expression revealed differential regulation of the α and β subunits in VSMC following exposure to NO. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis of subunit expression revealed distinct intracellular localization of the 26S proteasomal subunits at baseline and confirmed upregulation of distinct subunits following NO exposure. In conclusion, NO reversibly inhibits the catalytic activity of the 26S proteasome through S-nitrosylation and differentially regulates proteasomal subunit expression. This may be one mechanism by which NO exerts its effects on the cell cycle and inhibits cellular proliferation in the vasculature.
Is Unilateral Implant or Autologous Breast Reconstruction Better in Obtaining Breast Symmetry

Unilateral breast reconstruction poses a special set of challenges to the reconstructive breast surgeon compared to bilateral reconstructions. No studies to date provide an objective comparison between autologous and implant based reconstructions in matching the contralateral breast. This study compares the quantitative postoperative results between unilateral implant and autologous flap reconstructions in matching the native breast in shape, size, and projection using three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Sixty-four patients who underwent unilateral mastectomy with tissue expander (TE)-implant (n = 34) or autologous microvascular free transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (TRAM; n = 18) or deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP; n = 12) flap (n = 30) reconstruction from 2007 to 2010 were analyzed. Key patient demographics and risk factors were collected. Using 3D scans of patients obtained during pre and postoperative visits including over 1 year follow-ups for both groups, 3D models were constructed and analyzed for total breast volume, anterior-posterior projection from the chest wall, and 3D comparison. No significant differences in mean age, body mass index, or total number of reconstructive surgeries were observed between the two groups (TE-implant: 52.2 ± 10, 23.9 ± 3.7, 3 ± 0.9; autologous: 50.7 ± 9.4, 25.4 ± 3.9, 2.9 ± 1.3; p > 0.05). The total volume difference between the reconstructed and contralateral breasts in the TE-implant group was insignificant: 27.1 ± 22.2 cc, similar to the autologous group: 29.5 ± 24.7 cc, as was the variance of breast volume from the mean. In both groups, the reconstructed breast had a larger volume. A-P projections were similar between the contralateral and the reconstructed breasts in the TE-implant group: 72.5 ± 3.21 mm versus 71.7 ± 3.5 mm (p > 0.05). The autologous reconstructed breast had statistically insignificant but less A-P projection compared to the contralateral breast (81.9 ± 16.1 mm versus 61.5 ± 9.5 mm; p > 0.05). Variance of A-P projection from the mean was additionally insignificant between the contralateral and reconstructed breasts. Both groups produced similar asymmetry scores based on global 3D comparison (TE-implant: 2.24 ± 0.3 mm; autologous: 1.96 ± 0.2 mm; p > 0.05). Lastly, when the autologous group was further subdivided into TRAM and DIEP cohorts, no significant differences in breast volume, A-P projection or symmetry existed. Using 3D imaging, we demonstrate that both TE-implant and autologous reconstruction can achieve symmetrical surgical results with the same number of operations. This study demonstrates that breast symmetry, while an important consideration in the breast reconstruction algorithm, should not be the sole consideration in a patient' decision to proceed with autologous versus TE-implant reconstruction.
Wording Effects in the Measurement of Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity: A Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis

A Multitrait-Multimethod(MTMM) matrix was used to evaluate the effect of item wording (i.e., comfort versus stress-worded) on measures of role conflict and role ambiguity. The results indicated that wording factors explained a significant amount of item variance. Moreover, several substantive correlations between role conflict, role ambiguity, and other constructs (e.g., role overload) were reduced when wording factors were taken into account. These findings point to the need to more fully consider and understand item wording. Future research should determine the cause of wording factors, which may be due to cognitive influences (e.g., carelessness), or may represent unmeasured substantive constructs, such as negative affectivity (NA) or social desirability.
Non-Polio Enterovirus Disease in the United States, 1971–1975

Reports to the Center for Disease Control on isolation of non-polio enteroviruses for the years 1971--1975 were analysed. During the 5 year period, enterovirus isolations were reported from 7 075 individuals. 90% of these occurred in the 7 month interval of May--November. Enteroviruses were isolated more frequently from males than females for all age groups in all 5 years. The incidence of reported isolations decreased with increasing age, and an inverse relationship between severity of disease and age was suggested. Clinical diagnoses associated with enteroviral isolations included aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, upper respiratory tract disease, non-specific febrile illness, gastroenteritis, pneumonia and lower respiratory tract disease, exanthem, and enanthem.
Beyond Corporate Abandonment General Motors and the Politics of Metropolitan Capitalism in Flint, Michigan

Following World War II, executives from the General Motors Corporation (GM) implemented a sweeping corporate growth plan that centered on the suburbanization of manufacturing. As part of this agend...
Wavelength beam combining of quantum cascade laser arrays for remote sensing

Wavelength beam combining was used to co-propagate beams from 28 elements in a linear array of distributedfeedback quantum cascade lasers (DFB-QCLs). The overlap of the beams in the far-field is improved using wavelength beam combining; the beams from all of the lasers were pointing over an angular range of only 2 milliradians which is a factor of 40 better than without wavelength beam combining. We measured the absorption spectrum of isopropanol at a distance of 6 m from the laser arrays, demonstrating the efficacy of wavelength beam combined DFB-QCL arrays for remote sensing.
Profile analysis of experimental x‐ray fluorescence spectra

A systematic study has been made of the line shapes of x-ray fluorescence spectra obtained with a conventional spectrometer using various analysing crystals and experimental conditions. It was found that each component of the K and L spectra can be closely matched by the sum of an asymmetric Gaussian and Lorentzian, namely the pseudo-Voigt function. Analysis of spectra in the 0.4–3 A range showed that profile shapes are functions of 2θ, the analysing crystal and the collimating system, but nearly independent of chemical state, specimen thickness and operating voltage. For a fixed analysing crystal and collimator, larger values of 2θ exhibited lower Gaussian content and higher asymmetry. Using an LiF (200) crystal, spectra obtained for 2θ° < 20° were found to be pure Gaussian and symmetric, indicating the dominance of the instrumental effects. As 2θ increased, the Lorentzian component or the spectral effects emerged and the shapes became asymmetric. The analysing crystal has a pronounced effect on the experimental profile shapes. Use of a graphite (002) instead of an LiF (200) crystal yielded profiles three times wider and with twice the Lorentzian content. The differences between PET and LiF crystals were smaller. The accuracy achieved in using the pseudo. Voigt function to describe the experimental XRF spectra demonstrates the convenience and effectiveness of the function in obtaining precise fluorescence intensities, especially in the case of poor counting statistics and/or overlaps.
Economics of Grassland Farming in the Cornbelt

ONSIDERABLE interest within the past few years has been focused on an area of agriculture commonly referred to as grassland farming. A plausible reason for this development is that over the years forages have not received the same degree of emphasis as other crops.1 Some persons are even willing to go so far as to say that with somewhere near equal attention to forage crops a new frontier in agriculture will be opened up-that within this frontier lies the key to the greatest potential in agriculture, today. History shows that new frontiers are usually surrounded by glamour and propaganda. In Michigan, we feel that much of the present day publicity concerning grassland farming is grossly overdone. The problem is nothing more than the age old problem of farm management with emphasis on forages. The remainder of my remarks will be directed with this vein of thought in mind. In organizing a farm, we recognize that soil characteristics of the land pretty much determine or set the limits for the minimum amount of grass which should be included in a cropping program. Generally, this minimum is referred to as being the least amount of grass required to maintain soil fertility and crop production. As one might expect, this limiting factor may vary greatly from farm to farm. Between the corn belt and those farms located elsewhere, even larger differences may be anticipated. In Michigan on a large number of our farms where the land is less fertile and rolling, the percentage in grass may be 35 to 40 more as compared to only 20 to 25 per cent on corn belt farms. It is even suspected that on the best corn belt farms, having deep level top-soil subject to little erosion, the proportion necessary in grass may be approaching zero. For such farms, it may possibly be more economical to supply nitrogen from the bag (commercially) than to attempt to provide it by growing legumes. It is generally agreed that on a good share of our farms there is a possible range over and above the minimum of grass where other characteristics besides soil characteristics play a major role in deciding the best propor-
A Consensus of Thought in Applying Change Management to Information System Environments

Failure to keep pace with rapid developments in information technology can subject an organization to inefficiencies in obtaining reliable information that is imperative in making important decisions. The concept of change management attempts to move organizations in an efficient manner toward a desirable future state. In the realm of information processing, there is a continuing development of thought as to an appropriate framework to cover a vast array of issues from patching a specific software application to changing an overall system to better meet the strategic issues of an organization's environment. This article considers related guidance provided in a Global Technology Audit Guide GTAG from The Institute of Internal Auditors, COBIT from the ISACA, and current change and patch management literature in order to demonstrate that there is a common stream of thought in the evolution of a framework for applying change management to information systems.
The relationship between anger, childhood maltreatment, and emotion regulation difficulties in intimate partner and non-intimate partner violent offenders.

Violence is a significant public health problem, which has been linked to the primary emotion of anger. While several theoretical models have attempted to understand the relationship between anger ...
“What Must Be the Answer of the United States to Such a Proposition?” Anarchist Exclusion and National Security in the United States, 1887–1903

This article examines the debates around anarchist restriction that shaped the eventual passage of the Immigration Act of 1903 and argues that domestically oriented conceptions of national security are both challenged and constituted by transnational and international processes and currents. While discussions of transnational immigration control became important features of both scholarly discourse and popular debate in the wake of the terrorist attacks of 2001, these discussions were not new. Similar debates about immigration policy, security, and civil liberties shaped discussions between the mid-1880s and early 1900s, when an unprecedented wave of attacks against heads of state fed rumors of wide-ranging conspiracies, and reports of anarchist outrages in cities far and wide spread fear. Anarchist exclusion was far more than an example of a rising nativist tide raising all boats and excluding a widening spectrum of undesirable aliens. Such measures set the foundation for restriction based on political beliefs and associations that, over subsequent decades, would become critical to suppressing political dissent. Consequently, understanding how the fear of anarchist violence helped shape the contours of the domestic and diplomatic debates over anarchist restriction is critical as these old questions of transnational immigration control reemerge.
A Key for Blowfly Larvae Concerned in Wound and Cutaneous Myiasis

Outbreaks of the primary screwworm ( Cochliomyia americana C. and P.) in previously uninfested districts in recent years (Dove and Parman (1935), Dove and Bishopp (1936), King and Bradley (1935), Knipling and Tate (1935), Laake (1935), Robinson (1935)) have created a greater need for a means of recognizing the larvae of C. americana and other wound-invading blowflies.
Effect of Pendant Functionality in Thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-alt-benzodithiophene Polymers for OPVs

The performance of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is heavily dependent on the structure and functionalization of the conjugated polymer used in the active absorbing layer. Using a set of materials based on poly(thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-alt-benzodithiophene) with different alkyl, aryl, perfluoroalkyl, and perfluoroaryl pendant functionalities, we have studied the correlation between absorbance, morphology, crystallinity, charge mobility, and the OPV performance in an effort to identify structure-performance relationships. The perfluorinated pendants on PTF8B and PTFPB were shown to significantly enhance the Voc in the OPV devices (by ∼0.2 V), but also induced the formation of larger phase separated PCBM-rich domains. PT8B and PTFPB devices reached average efficiencies of ∼3.2%.
Evaluation of the Impact on CGT Operation When Converting to Crude Oil Fuel

The present energy availability and pricing situation has caused many users to consider the use of less refined fuels for combustion gas turbines. The use of these fuels will have a definite impact on the cost of operation and unit availability. It is necessary that a user be aware of the extent of this impact prior to making the decision to convert to a lower quality fuel. This paper discusses the method employed by one user to evaluate this impact and presents the results that were obtained.Copyright © 1981 by ASME
Study on Extraction Technique of the Coumarin from Melilotus Officinalis(L.) Lam by Supercritical CO_2 Extraction

OBJECTIVE To study the supercritical CO2 extraction technique of coumarin from Melilotus officinalis(L.) Lam.METHODS The effects of extraction pressure,temperature,time and material granularity on coumarin yield were discussed by single factor and orthogonal experiment.RESULTS The influence of the factors was in order of extraction pressure extraction temperature extraction time.CONCLUSION The optimum extraction conditions are as follows: the extraction pressure is 25 MPa,the medicinal materials granularity is 40-60 mesh,extraction temperature is 35 ℃,extraction time is 1.0 h.In these conditions,the extraction rate of coumarin is 0.76%.