cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Material Improvements to Mitigate the Effects of the Abrasion Mechanism of Concrete Crosstie Rail Seat Deterioration

Rail seat deterioration (RSD) continues to be identified as one of the primary factors limiting concrete crosstie service life in North America. RSD refers to the degradation of material at the contact interface between the concrete crosstie rail seat and the rail pad that protects the bearing area of the crosstie. Industry experts consider abrasion to be a viable mechanism leading to RSD. A lack of understanding of the complex interactions affecting the severity of abrasion has resulted in an empirical design process for concrete crossties and fastening systems. The objective of this study is to quantify the abrasion resistance of concrete rail seats by using a variety of concrete mix designs and other materials relevant to the rail industry. To simulate the abrasion mechanism of RSD, a small-scale test for abrasion resistance (SSTAR) was designed by researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). Data obtained from the SSTAR will help the rail industry mechanistically design concrete crossties by improving the current understanding of the performance of various concrete abrasion mitigation approaches. Preliminary results show that abrasion mitigation approaches such as the addition of metallic fine aggregates (MFA), steel fibers, and the application of coatings improve the abrasion resistance of concrete specimens.
Bladder infection in the menopausal monkey.

Abstract Purpose The highest incidence of urinary tract infection in females occurs in elderly women. This study was done to determine whether this is due to the declining immune response that occurs during advancing age, or the menopausal state in the aged. Materials and Methods Adult female monkeys (average age 19 years) were studied, half being subjected to bilateral oophorectomy to produce the menopause. In addition, old females (average age 29 years) already at menopause were studied before and after hormonal replacement with estradiol and progesterone. Bacterial adherence to vaginal cells was studied prior to and after urethral infection with E. coli. Plasma estradiol and progesterone levels were done, as well as white blood counts, plasma cytokine assays and serum antibody titers. Results Bacteriuria was not prolonged, nor was there a significant difference in bacterial adherence to vaginal cells due to menopause. Interleukin-1 levels were depressed after surgical menopause but not as much as found in the old menopausal females and this low level was not corrected by hormonal replacement. The initial interleukin-2 levels were higher after spontaneous menopause, but the increasing plasma levels seen in cycling animals after infection did not occur in the aged menopausal females following infection even after hormone replacement. The antibody titers to the E. coli infection showed a trend to a lessened response to infection after menopause but were not significantly decreased. Conclusions The deficient Il-1, Il-2 and antibody response following infection was not corrected by hormone replacement and thus appears to be due to aging rather than lack of female hormones. These facts may be explained by the T cell senescence known to occur in aged individuals.
Modeling the adaptive pathophysiology of essential hypertension

This paper proposes an adaptive neuro-fuzzy model to study the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. Using diverse inputs such as risk factors, physical relations and medical interventions, and states that include both transient and resting states for key physiological variables (blood pressure, total peripheral resistance), it can roughly predict both real-time and long-term blood pressure change for a robust range of inputs. Although it was tuned using published population data, it can be applied to specific individuals to estimate the risks of hypertension with different life experience.
Monotone decompositions of inverse limit spaces based on finite graphs

Abstract A Θ n , L graph is defined to be a compact, connected, locally connected metric space which is not separated into more than n components by any subcontinuum and no subcontinuum is separated into more than L components by any of its subcontinua. If X is a Θ n , L graph and f is a continuous surjection of X onto X , then the inverse limit space ( X , f ) is a Θ n continuum (not necessarily locally connected). Furthermore ( X , f ) admits a unique minimal monotone, upper semicontinuous decomposition D such that the quotient space ( X , f )/ D is a Θ n , L graph if and only if ( X , f ) contains no indecomposable subcontinua with nonempty interior.
Deuterium profiles in titanium and alloys

Abstract Deuterium concentration profiles in Ti, T1-6A1, and Ti-6A1-4V have been investigated after 10 keV D3+ implantation at room temperature. Profiles were determined using the D(3He,α)p nuclear reaction and also by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The amount of retained D in the near-surface region (~.5 μm) was monitored as a function of time and was found to be strongly microstructure dependent. Annealed Ti retained the most D while the Ti-6A1-4V alloy retained the least D in this region. The D remained in the bulk of the sample during implant and subsequent aging at room temperature.
Aerial robot swarms

Autonomous micro aerial robots can operate in three-dimensional unstructured environments, and offer many opportunities for environmental monitoring, search and rescue, and first response. I will describe the challenges in developing small, agile robots and our recent work in addressing these challenges. I will also discuss the deployment of large numbers of aerial robots, focusing on the control and planning problems with applications to cooperative manipulation and transport, construction, and exploration and mapping.
A Measurement Center for the NBS Local Area Computer Network

This paper describes a measurement center for the NBSNET, a distributed, broadcast local area computer network (LAN) at the National Bureau of Standards. A LAN measurement center allows careful testing and evaluation of a network under normal and varying user-defined conditions. The measurement center consists of three components: an artificial traffic generator, a monitoring system, and data analysis software. The traffic generator emulates varied loads on the network, allowing for controlled experimentation and functional testing. The monitoring system captures measurement information about both artificial and normal network traffic. Analysis software summarizes this information into ten measurement reports following each monitoring period. Implementation issues and problems are discussed.
The effect of pressure on the solubility of minerals in water and seawater

Abstract The effect of presure on the solubility of minerals in water and seawater can be estimated from In ( K P sp K 0 sp ) + (−ΔVP + 0.5ΔKP 2 ) RT where the volume (ΔV) and compressibility (ΔK) changes at atmospheric pressure (P = 0) are given by ΔV = V (M + , X − ) − V [MX(s)]ΔK = K (M + , X − ) − K [MX(s)] Values of the partial molal volume ( V ) and compressibilty ( K ) in water and seawater have been tabulated for some ions from 0 to 50°C. The compressibility change is quite large (~10 × 10−3 cm3 bar−1 mol−1) for the solubility of most minerals. This large compressibility change accounts for the large differences observed between values of ΔV obtained from linear plots of In Ksp versus P and molal volume data (Macdonald and North, 1974; North, 1974). Calculated values of K P sp K o sp for the solubility of CaCO3, SrSO4 and CaF2 in water were found to be in good agreement with direct measurements (Macdonald and North, 1974). Similar calculations for the solubility of minerals in seawater are also in good agreement with direct measurements (Ingle, 1975) providing that the surface of the solid phase is not appreciably altered.
Faisal Hossain Receives 2012 Charles S. Falkenberg Award: Response

I am utterly thrilled and humbled by this award. This is by far the highest accolade I have or will have ever received in my lifetime for something that has become a mission for me. I thank the AGU, Earth Science Information Partnership (EISP), and the Falkenberg Award review committee for giving me a never-ending source of inspiration. Thanks also go to colleagues who nominated me, namely, Manos Anagnostou, C. K. Shum, Marco Borga, and Mahbub Rahman.
Kinetics and mechanism of naphthalene oxidation by non-linear estimation

Abstract The data of I offe and S herman for the reaction in which naphthalene undergoes vapour-phase oxidation in the presence of vanadium oxide catalyst have been re-examined by the method of non-linear estimation. In a digital computer procedure the differential rate equations are generated from a special-purpose kinetics language and solved by numerical integration with parameter values obtained by non-linear estimation. Application is made to both constant-temperature and temperature-dependent kinetics where the order of reaction is either prescribed or estimated from the data. In the study of reaction mechanisms, the procedure is extended from the single chemical species, naphthalene, to the several chemical species found as products of reaction. Results are compared with those obtained by I offe and S herman and other workers as well as by such alternative techniques as linear regression. Apart from presenting revised parameter estimates and confirming observations previously reported by I offe and S[spherman], it has been shown that: (1) internal pore diffusion with first-order kinetics dominates at temperatures above 350°C; (2) the mechanism proposed by D'A lessandro and F arkas in which naphthalene additionally undergoes complete oxidation is also an adequate representation of the data; and (3) discrepancies in the fit of 1, 4-naphthoquinone at temperatures above 350°C suggest the presence of a related intermediate product, 1, 2-naphthoquinone, detected by later researchers.
Ratio on base pressure.

RECENTLY completed study1 of base pressure for sphere cone configurations at zero angle of attack in turbulent flow has shown that base pressure is a strong function of both cone angle and bluntness ratio. The study is based on a correlation of flight test base pressure data from a matrix of full scale flight vehicles having various cone angles and bluntness ratios. The study has shown that base pressure is governed largely by the local flow properties (Mach number and pressure) preceding the base, thus confirming the conclusions drawn by Love, 2 Chapman,3 and Whitfield and Potter4 in previous studies. Figure 1 presents the correlation that shows the variation of the ratio of base pressure to local cone pressure with local Mach number preceding the base. The correlation is shown as a single curve that represents a fairing through an aggre
Effects of microwave radiation on YBaCuO films

Abstract A systematic investigation of the microwave effects on YBaCuO films show that there are several possible mechanisms involved. By properly coupling an unbiased film to the rf magnetic field, the microwave-induced dc voltage is shown to be oscillatory as a function of microwave power and dc magnetic field as well as to reverse its sign upon changing the magnetic field's direction. These results are in agreement with the nonlinear dynamic responses associated with the Josephson effects.
Toxicological Studies on the Molt Inhibiting Insecticide (EL-494) Against the Gypsy Moth and Effect on Chitin Biosynthesis

All larval instars of Lymantria dispar (L.) were fed on treated diet containing 13 different concentrations varying from 0.0 to 2.0 ppm of EL-494 (N[[[5-(4-bromophenyl)-6-methyl-2-pyrazinyl] amino]-carbonyl]-2,6-dichlorobenzamide), a molt inhibiting insecticide, and the larvae were scored for molting abnormalities. EC50 values of EL-494 for failure to molt the 1st time were 0.39–0.88 ppm and for failure to molt a 2nd time were 0.13–0.43 ppm. The 5th and 6th instars were the most susceptible while the 1st and 2nd instars were the least susceptible. Adult emergence, especially of females, was reduced by continuous feeding on concentrations of EL-494 that did not affect the 1st and 2nd molt. The incorporation of 14C-glucose into chitin was reduced 77% relative to controls when larvae were fed on diets containing 20 ppm of EL-494.
Rationally designed micropores within a metal-organic framework for selective sorption of gas molecules.

A microporous metal−organic framework, MOF, Cu(FMA)(4,4'-Bpe)0.5 (3a, FMA = fumarate; 4,4'-Bpe = 4,4’-Bpe = trans-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene) was rationally designed from a primitive cubic net whose pores are tuned by double framework interpenetration. With pore cavities of about 3.6 A, which are interconnected by pore windows of 2.0 × 3.2 A, 3a shows highly selective sorption behaviors of gas molecules.
Promoter proximal sequences modulate RNA polymerase II elongation by a novel mechanism.

Abstract The adenovirus major late arrest site blocks transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II in vitro downstream of the major late promoter but not the mouse β-globin promoter. We localized the sequences responsible for anti-arrest to the 5′ end of the β-globin transcript and demonstrated that anti-arrest required that this region of RNA form base pairs with the nascent transcript upstream of the arrest site. Small antisense RNA or DNA oligonucleotides hybridizing upstream of the arrest site also prevented arrest when added in trans. Our results suggest that arrest is accompanied by retraction of the nascent transcript into the interior of the polymerase and that hybridization of the transcript prevents this movement, thereby allowing the polymerase to continue elongation.
Interlinking e-mail systems

Many companies have implemented E-mail systems in a non-standard manner. This article gives methods for interlinking such systems. It deals with the structure of directories and the X.500 standard. It defines the interconnection problem and develops the uses of a Global directory. It provides alternative structures for Global E-mail systems and indicates how to manage such a system. It briefly discusses security, authorization, and distributed agents.
Low-potential stable NADH detection at carbon-nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrodes

Abstract Carbon-nanotube (CNT)-modified glassy carbon electrodes exhibiting strong and stable electrocatalytic response toward NADH are described. A substantial (490 mV) decrease in the overvoltage of the NADH oxidation reaction (compared to ordinary carbon electrodes) is observed using single-wall and multi-wall carbon-nanotube coatings, with oxidation starting at ca. −0.05 V (vs. Ag/AgCl; pH 7.4). Furthermore, the NADH amperometric response of the coated electrodes is extremely stable, with 96% and 90% of the initial activity remaining after 60 min stirring of 2×10−4 and 5×10 −3 M NADH solutions, respectively (compared to 20% and 14% at the bare surface). The CNT-coated electrodes thus allow highly sensitive, low-potential, stable amperometric sensing. Such ability of carbon nanotubes to promote the NADH electron-transfer reaction suggests great promise for dehydrogenase-based amperometric biosensors.
First Report of the Teleomorph of an Oidium sp. Causing Powdery Mildew on Flowering Dogwood in South Carolina

Prior to 1994, powdery mildew had rarely been reported on flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) in the southeastern U.S. That year, and every year since, epiphytotics of powdery mildew have occurred. Leaf symptoms include distortion and necrotic areas on young leaves and an increase in red pigmentation surrounding infection sites. Young seedlings may be stunted by this disease and growth of older trees may be slowed (2). In early November, 1996, dogwood (C. florida) trees at 10 locations each in Anderson, Oconee, and Pickens counties in northwestern South Carolina were surveyed for the presence of powdery mildew. Leaves with signs of powdery mildew (white, powdery patches of mycelium, conidiophores, and conidia) were examined with a ×10 hand lens and leaves with cleistothecia were collected and taken back to the laboratory. Numerous leaves from each site were first examined at ×50 on a dissecting microscope to observe gross morphological features of cleistothecia. Then, approximately 10 cleistothecia from each of two sites were examined on a compound microscope at ×100 or higher to make further observations and measurements. Cleistothecial diameter ranged from 75.0 to 92.5 μm (average 81.8 μm). Appendages, which averaged 6 to 11 per cleistothecium, were 110 to 140 μm long (average 125.7 μm) or 1.54 times the cleistothecial diameter. The apices of appendages were dichotomously branched 2 to 3 times and the tips were distinctly re-curved. The stalks were aseptate and hyaline. Cleistothecia contained 3 to 5 asci. Each ascus contained 2 to 6 ascospores measuring 18 to 28 × 13 to 15 μm. Based on these characteristics, the teleomorph was tentatively identified as Microsphaera pulchra. Cleistothecia were found to be slightly smaller and the number of appendages fewer than Braun's lectotype (1), but these differences were judged to be of minor importance. Therefore, we conclude that the teleomorph of the Oidium sp., herein reported on flowering dogwood for the first time in South Carolina, is Microsphaera pulchra References: (1) U. Braun. Nova Hedwigia 89:1, 1987. (2) L. A. Klein et al. Plant Dis. 82:383, 1998.
The Cardiovascular Benefits of Polyphenol Compounds

In comparison, polyphenols are one of the most diverse to most other groups of bioactive phytochemicals. Polyphenols can be found in a wide range of foods that are derived from plants. Polyphenols are made up of various subgroups, but it’s the phenolics, stillbenes, and flavonoids that engender positive impacts on cardiovascular health. These three phytochemical compounds can reduce cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension and coronary heart disease. Remarkably, polyphenols and its subgroups can be found ubiquitously in most human diets. As a result, many studies have effectively illustrated the positive impacts polyphenols can induce when processed by the human body. Furthermore, research efforts have shown that modern diets and more “traditional” diets have unknowingly promoted the consumption of foods rife with polyphenols. These findings are starting to be incorporated into the public health discipline as a more practical option for more sustainable nutritional interventions. In all, polyphenols can produce a myriad of positive developments on at the micro and macro level.
The use of standard and relaxed hybridization conditions to detect two classes of sequences related to type-D retroviruses in the DNAs of primates.

Abstract Using standard hybridization conditions (68°C and 0.4 M sodium phosphate) and assaying for RNAase-resistant RNA · DNA duplexes in the presence of 2 × SSC ( 1 × SSC is 0.15 M NaCl and 0.015 M sodium citrate), sequences representing approx. 20% of the Mason-Pfizer virus (MPV) genome have previously been shown to be endogenous in DNAs of all Old World monkeys examined (Drohan, W., Colcher, D., Schochetman, G. and Schlom, J. (1977) J. Virol. 23, 36–43). We now report that titration of both the temperature at which hybridizations are carried out and the Na+ concentration at which 125I-labeled MPV RNA · DNA hybrids are scored, reveals a second class of sequences related to the MPV genome in the DNAs of primates. These MPV-related sequences, which are similar to an additional 40% of the MPV genome, are detected when the temperature of hybridization is reduced to 54°C and when the resulting 125I-labeled RNA · DNA duplexes are scored for RNAase resistance in 8 × SSC . These sequences are found in the DNAs of all Old World monkeys examined, and the T m values of the hybrid duplexes are approx. 6–7°C lower than those of the hybrid duplexes formed using standard conditions. These studies further demonstrate the wide distribution of type-D retrovirus sequences in primates.
Biographies of fish for the city: Urban metabolism of Laguna Lake aquaculture

This paper examines the complexities of producing fish for the city and substituting wild with farmed fish. Using the urban metabolism framework and commodity biographies approach, it takes the case of peri-urban aquaculture in Laguna Lake, Philippines and focuses on the metabolic transformations of bighead carp, an introduced lake fish primarily consumed in nearby Metro Manila. Increased lake production of cheap fish like bighead carp did not immediately result in greater urban consumption, which remained limited owing to consumer unfamiliarity and the material characteristics of the fish tied to its production in the lake. By following the fish, the paper tells the story of how bighead carp has been and is being made amenable for urban consumption in Metro Manila’s wet markets, kitchens and fish processing sites. It discusses the material practices associated with the transformation of fish in their displacement through the metaphors of distancing, entanglement, frictions and flows. It argues that particular relations between fish and the aquatic environment materially produce fish that is in turn metabolized in the city through everyday practices that reconstitute fish commodities. These practices show that despite the production of more cheap fish, the substitution of capture fisheries by aquaculture is a messy process that reflects metabolic contradictions that fish materially embody and that have material effects on fish production and consumption.
Novel cubic ZnxMg1−xO epitaxial heterostructures on Si (100) substrates

Abstract We have synthesized a new cubic phase of Zn x Mg 1− x O alloy which can be grown epitaxially on MgO (100) by lattice-matching epitaxy, and on Si (100) substrate by our domain-matching epitaxy for integration with silicon microelectronic devices. Cubic Zn x Mg 1− x O films on MgO (100), Si (100) and α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) substrates were grown using a rotating target in a single chamber ‘in situ’ pulsed-laser deposition system. Integration of Zn x Mg 1− x O films with silicon was done via titanium nitride (TiN) buffer layers where four lattice constants of TiN match with three of the silicon during epitaxial growth via domain epitaxy. Rutherford backscattering/ion channeling techniques were used to determine chemical composition and crystalline quality of the films for x =0.0–0.18. Detailed X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed the epitaxial nature of ZnMgO/MgO (100) and ZnMgO/TiN/Si (100) heterostructures, and showed the formation of the Mg 2− x Zn x TiO 4 spinel at the interface with TiN. Using optical transmission measurements, the band gap of cubic Zn 0.18 Mg 0.82 O film was estimated to be approximately 6.7 eV. The potential use of these alloys for optical devices in the ultraviolet range is discussed.
Role of vascularized bone grafts in the treatment of scaphoid nonunions associated with proximal pole avascular necrosis and carpal collapse.

I a r n e THE INCIDENCE OF scaphoid nonunion has been estimated to be approximately 15% and can be related to a delay in diagnosis and treatment, roximal location of the fracture, displacement greater han 1 mm, and carpal instability. Left untreated, these wrists often undergo progressive, predictable degenerative changes also known as scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse. Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the scaphoid ocurs in an estimated 3% of all scaphoid fractures. Predominantly seen within the proximal pole, the etiology has been attributed to the retrograde intraosseous blood supply of the scaphoid. Plain radiographic signs of AVN include sclerosis of the proximal pole with occasional fragmentation and collapse. Computed tomography scans can effectively demonstrate collapse and bony characteristics of the nonunion, including resorptive findings, sclerosis, narrowing of joint spaces, and fragmentation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been recommended to assess the vascularity of the proximal pole. Standard MRI has been shown to have an accuracy of 68%, which increases to 83% when gadolinium-enhanced MRI is used. Despite this, many surgeons rely solely on this modality, which only measures edema within the bone, not the actual blood flow. Currently, the only definitive method to determine vascularity of the proximal pole is direct intraoperative assessment to determine absence or presence of punctate bleeding of the proximal fragment, as was described by Green in 1985.
A search for conformational change on ligand binding in a human γM macroglobulin — II: Susceptibility to proteolysis

Abstract The proteolytic enzymes pronase, trypsin, subtilisin and chymotrypsin have been used as probes for ligand induced changes in the nitrophenyl binding Waldenstrom macroglobulin, γM Wag . Only the action of the latter two enzymes was substantially inhibited by the binding of N(4-nitrophenyl)-NH 2 -caproate to γM Wag . The decreased susceptibility of γM Wag to subtilisin is fully accounted for by changes in the Fab regions of the molecule. Interpretation of the data on the chymotryptic digestion of γM Wag its subunits and fragments is complicated by apparent changes in the susceptibility of the Fab regions when isolated from tryptic digests. The results taken together, however, suggest that with chymotrypsin also, the ligand induced effects are restricted to the Fab region.
Adenosine A2A receptors interact with GABAergic pathways to modulate respiration in neonatal piglets

GABA and adenosine contribute to respiratory inhibition in early postnatal life. In this study the adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 was used to evaluate adenosine receptor specificity and the interrelation of adenosine and GABA in the inhibition of inspiratory drive. In neonatal piglets (n = 10), CGS21680 was injected into the fourth ventricle resulting in apnea and/or decreased burst area and frequency of phrenic discharge. Phrenic burst area decreased to 58.9 +/- 8.6% (S.E.M.) after CGS21680 injection (control = 91.8 +/- 1.0%). Expiratory time increased 261.0 +/- 59.9% after CGS21680 from control (87.7 +/- 2.7%). When bicuculline was injected locally within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (n = 5), or into the fourth ventricle (n = 5), the CGS21680 induced inhibition of phrenic was abolished. To define expression of A2A receptor at the message level (mRNA), we employed in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-coupled oligonucleotide. Adenosine A2A receptor mRNA was expressed in regions of the medulla oblongata known to contain GABAergic neurons. We conclude that GABAergic inputs affecting respiratory timing and inspiratory drive are modulated by activation of A2A receptors. These findings offer new insight into the mechanism whereby xanthine therapy diminishes apnea of prematurity.
Decreased excision of O6-methylguanine and N7-methylguanine during the S phase in 10T12 cells

Abstract The excision of N7-methylguanine (N7-meGua) and O6-methylguanine (O6-meGua) lesions in DNA caused by treatment of 10T1 2 cells with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was evaluated as cells synchronously traversed the pre-S and S phases of the cell cycle. Proliferation of cells was arrested by growth to confluence, then cells were treated with MNNG and released into a synchronous cell cycle by replating at lower density. The frequency of the two methylated guanines (methylated guanines/106 guanines) was determined at the time of replating, immediately prior to the onset of S phase and at the conclusion of S phase. During the pre-S interval N7-meGua and O6-meGua were lost at rates consistant with the reported biological half-lives of 26–28 hr and 20–21 hr, respectively. In contrast, when the reduction in frequency of methylated guanines was determined for the S phase it was found that the apparent decrease could be explained by the increased DNA content of the cultures resulting from DNA replication.
Varying densities of Pacific madrone in a young stand in Oregon alter soil water-potential, plant moisture stress, and growth of Douglas fir

Abstract Soil water-potential and Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] moisture stress and growth were studied on a droughty, 2-ha site in southwest Oregon where Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh) and associated shrub and herbaceous vegetation were thinned to represent the following range of conditions: high-density madrone (H), with associated shrubs and herbs controlled; medium-density madrone (M), shrubs and herbs controlled; low-density madrone (L), shrubs and herbs controlled; no madrone (N), shrubs and herbs controlled; and no madrone (U), shrubs and herbs predominate. Soil water-potential (Ψs) at a depth of 0–30 cm was consistently higher in treatment N than in all other treatments; in 1987 this difference was significant (P Predawn plant moisture stress ( pms ) of Douglas fir was significantly (P=0.0001) less in treatment N than in all other treatments. Seasonal moisture-stress relief ( smsr ) of Douglas fir was significantly related to madrone leaf area index (L) (r2=0.75, P=0.003), and was greatest in treatment N. Seasonal moisture-stress relief of madrone was also significantly correlated with L (r2=0.66, P=0.03). There were highly significant linear relationships between both predawn and midday pms and soil water-potential for Douglas fir (r2=0.76 and 0.75) and madrone (r2=0.69 and 0.79). Results clearly show that conditions for maximum Douglas-fir growth occurred in treatment N, in which all madrone and the associated vegetation were controlled. Average diameter growth of Douglas fir was greatest in treatment N, although not significantly different from that in treatment U, and least in treatment H. In 1987, Douglas-fir growth in diameter, stem basal-area, and stem volume was strongly related to smsr (r2=0.62–0.81) and madrone L (r2=0.66–0.87), and to a lesser extent, seasonal soil tension relief ( sstr ) (r2=0.51–0.62).
Physics for algebraists: Non-commutative and non-cocommutative Hopf algebras by a bicrossproduct construction

Abstract The initial part of this paper presents “Physics for Algebraists” in the context of quantum mechanics combined with gravity. Such physical notions as the Yang-Baxter Equations, position observables, momentum space, momentum and position quantization, etc., are described. Many readers may wish to just read this initial part of the paper. The physics leads to the search for self-dual algebraic structures and finally to non-commutative and non-cocommutative Hopf algebras by a bicrossproduct construction. The entire paper contains numerous examples. The non-commutative and non-cocommutative Hopf algebras are obtained as a simultaneous smash product and smash coproduct and denoted H1 ⋈ H2. Among the examples is one obtained by modifying the Weyl algebra. We also give the context in which the compatibility requirements on the structure maps reduce to the Classical Yang-Baxter Equations, and an example related to Drinfel'd's double Hopf algebra D(H).
Examination of the accuracy of a tangent linear model

The accuracy of a tangent linear version of a 3-dimensional mesoscale primitive equation model (the PSU/NCAR MM4) is investigated by comparing its results with those produced by identical perturbations introduced in nonlinear forecasts of the original model. Moist physical processes are not considered in this study. For perturbation magnitudes as large as typical current analysis errors, the perturbation tendencies are shown to be very accurately estimated by the tangent linear model (TLM), with greater relative error in a summer case than in a winter one. The evolutions of perturbations in forecasts out to 72 h are also accurately estimated, although the unperturbed lateral boundary conditions that act to sweep perturbations out of the domain are an artificial means of perturbation constraint. It is shown that for many cases it is sufficient to approximate a true TLM by using an infrequent update of the basic state, thereby reducing the amount of stored fields and input required by the TLM software. For perturbations not smaller than one-tenth the size of typical analysis errors, a 30-min update appears sufficient. The TLM accuracy is related to the accuracy of adjoint sensitivity calculations with regard to finite-amplitude perturbations. An example of an adjoint application is shown to have two-digit accuracy for a moderately sized perturbation. All these results indicate that our TLM and corresponding adjoint yield quantitatively accurate results for many important uses. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1993.00010.x
Spatial elimination of side bands associated with acoustooptical pulse-picking☆

Abstract Under certain conditions the leading and trailing members of an acoustically deflected train can be spatially separated from the intermediate pulses. This is shown to be a simple and useful experimental technique for temporally cleaning up the output of a pulse-picked, mode-locked laser or cavity-dumped cw laser. In addition a physical model is described that explains the phenomenon.
SELECTION FOR PHENOTYPIC DIVERGENCE BETWEEN DIPLOID AND AUTOTETRAPLOID HEUCHERA GROSSULARIIFOLIA

Much of the diversity of flowering plants is associated with genomic duplication through polyploidy. Little is known, however, about the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the diversification of novel polyploid lineages. We evaluated the possibility that divergence is driven by natural selection by estimating the strength of phenotypic selection acting on three floral traits in sympatric populations of diploid and autotetraploid Heuchera grossulariifolia over three years. Our results demonstrate consistent directional selection for increasing scape length and floral display in both diploid and tetraploid populations. In contrast, selection acting on flowering phenology varied across year and ploidy. Specifically, selection was found to favor late-flowering diploids in 2001 and 2002 but early-flowering tetraploids in 2003. We investigated the mechanistic basis of divergent selection for flowering phenology in 2003 by estimating the relationship between plant flowering phenology and the probability of intercytotype pollinator movement. The results demonstrated that less divergent tetraploids were significantly more likely to experience intercytotype flights than were more divergent tetraploids. This result is consistent with the pattern of phenotypic selection observed. Taken together, our results suggest that divergence of polyploids and their diploid progenitors may be driven by a process analogous to reinforcement whereby selection favors phenotypes that reduce the probability of intercytotype matings with reduced fertility.
Reducing interprocessor dependence in recoverable distributed shared memory

Checkpointing techniques in parallel systems use dependency tracking and/or message logging to ensure that a system rolls back to a consistent state. Traditional dependency tracking in distributed shared memory (DSM) systems is expensive because of high communication frequency. In this paper we show that, if designed correctly, a DSM system only needs to consider dependencies due to the transfer of blocks of data, resulting in reduced dependency tracking overhead and reduced potential for rollback propagation. We develop an ownership timestamp scheme to tolerate the loss of block state information and develop a passive server model of execution where interactions between processors are considered atomic. With our scheme, dependencies are significantly reduced compared to the traditional message-passing model. >
SprE levels are growth phase regulated in a sigma(S)-dependent manner at the level of translation.

SprE regulates ςS levels in response to nutrient availability by promoting ClpXP-mediated degradation. Paradoxically, we observe that SprE is similarly regulated, accumulating preferentially upon starvation. This regulation of SprE levels is ςS dependent, altering SprE synthesis at the level of translation. Thus, we demonstrate that SprE and ςS function within a regulatory feedback loop.
HAC: hybrid adaptive caching for distributed storage systems

This paper presents HAC, a novel technique for managing the client cache in a distributed, persistent object storage system. HAC is a hybrid between page and object caching that combines the virtues of both while avoiding their disadvantages. It achieves the low miss penalties of a page-caching system, but is able to perform well even when locality is poor, since it can discard pages while retaining their hot objects. It realizes the potentially lower miss rates of object-caching systems, yet avoids their problems of fragmentation and high overheads. Furthermore, HAC is adaptive: when locality is good it behaves like a page-caching system, while if locality is poor it behaves like an object-caching system. It is able to adjust the amount of cache space devoted to pages dynamically so that space in the cache can be used in the way that best matches the needs of the application. The paper also presents results of experiments that indicate that HAC outperforms other object storage systems across a wide range of cache sizes and workloads; it performs substantially better on the expected workloads, which have low to moderate locality. Thus we show that our hybrid, adaptive approach is the cache management technique of choice for distributed, persistent object systems.
Effects of nasal surgery on the upper airway: a drug-induced sleep endoscopy study.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate the impact of nasal surgery on the oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal anatomy of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by comparing drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) data prior to and following nasal surgery. Study Design: Retrospective review of medical records and DISE video recordings. Methods: Twenty-four patients with OSA were identified who underwent nasal surgery for symptomatic nasal obstruction. Clinic charts and DISE video recordings were reviewed. Preoperative and postoperative DISE recordings were compared to determine whether nasal surgery affected the level, degree, and sustainability of upper airway obstruction. Results: Overall, the pattern of upper airway obstruction did not change significantly following nasal surgery (P > .05). Almost all patients demonstrated residual obstruction by postoperative DISE (96%), with no change in plans for surgical management of oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal collapse (83%). Partial improvement in palatal collapse was present in a subset of patients without tongue base obstruction (P .05). Conclusions: For most patients with OSA, surgical repair of nasal obstruction does not significantly improve oropharyngeal or hypopharyngeal collapse as seen on DISE. However, mild improvement in palatal collapse is seen in a subset of patients without tongue base obstruction. This study reveals that if DISE is being utilized to direct surgical management of OSA, it does not need to be repeated for most patients after nasal surgery. Laryngoscope, 2012
Increased Cytotoxicity of N6-(Δ2-Isopentenyl)adenosine in Combination with Pentostatin Against L-1210 Leukemia Cells

Pentostatin (I), a tight-binding inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, was evaluated in combination with the partially effective antitumor nucleoside N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)adenosine (II) for cytotoxic activity against cultured L-1210 lymphocytic mouse leukemia cells. Although I alone (less than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml) was ineffective, it significantly potentiated and prolonged the cytotoxic and cytostatic activities of II. The combination of I (2-10 micrograms/ml) with II (25 micrograms/ml) resulted in inhibition of cellular proliferation (80-96%) within 24 hr with maintenance at that level for an extended period of time due to the continued ability of I to prevent the facile deamination of the allylic side chain of II. This type of adjuvant chemoprotection has potential use for other labile oncologic agents.
A SIMPLE CASE OF SALT ANTAGONISM IN STARFISH EGGS.

The jelly surrounding the eggs of the starfish, Asterias forbesi, is insoluble in normal sea water, but rapidly swells and dissolves when the eggs are washed in a pure isotonic solution of NaCl. In the presence of a small proportion of CaCl(2) this solvent and disintegrative action of the NaCl solution is entirely prevented, and in the mixed solution the jelly exhibits the same insolubility and other properties as in normal sea water. 2. This action of CaCl(2) in preventing the dissolution of the jelly runs parallel with its action in preventing certain definite effects of the pure NaCl solution on the living egg (agglutination, cytolytic action, membrane formation, prevention of maturation). 3. The inference is that the essential factor in these and similar antagonistic and protective actions is the formation of solid water-insoluble colloidal salts (e.g., soaps and proteinates) of calcium (or other metal) with the structural colloids of the protoplasm. Apparently the presence of a certain proportion of such compounds is necessary to the structural stability of the living protoplasm, and especially to the water-insolubility and semipermeability of its external layer or plasma membrane. When the cell is immersed in the pure NaCl solution, water-soluble Na compounds are substituted for the insoluble Ca compounds which normally provide the necessary insolubility and coherence, and disintegration results.
Calcaneal insufficiency avulsion fractures in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Radiographs and clinical records of 61 patients with calcaneal fractures were studied. Twenty-one patients had diabetes mellitus, and 40 were nondiabetic. All diabetic patients were insulin dependent for more than 5 years and had clinically evident peripheral neuropathy. Eighteen of the diabetic patients had no history of significant trauma. Fourteen had calcaneal insufficiency avulsion (CIA) fractures limited to the posterior third of the calcaneus. The fracture pattern in this group occurred in the same plane as a fatigue-type calcaneal fracture. Fragments of the posterior tuberosity were usually displaced 10-30 mm and were frequently rotated. The mean time from diagnosis of diabetes mellitus to CIA fracture was 20 years. Fractures in the nondiabetic group and in the three diabetic patients with a history of trauma did not resemble the CIA pattern. In the nondiabetic group, there were no insufficiency fractures; 39 fractures occurred with significant force (eg, motor vehicle accident or fall from height...
Shape variation in Spiroplectammina spectabilis (Grzybowski)

The morphology and intraspecific variation of Spiroplectammina spectabilis (Grzybowski) is investigated based upon topotype material. Linear measurements and eigenshape analyses of species of Spiroplectammina described from California show them to be conspecific with S. spectabilis. Two ecophenotypic forms are distinguished: S. spectabilis forma trinitatensis - a robust Eocene variety, and S. spectabilis forma perplexa, a minute, compressed form.
Evaluation of Methylene Blue and Rose Bengal for Dye Sensitized Solar Water Treatment

The experimental work described in this paper evaluated the efficacy of dyes as sensitizing agents for solar photochemical detoxification and disinfection of water. Methylene blue and rose bengal were evaluated as photosensitizing agents. While neither dye was effective for detoxification, methylene blue showed some efficacy for photodisinfection over natural sunlight. In all sunlight experiments, methylene blue effected a coliform reduction ranging from 96% at pH 7 and lower methylene blue concentrations, to 99.5% for all concentrations at pH 10 and the 10 mg/L concentration for pH 7. The 99.5% reduction at pH 7 is comparable to 74% reduction at the same pH using sunlight alone. Significant coliform reduction was also observed in dark experiments with 10 mg/L of methylene blue.
Batch chemical process quality control applied to curing of composite materials

Model predictive control is used extensively to control continuous-process systems. Application of a shrinking horizon model predictive control strategy is used to predict and control the end product quality of composite laminates produced by batch autoclave curing. The main contribution is the demonstration, using a laboratory-scale autoclave, of the feasibility and advantages of a control strategy that adjusts the batch recipe on-line to correct for unmeasured disturbance: entering the process. Readily available, on-line secondary measurements are used in conjunction with the process model to predict (and hence control) quality-related end product properties. On-line monitoring is also used to monitor the process even after the possibility of on-line correction has passed. The results show that this approach significantly reduces end product quality variance.
Enterprise enhanced education: an information technology enabled extension of traditional learning environments

For many years there have been complaints from enterprises such as business, industry and government that academia is unable to produce graduates that can function well in the design and implementation of large and complex information and engineering systems. These complaints have been voiced and confirmed once again in recent reports and conference addresses [5],[3]. As a result of discussions on the results of the Mulder NSF report following the report's completion it was suggested that recent advancements in information, communication and computer technologies could enable a new and innovative approach to improving the graduates from our university information specialists programs. This new learning/teaching paradigm involves both the universities and the concerned enterprises. The paper that follows presents some of the reasoning and organizational structure for the suggested cooperative approach enabled by information technology, and information regarding some test sites of cooperative programs involving universities and industry.
Effective parameters of metamaterials: a rigorous homogenization theory via Whitney interpolation

A rigorous homogenization theory of metamaterials—artificial periodic structures judiciously designed to control the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves—is developed. The theory is an amalgamation of two concepts: Smith and Pendry’s physical insight into field averaging and the mathematical framework of Whitney-like interpolation. All coarse-grained fields are unambiguously defined and satisfy Maxwell’s equations exactly. Fields with tangential and normal continuity across boundaries are associated with two different kinds of interpolation, which reveals the physical and mathematical origin of “artificial magnetism.” The new approach is illustrated with several examples and agrees well with the established results (e.g., the Maxwell–Garnett formula and the zero cell-size limit) within the range of applicability of the latter. The sources of approximation error and the respective suitable error indicators are clearly identified, along with systematic routes for improving the accuracy further. The proposed methodology should be applicable in areas beyond metamaterials and EM waves (e.g., in acoustics and elasticity).