cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Theil-Sen Estimator with Doubly Censored Data and Applications to Astronomy

Abstract The Theil-Sen estimator of the slope parameter in simple linear regression is extended to data with both the response and the covariate subject to censoring. Based on inverting a suitable version of Kendall's τ statistic, this estimator requires weak assumptions and is simple to compute, and a simple estimate of its asymptotic variance is obtained. A second extension of the Theil-Sen estimator, based on a direct estimation of the median of pairwise slopes, is given. These estimators are compared numerically with versions of Schmitt's estimator and applied to two data sets from the recent astronomical literature.
Dopamine: an old target in a new therapy.

Dopamine, a molecule of joy and emotions, plays vital role in regulation cancer growth and tumor angiogenesis. Dopamine secrets from neural cells in brain and peripheral cells as well. Peripheral dopamine is associated with tumorigenic events. Recent publication [Sarkar et al. Int. J. Cancer: doi:10.1002/ijc.29414, 2014] suggests that dopamine can be an ideal substitute as an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) agent for the treatment tumor angiogenesis as dopamine is less expensive, minimum side-effect and more sensitive than other drugs. The studies also found that dopamine prevent the 5FU-induced neutropenia in tumor-bearing mice. Collectively, these pre-clinical studies claim that dopamine could be a novel therapy for managing cancer growth and chemotherapy related disorder.
Postnatal lung inflammation increased by ventilation of preterm lambs exposed antenatally to Escherichia coli endotoxin.

Chorioamnionitis resulting in exposure of the fetal lung to inflammation is frequent before preterm delivery. The initiation of mechanical ventilation in the preterm recruits granulocytes to the lungs and increases proinflammatory cytokine expression in the lungs. We hypothesized that when the prematurely born newborn with chorioamnionitis was ventilated, inflammation would increase. Therefore, we asked whether inflammatory exposure to the fetal lung caused by intra-amniotic endotoxin (10 mg, Escherichia coli 055:β5) given at 100 d gestation would alter the inflammatory responses to the mechanical ventilation in surfactant-treated preterm lambs delivered at 130 d gestation. Cells in alveolar washes, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and surfactant protein mRNA expression were not different for saline and endotoxin exposed lambs that were not ventilated. The endotoxin- and saline-exposed control animals had similar lung function for 6 h of ventilation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the ventilated and antenatal endotoxin-exposed animals contained 5.7 times more monocytes, 12 times more lymphocytes, and a nonsignificant increase in neutrophils. Cells from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid expressed 3-fold more IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA than did cells from the saline exposed comparison animals. An antenatal exposure of the fetal lung to endotoxin enhanced the subsequent inflammatory response of the ventilated preterm lung.
Neuromodulation of ligand- and voltage-gated channels in the amphibian retina.

To understand information processing in the retina, it is important to identify and characterize the types of synaptic receptors and intrinsic ion channels in retinal neurons. In order to achieve a high degree of adaptability, retinal synapses have evolved multiple neuromodulatory mechanisms. Light or modulatory agents can alter the efficacies of both electrical and chemical synaptic transmission in the retina. Recent studies indicate that interaction of voltage-gated channels with those activated by neurotransmitters plays a significant role in shaping the light-evoked postsynaptic responses of retinal neurons. The fact that both types of channels are subject to modulation by multiple second messenger-mediated intracellular processes is a clear indicator of the importance of neuromodulation in retinal function. The whole-cell patch clamp technique provides a means to study mechanisms of regulation of ion channels by controlling intracellular as well as the extracellular environment. This review describes the experimental evidence, mostly obtained in our laboratory, which indicates the important role of Ca-dependent neuromodulatory processes in the regulation of signal transmission in the vertical pathway of the amphibian retina.
Expanding portion sizes in the US marketplace: Implications for nutrition counseling

Abstract The greater energy content of larger food portions could be contributing to the increasing prevalence of overweight. Prevention guidelines recommend ″sensible" portion sizes but do not define them. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) defines standard serving sizes for dietary guidance, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines standard servings for food labels. To use these standards in counseling, nutritionists must know the sizes of portions available in the marketplace. We determined marketplace portion sizes, identified changes in these sizes with time, and compared current marketplace portions with federal standards. Most marketplace portions exceed standard serving sizes by at least a factor of 2 and sometimes 8-fold. Portions have increased over time; those offered by fast-food chains, for example, often are 2 to 5 times larger than the original size. The discrepancy between marketplace portions and standard servings suggests the need for greater emphasis on the relationship of portion size to energy intake as a factor in weight maintenance. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:231-234.
Esthesioneuroblastoma, Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, and Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma: Differentiation in Diagnosis and Treatment

Introduction Malignant sinonasal tumors comprise less than 1% of all neoplasms. A wide variety of tumors occurring primarily in this site can present with an undifferentiated or poorly differentiated morphology. Among them are esthesioneuroblastomas, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas, and neuroendocrine carcinomas. Objectives We will discuss diagnostic strategies, recent advances in immunohistochemistry and molecular diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Data Synthesis These lesions are diagnostically challenging, and up to 30% of sinonasal malignancies referred to the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center are given a different diagnosis on review of pathology. Correct classification is vital, as these tumors are significantly different in biological behavior and response to treatment. The past decade has witnessed advances in diagnosis and therapeutic modalities leading to improvements in survival. However, the optimal treatment for esthesioneuroblastoma, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, and neuroendocrine carcinoma remain debated. We discuss advances in immunohistochemistry and molecular diagnosis, diagnostic strategies, and treatment selection. Conclusions There are significant differences in prognosis and treatment for esthesioneuroblastoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma. Recent advances have the potential to improve oncologic outcomes but further investigation in needed.
“Lights out” in university classrooms: Brief group discussion can change behavior

Abstract Lights left on in empty classrooms can waste considerable electricity and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Interviews prior to the study suggested students did not turn off lights because they did not think of it and were not sure they were allowed to. We visited classes and led brief group discussions to combat these reasons and create a descriptive norm favoring turning off lights. We evaluated the intervention with a 2(Presentation: No/Yes) by 2(Reminder sign: No/Yes) factorial design over 3 periods, Baseline, Intervention, and Follow-up. ANCOVA controlling for Baseline indicated that the presentation groups were more likely to turn off classroom lights during both the intervention and follow-up. Signs had no significant impact either alone or in combination with the presentation. The project extends guided group discussion to a new setting and behavior, and supports the view that embedding behavior change in group discussion is potentially a very powerful technique. Future research might improve the signs and apply the approach to other settings, adapting the program to each situation.
Trigeminal primary afferent projections to “non-trigeminal” areas of the rat central nervous system

The central projections of rat trigeminal primary afferent neurons to various “non-trigeminal” areas of the central nervous system were examined by labeling the fibers with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) transported anterogradely from the trigeminal ganglion. This technique produced a clear and comprehensive picture of trigeminal primary afferent connectivity that was in many ways superior to that which may be obtained by using degeneration, autoradiography. cobalt labeling, or HRP transganglionic transport techniques. Strong terminal labeling was observed in all four rostrocaudal subdivisions of the trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex, as well as in the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord bilaterally, numerous brainstem nuclei, and in. the cerebellum. Labeling in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord was very dense at C1, moderately dense at C2 and C3, and sparse at C4-C7. Numerous fibers crossed the midline in the medulla and upper cervical spinal cord and terminated in the contralateral pars caudalis and dorsal horn of the spinal cord from C1-C5. The latter axons terminated most heavily in the mandibular and ophthalmic regions of the contralateral side. Extremely dense terminal labeling was observed in the ipsilateral paratrigeminal nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract, moderate labeling was seen in the supratrigeminal nucleus and in the dorsal reticular formation, and small numbers of fibers were observed in the cuneate, trigeminal motor, lateral and superior vestibular nuclei, and in the cerebellum. The tatter fibers entered the cerebellum in the superior cerebellar peduncle and projected to the posterior and anterior lobes as well as to the interposed and lateral deep cerebellar nuclei. Most projections in this study originated from fibers in the dorsal part of the spinal tract of V, suggesting a predominantly mandibular origin for these fibers. Projections from the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions, in contrast, were directed mainly to the cervical spinal cord bilaterally, to contralateral pars caudalis, and to certain areas of the reticular formation. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that somatosensory information from the head and face may be transmitted directly to widespread and functionally heterogeneous areas of the rat central nervous system, including the spinal cord dorsal horn, numerous brainstem nuclei, and the cerebellum. These projections may play important roles in trigeminospinal reflexes (dorsal horn of spinal cord C1-C7), fusion of the sensory maps of the right and left sides of the head (contralateral projections), trigeminovisceral integration (paratrigeminal and solitary), control and integration of oral motor behavior (supratrigeminal and motor V), orofacial reflexes (reticular formation), and the coordination and stabilization of head posture and gaze (cuneate, vestibular, and cerebellum).
Interleukin-1β as a mechanism for stress-induced startle suppression in females

Startle measures were taken 2 h following a systemic injection of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) (3 microg/kg) to intact or ovariectomy (OVX) female rats. Changes in startle responsivity (reduced startle magnitude) were evident in intact IL-1beta-treated rats, despite no significant effects on startle sensitivity (number of elicited startles). No significant changes in startle sensitivity or responsivity were evident in IL-1beta-treated OVX rats. These results are discussed as a possible mechanism for stress-induced suppression of startle responsivity seen in intact female rats.
Optimul: An optional interconnect for multiprocessor systems

An optical interconnect is proposed for multiprocessor systems, of both the tightly and loosely coupled types. This interconnect solves the problem of contention for memory and interconnect in the tightly coupled case, and the problem of network bottleneck in the loosely coupled case.
Enhanced mesoscopic fluctuations in the crossover between random-matrix ensembles

Random-matrix theory has focused on the study of three ensembles of Hamiltonians: the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble ~GUE!, the Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble ~GOE!, and the Gaussian Symplectic Ensemble ~GSE!. These describe the statistics of single-particle energy levels and wave functions of disordered metal grains or chaotic quantum dots with the corresponding symmetries; GUE if time-reversal symmetry is broken, and GOE or GSE if time-reversal symmetry is present and spin-rotation symmetry is present or absent, respectively. In these three basic ensembles, eigenvector elements are Gaussian complex/real/quaternion random numbers; elements of the same eigenvector and of different eigenvectors are all statistically independent. 1
Analytical Control of Experimental Extraction of Oilseed

A study was made of methods for measuring relevant components at different stages of an experimental process for mixed solvent extraction of raw cottonseed flaked meats. The principles discussed should apply to other complex oilseed separation procedures.
Insulin‐like growth factor I: Action and receptor characterization in human prostate cancer cell lines

The role of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in the growth and development of prostate cancer was studied using established human prostate cancer cell lines. Under steroid and growth factor-free culture conditions, IGF-I significantly stimulated the androgen-independent cell lines PC-3 and DU-145 to incorporate [3H]thymidine into DNA, while the androgen-dependent cell line, LNCaP, was not affected. However, in the presence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), DNA synthesis of LNCaP cells was stimulated by IGF-I in a dose-dependent manner. None of the cell lines tested secreted an immunoreactive level of IGF-I into their conditioned medium. Characterization of receptors by ligand binding assays revealed that all prostate cancer cell lines tested express specific binding sites for IGF-I with similar dissociation constants (0.23-0.39 nM). Crosslinking studies supported the suggestion that 125I-IGF-I was bound to a receptor on these cells. The IGF-I receptor concentrations of androgen-independent cell lines were significantly higher than those of the androgen-dependent cell line. Androgen appeared to affect neither the expression of IGF-I receptors nor the secretion of IGF-I. The results suggest that IGF-I may play an important role in stimulating the growth and progression of prostate cancer.
The discovery and optimization of aminooxadiazoles as potent Pim kinase inhibitors.

Abstract High levels of Pim expression have been implicated in several hematopoietic and solid tumor cancers. These findings suggest that inhibition of Pim signaling by a small molecule Pim-1,2 inhibitor could provide patients with therapeutic benefit. Herein, we describe our progress towards this goal starting from the highly Pim-selective indole–thiadiazole compound ( 1 ), which was derived from a nonselective hit identified in a high throughput screening campaign. Optimization of this compound’s potency and its pharmacokinetic properties resulted in the discovery of compound 29 . Cyclopropane 29 was found to exhibit excellent enzymatic potency on the Pim-1 and Pim-2 isoforms ( K i values of 0.55 nM and 0.28 nM, respectively), and found to inhibit the phosphorylation of BAD in the Pim-overexpressing KMS-12 cell line (IC 50 = 150 nM). This compound had moderate clearance and bioavailability in rat (CL = 2.42 L/kg/h; % F = 24) and exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of p-BAD in KMS-12 tumor pharmacodynamic (PD) model with an EC 50 value of 6.74 μM (18 μg/mL) when dosed at 10, 30, 100 and 200 mg/kg po in mice.
Millennia of discord: The controversial educational program of Isocrates

Five years ago in Theory and Research in Education, James R. Muir fired a new salvo in the debate regarding the merits of Isocrates’ educational program, a controversy that has endured for more than two millennia. Was the Isocratean program misguided and lowbrow, as in the estimations of Plato and Aristotle — or was it the most successful program of classical education, as in the later estimations of Cicero and Quintilian? Was Isocrates himself a middling intellect, as Marrou claims, or, worse, a progenitor of Hitler’s Third Reich, as Vitanza maintains — or was he the founder of modern liberal arts education, as Corbett and Welch believe? To date, the debate has dealt more with the reputation than the details of Isocrates’ program. In hopes of shedding additional light on the controversy, this article draws upon Isocrates’ own essays to present the goals, curriculum, and methods of his educational program.
On Beautiful Women, Parmigianino, Petrarchismo, and the Vernacular Style

Among Pietro Testa's notes on painting, which were unsystematically collected after his death in 1650, is one folio dedicated to “Particolari perfetioni che fanno la donna bellissima” (Figs. 1 and 2).1 It is devoted, as the heading indicates, to the artist's definitions of those features that render a woman most beautiful. The notes are unusually clear and precise, and in the margin next to the written description of each particular feature Testa drew a small illustrative sketch. The recto of the sheet (Fig. 1) is concerned with qualities of the head and shoulders. Testa required that the hair be long, fine, blonde, and knotted simply. For the brow he made a diagram of two squares, representing its correct wide proportions. In the left square he shows how the brow should curve in an arc towards the top. The eyebrows are to be dark, and they too should curve in perfect arches that taper gently towards the ends. Beautiful eyes are large and prominent, oval in shape, and blue or dark chestnut in color. The e...
Electron Correlations at Metallic Densities. V

In this paper we present a modification of an earlier theory of Singwi et al. of electron correlations at metallic densities. The modification consists in allowing for the change of the pair correlation function in an external weak field via the density derivative of the equilibrium pair correlation function. This results in a new expression for the local-field correction. The present theory has the merit of satisfying almost exactly the compressibility sum rule and of giving a satisfactory pair correlation function. Results of self-consistent numerical calculations for the static pair correlation function, correlation energy, compressibility, and plasmon dispersion relation for the electron liquid in the metallic-density range are presented. For those interested in the application of the results of the present paper, numerical values of the local-field correction as a function of wave number have been tabulated in the density range ${r}_{s}=1\ensuremath{-}6$.
Secondary sexual coloration is related to white blood cell counts and testosterone in male southeastern five-lined skinks (Plestiodon inexpectatus)

The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis posits that secondary sexual coloration can honestly signal male quality because elevated testosterone, which is necessary for the expression of the coloration, also handicaps males through immunosuppression. Thus only high quality males can express the showiest coloration in spite of immunosuppression. Here we report a test of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis in southeastern five-lined skinks, Plestiodon inexpectatus, which exhibit a reddish-orange head coloration during the breeding season. We tested whether head coloration is related to circulating testosterone concentrations and reflects the status of a male’s immune system, as measured by total leukocyte counts. As predicted, hue, saturation, and extent of head coloration were correlated with plasma testosterone, and the brightness of the head was negatively correlated with total circulating leukocytes. While results are consistent with the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis, additional studies that include experimental manipulations of testosterone levels and measure other aspects of immunity are warranted.
Modulation of the stimulus effects of (+)amphetamine by the 5-HT6 antagonist MS-245

Abstract 5-HT 6 serotonin receptors are distributed within some dopamine terminal regions in the brain leading to suggestions that they might influence dopaminergic function. In the present study, the 5-HT 6 antagonist 5-methoxy- N , N -dimethyl- N 1 -benzenesulfonyltryptamine (MS-245) was without effect when administered (3.0–7.5 mg/kg) to rats trained to discriminate (+)amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) from saline vehicle in a two-lever drug discrimination task. Administered in combination, 0.3 mg/kg (i.e., the ED 50 dose) of (+)amphetamine plus 5.0 mg/kg of MS-245 elicited 95% amphetamine-appropriate responding. Similar studies were conducted using rats trained to discriminate cocaine (8.0 mg/kg) from saline vehicle, but a combination of 2.0 mg/kg (i.e., the ED 50 dose) of cocaine together with relatively low doses of MS-245 resulted in the percent response (approximately 50%) expected from administration of this dose of cocaine or in disruption of the animals' behavior. The present results confirm findings from other laboratories that 5-HT 6 antagonists can modulate amphetamine-induced behavioral actions, and further extend these findings to an example of a different structural class of 5-HT 6 antagonists and to a different behavioral paradigm. Taken together, the data suggest that 5-HT 6 serotonin agents (or at least MS-245) could have potential clinical application in therapies that involve modulation of dopamine neurotransmission.
Subsolidus-Phase Equilibria in the System MgO-V2O5-MoO3

Abstract The phase relations in the system MgO-V 2 O 5 -MoO 3 were studied and the subsolidus region of the phase diagram was constructed. The new compound Mg 2.5 VMoO 8 was discovered on the join of MgMoO 4 -Mg 3 V 2 O 8 . Mg 2.5 VMoO 8 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62) with cell dimensions a = 5.0515(1) A, b = 10.3455(2) A, c = 17.4683(4) A, and Z = 6. The structure is a framework of MoO 4 and VO 4 tetrahedra with linking octahedral and trigonal prismatic MgO 6 groups. The molybdenum and vanadium cations preserve their highest oxidation state, and the electrical neutrality of the crystalline lattice is maintained by partial occupancy of magnesium sites. Simple quasibinary equilibria were established between MgMoO 4 and MoV 2 O 8 , V 2- x Mo 2 x O 5 , MgV 2 O 6 , and Mg 2 V 2 O 7 .
Der Photosynthese‐Cyclus

Als Substrat der Kohlendioxyd-Fixierung im Photosynthesecyclus wurde Ribulose-diphosphorsaure erkannt, die unter der Wirkung der „Carboxydismutase” in zwei Molekeln Phosphoglycerinsaure ubergeht. Aus Phosphoglycerinsaure wird durch Reduktion und eine Reihe von in allen Einzelheiten aufgeklarten Umwandlungsreaktionen neben den Endprodukten der Photosynthese Ribulose-diphosphorsaure zuruckgebildet, so das sich ein Cyclus ergibt. Da fur diese Reaktionen auser vier Aquivalenten Wasserstoff auch drei Molekeln Adenosintriphosphorsaure notwendig sind, wird die Einbeziehung der Adenosintriphosphorsaure-Erzeugung durch Oxydationsprozesse in den photosynthetischen Kohlenstoffreduktionscyclus angenommen. Diese Vorstellung wird durch Messung des Quantenbedarfs unterstutzt. Da α-Liponsaure (thioctic acid) unter geeigneten Bedingungen zum Anstieg der lichtabhangigen Sauerstoff-Entwicklung und der Quantenausbeute fuhrt, scheint diese oder eine ahnliche Verbindung der Wasserstoff-Acceptor bei der photochemischen Primarreaktion zu sein. Das gebildete Dithiol konnte seinen Wasserstoff auf andere Redoxsysteme, letztlich auf Phosphoglycerinsaure ubertragen. Es wird ein Chloroplasten-Modell vorgeschlagen, das diesen Vorstellungen Rechnung tragt.
A high‐order compact boundary value method for solving one‐dimensional heat equations

We combine fourth-order boundary value methods (BVMs) for discretizing the temporal variable with fourth-order compact difference scheme for discretizing the spatial variable to solve one-dimensional heat equations. This class of new compact difference schemes achieve fourth-order accuracy in both temporal and spatial variables and are unconditionally stable due to the favorable stability property of BVMs. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the new compact difference scheme, compared to the standard second-order Crank-Nicolson scheme. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 19: 846–857, 2003.
Nature of grain boundaries as related to critical currents in superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 − x

Abstract A representative assortment of grain boundaries and planar defects in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − x (YBCO) from the literature together with boundaries in thin films from many-to-one epitaxy † have been reviewed to relate the critical current density ( J c ) across a boundary, its energetics, its geometric description and its nanoscopic structure. As there is much evidence showing that not all high angle boundaries have detrimental effects on J c transport and exhibit weak-link behavior, the relevance of different types of boundaries as related to their nanoscopic structure and finally to the transboundary critical currents are emphasized. Not all high angle boundaries are the same. The various high-angle-but-low-energy boundaries can sometimes support high critical currents, for example: |∑3/90 ° boundaries, ∑5, ∑17, off-∑13, 45 ° [001] tilt boundaries found in YBCO films grown under many-to-one epitaxy. The geometrical parameters can be useful to predict to some extent the energetics of the boundaries and therefore, together with a thermodynamic criterion form a useful concept to explain why some boundaries are clean and some are preferred sites for precipitation of extraneous phase(s). Translational boundaries, stacking faults, and twin boundaries are of low energies, atomically clean and have been shown to support high J c . A nanoscopically clean boundary is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for a high transboundary J c . In addition to the geometrical parameters, the processing conditions and other extrinsic factors can also affect the transboundary J c . Examples are the 45 °-boundaries from bi-epitaxy and the 90 °-boundaries at substrate etched steps, both utilized as weak-link junctions.
Physically-Aware Diagnostic Resolution

Physical failure analysis (PFA) is crucial to improving yield during the production life of an integrated circuit (IC). PFA begins with software-based diagnosis, which reports a set of likely failing candidates. A large set, which can result from test-set equivalent (TSE) faults, makes PFA success unlikely because each candidate may potentially have to be examined. Reducing the cardinality of a TSE fault class can reduce the time required for PFA since it likely decreases the number of candidates that must be examined. Additional (diagnostic) test vectors can be generated however to reduce class size. In this work, several layout-based physical metrics are defined and investigated for assessing the layout characteristics of a TSE fault class, which serves as an estimate of the time/difficulty required to perform PFA. In short, these metrics are used to define a physically-aware diagnostic resolution (PAR for short) for a fault class. A TSE fault class with a bad PAR likely requires more PFA effort than one with good PAR. To demonstrate the utility of PAR, a test-selection algorithm that chooses tests from an N-detect test pool based on the improvement in PAR is compared to techniques that use conventional definitions of diagnostic resolution. Comprehensive experiments reveal that fewer additional tests are needed when using PAR.
Value of aggregation in smart grids

The projected smart grid intends to deliver a variety of services to energy consumers. Many of these services rely on aggregates of energy consumers. Forecasting energy consumption of groups of users is a crucial aspect of this process. This paper addresses electricity load forecasting on varying scales of aggregation. Using city wide consumption data at 1 hour interval standard forecasting methods are applied to the data. It is shown that under some ideal conditions, forecasting errors decrease on as Θ(1/√N). We show empirically the true forecasting errors decrease as Θ(1/Nα) with α <; 0.5.
Quantitative SDS-PAGE of total protein from different wheat varieties

Buffers containing sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and mercaptoethanol (ME) were used to extract total protein from the flour or single seeds of five different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (Scout 66, Red River 68, Bankuti 1201, Atlas 66, and Omar). A dye-binding analysis for protein was adapted to these extracts. The extracted proteins were separated according to molecular weight (mol. wt) by gel electrophoresis with SDS and the patterns were quantitated by densitometry of the gels, after proteins had been stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R250. The patterns were divided into five different areas corresponding to mol. wt ranges of 63 × 103 and greater (A1), 48–63 × 103 (A2), 40–48 × 103 (A3), 31–40 × 103 (A4), and 8–31 × 103 (A5). The proportions of the total area corresponding to these subareas were compared for the different varieties. Dye absorption was assumed to be directly proportional to protein concentration (in the linear range) with the same proportionality holding for the first four areas (largely storage proteins). The proteins of A5 (largely albumins) were assumed to have a three-fold greater dye-binding capacity than the other proteins and a correction to this area was based on this assumption. Red River 68, a variety with strong mixing characteristics, had a comparatively large proportion of its total protein in A3 and a notable peak of mol. wt 46 × 103 in this area. Bankuti 1201 and Omar, with weak mixing characteristics, had comparatively small proportions of their protein in A3, but large proportions in A4 (largely gliadins). Atlas 66 had a comparatively large proportion of its protein in A5 (largely albumins) and a smaller proportion in A4, but there were no strong differences in the pattern that could be related clearly to the high-protein character of Atlas 66. All the varieties had most of their protein (65–69%) in the mol. wt ranges corresponding to A3 and A4.
Origin of Periendothelial Cells in Microvessels Derived From Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells

In microvessels, periendothelial cells expressing alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) interact with the endothelial cells and are essential for vessel maturation and stabilization. In adult tissues, the cellular origin of the periendothelial cells is still not clear, in particular in humans. To determine the origin of human periendothelial cells, we used a recently developed 3D co-culture system that mimics human skin connective tissue. This system is composed of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF), human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1), and a collagen matrix. In this system, "microvessels" composed of an endothelial lumen associated with periendothelial cells develop. Using this co-culture system, we (i) labelled fibroblasts with the vital dye CFDA-SE, cultured them with unlabelled endothelial cells, and observed that only endothelium-associated CFDA-SE-labelled cells express alphaSMA; (ii) infected endothelial cells with a retrovirus stably expressing eGFP, cultured them with unlabelled fibroblasts, and observed that cells expressing alphaSMA did not co-express eGFP, but were associated with the eGFP-expressing endothelial cells of the microvessels. Together, these results indicate that periendothelial cells arise by differentiation from fibroblasts and that they require interaction with endothelial cells to do so.
Iconic reference: evolving perspectives and an organizing framework

Abstract Icons are now routinely used in human-computer interactions. Despite their widespread use, however, we argue that icons are far more diverse and complex than normally realized. This article examines some of the history behind the evolution of icons from simple pictures to much richer and more complex representational devices. Then we develop and present a new framework that distinguishes: (1) different kinds of sign relations; (2) different kinds of referent relations; and (3) differences between sign and referent relations. In addition, we highlight a fundamental symmetry between icons and symbols, and use this framework to raise a number of basic questions about the kinds of representational issues and challenges designers will need to consider as they create the next generation of icons for user interfaces.
Canine Behavioral Genetics: Pointing Out the Phenotypes and Herding up the Genes

An astonishing amount of behavioral variation is captured within the more than 350 breeds of dog recognized worldwide. Inherent in observations of dog behavior is the notion that much of what is observed is breed specific and will persist, even in the absence of training or motivation. Thus, herding, pointing, tracking, hunting, and so forth are likely to be controlled, at least in part, at the genetic level. Recent studies in canine genetics suggest that small numbers of genes control major morphologic phenotypes. By extension, we hypothesize that at least some canine behaviors will also be controlled by small numbers of genes that can be readily mapped. In this review, we describe our current understanding of a representative subset of canine behaviors, as well as approaches for phenotyping, genome-wide scans, and data analysis. Finally, we discuss the applicability of studies of canine behavior to human genetics.
A single-chip 200Mb/s fiber optic receiver circuit

A single chip optical receiver circuit capable of operation at data rates of 200Mb with a NEP of 36dBm will be described. The circuit generates logic outputs directly from a PIN photodiode input.
Can point-of-care platelet-function tests be used to screen for aspirin responsiveness after TIA and stroke?

Can point-of-care platelet-function tests be used to screen for aspirin responsiveness after TIA and stroke?
Validation of accuracy and precision of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for infants

There is limited information on the validity of bone mineral content measurement by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA BMC) for use in subjects with low body mass. We evaluated the accuracy and precision of DXA in piglets (body weight 886-5526 g, median 2096 g). Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that ash weight is the major determinant of DXA BMC (adjusted r 2 = 0.98, RMS residual = 3.61 g). The intercept was not significantly different from zero. DXA BMC measurements of other piglets under various clinical situations showed no significant effect from the use of cotton blanket, diaper, or positioning (prone, supine, lateral). In vivo replication of DXA BMC measurements of infants at a postnatal age of from 1-350 days showed a slope of 0.99 and high correlation coefficient (r 2 = 0.99, RMS residual = 3.59 g). The intercept was not significantly different from zero, and the average coefficient of variation of duplicate DXA BMC in infants was 2.8%. We conclude that DXA BMC reliably but proportionately underestimates ash weight and is a highly precise method for measuring bone mineral status in young pediatric subjects. (J Bone Miner Res 1995 ;10 :1111-1115)
Reflections on the Presidential Commission on World Hunger: Discussion

First of all, the commission must be congratulated for forcefully stating a very important fact still not fully recognized: that hunger and low levels of consumption in poor countries and poor families will not be solved by increasing the aggregate world or country's supply of food. Chronic hunger results from a lack of purchasing power by poor countries and poor families when they compete for that aggregate world or country supply. The problem is not a lack of supply but a lack of effective demand by low income population groups. This is corroborated by the fact that many countries have become exporters of grains while important segments of their population still suffer from malnutrition. The report singles out several actions to increase the long-run earnings opportunities of poor individuals so as to solve long-run poverty and thereby long-run hunger. This is welcomed. But in many countries, poverty elimination is an objective in its own right. For other countries a poverty elimination strategy, as a means to solving the hunger problem, may have political constraints or trade-offs with other objectives, such as long-run growth. However, in these latter countries, governments might be interested in solving hunger as a separate objective from general poverty elimination. Hence, they might be interested in more quick, direct, and cost-effective instruments to eliminate hunger. In my view, given that the objective of the commission was to address hunger and not poverty, a stronger emphasis on these direct instruments should have been given. This includes an emphasis on a better use of the existing foreign aid and domestic resources that countries are currently devoting to food supplementation programs, food subsidies, etc. I will come to this later. The commission repeatedly refers to the necessity of a more self-reliant food system in developing countries. It is not exactly clear to m what is meant. I hope it is not a call for a higher degree of self-sufficiency in food. That would be tragic. Fluctuations in food consumption in poor families results from fluctuations in their regional supply of food or fluctuations in their earnings. Internal and international trade in food helps to even out these fluctuations in consumption and not the re-
Considering Productivity Effects of Explicit Type Declarations

Static types may be used both by the language implementation and directly by the user as documentation. Though much existing work focuses primarily on the implications of static types on the semantics of programs, relatively little work considers the impact on usability that static types provide. Though the omission of static type information may decrease program length and thereby improve readability, it may also decrease readability because users must then frequently derive type information manually while reading programs. As type inference becomes more popular in languages that are in widespread use, it is important to consider whether the adoption of type inference may impact productivity of developers.
THE SWIDDEN/WET‐RICE TRANSITION ZONE IN THE CHITTAGONG HILLS1

SUMMARY In the Chittagong hill country, a contact zone between hill-dwelling swidden cultivators and wet-rice cultivators of the plains, a distinct category of hillmen, represented most numerously by the Chakma, Moghs, and Tippera, has evolved. Their differentiation from the mountain folk is inferred to be in part a product of long contact with civilization based on wet-rice culture. They have acquired the character of swidden peasants, without having turned to a wet-rice peasant economy until recently. An examination of the conditions under which these changes have taken place suggests that the critical element in the shift from swidden to plow cultivation has been the change in the balance of political power in the region.
Synovial Chondromatosis of the Subacromial Bursa Causing a Bursal-Sided Rotator Cuff Tear

Synovial chondromatosis is an uncommon condition, and involvement of the shoulder is even more rare. We report on a 39-year-old female who presented with symptoms, radiographic features, and intraoperative findings consistent with multiple subacromial loose bodies resulting in a partial-thickness, bursal-sided rotator cuff tear of the supraspinatus muscle. She was treated with an arthroscopic removal of loose bodies, complete excision of the subacromial/subdeltoid bursa, acromioplasty, and rotator cuff repair. To our knowledge, this is the first report of arthroscopic treatment for a bursal-sided, partial-thickness rotator cuff tear treated with greater than two-year clinical and radiographic follow-up. We utilized shoulder scores, preoperative and postoperative range of motion, and imaging to assess the results of treatment and surveillance for recurrence in our patient after two-year follow-up.
Unique Reconstruction of Band-limited Signals by a Mallat-Zhong Wavelet Transform Algorithm

We show that uniqueness and existence for signal reconstruction from multiscale edges in the Mallat and Zhong algorithm become possible if we restrict our signals to Paley-Wiener space, band-limit our wavelets, and irregularly sample at the wavelet transform (absolute) maxima—the edges—while possibly including (enough) extra points at each level. We do this in a setting that closely resembles the numerical analysis setting of Mallat and Zhong and that seems to capture something of the essence of their (practical) reconstruction method. Our work builds on a uniqueness result for reconstructing an L2 signal from irregular sampling of its wavelet transform of Grochenig and the related work of Benedetto, Heller, Mallat, and Zhong. We show that the rate of convergence for this reconstruction algorithm is geometric and computable in advance. Finally, we consider the effect on the rate of convergence of not sampling enough local maxima.
Mapping day-of-burning with coarse-resolution satellite fire-detection data

Evaluating the influence of observed daily weather on observed fire-related effects (e.g. smoke production, carbon emissions and burn severity) often involves knowing exactly what day any given area has burned. As such, several studies have used fire progression maps - in which the perimeter of an actively burning fire is mapped at a fairly high temporal resolution - or MODIS satellite data to determine the day-of-burning, thereby allowing an evaluation of the influence of daily weather. However, fire progression maps have many caveats, the most substantial being that they are rarely mapped on a daily basis and may not be available in remote locations. Although MODIS fire detection data provide an alternative due to its global coverage and high temporal resolution, its coarse spatial resolution (1km 2 ) often requires that it be downscaled. An objective evaluation of how to best downscale, or interpolate, MODIS fire detection data is necessary. I evaluated 10 spatial interpolation techniques on 21 fires by comparing the day-of-burning as estimated with spatial interpolation of MODIS fire detection data to the day-of-burning that was recorded in fire progression maps. The day-of-burningmapsgeneratedwiththebestperforminginterpolationtechniqueshowedreasonablyhighquantitativeand qualitative agreement with fire progression maps. Consequently, the methods described in this paper provide a viable option for producing day-of-burning data where fire progression maps are of poor quality or unavailable.
Barriers and facilitators to electronic documentation in a rural hospital.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to explore nurses’ perceptions of barriers and facilitators to adoption of an electronic health record (EHR) in a rural Midwestern hospital. Design: This study was a qualitative, descriptive design. The Staggers and Parks Nurse-Computer Interaction Framework was used to guide directed content analysis. Methods: Eleven registered nurses from oncology and medical-surgical units were interviewed using three semistructured interview questions. Predetermined codes and operational definitions were developed from the Staggers and Parks framework. Narrative data were analyzed by each member of the research team and group consensus on coding was reached through group discussions. Findings: Participants were able to identify computer-related, nurse-related, and contextual barriers and facilitators to implementation of EHR. In addition, two distinct patterns of perceptions and acceptance were identified. Conclusions: The Staggers and Parks Nurse-Computer Interaction framework was found to be useful in identifying computer, nurse, and contextual characteristics that act as facilitators or barriers to adoption of an EHR system. Acceptance and use of an EHR are enhanced when barriers are managed and facilitators are supported. Clinical Relevance: Understanding and management of facilitators and barriers to EHR adoption may impact nurses’ ability to provide and document nursing care.
Melting‐Pot Myth

Author's summary.— Thoughtful consideration of the “varied sources” of English may lead to some interesting conclusions, but not exactly to the ideas commonly taken for granted.
Scientific proposals for a continuing scientific drilling program in the Valles‐Toledo Caldera Complex

The Valles-Toledo caldera complex is famous as the site of early research on caldera formation and for its caldera-hosted, high-temperature geothermal system. Scientific drilling in the west half of the complex, sponsored by the Office of Basic Energy Services of the Department of Energy (DOE), is part of a long-term program to answer basic questions about caldera formation processes, silicic volcanism, high-temperature hydrothermal systems, and volcanogenic ore bodies. A DOE workshop to evaluate the drilling was held October 18–20, 1989, in Los Alamos, N. Mex.; about 50 scientists came. The purpose was to review the progress of research and to consider the scientific merit of continuing corehole drilling as proposed in the original scientific management plan [Goff and Nielson, 1986]. At the end of the first day, a long discussion was held to determine if results so far justified the expense of continuing the program. The answer was unequivocal: Yes. The next question was, Where should the next corehole be located?
Unpacking Personal Adaptability at Work

Adaptability is a key competency for career success. In this article, the authors examine how individual adaptability is associated with the accrual of human capital, the organization of the work e...
Zn65 uptake by rat dorsolateral prostate as specific bioassay for ICSH.

SummaryExperiments have been reported which indicate that a measurement of Zn65 uptake by the dorsolateral prostate of the hypophysectomized rat is a sensitive and specific bioassay for ICSH activity.