cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pre-Season

It was the first day of practice, the Monday after Thanksgiving. There was nothing like it. We’d waited all spring, summer, and fall for this day to arrive. We would now be able to prove to everyone how good we were. We all showed up with our Converse All-Star high white canvas sneakers, costing us $8.95 at Charlie’s Sports Store. One pair would last the whole season, as long as we were only playing inside. During the summer, when we were playing at the parks all day and night, I’d go through a pair every 10 days. It got pretty expensive.
Role of Alternative Donor Allogeneic Transplants in the Therapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is often associated with a poor prognosis, with allogeneic transplantation representing the greatest chance of cure for eligible patients. Historically, the preferred donor source is a human leukocyte antigen-matched blood relative, although only approximately 30% of patients have access to such a donor. Alternative donor sources, including matched unrelated donors, umbilical cord blood, and haploidentical related donors, are available for almost every patient and are increasingly being used for patients without a matched related donor. Survival outcomes with these alternative donor sources now approximate those of matched related donor transplants. Given the safety and success of alternative donor transplants, comparative trials are needed to reassess the optimal donor source for patients with AML. This review summarizes the available data on these alternative donor transplants. Further investigation is needed to contemporize donor selection algorithms, but, in the current era, donor availability should no longer preclude a patient's eligibility for an allogeneic blood or marrow transplant.
Molecular Building Block-Based Electronic Charges for High-Throughput Screening of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Adsorption Applications

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous crystalline materials with attractive properties for gas separation and storage. Their remarkable tunability makes it possible to create millions of MOF variations but creates the need for fast material screening to identify promising structures. Computational high-throughput screening (HTS) is a possible solution, but its usefulness is tied to accurate predictions of MOF adsorption properties. Accurate adsorption simulations often require an accurate description of electrostatic interactions, which depend on the electronic charges of the MOF atoms. HTS-compatible methods to assign charges to MOF atoms need to accurately reproduce electrostatic potentials (ESPs) and be computationally affordable, but current methods present an unsatisfactory trade-off between computational cost and accuracy. We illustrate a method to assign charges to MOF atoms based on ab initio calculations on MOF molecular building blocks. A library of building blocks with built-in charges is ...
Auditing subtype inconsistencies among gene ontology concepts

Gene Ontology (GO) provides a controlled vocabulary for describing genes and related gene products. Quality assurance of Gene ontology (GO) is a vital aspect of the terminology management lifecycle. In this paper, we introduce a lexical-based inference approach to detecting subtype (or isa) inconsistencies among GO terms (i.e., biological concepts). We first model the name of each concept as a set of words. Then, we generate hierarchically linked and unlinked pairs of concepts (A, B), where A and B have the same number of words, and contain common words as well as a single different word. Each linked concept-pair infers a linked term-pair, and each unlinked concept-pair infers an unlinked term-pair. A term-pair appearing as both linked and unlinked is considered a potential inconsistency, which may represent a subtype inconsistency between the original linked and unlinked concept-pair. Applying this approach to the 03/28/2017 release of GO, a total of 3,715 potential subtype inconsistencies were obtained. Evaluation of a random sample of potential inconsistencies revealed two types of potential errors: missing subtype relations and incorrect subtype relations in GO, and achieved an accuracy of 56.33% for detecting such errors. This indicates that this lexical-based inference approach using the set-of-words model is a promising way to facilitate quality improvement of GO.
Forecasting increases in recreational value that would result from restoration of natural soundscapes in National Parks

U. S. National Parks are justly celebrated for the superlative quality of their scenic and cultural resources. The Grand Canyon Enlargement Act of 1975 identified natural quiet as an important resource and value. These considerations are two motivations for extensive monitoring of acoustic environments in national park units, and development of models that predict sound levels throughout the system. These models also estimate the spatial distribution of noise of noise exposure. Related social science research has documented the effects of noise on the quality of visitor experience in parks, including the accessibility of wildlife for public viewing. Surveys of park visitors and the American public also document broad support of park efforts to reduce noise. Collectively, this research provides a quantitative framework for estimating the increases in the quality of visitor experience that could be realized through reductions in noise.U. S. National Parks are justly celebrated for the superlative quality of their scenic and cultural resources. The Grand Canyon Enlargement Act of 1975 identified natural quiet as an important resource and value. These considerations are two motivations for extensive monitoring of acoustic environments in national park units, and development of models that predict sound levels throughout the system. These models also estimate the spatial distribution of noise of noise exposure. Related social science research has documented the effects of noise on the quality of visitor experience in parks, including the accessibility of wildlife for public viewing. Surveys of park visitors and the American public also document broad support of park efforts to reduce noise. Collectively, this research provides a quantitative framework for estimating the increases in the quality of visitor experience that could be realized through reductions in noise.
Surface Science Aspects of Etching and Wall Reactions in High Density Plasmas

Within the last ten years or so, in response to the needs of the semiconductor processing industry, new plasma etching machines involving high density plasmas (>1011 cm-3) have been developed. The requirement that lead to this change from low density plasmas, (<1011 cm-3), to high density plasmas was a need for lower energy ion bombardment of the wafer (often <100 eV). In reactive ion etching (RIE) with low density plasmas, ion energies of several hundreds of eV are usually incident on the wafer and the damage and selectivity loss caused by these ions was found to be unacceptable in some critical applications. However decreasing the ion energy also decreases the etch yield per ion and therefore, in order to maintain the etch rates, high ion fluxes are required. Hence the need for high density plasmas. Furthermore, low pressure operation (<10 millitorr) is often needed to achieve the desired profile shape in the etched feature.
THE FPÖ AND BZÖ AGAINST MIGRANTS IN AUSTRIAN CITIES

my paper analyzes the political reaction to immigrants at the municipal level in the Austrian national elections of 2008. I analyze how the presence of specific groups of migrants influences the electoral performances of two anti-migrant parties: the FPO (Freedom Party of Austria) and the BZO (Alliance for the Future of Austria. I also analyze which of the two parties was able to capture more efficiently the anti-migrants vote in Austrian municipalities. My findings show that, notwithstanding the striking similarities in the two parties platform, politics, and policies, the BZO was able to capture the vast majority of the anti-migrants vote. My research also shows that the presence of non-German speaking EU14 migrants has a positive effect on the performance of these parties in Austrian cities.
Multicomponent Chromatographic Processes During the Impregnation of Alumina Pellets with Noble Metals

A mathematical model of a competitive, multicomponent diffusion-adsorption process is presented, and applied to the impregnation of porous γ-alumina pellets by a Rh complex, in the presence of HF as a site blocking agent which drives the Rh below the surface of the pellets. The model correctly predicts the measured Rh peak penetration depths and Rh uptakes from solution.
Fundamental and Practical Aspects of Neural Computing

This chapter introduces neural networks. We first discuss what makes up a neural network, then move on to the fundamental and practical aspects of neural computing, and discuss aspects of network training (learning). We next illustrate how to develop a neural network using a commercial software package on a personal computer. Finally, we introduce a number of special neural networks that find significant applications in bioprocessing and chemical engineering.
Herbaceous Biomass Response to Prescribed Fire in Juniper-Encroached Sagebrush Steppe

Abstract Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) has expanded into sagebrush steppe plant communities the past 130 − 150 yr in the northern Great Basin. The increase in juniper reduces herbage and browse for livestock and big game. Information on herbaceous yield response to juniper control with fire is limited. We measured herbaceous standing crop and yield by life form in two mountain big sagebrush communities (MTN1, MTN2) and a Wyoming/basin big sagebrush (WYOBAS) community for 6 yrs following prescribed fire treatments to control western juniper. MTN1 and WYOBAS communities were early-successional (phase 1) and MTN2 communities were midsuccessional (phase 2) woodlands before treatment. Prescribed fires killed all juniper and sagebrush in the burn units. Total herbaceous and perennial bunchgrass yields increased 2 to 2.5-fold in burn treatments compared with unburned controls. Total perennial forb yield did not differ between burns and controls in all three plant communities. However, tall perennial forb yield was 1.6- and 2.5-fold greater in the WYOBAS and MTN2 burned sites than controls. Mat-forming perennial forb yields declined by 80 − 90% after burning compared with controls. Cheatgrass yield increased in burned WYOBAS and MTN2 communities and at the end of the study represented 10% and 22% of total yield, respectively. Annual forbs increased with burning and were mainly composed of native species in MTN1 and MTN2 communities and non-natives in WYOBAS communities. Forage availability for livestock and wild ungulates more than doubled after burning. The additional forage provided on burned areas affords managers greater flexibility to rest and treat additional sagebrush steppe where juniper is expanding, as well as rest or defer critical seasonal habitat for wildlife.
Spatial patterns of mercury contamination and associated risk to piscivorous wading birds of the south central United States.

Piscivorous birds are top predators in aquatic ecosystems and are vulnerable to mercury (Hg) exposure and associated adverse health effects. In some areas of North America, the health risk posed to piscivorous birds by Hg contamination has not been characterized because concentrations of Hg in bird tissues have not been extensively monitored. When data on Hg in tissues of piscivorous birds are not available, the concentration of Hg in the blood of piscivorous birds can be estimated from the concentration of Hg in prey fish. We used concentrations of Hg in different lengths of a proxy prey fish, bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), to estimate the concentration of Hg in the blood of 4 species of adult piscivorous wading birds (little blue herons [Egretta caerulea], green herons [Butorides virescens], great egrets [Ardea albus], and great blue herons [Ardea herodias]) in 14 ecoregions of the south central United States. The 4 species of birds consume different sizes of fish with different concentrations of Hg and were predicted to have different concentrations of Hg in their blood, with little blue herons < green herons < great egrets < great blue herons. For each species of bird, there were significant differences in average estimated concentrations of Hg in blood between ecoregions, with estimated concentrations of Hg in blood increasing with Hg deposition. The level of predicted risk varied with ecoregion and bird species and was highest for great blue herons. We recommend that future studies of Hg contamination of piscivorous wading birds of the southern United States focus on great blue herons in water bodies within ecoregions that have high Hg deposition. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:160-166. © 2018 SETAC.
Improvements to Enable the Large Scale Synthesis of 1-{[(2S,3S,4S)-3-Ethyl-4-fluoro-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl]methoxy}-7-methoxyisoquinoline-6-carboxamide (PF-06650833)

An improved process for the large scale synthesis of 1-{[(2S,3S,4S)-3-ethyl-4-fluoro-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl]methoxy}-7-methoxyisoquinoline-6-carboxamide (1), a candidate currently in clinical develop...
Modeling groundwater contaminant transport in the presence of large heterogeneity: a case study comparing MT3D and RWhet

A case study is presented that implements two numerical models for simulating a 30-year PAT operation conducted at a large contaminated site for which high-resolution data sets are available. A Markov chain based stochastic method is used to conditionally generate the realizations with random distribution of heterogeneity for the Tucson International Airport Area (TIAA) federal Superfund site. The fields were conditioned to data collected for 245 boreholes drilled at the site. Both MT3DMS and the advanced random walk particle method (RWhet) were used to simulate the PAT-based mass removal process. The results show that both MT3DMS and RWhet represent the measured data reasonably, with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) less than 0.03. The use of fine grids and the total-variation-diminishing method (TVD) limited the effects of numerical dispersion for MT3DMS. However, the effects of numerical dispersion were observed when compared to the simulations produced with RWhet using a larger number of particles, which provided more accurate results with RMSE diminishing from 0.027 to 0.024 to 0.020 for simulations with 1, 20, and 50 particles. The computational time increased with more particles used in the model, but was still much less than the time required for MT3DMS, which is an advantage of RWhet. By showing the results using both methods, this study provides guidance for simulating long-term PAT systems. This work will lead to improve understanding of contaminant transport and plume persistence, and in turn will enhance site characterization and site management for contaminated sites with large plumes.
Are hints about glass forming ability hidden in the liquid structure

Abstract Despite intense interest, identifying the structural origin of glass forming ability in metallic alloys remains a challenge due to the difficulty of describing the evolution of the long-range disordered structure from the liquid. Here, we report the cluster variance in the liquid as a potential parameter to predict glass formation based on our investigation of the structural and cluster evolution in the ternary Al-Ni-Zr system using molecular dynamics simulations. The glass forming ability is greatest where the variance of cluster fractions in the liquid is minimized, which was verified by the experimental glass forming range identified using a high-throughput alloy processing technique. Experimentally, glass formation was found over a wide compositional range centered on Al21.4Ni23.9Zr54.7, and is in excellent agreement with simulations. Because the variance of cluster fractions at temperatures above the liquidus temperature is independent of quench rate as well as any particular cluster type, we believe this method could be extended to any alloy system, including those of higher complexity.
Hyperammonemia after capecitabine associated with occult impairment of the urea cycle

Background Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy often complain of "chemobrain" or cognitive impairment, but mechanisms remain elusive. Methods A patient with gastric cancer developed delirium and hyperammonemia after chemotherapy with the 5-fluorouracil pro-drug capecitabine. Exome sequencing facilitated a search for mutations among 43 genes associated with hyperammonemia and affecting the urea cycle directly or indirectly. Results The patient's urea cycle was impaired by capecitabine-induced liver steatosis, and portosystemic shunting of gut ammonia into the systemic circulation. The patient was also heterozygous for amino acid substitution mutations previously reported to create dysfunctional proteins in 2 genes, ORNT2 (ornithine transporter-2 for the urea cycle), and ETFA (electron transport flavoprotein alpha for fatty acid oxidation). The mutations explained the patient's abnormal plasma amino acid profile and exaggerated response to allopurinol challenge. Global population variations among the 43 hyperammonemia genes were assessed for inactivating mutations, and for amino acid substitutions predicted to be deleterious by complementary algorithms, SIFT and PolyPhen-2. One or 2 deleterious mutations occur among the 43 genes in 13.9% and 1% of individuals, respectively. Conclusions Capecitabine and 5-fluorouracil inhibit pyrimidine biosynthesis, decreasing ammonia utilization. These drugs can induce hyperammonemia in susceptible individuals. The risk factors of hyperammonemia, gene mutations and liver dysfunction, are not rare. Diagnosis will trigger appropriate treatment and ameliorate brain toxicity.
Convergent Validity in Cognitive Assessment of Social Anxiety: Endorsement Versus Production Methods in Deriving States of Mind Ratio

This study evaluated the convergent validity of 2 methods of assessing cognitive self-statements relative to social anxiety: an endorsement method (i.e., the Social Interaction Self-Statement Test, SISST; C. R. Glass, T. V. Merluzzi, J. L. Biever, & K. H. Larsen, 1982) and a production method (i.e., thought-listing; J. T. Cacioppo, C. R. Glass, & T. V. Merluzzi, 1979). Participants were randomly assigned to either method and exposed to a get-acquainted conversation after which they completed 1 of 2 self-statement measures. After converting self-statement scores to a states of mind (SOM) ratio, results showed the SISST yielded a significantly more adaptive SOM (i.e., .70) than the thought-listing SOM (i.e., .47). Also, the SISST was superior to thought-listing in accounting for predicted variance in 3 of 4 criterion measures. Reasons for lack of convergent validity and implications for future research are discussed.
Ontogeny of the anuran urostyle and the developmental context of evolutionary novelty

Developmental novelties often underlie the evolutionary origins of key metazoan features. The anuran urostyle, which evolved nearly 200 MYA, is one such structure. It forms as the tail regresses during metamorphosis, when locomotion changes from an axial-driven mode in larvae to a limb-driven one in adult frogs. The urostyle comprises of a coccyx and a hypochord. The coccyx forms by fusion of caudal vertebrae and has evolved repeatedly across vertebrates. However, the contribution of an ossifying hypochord to the coccyx in anurans is unique among vertebrates and remains a developmental enigma. Here, we focus on the developmental changes that lead to the anuran urostyle, with an emphasis on understanding the ossifying hypochord. We find that the coccyx and hypochord have two different developmental histories: First, the development of the coccyx initiates before metamorphic climax whereas the ossifying hypochord undergoes rapid ossification and hypertrophy; second, thyroid hormone directly affects hypochord formation and appears to have a secondary effect on the coccygeal portion of the urostyle. The embryonic hypochord is known to play a significant role in the positioning of the dorsal aorta (DA), but the reason for hypochordal ossification remains obscure. Our results suggest that the ossifying hypochord plays a role in remodeling the DA in the newly forming adult body by partially occluding the DA in the tail. We propose that the ossifying hypochord-induced loss of the tail during metamorphosis has enabled the evolution of the unique anuran bauplan.
Chapter 20 – Beta Oscillations

Segregation of the frequency spectrum into “classical frequency” bands is as old as the discovery of the electroencephalogram by Hans Berger. The resulting nomenclature of Greek letters for the different frequency bands has proven useful, but it also has the potential to confuse because of a lack of commonly agreed upon definitions. This is particularly true for the beta frequency band discussed in this chapter. Tucked in between the alpha oscillations, which can be easily detected in recordings from participants with closed eyes, and the gamma oscillations, which are fundamental for cognition, beta oscillations have remained a poorly delineated, vaguely defined frequency band. As a result, we lack a clear definition of which frequencies belong in the beta band (typically 12–30 Hz). Most of what we know about the beta oscillation stems from research of the motor system.
ENLARGED CORTICAL CELLS AND REDUCED CORTICAL CELL FILE NUMBER IMPROVE MAIZE GROWTH UNDER SUBOPTIMAL NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM AVAILABILITY

Reduced cortical cell files (CCFN) and enlarged cortical cells (CCS) reduce root maintenance costs. We used OpenSimRoot, a functional-structural model, to test the hypothesis that larger CCS, reduced CCFN, and their interactions with root cortical aerenchyma (RCA), are useful adaptations to suboptimal soil N, P, and K availability. Interactions of CCS and CCFN with lateral root branching density (LRBD) and increased carbon availability were evaluated under limited N, P and K availability. The combination of larger CCS and reduced CCFN increases the growth of maize up to 105%, 106%, and 144%, respectively, under limited N, P, or K availability. Interactions among larger CCS, reduced CCFN, and greater RCA results in combined growth benefits of up to 135%, 132%, and 161% under limited N, P, and K levels, respectively. Under low phosphorus and potassium availability, increased LRBD approximately doubles the utility of larger CCS and reduced CCFN. The utility of larger CCS and reduced CCFN is reduced by greater C availability as may occur in future climate scenarios. Our results support the hypothesis that larger CCS, reduced CCFN, and their interactions with RCA could increase nutrient acquisition by reducing root respiration and root nutrient demand. Phene synergisms may exist between CCS, CCFN, and LRBD. Natural genetic variation in CCS and CCFN merit consideration for breeding cereal crops with improved nutrient acquisition, which is critical for global food security.
A conservative phase-space moving-grid strategy for a 1D-2V Vlasov–Fokker–Planck Solver

Abstract We develop a conservative configuration- and velocity-space (i.e., phase-space) moving-grid strategy for the Vlasov–Fokker–Planck (VFP) equation in a planar geometry. The velocity-space grid is normalized and shifted in terms of the thermal speed and the bulk-fluid velocity, respectively. The configuration-space grid is moved according to a mesh-motion-partial-differential equation (MMPDE), which equidistributes a monitor function that is inversely proportional to the gradient-length scales of the macroscopic plasma quantities. The resulting inertial terms in the transformed VFP equations are discretized to ensure the discrete conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. To satisfy the discrete conservation theorems in the presence of phase-space mesh motion, we employ the method of discrete nonlinear constraints – explored in previous studies – but the underlying symmetries are determined in a much more efficient manner than before. The conservative grid-adaptivity strategy provides an efficient scheme that resolves important physical structures in the phase-space while controlling the computational complexity at all times. We demonstrate the favorable features of the proposed algorithm through a set of test cases of increasing complexity. The problems test independent components of the algorithms, as well as the integrated capability on settings relevant to inertial confinement fusion.
National Prevalence of Problems Paying Medical Bills and Cost‐Related Delays in Care Among Medicare Enrollees

Research Objective Older adults and disabled individuals in Medicare often have limited financial resources and high levels of health care needs. When out‐of‐pocket costs are not affordable, treatment may be delayed or forgone, potentially leading to worse health outcomes. We examined newly available survey data to produce the first national prevalence estimates of problems paying medical bills and delaying care due to costs among Medicare enrollees.
The role of gender in Turkish parliamentary debates

This paper assesses the substantive representation of women through parliamentary speeches in Turkey with the goal of determining whether legislative behavior differs across gender. By using conten...
Trust in a COVID-19 vaccine in the U.S.: A social-ecological perspective.

•Low COVID-19 vaccine trust associated with vaccines distributed too soon.•Social norms were strongly associated with COVID-19 vaccine trust.•High trustworthiness in CDC as for information was linked to vaccine trust.•Females expressed lower vaccine trust than males.
Is there a global convergence of management foci in city credit quality assessments? A computational analysis approach

Financialization of urban governance is a process taking place with varying degrees of depth around the world. A key intermediary and a product that many cities must face to gain access to capital ...
Chinese Influences on Inflation Determination in Australia and the ASEAN group: A Markov-Switching Analysis

Notwithstanding China’s rapidly growing role in the world economy, there is surprisingly little analysis of the extent to which inflation dynamics in China are passed through to other regional economies. We find evidence of significant inflation transmission from China to Australia and the five larger ASEAN economies under our Markov-switching analysis that allows for variation across high and low volatility states. Chinese inflation effects are further confirmed when we incorporate money supply and commodity price effects with a Markov-Switching Vector Autoregressive (VAR) framework.
Trends Over Time in Antipsychotic Initiation at a Large Children's Health Care System.

Objectives: Antipsychotic prescribing in children and adolescents increased sharply beginning in the 1990s, but recent reports among Medicaid enrollees suggest declining trends. However, few studies have included both commercially and publicly insured patients or focused on trends in new antipsychotic medications in children without documented psychotic disorders or other indicated conditions. The objective of the study was to report trends in new antipsychotic prescribing for pediatric patients (age 3-17 years) in a large children's health care system. Methods: Data were abstracted from electronic medical records (January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2017). New antipsychotic medication orders were defined as antipsychotic orders for patients without an order in the 180 days prior. Patients were excluded if the order was initiated in an emergency department or inpatient setting; they were diagnosed with psychotic disorder, mania, autism spectrum disorder, or intellectual disability; or the order was for prochlorperazine. The crude rate of new antipsychotic prescribing is reported quarterly with Poisson 95% confidence intervals in the total sample and by demographic subgroups (child vs. adolescent, female vs. male, public vs. private insurance, and white vs. nonwhite). Results: Antipsychotic orders decreased from 54.9 prescriptions per 10,000 person months in the first quarter of 2013 to 34.1 per 10,000 person months in the last quarter of 2017. Rates of antipsychotic prescribing were significantly higher for adolescents compared with children, patients who were commercially insured compared with Medicaid insured, and at most time points for white compared with non-white patients. However, prescribing rates did not differ significantly based on gender. Conclusions: Antipsychotic prescribing declined for both commercially and Medicaid-insured children in a pediatric hospital-based system, although white and commercially insured patients were more likely to be prescribed antipsychotics. More attention may be needed for reducing potentially avoidable prescribing of antipsychotics in previously understudied subgroups, such as commercially insured patients. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03448575.
A Model for Exploring Hardware/Software Trade-offs and Evaluating Design Alternatives

To address the separation between the hardware and software domains, this chapter presents an abstract hardware/software model employing a unified representation that supports the early exploration of hardware/software trade-offs and the evaluation of design alternatives with respect to multiple metrics. Using this model, systems can be evaluated at different levels of detail, allowing those aspects of interest to be focused on. This model has been implemented in the Advanced Design Environment Prototyping Tool (ADEPT). The abstract hardware/software model is demonstrated on two examples: a “best-fit ellipse “feature extraction algorithm and a stylus tracking system.
Renewable Energy Challenges and Opportunities: Geospatial and Qualitative Analysis of Southern California

Renewable energy has become an increasingly important and viable approach for mitigating the negative impacts of generating electrical energy with fossil fuels, such as oil and gas. In our study of renewable energy we conducted geospatial analysis of an array of demographic characteristics and renewable energy facilities (manufacturers, installations) for wind and solar energy. The analysis focused on Southern California, but also included two benchmark urban regions in other states, Maryland and Texas with well-developed solar and wind sectors, respectively. Qualitative data on renewable energy was also collected through personal interviews to supplement our geospatial analysis. Implications for sustainability are drawn by identifying key aspects of renewable energy development in Southern California.
Multi-Channel-Distribution/Allfinanzprodukte — Sicherstellung einer umfassenden Kundenbetreuung

Wachstum und Wandel einzelner Geschaftsbereiche innerhalb eines Konzerns verunmoglichen es bis heute, eine fur das Marketing wertvolle Kundengesamtsicht bereitzustellen. Das Ziel des Projektes „Marketingdatenbank“ (MDB) der Winterthur Versicherung ist es, bereits vorhandene Daten zu kanalisieren und in Form einer Kundengesamtsicht verfugbar zu machen. Dadurch wird die infrastrukturelle Voraussetzung zur Implementierung des Customer Relationship Management und des Database Marketing geschaffen.
Regarding the detectability and measurement of coronal mass ejections

In this review I discuss the problems associated with the detection and measurement of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). CMEs are important phenomena both scientifically, as they play a crucial role in the evolution of the solar corona, and technologically, as their impact with the Earth leads to severe space weather activity in the form of magnetic storms. I focus on the observation of CMEs using visible white light imagers (coronagraphs and heliospheric imagers), as they may be regarded as the binding agents between different datasets and different models that are used to reconstruct them. Our ability to accurately measure CMEs observed by these imagers is hampered by many factors, from instrumental to geometrical to physical. Following a brief review of the history of CME observation and measurement, I explore the impediments to our ability to measure them and describe possible means for which we may be able to mitigate those impediments. I conclude with a discussion of the claim that we have reached the limit of the information that we can extract from the current generation of white light imagers, and discuss possible ways forward regarding future instrument capabilities.
On the Normal Subgroups of

We give a characterization theorem for the E(A)-normalized subgroups of G2 (A), where A is any commutative ring. This is the last of the simple Chevalley-Demazure group-schemes for which such a theorem is lacking. INTRODUCTION In this paper we prove a theorem (3.6) which characterizes the E(A)-normalized subgroups of G2(A) for an arbitrary commutative ring A. The theorem brings to completion the larger project of finding characterization theorems for E(A)normalized subgroups of simple Chevalley-Demazure group-schemes G(A) of rank > 2 over arbitrary commutative rings. The bulk of t;he project was done by Vaserstein in his essential paper [16]. There he proved the standard characterization theorem, given by a "ladder" corresponding to an ideal, for all commutative rings for all G of rank > 2 except those of types B2= C2 and G2. Vaserstein also suggested in that paper that previous work by Abe [1] and Abe-Suzuki [3] could be improved to yield more. This was accomplished by Abe in [2], wherein he showed that E(A)normalized subgroups of G(A) could be characterized by ladders determined by "admissible pairs" of ideals, with the exception that for G of type B2 = C2 or G2 rings A having residue class fields of two elements must be excluded. Our paper [8] subsequently succeeded in removing this restriction for G of type C2 (and so also for G of type B2) by recognizing that the presence of residue fields of two elements required lowering the bottom rung of the ladder. This left only the case G of type G2 to be finished; the present paper does so by applying the "lower bottom rung" idea of [8] (see also [7]) to this case. We now give a more explicit description of our results. Let A be an arbitrary commutative ring and denote by G2(A) the group of type G2 defined over A. The main theorem (3.6) is that a subgroup N of G2(A) is E(A)-normalized if and only if C(J, J') C N C G(J, J') for a pair of ideals J, J' satisfying the condition J3 C J' C J. Here, J3 denotes the ideal of A generated by all elements of the form x3 and 3x for all x in J, so that (J, J') is an admissible pair in the sense of Abe. The bracketing groups C(J, J') and G(J, J') are defined in Section 1 below. In essence, C(J, J') is the mixed commutator group [E(A), E(J, J')], where E(J, J') is the E(A)-normalized subgroup generated by all elements x,(j) with a long and Received by the editors April 1, 1997 and, in revised form, May 22, 1997. 1991 Mathematics Sutbject Classification. Primary 20H05; Secondary 20G35. Research partially supported by NSA grant MDA 904-94-H-2008 and NSF grant DMS-9622899. (?)1999 American Mathematical Society
The T4 DNA polymerase accessory proteins form an ATP-dependent complex on a primer-template junction.

Abstract The DNA polymerase holoenzyme of bacteriophage T4 contains, besides the DNA polymerase itself (the gene 43 protein), a complex of the protein products of T4 genes 44 and 62 (a DNA-dependent ATPase) and of gene 45. Together, the 44/62 and 45 proteins form an ATP-dependent "sliding clamp" that holds a moving DNA polymerase molecule at the 3' terminus of a growing DNA chain. We have used a unique DNA fragment that forms a short hairpin helix with a single-stranded 5' tail (a "primer-template junction") to map the binding sites for these polymerase accessory proteins by DNA footprinting techniques. In the absence of the DNA polymerase, the accessory proteins protect from DNase I cleavage 19-20 nucleotides just behind the 3' end of the primer strand and 27-28 nucleotides on the complementary portion of the template strand. Detection of this DNA-protein complex requires the 44/62 and 45 proteins plus the nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue adenosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate). The complex is not detected in the presence of ATP. We suggest that ATP hydrolysis by the 44/62 protein normally activates the accessory proteins at a primer-template junction, permitting the DNA polymerase to bind and thus form the complete holoenzyme. However, when the polymerase is missing, as in these experiments, ATP hydrolysis is instead followed by a release (or loosening) of the accessory protein complex.
The Dis-Integration of Administrative Law: A Comment on Shapiro

Martin Shapiro's proposal to break "administrative discretion" down into smaller units is a step in the right direction, but it does not go far enough.' In this Comment, I propose an alternative view which I call the "dis-integration" of administrative law.2 I do not mean that administrative law no longer exists, but rather that it is gradually becoming a more diffuse and less powerful force in the law. I first consider the general enterprise of inventing new legal concepts. (This point is not directed exclusively at Shapiro's Article, but relates to others in the Symposium as well.) I then focus on the concept of administrative discretion and its relationship to judicial review. The heart of my Comment describes what I take to be the disagreement between Shapiro and me as to the future of administrative law. Shapiro predicts both greater emphasis on "technocracy" and an expansion of court control over administrative discretion.3 I believe that these two tendencies conflict and that increased reliance on forms of expertise other than judge-made law will accelerate the "dis-integration" of administrative law. Finally, I consider the implications of this trend for the professional role of lawyers.
Characterization of the myristylated polypeptide encoded by the UL1 gene that is conserved in the genome of defective interfering particles of equine herpesvirus 1.

Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1, Kentucky A strain) preparations enriched for defective interfering particles (DIPs) can readily establish persistent infection. The UL1 gene, which is conserved in the genome of DIPs that mediate persistent infection, maps between nucleotides 1418 and 2192 (258 amino acids) from the L (long) terminus. UL1 has no homology with any known gene encoded by herpes simplex virus type 1 but has limited homology to open reading frame 2 of varicella-zoster virus and the "circ" gene of bovine herpesvirus type 1. Previous work showed that the EHV-1 UL1 gene belongs to the early kinetic class and is transcribed as a 1.2-kb polyadenylated mRNA (R. N. Harty, R. R. Yalamanchili, and D. J. O'Callaghan, Virology 183:830-833, 1991). In this report, the UL1 protein was identified and characterized as a 33-kDa polypeptide in EHV-1-infected cells by using rabbit polyclonal antiserum raised against a TrpE-UL1 fusion protein (amino acids 7 to 258 of UL1) synthesized in Escherichia coli. Results from Western blot (immunoblot), immunoprecipitation, indirect immunofluorescence, and biochemical analyses indicated that the UL1 polypeptide (i) is more abundant in cells infected with DIP-enriched virus than in cells infected with standard EHV-1, (ii) is synthesized as early as 3 h postinfection (p.i.) in infection with standard virus or in infection with DIP-enriched virus preparations and increases in abundance up to 12 h p.i., (iii) appears to be associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus early in infection (3 to 4 h p.i.), while a diffuse cytoplasmic pattern of fluorescence is observed late in infection (7 to 8 h p.i.), (iv) is modified by myristic acid as it contains a consensus N-terminal myristylation site and is readily labeled with [3H]myristic acid, and (v) is associated with mature EHV-1 virions.
Electrophysiological correlates of presynaptic alpha 2-receptor- mediated inhibition of norepinephrine release at locus coeruleus synapses in dentate gyrus

Despite an abundance of evidence that presynaptic alpha 2-adrenergic receptors mediate inhibitory control of the release of norepinephrine (NE) from the terminals of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons, few studies have demonstrated the physiological significance of this “autoreceptor”- mediated inhibition on NE-mediated synaptic activity within the mammalian brain. This question was addressed by examining the effects of systemic administration of alpha 2-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on the ability of LC stimulation to augment the population spike recorded in the dentate gyrus in response to activation of the perforant path (PP). Extracellular field potentials were recorded in the cell body and dendritic layer of dentate gyrus following single shocks of the entorhinal cortex in halothane-anesthetized rats. Stimulation of the ipsilateral LC 35 msec prior to PP activation produced a short-term enhancement of the population spike amplitude recorded in the cell layer but did not significantly alter dendritic potentials. The effects of LC stimulation were blocked by administration of the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol but not the alpha 2-antagonist idazoxan and were abolished by pretreatment of animals with the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. Administration of clonidine reversibly abolished the enhancement produced by LC conditioning. The effect of clonidine was dose dependent and was blocked by administration of idazoxan, which restored the LC potentiative effect. Conditioning stimulation of LC noradrenergic axons in the dorsal bundle also potentiated the PP-evoked population spike, and this effect was equally sensitive to the depressant action of clonidine. In comparison, clonidine, in the range of dosages tested, did not significantly affect the potentials evoked in the dendritic or cell layer by presentations of unconditioned PP test stimuli. We interpret these data to provide evidence for a functional impairment of LC-mediated physiological action on postsynaptic target cells as a result of presynaptic alpha 2-autoreceptor-mediated feedback inhibition of NE release.
Poppr: an R package for genetic analysis of populations with clonal or partially clonal reproduction

Many microbial, fungal, or oomcyete populations violate assumptions for population genetic analysis because these populations are clonal or partially clonal. Furthermore, few tools exist that are specifically designed for analyzing data from clonal populations, making analysis difficult and haphazard. We developed the R package poppr providing unique tools for analysis of data from admixed, clonal, and/or mixed populations. Currently, poppr can be used for dominant/codominant and haploid/diploid genetic data. Data can be imported from several formats including GenAlEx formatted text files and can be analyzed on a user-defined hierarchy that includes unlimited levels of subpopulation structure and clone censoring. New functions include calculation of Bruvo’s distance for microsatellites, batchanalysis of the index of association with several indices of genotypic diversity, and graphing including dendrograms with bootstrap support and minimum spanning networks. A manual with documentation and examples is provided. Poppr is open source and major releases are available on CRAN: http://cran.r-project.org/package=poppr. More supporting documentation and tutorials can be found under ‘resources’ at: http://grunwaldlab.cgrb.oregonstate.edu/.
Device for More Economical Standby Operation of Continuous-Flow Analyzers

To decrease the reagent-consumption rate of continuous-flow analyzers, I constructed a device that allows standby operation. The device, when actuated by switching off the sampler, decreases the effective pumping rate to less than 1/15 normal. The bubble pattern remains virtually undisturbed, and the system can be immediately restarted for emergency use. During five months of use in our laboratory with a Technicon platelet counter, the device has decreased reagent consumption by 60%, while allowing 24-hour-a-day operation. There have been no analytical errors traceable to the device, and no mechanical problems have arisen. I describe the use of the device in a continuous-flow system for determination of creatinine
Nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra of substituted nitrobenzenes

Abstract The 14 N nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra have been measured for nitrobenzene and nine substituted nitrobenzenes. The experiments were carried out at 77 K, using the double-resonance, level-crossing technique. The 14 N signals for the −NH 2 groups of m -and p -nitroaniline were also observed. The quadrupole coupling constants for the nitro group nitrogens vary from 1493 kHz for p -nitroaniline (η = 0.292) to 1232 kHz for m -dinitrobenzene (η = 0.360). The dependence of e 2 Qq / h upon the meta or the para substituent suggests that the substituents affect mainly the covalency in the nitrogen-carbon σ bond. A linear relationship is observed between e 2 Qq / h and the Hammett substituent constants.
Further metabolism of naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl) by the intestine

Abstract Metabolism of the insecticide (14C-naphthyl) N-methylcarbamate by the rat small intestine was observed in vitro. Volatile derivatives of the intact 14C-metabolites or of the 14C-labeled hydrolysis products (14C-lipophiles) from metabolites were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (glc) interfaced to a mass spectrometer (glc/ms). Of the 1.75 mg of substrate equivalents of 14C-labeled material recovered, approximately 43% was the unmetabolized 14C-carbamate; [1-14C]naphthyl glucuronide and [14C]hydroxy-1-naphthyl glucuronide accounted for about 23%. The rest (about 34%; 0.59 mg-eq) was distributed among numerous identified and unidentified 14C-lipophiles derived from polar 14C-metabolites. The following 14C-lipophiles were identified: 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate, hydroxy-1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate, 1-naphthol, hydroxy-1-naphthol, dihydroxy-1-naphthol (tentative), and dihydro-dihydroxy-1-naphthol. The evidence indicates that the same 14C-lipophile was released by hydrolysis of several 14C-metabolites; presumably, the hydrophilic groups were cleaved from the lipophile of these metabolites unintentionally during chromatgraphy and preparation of volatile derivatives. Glucuronic acid was the only hydrophile identified. Thus, the small intestine was capable of metabolism of this carbamate involving oxidations of the naphthol moiety, hydrolysis of the carbamate esters, and conjugations of the carbamate and of lipophilic products derived from the carbamate. Trimethylsilyl derivatives were found to be useful for glc and glc/ms analyses of the metabolites of this carbamate.