cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distributional effects of lotteries and auctions—License plate regulations in Guangzhou

Abstract Lotteries and auctions are common ways of allocating public resources, but they have rarely been used simultaneously in urban transportation policies. This paper presents a unique policy experiment in Guangzhou, China, where lotteries and auctions are used in conjunction to allocate vehicle licenses. Guangzhou introduced vehicle license regulations to control the monthly quota of local automobile growth in 2012. To obtain a license, residents are required to choose between the lottery and auction method. Since the introduction of the regulations, there has been heated debates on the distributional effects of lotteries and auctions; however, the debates have not been grounded in empirical studies. We analyze the distributional effects of such mixed mode of resource allocation in a positive manner based on individual behavioral choices. We conducted a survey in January 2016 (n = 1000 people ∗ 12 months), and used mixed logit models to analyze how socio-economic status, including income and household automobile ownership, determined people’s choices among lottery, auction, and non-participation alternatives. We find that income increased participation, but did not influence non-car owners’ choices between lotteries and auctions, which contrasts with the common notion that lotteries benefit the poor. Additionally, the positive impact of car ownership on participation indicates a car-dependent trajectory for automobile growth. The significant socio-economic differentiators between lotteries and auctions were age, gender, and education. Proxies of mobility needs were insignificant overall. The program attributes had a much larger impact than all other variables—people were more likely to choose lotteries with higher winning rates and more participants and more likely to choose auctions with higher prices and more participants. We concluded that for those who participated, the choice between lotteries and auctions did not depend on their income or mobility needs but, rather, the probability of winning plates and the opportunity for speculation.
Bovine intramammary infection associated immunogenic surface proteins of Streptococcus uberis.

Abstract In spite of the increasing prevalence of Streptococcus uberis mastitis, its pathogenesis and associated virulence factors are not clearly defined. The aim of this study was to identify virulence associated genes and their products that can be used to develop effective vaccine to control bovine S. uberis mastitis. S. uberis was co-cultured with primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (PBMEC) or infused into mammary gland of dairy cows. The messenger RNA (mRNA) from S. uberis associated with PBMEC after 2 h or 4 h of co-culture was purified and sequenced. Results showed that virulence-associated genes such as surface lipoprotein (slp), infection induced histidine kinase (iihK), infection induced response regulator (iirR) and extracellular sugar binding protein 1 and 2 (exsbP1 and exsbP2) were among the top-up-regulated genes. To verify this observation in vivo, quantitative real time PCR (qRT – PCR) was conducted on mRNA of S. uberis recovered from milk of infected mammary glands 24 h post infection. Results revealed that in vitro up-regulated virulence-associated genes were also significantly up regulated under in vivo conditions. The iihK and iirR are flanked by exsbP1 and exsbP2 genes and this entire operon seems to be involved in adaptation to glands micro-environment, survival and colonization of the bovine mammary glands. Based on immunogenic epitope prediction of proteins encoded by these up-regulated genes during early stages of host-bacterial interactions slp, exsbP1 and exsbP2 genes were selected, cloned and expressed in E. coli. The purified recombinant proteins (rSlP, rExsbP1 & rExsbP2) reacted strongly with convalescent serum from cows experimentally infected with S. uberis confirming that they are immunogenic. These proteins may serve as potential targets to develop an effective vaccine against S. uberis mastitis.
Elevated parasite burdens as a potential mechanism affecting northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) population dynamics in the Rolling Plains of West Texas

Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) are a highly sought-after game bird in the Rolling Plains of West Texas. Unfortunately, bobwhite populations in this area are subject to dramatic fluctuations and have been steadily decreasing over the past several decades. While many factors have been investigated as potential mechanisms of cyclic and declining bobwhite numbers, the effect of parasites on bobwhite populations has historically been undervalued. Between December 2017 and February 2018, we received 21 hunter-shot bobwhite from Garza and Mitchell counties in Texas and found peak caecal worm (Aulonocephalus pennula) and eyeworm (Oxyspirura petrowi) burdens averaging 599 and 44, respectively. These represent the highest average parasite loads we have documented in bobwhite from the Rolling Plains thus far and are coincident with widespread reports of declining bobwhite abundance. These elevated infections also followed a high point in bobwhite populations in the Rolling Plains, and our observations of infection dynamics during this time reflect other instances of potential parasite-induced host mortality. While the sample discussed in this communication is small, our findings highlight the need for additional research into how parasites may affect bobwhite population fluctuations in this region.
The Tandem Truck Backer-Upper Problem

The tandem truck backer-upper (TTBU) problem is an extension of the single trailer truck-backer upper problem where this problem uses a trailer truck with two trailers instead of one, which is considered to be nearly impossible for humans alone. A pure reinforcement learning approach has not be used to solve this problem, however, an assistive control scheme for this problem has been developed system that merely assists, but does not replace, the truck driver in backing up the tandem trailer. The work described herein is the first to use a simple reinforcement learning approach to begin to learn the tandem trailer-backer upper problem, and we explore the ability of the temporal difference algorithm to learn this problem in this chapter.
New Pathogens in the Immunocompromised Host

As more patients receive ever-increasing and more potent chemotherapy for cancer and more potent immunosuppressive agents for bone marrow and other transplantations we are likely to encounter increasing numbers of opportunistic infections and also new types of infecting organisms. Even in the past decade several changes have occurred in the distribution of organisms causing bacteremia in neutropenic patients.
High Technology Manufacturing: Critical Issues for the Future

The economy of fabrication integration has moved the semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) industry forward at an unparalleled pace. The steady move to greater integration of computational functions achieved by smaller minimum feature sizes and larger wafer and die sizes has characterized IC technology since its inception. Figure 1 details the increase in circuit complexity over the past ~ 25 years. For a large part of that time, circuit complexity doubled each year.1 The continual decrease in device dimension and increase in wafer size, have allowed a greater number of more sophisticated devices to be produced per wafer. The level of circuit integration has proceeded from “small scale integration” (SSI,~100 gates) to the threshold of “ultra-large scaleintegration” (ULSI, ~ 109 gates). This has been influential in achieving the reduction of cost per “bit”, as shown in Figure 2. As in Figure 1, we note that the most recent data shows a leveling off of the rate of change of either reduction in device dimension or reduction in cost per bit. This levelling off reflects changes in and current constraints to device and processing technology, and suggests re-evaluation of “traditional” manufacturing strategies for continued economic viability in this area. Those traditional strategies have included extensive use of “batch processing” (simultaneous processing of large numbers of wafers), performed on increasingly sophisticated, disjoint equipment within extensive clean room facilities
Diseases of Millet

The species included are foxtail millet or Italian millet, Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. (syn. Chaeotchloa italica (L.) Scrib.); browntop millet, Panicum miliaceum L.; Japanese millet or sawan millet, Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea (Rozb.) Wright; jungle rice millet, E. colonum (L.) Link; pearl millet or bajra, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.; and finger millet, ragi, or African millet, Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Certain diseases are reported to affect some millets. Any differences between millets in susceptibility to pathogens are noted in the text, if known.
Digital Storytelling, Applied Theatre, & Youth: Performing Possibility

Digital Storytelling, Applied Theatre, & Youth argues that theatre artists must re-imagine how and why they facilitate performance practices with young people. Rapid globalization and advances in media and technology continue to change the ways that people engage with and understand the world around them. Drawing on pedagogical, aesthetic, and theoretical threads of applied theatre and media practices, this book presents practitioners, scholars, and educators with innovative approaches to devising and performing digital stories. This book offers the first comprehensive examination of digital storytelling as an applied theatre practice. Alrutz explores how participatory and mediated performance practices can engage the wisdom and experience of youth; build knowledge about self, others and society; and invite dialogue and deliberation with audiences. In doing so, she theorizes digital storytelling as a site of possibility for critical and relational practices, feminist performance pedagogies, and alliance building with young people.
Development of the Home Executive Function Environment (HEFE) Scale: Assessing its relation to preschoolers' executive function

Abstract Executive function (EF) skills are important for the development of children’s school readiness and academic achievement. One important context where children may develop these skills is the home environment, and research has found that broad indicators of the home environment and parenting practices are related to the development of children’s EF. However, it is also important to investigate whether parents’ EF-specific practices with their children (e.g., playing concentration games) are related to children’s EF skills. In this study, we developed the Home EF Environment (HEFE) scale and analyzed it using factor analysis with a sample of 120 preschool children and one of their parents in the Unites States. Mean age for children ranged from 38 to 69 months (M = 56.65, SD = 6.54), and 52% were male. Additionally, we analyzed the associations between the parent-reported HEFE scale and children’s EF skills. Factor analysis indicated that EF-specific activities form a distinguishable part of the home environment. Further, a set of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the HEFE scale is related to a global measure of children’s EF over and above the home learning environment and general parenting practices, but not cognitive flexibility or inhibitory control. The potential importance of EF-specific activities in the home environment as well as study implications is addressed in the discussion.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 1972 Norms Edition

The revised manual accompanies a more attractive packaging of the third edition of the well known pioneer in American psychometrics. The improved production characteristics set off the new Part IV ...
In-memory Blockchain: Toward Efficient and Trustworthy Data Provenance for HPC Systems

The state-of-the-art approaches for tracking data provenance on high-performance computing (HPC) systems are either supported by file systems or relational databases. These techniques shared the same critique on the provenance data’s fidelity and the associated I/O overhead. This paper envisions to track the HPC data provenance using a distributed in-memory ledger—the core technique leveraged by blockchains and proven to be highly trustworthy by many large-scale applications. We pinpoint two system challenges—storage architecture and consensus protocol—for adopting blockchains to HPC and make the following contributions: (i) We design a new in-memory blockchain architecture for HPC systems, exploiting the high-performance network infrastructure InfiniBand and greatly reducing the I/O overhead; and (ii) We develop a new consensus protocol, namely proof-of-reproducibility (PoR), crafted for the new architecture, which takes into account both proof-of-work (PoW) and proof-of-stake (PoS) mechanisms. The correctness of PoR is both theoretically proven and experimentally verified. A prototype system is implemented and evaluated with more than one million transactions, showing 32× speedup compared to the filesystem-based provenance service and four orders of magnitude speedup compared to the database-based provenance service.
Crowdsourced measurements for device fingerprinting

Physical layer identification allows verifying a user's identity based on their transmitter hardware. In contrast with digital identifiers at higher protocol layers, physical layer identification or device fingerprinting can identify unique signal characteristics at the physical layer introduced by manufacturing variability specific to each device. Recently, dynamic spectrum access has been proposed to allow a larger number of devices to efficiently access wireless spectrum. In such a system many low-cost devices may be distributed over a large area with spectrum allocated and managed by a central authority. Traditional authentication methods may not be secure, or adequate to identify existing users in a backwards compatible way: Identifiers such as MAC addresses can be impersonated, and the number of devices and their distributed nature may make key distribution and revocation difficult. Consequently, physical layer identification can be used to augment other security measures. We consider a crowdsourced scenario where individual users observe a signal using their own receiver and report their measurements to an enforcement authority which then identifies malicious users. Three types of measurements that can be crowdsourced are considered: actual signal observations, feature values, and fingerprinter output. Several methods for combining these measurements are considered. Performance is demonstrated on data collected from three wireless channels, used to simulate multiple receivers, from a total of twelve transmitters. The methods are evaluated in terms of required computational resources, bandwidth to report measurements, and how they are affected by mismatch in receiver characteristics. It is found that the crowdsourcing measurements can provide an improvement over individual receivers, with the best method dependent on the features and receivers used.
The Impact of Training and Development Activities on Small Technology Oriented Entrepreneurial Firm Performance

Based on prior research in training and development , planning and performance, and entrepreneurship, it was predicted that formal training and development would play an important role in shaping the strategic planning process and subsequent entrepreneurial firm performance. Data from 73 founder/managers of technology oriented electronic businesses were collected and analyzed to determine the impact of T & D on firm performance. More specifically the study investigated the relationships between training and development, the perceived benefits of training and development , and the sophistication of a firm' s strategic orientation to planning . Preliminary results indicate that training and development are related to firm performance.
Health Benefits of Culturally Oriented Dance

Racial and ethnic inequities in higher education remain for African American and Latino/Hispanic students with regard to acceptance and graduation rates. These disparities are also persistent in higher education dance programs. Research suggests that in the academy, dance is both taught and practiced primarily by whites and that dance faculty in higher education are also becoming increasingly white with less representations from racial and ethnic minorities. Strategies for engaging more students of color into higher education dance programs, including reaching out to arts-based high schools with diverse student populations and recruiting and retaining a diverse faculty, have been successful. An additional potential strategy for engaging more students and faculty of color into higher education dance programs is incorporating curriculum related to culturally oriented forms of dance. Despite the available research demonstrating the significant benefits of cultural dance, there is still insufficient empirical evidence to encourage widespread implementation of cultural dance programs in higher education. To begin to address this gap in the literature, the current project utilized semi-structured interviews to examine the psychological and physical health benefits of West African dance from the perspectives of pre-professional and professional dancers who attended a West African dance conference. Brief surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 participants. Our analysis revealed three predominant themes: (1) overarching health benefits of African dance, (2) challenges and barriers to participation in physical activity, and (3) connection. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The COVID-19 pandemic: reflections for the field of sleep medicine.

Citation:Ramar K. The COVID-19 pandemic: reflections for the field of sleep medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(7):993–996.
MICROENCAPSULATION OF MULTI-ENZYME SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT Microcapsules were formed by emulsifying an aqueous solution into milkfat and extruding the emulsion into cool water or skimmilk. Efficiency of encapsulation of the aqueous phase depends upon the types, proportions and amounts of emulsifiers used, the volume of encapsulated solution and the temperature of the dispersion liquid. Cell-free extracts of Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetilactis were encapsulated with appropriate substrate and cofactors and incorporated into low-fat cheese. Total diacetyl and acetoin production was eight times greater in cheese containing the encapsulated system as compared to cheese containing unencapsulated systems. KEYWORDS Microencapsulation, encapsulation, enzyme encapsulation, cheese, cheese ripening, cheese flavor, cheese ripening acceleration.
Reliability-Based Design of Force-Controlled Components in Rocking Steel-Braced Frames

AbstractDespite the importance of force-controlled components, the implications of their failure to the overall performance of controlled rocking steel braced frames (CRSBFs) have not been examined...
Abstract 4388: Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified cell cycle signaling pathway associated hub genes correlated with progression and prognosis of multiple myeloma

There is a gap in understanding the molecular mechanisms behind early relapse / multiple myeloma (MM) progression in the newly diagnosed patient on standard treatment for MM, i.e., lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (RVD). As a result, the relatively high percentage of patients that progress after early treatment with RVD is significant. Therefore, identification of clinically relevant clusters of co-expressed genes or representative biomarkers for MM progression, while on RVD, would help identify new molecular mechanisms and drug targets. The objective of this study is to use weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify gene-signaling networks associated with early relapse / MM progression. To this end, we performed a WGCNA to determine module-trait correlations. We next examined the overrepresentation of upstream regulators and signal pathway networks from MM patients in the MMRF CoMMpass dataset (n = 175, gene transcripts= 30,598). WGCNA constructed 48 modules based on the correlations between patients on RVD and death. We are using death as a biomarker for MM progression and two years as cut off for treatment. We identified two modules, Green (p Citation Format: Olayinka O. Adebayo, Tiara Griffen, Corey Young, Eric Dammer, James W. Lillard. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified cell cycle signaling pathway associated hub genes correlated with progression and prognosis of multiple myeloma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4388.
Who Can I Trust? Ensuring Physician Competence

Gwyneth Vives, a scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, suffered a complication and bled to death 3 hours after giving birth to a healthy boy in 2001. It was 4 days before Christmas. Vives suffered a vaginal tear and other lacerations during the delivery that caused profuse bleeding. Her obstetrician, Pamela Johnson, was sued for failure to order a blood transfusion for Vives as well as abandonment since she had turned over repair of the vaginal tear to a midwife. Two other patients also sued Johnson. Jean Challacombe alleged that Johnson tore her bowel and uterus while doing a dilation and curettage the same day Vives died. Tanya Lewis accused Johnson of doing an unnecessary hysterectomy.
Somatic mutations as preoperative predictors of metastases in patients with localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma - An exploratory analysis.

Abstract Objective Recurrent genomic alterations in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have been associated with treatment outcomes; however, current preoperative predictive models do not include known genetic predictors. We aimed to explore the value of common somatic mutations in the preoperative prediction of metastatic disease among patients treated for localized ccRCC. Materials and methods After obtaining institutional review board approval, data of 254 patients with localized ccRCC treated between 2005 and 2015 who underwent genetic sequencing was collected. The mutation status of VHL, PBRM1, SETD2, BAP1 and KDM5C were evaluated in the nephrectomy tumor specimen, which served as a proxy for biopsy mutation status. The Raj et al. preoperative nomogram was used to predict the 12-year metastatic free probability (MFP). The study outcome was MFP; the relationship between MFP and mutation status was evaluated with Cox-regression models adjusting for the preoperative nomogram variables (age, gender, incidental presentation, lymphadenopathy, necrosis, and size). Results The study cohort included 188 males (74%) and 66 females (26%) with a median age of 58 years. VHL mutations were present in 152/254 patients (60%), PBRM1 in 91/254 (36%), SETD2 in 32/254 (13%), BAP1 in 19/254 (8%), and KDM5C in 19/254 (8%). Median follow-up for survivors was 8.1 years. Estimated 12-year MFP was 70% (95% CI: 63%–75%). On univariable analysis SETD2 (HR: 3.30), BAP1 (HR: 2.44) and PBRM1 (HR: 1.78) were significantly associated with a higher risk of metastases. After adjusting for known preoperative predictors in the existing nomogram, SETD2 mutations remained associated with a higher rate of metastases after nephrectomy (HR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.19–3.67, P = 0.011). Conclusion In the current exploratory analysis, SETD2 mutations were significant predictors of MFP among patients treated for localized ccRCC. Our findings support future studies evaluating genetic alterations in preoperative renal biopsy samples as potential predictors of treatment outcome.
Centre of mass kinematics of the hammer and thrower during different hammer-throwing drills utilised for training.

During elite-level hammer throws, the vertical displacement of the centre of mass (COM) of the thrower and hammer are approximately 180° out of phase (the hammer’s COM is at its high point when the...
Evaluation of factors influencing grit use by birds

37 INTRODUCTION 37 METHODS 38 RESULTS 41 DISCUSSION 42 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 43 LITERATURE CITED 44 CHAPTER V. GRIT COLOR SELECTION BY HOUSE SPARROWS AND NORTHERN BOBWHITES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION METHODS Initial Experiments Colored Food Experiments RESULTS Initial Experiments Colored Food Experiments DISCUSSION MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS 49 49 50 52 52
Hadron Collider Physics

During the past year results have been presented from mature analyses of CERN data as well as from the first run of the Tevatron Collider at Fermi lab. I have selected a few topics each from elastic and diffractive scattering, low to moderate Q2 physics, QCD scattering, intermediate vector bosons, heavy quarks, and the search for new particles. There are many other interesting results which I cannot present because of the time limitation.
Euclidean proximity and power diagrams.

Power diagrams [Aur87] are a useful generalization of Voronoi diagrams in which the sites defining the diagram are not points but balls. They derive their name from the fact that the distance used in their definition is not the standard Euclidean distance, but instead the classical notion of the power of a point with respect to a ball [Cox61]. The advantage of the power distance is that the ‘bisector surfaces’, the surfaces equidistant from two given balls, are hyper-planes, and thus the Euclidean structure of these diagrams is polyhedral and they are easier to compute and manipulate than standard Voronoi diagrams. Several algorithms and applications for the power diagrams are already known, including those referenced in [IIM85, Aur88]. Most recently power diagrams have played a key role in work related to alpha shapes and ‘skins’ [Ede93, EM94, Ede95], as collections of balls are a natural model for molecular structures. The Voronoi diagram of point sites in any dimension has many useful proximity properties. Let us say that two sites are neighbors in the Voronoi diagram if their Voronoi cells share a common facet. It is well known that, for a set of points S, the closest pair of points in S are neighbors in the Voronoi diagram of S — equivalently, the closest pair of points must define an edge of the dual Delaunay diagram. Even more is true: the nearest neighbor to any point p ∈ S is a neighbor to p in the Voronoi diagram (equivalently, is connected to this neighbor by a Delaunay edge). Surprisingly, it seems that analogous proximity properties have not been studied for the power diagram. In this note, we consider the the power diagram of a set of disjoint balls. We show that the closest pair of
Local dynamics and strong correlation physics: One- and two-dimensional half-filled Hubbard models

We report on a nonperturbative approach to the one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) Hubbard models that is capable of recovering both strong- $(U\ensuremath{\gg}t)$ and weak-coupling $(U\ensuremath{\ll}t)$ limits, with U the on-site Coulomb repulsion and t the kinetic energy. Dynamical corrections to the electron self-energy in the single particle Green function are explicitly included by expanding in terms of the 16 eigenstates that characterize two nearest neighbor sites. We first show that even when U is much smaller than the bandwidth, the Mott-Hubbard gap never closes at half filling in both 1D and 2D. Consequently, the Hubbard model at half filling is always in the strong-coupling nonperturbative regime. For both large and small U, we find that the population of nearest-neighbor singlet states approaches a value of order unity as $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{T}0$ as would be expected for antiferromagnetic order. We also find that the double occupancy is a smooth monotonic function of U and approaches the anticipated noninteracting limit of $1/4$ as $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{U}0$ and vanishes as $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{U}\ensuremath{\infty}.$ Finally, we compute the heat capacity $[C(T,U)]$ for both 1D and 2D. Our results for 1D at moderate to high temperatures are in quantitative agreement with those of the exact Bethe ansatz solution, differing by no more than $1%.$ In addition, we find that in 2D, the $C(T,U)$ curves vs T for different values of U exhibit a universal crossing point at two characteristic temperatures $T\ensuremath{\approx}1.7t\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1t$ and $T\ensuremath{\approx}0.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1t$ as is seen universally in Hubbard models and experimentally in a wide range of strongly correlated systems such as ${}^{3}\mathrm{He},$ ${\mathrm{UBe}}_{3},$ and ${\mathrm{CeCu}}_{6\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}.$ The success of this method in recovering well-established results that stem fundamentally from the Coulomb interaction suggests that local dynamics are at the heart of the physics of strongly correlated systems.
Strategies in Banking and Financial Services Firms: A Survey

This survey paper reviews the basic parameters of strategic positioning and execution in multi-functional financial services firms. We begin with a model of financial intermediation between end-users of the financial system as a way of locating specific financial intermediation functions. Shifts in intermediation shares are superimposed on this flow-of-funds profile, focusing on their implications for alternative business models available to financial institutions. The next section of the paper links the structural story to a normative strategic positioning matrix, which combines standard structure-conductperformance precepts with the potential realization of scale, scope, x-efficiency, marketpower, transaction- and information-cost dimensions, as well as imbedded risk exposures and conflicts of interest. The final section of the paper considers the value of natural hedges incorporated into multifunctional business platforms against the accompanying potential for a conglomerate discount in the share price.
An objective comparison of the pediatric interviewing skills of freshman and senior medical students.

The use of videotapes to observe senior medical students as they interviewed mothers of children has demonstrated a deficit in their ability to communicate with these parents. Seniors often fail to obtain the vital information pertaining to the child as an individual within a family unit. This study was performed to test the hypotheses that freshmen would obtain (1) more interpersonal and (2) less factual information from mothers of ill children than would seniors. Randomly selected freshmen and seniors videotaped interviews of three simulators who were programmed to portray mothers of a child with a serious organic illness with related psychosocial problems. The use of the programmed "mother" permitted each student to obtain a standardized interviewing experience. The students were given identical information about these children and informed that the mothers were simulators. Objective measurements were made by five trained observers who rated each videotape using a modified interaction analysis technique and an objective checklist of facts obtained. An interrater reliability coefficient for each group of ratings was high, rarely falling below 0.80. The results clearly demonstrated that freshmen obtained significantly more interpersonal information (i.e., the affect of the illness upon the child and his family) and asked fewer leading questions than did seniors (p
EFFECT OF OCCUPANT POSITION AND AIR BAG INFLATION PARAMETERS ON DRIVER INJURY MEASURES

This paper investigates the effects of driver airbag inflation characteristics, airbag relative position, airbag to dummy relative velocity, and steering column characteristics using a finite element model (FEM) of a vehicle, airbag, and Hybrid III 50% male dummy. Simulation is conducted in a static test environment using a validated FEM. Several static simulation tests are performed where the airbag module's position is mounted in a rigid steering wheel and the vertical and horizontal distances are varied relative to the dummy. Three vertical alignments are used: one position corresponds to the head centered on module, another position corresponds to the neck centered on module, and the third position centers the chest on the module. Horizontal alignments vary from 0 mm to 50 mm to 100 mm. All of these tests are simulated using a typical pre-1998 type inflation curve. Simulation tests are repeated using two other airbag inflation curves. One curve is a simple 75% reduction of baseline and another has a shorter but wider and more delayed peak. Results indicate the benefit of keeping a minimum distance of 50 mm between airbag and dummy. Results also indicate benefits of less aggressive inflation. A milder inflation curve that supplies the same amount of energy but takes longer to peak may also result in reduced inflation induced injuries. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 492347.
The influence of multiple births on perinatal loss

Abstract Multiple births occurred in Iowa during 1953 and 1954 in approximately 1 per cent of all deliveries, yet they contributed an appreciable number of premature infants. The incidence of multiple births increased with the age and parity of the mother. Less than one-half of the multiple pregnancies reached 40 weeks of gestation. Multiple infants were delivered more frequently by methods considered hazardous than were single infants. The neonatal and fetal death rates for twins were higher than for single infants, especially for those with a birth weight over 2,500 grams. The neonatal and fetal death rates for second twins were not significantly higher than for first twins. The highest death rates for twins were found when the age of the mother was under 25 or over 40, and when the mother was pregnant for the first or second time.
On related-secret pseudorandomness

Related-key attacks are attacks against constructions which use a secret key (such as a blockcipher) in which an attacker attempts to exploit known or chosen relationships among keys to circumvent security properties. Security against related-key attacks has been a subject of study in numerous recent cryptographic papers. However, most of these results are attacks on specific constructions, while there has been little positive progress on constructing related-key secure primitives. In this paper, we attempt to address the question of whether related-key secure blockciphers can be built from traditional cryptographic primitives. We develop a theoretical framework of “related-secret secure” cryptographic primitives, a class of primitives which includes related-key secure blockciphers and PRFs. We show that while a single related-secret pseduorandom bit is sufficient and necessary to create related-key secure blockciphers, hard-core bits with typical proofs are not related-secret psuedorandom. Since the pseudorandomness of hard-core bits is the essential technique known to make pseudorandomness from assumptions of simple hardness, this presents a very strong barrier to the development of provably related-key secure blockciphers based on standard hardness assumptions.
High-Strength Filaments for Cables and Lines

A review of bundle theory and the strength of yarns compared to single filaments has been made for several high strength filament materials. The dielectric properties and the statistical distribution of tensile strength have been compared for filaments of glass (Types E and S), graphites, and the high modulus PRD-49 (organic). The review was made in conjunction with the development of a new type of a high modulus line using PRD-49 filaments. The lines were to be used as guys for the antennae system at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center which is operated by Cornell University for the National Science Foundation. The unique requirement for these cables was not only the high modulus for a low total elongation of 20 to 90 ft lengths with low loss tangent and dielectric properties, but the need for rigidity at comparatively low prestrain loads. Varying sizes and designs were produced experimentally, ranging from 15 to 19 000 1b ultimate strengths. The testing of lines involved both precision optical strain measurements on 1 ft gage lengths as well as 10 ft test lengths for elongation, modulus, and strength measurements. The final design involved 1800 ends of 380 denier Type III, PRD-49 duPont fibers. The finished cable has a nominal modulus of 16. 5 x 10 6 psi capable of supporting a 19 000-1b load with a cable weight 0.04 1b/ft of length. For optimum resistance to weathering, moisture, and ultraviolet effects, outer sheathing with extruded black PVC had been used. Epoxy bonded end fittings were employed to permit tension adjustments at the comparatively low leads.
VARIATIONS IN MUSCLE TONE OF THE HUMAN RECTUM : RECORDINGS WITH AN ELECTROMECHANICAL BAROSTAT

Rectal wall tone (the contractile state of the rectal tunica muscularis) should mediate accommodation and influence rectal emptying. Such changes in tone however can be only inferred from changes in baseline pressure recorded with conventional manometry. We used an isobaric volumetric device, the rectal electromechanical barostat, to quantify variations in tone of the rectal wall in response to feeding and to perturbations in response to the pharmacological agents neostigmine and glucagon. The barostat quantitates muscular wall tone indirectly by measuring its reciprocal, e.g., the volume of air within a flaccid intraluminal bag that is maintained at a constant and preselected pressure, by an electronic feedback mechanism. The barostat as well as a three-channel perfused manometric catheter were positioned in the rectum of 14 healthy volunteers. Three patterns of changes were observed: 1) respiratory fluctuations, 2) rapid volume waves, and 3) slow volume changes. Rectal tone varied little during fasting; rapid or slow changes in intrabag volume were infrequent. Ingestion of a standard meal was followed by a significant decrease in barostat bag volume (85 +/- 6 ml fasting vs. 50 +/- 8 ml fed, P less than 0.05). Pharmacological agents also induced predictable responses; neostigmine decreased bag volume and induced phasic pressure activity, whereas glucagon abolished phasic pressure activity and increased barostat bag volume. Perfused manometric catheters showed no concomitant changes in baseline pressure. We concluded that a rectal barostat measured variations in human rectal tone, which were not recorded by conventional manometric techniques. These changes in rectal tone might have important functional significance.
Compliance with tuberculosis drug regimens: incentives and enablers offered by public health departments.

OBJECTIVES: This research examined incentives implemented by public health departments to encourage tuberculosis patients to comply with tuberculosis drug regimens. METHODS: A questionnaire addressing incentives was mailed to the directors of each state's health department during May 1995. All 50 states and the District of Columbia returned questionnaires. RESULTS: The survey results indicate that public health departments in almost all states are implementing the incentives advocated by tuberculosis experts. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of these incentives may help to explain why the incidence of tuberculosis resumed its long-term decline in the United States during 1993 after a decade of resurgence.
R. & D. project cost and schedule realism-A risk analysis approach

All project managers strive for cost and schedule realism. The Department of the Army has established a novel concept called the "Total Risk Assessing Cost Estimate (TRACE)" to develop a new program cost-estimation procedure for research, development, test and evaluation cost realism. Such a procedure properly accommodates program uncertainties/ risks inherent to specific work elements, and the high-risk work elements are budgeted accordingly. The purpose of this paper is to propose such a procedure which subscribes to a risk analysis approach and satisfies the essential elements of the TRACE concept. The procedure consists of two models: a cost impact model and a schedule variance model. Applications of the procedure to the NASA/Army Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft Project are also presented for illustration.
Human mRNA Export Machinery Recruited to the 5′ End of mRNA

Pre-mRNAs undergo splicing to remove introns, and the spliced mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Here we investigated the mechanism for recruitment of the conserved mRNA export machinery (TREX complex) to mRNA. We show that the human TREX complex is recruited to a region near the 5' end of mRNA, with the TREX component Aly bound closest to the 5' cap. Both TREX recruitment and mRNA export require the cap, and these roles for the cap are splicing dependent. CBP80, which is bound to the cap, associates efficiently with TREX, and Aly mediates this interaction. Together, these data indicate that the CBP80-Aly interaction results in recruitment of TREX to the 5' end of mRNA, where it functions in mRNA export. As a consequence, the mRNA would be exported in a 5' to 3' direction through the nuclear pore, as observed in early electron micrographs of giant Balbiani ring mRNPs.
Corticotropin-releasing factor inhibits luteinizing hormone-stimulated P450c17 gene expression and androgen production by isolated thecal cells of human ovarian follicles

Recently, we reported that the thecal compartment of the human ovary contains a CRF system replete with gene expression and protein for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), CRF-Receptor 1 (CRF-R1), and the blood-derived high affinity CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP). Granulosa cells are devoid of the CRF system. The parallel increases in intensity of CRF, CRF-R1, and 17α-hydroxylase messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and proteins in thecal cells with follicular maturation suggest that the intraovarian CRF system may play an autocrine role regulating androgen biosynthesis, with a downstream effect on estrogen production by granulosa cells. The functionality of the ovarian CRF system may be conditioned by the relative presence of plasma-derived CRF-BP by virtue of its localization of protein, but not transcript in thecal cells and its ability to compete with CRF for the CRF receptor. To further these findings, in the present study we have examined the effect of CRF on LH-stimulated 17α-hydroxylase (P450c17) gen...
Approximation of a Function by Solutions of an Underdetermined Nonhomogeneous Heat Equation

Abstract The best (in the L2 sense) approximation of a given function by solutions of an underdetermined nonhomogeneous heat equation is considered. The problem is reduced to a well-posed boundary value problem for a fourth-order partial differential equation. The eigenfunction expansion of the solution of this well-posed problem is obtained in a one-dimensional spatial case. The found best approximation and partial sums of its eigenfunction expansion provide an enhanced approximation of any unknown temperature distribution.
Amebiasis in children

Summary The available data on the incidence of amebiasis in children in the northern states and the recent evidence of amebic infection in and about Chicago warrant the attention of the medical profession to the problem of latent amebic infection in childhood. In the past few years the symptomatology and pathology in such infections in adults have been repeatedly stressed, especially by Craig. From the cases cited in this report it is apparent that children infected with Endameba histolytica may likewise manifest obscure and unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms which at times may lead to faulty diagnoses of acute or chronic appendicitis and other diseases of the alimentary tract. Careful and repeated examinations for parasites in the stools of children exhibiting vague abdominal complaints should be undertaken whenever possible.
Concurrent Positive and Negative Goalbox Events Produce Runway Behaviors Comparable to Those of Cocaine-Reinforced Rats

Rats traversing a straight-alley for reinforcing stimuli typically exhibit faster running times as training proceeds. In previous work from this laboratory, animals running for a reinforcement consisting of intravenous infusions of cocaine, unexpectedly demonstrated a progressive increased time to enter the goalbox over trials. Closer observation revealed that the animals were exhibiting a unique retreat behavior (i.e., stopping their forward advance toward the goalbox and returning toward the startbox). It was hypothesized that the retreat behavior reflected an inherent conflict that originated from concurrent positive and negative associations with the goalbox. Such associations were attributed to cocaine's dual and well documented reinforcing and anxiogenic effects. To test this idea, the present study compared the runway behavior of animals that concurrently received food and mild foot shock in the goalbox to the behavior of other animals running for cocaine. Results demonstrated that food + shock reinforced animals took longer to enter the goalbox and made more retreats than a control group that received only food in the goalbox. Both these effects were reversed by pretreatment with the anticonflict, anxiolytic drug, diazepam. The behavior pattern of animals that received the combination of food and footshock was found to strongly resemble that of IV cocaine-reinforced rats, a result consistent with the notion that chronic cocaine administration has both positive and negative consequences.
Nonlinear behavior of coupled magnetostrictive material systems analytical/experimental

In this paper, we present a nonlinear constitutive relation for magnetostrictive materials that includes coupling between temperature/preload and magnetic field strengths. The nonlinear constitutive relations are also integrated into a 1-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for studying structural components or composite materials containing magnetostrictive materials. The accuracy of the nonlinear constitutive relation is evaluated by comparing experimental results obtained on a Terfenol-D rod operating under both magnetic field and stress biases with theoretical values present in the literature. Results indicate that the model adequately predicts the nonlinear strain/field relations in specific regimes. Experimental tests, conducted on monolithic samples of different geometry, suggests that size effects may be important. A manufacturing process and preliminary experimental tests are also presented for a 1 - 3 magnetostrictive composite sample.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Personality differences between levels of psychology majors.

The purpose was to identify personality traits of those individuals who might have the necessary psychological commitment to pursue actively an advanced degree in psychology. 35 graduate students, ...
Humanistic health care education in a hospice/palliative care setting.

Abstract This article is a description of the course, Humanistic Perspectives on Illness, taught by Sandra L. Bertman to an interdisciplinary group of health care professionals. Course explores the psychological, social, and cultural implications of humanistic health care.
Synthesis and polymerization of 5-plumbaspiro[4.4]nonane and study of related plumbacyclopentanes and plumbacyclohexanes

Abstract 5-Plumbaspiro[4.4]nonane has been prepared by the Grignard procedure in 9% yield and its IR and NMR spectra have been studied and compared with those of related plumbacyclopentanes and plumbacyclohexanes.