cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2D-LC/MS techniques for the identification of proteins in highly complex mixtures

Today, 2D online or offline liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry is state of the art for the identification of proteins from complex proteome samples in many laboratories. Both 2D liquid chromatography methods use two orthogonal liquid chromatography separation techniques. The most commonly used techniques are strong cation exchange chromatography for the first dimension and reversed phase separation for the second dimension. In order to improve sensitivity the reversed phase separation is usually performed in the nanoflow scale and mass spectrometry is used as the final detection method. The high-performance liquid chromatography techniques complement the 2D-gel techniques supporting their weaknesses. This is especially true for the gel separation of hydrophobic membrane proteins, which play an important role in living cells as well as being important targets for future pharmaceutical drugs.
The role of the local environment of engineered Tyr to Trp substitutions for probing the denaturation mechanism of FIS.

Factor for inversion stimulation (FIS), a 98-residue homodimeric protein, does not contain tryptophan (Trp) residues but has four tyrosine (Tyr) residues located at positions 38, 51, 69, and 95. The equilibrium denaturation of a P61A mutant of FIS appears to occur via a three-state (N2 ⇆ I2 ⇆ 2U) process involving a dimeric intermediate (I2). Although it was suggested that this intermediate had a denatured C-terminus, direct evidence was lacking. Therefore, three FIS double mutants, P61A/Y38W, P61A/Y69W, and P61A/Y95W were made, and their denaturation was monitored by circular dichroism and Trp fluorescence. Surprisingly, the P61A/Y38W mutant best monitored the N2 ⇆ I2 transition, even though Trp38 is buried within the dimer removed from the C-terminus. In addition, although Trp69 is located on the protein surface, the P61A/Y69W FIS mutant exhibited clearly biphasic denaturation curves. In contrast, P61A/Y95W FIS was the least effective in decoupling the two transitions, exhibiting a monophasic fluorescence transition with modest concentration-dependence. When considering the local environment of the Trp residues and the effect of each mutation on protein stability, these results not only confirm that P61A FIS denatures via a dimeric intermediate involving a disrupted C-terminus but also suggest the occurrence of conformational changes near Tyr38. Thus, the P61A mutation appears to compromise the denaturation cooperativity of FIS by failing to propagate stability to those regions involved mostly in intramolecular interactions. Furthermore, our results highlight the challenge of anticipating the optimal location to engineer a Trp residue for investigating the denaturation mechanism of even small proteins.
Optimal cycle time in a multi-product single machine with unit load, and storage space considerations

Abstract A system of one machine used to produce m products in batches and a central storage used for storing raw materials and finished products is considered. The system maintains enough finished products to assure no stockout will happen. The machine has a finite production rate greater than or equal to the demand rate for each product, and thus operates with periodic start-ups and shut-downs. For the special case when set-up for each product requires time and every product is produced in every cycle, the best policy given limited storage space is determined, and total production cost as a function of set-up costs, carrying cost, storage cost, and material handling cost is presented. A heuristic is developed that determines “optimal feasible cycle time” such that while production scheduling remains feasible, the capacity of the central storage is not exceeded, and at the same time the overall costs are minimized.
Syntheses of New Spirocarbocyclic Nucleoside Analogs Using Iminonitroso Diels-Alder Reactions

N-Cbz- and Boc-protected spirocyclic dienes were prepared by dialkylation of cyclopentadiene. These dienes coupled efficiently in a series of iminonitroso Diels-Alder reactions to produce a series of new spirocyclic adducts. Hydrogenolysis of these adducts afforded new spirocycles that contain multiple handles for further functionalization. Furthermore, stereocontrolled dihydroxylation and reductive cleavage of the spirocyclic adducts generated versatile scaffolds for the syntheses and derivatization of novel spirocyclic carbocyclic nucleoside analogs.
The emulsified perfluorocarbon Oxycyte improves spinal cord injury in a swine model of decompression sickness.

A prospective, animal model for pharmacological intervention of decompression sickness (DCS), including spinal cord (SC) injury. Signs and symptoms of DCS can include joint pain, skin discoloration, cardiopulmonary congestion and SC injury; severity ranges from trivial to fatal. Non-recompressive therapy for DCS may improve time-to-treatment and therefore impact mortality and morbidity. Oxycyte at 5 cc kg−1 provides both SC protection and statistically significant survival benefit in a swine model of DCS. The purpose of this study was to test whether a reduced dose of Oxycyte (3 cc kg−1) would provide similar benefit. Silver Spring, MD, USA Male Yorkshire swine (N=50) underwent a non-linear compression profile to 200 fsw (feet of sea water), which was identical to previous work using the 5 cc kg−1 dose of Oxycyte. After 31 min of bottom time, decompression was initiated at 30 fsw per minute until surface pressure was reached. Following decompression and the onset of DCS, intravenous Oxycyte or saline was administered with concurrent 100% O2 for 1 h. The primary end point was DCS-induced mortality, with Tarlov score and SC histopathology as secondary end points. Oxycyte administration of 3 cc kg−1 following surfacing produced no significant detectable survival benefit. Animals that received Oxycyte, however, had reduced SC lesion area. Further studies to determine the lowest fully efficacious dose of Oxycyte for the adjunct treatment of DCS are warranted.
A new algorithm to develop hybrid systems

Abstract This work presents a new formalism and methodology to develop hybrid systems. This methodology is implemented in MODEL.LA Stephanopoulos et al., 1990 , Bieszczad et al., 1998 Koulouris, A., Geurts, K., & Stephanopoulos, G. (1998). MODEL.LA: A phenomena-based modelling language for process systems engineering. AIChE Annual Conference; Stephanopoulos, G., Henning, G., & Leone, H. (1990). MODEL.LA: A modelling language for process engineering. Parts I–II. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 14 (8), 813–869). A modelling environment to develop phenomena-based models of chemical processes. Most of the existing modeling and simulation packages in the market support only continuous or discrete systems. Only a few of them support hybrid systems. The formalism developed is a graphical, simple and powerful tool that allows the user to create, modify and reuse in a hierarchical way complex operation schedules for a continuous chemical plant.
Sodium localization in digitalis- and epinephrine-treated tunicate myocardium.

1. 1. Digitalis-treated cardiac tissue of Ciona intestinalis showed significant losses of intracellular sodium in contractile, mitochondrial, and basal cell membranes, and significant losses in mitochondrial and basal cytoplasmic areas. 2. 2. Epinephrine caused a significant loss in intracellular sodium in mitochondrial and basal cytoplasmic areas. 3. 3. Digitalis decreased heart-rate slightly (23 per cent) and cardiac spike amplitude (42 per cent). 4. 4. Epinephrine decreased heart-rate (19 per cent) and initially increased spike amplitude (52 per cent). 5. 5. Epinephrine effects on sodium distribution of Ciona cardiac tissue correlated with electrical activity changes. 6. 6. Sodium distribution associated with digitalis treatment was in disagreement with reported data in other species.
Detection of conserved structural elements in ferredoxins and cupredoxins by resonance Raman spectroscopy

Iron-sulfur proteins and cupredoxins are electron-transfer proteins containing metal-cysteinate ligation. Both classes of proteins have intense (Cys)S→M ox charge-transfer bands that are effective for resonance enhancement of Raman-active modes of vibration of the metal ion chromophores. Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy provides a sensitive and powerful method for the investigation of the structural details of the metal clusters. The abundance of normal modes in plant ferredoxins and high-potential iron proteins has been shown to arise from coupling of the Fe-S stretching modes with an S−C−C deformation mode that is at a maximum when the Fe−S−C−C dihedral angle is ∼180°
On locally symmetric spaces of non-negative curvature and certain other locally homogeneous spaces

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Success rate of predicting the heliospheric magnetic field polarity with Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) synoptic charts

[1] The photospheric and heliospheric magnetic fields have been continuously observed at the L1 point by the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and Wind and the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft since 1996. The combined observations of the photospheric and heliospheric magnetic fields make it possible to more reliably predict the heliospheric magnetic field and more accurately estimate the success rate of the prediction. On the basis of the latitude dependence of the zonal polar field inferred from high-resolution MDI synoptic charts between 1996 and 2003 we fill in the polar data gaps in the MDI synoptic charts. To assess the influence of synoptic charts from different data sources on the prediction of the coronal and heliospheric magnetic fields, we compare the success rate of the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) polarity predicted over 107 Carrington rotations from June 1996 to June 2004. We used the potential field source surface model and the synoptic charts from the Kitt Peak National Observatory, MDI, and the Wilcox Solar Observatory. The mean success rate of the HMF polarity predicted using MDI synoptic charts over 8 years is 0.862 ± 0.101, the best among the three photospheric data sources, although the difference among the three sources is small. This result validates the MDI synoptic charts in modeling coronal and heliospheric magnetic fields.
Characterization of a full-length petunia cDNA encoding a polypeptide of the light-harvesting complex associated with photosystem I

We have isolated and characterized a full-length cDNA clone (LHCI-15) which specifies a new chlorophyll-binding protein. This protein is associated with the light-harvesting complex of photosystem I (LHCI). The DNA sequence predicts a precursor protein of 270 amino acids, which shares significant homology with the amino acid sequence of another chlorophyll-binding protein; the chlorophyll a/b-binding (Cab) protein of the photosystem II light-harvesting complex (LHCII). There are two extensive regions of homology (at least 45 residues each) which have approximately 50% amino acid sequence identity. These regions coincide with two of the proposed membrane-spanning alpha helices in the Cab proteins of the LHCII and probably include conserved chlorophyll-binding sites. The LHCI-15 cDNA hybridizes to at least 7 genomic EcoRI DNA fragments, which are very closely related at the nucleotide sequence level.
Kinetic analysis of the competitive inhibition of phospholipase A2 in triton X-100 mixed micelles

Abstract A detailed kinetic scheme is proposed for the competitive inhibition of phospholipase A2 in Triton X-100 mixed micelles. The water-soluble enzyme first binds to phospholipid in the lipid/water interface and then searches the 2D interface for substrate, binding it in the catalytic site. Phospholipid inhibitors act as substrates in the first binding step but as competitive inhibitors in the second step.
Nanostructured Functional Block Copolymers for Electrooptic Devices

Three dendron−linear diblock copolymers with a polyene-type nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophore incorporated in the dendron segment and polystyrene as the linear block were synthesized to investigate the effect of nanostructures on electrooptic (EO) properties. These block copolymers form nanostructures with a periodicity between 36 and 44 nm, which can be characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). High EO coefficients (r33) up to 64 pm/V can be achieved in these materials that only have relatively low chromophore concentrations (the highest one is 18 wt %). The resulting poled copolymers also showed good temporal stability. More than 81% of the original r33 value can be retained after being isothermally heated at 85 °C for more than 500 h. On the contrary, the results from the guest−host systems (the chromophore was dispersed into polystyrene) only exhibited lower r33 values and very poor thermal stability (less than 30% of the original r33 values remained after 120 h at 85 °C). These results cle...
Principled Autonomy and Plagiarism

Every semester, professors in every discipline are burdened with the task of checking for plagiarized papers. Since plagiarism has become rampant in the university, it can be argued that devoting time to checking for plagiarism is nothing more than a fool’s errand. Students will continue to plagiarize regardless of the consequences. In this paper, I will argue that professors do have a categorically binding obligation to confirm whether papers have been plagiarized. I will use Onora O'Neill’s account of “principled autonomy” as the foundation for my argument. Moral agents can only act on principles that can be adopted by all. Dishonesty cannot be adopted since honesty would cease to exist. Furthermore, failing to check for plagiarized papers is a failure to treat all students and professors and ends-in-themselves.
Optimization of chemical reactor networks with respect to flow configuration

In Ref. 1, Jackson treated for the first time an optimization problem in which changes in chemical reactor performance were related to small changes in the mixing pattern or flow configuration. His algebraic structure could handle arbitrary kinetic schemes, but had the severe limitation in that onlyglobal mixing in the reactor network was considered. In the present paper, it is shown how the approach can be further generalized to take into accountlocal mixing in the network, by introducing continuous-stirred tank reactors of given volume at a newly defined type of nodal point. Relatively simple algebraic equations are derived, which can be used as a basis for optimizing performance by successive adjustments in the mixing pattern. Finally, the new equations are applied to a simple example, and the results are shown to agree with those obtained by direct calculation.
Radiation damage characterization in reactor pressure vessel steels with nonlinear ultrasound

Nuclear generation currently accounts for roughly 20% of the US baseload power generation. Yet, many US nuclear plants are entering their first period of life extension and older plants are currently undergoing assessment of technical basis to operate beyond 60 years. This means that critical components, such as the reactor pressure vessel (RPV), will be exposed to higher levels of radiation than they were originally intended to withstand. Radiation damage in reactor pressure vessel steels causes microstructural changes such as vacancy clusters, precipitates, dislocations, and interstitial loops that leave the material in an embrittled state. The development of a nondestructive evaluation technique to characterize the effect of radiation exposure on the properties of the RPV would allow estimation of the remaining integrity of the RPV with time. Recent research has shown that nonlinear ultrasound is sensitive to radiation damage. The physical effect monitored by nonlinear ultrasonic techniques is the generation of higher harmonic frequencies in an initially monochromatic ultrasonic wave, arising from the interaction of the ultrasonic wave with microstructural features such as dislocations, precipitates, and their combinations. Current findings relating the measured acoustic nonlinearity parameter to increasing levels of neutron fluence for different representative RPV materials are presented.
Editorial: Of Past And Future

To John Conant for six hard years of behind-the-scenes work, and To his staff (Barbara DeNapoli, Ann Lear, Ruth Azevedo, and Irene (Breen) for supporting him; To two successive managing editors (Marybeth Manning and Eric Pepper), who maintained the high standards of quality set by their predecessor, Elaine Cherry, Director of Publications 'for the Society; To my predecessor, John DeVelis, for continued encouragement; To my friend, Joe 'aver, Executive Director of SPIE, for his unfailing support; To Aerodyne Research, Inc., and especially to Chuck Kolb and Jim Draper, for six years of support not necessarily visible to anyone but me; To Joe Horner and Winn Gaynor for making "SPIE Reports" exciting and valuable; To the best executive secretary I have ever known, Shirley Fedukowski, for trying so valiantly to keep me organized; To the many contributors, special issue editors, reviewers, and readers of Optical Engineering-Thank you. I have truly appreciated your help.
Effect of Aminoglycosides on the Chemotactic Response of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Leukocyte chemotaxis was inhibited 9.6% compared with control in the presence of 10 mug of gentamicin per ml and 10.5% when exposed to 20 mug of amikacin per ml. However, cells incubated with an injectable form of gentamicin, containing preservatives, were inhibited an additional 25.8% relative to cells incubated with pure gentamicin.
Sinonasal epithelial cell expression of toll-like receptor 9 is decreased in chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps.

BackgroundInnate immune recognition of pathogens by sinonasal epithelial cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Previous studies have indicated that t...
Erewhon: A manifesto of the rehabilitative ideal

Abstract Samuel Butler's novel, Erewhon (1872) is well known as a minor literary classic. This article proposes that it is also important in criminological history, in epitomizing a generation of debate about the nature of criminal responsibility. Butler wished to illustrate a paradox: contemporary social and medical sciences showed the role of determinism in causing crime, yet the courts still acted on the myth of free will, individual choice, and responsibility. Butler satirized this by depicting an imaginary world where sick people were stigmatized and punished for a condition they could not help—just as real criminals were blamed for factors beyond their control. The novel is a call for the replacement of deterrent or retributive punishment by rehabilitation and a medical model. It was especially important in the early twentieth century in helping to popularize the attack on free will and deterrence, and in propagandizing for the new discretionary penology.
Anisotropic growth and “layer-by-layer” epitaxy

Abstract It is proposed and justified that systems that grow epitaxially, but in which there is a lateral growth anisotropy, will grow with a smaller interface width than systems in which the growth is isotropic. An example in which this may be true is the growth of Si on Si(100). Scanning tunneling micrographs of the growth of Si on Si(100) are presented.
CHAMP code calculations of surface and subsurface explosions (abstract)

The CHAMP (Coupled HEMP and Multifluid Eulerian Program) computer code package solves complex radiation diffusion and hydrodynamics problems. We discuss the structure of the code package and its applications to high-energy explosions on the ground surface and at shallow depths of burial.
Partial Inverse of a Monotone Operator

ForT a maximal monotone operator on a Hilbert spaceH andA a closed subspace ofH, the “partial inverse”T A ofT with respect toA is introduced.T A is maximal monotone. The proximal point algorithm, as it applies toT A , results in a simple procedure, the “method of partial inverses”, for solving problems in which the object is to findx ∈ A andy ∈ A ⊥ such thaty ∈ T(x). This method specializes to give new algorithms for solving numerous optimization and equilibrium problems.
Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide/Triethylamine-Mediated Ketone Enolization: Remarkable Rate Accelerations Stemming from a Dimer-Based Mechanism

Mechanistic studies of the enolization of 2-methylcyclohexanone mediated by lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS; TMS2NLi) in toluene and toluene/triethylamine (Et3N) mixtures are described. Structural studies of LiHMDS/ketone mixtures in toluene reveal cyclic dimer (TMS2NLi)2(ketone). Rate studies using in situ IR spectroscopy show the enolization proceeds via a dimer-based transition structure, [(TMS2NLi)2(ketone)]⧧. NMR spectroscopic studies of LiHMDS/ketone mixtures in the presence of relatively unhindered trialkylamines such as Me2NEt reveal the quantitative formation of cyclic dimers of general structure (TMS2NLi)2(Et3N)(ketone). Rate studies trace a >3000-fold rate acceleration to a dimer-based transition structure, [(TMS2NLi)2(Et3N)(ketone)]⧧.
The Local Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm for free field theory: Reexamining overrelaxation

Abstract We analyze the autocorrelations for the Local Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm [A.D. Kennedy, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 30 (1993) 96] in the context of free field theory. In this case this is just Adler's overrelaxation algorithm [S.L. Adler, Phys. Rev. D 23 (1981) 2901]. We consider the algorithm with even/odd, lexicographic, and random updates, and show that its efficiency depends crucially on this ordering of sites when optimized for a given class of operators. In particular, we show that, contrary to previous expectations, it is possible to eliminate critical slowing down ( z int = 0) for a class of interesting observables, including the magnetic susceptibility: this can be done with lexicographic updates but is not possible with even/odd ( z int = 1) or random ( z int = 2) updates. We are considering the dynamical critical exponent z int for integrated autocorrelations rather than for the exponential autocorrelation time; this is reasonable because it is the integrated autocorrelation which determines the cost of a Monte Carlo computation.
Nighttime Construction Issues

The findings of the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet study, Nighttime Construction Issues, are summarized. The current state of nighttime construction was examined through a survey of nighttime construction practitioners. To determine the feasibility of performing a project at night, the factors that affect night operations are discussed as well as a nighttime project evaluation form. Because lighting is a crucial element of any night project, a new form of lighting technology is briefly discussed. An idea that is slowly gaining favor with transportation departments is outlined—the contractor-supplied work plan. Finally, ideas for improvements in public relations and recommendations for overall nighttime project improvement are discussed.
Paraquat-induced cytoskeletal injury in cultured cells

Abstract Although the redox cycling of paraquat (PQ) and the resultant “activated oxygen” generation are important in toxicity development, the intracellular events leading to cell injury remain unclear. To understand the mechanism of PQ-induced cell injury, we have studied the effects of PQ on DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, the cytoskeletal organization, particularly microtubules (MT) and microfilaments (MF), and the synthesis and composition of cytoskeletal proteins in mouse 3T3 cells. PQ treatment produced a dose-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell growth. Exposure of cells to PQ (313 μ m , 20 hr) resulted in MT aggregation and bundling as well as MF redistribution in the perinuclear area as revealed by fluorescence microscopy. Although this PQ dose inhibited DNA synthesis by 95%, it caused only a 22% decrease in protein synthesis of the cytoskeletal fraction. Higher doses of PQ (1250 μ m , 20 hr) caused (a) dramatic thinning out and loss of MT and (b) marked loss of MF cables and the appearance of numerous pine needle-like structures much finer and shorter than normal MF. Under these conditions, the synthesis of cytoskeletal proteins was decreased by about 83%. Further analysis of the cytoskeletal fraction from PQ-treated cells by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis showed (a) that tubulin was greatly diminished, in agreement with microscopic observations; (b) that two new protein bands appeared; and (c) another protein band which was also reduced considerably. These results indicate that the PQ-induced dose-dependent cytoskeletal injury may be important to the mechanism of cytotoxicity of this herbicide.
GC/FT-IR Analysis Using a Lightpipe at Sub-ambient Temperature

Recently in this research laboratory, the gas-phase, laser-initiated reactions of several alcohols have been under investigation. In the course of these investigations an unconventional gas chromatographic/Fourier transform infrared (GC/FT-IR) technique was developed. This technique was used successfully to identify an elusive chemical species by recording relatively high resolution infrared spectra and thus may be useful to other laboratories.
Application of graphene for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater.

A novel and reliable analytical method based on a graphene adsorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) derivatized with N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N- methyltrifluoroacetamide and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was developed for determination of nine pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater samples. Different ratios of graphene/silica gel were tested, with 20 % graphene/silica gel giving the best performance as an SPE adsorbent. The mean recoveries of the target analytes obtained by 20 % graphene/silica gel SPE ranged from 58.1 to 87.6 %. The limit of quantification ranged from 30 to 259 ng/L and from 13 to 115 ng/L for the influent and effluent, respectively. By comparing the accuracy and precision of 20 % graphene/silica gel and Oasis HLB SPE cartridges, we demonstrated that the method can be satisfactorily used for the analysis of PPCPs in wastewater samples. We applied the method to wastewater samples from a sewage treatment plant near Riverside, California, to track the concentration change of PPCPs in the treatment processes.
Adherence of Platelets to Human Endothelial Cells Infected by Rickettsia rickettsii

Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, causes widespread vasculitis due to extensive injury of endothelial cells lining small blood vessels. Injury to these cells can lead to denudation of the endothelial lining and exposure of the thrombogenic subendothelium. Modification of the cell surface, either through minor trauma or as a result of altered cell surface biochemistry, could induce changes reflected in increased platelet reactivity. Because membrane modification is likely when R. rickettsii enters endothelial cells, the possibility that infection by this organism caused increased reactivity of platelets with the endothelial cell surface was examined. A fourfold increase in adherence of platelets to cultured endothelial cells from the human umbilical vein infected by R. rickettsii compared with uninfected cells was found. These studies suggest that the adherence of platelets to the surface of Rickettsia-infected endothelial cells can contribute to reduction in the number of circulating platelets in blood during human infection.
Survey‐net adjustment by electrical analogue

This paper describes how the equivalent of a least-squares adjustment of a level or traverse net may be obtained by electrical measurements in an analogous electrical net. The lengths of the survey lines are replaced by proportional electrical resistances; the survey closures are replaced by proportional small dc voltages; the adjustment corrections are read as electrical potentials at the various junction points. The resistances, power units, and junction jacks are mounted on a panel, and are interconnected by jumpers. The closure and correction voltages are read with a special type feed-back voltmeter.
Cooperative binding of zinc to an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.

Abstract Zinc binds to tetrameric alanyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli with a stoichiometry of one g-atom of zinc per enzyme subunit. The nature of this metal-protein interaction is investigated here through a series of equilibrium dialysis and intrinsic fluorescence experiments. The dialysis data show that zinc binds to this synthetase in a cooperative manner, with half-maximal zinc binding at 0.97 μM free zinc and a Hill coefficient of 1.9. The cooperative feature is also observed in the zinc-induced quenching of the protein intrinsic fluorescence, indicating that zinc binding induces a conformational change. This is the first report of cooperative binding of zinc to an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, and the data provide a rationale for the oligomeric structure of the synthetase specific for alanine.
Are pregnant women fetal containers

KIE: Purdy explores the argument that women's rights to control their bodies should be subordinated to the welfare of their fetuses. She gives examples ofinstances where women's decisions about pregnancy and childbirth have been overridden by physicians and judges. She examines the nature of the mother fetus relationship, the social context of the current conflict between maternal and fetal rights, and the extent of a woman's legally enforceable duty to her fetus. Purdy acknowledges that women may owe a reasonable duty to their fetuses to try to prevent disease or handicap. However, given the uncertainties of modern medicine, the value-laden nature of many physicians' decisions, and the lack of adequate adequate prenatal care, women should not be held responsible for situations that are due largely to society's shortcomings. Purdy concludes that it is unjust to use the law to coerce women into accepting medical advice.
Computer-aided system for the database storage structure design

Abstract An overview is given of a computer aided system for the design of a schema for a CODASYL DBMS. The system helps the designer to trade off between the conflicting objectives; short retrieval time for a user query, low database updating cost, small storage requirements, and low total cost of the system. Different relative weights can be assigned to each of the users query and update transactions, and the design objectives can be assigned different priorities. The model evaluates the performance of the database for a specified set of input parameters and finds the optimal location mode of each database record type. The designer can interactively change any of the design parameters, priority and weights while performing the analysis. The system has been tested on the design of a department store database.
AMINES IN FERMENTED FISH PASTE

The following amines were tentatively identified in fermented fish paste: ethanolamine, 2-methylbutylamine, 2-mercaptoethylamine, 2-phenylethylamine, cadaverine, tyramine, dopamine, octopamine, tryptamine, and histamine. The concentration of these amines ranged from 0.5–64 mg/100g. Histamine and 2-phenylethylamine were the major amine found with maximal amounts of 64.0 and 60.0 mg/100g, respectively.
The MAD definition facility

One of the first definition facilities for higher level languages is described. Users of the language can define new operators and/or data types into the MAD language, so that their use appears as if they were predefined. Information is given on how one writes definitions, as well as on much of the motivation behind the form in which definitions are written. Some conclusions are drawn about future definitional facilities.
Conserved expression of natural antisense transcripts in mammals

Recent studies had found thousands of natural antisense transcripts originating from the same genomic loci of protein coding genes but from the opposite strand. It is unclear whether the majority of antisense transcripts are functional or merely transcriptional noise. Using the Affymetrix Exon array with a modified cDNA synthesis protocol that enables genome-wide detection of antisense transcription, we conducted large-scale expression analysis of antisense transcripts in nine corresponding tissues from human, mouse and rat. We detected thousands of antisense transcripts, some of which show tissue-specific expression that could be subjected to further study for their potential function in the corresponding tissues/organs. The expression patterns of many antisense transcripts are conserved across species, suggesting selective pressure on these transcripts. When compared to protein-coding genes, antisense transcripts show a lesser degree of expression conservation. We also found a positive correlation between the sense and antisense expression across tissues. Our results suggest that natural antisense transcripts are subjected to selective pressure but to a lesser degree compared to sense transcripts in mammals.
FINITE-SIZE SCALING IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUPERFLUIDS

Using the x-y model and a nonlocal updating scheme called cluster Monte Carlo, we calculate the superfluid density of a two-dimensional superfluid on large-size square lattices L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L up to 400\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}400. This technique allows us to approach temperatures close to the critical point, and by studying a wide range of L values and applying finite-size scaling theory we are able to extract the critical properties of the system. We calculate the superfluid density and from that we extract the renormalization-group beta function. We derive finite-size scaling expressions using the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Nelson renormalization group equations and show that they are in very good agreement with our numerical results. This allows us to extrapolate our results to the infinite-size limit. We also find that the universal discontinuity of the superfluid density at the critical temperature is in very good agreement with the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Nelson calculation and experiments.
Aspiration biopsy of prostate

Needle biopsy of the prostate has been widely practiced for more than twenty-five years, whereas transrectal aspiration biopsy, first described fifty years ago, has not. We describe our experience using the transrectal aspiration biopsy and correlate the results with histologic studies of the prostate obtained by conventional needle biopsy and surgical specimens. Aspiration needle biopsy of the prostate has a high degree of diagnostic accuracy, it causes minimal inconvenience and discomfort, the results are rapidly available, the ease of entering the suspected area in the prostate is more precise than with conventional needle biopsy, and sampling of prostate can be greater. The disadvantages of aspiration biopsy are that the technique, being unfamiliar to most urologists, must be learned and requires an experienced cytologist for interpretation. Cytologic evaluation by aspiration biopsy and the histologic diagnosis by conventional needle biopsy are complementary.
The influence of sunlight and oxidative treatment on measured PAH concentrations in biochar

The concentration changes of 18 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two different biochars were assessed after (1) chemical oxidative treatment with a solution of H2O2 and Na2S2O8, (2) exposure to sunlight with intermittent wetting, and (3) exposure to sunlight with intermittent wetting after mixing in ZnO and Na2S2O8. Chemical oxidative treatment of biochars derived from gasified wood biochar and a gasified wood/Arundo donax mixture led to decreases in six-ring PAHs, but overall significant increases in measured PAH concentration sums for both biochars (from 225 ± 7 to 312 ± 18 μg g−1 for wood-derived and 165 ± 3 to 244 ± 7 μg g−1 for mixture-derived). Sunlight exposure of the mixture-derived biochar led to increases in some three- and four-ring PAHs, but overall decreases in summed PAH concentrations (165 ± 3 to 60 ± 1 μg g−1 with wetting only and 165 ± 3 to 41 ± 4 μg g−1 when Na2S2O8 and ZnO were included). The mass losses in the sunlight-exposed samples primarily were due to losses of low molar mass (two-ring) PAHs, though high molar mass (five- and six-ring) PAH concentrations also decreased. This result implies sun and rain exposure to biochar, prior to agricultural application, will help reduce potential PAH soil contamination from the biochar.
Inhibition of growth of 3T3 cells by extract of surface membranes.

Abstract The growth of Swiss 3T3 cells can be inhibited by the addition of a plasma membrane enriched fraction from 3T3 cells [Whittenberger, B & Glaser, L. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 2251--2255]. We report conditions for the extraction of the inhibitory components from the membranes with octylglucoside. The solubilized components reversibly inhibit the rate of cell division of 3T3 but not of simian virus 40-transformed 3T3 cells. The inhibitory activity is heat labile and nondialyzable. The inhibition observed with the soluble extract can be reversed by mitogenic factors present in serum.
Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on myocardial gene expression in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Background Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves echocardiographic measures of ventricular structure and function in the failing heart. To determine whether or not these changes are representative of true biologic reverse ventricular remodeling or simply an artifact of an improved contraction pattern, we evaluated changes in myocardial gene expression typical of reverse remodeling before and after chronic CRT. Methods and Results Optimally medically treated patients with nonischemic heart failure meeting standard clinical criteria for CRT were enrolled. Before implantation of a CRT device, baseline echocardiogram and endomyocardial biopsies were obtained. These studies were repeated after 6 months of CRT. Using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, the amount of messenger RNA for selected genes regulating contractile function (sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase, α- and β-myosin heavy chain [MHC] isoforms, phospholamban [PLB]), and pathologic hypertrophy (β-MHC and atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP]) was determined from biopsy samples. Changes in gene expression (baseline to 6 months) were determined and correlated to changes in echocardiographic remodeling parameters. Ten patients were enrolled in the study, with 7 completing both baseline and follow-up biopsies and echocardiograms. On average, a significant increase was observed in α-MHC and PLB gene expression from baseline to 6 months ( P = .016 for both). β-MHC levels tended to decrease with CRT ( P = .078). Increased α-MHC levels correlated best with decreases in left ventricular end-diastolic dimension ( P = .073, r = –0.71) and reductions in mitral regurgitation. No significant correlation between ejection fraction and gene expression was found. Conclusions These changes in myocardial gene expression support the occurrence of reverse remodeling during chronic CRT. The changes are similar to those reported previously with β-blockade, but were seen on top of standard drug therapies for heart failure.
Collisions and collusion

Use Meitner: A Life in Physics. By Ruth Lewin Sime. University of California Press: 1996. Pp. 512. $30.
Hemitrigone: Renal agenesis or single ureteral ectopia

Hemitrigone is pathognomonic of either renal agenesis or single ureteral ectopia. The latter may present as urinary incontinence in the female patient, with prostatitis or seminal vesiculitis often occurring in the male.
The Interplay Between CKD, Sudden Cardiac Death, and Ventricular Arrhythmias

CKD patients face an increased risk of cardiovascular disease mortality, and the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) increases as kidney function declines. Risk factors for SCD are poorly understood and understudied among CKD patients. In the general population, coronary heart disease-associated risk factors are the most important determinants of SCD risk, but among CKD patients, there is evidence that these factors play a much smaller role. Complex relationships between CKD-specific risk factors, structural heart disease, and arrhythmic triggers contribute to the high risk of SCD and ventricular arrhythmias and modulate the effectiveness of available therapies. This review examines recent data on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and mechanisms of SCD among CKD patients and examines current evidence regarding the use of pharmacologic and device-based therapies for management of SCD risk.
Lessons From Katrina: Disaster Mental Health Service in the Gulf Coast Region

In this article, 4 mental health professionals provide firsthand accounts of experiences as volunteers inthe Gulf Coast region following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the fall of 2006. These accounts areprovided with the goal of informing psychologists and other mental health providers about the role ofvolunteers from a frontline perspective. The authors offer these observations as a compliment to formaltraining in disaster preparedness that psychologists might receive for volunteer service in the wake of adevastatingdisaster.Specifically,theauthorsdiscussthetrainingtheyreceived,thesettingsinwhichtheyworked, and the client needs and mental health skills they used to meet those needs. Last, the lessons theauthors learned about providing disaster mental health services are discussed. It is hoped that theseobservations might inspire others to lend their expertise and compassion in response to future cata-strophic events.Keywords: disaster mental health, Hurricane Katrina, psychological first aid
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE NUTRITION OF THE CULTIVATED MUSHROOM

Mushrooms are commercially grown uponl composts of horse manure. As the available supply of manure is becoming less, it is important to explain the wide difference between average and maximum yields. This requires a better knowledge of the nutrition of the cultivated mushroom than we now have. The first attempts to culture Agaricus campestris L. in media of known composition were made by Duggar (2), who made a series of cultures on gray filter paper to which were added various carbonaceous and nitrogenous cornpounds, along with a mineral nutrient solution. His successful cultures included those containing calcium hippurate, peptone, and casein; while the unsuccessful ones were upon the common sugars, starch, mannite, tartrates, lactates, urea, asparagine, ammonium salts, and nitrates. He concluded that the fungus could not utilize carbon in the form of sugars and organic acid salts, nor nitrogen in inorganic form. This conclusion is surprising in view of the general use of these compounds in culture media for fungi. Even the higher fungi have been grown upon such media, Lutz (6) having used a solution of xylose, maltose, ammonium salts, and minerals for hymenomycetes of several types. It is possible that Duggar's negative results were due in part to some adverse condition not easily observed rather than to the inability of the myceliun to develop upon simple nutrients. This possibility was considered in planning the present investigation. Hebert and Heim (4) asserted that calcium and potassium should be added to manures used in the commercial culture of mnushrooms, but supported the assertion only with analyses of mushrooms showing high contents of these elements. Later Hebert and Heim (5) reported that the composting of manure for mushroom culture was marked by losses in ammonia, organic acids, gums, cellulose, and xylan, and by increases in vasculose (" the black materials of the compost") and complex nitrogenous materials. They suggested that the nutrition of the mushroom was dependent upon a supply of the latter groups rather than of the former. Boyer (i), in a study of Agaricuts campestris, transferred his cultures from the original into manure, but said, "Almost all organic materials and many inorganic substrata are good." He did not obtain growth upon blotting paper or cellulose; however, it was not stated what medium was used with these materials. Boyer did not mention the inorganic materials used, except to state that potassium nitrate did not improve the growth in
A Blended Professional Development Program to Help a Teacher Learn to Provide One-to-One Scaffolding.

Argumentation is central to instruction centered on socio-scientific issues (Sadler & Donnelly in International Journal of Science Education, 28(12), 1463–1488, 2006. doi: 10.1080/09500690600708717 ). Teachers can play a big role in helping students engage in argumentation and solve authentic scientific problems. To do so, they need to learn one-to-one scaffolding—dynamic support to help students accomplish tasks that they could not complete unaided. This study explores a middle school science teacher’s provision of one-to-one scaffolding during a problem-based learning unit, in which students argued about how to optimize the water quality of their local river. The blended professional development program incorporated three 1.5-h seminars, one 8-h workshop, and 4 weeks of online education activities. Data sources were video of three small groups per period, and what students typed in response to prompts from computer-based argumentation scaffolds. Results indicated that the teacher provided one-to-one scaffolding on a par with inquiry-oriented teachers described in the literature.
Uses of soybean oil in the application of herbicides

Field studies were conducted in 1982 and 1983 at Southern Illinois University to evaluate soybean oil as a carrier for preemergence and postemergence herbicides and as an enhancing agent for postemergence herbicides. Preemergence and postemergence herbicides applied with rotary nozzles in a soybean oil carrier volume as low as 5 L/ha afforded weed control equal to that achieved when the herbicides were applied in 187 L/ha water with flat fan nozzles. Soybean oil as an enhancing agent for four postemergence soybean herbicides was equal to petroleum crop oil concentrate with three of the herbicides but distinctly less effective with the fourth herbicide.
Interrelationship of Wages Under Joint Demand: The Case of the Fall River Textile Workers

I. Introduction, 464. — II. The Fall River case, 466; labor organizations in Fall River, 466; collective bargaining in Fall River, 467. — III. Interrelationship of wages in Fall River, 470.
Observations on the Choline Requirements of Hens

Abstract FEW reports concerning the choline requirements of hens have appeared in the literature. McCollum, Halpin and Drescher (1912) using a diet consisting of 70 parts of ground polished rice which had been extracted with hot alcohol, and 30 parts of dried skimmilk, found that large amounts of lecithin were synthesized by laying hens. These authors noted that the ration was readily consumed and the hens remained in good production during the experiment. Abbot and DeMasters (1940) used the basal mixture of McCollum et al. but supplemented it with vitamins A, D and B1, and a B-complex preparation. This diet would not support good production or maintain body weight. A large number of aborted yolks occurred, and the livers were somewhat more fatty than those of control hens fed a commercial laying mash. Additions of choline increased production, prevented weight loss and abortion of yolks, and reduced liver fat. The magnitudes . . .