cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Computational Synaptic Antibody Characterization and Screening Framework for Array Tomography

Application-specific validation of antibodies is a critical prerequisite for their successful use. Here we introduce an automated framework for characterization and screening of antibodies against synaptic molecules for high-resolution immunofluorescence array tomography (AT). The proposed Synaptic Antibody Screening Tool (SACT), is designed to provide an automatic, robust, flexible, and efficient tool for antibody characterization at scale. By allowing the user to define the molecular composition and size of synapses expected to contain the antigen, the method detects and characterizes puncta and synapses, and outputs automatically computed characteristics such as synapse density and target specificity ratio, which reflect the sensitivity and specificity of immunolabeling with a given antibody. These measurements provide an objective way to characterize and compare the performance of different antibodies against the same target, and can be used to objectively select the antibodies best suited for AT and potentially for other immunolabeling applications.
Psychological Resilience in Frontline Health Care Workers During the Acute Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City.

Data were collected between April 14 and May 11, 2020, during the peak and initial decline of the acute patient surge. An anonymous, incentivized ($25 gift card) survey was emailed to a purposively selected sample of 6,026 FHCWs at Mount Sinai Hospital, an urban tertiary care hospital in NYC. Importance analyses revealed that positive emotions (interested [relative variance explained [RVE] = 14.7%], enthusiastic [RVE = 11.2%]), self-efficacy (RVE = 13.8%), nonengagement in substance use coping (RVE = 9.9%), higher purpose in life (RVE = 7.8%), and emotional support (RVE = 6.9%) and leadership support (RVE = 6.8%) were most strongly associated with psychological resilience, collectively explaining > 70% of the variance in these scores. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine factors associated with psychological resilience in FHCWs during the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Late-phase dominance of a single epitope-specific CD8+ T-cell response in passive neutralizing antibody-infused simian immunodeficiency virus controllers.

Objective Analysis of the quantity and quality of epitope-specific CD8+ T-cell responses is crucial for understanding the mechanism of HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication control. We have previously shown that acute-phase passive infusion of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) results in augmented broad T-cell responses and robust SIVmac239 control in rhesus macaques. Analyzing long-term dynamics of CD8+ T-cell responses in these SIV controllers provides important insights into designing lasting anti-HIV immunity. Design We analyzed dynamics and metabolic/functional profiles of SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in rhesus macaques that controlled SIVmac239 replication following acute-phase passive NAb infusion. Methods SIV epitope-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in peripheral blood at multiple chronic-phase time points were investigated in four passive NAb-infused SIV controllers. In particular, expression patterns of Eomesodermin (Eomes), phosphorylated AMP kinase (pAMPK), CD28 and programmed death-1 (PD-1) were examined. Results In the NAb-infused SIV controllers, a single epitope-specific CD8+ T-cell response detected from acute infection and maintaining low levels up to year 1 showed a surge thereafter, up to year 2 post-challenge. Retention of an effector-skewed and unexhausted Eomes-high/pAMPK-low/CD28-negative/PD-1-low subpopulation in these epitope-specific CD8+ T cells implicated their front-line commitment in residual viral replication control. Conclusions In long-term SIV control following acute-phase passive NAb infusion, a single-epitope, high-quality CTL response was dominantly induced in the chronic phase. These results likely describe one favorable pattern of immunodominant epitope-specific CD8+ T-cell preservation and suggest the importance of incorporating metabolic marker signatures for understanding NAb/T-cell synergism-based HIV/SIV control.
Self-Assembled Nanomicelles to Enhance Solubility and Anticancer Activity of Etoposide.

It is hypothesized that etoposide/VP-16 nanomicellar formulation (VP-16 NMF) utilizing D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) can improve etoposide solubility and anticancer activity. The following four different concentrations of TPGS: 3, 6, 8, and 10 wt% were used to solubilize the drug. Among these four formulations, 10 wt% of TPGS loaded with VP-16 NMF dramatically enhanced etoposide apparent solubility by 26-folds compared with the native drug. The physicochemical properties of the optimized formulation were further analyzed by dynamic light scattering, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to assess solubility and intracellular uptake of the drug from the NMF. Cell viability assay ([3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H tetrazolium solution [MTS]) was performed on MCF-7 and MCF-10A cell lines to assess intracellular uptake and anticancer activity of etoposide. The MTS assay results showed that the VP-16 NMF platform provides a higher anticancer activity than the native VP-16 on the MCF-7 cells line as it integrates a dual anticancer activity of VP-16 and TPGS. LC-MS/MS data showed a threefold increase in cellular uptake of VP-16 NMF in MCF-7 cell line compared with the native etoposide. These data suggest that an optimal TPGS concentration can improve VP-16 bioavailability and efficacy with potential benefits for chemotherapy.
Nuclear sphingosine 1-phosphate and lung cancer (96.3)

Mechanisms that selectively regulate canonical telomere-replication and non-canonical oncogenic functions of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) are largely unknown. Here, we show that sphingo...
New Method for the Determination of Whole-Blood Iron and Hemoglobin

A rapid, simple, highly accurate procedure for the determination of hemoglobin iron is described. The use of a sodium hypochlorite solution achieves a smoother, faster, cleaner digestion of hemoglobin and release of the iron than the use of concentrated sulfuric acid and persulfate. The accuracy of the method is established by recovery experiments showing that a linear relation exists between the volume of a given hemoglobin solution analyzed and the total amount of iron released, as well as by the demonstration that a constant fixed ratio exists between hemoglobin iron and hemoglobin (as cyanmethemoglobin). The new method is easier to perform than the time-honored procedure of Wong.
User-Accessed AGRICOLA Made Available to a Branch Campus Agriculture Program via the INTERNET and FirstSearch

ABSTRACT In September 1992 Washington State University at Tri-Cities became one of the nation's first subscribers to OCLC's FirstSearch in order to make user-accessed AGRICOLA and its other automated indexing services available free of charge to everyone on the Ethernet, the branch campus computer network, with its telnet access to the Internet. Arrival of user-accessed AGRICOLA at WSU Tri-Cities was timely due to the addition of a new bachelor of science degree program in the integrated cropping systems typical of the surrounding Columbia Basin arid lands region; the opening of a Food and Environmental Quality Laboratory to monitor local use of pesticides and other substances; the presence on campus of the Cooperative Extension Services District Office, covering eleven counties in the area; and close links with the WSU Agriculture Research and Extension Center at nearby Prosser.
cot-1, a gene required for hyphal elongation in Neurospora crassa, encodes a protein kinase

Neurospora crassa is a filamentous fungus that grows on semisolid media by forming spreading colonies. Mutations at several loci prevent this spreading growth. cot-1 is a temperature sensitive mutant of N.crassa that exhibits restricted colonial growth. At temperatures above 32 degrees C colonies are compact while at lower temperatures growth is indistinguishable from that of the wild type. Restricted colonial growth is due to a defect in hyphal tip elongation and a concomitant increase in hyphal branching. We have isolated a genomic cosmid clone containing the wild type allele of cot-1 by complementation. Sequence analyses suggested that cot-1 encodes a member of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase family. Strains in which we disrupted cot-1 are viable but display restricted colonial growth. Duplication, by ectopic integration of a promoter-containing fragment which includes the first one-third (209 codons) of the structural gene, unexpectedly resulted in restricted colonial growth. Our results suggest that an active COT1 kinase is required for one or more events essential for hyphal elongation.
Technology for solar array production on the moon

Silicon, aluminum, and glass are the primary raw materials that will be required for production of solar arrays on the moon. A process sequence is proposed for producing these materials from lunar regolith is proposed, consisting of separating the required materials from lunar rock with fluorine. Fluorosilane produced by this process is reduced to silicon; the fluorine salts are reduced to metals by reaction with metallic potassium. Fluorine is recovered from residual MgF and CaF/sub 2/ by reaction with K/sub 2/O. Aluminum, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide are recovered to manufacture structural materials and glass.
Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Ovarian-Independent Growth of Mammary Tumors Induced 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene

The effects of ovariectomy on the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors were investigated after rats ahd been exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Pregnant rats were inoculated with either DES (total dose: 1.2 micrograms) in sesame oil or with the vehicle alone on days 10 and 13 of gestation. Female offspring were given 2 gastric intubations of DMBA (10 mg each) 1 week apart beginning at 50 plus or minus 1 days of age. When the average diameter of a mammary tumor exceeded 2 cm, the animal was ovariectomized. The initial response of most tumors in both the DES-exposed and control groups to ovariectomy was size regression. The growth of 7 tumors that arose soon after DMBA treatment in each group was studied for 12-20 weeks after ovariectomy. Whereas only 1 tumor from the control group resumed active growth after the initial regression period, 6 tumors in the DES-exposed group overcame the initial effects of ovariectomy and began to grow again. Thus ovariectomy appeared to be less effective in producing sustained control growth in DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats exposed prenatally to DES.
Analysis of glycosaminoglycans during chondrogenesis of normal and brachypod mouse limb mesenchyme.

Studies have been carried out to characterize radioactive incorporation rates and steadystate levels of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) as well as hyaluronidase activity in the hind limbs of normal and brachypod mouse embryos between 11–14 days of gestation. The results of the analysis show that changes in the synthetic and degradative rates of HA and CS occur at about the 12·5-day stage in normal hind limbs. These changes include an increased rate of CS synthesis, a decreased rate of HA synthesis, and a correspondingly sharp, transitory rise in hyaluronidase activity. Similar changes also occur in brachypod hind limbs but appear to be delayed in onset by approximately one-half day. In addition, the mutant hind limb exhibits a slower loss of HA at a time when turnover would be expected to be on the increase. These changes are concomitant with cell surface alterations and abnormal mesenchymal condensation formation which have been previously shown to occur in this mutant.
Metabolism of cholesterol, phosphatidylethanolamine and stearylamine analogues of GM1 ganglioside by rat glioma C6 cells

Abstract Tritium-labeled neoglycolipids consisting of the oligosaccharide of ganglioside GM1 attached to cholesterol (GM1OSNH-X-CHOL), phosphatidylethanolamine (GM1OS-PE) and stearylamine (GM1OSNHC18) were synthesized and their uptake and metabolism by GM1-deficient rat glioma C6 cells were determined. When the neoglycolipids were added to serum-free culture medium, all three were rapidly taken up by the cells and initially inserted into the plasma membrane based on their resistance to trypsia and their ability to bind cholera toxin. With time, the neoglycolipids underwent internalization as the ratio of cell-associated radioactivity to cell surface toxin binding increased; this process was slow for GM1OSNH-X-CHOL and GM1OS-PE and rapid for GM1OSNHC18. Analysis of lipids extracted from the cells indicated that the neoglycolipids also underwent metabolism to GDtaOS-based analogues. In addition, GM1OSNH-X-CHOL and GM1OSNHC18 were degraded to their GM2OS-based analogues, whereas GM2OS-PE was not detected. In contrast, large amounts of 3H were recovered in the medium from cells treated with GM1OS-PE and the label was associated with material that behaved neither as an oligosaccharide or a neoglycolipid. In the presence of monensin or chloroquine, metabolism of the three neoglycolipids was inhibited. Thus, GM1OS-based neoglycolipids were taken up by the cells, internalized and sorted both to the Golgi apparatus (sialylated to GD1aOS-based analogues) and to lysosomes (hydrolyzed to GM2OS-based analogues). The rate and extent of these processes, however, were strongly influenced by the nature of lipid moiety.
Ozone depletion leading force for Southern Ocean change

[1] Previous studies have suggested that key aspects of the Southern Ocean are affected by elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations, which strengthen surface winds over much of the Southern Ocean, may increase flow rates in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), induce a temperature disparity between the northern and central Southern Ocean, and affect the strength of the meridional ocean circulation (MOC). But GHGs are not the only set of compounds arising from human activity that can trigger these changes. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to such ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) as chlorofluorocarbons, whose production and use were heavily regulated by the 1987 Montreal Protocol, results in similar changes. Using an atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model that allows for detailed calculations of stratospheric chemistry, Sigmond et al. simulated past and future changes for the Southern Ocean due to both GHGs and ODSs. Their model calculations suggest that ODSs, which peaked in concentration in 1995, will be the dominant driver of changes in ACC until the second quarter of the 21st century, at which point the monotonically increasing GHG levels will take over. Further, they found that the peak impact of ODSs on ACC will occur a few decades after their peak concentration. The authors suggest that future research needs to take into account the effects of ozone depletion—something not ordinarily done in investigations of Southern Ocean behavior. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL047120, 2011)
Laser-induced surface thermal lensing for thin film characterizations

Laser-induced surface deformation is a widely used technique for studying thin film coatings. In this technique the deformation is typically detected by using the well-known optical beam deflection technique. In this paper we report a different technique in studying the deformation by using optical diffraction effect. In this detection scheme the laser-induced thermal bump behaves as a curved reflection mirror which can either focus or defocus a second probe laser beam through optical diffraction, depending on the specific geometry used. This surface thermal lensing effect is demonstrated to be a sensitive and easy-to-handle method for thin film characterization. The potentials of this technique and its advantages over the conventional method for thin film absorption measurement and defect characterization are discussed.
Modern Chinese Poetry: Translation and Translatability

This paper is divided into two parts. Part I gives a brief survey of English translations of modern Chinese poetry in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The select translations—their foci and chronology—not only delineate a historic trajectory but also suggest broader geopolitical and sociocultural implications. Part II proposes that we understand “translatability” as “elective affinity.” Borrowed from German letters and science, “elective affinity” is an essential component of translation across cultures, and it is illustrated with two sets of examples: the encounters between classical Chinese poetry and modern American poets, and those between modern Chinese poetry and Anglo-American translators.
Reduced deformability of erythrocyte membranes from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

THE fundamental defect in Duchenne muscular dystrophy is obscure. Early investigators attributed the disorder to a primary defect of the skeletal muscle itself,1 but alternative suggestions have implicated the motor neurone2,3 or the vascular supply4. Recent attention has been directed to the plasma membrane of muscle as well as of other tissues. Several authors have postulated a generalised membrane defect as the fundamental problem in this disorder5–7.
High-resolution 3D T2-weighted fast spin echo: new applications in the orbit

Recent developments have made available for ophthalmologic MR imaging a very high-resolution 3D fast spin echo T2 (3D FSE T2) sequence, which runs in a standard head coil. A modification of this technique, 3D FSEz T2, uses a zero-filled slice interpolation method during post-processing to further improve spatial resolution. We describe the technique and share our early clinical observations in patients with ocular masses. Briefly, the additional information from the 3D FSEz T2 resulted in a change in diagnosis from the conventional imaging series in 11 of (41%) 27 studies, usually through the identification of previously treated retinoblastoma lesions. The new sequence significantly increased diagnostic confidence in six (38%) of the remaining 16 cases, usually through better anatomical detail and lesion conspicuity, and did not change interpretation in 10 cases. Such an approach improves diagnostic confidence and may eliminate the need for a dedicated surface coil examination.
Coincidence detection enhances appropriate wiring of the nervous system

Understanding how the spectacular complexity of connections among the neurons in the brain is established during embryonic development often is referred to as “the wiring problem.” Wiring assembly is viewed largely as a two-stage operation, involving axon pathfinding to reach the target and target selection that enables formation of appropriate synaptic connections (1, 2). The former entails growth cone migration that can occur over substantial distances and is considered to be driven largely by molecular cues; electrical activity is thought to play little role, with some exceptions (3, 4). The latter, involving sorting of axons in local regions, has been shown to involve electrical activity. Blocking action potentials with tetrodotoxin that plugs voltage-gated sodium channels leads to defects in the precision of synaptic connections (5). In a recent issue of PNAS, Kasyanov et al. (6) reported the function of a different form of excitability in the establishment of functional connections in the hippocampus, a region of the brain known to be important for the formation of declarative memories. These new findings include identification of the function in the developing brain of a well described form of embryonic excitability, giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs; refs. 7 and 8), and illustrate a role for calcium signaling in synapse formation. The results also show that coincidence detection, long appreciated to play a role in strengthening synaptic connections in mature and developing nervous systems (9–11), can be important for establishing synaptic connections during embryogenesis. Electrical and chemical excitability have been studied extensively in the mature nervous system. The roles of voltage-gated ion channels in producing action potentials and the functions of neurotransmitter receptors in generating synaptic potentials are well established. Spontaneous activity has been appreciated to increase responsiveness to inputs because neurons are frequently close to threshold for action potential production, …
Energy-Efficient Approach to Cold-Weather Concreting

Conventional cold-weather concreting is expensive and very energy inefficient. Common practice requires artificial heating of the raw materials and the surrounding environment to create suitable curing conditions for normal concrete. Antifreeze concrete is a new approach to cold-weather concreting without the need for artificial heating. This saves time, money, and energy. The antifreeze concrete technology has been proven in numerous full-scale field demonstrations and is compatible with current concrete construction practices. A laboratory study established the practicality of using antifreeze concrete and developed the tools to mix and cure concrete in subfreezing temperatures. Eight candidate antifreeze formulations were developed in the laboratory and subjected to initial screening tests that showed they were capable of being workable, entraining air, and meeting the design freezing point. Performance testing showed that the strength gain when cured at -4°C is as good as conventional concrete cured a...
Fast Prediction of Protein Thermodynamics

A computational method for a Flexibility And Stability Test (FAST) on three-dimensional protein structure is described. A four-dimensional free energy landscape defined by temperature and three order parameters is calculated in matter of minutes. The order parameters characterize structure and solvent properties. Specifically, they depict the number of native vs. disordered residues that are within a particular solvent state. Thermodynamic properties are derived from the free energy landscape, including stability curves and heat capacity over all experimentally accessible temperatures. Protein flexibility and correlated motions for a given thermodynamic and solvent condition are also calculated to highlight structural mechanisms. A Free Energy Decomposition (FED) is employed to account for essential enthalpy-entropy compensation mechanisms that include: hydrogen bonding, chemical diversity among residues, atomic packing, strain and vibration energy, pH effects, solvation effects such as clathrate water interacting with residues, hydrophobic effects due to water transfer from buried regions to bulk solvent, and network rigidity. Network rigidity is a long-range underlying mechanical interaction that accounts for conformational entropy nonadditivity during Free Energy Reconstitution (FER). In contrast to molecular simulation, FAST is based on a free energy functional that is solved using self-consistent mean field theory. Individual free energy components come from molecular partition functions that are parameterized from a combination of long all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent, and empirical fitting to experimental data. FAST is a unified model that accounts for several modes of protein denaturation driven by extreme: temperature, pH, and concentration of co-solute. Pressure dependence will also be incorporated in future work. Because of its computational efficiency, FAST can be used in high throughput applications (i.e., design) to assess the consequences of all FED components on the free energy. This work is supported by NIH grant R01-GM073082.
ENSO, volcanoes and record-breaking temperatures

Monthly-mean, near-surface temperatures are examined for records and trends after accounting for the influences of ENSO and the volcanic eruptions of Agung, El Chichon and Pinatubo. Of the 16 consecutive record-breaking months in 1997–98, at least six can be attributed to ENSO-associated warmth. The period is still unusual, but no more unusual than 1990–91 when an equal number of records occurred in the ENSO-adjusted data. The warming trend over the past two decades is also shown to be unusual, but is found (in the raw data) to be not significantly different from the warming trend of the 1910s–1930s. When ENSO and volcanic effects are removed, however, the recent warming trend increases (to 0.25°C/decade) and becomes highly significant compared to the earlier period.
Toxicity of selected controlled release and corresponding unformulated technical grade pesticides to the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas

Fathead minnows were exposed to three encapsulated slow-release pesticide formulations and three corresponding technical grade products used in their manufacture. Static 4-day LC50 values derived from aged stock solutions indicate increased toxicity with time for encapsulated methyl parathion, diazinon and their technical grades. The technical grades, however, were more toxic than the encapsulated. Encapsulated Dursban was less toxic with time, whereas toxicity remained similar with time for the technical grade. Flow-through 4-day LC50 values for methyl parathion, Penncap-M, Dursban, Dursban 10 CR and diazinon are 5·36, 6·91, 0·14, 0·12 and 6·9 mb litre−1, respectively. In general, long-term toxicity was similar for both pesticide forms. Growth (weight) was the most sensitive parameter measured in the 32-day embryo-larval tests, except for the Dursban 10 CR study where it was equally as sensitive as survival. Growth effects occrred at >0·31– 0·38– 0·0016– 0·0022– 0·050–<0·090 and .0·040–<0·076 mg litre-1 for methyl parathion, Penncap-M, Dursban, Dursban 10 CR, diazinon and Knox Out 2 FM, respectively. Water solubilities were slightly lower for the encapsulated compounds. Estimated half-lives were 18 days for methyl parathion and 15 days for Penncap-M; 41 days for Dursban and > 200 days for Dursban 10 CR and approximately 30 days for diaznom and > 230 days for Knox Out 2 FM.
Induced absorption in silica: a preliminary model

The use of silica lenses in a photolithographic system employing a 193 nm excimer laser has been proposed. It is desirable to determine if, at the low intensity to be used in the system (approximately equals 0.1 mJ/cm2), the glass will withstand about ten years of use without objectionable induced absorption. At a pulse frequency of 1 Khz, this length of time corresponds to about 1011 pulses. Because of the long time involved, an accelerated test is needed to determine the susceptibility of silica to induced absorption. The mechanism of darkening must be understood in order that the behavior of the glass under use conditions be predicted with confidence from the results of the accelerated test. The most important processes in the mechanism of induced absorption are: (1) Two photon absorption creating an exciton; (2) Trapping of the exciton by a localized state; (3) Dissociation of the trapped exciton to form an E' center and a NBOHC; (4) Reaction of these centers with hydrogen to form SiH and SiOH bonds; and (5) Photolysis of the SiH bonds to produce more E' centers. The mechanism will be discussed in detail and the agreement with experimental results over a range of intensities and hydrogen levels will be presented.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Differential scanning calorimetry studies on coal. 2. Hydrogenation of coals

Abstract Results of exothermic heats involved during hydrogenation of twenty U.S. raw coals of varying rank at 5 · 6 MPa (gauge) and temperatures up to 570 °C are reported. The heat evolved during hydrogenation up to 570 °C decreases with increase in coal rank. A part of the total heat released during hydrogenation of coals appears to be due to the exothermic reaction between H 2 and surface carbon-oxygen complexes removed during the reaction. The transition temperature, that is the temperature corresponding to the onset of exotherms, is markedly dependent on coal rank. A sharp increase in the transition temperature occurs for coals having a carbon content, on a dry-ash-free basis, in the 75–80% range. Demineralization of coals lower in rank than HVA bituminous decreases the heat of hydrogenation; in the case of higher-rank coals, exothermic heats increase upon demineralization. The presence of pyrite has a beneficial catalytic effect on coal hydrogenation.
A machine learning approach to modeling power and performance of chip multiprocessors

Exploring the vast microarchitectural design space of chip multiprocessors (CMPs) through the traditional approach of exhaustive simulations is impractical due to the long simulation times and its super-linear increase with core scaling. Kernel based statistical machine learning algorithms can potentially help predict multiple performance metrics with non-linear dependence on the CMP design parameters. In this paper, we describe and evaluate a machine learning framework that uses Kernel Canonical Correlation Analysis (KCCA) to predict the power dissipation and performance of CMPs. Specifically we focus on modeling the microarchitecture of a highly multithreaded CMP targeted towards packet processing. We use a cycle accurate CMP simulator to generate training samples required to build the model. Despite sampling only 0.016% of the design space we observe a median error of 6–10% in the KCCA predicted processor power dissipation and performance.
On Extending the SMO Algorithm Sub-Problem

The support vector machine is a widely employed machine learning model due to its repeatedly demonstrated superior generalization performance. The sequential minimal optimization (SMO) algorithm is one of the most popular SVM training approaches. SMO is fast, as well as easy to implement; however, it has a limited working set size (2 points only). Faster training times can result if the working set size can be increased without significantly increasing the computational complexity. In this paper, we extend the 2-point SMO formulation to a 4-point formulation and address the theoretical issues associated with such an extension. We show that modifying the SMO algorithm to increase the working set size is beneficial in terms of the number of iterations required for convergence, and shows promise for reducing the overall training time.
Ethicism, Interpretation, and Munich

abstract The paper, using Spielberg's Munich as a test case, argues that the theory of ethicism – the view that a work of art's moral point of view affects the work's overall aesthetic evaluation – has serious restricted applicability owing to a number of reasons. Ethicism does not apply to works of art (1) that have no moral content; (2) that do have moral content but whose prescribed responses are non-moral; (3) whose prescribed moral responses do not ask the audience to accept or reject the moral claim but merely to contemplate or entertain it; (4) whose prescribed moral responses assert moral claims that are indeterminate; and (5) whose prescribed moral responses are embodied in equally plausible or true but incompatible interpretations.
Metrics for measuring ideation effectiveness

Abstract Systematic methods for idea generation in engineering design have come about from a variety of sources. Do these methods really aid ideation? Some empirical studies have been conducted by researchers to answer this question. These studies include highly controlled lab experiments by cognitive psychologists, as well as experiments in simulated design environments carried out by engineering design theorists. A key factor in design and analysis of empirical studies is characterization and measurement of ideation effectiveness. This paper describes four objective measures of ideation effectiveness. The theoretical basis of each is discussed and procedures for application of each are outlined and illustrated with case studies.
Free-electron laser design operating in the SASE mode using the PALADIN wiggler

It is commonly assumed that a matched electron beam optimizes free-electron laser (FEL) performance; however, this assumption has not been proven for FELs operating in the high gain regime. We test this hypothesis using a 3D multimode analysis which is capable of modeling matched and unmatched electron beams and for design parameters suitable for a SASE experiment at Duke University using the PALADIN wiggler. The gain length predicted for a matched beam is in good agreement with analytic theory. Further, the simulation indicates that while the gain length is optimized for a matched beam the saturated power is not necessarily optimized.
Alpha-Alpha Scattering by One-Boson-Exchange Potentials

Theoretical phase shifts are obtained for $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ elastic scattering, using one-boson-exchange potentials, at higher energies (40- to 100-MeV lab energy), where, it is argued, both exchange and polarization can be neglected. It is pointed out that the study of $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ scattering can be useful in determining meson-nucleon coupling constants, since selection rules prevent the direct exchange of some of the mesons that contribute to nucleon-nucleon scattering. In particular, one set of meson-nucleon coupling constants is shown to be inadequate, and strong support is given to a second set. Comparison with the methods used in previous calculations at lower energies is made, and an ambiguity in the definition of the one-boson-exchange potential is pointed out.
Relating to the Self: Changing Inner Dialogue:

This paper presents a conception of the self's relationship with the self as a foundation for building inner security and competence. Interpersonal learning in the family becomes the model for the ...
Attenuation of Lipopolysaccharide Induced Inflammatory Response and Phospholipids Metabolism at the Feto-Maternal Interface by N-Acetyl-Cysteine

Maternal microbial infections cause adverse fetal developmental outcomes including embryonic resorption, intrauterine fetal death, and preterm labor. Recent studies demonstrated that oxidative-stress plays an important role in chorioamniotitis pathogenesis. Herein we investigated the effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preterm labor and fetal demise in murine model. Lipopolysaccharide exposure at embryonic day 18 demonstrated an increase in the abortion rate and fetal demise in pregnant rats. This was associated with increase in an inflammatory response (cytokines, chemokines, and iNOS expression) and infiltration of leukocytes (monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells) in the placenta. There was increased expression of cytosolic and secretary phospholipase A2 with increased secretion of prostaglandin-2 and leukotriene B4 in the placenta, suggestive of increased metabolism of phospholipids. In addition, expression of cycloxygenase-2 and malondialdehyde production (oxidative-stress marker) was increased in the placenta. Conversely, NAC pretreatment abolished these effects of LPS in the placenta. Collectively, these data provide evidence that LPS-induced increased inflammation and metabolism of phospholipids at the feto-maternal interface (placenta) is critical for preterm labor and fetal demise during maternal microbial infections which could be blocked by antioxidant-based therapies.
Force and compliance: rethinking morphogenesis in walled cells.

In the turgid cells of plants, protists, fungi, and bacteria, walls resist swelling; they also confer shape on the cell. These two functions are not unrelated: cell physiologists have generally agreed that morphogenesis turns on the deformation of existing wall and the deposition of new wall, while turgor pressure produces the work of expansion. In 1990, I summed up consensus in a phrase: "localized compliance with the global force of turgor pressure." My purpose here is to survey the impact of recent discoveries on the traditional conceptual framework. Topics include the recognition of a cytoskeleton in bacteria; the tide of information and insight about budding in yeast; the role of the Spitzenkorper in hyphal extension; calcium ions and actin dynamics in shaping a tip; and the interplay of protons, expansins and cellulose fibrils in cells of higher plants.
Optimization of airplane wing structures under gust loads

Abstract A methodology is presented for the optimum design of aircraft wing structures subjected to gust loads. The equations of motion, in the form of coupled integro-differential equations, are solved numerically and the stresses in the aircraft wing structure are found for a discrete gust encounter. The gust is assumed to be one minus cosine type and uniform along the span of the wing. In order to find the behavior of the wing structure under gust loads and also to obtain a physical insight into the nature of the optimum solution, the design of the typical section (symmetric double wedge airfoil) is studied by using a graphical procedure. Then a more realistic wing optimization problem is formulated as a constrained nonlinear programming problem based on finite element modeling and the optimum solution is found by using the interior penalty function method. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to find the effects of changes in design variables about the optimum point on the response quantities of the wing structure.
“Atomic Quest”: A Personal Narrative by Arthur Holly Compton, Oxford University Press, 370 pp. $5.00

(1957). “Atomic Quest”: A Personal Narrative by Arthur Holly Compton, Oxford University Press, 370 pp. $5.00. The Educational Forum: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 487-493.
Postmodern Disseminations and Cognitive Constraints

Pascal Boyer, Tradition as Truth and Communication: a Cognitive Description of Traditional Discourse. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990, x + 140 pp., $49.95 ISBN 0 521 37417 0. PASCAL BOYER, The Naturalness of Religious Ideas: a Cognitive Theory of Religion. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1994, 15 + 324 pp., $35.00 ISBN 0 520 07559 5. Pascal Boyer (ed), Cognitive Aspects of Religious Symbolism. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993, ix + 246 pp., $44.95 ISBN 0 521 43288 X.
Regulatory Focus Theory: Implications for the Study of Emotions at Work

Previous theory and research have shown that people have two distinct self-regulatory foci. When promotion focused, people are motivated by growth and development needs in which they attempt to bring their actual selves (their behaviors and self-conceptions) in alignment with their ideal selves (self-standards based on wishes and aspirations of how they would like to be). When prevention focused, people are responsive to security needs in which they try to match their actual selves with their ought selves (self-standards based on felt duties and responsibilities). Strategically, eagerness or ensuring gains predominate for promotion-focused persons, whereas vigilance or ensuring nonlosses predominate for prevention-focused persons. People's regulatory focus influences the nature and magnitude of their emotional experience. Promotion-focused people's emotions vary along a cheerful-dejected dimension, whereas prevention-focused people's emotions vary along a quiescent-agitated dimension. We consider the implications of the relationship between regulatory focus and emotions for such topics as person/organization fit, goal-setting theory, expectancy-valence theory, behavioral decision theory, and employee resistance to organizational change. Possible antecedents of employees' regulatory focus also are discussed.
Bacteriophage Ø105clz induces the GroEL-homologue protein inBacillus subtilis

Using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the GroEL homologue ofBacillus subtilis was shown to be induced upon infection with O105clz, a clear plaque mutant of the temperate bacteriophage O105. Western blotting of one dimensional polyacrylamide gels also showed the induction of the GroEL homologue when cells were infected with O105clz.
Effects of calcium and nonphytate phosphorus concentrations on phytase efficacy in broiler chicks

Phytase supplementation over a range of different levels of dietary Ca and nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) was investigated by comparing surface response curves from regression equations generated with (experiment 1) and without (experiment 2) phytase using various performance and bone quality parameters. Cobb x Cobb broiler chicks were raised from 0 to 16 d in 2 experiments using corn-soybean meal based diets. Experiment 1 used a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement with diets formulated to contain combinations of 4 levels of Ca: 0.38, 0.58, 0.78, and 0.98% and 4 levels of NPP: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5%. Experiment 2 used a composite rotatable design in which rations were formulated to contain dietary Ca levels of 0.38, 0.47, 0.68, 0.89, and 0.98% and NPP levels of 0.20, 0.24, 0.35, 0.46, and 0.50%. An extra point was included in the design to contain the lowest Ca and lowest NPP levels (0.38% Ca and 0.20% NPP). All combinations of Ca and NPP were fed with 657 phytase units/kg Natuphos 5000 phytase, plus 4 combinations (0.38% Ca and 0.20% NPP, 0.47% Ca and 0.24% NPP, 0.68% Ca and 0.35% NPP, and 0.89% Ca and 0.46% NPP) were fed without phytase to determine the suitability of comparing multiple regression response surfaces for particular variables among experiments. Comparison of surfaces, with and without phytase, showed that growth and bone quality responses to phytase were greatest at low NPP levels and high Ca levels, and these decreased when the Ca level was reduced or when the NPP level was increased. A third experiment confirmed that phytase elicits a greater response at higher Ca levels and lower NPP levels (0.86% Ca and 0.20% NPP) versus low Ca levels and low NPP levels (0.47% Ca and 0.24% NPP). The data demonstrated why it is impossible to determine a single NPP equivalency value for phytase supplements.
Diffuse infiltrating scirrhous carcinoma of the breast. Special consideration of the single-filing phenomenon

The phenomenon of single filing in carcinoma of the breast was demonstrated in 140 (3.2%) of 4320 patients seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1943 and 1957. The age distribution, symptoms and signs, gross pathologic findings and size of the tumors did not show different features from mammary carcinoma in general. Bilaterality was present in 15 patients (11%), which is a higher rate than in mammary carcinoma in general. Regional lymph nodes were metastatically involved in 51% of the group. Single filing is formed by desmoplastic strands of mostly medium-sized cells followed in frequency by small and large cells. Mitotic figures are rare. Single filing was found in connection with infiltrating or noninfiltrating lobular carcinomas in 21.2% and with areas of intraductal carcinomas in 36%. The prognostic outlook for patients without lymph node involvement is somewhat similar to that of patients having carcinoma of the breast in general; that for patients with positive lymph nodes is poor, with a 9% chance of 10-year survival.
Microsomal and cytosolic fractions of guinea pig hepatocytes contain 100-kilodalton GTP-binding proteins reactive with antisera against alpha subunits of stimulatory and inhibitory heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins.

Abstract Guinea pig hepatocytes fractionated by differential centrifugation into plasma membrane-enriched, microsomal, and cytosolic fractions were examined for their content of alpha and beta subunits of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) involved in signal transduction. alpha subunits of stimulatory (Gs) and inhibitory (Gi) proteins were detected by immunoblots with antisera reactive with the carboxyl-terminal decapeptide regions of these proteins. Unexpectedly, antisera (including immunopurified) to the alpha subunit but not the beta subunit reacted with a band of 100-kDa proteins in both the microsomal and cytosolic fractions. The immunoreactive 100-kDa proteins are not substrates for ADP-ribosylation catalyzed by pertussis toxin, cholera toxin, or diptheria toxin. Protease digests of the 100-kDa proteins yielded immunoreactive peptides that are distinctly different from those obtained from protease digests of alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. The 100-kDa protein(s) reactive with antisera to Gi alpha subunit bind to GTP-agarose but not to ATP-agarose. It is concluded that the immunoreactive 100-kDa proteins in microsomal and cytosolic fractions are structurally distinct G proteins from those linked to receptors in the plasma membrane and other G proteins such as elongation factor 2. Conceivably, the 100-kDa proteins represent a new class of G proteins.
Acute phase responses of passerine birds: characterization and seasonal variation

The acute phase response (APR) is the first line of defense that many vertebrates employ during a pathogenic challenge. This response is composed of a suite of physiological, behavioral, hormonal, and metabolic changes that include fever, iron sequestration, anorexia, adipsia, somnolence, and activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and suppression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Although well-studied in mammals and domesticated birds, the APR of passerines is virtually unexplored. Here, we characterize the APR in several species of Emberizidae and examine seasonal variation. Captive and free-living sparrows were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an immunogenic agent that triggers the APR without actually causing infection. LPS treatment activates the HPA axis, suppresses the HPG axis, decreases activity and food and water intake, and induces short-term hypothermia in captives, as well as inhibiting territorial aggressive behavior and song in free-living males. The magnitude of the APR also varies seasonally in males, implicating a tradeoff between physiological processes within particular life-history stages, such as reproduction. The proximate mechanisms underlying this seasonal modulation may include hormonal suppression by the steroid testosterone and seasonal differences in energy stores, which are rapidly depleted to a minimum body mass threshold as a result of APR-induced sickness behavior. We conclude by comparing this variation in APR to seasonal variation of avian stress responses.
Sequence complementarity of sonchus yellow net virus RNA with RNA isolated from the polysomes of infected tobacco.

Abstract Polyribosomal RNA from tobacco infected with sonchus yellow net virus (SYNV) contained sequences which hybridized to 125 I-labeled SYNV RNA and which were complementary to 80 to 100% of the viral RNA genome. The poly(A)-containing RNA from polyribosomes was complementary to over 90% of the viral genome but the polyribosomal RNA lacking poly(A) hybridized to approximately 40–60% of the genome. The kinetics of hybridization of all three fractions are best explained by the presence of a single abundance class of viral-complementary RNA. However, titration hybridization of poly(A) + RNA to an excess of SYNV RNA suggested that viral-complementary sequences which contain poly(A) may vary in concentration over a factor of about fivefold. About 1.5 to 4.6% of the fraction containing poly(A), 0.02 to 0.06% of the fraction lacking poly(A) and 0.04 to 0.18% of the total polyribosomal RNA was complementary to viral RNA as estimated from the kinetics of hybridization. The viral complementary RNA(vcRNA) was heterogeneous in size with a modal sedimentation coefficient of 12 S and a profile in sucrose density gradients similar to the polyadenylated polyribosomal RNA.