cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Deficits and Brain α-Synuclein and Phosphorylated Serine-129 α-Synuclein in Male and Female Mice Overexpressing Human α-Synuclein.

BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is involved in pathology of Parkinson's disease, and 90% of α-syn in Lewy bodies is phosphorylated at serine 129 (pS129 α-syn). OBJECTIVE To assess behavior impairments and brain levels of α-syn and pS129 α-syn in mice overexpressing human α-syn under Thy1 promoter (Thy1-α-syn) and wild type (wt) littermates. METHODS Motor and non-motor behaviors were monitored, brain human α-syn levels measured by ELISA, and α-syn and pS129 α-syn mapped by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Male and female wt littermates did not show differences in the behavioral tests. Male Thy1-α-syn mice displayed more severe impairments than female counterparts in cotton nesting, pole tests, adhesive removal, finding buried food, and marble burying. Concentrations of human α-syn in the olfactory regions, cortex, nigrostriatal system, and dorsal medulla were significantly increased in Thy1-α-syn mice, higher in males than females. Immunoreactivity of α-syn was not simply increased in Thy1-α-syn mice but had altered localization in somas and fibers in a few brain areas. Abundant pS129 α-syn existed in many brain areas of Thy1-α-syn mice, while there was none or only a small amount in a few brain regions of wt mice. The substantia nigra, olfactory regions, amygdala, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and dorsal vagal complex displayed different distribution patterns between wt and transgenic mice, but not between sexes. CONCLUSION The severer abnormal behaviors in male than female Thy1-α-syn mice may be related to higher brain levels of human α-syn, in the absence of sex differences in the altered brain immunoreactivity patterns of α-syn and pS129 α-syn.
Location Effects on Spoken Language and Literacy for Children who are DHH.

The purpose of this study was to consider how living in an area that qualifies for a rural health grant interacts with a child's hearing status to affect early language and literacy development. Four-year-old children with hearing aids (n = 45), cochlear implants (n = 47), and with typical hearing (n = 66) completed measures of spoken language knowledge and of emergent literacy skills as part of a larger longitudinal investigation. A significant interaction effect between location (rural or urban/suburban) and amplification group was detected for letter knowledge: children with hearing aids exhibit a performance that is particularly affected by rural location. Overall, children with cochlear implants performed lower across all measures than children with typical hearing, and children with hearing aids performed lower than children with typical hearing on measures of phonological awareness, vocabulary, omnibus language knowledge and articulation.
Outcomes of Patients With Prior Breast Augmentation Treated With Breast Conserving Therapy.

Purpose/Objective(s) There is a paucity of data regarding the use of whole breast irradiation (WBI) as part of breast conserving therapy (BCT) in women diagnosed with breast cancer who had undergone prior breast implant-based augmentation. In this population, we investigated various factors that impact radiation related toxicities, including the need for additional cosmetic surgery. Materials/Methods A retrospective review was performed for a single institution, with queries done on health-system medical records, radiation therapy medical records, radiology mammography studies, and internal radiation therapy and toxicity databases. We included patients with a prior history of breast implant-based augmentation who subsequently underwent BCT and WBI. Patient and treatment characteristics were collected and reported, and univariate analyses comparing factors correlating with toxicity endpoints were performed. Long-term cosmesis was assessed by the patient's radiation oncologist during routine follow-up visits via the Harvard grading criteria. Results 35 patients treated at our institution between 2006 and 2020 were included in our analyses, with a median follow up time of 2.4 years. Of these, 28 were treated with conventionally fractionated WBI (1.8-2 Gy/Fx) and 7 were treated with hypofractionated WBI (2.66 Gy/Fx). Good/excellent long-term cosmesis was observed in 94% of all patients. 44% of patients ultimately needed additional cosmetic surgery at some point after radiation. Indications for additional surgery included capsular contracture (10), wound complications (2), implant rupture (1), volume loss (1), and asymmetry (1). Fourteen patients (50%) treated with conventionally fractionated WBI and one patient (14%) patient treated with hypofractionated WBI required additional surgery, but this difference was not significant on UVA (P = 0.12). Other factors found not to be significantly associated with rates of additional surgery included BMI, stage, the volume of the breast receiving 105% or 110% of the prescription dose, and presence or absence of bolus during treatment. No patients experienced local or regional recurrence. Conclusion Patients with a prior history of breast implantation often experience good long-term cosmesis with a moderate risk of needing additional future surgery. The use of hypofractionated WBI was not associated with worse cosmetic outcome or an increase in need for additional cosmetic surgery.
Monopoles and vortices in pure gauge theories and in Higgs theories

Smeared Abelian and center gauges are introduced in pure non-Abelian lattice gauge theories. Popular Abelian and center gauges are limits of smeared gauges. Smeared gauges are also shown to be equivalent to Higgs theories. As a result, distributions and interactions of monopoles and vortices, which are objects responsible for confinement in pure gauge theories, can be studied by investigating classical solutions of Higgs theories.
Innovation in Public Management: Is Public E-Procurement a Wave of the Future? A Theoretical and Exploratory Analysis

Project management has become an answer to many traditional organizational structuration and performance shortcomings, while gaining currency in business and public sector organizations. Public procurement systems have evolved into public electronic procurement systems with variations and distinctions in the age of globalization and digitalized complexities. This article examines the development of public e-procurement as an innovation in public management in the contexts of project management, public procurement management, and e-governance. It also links practice to theory—through a fourfold theoretical perspective—with contributions to the knowledge in public procurement, governance, and public administration.
Habilidades e competências na prática docente: perspectivas a partir de situações-problema

Faced with problem situations are part of everyday life of the people, however, to resolve them it is necessary to develop skills and competencies. This paper discusses the use of skills and competencies in the school, conceptualizing them from authors like Perrenoud (1999), Zabala (2010), Macedo (2005), among other and analyzing Brazilian legal documents that cover these concepts. The methodology has bibliographical approach and intertwined problem situations and the theory of skills and competencies. These concepts enable the teacher to create new practices in the classroom by involving the daily live of students and providing new learning based in skills and competencies.
Ionizing media and the observed charge states of anomalous cosmic rays

ABSTRACT Singly-charged anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) can give rise to multiply-charged ACR ions when they suffer further ionization during acceleration at or near the solar-wind termination shock. Measurements at 1 AU by SAMPEX have shown that above ≈ 25 MeV/nucleon ACR nitrogen, oxygen, and neon ions are multiply charged. These observations have also established that the transition from mostly singly-charged to mostly multiply-charged ACRs occurs at a total kinetic energy of ≈ 350 MeV. Recent simulations for ACR oxygen using ambient hydrogen as the only ionizing medium at or near the termination shock are able to successfully model this transition. The simulated oxygen intensity, however, appears deficient at high energies, where multiply-charged ACRs dominate. This paper presents further simulations that now include neutral helium as part of the ionizing medium in addition to the ambient, neutral hydrogen. The inclusion of helium helps reduce the deficiency, but appears to fall short of accounting fully for the observed spectrum. To that end, including heavier neutrals, e.g., oxygen, as well as taking multi-electron stripping into account, are suggested for more realistic modeling of the observed charge states of ACRs.
The rare decays π0→e+e−, η→e+e− and η→μ+μ− in chiral perturbation theory

Abstract We calculate the decay rates for π0→e+e−, η→e+e− and η→μ+μ− in chiral perturbation theory. The linear combination of counterterms necessary to render these amplitudes finite is fixed by the recently measured branching fraction for η→μ+μ−. We find Br(π0→e+e−) = (7±1) × 10−8 and Br(η→e+e−) = (5 ± 1) × 10−9.
Desirable but not smart: preference for smarter romantic partners impairs women's STEM outcomes

Although women today excel in many areas of society, they are often underrepresented in the traditionally male-dominated fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM). The present research examined whether traditional romantic partner preferences—specifically, a desire to date partners who are smarter than oneself—affects women's tendency to minimize their intelligence in STEM fields when pursuing romantic goals. Women (but not men) who preferred smarter romantic partners showed worse math performance (Studies 1–2), less identification with math (Study 2), and less interest in STEM careers (Study 3) when the goal to be romantically desirable was activated. A meta-analysis across studies supported results. This research thus demonstrates that partner preferences influence women's STEM outcomes in response to romantic goal pursuit.
Synchronous Motors for Driving Steel Rolling Mills

It is the purpose of this paper briefly to discuss, from a practical standpoint, the application and design of synchronous motors for steel-mill main-roll drives, in an effort to show what their advantages and disadvantages are; where they should, and where they should not, be used; and what special precautions must be taken in the design of motors for this service.
Comparative subunit composition of the eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerases

Abstract Multiple eukaryotic RNA polymerases have enormously complex subunit compositions. However, comparison studies reveal that these polypeptides fall into several categories which may reflect their functional role in gene transcription.
Crossing and duality consistent study of Lambda, Sigma 0, and Lambda (1405) production by kaon photoproduction and radiative capture.

We report a comprehensive analysis of the crossing related reactions {ital p}({gamma},{ital K}{sup +}){ital Y} and {ital p}({ital K}{sup {minus}},{gamma}){ital Y} for {ital Y}={Lambda}, {Sigma}{sup 0}, and {Lambda}(1405). Our model, which incorporates both crossing and duality, reproduces all existing {Lambda} and {Sigma}{sup 0} cross-section, polarization, and capture branching-ratio data while providing useful constraints for the {Lambda}(1405) magnetic transition moments. While the {ital p}({gamma},{ital K}{sup +}){Lambda}(1405) cross section is predicted to be measurable at CEBAF ({sigma}{similar to}1 {mu}b), parity conservation leads to a model-independent suppression of the {ital p}({gamma},{ital K}{sup +}){rvec {Lambda}}(1405) polarization and {ital p}({ital K}{sup {minus}},{gamma}){Lambda}(1405) cross section ({sigma}{similar to}1 nb).
Changes in the Low-Level Kinematic and Thermodynamic Structure of Hurricane Alicia (1983) at Landfall

Abstract Aircraft, land station, and buoy data were composited with respect to the center of Hurricane Alicia (1983) for three 8-h periods corresponding to prelandfall in the open Gulf of Mexico, landfall in the Galveston area, and postlandfall in the vicinity of Houston. Comparison of the wind analyses before, during, and after landfall emphasizes the land-sea frictional asymmetry at landfall. In addition, other asymmetries in the surface wind field and differences between the flight-level and the surface wind fields are revealed. The asymmetric structure of the surface wind field may be interpreted as having resulted from the combined effects of land-sea roughness differences, background environmental flow, and storm translation. The land-sea frictional difference acted to oppose the mean vortex flow over land and reinforce it over water. The southwest background environmental flow acted nearly parallel to the coastline, producing surface inflow on the left side and outflow on the right side, while the ...
Electrochemical characterization of YBaCo3ZnO7 + Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 composite cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract YBaCo3ZnO7 + Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 (GDC) composites with various GDC contents (0–70 wt.%) have been investigated as cathode materials for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The effect of GDC incorporation on the microstructure, electrochemical properties, and thermal expansion behavior of the YBaCo3ZnO7 + GDC composites has been studied. The composite cathodes consist of smaller particles with larger surface area compared to the pure YBaCo3ZnO7 cathode, which is beneficial for providing extended triple-phase boundary (TPB) where the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurs. Among the various compositions investigated, the YBaCo3ZnO7 + GDC (50:50 wt.%) composite is found to be optimum with the lowest polarization resistance (0.28 Ω cm2 at 600 °C) compared to that of pure YBaCo3ZnO7 (0.62 Ω cm2 at 600 °C). Anode-supported single cell SOFC fabricated with the YBaCo3ZnO7 + GDC (50:50 wt.%) composite cathode also exhibits excellent performance with a maximum power density of 743 mW/cm2 at 750 °C. Additionally, the YBaCo3ZnO7 + GDC (50:50 wt.%) composite shows a low thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of 10.7 × 10−6 °C−1, which provides good compatibility with those of standard SOFC electrolytes.
Separations chemistry for actinide elements : Recent developments and historical perspective

Abstract With the end of the cold war, the principal mission in actinide separations has changed from production of plutonium to cleanup of the immense volume of moderately radioactive mixed wastes which resulted from fifty years of processing activities. In order to approach the cleanup task from a proper perspective, it is necessary to understand how the wastes were generated. Most of the key separations techniques central to actinide production were developed in the 40′s and 50′s for the identification and production of actinide elements. Total actinide recovery, lanthanide/actinide separations, and selective partitioning of actinides from inert constitutents are currently of primary concern. To respond to the modern world of actinide separations, new techniques are being developed for separations ranging from analytical methods to detect ultra-trace concentrations (for bioassay and environmental monitoring) to large-scale waste treatment procedures. In this report, the history of actinide separations,...
Child and Adolescent Abuse and Neglect Research: A Review of the Past 10 Years. Part I: Physical and Emotional Abuse and Neglect

ABSTRACT Objective To review the clinically relevant literature on the physical and emotional abuse and neglect of children and adolescents published during the past 10 years. Method Literature published between 1988 and 1998 was reviewed following a systematic search of Medline, Psychinfo , and the National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect. Results During the last decade there has been substantial progress in understanding the symptomatology associated with maltreatment. However, prevention and intervention research studies are relatively rare and frequently have important methodological limitations. Conclusions Child maltreatment research in the next decade needs to focus on understanding factors leading to resilient outcomes and on assessing the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological treatment strategies. Increased resources are needed to support child maltreatment research studies and investigators.
Complications of the myeloproliferative system: Infection and sepsis

Abstract Living with cancer has become a more realistic hope for many patients as a result of newer combination-treatment modalities. However, impairment of the immune and inflammatory responses is a serious consequence of both aggressive disease and treatment. Comprehensive nursing care during periods of granulocytopenia is critical to the survival of myelosuppressed patients. The primary nursing goals for these patients include (1) prevention of infection through promotion of the patient's optimal health status and reduction of environmental factors contributing to infection; and (2) early detection of infection through diligent assessment of the patient's health status, with prompt initiation of medical and nursing interventions. Sepsis in the compromised cancer patient poses a major challenge in oncology nursing care. The importance of thorough nursing assessment and interventions to minimize exposure of the patient to potential pathogens during granulocytopenic periods cannot be overstated. The patient's life may well depend on it.
Diphenoxylate-Atropine (Lomotil) Poisoning

(1969). Diphenoxylate-Atropine (Lomotil) Poisoning. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 377-382.
Dynamic Modeling of Non-Isothermal Gas Pipeline Systems

Natural gas systems are becoming more and more complex as the usage of this energy source increase. Mathematical models are used to design, optimize, and operate increasingly complex natural gas pipeline systems. Researchers continue to develop unsteady mathematical models that focus on the unsteady nature of these systems. Many related design problems, however, could be solved using steady-state modeling. Several investigators have studied the problem of compressible fluid flow through pipelines and have developed various numerical schemes, which include the method of characteristics, finite element methods, and explicit and implicit finite difference methods. The choice partly depends on the individual requirements of the system under investigation. In this work, the fully implicit finite difference method was used to solve the continuity, momentum, energy, and equations of state for flow within a gas pipeline system. The particular solution method described in this paper does not neglect the inertia term in the conservation of momentum equation. It also considered the compressibility factor as a function of temperature and pressure, and the friction factor as a function of the Reynolds number. the fully implicit method representation of the equations offer the advantage of guaranteed stability for a large time step, which is very useful for the gas industry. The results show that the effect of treating the gas in a non-isothermal manner is extremely necessary for pipeline flow calculation accuracies, especially for rapid transient processes. The results indicate that the inertia term plays an important role in the gas flow analysis and cannot be neglected from the calculation.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Status processes and the institutionalization of women as leaders.

Socially disadvantaged individuals often encounter resistance when they rise to high-status positions. For example, women, according to status characteristics theory, will be disadvantaged relative to men in social interactions, other things being equal. Institutionalizing women as leaders may overcome such disadvantages. Drawing from status characteristics theory and institutional theory, it is predicted that institutionalization of female leadership can reduce the influence gap between women and men by legitimating structures of female leadership. Results of an experiment conducted to test this idea show that, as predicted, male leaders attained higher influence than did female leaders, and leaders appointed on ability attained higher influence than did randomly assigned leaders. Institutionalization, however, reduced the advantage of men such that female leaders appointed on ability when female leadership was institutionalized attained influence as high as male leaders appointed on ability when female leadership was not institutionalized.
Prediction of Convective Mixed-Layer Entrainment for Realistic Capping Inversion Structure

Abstract The first-order jump model for the potential temperature or buoyancy variable at the capping inversion atop a convectively mixed layer is reexamined and found to imply existence of an entrainment rate equation which is unreliable. The model is therefore extended here to allow all the negative buoyancy flux of entrainment to occur within the interfacial layer of thickness Δh and to allow realistic thermal structure within the layer. The new model yields a well behaved entrainment rate equation requiring scarcely any closure assumption in the cases of steady-state entrainment with large-scale subsidence, and pseudo-encroachment. For nonsteady entrainment the closure assumption need only be made on d(Δh)/dt in order to obtain the entrainment rates at both the outer and inner edges of the interfacial layer. A particular closure assumption for d(Δh)/dt is tested against five laboratory experiments and found to yield favorable results for both Δh and the mixed-layer thickness if the initial value of Δh...
Managing bounded code caches in dynamic binary optimization systems

Dynamic binary optimizers store altered copies of original program instructions in software-managed code caches in order to maximize reuse of transformed code. Code caches store code blocks that may vary in size, reference other code blocks, and carry a high replacement overhead. These unique constraints reduce the effectiveness of conventional cache management policies. Our work directly addresses these unique constraints and presents several contributions to the code-cache management problem. First, we show that evicting more than the minimum number of code blocks from the code cache results in less run-time overhead than the existing alternatives. Such granular evictions reduce overall execution time, as the fixed costs of invoking the eviction mechanism are amortized across multiple cache insertions. Second, a study of the ideal lifetimes of dynamically generated code blocks illustrates the benefit of a replacement algorithm based on a generational heuristic. We describe and evaluate a generational approach to code cache management that makes it easy to identify long-lived code blocks and simultaneously avoid any fragmentation because of the eviction of short-lived blocks. Finally, we present results from an implementation of our generational approach in the DynamoRIO framework and illustrate that, as dynamic optimization systems become more prevalent, effective code cache-management policies will be essential for reliable, scalable performance of modern applications.
The association of postdoctoral programs in clinical neuropsychology (APPCN)

This paper describes the formation of the Association of Postdoctoral Programs in Professional Psychology (APPCN). The historical and organizational concept of APPCN is described and the founding members of this evolving network are enumerated. Conceptual and practical consultations are invited from neuropsychologists.
Three dimensional finite element analysis of layered fiber-reinforced composite materials

A three-dimensional finite element analysis was performed for a biaxially loaded composite laminate (with a centered hole) consisting of several fiber-reinforced composite layers each with a specified fiber orientation. The detailed stress distribution around the hole was determined. Also, the locations of initial damage zones due to different failure mechanisms were indicated.
Ultrasonography-guided early amniocentesis in singleton pregnancies

Between October 1, 1986, and September 30, 1987, 1721 amniocenteses were performed at the University of California, Davis, Medical Center. Of these procedures 527 (30.6%) were early amniocenteses. Medical records were reviewed for maternal age, amniocentesis indication, color of amniotic fluid, gestational age, frequency of needle insertion, complications of amniocentesis and delivery, results of prenatal testing, and pregnancy outcome. Complete follow-up data were available for 517 (98.1%). There were 10 miscarriages before 28 weeks' gestation (1.9%), one loss after 28 weeks (0.2%), and one stillbirth (0.2%), resulting in a total postprocedural loss rate of 2.3%. Miscarriage within 2 weeks of amniocentesis occurred in four subjects (0.8%).
Intracellular distribution of transglutaminase activity during rat liver regeneration

Transglutaminase and ornithine decarboxylase activities have been assayed at intervals after partial hepatectomy in regenerating liver cells fractionated to obtain nuclear, cytoplasmic-particulate, and cytoplasmic-soluble fractions. Ornithine decarboxylase activity, localized entirely in the cytoplasmic fractions, undergoes a dramatic induction during the first 4 h after partial hepatectomy and remains elevated. This induction is very sensitive to inhibition by cycloheximide and actinomycin D, as previously reported. Transglutaminase activity is localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus with the highest specific activity in the nucleus. Nuclear transglutaminase activity approximately doubles in the first 2 h of liver regeneration, apparently as a result of a translocation of enzyme from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Inhibitor studies indicate that the translocation is not dependent upon protein or RNA synthesis. In the first 2 h, actinomycin D slightly activates transglutaminase activity in the cytoplasmic-particulate and nuclear fractions. Only at 4 h after the onset of regeneration do actinomycin D and cycloheximide show some inhibition of transglutaminase activity indicating de novo synthesis at this time. A broad increase of transglutaminase activity occurs from hours 12-16 to hour 32 after partial hepatectomy in the nuclear and cytoplasmic-particulate fraction. These data suggest the existence of a function for transglutaminase in the nucleus of rat liver cells.
Effect of ethanol on androgen receptors in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus and brain cortex in rats.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate ethanol-induced changes in androgen receptor sites in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, and brain cortex. Young adult male King-Holtzman rats were fed for 5 months a nutritionally complete liquid diet, with ethanol or isocaloric sucrose constituting 36% of the total calories. Androgen receptor sites were measured by sucrose density gradient and charcoal assay using tritiated dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Scatchard plot analysis of the data revealed that apparent dissociation constants of DHT-receptor complex for the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, and brain cortex from alcohol-fed animals were estimated to be 0.7 ± 0.13, 0.6 ± 0.16 and 0.9 ± 0.15 nM, respectively. These values are identical to those of their isocaloric controls. The concentrations of cytosol androgen receptors of the pituitary, hypothalamus, and brain cortex from alcohol-fed rats were 8.0 ± 1.2, 6.2 ± 1.0 and 4.9 ± 0.7 fmol/mg protein, respectively. This represents about a 34, 24, and 22% reduction when compared to the values of the isocaloric control animals. In contrast to control rats, neither castration nor androgen or LHRH replacement to castrated alcohol-fed rats altered an alcohol-induced reduction of androgen receptor contents. Serum LH and testosterone levels were significantly decreased in alcohol-fed rats but these hormone levels were increased by administration of LHRH or norepinephrine. Such reduction of androgen receptors, serum LH and testosterone, but enhancement of these hormone levels by treatment with neurohormone and neurotransmitter in these animals suggests that ethanol exerts an adverse effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary unit and the neurotransmitter-hypothalamic hormone relationship, resulting in impairment of the androgen-induced sexual events and a suppression of the pituitary gonadotropin secretion.
Patterns and prognosis of Clostridium difficile colitis.

The incidence ofClostridium difficilecolitis has increased during recent years, presumably because of liberal use of broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens. METHODS: A retrospective review to determine patterns ofC. difficilecolitis development, morbidity, and treatment results was undertaken. During an 18-month period, 90 patients were diagnosed withC. difficilecolitis by fecal toxin assays. Patient demographics, symptoms, previously administered antibiotic regimens, diagnostic evaluations, treatment modalities, morbidity, and mortality were identified, entered into a computer data base, and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age was 58 years; males outnumbered females 1.2∶1. Among 90 patients, 41 (46 percent) developedC. difficilecolitis after surgical procedures. Eighty (89 percent) patients received antibiotic therapy before developingC. difficilecolitis: 35 (44 percent) for documented infections and 45 (56 percent) as empiric or prophylactic therapy. Cephalosporins, penicillins, quinolones, vancomycin, and aminoglycosides were the most frequently administered antibiotic classes prior toC. difficilecolitis diagnosis. Ten (11 percent) patients developedC. difficilecolitis without previous antibiotic therapy. Eighty-two (91 percent) patients presented with diarrhea, while eight (9 percent) had fever only. PrimaryC. difficilecolitis treatment for both groups included vancomycin (66 percent), metronidazole (24 percent), or both drugs (10 percent). Ten (11 percent) patients received no treatment. No patient developed toxic colitis or megacolon. Colonoscopy was performed in four (4 percent) patients; pseudomembranes were identified in one (25 percent) patient. There was oneC. difficilecolitis recurrence after treatment, but noC. difficilecolitis-associated morbidity. Mortality (14 patients, 16 percent) was not related toC. difficilecolitis, but to underlying illness. No difference in patient age, sex, previous antibiotic administration, serum albumin, total days hospitalized, duration ofC. difficilecolitis antibiotic therapy,C. difficilecolitis treatment regimens, or mortality was identified between nonsurgical and surgical patients. The white blood cell count was significantly lower in the nonsurgical group however.Clostridium difficilecolitis developed most commonly after antibiotic administration with symptoms of diarrhea, but did occur without previous antibiotic administration or diarrhea. CONCLUSION: Despite the clinical setting,C. difficilecolitis had no associated morbidity and treatment was highly effective. Mortality was related to underlying medical illness, notC. difficilecolitis.
The Rights To Punish and Resist Punishment in Hobbes's Leviathan:

Received: October 31, 1989 First Revision Received: July 9, 1990 Second Revision Received: August 9, 1990 Accepted for Publication: August 21, 1990 NOTE: I thank Stanley Anderson and Naomi Rosenberg for very helpful readings of an early version. Peter Digeser read more than one draft, his keen judgment repeatedly saving me from myself. Dean Mann and John Moore, as well as anonymous referees at the Western Political Quarterly, made incisive critiques of the penultimate draft. I alone, of course, am responsible for the flaws that remain. This work has been supported by a grant from the Research Committee of the Academic Senate at the University of California, Santa Barbara. I am grateful to Robert Faulkner, John Rogers, Brad Wilson, and Michael Zuckert for creating occasions on which to present versions of this paper. Questions about Hobbes's declaration of a preservationist right to resist unexceptionable punishment, administered by an unexceptionable government, must of course be distinguished from what Francisco Suarez called "the well-worn question of whether or not it is permissible for a private individual or his subjects to kill a tyrannical king" (1944b: 705-III.iv.1). To be sure, some will consider resistance to either kind of government, for any reason, primafacie contempt for Romans 13:2 ("Whatsoever ... resisteth the [higher powers], resisteth the ordinance of God"). Hobbes does not mention Romans 13:1-7 in the vicinity of his declarations of the right to resist (cf. Lev, 42, 100, 308 [589]). 2 Where it is said that "the essence [of a body politic] . . . is the not-resistance of the members" (II, i, 18); see also Elements (El), II, i, 7. On a relevant difference between De Cive (DC) and the Elements, see note 52, below. Tuck (1979: 119-30) traces the emergence of the right to resist in Hobbes's texts.
Modeling iced bio-bandage design for skin burns

Over the years, many designs for biobandage were introduced for different types of burns but in most cases these designs are introduced as a protection means to cover and protect the burned tissue from the bacterial infection not as a treatment means. In this paper a new model for a burns biobandage is introduced not only as a protective mean but also as a treatment technique by helping the tissue to rebuild itself as fast as possible. The main objective of this research is to develop a simple cryotherapeutic system to absorb the large amount of heat produced by the burned tissue and reducing its temperature in order to facilitate the tissue healing and regeneration process. A biobandage is proposed to include an iced layer as a cooling source, a cotton layer and a water gel layer for comfort and temperature control, and a plastic layer to seal the ice layer. The combination of these four layers physically work together to reduce inflammation, which in turn make the heeling or recovery time shorter and reduce pain as a result of decreasing the nerve conductivity. The COMSOL Multiphysics was used to model the cooling process on burned tissue using the proposed iced-biobandage. The calculated temperature profiles along the depth biobandage and burned skin provide a clear visualizing of the heat flow within each layer. The history of temperature and heat transfer rate at the burned skin surface are monitored for an effective cooling and healing process. A modeling analysis was performed to examine the changes of temperature over a predetermined time and to help in identifying the optimal period for ice cooling process, the analysis shows that the ice layer is effective within a certain period of time and after this period it doesn't add any beneficial effect.
Sharecropping, Insecure Land Rights and Land Titling Policies: A Case Study of Lac Alaotra, Madagascar

Sharecropping between poor landlords and rich tenants has hitherto been the subject of very little academic scrutiny. Given that such ‘reverse share tenancy’ contracts are mostly at odds with the canonical risk-sharing explanation for sharecropping, this article discusses a rationale for them that relies on weak property rights as well as the legal doctrine of adverse possession, and tests it using data from Lac Alaotra, Madagascar, where this type of tenancy accounts for one-third of land rentals. The empirical findings are discussed in relation to recent land-reform policies by the Government of Madagascar, the World Bank, IFAD, and the Millennium Challenge Corporation.
The proximal interphalangeal joint volar plate. I. An anatomical and biomechanical study.

The anatomy, and biomechanics of the volar plate are reviewed. From a study of 60 fresh adult specimens, the authors present a consolidated anatomic concept of this structure, emphasizing the distinctiveness of the proximal attachments, the variable nature of the distal attachments, and the complex relationships to the flexor sheaths, the vincula, and the collateral ligaments. Experimental biomechanical data suggest that the nature and site of injury to this structure is dependent on the rate of application of force: rapid rates produce rupture at the distal attachment, slow rates attenuate the proximal check ligaments.
Repeated century-scale droughts over the past 13,000 yr near the Hudson River watershed, USA

Long-term sediment and ground-penetrating radar data from Davis Pond, a small lake near the Hudson River valley, reveal past droughts in a historically humid region that presently supplies water to millions of people in and around New York City. A minimum of eleven sandy paleoshoreline deposits in the lake date from 13.4 to 0.6 cal ka BP. The deposits span 1500 to 200 yr between bracketing radiocarbon ages, and intrude into lacustrine silts up to 9.0 m below the modern lake surface in a transect of six sediment cores. Three low stands, ca. 13.4–10.9, 9.2 and 8.2 cal ka BP indicate low regional moisture balance when low temperatures affected the North Atlantic region. Consistent with insolation trends, water levels rose from ca. 8.0 cal ka BP to present, but five low stands interrupted the rise and are likely associated with ocean–atmosphere interactions. Similar to evidence from other studies, the data from Davis Pond indicate repeated multi-century periods of prolonged or frequent droughts super-imposed on long-term regional trends toward high water levels. The patterns indicate that water supplies in this heavily populated region have continuously varied at multiple time scales and confirm that humid regions such as the northeastern United States are more prone to severe drought than historically expected.
Ordered assembly of heat shock proteins, Hsp26, Hsp70, Hsp90 and Hsp104, on expanded polyglutamine fragments revealed by chemical probes

In Saccharomyces cerevisae, expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) fragments are assembled into discrete cytosolic aggregates in a process regulated by the molecular chaperones Hsp26, Hsp70, Hsp90, and Hsp104. To better understand how the different chaperones might cooperate during polyQ aggregation, we used sequential immunoprecipitations and mass spectrometry to identify proteins associated with either soluble (Q25) or aggregation-prone (Q103) fragments at both early and later times after induction of their expression. We found that Hsp26, Hsp70, Hsp90, and other chaperones interact with Q103, but not Q25, within the first 2 h. Further, Hsp70 and Hsp90 appear to be partially released from Q103 prior to the maturation of the aggregates and before the recruitment of Hsp104. To test the importance of this seemingly ordered process, we used a chemical probe to artificially enhance Hsp70 binding to Q103. This treatment retained both Hsp70 and Hsp90 on the polyQ fragment and, interestingly, limited subsequent exchange for Hsp26 and Hsp104, resulting in incomplete aggregation. Together, these results suggest that partial release of Hsp70 may be an essential step in the continued processing of expanded polyQ fragments in yeast.
Central versus peripheral effects on temperature preference and body temperature following alteration of 5-HT in maturing mice

Experiments were designed to distinguish between central and peripheral effects on temperature preference and body temperature of drugs injected intraperitoneally (IP) in infant mice ranging in age from 3 to 10 days postpartum. These compared a drug restricted to the periphery ("peripheral" drug) with a drug of similar action that reaches the central nervous system (CNS) as well as the periphery. Two different classes of drugs were utilized to test central versus peripheral actions independently with drugs that have different modes of action: 1-aromatic amino acid inhibitors and serotonin receptor antagonists. Although the decarboxylase inhibitor NSD 1015, which reaches the central nervous system from IP injection, can significantly decrease temperature preference (Tpref), the peripheral inhibitor carbidopa had no significant effects on Tpref or on body temperature (Tb). Furthermore, pretreatment with NSD 1015 prevented the elevation of Tpref produced by the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP); however carbidopa pretreatment had no effect on the increased Tpref produced by 5-HTP. In other experiments, the peripheral serotonin antagonist BW 501C was not able to prevent elevated Tpref produced by 5-HTP, although the specific 5-HT2 antagonist pirenperone, which reaches the CNS as well as the periphery, blocks the 5-HTP elevation of Tpref. Taking all of these results together, we conclude that the changes in Tb and Tpref following these treatments require a decarboxylase inhibitor or 5-HT antagonist that reaches the CNS. However, the well known and potent peripheral vasoconstrictor action of serotonin requires that peripheral effects of drugs be considered when manipulations are not restricted to the CNS.
Pressure distribution near wedges for separated supersonic turbulent flow

A theoretical analysis of the pressure distribution in the vicinity of a wedge for separated turbulent flow is made. The solution is based on Vasiliu's analysis of the pressure distribution for step-induced separation using the Crocco-Lees mixing coefficient and Chapman's “dividing streamline” model. Theoretical results are compared with experimental data by Sterrett and Emery for Mach 5.8 and wedge angles of 28° and 34.17°.
Enuresis is a common and persistent problem among children and young adults with sickle cell anemia.

OBJECTIVES Enuresis and nocturia are common among children with sickle cell anemia (SCA). The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence of enuresis and nocturia among children and young adults with SCA and determine the relationship, if any, between these symptoms and SCA-related morbidity. METHODS A prospective infant cohort of African-American children with SCA was previously established from the Cooperative Study for Sickle Cell Disease. Included in this cohort were children with SCA enrolled before 6 months of age for whom questions about enuresis and nocturia had been completed. RESULTS A total of 213 participants were included in this analysis. Sixty-nine individuals (33%) experienced enuresis over the course of the study. No children under 6 years of age were asked about enuresis. Thereafter, enuresis was most prevalent between the ages of 6 and 8 years (42%) and continued to be common in young adults ages 18 to 20 years (9%). Seventy-nine percent of individuals reported a history of nocturia. There was no association between enuresis or nocturia and an increased rate of pain or acute chest syndrome (ACS) episodes. CONCLUSIONS Enuresis and nocturia are common in children with SCA. Among adults with SCA, enuresis and nocturia are more persistent compared with adults in the general population. Enuresis and nocturia are not associated with an increased rate of pain or ACS.
Correcting Wind Speed Measurements for Site Obstructions

Abstract The effects of obstructions on winds measured by the 30 station FLOWS (FAA-Lincoln Laboratory Operational Weather Studies) mesonet and the 6 station FAA LLWAS (Low Level Wind Shear Alert System) near Memphis, TN in 1985 are analyzed. The slowing of surface winds by anemometer site obstructions is a continuing problem for scientific and operational wind shear measurement system This paper considers an improved version of the technique used by Fujita and Wakimoto for compensating the obstruction effects by the use of mathematical models relating the unobstructed wind speed to the measured wind speed and the observed obstructions at each site. Over eight million wind speed measurements gathered over 197 days (15 February–31 August) were used. The effects of obstructions at a particular site were evidenced by a strong negative correlation between the observed wind speed transmission factors and the obstruction angles as measured from panoramic photographs taken of the horizon around each station. The...
Vertical conduction in thin Si/CaF2/Si structures

Abstract Electrical characteristics of thin (∼100A), single barrier Si/CaF 2 /Si heterostructures have been measured for the first time for both A and B phase CaF 2 . I(V,T) measurements for different thickness CaF 2 barriers show characteristics that are consistent with conduction through defect sites in the CaF 2 layer. The B -phase CaF 2 exhibits far more defects than the A -phase material. Measurements of different size mesas indicate a defect density on the order of one per 1000μm 2 in the 100A barrier thickness A -phase material.
What science wants to know.

In this article the author discusses how scientists deal with the amount of information at their disposal. He argues that because the volume of information can be overwhelming, some scientists simply ignore it, suggesting that a mountainous volume of facts can obscure the deeper questions. Also discussed is an alternative perspective of science in which the questions are more important than the answers.
Expansion of shear flow and vortex merger in a two-dimensional turbulent mixing layer

A self-similar model for the flow evolution in a turbulent mixing layer is presented. The model is dependent on the interaction between vortex pairing, unstable collective excitation, and turbulent diffusion. An integrable nonlinear equation governing the flow expansion is derived from the model.
The hemodynamic response to dopamine and nitroprusside following right atrium-pulmonary artery bypass (Fontan procedure).

Abstract Cardiac output is critically dependent upon pulmonary vascular resistance after right atrium-pulmonary artery bypass (Fontan procedure), since there is no pulmonary ventricle in the circulation. Inotropic agents, including dopamine, may increase pulmonary vascular resistance and, therefore, might have an adverse effect on cardiac output. The present study determined the hemodynamic responses to dopamine and nitroprusside of 9 patients following right atrium–pulmonary artery bypass. Particular attention was given to effects on cardiac output (CI), pulmonary vascular resistance, and right atrial pressure (RAP). Baseline hemodynamic data were measured without drugs, with dopamine at 7.5 μg/kg/min, with sodium nitroprusside up to 5.0 μg/kg/min, and with a combination of dopamine, 7.5 μg/kg/min, and sodium nitroprusside, 1.0 7.5 μg/kg/min. Right and left atrial pressures (LAP), mean arterial blood pressure , heart rate (HR), and CI were measured. Stroke volume index and pulmonary arteriolar resistance index were calculated. The increase in CI from baseline (1.98 ± 0.86 liters per minute) was significant for infusions of dopamine (2.75 ± 1.05, p p p p −5 /m 2 ) with sodium nitroprusside (169 ± 132, p p
Routine pathology evaluation of hydrocele and spermatocele specimens is associated with significant costs and no identifiable benefit.

Purpose: Hydrocelectomy and spermatocelectomy are routine scrotal surgeries. A significant number of the surgical specimens are sent for pathology analysis. However, to our knowledge no study has been done to examine outcomes and necessity, which results in significant potentially unnecessary costs to the patient and the health care system. We evaluated outcomes and surgical pathology analysis of hydroceles and spermatoceles.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective, single institution chart review of all patients who underwent initial surgery for hydrocele or spermatocele between January 2000 and August 2013. We determined the number of cases in which a surgical specimen was sent for pathology examination. The cost for each specimen was estimated at the department of pathology.Results: A total of 264 routine scrotal cases were performed during the 14-year period. Surgical specimens were sent for pathology analysis in 102 hydrocelectomy cases (51%) and in 57 spermatocelectomy cases (90%). No pat...