cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Frequency Domain Identification Scheme for Flexible Structure Control

One presents a new method called Time-varying Transfer Function Estimation in which system parameters are computed through identification in the frequency domain. The method is particularly well suited for flexible structure control problems, and a self-tuning control law with frequency shaping is derived and demonstrated on a flexible manipulator system
A Cost‐Effective System for Measuring Microscale Habitat Use of Small Mammals with High Precision

Radiotelemetry provides an opportunity to measure animal behavior when other methods are not feasible, but triangulation errors limit the grain at which habitat relationships can be inferred. Additionally, inferred behavioral patterns often are biased toward times when organisms are accessible; often, for nocturnal organisms, when the organisms are resting. We developed an automated radiotelemetry system that is precise, temporally unbiased, and cost-effective. The system consisted of a sensor grid composed of radio receivers that detect the presence of a radiocollared animal within a measurable, adjustable area. The aerial extent of detection is testable, precise (mean error <0.5 m), and consistent. After the sensors are installed, data collection effort is minimal. We tested this system by collecting microscale habitat-use data on snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in eastern Idaho, USA. This system will be useful in applications where extremely precise location data and representative sampling across time are important for assessing use patterns. It is most useful for smaller animals where the spatial constraints are not limiting and Global Positioning System collars are not currently an option.
Ensemble Steering, Weak Self-Duality, and the Structure of Probabilistic Theories

In any probabilistic theory, we say that a bipartite state ω on a composite system ABsteers its marginal state ωB if, for any decomposition of ωB as a mixture ωB=∑ipiβi of states βi on B, there exists an observable {ai} on A such that the conditional states \(\omega_{B|a_{i}}\) are exactly the states βi. This is always so for pure bipartite states in quantum mechanics, a fact first observed by Schrodinger in 1935. Here, we show that, for weakly self-dual state spaces (those isomorphic, but perhaps not canonically isomorphic, to their dual spaces), the assumption that every state of a system A is steered by some bipartite state of a composite AA consisting of two copies of A, amounts to the homogeneity of the state cone. If the state space is actually self-dual, and not just weakly so, this implies (via the Koecher-Vinberg Theorem) that it is the self-adjoint part of a formally real Jordan algebra, and hence, quite close to being quantum mechanical.
Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Arylboronic Acids and Amines

A general catalytic coupling of arylboronic acids and amines is reported. This room-temperature coupling was realized through the use of catalytic copper(II) acetate, 2,6-lutidine as base, and myristic acid as an additive. Functionalized aniline substrates provided the diarylamine coupling products in good yield (58−91%). A variety of alkylamines were also successfully coupled to give N-alkyl anilines in moderate yield (50−64%).
Quantum Modeling of the CVD of transition metal materials

Quantum mechanical studies of the decomposition pathways of model OMCVD precursors are analyzed, in particular kinetic trends as a function of OMCVD precursors components-metal (M), element (E), ancillary ligands (Ln), element substituents (Z), transfer group (At) and leaving group (X), 1. Based on geometric and energetic effects it is possible to further subdivide these components into three groups: active site (M, E), participants (At, X), and spectators (Ln, Z). Considerable progress has been made over the past several years, although many challenges remain in quantum modeling of transition metal materials and reactions pertinent to their CVD from volatile organometallics. Computational improvements in methods and technology are briefly discussed in relation to quantum modeling of OMCVD precursor structure and reactivity. Future directions are considered in which to more closely integrate the results of quantum modeling of OMCVD reactions with other aspects in this diverse research area.
The Adaptable Lyonsite Structure

Crystal frameworks that can accommodate a wide range of elements, oxidation states, and stoichiometries are an important component of solid-state chemistry. These frameworks allow for unique comparisons of different metal-cation compositions with identical atomic arrangements. The mineral Lyonsite, alpha-Cu(3)Fe(4)(VO(4))(6), is emerging as the archetypal framework structure for a large class of materials, similar to known frameworks such as perovskite, garnet, apatite, and spinel. The new lyonsite-type oxides Li(2.82)Hf(0.795)Mo(3)O(12) and Li(3.35)Ta(0.53)Mo(3)O(12), in which hafnium and tantalum retain their highest oxidation states, are presented to advance the concept of the lyonsite structure as an adaptable framework.
THE ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF GJ 1214b: PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND CLOUDS

Recent observations of the transiting super-Earth GJ 1214b reveal that its atmosphere may be hydrogen-rich or water-rich in nature, with clouds or hazes potentially affecting its transmission spectrum in the optical and very-near-IR. Here, we further examine the possibility that GJ 1214b does indeed possess a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere, which is the hypothesis that is favored by models of the bulk composition of the planet. We study the effects of non-equilibrium chemistry (photochemistry, thermal chemistry, and mixing) on the planet's transmission spectrum. We furthermore examine the possibility that clouds could play a significant role in attenuating GJ 1214b's transmission spectrum at short wavelengths. We find that non-equilibrium chemistry can have a large effect on the overall chemical composition of GJ 1214b's atmosphere, however these changes mostly take place above the height in the atmosphere that is probed by transmission spectroscopy. The effects of non-equilibrium chemistry on GJ 1214b's transmission spectrum are therefore minimal, with the largest effects taking place if the planet's atmosphere has super-solar metallicity and a low rate of vertical mixing. Interestingly, we find that the best fit to the observations of GJ 1214b's atmosphere in transmission occurs if the planet's atmosphere is deficient in CH4, and possesses a cloud layer at a pressure of ~200 mbar. This is consistent with a picture of efficient methane photolysis, accompanied by formation of organic haze that obscures the lower atmosphere of GJ 1214b at optical wavelengths. However, for methane to be absent from GJ 1214b's transmission spectrum, UV photolysis of this molecule must be efficient at pressures of greater than ~1 mbar, whereas we find that methane only photolyzes to pressures less than 0.1 mbar, even under the most optimistic assumptions. An alternative explanation of the observations of GJ 1214b is that the atmosphere is water-rich, although this interpretation conflicts with the findings of Croll et al., who measure a low mean molecular weight for the planet's atmosphere. Additional observations at wavelengths corresponding to mid-IR water and methane features in GJ 1214b's transmission spectrum should break the degeneracy between the two possible cases.
Smad3 Mediates Activin-Induced Transcription of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone β-Subunit Gene

Synthesis of FSH by the anterior pituitary is regulated by activin, a member of the FSH(beta) superfamily of ligands. Activin signals through a pathway that involves the activation of the transcriptional coregulators Smad2 and Smad3. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that Smad3, and not Smad2, is sufficient for stimulation of the rat FSH(beta) promoter in a pituitary-derived cell line L(beta)T2. Here, we used RNA interference technology to independently decrease the expression of Smad proteins in L(beta)T2 cells to further investigate Smad2 and Smad3 roles in activin-dependent regulation of the FSHbeta promoter. Down-regulation of Smad2 protein by small interfering RNA duplexes affects only basal transcription of FSH(beta), whereas decreased expression of Smad3 abrogates activin-mediated stimulation of FSH(beta) transcription. Although highly related, Smad2 and Smad3 differ in their Mad homolog (MH) 1 domains, where the Smad2 protein contains two additional stretches of amino acids that prevent this factor from binding to DNA. We investigated whether these structural features contribute to differential FSH(beta) transactivation by Smad2 and Smad3. A variety of Smad chimera constructs were generated and used in transient transfection studies to address this question. Only cotransfection of chimera constructs that contain the MH1 domain of Smad3 results in activin-mediated stimulation of the rat FSH(beta) promoter. Furthermore, the insertion of Smad2 loops into Smad3 protein renders it inactive, suggesting that DNA binding is necessary for Smad3-mediated stimulation of the rat FSH(beta) promoter. Taken together, these results indicate that the functional differences between Smad2 and Smad3 in their ability to transactivate the rat FSH(beta) promoter lie primarily within the MH1 domain and involve structural motifs that affect DNA binding.
An approximation algorithm for cutting out convex polygons

We provide an O(logn)-approximation algorithm for the following problem. Given a convex n-gon P, drawn on a convex piece of paper, cut P out of the piece of paper in the cheapest possible way. No polynomial-time approximation algorithm was known for this problem posed in 1985.
Quark scattering amplitudes at strong coupling

Following Alday and Maldacena [1], we describe a string theory method to compute the strong coupling behavior of the scattering amplitudes of quarks and gluons in planar = 2 super Yang-Mills theory in the probe approximation. Explicit predictions for these quantities can be constructed using the all-orders planar gluon scattering amplitudes of = 4 super Yang-Mills due to Bern, Dixon and Smirnov [2].
Interdendritic Spacing: Part II. A Comparison of Theory and Experiment

The primary spacing data of Part I are compared to the existing theoretical models of Hunt and of Kurz and Fisher, and a significant disagreement is found. A theoretical model based on the Hunt model is developed, and it is found that the theory adequately explains the variation in primary spacing, λ1, with the growth rate,V. A maximum in λ1,vs V is predicted and the velocity at which the maximum occurs matches with the result obtained experimentally. It is shown that the maximum in λ1 corresponds to the dendrite-to-cell transition, and cellular structures are found to grow with much smaller spacings than dendritic structures under identical growth conditions.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Vinyl Ethers

A carbene-oxazoline catalyst 1 proved to be an effective catalyst for reduction of an enol ether that the literature suggested could not be hydrogenated effectively by P,N-Ir catalysts. Thus, a series of ester and alcohol substrates were hydrogenated using catalyst 1. Good to excellent enantioselectivities and high conversions were obtained.
Toward a Theory of Competitive Price Adjustment

In his 1959 essay "Toward a Theory of Price Adjustment" Arrow argued that "there exists a logical gap in the usual formulations of the theory of perfectly competitive economy, namely, that there is no place for a rational decision with respect to prices as there is with respect to quantities". (See also Koopmans (1957).) This gap is especially felt in macroeconomics where the basic framework is that of perfect competition and many results depend on the existence of some lag in the adjustment of prices. Here I propose a first step toward a theory of price adjustment in a competitive environment.' I shall consider here a simple exchange economy with no money. The application to the question of the real effects of changes in the money supply is discussed in a separate paper (Eden (1980)). The main cost of adjustment considered here is the cost of information about changes in aggregate excess demand. The question is who will gather and pay for the information. This public good problem is analysed in a model in which the artificial entity of the auctioneer is replaced by firms (sellers) who seek information about excess demand and announce the prices of their products. The public good aspect of the problem emerges when there is a unique optimal price which would be announced on the basis of "old" information shared by all participants. Then if a single firm buys "new" information and announces a different price all firms which are aware of this revised price will rightly think that it is based on updated information and will therefore follow the lead. In this case the announced price transmits all the relevant new information to all firms and the firm that updates the information therefore provides that public good which in the Walrasian model is provided by the auctioneer.2 The question is which firm will undertake the function of 'the auctioneer? The solution suggested here is that all firms will adopt a mixed strategy in which they undertake this function with a certain probability. It is shown however that there is always a positive probability that the prices advertised in a particular market will not be based on updated information, since otherwise there would be no incentive to buy information. In the second section I describe the process of advertising prices for the case in which the aggregate demand that sellers in a particular market face is exogenously given and infinitely elastic. I then discuss the type of framework required to justify such demand curves and show that, in general, the Walrasian price is not the average of advertised prices.
Modeling X-ray Loops and EUV Moss in an Active Region Core

The soft X-ray intensity of loops in active region cores and the corresponding footpoint, or moss, intensity observed in the EUV remain steady for several hours of observation. The steadiness of the emission has prompted many to suggest that the heating in these loops must also be steady, although no direct comparison between the observed X-ray and EUV intensities and the steady heating solutions of the hydrodynamic equations has yet been made. In this paper we perform these simulations and simultaneously model the X-ray and EUV moss intensities in one active region core with steady uniform heating. To perform this task, we introduce a new technique to constrain the model parameters using the measured EUV footpoint intensity to infer a heating rate. Using an ensemble of loop structures derived from magnetic field extrapolation of photospheric field, we associate each field line with an EUV moss intensity, then determine the steady uniform heating rate on that field line that reproduces the observed EUV intensity within 5% for a specific cross-sectional area, or filling factor. We then calculate the total X-ray filter intensities from all loops in the ensemble and compare this to the observed X-ray intensities. We complete this task iteratively to determine the filling factor that returns the best match to the observed X-ray intensities. We find that a filling factor of 8% and loops that expand with height provides the best agreement with the intensity in two X-ray filters, although the simulated SXT Al12 intensity is 147% the observed intensity and the SXT AlMg intensity is 80% the observed intensity. From this solution we determine the required heating rate scales as 0.29L−0.95. Finally, we discuss the future potential of this type of modeling, such as the ability to use density measurements to fully constrain filling factor, and its shortcomings, such as the requirement to use potential field extrapolations to approximate the coronal field.
On the connection of facially exposed and nice cones

Abstract A closed convex cone K in a finite dimensional Euclidean space is called nice if the set K ∗ + F ⊥ is closed for all F faces of K , where K ∗ is the dual cone of K , and F ⊥ is the orthogonal complement of the linear span of F . The niceness property plays a role in the facial reduction algorithm of Borwein and Wolkowicz, and the question of whether the linear image of the dual of a nice cone is closed also has a simple answer. We prove several characterizations of nice cones and show a strong connection with facial exposedness. We prove that a nice cone must be facially exposed; conversely, facial exposedness with an added condition implies niceness. We conjecture that nice, and facially exposed cones are actually the same, and give supporting evidence.
Optimal Path Problems with Second-Order Stochastic Dominance Constraints

This paper studies optimal path problems integrated with the concept of second order stochastic dominance. These problems arise from applications where travelers are concerned with the trade off between the risks associated with random travel time and other travel costs. Risk-averse behavior is embedded by requiring the random travel times on the optimal paths to stochastically dominate that on a benchmark path in the second order. A general linear operating cost is introduced to combine link- and path-based costs. The latter, which is the focus of the paper, is employed to address schedule costs pertinent to late and early arrival. An equivalent integer program to the problem is constructed by transforming the stochastic dominance constraint into a finite number of linear constraints. The problem is solved using both off-the-shelf solvers and specialized algorithms based on dynamic programming (DP). Although neither approach ensures satisfactory performance for general large-scale problems, the numerical experiments indicate that the DP-based approach provides a computationally feasible option to solve medium-size instances (networks with several thousand links) when correlations among random link travel times can be ignored.
Calculation of monthly average insolation on tilted surfaces

Abstract Several simplified design procedures for solar energy systems require monthly average meteorological data. Monthly average daily totals of the solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface are available. However, radiation data on tilted surfaces, required by the design procedures, are generally not available. A simple method of estimating the average daily radiation for each calendar month on surfaces facing directly towards the equator has been presented by Liu and Jordan [1]. This method is verified with experimental measurements and extended to allow calculation of monthly average radiation on surfaces of a wide range of orientations.
LASTor: a low-latency AS-aware tor client

Though the widely used Tor anonymity network is designed to enable low-latency anonymous communication, interactive communications on Tor incur latencies over 5 greater than on the direct Internet path, and in many cases, autonomous systems (ASs) can compromise anonymity via correlations of network traffic. In this paper, we develop LASTor, a new Tor client that addresses these shortcomings in Tor with only client-side modifications. First, LASTor improves communication latencies by accounting for the inferred locations of Tor relays while choosing paths. Since the preference for shorter paths reduces the entropy of path selection, we design LASTor so that a user can choose an appropriate tradeoff between latency and anonymity. Second, we develop an efficient and accurate algorithm to identify paths on which an AS can compromise anonymity by traffic correlation. LASTor avoids such paths to improve a user's anonymity, and the low run-time of the algorithm ensures that the impact on end-to-end communication latencies is low. Our results show that, in comparison to the default Tor client, LASTor reduces median latencies by 25% while also reducing the false negative rate of not detecting a potential snooping AS from 57% to 11%.
Metastability of liquid water on Mars

Abstract A simple model of local heat transport on Mars demonstrates that transient melting of ice may occur in depressions and gullies nearly anywhere on the planet where thin ice is illuminated by normal-incidence insolation. An experiment has been performed to confirm the model of evaporation rate at low pressure. Reduction of radiative cooling due to gully geometry is shown to be important. Since appropriate meteorological, topographic, and optical conditions may occur on slopes nearly anywhere on the planet, hydrological features such as gullies would likely form only where such ice might accumulate, notably in sheltered locations at high latitudes. It is suggested that cold-trapping of winter condensation could concentrate a sufficient amount of ice to allow seasonal melting in gullies.
A closer look at the tertiary production of antiprotons in the Galaxy

Abstract Antiproton spectrum in cosmic rays, produced by the interactions of cosmic-ray nucleons with interstellar gas, has a peak around 2 GeV with a steep positive slope below 1 GeV at production. During the propagation of antiprotons in the Galaxy, the low energy spectrum gets modified due to ionization loss and by the energy degradation from deep-inelastic interactions. In recent years, it is believed that the latter is a dominant process in creating more low energy antiprotons. In this paper, the available data on total, elastic, annihilation and charge-exchange cross-sections at accelerator energies are carefully examined to show that the above conclusion is based partly due to incorrect parametrization of the data and partly by including charge-exchange cross-section as part of deep-inelastic process. It is shown that the deep-inelastic cross-section in ( p ¯ , p ) interactions starts decreasing faster than for (p,p) interaction below 10 GeV due to the opening of the annihilation channel. It has a low energy cut-off at the threshold energy for pion production as in the case of protons. Though the charge-exchange process play an important role at low energies, the energy change during this process is marginal as in the case of elastic scattering and hence does not contribute to the production of tertiary antiprotons.
Employment rights: A Lockean perspective

This article presents a framework for the consideration of employment as a property right using the relationships of basic rights as outlined by John Locke. The framework is applied to modern American corporations, and typical voluntary job protection mechanisms are reviewed.
Sc(OTf)(3)-catalyzed condensation of 2-alkyl-N-tosylaziridine with aldehydes or ketones: an efficient synthesis of 5-alkyl-1,3-oxazolidines.

Sc(OTf)3 effectively catalyzes the condensation of 2-alkyl-N-tosylaziridine with a wide variety of aldehydes and ketones, producing 5-alkyl-1,3-oxazolidines in good yields and excellent regioselectivity at catalyst loadings as low as 1 mol%.
Filters and transforms to localize signal transitions

Level transitions in sampled data or digital signals are detected by localizing the zero-crossings of band-pass filtered data. Truncated space-sampled or frequency-sampled representations of the Laplacian-of-Gaussian (LOG) filter in the transform domain and the discrete symmetric cosine transform (DSCT) of the data sequences lead to accurate and robust localization. This paper presents the block-based procedure to adapt the band-pass filter parameter based on estimates of the local gradient. The adaptation leads to reduction in the localization error and increase of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) around the transition. The procedure is applied to grayscale images.
Direct Synthesis of β-N-Glycosides by the Reductive Glycosylation of Azides with Protected and Native Carbohydrate Donors

A simple and straightforward method for the stereocontrolled synthesis of β-linked N-glycosides uses alkyl and aryl azides as the nitrogen source. The N-glycosides are formed in high yields and with high β selectivities (typically >70% yield, >15:1 β:α selectivity). This approach is also amenable to the synthesis of N-glycosylated amino acids and peptides (see example, Fmoc=9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl).
STOCHASTIC HOMOGENIZATION FOR SOME NONLINEAR INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

In this note we prove the stochastic homogenization for a large class of fully nonlinear elliptic integro-differential equations in stationary ergodic random environments. Such equations include, but are not limited to, Bellman equations and the Isaacs equations for the control and differential games of some pure jump processes in a random, rapidly varying environment. The translation invariant and non-random effective equation is identified, and the almost everywhere in ω, uniform in x convergence of the family solutions of the original equations is obtained. Even in the linear case of the equations contained herein the results appear to be new.
Reactions for improving efficiencies in thermochemical cycles related to the sulfur dioxide-iodine process

Abstract A modification of the sulfur dioxide-iodine cycle which uses magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfite and magnesium iodide is examined with particular emphasis on decreasing the amount of water employed and thereby increasing the efficiency. The key reaction is that of iodine with magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfite hexahydrate with no additional water. This produces 77% of the total possible sulfate as well as magnesium iodide, hydrogen iodide and hydrogen at 523 K. The efficiency of this cycle varies between 58% and 39% depending on the amount of heat that can be recovered. This is the first example of a cycle where there is no large burden due to evaporation.
"I KNOW SHE INVENTED FIRE, BUT WHAT HAS SHE DONE RECENTLY" — ON THE FUTURE OF CHARM PHYSICS

Detailed studies of weak charm decays fill an important future role in high energy physics. Chief among them are: (i) validating the theoretical control achieved over hadronization as a worthwhile goal in its own right; (ii) calibrating our tools to saturate the discovery potential for New Physics in B decays; (iii) searching for New Physics in charm decays through hypothesis-generating research. The most promising area for the last item is a comprehensive study of CP violation. Since we need a new CP paradigm to implement baryogenesis, this is not an idle goal. Charm decays provide opportunities unique among up-type quarks. While items (i) and (ii) will be addressed in a meaningful way and hopefully completed in the next few years, item (iii) will presumably require statistics that can be accumulated only by LHCb and a Super-B factory.
Individualism and suicide

In a sample of 19 nations, suicide rates were not associated with nations' estimates of work locus of control, job satisfaction, psychological well-being, physical well-being, or individualism.
A multidimensional version of noise stability

We give a multivariate generalization of Borell's noise stability theorem for Gaussian vectors. As a consequence we recover two inequalities, also due to Borell, for exit times of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process.
Magnetic nanoparticle-supported glutathione: a conceptually sustainable organocatalyst.

A conceptually novel nanoparticle-supported and magnetically recoverable organocatalyst has been developed, which is readily prepared from inexpensive starting materials in a truly sustainable manner; which catalyzes the Paal–Knorr reaction with high yield in pure aqueous medium that avoids the use of toxic organic solvents, even in the workup step.
Coded pulse excitation for ultrasonic strain imaging

Decorrelation strain noise can be significantly reduced in low echo-signal-to-noise (eSNR) conditions using coded excitation. Large time-bandwidth-product (>30) pulses are transmitted into tissue mimicking phantoms with 2.5-mm diameter inclusions that mimic the elastic properties of breast lesions. We observed a 5-10 dB improvement in eSNR that led to a doubling of the depth of focus for strain images with no reduction of spatial resolution. In high eSNR conditions, coded excitation permits the use of higher carrier frequencies and shorter correlation windows to improve the attainable spatial resolution for strain relative to that obtained with conventional short pulses. This paper summarizes comparative studies of strain imaging in noise-limited conditions obtained by short pulses and four common aperiodic codes (chirp, Barker, suboptimal, and Golay) as a function of attenuation, eSNR and applied strain. Imaging performance is quantified using SNR for displacement (SNR/sub d/), local modulation transfer function (LMTF), and contrast-to-noise ratio for strain (CNR/sub /spl epsi//). We found that chirp and Golay codes are the most robust for imaging soft tissue deformation using matched filter decoding. Their superior performance is obtained by balancing the need for low-range lobes, large eSNR improvement, and short-code duration.
Temperature and solvent effects on the experimental dipole moments of three crown ethers

Dipole moments of 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 have been measured for solutions in benzene and in cyclohexane at 15, 20, 25, and 30°, using the Guggenheim-Smith method. The dipole moments of the more common conformers of these crown ethers have also been calculated. The results indicate that these crown ethers exist in solution as mixtures of conformers. The conformational equilibria shift toward the more polar conformers as temperature increases. There is evidence that the more polar conformers of 12-crown-4 and 15-crown-5 are somewhat more favored in benzene solution than in cyclohexane, possibly as the result of a weak complexation with the former solvent.
Machine recognition of printed Chinese characters via transformation algorithms

Abstract This paper presents some novel results concerning the recognition of single-font printed Chinese characters via the transformation algorithms of Fourier, Hadamard, and Rapid. The new design philosophy of a three-stage structure is believed to offer at least a suboptimal search strategy for recognizing printed Chinese characters with a dictionary of 7000–8000 characters. The transformation algorithms discussed in this paper will be used in the last two stages. Extensive experiments and simulations concerning feature extraction and noisy or abnormal pattern recognition have been carried out (the simulations have been restricted to a 63-character subset called “Radicals”). Comparison has been made of all three transforms according to their ability to recognize characters.
On growth and indeterminacy: some theory and evidence

Abstract We overview some recent models of growth with multiple equilibria. Those models offer a potential explanation for differences in income levels across economies which stands as an alternative to theories that rely exclusively on differences in fundamentals and/or initial conditions. We discuss some of the empirical predictions generated by those models vis a vis the predictions of their deterministic counterparts. Using an approach that makes use of physical and human capital data for a cross-section of countries we show that some of the predictions of growth models with unique equilibria are hard to reconcile with the evidence.
Counting Hyperbolic Manifolds with Bounded Diameter

Let ρn (V) be the number of complete hyperbolic manifolds of dimension n with volume less than V . Burger et al [Geom. Funct. Anal. 12(6) (2002), 1161–1173.] showed that when n ≥ 4 there exist a, b > 0 depending on the dimension such that aV log V ≤ log ρn(V) ≤ bV log V, for V ≫ 0. In this note, we use their methods to bound the number of hyperbolic manifolds with diameter less than d and show that the number grows double-exponentially with volume. Additionally, this bound holds in dimension 3.
Vasopressin Antagonists in Polycystic Kidney Disease

Increased cell proliferation and fluid secretion, probably driven by alterations in intracellular calcium homeostasis and cyclic adenosine 3,5-phosphate, play an important role in the development and progression of polycystic kidney disease. Hormone receptors that affect cyclic adenosine monophosphate and are preferentially expressed in affected tissues are logical treatment targets. There is a sound rationale for considering the arginine vasopressin V2 receptor as a target. The arginine vasopressin V2 receptor antagonists OPC-31260 and tolvaptan inhibit the development of polycystic kidney disease in cpk mice and in three animal orthologs to human autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (PCK rat), autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (Pkd2/WS25 mice), and nephronophthisis (pcy mouse). PCK rats that are homozygous for an arginine vasopressin mutation and lack circulating vasopressin are markedly protected. Administration of V2 receptor agonist 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin to these animals completely recovers the cystic phenotype. Administration of 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin to PCK rats with normal arginine vasopressin aggravates the disease. Suppression of arginine vasopressin release by high water intake is protective. V2 receptor antagonists may have additional beneficial effects on hypertension and chronic kidney disease progression. A number of clinical studies in polycystic kidney disease have been performed or are currently active. The results of phase 2 and phase 2-3 clinical trials suggest that tolvaptan is safe and well tolerated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. A phase 3, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in 18- to 50-yr-old patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and preserved renal function but relatively rapid progression, as indicated by a total kidney volume >750 ml, has been initiated and will determine whether tolvaptan is effective in slowing down the progression of this disease.
On IC 10 X-1, the Most Massive Known Stellar-Mass Black Hole

IC 10 X-1 is a variable X-ray source in the Local Group starburst galaxy IC 10 whose optical counterpart is a Wolf-Rayet (WR) star. Prestwich and coworkers recently proposed that it contains the most massive known stellar-mass black hole (23-34 M☉), but their conclusion was based on radial velocities derived from only a few optical spectra, the most important of which was seriously affected by a CCD defect. Here we present new spectra of the WR star, spanning 1 month, obtained with the Keck I 10 m telescope. The spectra show a periodic shift in the He II λ 4686 emission line as compared with IC 10 nebular lines such as [O III] λ 5007. From this, we calculate a period of 34.93 ± 0.04 hr (consistent with the X-ray period of 34.40 ± 0.83 hr reported by Prestwich) and a radial velocity semiamplitude of 370 ± 20 km s−1. The resulting mass function is 7.64 ± 1.26 M☉, consistent with that of Prestwich (7.8 M☉). This, combined with the previously estimated (from spectra) mass of 35 M☉ for the WR star, yields a minimum primary mass of 32.7 ± 2.6 M☉. Even if the WR star has a mass of only 17 M☉, the minimum primary mass is 23.1 ± 2.1 M☉. Thus, IC 10 X-1 is indeed a WR/black-hole binary containing the most massive known stellar-mass black hole.
Superconformal field theory on threebranes at a Calabi-Yau singularity

Abstract Just as parallel threebranes on a smooth manifold are related to string theory on AdS 5 × S 5 , parallel threebranes near a conical singularity are related to string theory on AdS5 × X5, for a suitable X5. For the example of the conifold singularity, for which X5 = (SU(2) × SU(2))/U(1), we argue that string theory on AdS5 × X5 can be described by a certain N = 1 supersymmetric gauge theory which we describe in detail.
Algorithms for finding generalized minimum aberration designs

Statistical design of experiments is widely used in scientific and industrial investigations. A generalized minimum aberration (GMA) orthogonal array is optimum under the well-established, so-called GMA criterion, and such an array can extract as much information as possible at a fixed cost. Finding GMA arrays is an open (yet fundamental) problem in design of experiments because constructing such arrays becomes intractable as the number of runs and factors increase. We develop two directed enumeration algorithms that call the integer programming with isomorphism pruning algorithm of Margot (2007) for the purpose of finding GMA arrays. Our results include 16 GMA arrays that were not previously in the literature, along with documentation of the efficiencies that made the required calculations possible within a reasonable budget of computer time. We also validate heuristic algorithms against a GMA array catalog, by showing that they quickly output near GMA arrays, and then use the heuristics to find near GMA arrays when enumeration is computationally burdensome.
Elliptic Littlewood identities

We prove analogues for elliptic interpolation functions of [email protected]?s version of the Littlewood identity for (skew) Macdonald polynomials, in the process developing an interpretation of general elliptic ''hypergeometric'' sums as skew interpolation functions. One such analogue has an interpretation as a ''vanishing integral'', generalizing a result of Rains and Vazirani (2007) [17]; the structure of this analogue gives sufficient insight to enable us to conjecture elliptic versions of most of the other vanishing integrals of Rains and Vazirani (2007) [17] as well. We are thus led to formulate ten conjectures, each of which can be viewed as a multivariate quadratic transformation, and can be proved in a number of special cases.
Schwarz reflection geometry I: Continuous iteration of reflection

Differential equations are derived for a continous limit of iterated Schwarzian reflection of analytic curves, and solutions are interpreted as geodesics in an infinite-dimensional symmetric space geometry.
Effects of electrically active impurities on the epitaxial regrowth rate of amorphized silicon and germanium

Abstract The influence of electrically active n-type (75As) and p-type (11B) impurities on the solid phase epitaxial regrowth of ion-implanted amorphized Si〈100〉 and Ge〈100〉 has been studied for low temperature furnace annealing. Both types of impurity increase the rate of regrowth of both silicon and germanium at a concentration level of 1020 cm-3. Above this level, 75As retards regrowth in germanium. In compensated surface layers, the regrowth rate slows down to the values observed in self-implanted or intrinsic crystals for both silicon and germanium. The results can be qualitatively explained in terms of electrically induced generation of point defects at the amorphous-crystalline interface.
Coherent nonlinear optical effects in semiconductor QWs induced by intense single-cycle THz pulses

We investigate coherent THz-induced dynamics for optical excitation in semiconductor quantum-wells via THz-pump and optical-probe experiments. Strong single-cycle THz pulses induce transient spectral-shifts and broadening of the light-hole and heavy-hole excitonic resonances in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum-wells.
The Corruption of a State

This article presents a theory of corruption which unifies the moral, political, economic and social causes and patterns of corruption in one theoretical framework. The theory is constructed from the scattered insights about the "corruption of the body politic, " building in particular upon the work of five theorists-Thucydides, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli and Rousseau. Corruption is defined as the moral incapacity of citizens to make reasonably disinterested commitments to actions, symbols and institutions which benefit the substantive common welfare. This extensive demise of loyalty to the commonwealth comes from the interaction of human nature with systematic inequality of wealth, power and status. The corruption of the polity results in certain identifiable patterns of political conflict and competition. The central feature of these patterns is the emergence of quasi-governmental factions and an increasingly polarized class system. The politics of the factions leads to an undermining of the efficacy of the basic political structures of the society and the emergence of systematic corruption in all aspects of political life. The theory advanced in this article identifies several crucial prescriptions to stave off the tendency towards corruption. Among these are an extension of maximum substantive participation by all citizens in all aspects of political life and a stringent control over all sources of great or permanent inequality in the polity. The disintegration of ordered arrangements of life is a central problem of politics. When the daily interactions among people and institutions no longer provide normal opportunities for the exercise of integrity, personal right, or fulfillment, political theorists can no longer ignore the decay. As people proclaim the "twilight," "decline," or "crisis" of every major aspect of our culture, we must try to comprehend the nature of political disintegration. The explanations for the increased disordering of human lives have tended to divide along three lines-institutional, moral, and economic. The institutional approach argues that outmoded social and political structures can no longer provide for a population whose size, values and expectations have radically changed since they were instituted. The moral explanation sees certain undesirable moral changes result in a collapse of traditional moral disciplines, and sees people without self-discipline or altruism placing unwarranted demands upon
Expression profiling of ductal carcinoma in situ by laser capture microdissection and high-density oligonucleotide arrays

Expression profiling of ductal carcinoma in situ by laser capture microdissection and high-density oligonucleotide arrays
Quasi-invariance for heat kernel measures on sub-Riemannian infinite-dimensional Heisenberg groups

We study heat kernel measures on sub-Riemannian infinite-dimensional Heisenberg-like Lie groups. In particular, we show that Cameron-Martin type quasi-invariance results hold in this subelliptic setting and give $L^p$-estimates for the Radon-Nikodym derivatives. The main ingredient in our proof is a generalized curvature-dimension estimate which holds on approximating finite-dimensional projection groups. Such estimates were first introduced by Baudoin and Garofalo in \cite{BaudoinGarofalo2011}.
The Value of Equitable Redemption in Commercial Mortgage Contracting

Equitable redemption is a feature of all common law mortgages that allows a borrower a chance to “redeem” the real estate in the event of default. What is puzzling is that equitable redemption is universally enforced in all mortgages, including commercial mortgages. The purpose of this study is to understand if there might be conditions under which the universal enforcement of equitable redemption could be an efficient legal doctrine. We build a model of asymmetric information where the cash flows from the investment are known to the borrower but not to the lender. We show that there exists a separating equilibrium where high-risk borrowers choose to include equitable redemption (and pay a higher interest rate) while low-risk borrowers choose not to (and pay a lower interest rate). We then show that there exist conditions under which a universal enforcement of equitable redemption results in a higher total surplus than this separating equilibrium.
A synthesis of substituted 2-pyrones by carbonylative cross-coupling-thermolysis of 4-halocyclobutenones with alkenyl-, aryl-, and heteroarylstannanes

Abstract Palladium catalyzed carbonylative cross-coupling of 4-chloro-2,3-disubstituted-2-cyclobutenones with alkenyl-, aryl-, and heteroaryltin reagents and thermolysis provides a general method for the synthesis of 2,3,6-trisubstituted-2-pyrones. The reaction is regiospecific, coupling occurring preferentially at the 4-position of the cyclobutenone.
Secrecy capacity of a class of orthogonal relay eavesdropper channels

The secrecy capacity is developed for a class of relay channels with orthogonal components and a passive eavesdropper node. The relay and destination receive signals from the source on two orthogonal channels such that the destination also receives transmissions from the relay on its channel. The eavesdropper can overhear either one or both of the orthogonal channels. Inner and outer bounds on the secrecy capacity are developed for both the discrete memoryless and the Gaussian channel models. For the discrete memoryless case, the secrecy capacity is shown to be achieved by a partial decode-and-forward (PDF) scheme when the eavesdropper can overhear only one of the two orthogonal channels. Two new outer bounds are presented for the Gaussian model using recent capacity results for a Gaussian multi-antenna channel with a multi-antenna eavesdropper. The outer bounds are shown to be tight for two sub-classes of channels. The first sub-class is one in which the source and relay are clustered and the eavesdropper overhears on only one of the two channels for which the PDF strategy is optimal. The second is a sub-class in which the source does not transmit to the relay for which a noise-forwarding strategy is optimal.
Development of an enantioselective synthetic route to neocarzinostatin chromophore and its use for multiple radioisotopic incorporation.

A convergent, enantioselective synthetic route to the natural product neocarzinostatin chromophore (1) is described. Synthesis of the chromophore aglycon (2) was targeted initially. Chemistry previously developed for the synthesis of a neocarzinostatin core model (4) failed in the requisite 1,3-transposition of an allylic silyl ether when applied toward the preparation of 2 with use of the more highly oxygenated substrates 27 and 54. An alternative synthetic plan was therefore developed, based upon a proposed reduction of the epoxy alcohol 58 to form the aglycon 2, a transformation that was achieved in a novel manner, using a combination of the reagents triphenylphosphine, iodine, and imidazole. The successful route to 1 and 2 began with the convergent coupling of the epoxydiyne 15, obtained in 9 steps (43% overall yield) from d-glyceraldehyde acetonide, and the cyclopentenone (+)-14, prepared in one step (75−85% yield) from the prostaglandin intermediate (+)-16, affording the alcohol 22 in 80% yield and ...
Numerical simulation of steady and unsteady asymmetric vortical flow

The unsteady, compressible, thin-layer, Navier-Stokes (NS) equations are solved to simulate steady and unsteady, asymmetric, vortical laminar flow around cones at high incidences and supersonic Mach numbers. The equations are solved by using an implicit, upwind, flux-difference splitting (FDS), finite-volume scheme. The locally conical flow assumption is used and the solutions are obtained by forcing the conserved components of the flowfield vector to be equal at two axial stations located at 0.95 and 1.0. Computational examples cover steady and unsteady asymmetric flows around a circular cone and its control using side strakes. The unsteady asymmetric flow solution around the circular cone has also been validated using the upwind, flux-vector splitting (FVS) scheme with the thin-layer NS equations and the upwind FDS with the full NS equations. The results are in excellent agreement with each other. Unsteady asymmetric flows are also presented for elliptic- and diamond-section cones, which model asymmetric vortex shedding around round- and sharp-edged delta winds.
A Practical Procedure to Find Matching Priors for Frequentist Inference

We present a practical way to find matching priors via the use of saddlepoint approximations and obtain p-values of tests of an interest parameter in the presence of nuisance parameters. The advantages of our procedure are the flexibility in choosing different initial conditions so that one may adjust the performance of a test, and the less intensive computational efforts compared to a Markov Chain Monto Carlo method.