cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design point characteristics of a 500 - 2500 watt isotope-Brayton power system

An analytical study was conducted to investigate the potential performance characteristics of an isotope-Brayton space power system at electric power levels from 500 to 2500 W. Utilization of the Pu 238 heat source, or capsule, being developed for the Multi-Hundred Watt Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator was assumed. A single-loop system design concept was selected. The design concept and results of first-order tradeoff studies of the effects of major system parameters on system performance are presented. Results of the study indicate the potential for high system efficiency and high specific power over the entire power range.
Factors that Affect Perceived Susceptibility to Cardiovascular Disease in Women

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To identify CVD risk factors that are related to perceived susceptibility for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in West Virginia women. Although risk factors for CVD in women have been identified, it is not clear to what extent that information has reached women in West Virginia, or whether women's beliefs about susceptibility to CVD are in accordance with that knowledge. As a preliminary step in developing health and nutrition interventions for preventing CVD in women in West Virginia, beliefs about susceptibility to CVD and the dissemination of knowledge about risk factors for CVD in women were investigated. As part of a larger study on women's health and nutrition, women were asked to report the presence of CVD risk factors (family history of CVD, smoking status, weight, blood cholesterol, menopausal status, blood pressure, physical activity level, and age) and their perceived susceptibility to developing CVD at some time in their life. We analyzed data from 193 women from seven primary care sites throughout West Virginia to determine whether women can identify risk factors for CVD and whether the presence of risk factors was related to self-perceived risk of CVD. Eighty-nine percent of the women knew that losing weight, increasing physical activity and stopping smoking can reduce risk of CVD. However, the only risk factors that were significantly related to perceived susceptibility to CVD in the entire sample were family history of CVD and body mass index (χ 2 , p
Electoral Systems and Women's Representation in Australia

Abstract This article tests the hypothesis that multi-member single transferable vote systems elect more women than single-member district systems by analysing the two houses of the Australian Parliament. The data regarding the number of female members of the Australian Parliament has been collected since the first woman was elected 61 years ago. The Senate, which utilises an STV voting system, has averaged more than two and a half times the percentage of women elected than the SMD House. The data confirms that multi-member district electoral systems using STV elect more women than single-member districts.
A Behavioral Model of Consumer Spatial Decision Making

(1975). A Behavioral Model of Consumer Spatial Decision Making. Economic Geography: Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 339-349.
Functions of the cancer cell.

Als Ursache des Krebses kann man sich sehr wohl eine spezifisch schadigende Einwirkung auf das Genom einer Zelle vorstellen, wobei ein falscher genetischer Code erzeugt wurde. Die besonderen Eigenschaften von Krebszellen bestehen in einem Verlust der Kontaktinhibition, Herabsetzung des Zusammenhaltes, abnormen Zellproteinen und kennzeichnendem Stoffwechsel, der in Garung bei Anwesenheit von O2 besteht. Manche Carcinone sind hormonabhangig; in ihnen sind die unterstutzenden Hormone von groster Wichtigkeit fur die Erhaltung des Lebens der Zellen, da bei ihrer Abwesenheit die Zelle stirbt. Dagegen sind Hormone niemals von so ausschlaggebender Bedeutung fur das Leben der hormonabhangigen Normalzelle. Hormonabhangige maligne Tumoren konnen mit der Zeit unabhangig werden; der Grad ihrer Malignitat ist dabei gesteigert.
Microturbulence studies of pulsed poloidal current drive discharges in the reversed field pinch

Experimental discharges with pulsed poloidal current drive (PPCD) in the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed field pinch are investigated using a semi-analytic equilibrium model in the gyrokinetic turbulence code Gene. PPCD cases, with plasma currents of 500 kA and 200 kA, exhibit a density-gradient-driven trapped electron mode (TEM) and an ion temperature gradient mode, respectively. Relative to expectations of tokamak core plasmas, the critical gradients for the onset of these instabilities are found to be greater by roughly a factor of the aspect ratio. A significant upshift in the nonlinear TEM transport threshold, previously found for tokamaks, is confirmed in nonlinear reversed field pinch simulations and is roughly three times the threshold for linear instability. The simulated heat fluxes can be brought in agreement with measured diffusivities by introducing a small, resonant magnetic perturbation, thus modeling the residual fluctuations from tearing modes. These fluctuations significantly enhance tr...
Modification of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) family members, SUMO-2 and SUMO-3

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBPβ) activator isoforms, C/EBPβ-1 and C/EBPβ-2, differ by only 23 amino acids in the human; however, evidence is accumulating that these transcription factors are functionally distinct. Here we demonstrate that C/EBPβ-1, but not C/EBPβ-2, is conjugated to the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) family members, SUMO-2 and SUMO-3 despite the fact that the SUMO target consensus is present in both isoforms of this transcription factor. This conjugation is dependent on the integrity of the extreme N terminus of C/EBPβ-1 and requires lysine 173 in the human protein. Furthermore, mutation of this lysine relieves the repression of the cyclin D1 promoter by C/EBPβ-1 without altering the subnuclear localization of C/EBPβ-1. The sumoylation of C/EBPβ-1 is likely to be important in the functional differences observed between C/EBPβ-1 and C/EBPβ-2.
Scalable computation of stream surfaces on large scale vector fields

Stream surfaces and streamlines are two popular methods for visualizing three-dimensional flow fields. While several parallel streamline computation algorithms exist, relatively little research has been done to parallelize stream surface generation. This is because load-balanced parallel stream surface computation is nontrivial, due to the strong dependency in computing the positions of the particles forming the stream surface front. In this paper, we present a new algorithm that computes stream surfaces efficiently. In our algorithm, seeding curves are divided into segments, which are then assigned to the processes. Each process is responsible for integrating the segments assigned to it. To ensure a balanced computational workload, work stealing and dynamic refinement of seeding curve segments are employed to improve the overall performance. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our parallel stream surface algorithm using several large scale flow field data sets, and show the performance and scalability on HPC systems.
Prenatal and Perinatal Indicators of Neonatal Viability

The intrauterine environment exerts profound effects on the prenatal development of the equine fetus and postnatal development of the foal through to adulthood. Perinatal events have also been shown to affect neonatal viability and subsequent development through to adulthood. Assessment of intrauterine and neonatal parameters can yield valuable information as to the prognosis for good health of the foal. This article emphasizes those concepts and parameters that are readily accessible to the practitioner.
RELATIVISTIC CORRECTIONS IN THE STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF INTERACTING PARTICLES

In previous work on statistical mechanics, the consequences of the theory of relativity have only been investigated for the ideal gas. This study is concerned with relativistic effects for systems of interacting particles. The noninstantaneous nature of the forces leads to dynamical equations which cannot be treated by known mathematical methods; however, the interaction terms can be expanded to obtain a description of the system in terms of the positions and their derivatives of all orders at a single time. If one stops at the (v/c)/sup 2/ approximation, a specification in terms of positions and velocities is obtained; in electrodynamics this corresponds to the Darwin Hamiltonian. A system described by this Hamiltonian is investigated with the methods of equilibrium statistical mechanics. The cluster expansion with subsequent summation of diagrams as employed by Mayer for the Coulomb case is used; the modifications necessary due to the presence of momentumdependent terms in the interaction are developed. In evaluating the lowest order nonvanishing (ring approximation, mathematical difficulties peculiar to the relativistic interactions force restriction to calculation of the relativistic short-range correlation effects in the charged system. A modified Debye-Huckel law is obtained, including a relativistic correction term which is small compared to themore » static one. At the high temperatures required for appearance of relativistic effects, the static term is itself negligible except at very high densities. Thus the relativistic contribution can in effect be neglected in this- approximation. The difficulty of extending the method to mesonic or gravitational interactions is discussed. (auth)« less
ELECTRON STIMULATED DESORPTION OF CO FROM PD1/W(110)

Abstract The electron impact behavior of CO adsorbed on Pd 1 W (110) was investigated. The desorption products observed were neutral CO, CO+, and O+. After massive electron impact residual carbon, C/W = 0.15, but not oxygen was also found, suggesting that energetic neutral O, not detected in a mass analyzer must also have been formed. Formation of β-CO, i.e., dissociated CO with C and O on the surface was not seen. The total disappearance cross section varies only slightly with coverage, ranging from 9 × 10 −18 cm2 at low to 5 × 10−18 cm2 at saturation (CO/W = 0.75). The cross section for CO+ formation varies from ∼ 4 × 10−22 cm2 at satura to ∼ 2 × 10−21 cm2 at low coverage. That for O+ formation is 1.4 × 10−22 cm2 at saturation and ∼ 2 × 10−21 cm2 Threshold energies are similar to those found previously [J.C. Lin and R. Gomer, Surf. Sci. 218 (1989) 406] for CO W (110) and CO/Cu1/W(110) which suggests similar mechanisms for product formation, with the exception of β-CO on clean W(110). It is argued that the absence or presence of β-CO in ESD hinges on its formation or absence in thermal desorption, since electron impact is likely to present the surface with vibrationally and rotationally activated CO in all cases; β-CO formation only occurs on surfaces which can dissociate such CO. It was also found that ESD of CO led to a work function increase of the remaining Pd1/W(110) surface of ∼ 500 meV, which could be annealed out only at 900 K. This is attributed to surface roughness, caused by recoil momentum of energetic desorbing entities.
Evolution and ecology of Macaque societies

Edited by John E. Fa and Donald G. Lindburg. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. 597 pp. ISBN 0-521-41680-0. $125.00 (cloth).
6-Thioguanine from Erwinia amylovora

Erwinia amylovora, the etiological agent of fireblight disease, was found to produce under aerobic conditions in axenic culture 2-amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thion (6-thioguanine, 6-TG), easily recognized by a UV absorbance at 340 nm (pH≤7) and readily distinguished from NADH by both its acid stability and the pH dependence of its UV spectrum. 6-TG is known for a variety of physiological activities, but in this study no toxicity toward Bartlett pear suspension culture was detected. Although a synergistic role of 6-TG in the development of fireblight is not excluded, it may not be responsible for the black necrosis typical for the disease. This conclusion was corroborated through the study of severalE. amylovora mutants with respect to their capability to produce 6-TG.
Principles of intracardiac echocardiography

The development of newer electrophysiological mapping and ablation procedures for the treatment of complex arrhythmias has led to the advent of a new application of echocardiography. The introduction of intracardiac echocardiography to the electrophysiology laboratory has created a marriage between imaging and intervention that is generating new insights for the echocardiographer and added safety for the electrophysiologist. This review will discuss the history, principles, approaches, and potential future applications of intracardiac echocardiography.
Unsteady Transonic Two-Dimensional Euler Solutions Using Finite Elements

A finite element solution of the unsteady Euler equations is presented, and demonstrated for two-dimensional airfoil configurations oscillating in transonic flows. Computations are performed by spatially discretizing the conservation equations using the Galerkin weighted residual method and then employing a multistage RungeKutta scheme to march forward in time. Triangular finite elements are employed in an unstructured O-mesh computational grid surrounding the airfoil. Grid points are fixed in space at the far-field boundary and are constrained to move with the airfoil surface to form the near-field boundary. A mesh deformation scheme has been developed to efficiently move interior points in a smooth fashion as the airfoil undergoes rigid-body pitch and plunge motion. Both steady and unsteady results are presented, and a comparison is made with solutions obtained using finite volume techniques. The effects of using either a lumped or consistent mass matrix were studied and are presented. Results show the finite element method provides an accurate solution for unsteady transonic flows about isolated airfoils. HE accurate determination of the unsteady flowfield surrounding an oscillating airfoil or wing in transonic flow is of paramount importance in the prediction of the flutter characteristics of the body. Transonic flutter remains an active research topic because of the continued interest by both the military and commercial sectors to operate in these flight regimes with vehicles that are ever lighter and, as a result, more flexible. Typically, analysis of fluid-structure interaction in flight vehicles involves describing the vehicle structure using finite elements, whereas finite difference methods are used to model the surrounding fluid. Coupling of the two dissimilar models then presents problems because of the disparity between the two solution techniques. Additional complexities arise because of phase mismatching between the fluid pressures and the displacements of the structure. It seems a natural progression to use finite element methods to describe the behavior of both the fluid and structure, thus bringing more commonality into the analysis of the two media. Early research efforts concentrated on using the transonic small-disturbance equation or the nonlinear full potential equation as the model for the gas dynamic behavior in transonic flows. Unfortunately, this idealization leads to errors when strong shocks are present because of their inability to account for the production of entropy and vorticity. To properly account for these effects within the framework of the conservation laws, the Euler equations must be used. These equations, although they neglect fluid viscosity, have become the standard when unsteady transonic solutions are desired. The absence of a viscosity representation is an important limitation of the present formulation and must be considered
Interface between Law and Ethics in Islamic Bioethics: the Boundaries of Nonmaleficence in the Islamic Law of Paternity

Abstract Refraining from intentional harm has been one of the fundamental principles of medical ethics. It can be traced to the beginning of the medical profession, as epitomized in the Hippocratic Oath and other classical texts on medical practice. In modern bioethics theory, both beneficence and nonmaleficence are listed among the basic principles guiding moral evaluation of concrete bioethical problems. Bioethics is a broad term that can be used to cover both medical ethics in the traditional sense and ethics in life sciences; particularly, the impact of modern biomedical technology on moral decision-making. Islamic bioethics denotes systematic analysis of bioethical problems in light of Islamic normative values and principles. Given the large scope of Islamic law – ranging from ritual purity to different types of civil and criminal regulations – Islamic bioethical analysis is not limited to abstract moral evaluation, but often involves an element of Islamic legal prescription. In the Islamic legal tra...
A dissociative word-frequency X levels-of-processing interaction in episodic recognition and lexical decision tasks

The effects of levels-of-processing and word frequency were directly compared in three different memory tests. In the episodic recognition test, the subjects decided whether or not a word or a pronounceable nonword had been previously studied. In the two lexical decision tests with either pronounceable or unpronounceable nonwords as distractors, the subjects decided whether a test item was a word or a nonword. There were four main results: (1) in all three tests, reaction times (RTs) in response to studied words were faster if they had received semantic rather than rhyme processing during study; (2) in the episodic recognition test, RTs were faster for low- than for high-frequency words; in both lexical decision tests, RTs were faster for high- than for low-frequency words, though less so when the non word distractors were unpronounceable; (3) prior study facilitated lexical decisions more in response to low- than to high-frequency words, thereby attenuating the word-frequency effect, but more so when the nonword distractors were pronounceable; (4) in the lexical decision test with pronounceable nonword distractors, relative to prior rhyme processing, prior semantic processing facilitated performance more for high- than for low-frequency words, whereas the opposite was the case in the episodic recognition test. Discussion focused on the relationship of these results to current views of the mechanisms by which (1) word frequency and depth of processing affect performance in implicit and explicit memory tests, and (2) repetition priming attenuates word-frequency effects for lexical decisions.
A Study of Grain Boundaries in High TC Superconducting Yba2Cu3O7-x Thin Films Using High Resolution Analytical Stem

Grain boundaries in thin films of high Tc YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductors have been investigated with high resolution scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) imaging and nanoprobe energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. Atomic resolution images indicate that the grain boundaries are mostly clean, i.e., free of a boundary layer of different phase or of segregation, and are often coherent. EDX microanalysis with a 10 A spatial resolution also indicates no composition deviation at the grain boundaries.
The uric acid content of several species of prosobranch and pulmonate snails as related to nitrogen excretion

Abstract 1. 1. Uric acid was present in all of the nineteen snails examined. 2. 2. Low levels of uric acid in snails does not necessariliy indicate a low level of uric acid synthesis. 3. 3. Several snails, primitive as well as advanced, tend to store uric acid. 4. 4. Uricotelism in gastropods probably is phylogenetic rather than adaptive.
Invariance of inner shell correlation energy with geometry changes in a polyatomic molecule

Abstract Configuration interaction calculations for ammonia have been made both with and without excitations of the inner-shell electrons. The results confirm the invariance of inner-shell correlation energy as bond lengths and angles are varied, including the case of complete dissociation of the molecule.
Role for postoperative radiation therapy in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck.

Objective: Clarify the role for postoperative radiation for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the head and neck as it relates to tumor site, T-stage, and surgical margin status. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study at an academic tertiary care hospital. Methods: A review of 129 patients with biopsy-proven ACC was performed. Previous treatment failures and nonoperative candidates were excluded, with 75 patients considered eligible for further study. Patients were grouped according to treatment modality and Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival, locoregional control, and distant control were compared using log-rank tests. Patients were also stratified according to tumor site, T-stage, and surgical margin status, and pair-wise comparisons of treatment outcome within each group were performed using Wald tests from Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Twenty-five patients were treated with surgery alone, and 50 were treated with surgery and postoperative radiation. There was no significant difference in outcome between treatment groups when correlated with tumor site (P = .89). However, postoperative radiation was associated with improved overall survival for advanced T-stage (T4) tumors (P = .019) and greater locoregional control for patients with microscopically positive margins (P = .018). There was no demonstrated benefit of postoperative radiation for patients with microscopically negative margins (P = .93). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that advanced T-stage and positive microscopic margins are important factors in determining the necessity for postoperative radiation therapy for ACC of the head and neck and that radiation therapy may not be necessary for patients with early T-stage tumors and negative surgical margins.
Kruppel-like Factor 4 Is a Mediator of Proinflammatory Signaling in Macrophages

Activation of macrophages is important in chronic inflammatory disease states such as atherosclerosis. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or tumor necrosis factor-α can promote macrophage activation. Conversely, anti-inflammatory factors such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) can decrease proinflammatory activation. The molecular mediators regulating the balance of these opposing effectors remain incompletely understood. Herein, we identify Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) as being markedly induced in response to IFN-γ, LPS, or tumor necrosis factor-α and decreased by TGF-β1 in macrophages. Overexpression of KLF4 in J774a macrophages induced the macrophage activation marker inducible nitric-oxide synthase and inhibited the TGF-β1 and Smad3 target gene plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Conversely, KLF4 knockdown markedly attenuated the ability of IFN-γ, LPS, or IFN-γ plus LPS to induce the iNOS promoter, whereas it augmented macrophage responsiveness to TGF-β1 and Smad3 signaling. The KLF4 induction of the iNOS promoter is mediated by two KLF DNA-binding sites at –95 and –212 bp, and mutation of these sites diminished induction by IFN-γ and LPS. We further provide evidence that KLF4 interacts with the NF-κB family member p65 (RelA) to cooperatively induce the iNOS promoter. In contrast, KLF4 inhibited the TGF-β1/Smad3 induction of the PAI-1 promoter independent of KLF4 DNA binding through a novel antagonistic competition with Smad3 for the C terminus of the coactivator p300/CBP. These findings support an important role for KLF4 as a regulator of key signaling pathways that control macrophage activation.
Association of drug abuse with inhibition of HIV-1 immune responses: studies with long-term of HIV-1 non-progressors.

Recreational drug use has been proposed to affect the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. To investigate the effects of substance abuse on HIV infections, we compared virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and the expression of IL-16, TGF-β1, and CXCR4 in three different cohorts of HIV-infected patients: (1) long-term nonprogressors (LT-NPs) of HIV infection who do not use recreational drugs; (2) nondrugs using normal progressors (NPs), and (3) drugs using NPs. Our results show that LT-NPs manifest increased CTL activity and IL-16 expression and decreased expression of TGF-β1 and CXCR4 compared to NPs, regardless of recreational drug usage. Furthermore, drugs using NPs showed significantly lower levels of CTL and IL-16 expression and increased TGF-β1 and CXCR4 expression compared to nondrugs using NPs. Our results suggest that recreational drug use may reduce CTL and IL-16 expression and increase the expression of TGF-β1 and CXCR4, all of which may facilitate progression of HIV infections.
A molecular model for carbon black primary particles with internal nanoporosity

Abstract A molecular model of primary particles of porous carbon black has been developed. Using the hexagonal graphite sheets as building units, we simulated formation of carbon particles consisting of a core–shell structure. Several structural properties of carbon were examined. Graphite layers arrange in a concentric fashion in the shell region near the external surface of carbon. This trend gradually diminishes toward the center of carbon particles, resulting in an amorphous characteristic in the core region. In line with XRD experiments, our simulations show that about half of the graphite sheets in the carbon shell form microcrystalline domains typically consisting of 2–5 layers with a broad interlayer spacing of 0.34–0.4 nm. Starting from nonporous carbon particles with a high density of 2 g/cm3, a ‘digging’ approach was further developed to particularly model the internal nanoporosity of mesoporous carbon materials that are often obtained by the silica templating technique. The validity of the modeling technique to generate pores inside carbon particles is discussed in view of reproducing targeted PSDs.
Neurology and Creative Thought: Some Thoughts About Working Memory, the Cerebellum, and Creativity

Abstract Students of creativity have long been interested in the neurological mechanisms that underlie creative thought. Vandervert, Schimpf, and Liu (this issue) have proposed a new model of the neurological mechanisms that give rise to creative thought. In the present commentary, we examine this model for what it might tell us about creative problem solving. We conclude that the proposed model is in line with much of what is known about creative problem solving. However, certain key predictions of this model, for example the role of visual images and basic cognitive images, are questioned. The implications of these observations for future neurological research are discussed.
Accurate core ionization potentials and photoelectron kinetic energies for light elements

Abstract By electron spectroscopy we have determined accurate values for the neon 1s ionization potential (870.312±.017 eV) and the neon Auger ( 1 D 2 ) k
A mathematical model for the biosorption of copper on immobilized yeast in alginate

Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast was entrapped in alginate for the recovery of copper ions from aqueous solution, in which both yeast and alginate could take metal ions. The Freundlich isotherm had been shown to be successful in describing biosorption and a linear biosorption was assumed when the equilibrium copper ion concentration in the fluid was lower than 1 mg/l. The biosorption isotherm was found to be independent of the immobilized yeast densities ranging from 6 to 17 percent. A mathematical model describing the mass transport along with the biosorption was developed with the main assumptions that the inner diffusion with constant diffusivity was the rate limiting step of the biosorption process and the pore solution locally equilibrated with the adjacent biosorbent (both yeast and alginate). This model has theoretical advantages over the formerly proposed Shrinkage Core Model and Linear Adsorption Model. Effective diffusion coefficients of copper ion in immobilized yeast beads using the model developed were found to be independent of the immobilized yeast densities ranging from 6 to 17 percent. The average result was 2.22×10−5 cm2/s.
Radiation Belt Storm Probes—Observatory and Environments

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Radiation Belt Storm Probe (RBSP) is an Earth-orbiting mission that launched August 30, 2012, and is the latest science mission in NASA’s Living with a Star Program. The RBSP mission will investigate, characterize and understand the physical dynamics of the radiation belts, as well as the influence of the Sun on the Earth’s environment, by measuring particles, electric and magnetic fields and waves that comprise geospace. The mission is composed of two identically instrumented spinning observatories in an elliptical orbit around earth with 600 km perigee, 30,000 km apogee and 10∘ inclination to provide full sampling of the Van Allen radiation belts. The twin RBSP observatories (recently renamed the Van Allen Probes) will follow slightly different orbits and will lap each other four times per year, offering simultaneous measurements over a range of observatory separation distances. A description of the observatory environment is provided along with protection for sensitive electronics to support operations in the harsh radiation belt environment. Spacecraft and subsystem key characteristics and instrument accommodations are included that allow the RBSP science objectives to be met.
Conceptualizing and assessing organizational image: Model images, commitment, and communication

Despite its significance as a form of shared organizational knowledge, there have been few attempts to conceptualize or assess empirically the concept of organizational image or the content of organization members’ images of their organization. In this paper, qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis were used to assess organizational images, index the degree of similarity between members’ images, and evaluate relationships between image similarity, organizational commitment, and communication. In general, predictions of positive relationships between image similarity, organizational commitment, and communication were supported. However, the strength of these relationships varied with type of organizational membership, type of image, and type of communication.
The mechanics of tubular fiber: theoretical analysis

A mathematical model of a tubular fiber is analyzed to predict its rigidity and some of its physical properties which are essential in textiles. The change in the properties of a tubular fiber with increase in the size of hollow core is considered and compared with the cylindrical fiber of the same outside diameter, the same denier, and the same rigidity as that of the tubular fiber. The equations are developed in dimensionless quantities to make them invariant to the units of fiber dimensions. The analysis revealed that having a hollow core of 4/10th the size of the outside diameter, in a solid fiber, could reduce the fiber weight by 16% without making any significant change in the rigidity of the fiber.
2x2 and 4x4 CMOS Switching Matrices for 0.01-12 GHz Applications

This paper presents 2x2 and 4x4 switching matrices implemented in 0.13um CMOS. The switches are based on a series-shunt design with inductive matching at the input and output ports. High substrate resistance together with deep trenches is used for low insertion loss. A 2x2 switch matrix (also called a transfer switch) results in an insertion loss and isolation of 1.3-2.3 and 48-40 dB, respectively, at 2-12 GHz. The 2x2 switch is used to build a single-chip 4x4 CMOS switch matrix with an insertion loss and isolation of 2.3-4.5 and 57-35 dB, respectively, at 2-12 GHz. The measured input P1dB and IP3 is 11-12 dBm and 29-30 dBm, respectively, both at 6 GHz and at 12 GHz. The chip area is 0.84x0.79 mm 2 (2x2) and 0.95x1.52 mm 2 (4x4), and the switch matrices does not consume any current from a 1.5 V supply.
One-way communication and error-correcting codes

We establish a further connection between one-way communication where a sender conveys information to a receiver who has related information, and error-correction coding where a sender attempts to communicate reliably over a noisy channel. Using this connection we obtain three results on the two problems. We derive an often-tight lower bound on the number of bits required for one-way communication based on the largest code for the corresponding error-correction problem. We construct an error-correcting code whose minimum distance properties are similar to those of Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes based on a one-way communication protocol for set reconciliation. Finally, we prove that one-way communication is suboptimal for a large class of Hamming-distance problems.
An Examination of the Needs of Families with a Brain-Injured Child

Data from a questionnaire designed to assess the long-term needs of caregivers of children with brain injury were analyzed. The goals of this study were (1) to identify those needs most important to caregivers, (2) to identify those important needs that were least likely to be met, and (3) to identify characteristics of caregivers that predicted success in having needs met. Caregivers tended to endorse needs focused on acquiring information regarding their child's condition more often than needs to obtain resource or emotional support. On the average, 22 of the 39 needs sampled were considered important to caregivers, while only an average of 9 needs were rated as being met. While there were no strong demographic predictors of success in having important needs met, a regression analysis indicated that respondent gender and age, the number of behavioral problem, exhibited by the brain-injured child, and the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (FCOPES) reframing subscale were related to having important needs met. This study indicates that there are significant gaps between what caregivers perceive as important needs and the extent to which caregivers perceive their needs being met.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are present in cutaneous dermatomyositis lesions in a pattern distinct from lupus erythematosus.

Background: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are CD123-positive dendritic cells (DCs) capable of producing interferon-α (IFN). They are thought to play a role in anti-viral immunity and the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus (LE). Given the histologic similarities between LE and dermatomyositis (DM), we evaluated the presence and distribution of PDCs in lesional skin of both diseases. Methods: Twenty-eight biopsies of DM and 27 biopsies of LE were labeled with antibodies to CD123 to identify PDCs. The presence and relative distribution of CD123+ cells was recorded. Results: PDCs are present in LE and DM, albeit in greater numbers in LE lesions. Interestingly, PDCs are preferentially located in the epidermis of DM, and are primarily located in the dermis of LE. Conclusions: Skin lesions of DM contain PDCs. Because PDCs are thought to participate in the pathogenesis of LE, this finding suggests that they may play a role in DM as well. The preferential epidermal localization of PDCs in DM suggests that their contribution to disease pathogenesis or maintenance in DM may be distinct from LE. Finally, although not pathognomonic, the different patterns of PDC localization in LE and DM may prove a helpful criterion for distinguishing between these two entities histologically.
The mind of Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass was unquestionably the foremost black American of the nineteenth century. The extraordinary life of this former slave turned abolitionist orator, newspaper editor, social reformer, race leader, and Republican party advocate has inspired many biographies over the years. This, however, is the first full-scale study of the origins, contours, development, and significance of Douglass's thought. Brilliant and to a large degree self-taught, Douglass personified intellectual activism; he possessed a sincere concern for the uses and consequences of ideas. Both his people's struggle for liberation and his individual experiences, which he envisioned as symbolizing that struggle, provided the basis and structure for his intellectual maturation. As a representative American, he internalized and, thus, reflected major currents in the contemporary American mind. As a representative Afro-American, he revealed in his thinking the deep-seated influence of race on Euro-American, Afro-American, or, broadly conceived, American consciousness. He sought to resolve in his thinking the dynamic tension between his identities as a black and as an American. Martin assesses not only how Douglass dealt with this enduring conflict, but also the extent of his success. An inveterate belief in a universal and egalitarian humanism unified Douglass's thought. This grand organizing principle reflected his intellectual roots in the three major traditions of mid-nineteenth-century American thought: Protestant Christianity, the Enlightenment, and romanticism. Together, these influences buttressed his characteristic optimism. Although nineteenth-century Afro-American intellectual history derived its central premises and outlook from concurrent American intellectual history, it offered a searching critique of the latter and its ramifications. How to square America's rhetoric of freedom, equality, and justice with the reality of slavery and racial prejudice was the difficulty that confronted such Afro-American thinkers as Douglass. |Frederick Douglass was unquestionably the foremost black American of the nineteenth century. The extraordinary life of this former slave turned abolitionist orator, newspaper editor, social reformer, race leader, and Republican party advocate has inspired many biographies over the years. This, however, is the first full-scale study of the origins, contours, development, and significance of Douglass's thought.
Number theoretic fast algorithms for bilinear and other generalized transformations

Fast algorithms based on the Mersenne and Fermat number-theoretic transforms are used to perform the bilinear transformation of a continuous transfer function to a discrete equivalent. The computations are carried out in finite precision arithmetic, require no multiplications, and can be implemented in parallel using very simple processors. Although the bilinear transform is presently emphasized, similar algorithms are easily derived for any transformation from the s-plane to the z-plane involving the ratio of two polynomials with integer coefficients. >
Oligosaccharides released from glycolipids by trifluoroacetolysis can be analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Carbohydrates are quantitatively released by trifluoroacetolysis of neutral glycosphingolipids that contain 4-sphingenine. During the reaction hydroxyl groups are O-trifluoroacetylated and N-acetyl hexosamines are transamidated to form N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives. Selective removal of O-trifluoroacetyl groups followed by permethylation produces derivatives with properties favorable for analysis by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Electron impact mass spectra of permethylated N-trifluoroacetylated oligosaccharide alditols are characterized by strong primary and secondary fragments in which a positive charge is localized on the N-trifluoroacetyl hexosamine residue. The method enables rapid separation and identification of components in mixtures of carbohydrate chains from glycosphingolipids containing up to six simple sugars.
Evaluation of Potential Interactions between Mycophenolic Acid Derivatives and Proton Pump Inhibitors

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) complications in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, impact of the complications on transplant outcomes, and the potential interactions between mycophenolic acid (MPA) derivatives and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).DATA SOURCES:An unrestricted literature search (1980-January 2012) was performed with MEDLINE and EMBASE using the following key words: drug-drug interaction, enteric-coated mycophenolic acid, GI complications, mycophenolate mofetil, solid organ transplant, and proton pump inhibitor, including individual agents within the class. Abstracts from scientific meetings were also evaluated. Additionally, reference citations from identified publications were reviewed.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Relevant English-language, original research articles and review articles were evaluated if they focused on any of the topics identified in the search or included substantial content addressing GI complications in SOT recipients or drug int...
Bile duct obstruction and regeneration of the liver.

SummaryDNA synthesis and mitosis in liver cells are partially inhibited 24 hours after operation in rats subjected to both partial hepatectomy and bile duct obstruction; at 48 hours regeneration is greater than after partial hepatectomy alone, although not as marked as that seen at 24 hours after partial hepatectomy. Liver cell proliferation occurs 40 to 48 hours after obstruction of the common bile duct, and is presumably the result of histologically inapparent injury to liver cells.
Associations of Dietary Intake and Physical Activity with Sleep Disordered Breathing in the Apnea Positive Pressure Long-term Efficacy Study (APPLES)

The purpose of this study was to examine whether dietary habits and physical activity patterns were independently associated with severity of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in adults diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. Data collected from 320 adults participating in an ancillary study of The Apnea Positive Pressure Long-term Efficacy Study were analyzed as a cross-sectional assessment at study baseline. The respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was used as a measure of the severity of sleep disordered breathing. Separate linear regression models were fitted using RDI as the independent variable and various preselected components of dietary intake and physical activity as the dependent variables. The results indicated that even after adjusting for BMI, age, and daytime sleepiness, subjects with very severe and extremely severe SDB (RDI ≥ 50) consumed a diet that was higher in cholesterol, protein, total fat, and total saturated fatty acids. These findings were most evident among women. For all participants, those with RDI ≥ 50 in comparison to those < 50, on average consumed 88.16 more mg of cholesterol per day (95% CI: 44.45 to 131.86, p < 0.001). Among the women participants only, those with RDI ≥ 50 in comparison to those < 50, on average consumed 21.96 more grams of protein (95% CI: 2.64 to 41.29, p = 0.026), 27.75 more grams of total fat (95% CI: 3.38 to 52.11, p = 0.026), and 9.24 more grams of saturated fatty acids (95% CI: 0.67 to 17.80, p = 0.035). Furthermore, those with an RDI ≥ 50 had a 224.58 greater caloric expenditure than those with RDI < 50 from all activities including work and sleep (95% CI: 40.98 to 408.18, p = 0.017). Although significant results were seen in a reduction of physical activity from recreational activities, this finding was explained by the increase in BMI associated with higher levels of RDI. Citation: Vasquez MM; Goodwin JL; Drescher AA; Smith TW; Quan SF. Associations of dietary intake and physical activity with sleep disordered breathing in the apnea positive pressure long-term efficacy study (APPLES). J Clin Sleep Med 2008;4(5):411–418.
A Systematic Approach to Local Objective Forecast Studies

Abstract : Problems in the design, preparation, and use of local objective forecasting studies were evaluated while specific local objective forecasting studies were being made. As a result, a systematic procedure that may be used as a guide in designing and preparing local objective forecasting studies was developed and tested in a number of seminar-workshop groups. The systematic procedure is outlined and discussed with illustrations from several local objective forecasting studies. The procedure consists of defining the local forecasting problem in terms consistent with observing and forecasting capabilities, resolving the variability of the forecast element into its cyclic (seasonal and diurnal) and 'synoptic' components, and finally, reassembling the components into a forecast scheme that allows the forecaster to exercise his training as a meteorologist.
Merging Microfluidics with Microtitre Technology for More Efficient Drug Discovery

Detecting multiple components from a single red blood cell (RBC) sample within a flow-based system and in less than 20 minutes will enable improved in vitro determinations of drug efficacy and cellular response to administered drugs. Here, an example of an improved in vitro measurement involving iloprost, a pharmaceutical reported to improve blood flow, has been determined by incorporating multiple cell types onto a single device. The method allows fluid flow to address individual rows of wells contained within an 18-well microfluidic array that serves as a precursor to a 96-well micro-titre plate device. The ability to better mimic the in vivo circulation by incorporating the flow of blood components, coupled with simultaneous detection and laboratory automation in place for micro-titre plates, suggests that the microfluidic array presented here will allow for improved mechanistic drug research studies. Utilizing fluorescence microscopy, concentrations of multiple metabolites present within the RBC can also be determined using the microfluidic array. The current progress towards using this device for personalized medicine is presented here.
Predicting performance from functional imaging data: methods matter.

Abstract In the standard approach to functional imaging studies, brain-behavior relationships are studied by contrasting data obtained during different behavioral states. It is generally assumed that relative change yields meaningful data about relevant brain processes, and that the magnitude of the change reflects the extent of a region's involvement in the behavior being studied. The present study takes a different approach by asking the question, Can functional imaging data predict performance? Regional cerebral blood flow was measured using positron emission tomography in a group of 13 right-handed, normal volunteers during speech production and quiet baseline. A number of methodological assumptions were addressed by examining the relationships between different imaging measures derived from the same raw data and performance on the speech task. The results demonstrate that several common assumptions are not necessarily true. First, although measures based on “activated” scans alone had predictive value with respect to speech rate, measures based on contrasts between “baseline” and “activated” states did not. This was true regardless of whether the contrast was based on subtraction or covariance analyses. Second, while many regions demonstrated large signal increases during speech, speech rate could be predicted by a linear combination of data from two regions, neither of which had the highest “activation” peak, and one of which had a negative relationship with performance. The results demonstrate that contrasting experimental conditions do not necessarily isolate or enhance brain activity related to performance, and that the current assumptions about activation in functional imaging need to be reconsidered.
Design and tests of a trawl-resistant package for an acoustic Doppler current profiler

A package designed to protect an RD Instrument Ltd. acoustic Doppler current profiler survived several passages of a bottom trawl. The package, in the shape of a truncated pyramid, has a base 4 m by 3.3 m and a height of 53 cm. The authors describe the package, its deployment method, and field test results where a trawl was repeatedly dragged over the unit. The device has been used successfully three times on the continental shelf. Some acoustic measurements were also made to ascertain the effect of the package on the beam pattern. The results show that this design can protect the instrument from bottom trawls and the acoustic beams are minimally affected by the plastic plate in front of the instrument transducers. >