cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hold the line: Modeling private coastal adaptation through shoreline armoring decisions

Abstract A primary conduit for coastal adaptation to climate change on private land is the hardening, or armoring, of the shoreline to mitigate the effects of erosion and sea-level rise (SLR). When such decisions are made at the parcel-level, there is potential for spatial spillovers, including externalities due to deflected wave action and peer effects. We estimate a discrete choice model of landowner armoring choices from 1990 to 2015 in the U.S. state of Oregon that suggests the impacts of spatial spillovers are highly influential determinants in these private adaptation decisions. Our landscape simulations excluding spatial spillovers may under-predict future armoring by 37–97 percent. From scenario-based simulations, we then demonstrate the primacy of policy, as a removal of a current land-use regulation that limits armoring has potential to significantly increase future armoring by 69 percent. Furthermore, inclusion of SLR projections suggests armoring would increase an additional 5.4 percent within four decades.
A probabilistic creep model incorporating test condition, initial damage, and material property uncertainty

Abstract Uncertainty is prevalent in the creep resistance of alloys, where at elevated temperature and low pressure, rupture can range across logarithmic decades. In this study, a probabilistic continuum-damage-mechanics (CDM)-based model is derived to capture the uncertainty of creep resistance. To meet this objective, creep data for alloy 304 Stainless Steel is gathered. A constitutive model, “Sinh”, is calibrated deterministically to determine the statistical variability of the material properties. Three sources of uncertainty are injected into the model: test condition (stress and temperature), initial damage, and material properties. Probabilistic simulations are carried out by (a) calibrating probability distribution functions (pdfs) for each source of uncertainty (b) randomly sampling the pdfs using Monte Carlo methods and (c) executing simulations to replicate the uncertain creep behavior. A sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate the relative effect of each source of uncertainty. In full probabilistic simulations, the cumulative uncertainty of creep behavior is evaluated. The probabilistic model accurately predicts the creep deformation and rupture of the available experiments. The probabilistic model is validated for interpolation but lacks extrapolation ability. Several future works are proposed to further improve the model.
Mitchell, Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain (Pennsylvania State Press, 2019)

Review of Sylvia Z. Mitchell, Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain (University Park: Pennsylvania State Press, 2019).
Opposing subclasses of Drosophila ellipsoid body neurons promote and suppress sleep

Recent work in Drosophila has uncovered several neighboring classes of sleep-regulatory neurons within the central complex. However, the logic of connectivity and network motifs remains limited by the incomplete examination of relevant cell types. Using a recent genetic-anatomical classification of ellipsoid body ring neurons, we conducted a thermogenetic screen to assess sleep/wake behavior and discovered two opposing populations: sleep-promoting R3m and wake-promoting R3d neurons. Activation of these neurons influences sleep duration and architecture by prolonging or shortening sleep bouts, suggesting a key role in sleep maintenance. R3m and R3d neurons are GABAergic and require GABA synthesis for their effects on sleep. Finally, we use a fluorescent reporter for putative synaptic partners to embed these neurons within the known sleep-regulatory network; R3m and R3d neurons lay downstream of wake-active Helicon cells, and R3m neurons likely inhibit R3d neurons. Together, the data presented herein suggest a neural mechanism by which previously uncharacterized circuit elements operate within the sleep homeostat to stabilize sleep-wake states.
Solid-phase synthesis of 5′-triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine conjugated antisense oligonucleotides using phosphoramidite chemistry

A convenient solid-phase synthetic method was developed for assembling a triantennary N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) cluster on the 5'-end of antisense oligonucleotide using phosphoramidite chemistry. Conjugation of the 5'-triantennary GalNAc cluster improved potency of the 14 mer ASO 7-fold in mice and more than 50 fold in hepatocytes. The synthetic approach described in this Letter simplifies the synthesis of 5'-triantennary GalNAc cluster conjugated ASOs and helps understand the structure-activity relationship for targeting hepatocytes with oligonucleotide therapeutics.
Successful Withdrawal of Long-term Epoprostenol Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Background IV epoprostenol treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has been believed to require an indefinite duration of therapy Objective To describe the successful discontinuation of long-term epoprostenol therapy in four patients Design Case reports Setting Outpatient clinic, tertiary-care hospital Patients Four patients with acutely nonvasoreactive, World Health Organization (WHO) functional class IV PAH received long-term epoprostenol therapy. All patients subsequently demonstrated normalization of pulmonary arterial pressures on epoprostenol treatment. These patients were selected for epoprostenol withdrawal Intervention Down-titration and discontinuation of epoprostenol Results All four patients were safely transitioned from epoprostenol to oral therapies and have maintained WHO functional class I-II for a mean of 11 months (range, 8 to 16 months). The duration of epoprostenol therapy prior to discontinuation averaged 5.7 years (range, 2.4 to 13.5 years) Conclusion Epoprostenol may sufficiently reverse the pathogenic process in select patients with PAH to allow a transition to less complex and less invasive treatment modalities.
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an in vivo assay of cell-mediated immune function. DTH reactions are often divided into two phases: the sensitization phase, referring to the initial immunization with specific antigen, and the efferent or challenge phase of the DTH response, which usually follows 6 to 14 days after sensitization. This unit details the protocol for stimulating DTH responses in mice to the O-succinimide ester of the hapten 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl (abbreviated NP-O-Su).
Optimal Structural Sensitivity of Linear Systems with Time Delays

The use of an optimal state-space type structure that minimizes sensitivity with respect to coefficient variations of the system model is described. A neutral type of state-space realization is first introduced as a realization of a given delay system that is characterized by its transfer function. A reasonable sensitivity measure is then introduced and related to reachability and observability Gramians. The task of sensitivity minimization can then be resolved by a standard optimization approach.
A Routine PET/CT Protocol with Streamlined Calculations for Assessing Cardiac Amyloidosis Using (18)F-Florbetapir.

Introduction: Cardiac amyloidosis is a rare condition characterized by the deposition of well-structured protein fibrils, proteoglycans, and serum proteins as amyloid. Recent work has shown that it may be possible to use 18F-Florbetapir to image cardiac amyloidosis. Current methods for assessment include invasive biopsy techniques. This work enhances foundational work by Dorbala et al. by developing a routine imaging and analysis protocol using 18F-Florbetapir for cardiac amyloid assessment. Methods: Ten patients, 3 healthy controls and 7 amyloid positive patients, were imaged using 18F-Florbetapir to assess cardiac amyloid burden. Four of the patients also were imaged using 82Rb-Chloride to evaluate possible 18F-Florbetapir retention because of reduced myocardial blood flow. Quantitative methods using modeling, SUVs and SUV ratios were used to define a new streamlined clinical imaging protocol that could be used routinely and provide patient stratification. Results: Quantitative analysis of 18F-Florbetapir cardiac amyloid data were compiled from a 20 minute listmode protocol with data histogrammed into two static images at 0-5 minutes and, 10-15 min or 15-20 min. Data analysis indicated the use of SUVs or ratios of SUVs calculated from regions draw in the septal wall were adequate in identification of all healthy controls from amyloid positive patients in this small cohort. Additionally, we found that it may be possible to use this method to differentiate patients suffering from AL vs. TTR amyloid. Conclusions: This work builds on the seminal work by Dorbala et Al. by describing a short 18F-Florbetapir imaging protocol that is suitable for routine clinical use and uses a simple method for quantitative analysis of cardiac amyloid disease.
An enhanced direction-based location update scheme for PCS networks

Future personal communication service (PCS) networks consider smaller cells to accommodate continuously growing population of subscribers. Frequently performed location updates caused by such an infrastructure incur extensive signaling and consequently higher cost. Thus, new strategies are demanded to locate mobile users more efficiently. Among several proposals, the direction-based location update (DBLU) scheme uses a dynamic strategy such that the mobile users update their locations only when a change of direction occurs. To locate users, the system pages cells along the direction of initial move. The scheme works well when the change of direction is infrequent and the ratio of location update cost to paging cost is low. Otherwise, the location update, and consequently the overall cost increase significantly. To attack this problem, we propose an enhanced direction-based location update (EDBLU) scheme, which takes into account both the moving distance and the moving direction. We analyze the performance of the EDBLU under different mobility patterns and call-to-mobility ratios based on a 2D Markov walk model. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme augments the performance reported by the distance-based and the direction-based methods.
To plug or not to plug

Coronary artery disease remains a common problem in industrialized countries. Percutaneous coronary interventions are usually performed utilizing the femoral approach. Arterial puncture-closing devices have been developed in hope to avoid manual compression and shortening the period of rest. In a recent meta-analysis in the Journal of the American Medical Association these devices have shown only marginal benefits over manual compression. Further, well designed studies are necessary to document the comparative effects of these devices versus manual compression.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors as Investigative Tools in the Pathogenesis and Management of Vascular Disease

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs could also regulate the activity of several non-ECM bioactive substrates and consequently affect different cellular functions. Members of the MMPs family include collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type MMPs, and others. Pro-MMPs are cleaved into active MMPs, which in turn act on various substrates in the ECM and on the cell surface. MMPs play an important role in the regulation of numerous physiological processes including vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. MMPs may also be involved in vascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, and varicose veins. MMPs also play a role in the hemodynamic and vascular changes associated with pregnancy and preeclampsia. The role of MMPs is commonly assessed by measuring their gene expression, protein amount, and proteolytic activity using gel zymography. Because there are no specific activators of MMPs, MMP inhibitors are often used to investigate the role of MMPs in different physiologic processes and in the pathogenesis of specific diseases. MMP inhibitors include endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) and pharmacological inhibitors such as zinc chelators, doxycycline, and marimastat. MMP inhibitors have been evaluated as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in cancer, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease. Although several MMP inhibitors have been synthesized and tested both experimentally and clinically, only one MMP inhibitor, i.e., doxycycline, is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. This is mainly due to the undesirable side effects of MMP inhibitors especially on the musculoskeletal system. While most experimental and clinical trials of MMP inhibitors have not demonstrated significant benefits, some trials still showed promising results. With the advent of new genetic and pharmacological tools, disease-specific MMP inhibitors with fewer undesirable effects are being developed and could be useful in the management of vascular disease.
Porous metals as a hard tissue substitute.

The possible use of porous metals in the construction of orthopedic and orthodontic prostheses has attracted the attention of biomaterials investigators. The devices must not only satisfy essential criteria such as biocompatibility and structural strength, but must also encourage ingrowth of cellular elements into the porous matrix producing a permanent bone/metal union. Some problems and solutions are discussed using a newly developed Void Metal Composite material as the major example.
Isolation and characterization of the internal elastic lamina from calf thoracic aorta.

Abstract A procedure is described for the mechanical isolation of the internal elastic lamina (IEL) of calf thoracic aorta. Chemical properties of the isolated IEL are examined and compared to the underlying aortic medial layer. The IEL is an acellular structure consisting of elastin (79%), insoluble collagen (17%), and about 4% of a heterogenous mixture of proteins soluble in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 0.33 M mercaptoethanol. IEL contains less than 1% carbohydrate. Closely similar distribution of collagen and elastin is found in the adjacent medial layer, suggesting a common biosynthetic origin for the extracellular matrix of both structures.
Effect of metrazol on cortical and subcortical evoked potentials.

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of slow intravenous administration of Metrazol on the responses in the somatosensory cortex and various subcortical structures, evoked by single-shock sciatic stimulation, was investigated and analyzed simultaneously with the changes in the background electrograms. 2. 2. The most remarkable changes induced by Metrazol were found to reside in cortex where marked enhancement of first and third negative components of the response were demonstrated. A decrease in amplitude of earlier negative component of subcortical evoked potentials was also observed and appeared to have close temporal relationship with the appearance of a generalized activation pattern in the background electrogram. 3. 3. The primary positive component in the somatosensory cortex and specific thalamic relay nucleus showed little change except for the slight enhancement of the former in the period preceding a generalized seizure and in the postictal period.
Association of reovirus proteins with the structural matrix of infected cells.

Abstract The interaction of reovirus with the cytoskeleton was investigated. The soluble components of infected cells were extracted with the nonionic detergent NP-40 in a physiological buffer, and a cytoskeletal extract was prepared from the detergent-insoluble fraction. We observed a selective association of viral-specified products with the cytoskeleton that was temporally controlled. Viral dsRNA appeared first on the framework but after several hours was found also in the soluble phase, encapsidated in mature virions. The initial viral translation products were associated exclusively with the soluble fraction, but concomitant with the appearance of dsRNA, viral proteins μ NS and σ 3 were detected on the cytoskeleton. Several hours later, all viral proteins were detected on the framework. Viral polypeptide μ NS exhibited unique spatial distribution patterns that correlated with viral assembly: Before dsRNA replication, it appeared as diffusely distributed protein; a few hours later, it was detected in punctate foci interconnected by tiny filaments; several hours later, it appeared as an extensive fiber network that traversed the foci. The other viral proteins were detected only within viral foci. μ NS remained bound to the matrix fraction after treatment with DNase, Mg 2+ , and high salt, treatments that released other viral proteins. This distribution pattern was virus-directed because passage of virus at high multiplicity of infection induced mutations that prevented assembly of the μ NS -coated filament organization. A small fraction of the viral-specified products that included polypeptide μ NS , but not viral dsRNA, was coprecipitated from cytoskeletal extracts with proteins of mol wt ∼55K by monoclonal antibodies that recognized tubulin and vimentin. Disruption of this interaction by long exposure to colchicine did not prevent association of viral proteins or RNA with the matrix, indicating that viral products were not transported through these interactions. The results indicate that reovirus morphogenesis includes temporal and spatial controls not described previously.
Intracranial aneurysms in patients with coarctation of the aorta: a prospective magnetic resonance angiographic study of 100 patients.

Objective To determine the frequency of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) detected in patients with coarctation of the aorta (CoA) with use of magnetic resonance angiography. Patients and Methods From January 1, 1980, to September 30, 2002, 277 adult patients with CoA were seen at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, and were invited to participate in a study to detect IAs. Of these 277 patients (mean ± SD age, 41.6±16.5; 70 men), 100 underwent cranial magnetic resonance angiography. Results Ten patients had an IA (95% confidence interval, 5%-18%), with a mean diameter of 3.5 mm (range, 2.0-8.0 mm). The frequency of IA was significantly higher than that predicted in the general population (10% vs 2%; P Conclusions The frequency of IA among patients with CoA is approximately 5-fold that of the general population. Although no risk factors were identified in this cohort, additional prospective evaluation is warranted. These data suggest that noninvasive cerebral imaging to screen for IA should be considered in patients with CoA.
Modeling, validating and automating composition of web services

Current service architecture description language and composition approaches consider simplistic method invocation. They pay less attention to the formal semantics and verification of service composition in the design, and less support property specifications and architecture validation. This paper presents an executable web service architecture model, Service-Oriented Software Architecture Model (SO-SAM), which is an extension of SAM (Software Architecture Model [16]) to the web service applications, and verificationof web system properties in the design. SO-SAM describes each web service in terms of component and service composition in terms of connector separately. Furthermore, we validate SO-SAM model to prove that it facilitates the verification and monitoring of web services integration through translation to the Maude programming langauge, a high level language and high performance executable specification with the componentized and object-oriented design, as well as using model checking technique in the system design level. Finally, a case study of the validation of the model is demonstrated.
VARIATION IN THE SONG OF THE CHAFFINCH FRINGILLA COELEBS.

Summary. 1 A method is described for transcribing the song of the Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs, based on a division into two parts, the trill and the terminal flourish or phrase. 2 Songs from five separate localities—Pico in the Azores, the Seine Valley in N.W. France, the Thames Valley, N. Lancashire and the Scottish Highlands—are distinguished on the number and arrangement of note sequences, in the trill, and of notes, in the phrase. 3 Fourteen distinct types of trill were discovered and forty-five types of phrase. 4 It is shown that both the trill and, more particularly, the phrase are highly variable even within one locality. 5 The numbers of possible phrase types which might be recorded by this method are calculated, and it is shown that most of these up to three notes have been discovered, that further investigation will quickly reveal more 4-note and 5-note types, but that the discovery of 6-note and 7-note types will be slow because of their comparative rarity. 6 It emerges that some song types are much more common than others. Trills of two or three sequences of descending pitch make up 83 per cent of the results and none of the other twelve types exceeds 3 per cent of the total. 7 In the phrase from 0 to 7 notes may be used, but those with 3–5 notes are most frequent. There is evidence for a preference for certain patterns within each number-class. 8 It is shown statistically that geographical variation of song between the separate regions occurs and that the songs characteristic of any one area can only be described in statistical terms. The suggested existence of song types confined and exclusive to a particular region cannot be substantiated, although this condition is approached in one case. 9 From a comparison with data from Russia, it appears that the trills are similar to the Western European forms, but that the range of notes in the phrase is lower and that the mean number of notes per phrase is lower—1.99 as compared with 2.91. 10 The song variants are distributed as dialects, and it is shown that the formation of these can be understood in the light of work on song inheritance. 11 It is inferred from its phenotypic nature that the geographical variation of the Chaffinch song cannot still be regarded as an example of incipient speciation.
Reduction of chloride ion interference in chemical oxygen demand (COD) determinations using bismuth-based adsorbents

Abstract An efficient method for the reduction of chloride interference in the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) without the use of Hg(II) as a masking agent is described. Chloride ion is removed as hydrochloric acid gas from acidified sample solutions at 150°C in a closed reaction tube and captured by a bismuth-based adsorbent suspended above the heated solution. The effects of adsorbent composition, sulfuric acid concentration, reflux time, chloride concentration, and Ag(I) catalyst on the efficiency of the removal of chloride ion and the COD determination are discussed. The viability of the approach is demonstrated using a wastewater sample.
Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme on Natural Knowledge

L'A. compare les conceptions de deux philosophes du 14 e siecle: Buridan, empiriste; et Oresme qui, en plus d'etre un representant de la philosophie naturelle, est egalement theologien. L'A. souligne leur difference de confiance dans les resultats de l'experience et leurs oppositions sur la question de la connaissance, incluant les problemes de causalite dans la nature
The structures of electrodeposits: Their characterization and the properties they affect

Abstract The structures of electrodeposits and the properties which depend on them are reviewed. The structures are usually characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. They are affected by the composition of the electrolyte, the plating conditions, and particularly by growth-inhibiting foreign substances and often by the substrate. The structural characteristics are high dislocation and twin densities, a texture, and a fine grain size which is sometimes so small that the deposits can be considered to be amorphous. The structure-dependent properties are brightness, internal stress, strength, ductility, and resistance to wear and corrosion.
Risk-awareness of cutaneous malignancies among rural populations.

The prevention of skin cancer relies not only on the knowledge of the risks of ultraviolet rays, but also on the appropriate measures to minimize solar exposure. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey among a rural population to evaluate perceptions regarding (i) sun-related behaviors, (ii) measures taken to protect themselves, and (iii) self-skin assessment knowledge. Questions included data on patients’ knowledge of deleterious effects of sun exposure, their habits and perceptions about adequate protection, their knowledge of a suspicious cutaneous lesion, and if a physician had spoken to them about the risks of ultraviolet/solar exposure. One hundred and six adults (38 males and 68 females) seen in a primary care clinic were enrolled in our study. Of these, only 38.7% of our patients were concerned about their risk of cutaneous malignancies. On analysis of the sun-protection variables, we found an increased use of tanning beds among women and an increased use of hats in men. Interestingly, we also found that only 18% of respondents used sunscreen when anticipating sun exposure. With suspicious skin lesions, color of the lesion appeared to be the most concerning factor for the subjects, with increasing size being the second most likely factor of concern. Only 11.3% of respondents had a physician-performed skin assessment and only 19.8% performed self-skin assessments at least yearly. There seems to be a lack of appropriate knowledge regarding precancerous and cancerous skin lesions among rural communities. Increased patient education is urgently necessary in rural populations to decrease the growing incidence of cutaneous malignancies.
Embeddings with mapping cylinder neighborhoods

Musr a submanifold Mm C N” having a mapping cylinder neighborhood be locally flat? This question has been answered in dimensions n ~4 and its relation with the infamous double suspension problem is well-known in dimensions n 2 5. (More detail and references appear in 8 1 below.) Perhaps the main result of this paper is that such manifolds are indeed locally flat provided they are freely embedded (i.e. that for each E > 0 there exists a map A : Mm x L”-m-’ --f (N” -Mm) such that h(x x Ln-m-l) is within E of x and links Mm homologically; here L”-m-’ is any simply connected manifold if n m 13 and is the sphere Sn-m-’ if n m 5 2); if n m = 2 we need the additional assumption that M”-* is locally flat at some point. A corollary is that freely embedded PL submanifolds are locally flat. The concepts of mapping cylinder neighborhood and freeness can be combined to obtain that of a strongly free submanifold Mm C N”: Instead of a mapping cylinder neighborhood, we require that there exist a map A of the mapping cylinder Z, into N” (where 7: Mm x L”-*-‘+ Mm is projection on the first factor) such that AIM” = identity and A(Z,, -Mm) C (N” -Mm), and A(6’(x)) links Mm. Another of our results is that strongly free submanifolds are locally flat (n # 4, with the flat spot proviso when n m = 2). These results each have local form. The method of proof in each case is to deduce that M” is locally homotopically unknotted in N”. In the course of the proof, criteria for commutativity of T,( U”), and others for the vanishing of 7~q( U”), 2 s q Ik, are developed for open orientable manifolds U” ; these criteria are perhaps of independent interest. For commutativity of T,( U”) we require that for any compact connected set C in U” there exist a compact connected orientable manifold K” with abelian fundamental group and a degree one map (K”, 8K”) --) (U”, U” C) which induces an injection H,(K”) + H1( U”). For vanishing of T~( U”)(2 5 q 5 k) we require that for any C there exist a compact connected orientable K” with TV = 0 (25 q 5 k) and a degree one map (K”, 8K”) + (U”, U” C) which induces an isomorphism T,(K”) + P,( U”). Conventions. Our notation is that of [23] with the. following exceptions. In all cases our homology is taken with integer coefficients and the coefficient group is suppressed from the notation. Our notation for the mapping cylinder Z.+ of a map 4: X + Y is as follows: Z, is the quotient space of XX [O, l] U Y X 2 in which points (x, 1) and (4(x), 2) are identified; X is identified with the image of X x 0 in Z+ ; and Y is identified with the image of Y x 2 in Z,. We use Z, to denote the image of X x [0, t] in 5. If M is a manifold we denote by aM the set of boundary points of M and set g = M JM.
Solid phase synthesis of somatostatin-28.

Abstract The synthesis of ovine hypothalamic somatostatin-28 (Ser-Ala-Asn-Ser-Asn-Pro-Ala-Met-Ala-Pro-Arg-Glu-Arg-Lys-Ala-Gly- Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys -OH) has been accomplished by solid phase methodology. The structure of the synthetic material was verified by: (1) direct sequence analysis with a Beckman 89°C sequencer, (2) correlation of the amino acid analyses of the isolated tryptic peptide fragments with their theoretical compositions, and (3) comparison, using high performance liquid chromatography, of the synthetic methionine-sulfoxide and methionine-sulfone modified NH2-terminal peptides (residues 1–11) with the corresponding tryptic fragment from somatostatin-28.
Strontium, neodymium, and lead isotope variations of authigenic and silicate sediment components from the Late Cenozoic Arctic Ocean: Implications for sediment provenance and the source of trace metals in seawater

Proven ance changes of silicate sediment deposited during the Late Cenozoic (5-0 Ma) on the Alpha Ridge, central Arctic Ocean are determined from variations in strontium, lead, and neodymium isotope compositions. Whereas strontium and lead isotope compositions are relatively invariant from ~5 to 1.7 Ma, end values start to increase at ~3 Ma. Subsequently, S7Sr/86Sr and 2°6pb/z°4Pb ratios progressively increase and end values progressively decrease from ~ 1.7 Ma to the present day. From these isotope variations, three different endmember compositions for sediment source regions are defined. The two endmember compositions defined by sediment that was deposited by sea ice from 5 to 1.7 Ma are consistent with a significant component being derived from the East Siberian Shelf. The progressive change in isotope compositions from 1.7 to 0 Ma correlates with an increase in coarse detritus deposited by icebergs over this time period. The isotope data are consistent with a progressive increase in the proportion of sediment that was deposited in the central Arctic Ocean since 1.7 Ma having been derived from the northern Canada or Queen Elizabeth Island region. Changes in the strontium, neodymium, and lead isotope compositions of Arctic seawater are determined by analyzing the oxide fractions of Fe-Mn micronodules. Strontium isotope compositions of the microno- dule oxide fractions are similar to published Late Cenozoic seawater data and indicate that >97% of the Sr is seawater derived, but minute contributions of Sr from silicate detritus prohibit using the hydrogenous fractions for chronostratigraphic purposes. Neodymium and lead isotope compositions of the micronodule oxide fractions, which reflect those of Arctic seawater, follow the isotope variations of the silicate components throughout the Late Cenozoic. These relations indicate that river water can not be the primary source of rare earth elements and Pb to the dissolved reservoir in Arctic seawater, and that ice rafted detritus, by dissolution or exchange processes, is an important source of trace elements to seawater in ice-covered oceans. Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd
Chapter 7: Prehistoric Pottery Wares in the Aitape Area

Abstract Using a notational code having three levels of inclusiveness (attributes, attribute themes, and motifs), four stylistically distinct ceramic wares of evident chronological significance can be delineated in the Aitape area: Nyapin, Sumalo, Aiser, and Wain. The robustness of this stylistic sequence can be confirmed using two alternative computer-based algorithms: the software package Network 4.5.0.2 developed by Fluxus Technology, Ltd, for estimating all possible shortest and least complex phylogenetic trees in a dataset and the network software packages Ucinet 6.207 and NetDraw 2.083. Based on these analyses, it is reasonable to infer that people in this area of the Sepik coast have been using locally made pottery for at least 1,500–2,000 years belonging to a single, distinct, and stylistically evolving local ceramic tradition.
The usefulness of diagnostic tests on pericardial fluid

Study objectives To determine the physical, chemical, and cellular characteristics of pericardial fluid in various disease states and to assess their diagnostic accuracies. Setting A metropolitan university hospital. Design Consecutive case series. Patients One hundred seventy-five hospital patients, aged 1 month to 87 years, who had undergone pericardiocentesis (n=165) or control subjects who had undergone open heart surgery (n=10) between 1984 and 1996. Measurements The appearance of pericardial fluid and results of chemistry tests, cell counts, cytologic studies, Gram's stain, and microbial cultures were obtained by chart review. The etiology of each pericardial fluid sample was determined using prospective diagnostic criteria. Results Exudates differed from transudates by higher leukocyte counts and ratios of fluid to serum lactate dehydrogenase levels. Fluid glucose levels were significantly less in exudates. Sensitivity for detecting exudates was high for specific gravity >1.015 (90%), fluid total protein >3.0 g/dL (97%), fluid to serum protein ratio >0.5 (96%), fluid lactate dehydrogenase ratio >0.6 (94%), and fluid to serum glucose ratio Conclusions Evaluation of pericardial fluid might be limited to cell count, glucose, protein, and lactate dehydrogenase determinations plus bacterial culture and cytology. While not used routinely, other tests that may be highly specific for particular diseases should be ordered only to confirm a high clinical suspicion.
Variation in the wax content of sunflower seed with location and hybrid

Three genetically different types of oilseed sunflower hybrids grown at six different locations were evaluated for the influence of hybrid and location on wax content of hull and oil. Analysis of variance showed that differences in the amount of hull and wax content of the hull were related to both location and hybrid. However, location and hybrid were not found significantly to influence wax content of the oil.
Synaptic vesicle fusion without SNARE transmembrane regions.

Diverse roles in membrane fusion have been proposed for the transmembrane regions (TMRs) of SNARE proteins, including formation of channel-like transmembrane pores. Reporting in Neuron, Zhou et al. (2013) show that lipid-anchored SNAREs lacking TMRs can support neurotransmitter release, suggesting that SNAREs function primarily as power engines that force membranes together.
The ethics of investing

In this paper, I examine various popular notions concerning the ethics of investing. I first consider and reject the absolutist view that it is always wrong to invest in “evil” companies and the view that what makes investments in evil companies morally objectionable is the fact that by making such investments, investors are taking steps to benefit from the wrongdoing of others. I then defend the view that what makes certain investments morally objectionable is the fact that by making such investments, investors enable others to do wrong. According to this view, when weighing the purchase of a certain company's stock, investors should ask themselves the following question: “Would this sort of investment, if made by many people, enable others to do wrong?” If the answer to this question is yes, and if an investor nevertheless makes the investment in question, he can justifiably be accused of moral wrongdoing.
Feature-based tracking and recognition for remote sensing

A feature detection and mapping system is described that is designed to support planetary flyby operations. The features identified by the system are local maximums of a difference image generated by convolving sensor images with a bank of Gabor filters at different orientations and scales. The feature points found by such a method are fairly stable under different viewing conditions when tested using actual planetary images from previous flybys. A feature map constructed from these points is used to model the object's surface and to provide error estimates of the sensor's attitude with respect to the object. Flyby simulations using the feature detection method and guidance control information derived from the generated map perform competently on both spherical and elongated objects.
Photorefractivity in a functional side-chain polymer

An experimental study of the photorefractive effect in a polymeric material containing carbazole and the second-order tricyanovinylcarbazole moieties as a side chain is presented. This polymeric system exhibits intrinsically both photoconductivity and the electro-optic effect. Absorptive and photorefractive gratings have been evidenced by four-wave-mixing experiments and electro-optic measurements. The properties of the photorefractive gratings are studied by investigating the electric-field dependence of the diffraction efficiency. The dynamics of the erase-write behavior of the gratings, as well as permanent photobleaching of the polymer, are described.
Grandparental altruism: Expanding the sense of cause and effect.

Grandparental altruism may be partially understood in the same way as other instances of altruism. Acts of altruism often occur in a context in which the actor has a broader sense of cause and effect than is evident in more typical behavioral interactions where cause and effect appear relatively transparent. Many believe that good deeds will ultimately produce good results.
Complete chemical modification of the car☐yl groups in hemerythrin: Effect on the active center and subunit interactions

Abstract Chemical modification of all 18 car☐yl groups in Golfingia gouldii hemerythrin was achieved using glycine methyl ester and 1-ethyl-3-dimethyl-aminopropylcarbodiimide. The absorption spectrum of the modified protein in the visible and near ultraviolet region was the same as that of unmodified hemerythrin, indicating that car☐yl groups are not linked to iron in the active center. Modification of all 18 or as few as 8 car☐yl groups resulted in dissociation of the octameric hemerythrin into monomers. Analysis of mixtures of octamer and monomer produced by partial modification suggest the involvement of one specific car☐yl group in the observed dissociation reaction.
Black, white, and read all over: Racial reasoning and the construction of public reaction to the O. J. Simpson criminal trial verdict by the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago defender

This case study deconstructs the media frame of the racial divide used by the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Defender to define the public reaction to the October 3, 1995, Simpson criminal verdict. This frame analysis identifies differences and similarities between 2 newspapers, 1 mainstream and 1 Black, as they define, interpret, and evaluate the public reaction to Simpson's acquittal. The common frame of the racial divide advances specific common‐sense beliefs about the role race plays in U.S. social relations. Despite the different histories of the 2 newspapers with regard to race, both papers articulate strikingly similar common sense assumptions about the role of race in U.S. social relations that compel readers to make sense of the world within the narrow confines of the Black‐White dialectic. This dialectic of racial reasoning obscures alternative pathways of making sense of social conflict in U.S. society.
Localizing the lexicon for reading aloud:replication of a PET study using fMRI.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate the neural basis of written word recognition in two normal subjects. With a 1.5T scanner and temporal surface coil, T2 gradient echo images were obtained while subjects read words aloud. As a control condition, subjects visualized false font strings and said the word "range' each time such a string appeared. These two conditions were presented in an oscillatory pattern, alternating 30 s of each condition for a total of 4 min. Comparison of the two conditions using cross-correlation demonstrated strong activation in both subjects in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus, near the site predicted for the visual input lexicon by Dejerine and recently demonstrated by positron emission tomography.
Motion of the Piezoelectric Polaron at Zero Temperature

We analyze a series of theories which are used to obtain the energy-momentum relation for the piezoelectric polaron. Perturbation theory cannot be trusted, because there is a degeneracy in the unperturbed energy levels. The Tamm-Dancoff one-quantum cutoff in this case diagonalizes the degenerate states exactly, but has other shortcomings. The intermediate coupling theory gives what we believe is a reasonable energymomentum relation, which starts out quadratically and becomes approximately linear as the velocity approaches the speed of sound.
Uncertainty characterization for emergy values

While statistical estimation of uncertainty has not typically accompanied published emergy values, as with any other quantitative model, uncertainty is embedded in these values, and lack of uncertainty characterization makes their accuracy not only opaque, it also prevents the use of emergy values in statistical tests of hypotheses. This paper first attempts to describe sources of uncertainty in unit emergy values (UEVs) and presents a framework for estimating this uncertainty with analytical and stochastic models, with model choices dependent upon on how the UEV is calculated and what kind of uncertainties are quantified. The analytical model can incorporate a broader spectrum of uncertainty types than the stochastic model, including model and scenario uncertainty, which may be significant in emergy models, but is only appropriate for the most basic of emergy calculations. Although less comprehensive in its incorporation of uncertainty, the proposed stochastic method is suitable for all types of UEVs. The distributions of unit emergy values approximate the lognormal distribution with variations depending on the types of uncertainty quantified as well as the way the UEVs are calculated. While both methods of estimating uncertainty in UEVs have their limitations in their presented stage of development, this paper provides methods for incorporating uncertainty into emergy, and demonstrates how this can be depicted and propagated so that it can be used in future emergy analyses and permit emergy to be more readily incorporated into other methods of environmental assessment, such as LCA.
Experimental studies on alcoholism. I. Increased in alcohol preference by 5.6-dihydroxytryptamine and brain acetylcholine.

The effects of an intracisternal injection of 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT; 75 Μg/rat) on alcohol preference were studied in rats. Results indicated that alcohol consumption was increased significantly from about the 5th to 11th days after treatment. This 5,6-DHT induced alcohol preference was antagonized by 4-(1-naphthylvinyl) pyridine (NVP) (5 mg/kg, i.p. twice daily), an inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase. The level of brain acetylcholine was also increased significantly (P<0.001) 8 days after 5,6-DHT treatment. It was suggested that the 5,6-DHT induced alcohol preference may be attributed to an increase in central cholinergic activities. The possibility of a modulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine on cholinergic activity was discussed.
Breaking Miles' Law: The Curious Case of Hillary Clinton the Hawk

The bureaucratic politics model of foreign policy decision making is predicated in large part by Miles' Law, which states that “where you stand depends upon where you sit.” That is, an actor's policy preferences can be predicted from his or her governmental position or role within the bureaucracy. Consequently, secretaries of state in the U.S. foreign policy decision-making process are then presumed to favor policy options emphasizing diplomacy and civilian efforts. However, Hillary Clinton has proved to be a consistent hawk during her tenure as secretary of state. Specifically, she was one of the strongest advocates of the use of military force in both Afghanistan and Libya. This paper examines Clinton's policy preferences in the context of the Afghanistan troop surge and the U.S. role in the international military operation in Libya to probe whether the secretary's failure to conform to Miles' Law is an anomaly or presents important questions regarding the possible disjunction between institutional and individual interests and their respective influences on actors' policy preferences.
63 METHADONE EXPOSURE IN UTERO: EFFECTS ON INFANT BEHAVIOR

As part of an ongoing longitudinal study of the developmental effects of prenatal methadone exposure, 38 children born to methadone-maintained mothers(M) and 23 matched children but with negative maternal history of drug use(C), received a battery of behavioral assessments at 6 months. No differences were found between M and C subjects on any of the measures. Despite great within-group variance, performance of M subjects was not related to severity of withdrawal, maternal drug dose or polydrug abuse. There were significantly more Bayley scores below 85(predictors of developmental problems) among M vs. C males (x2=5.87,p<.025). This confirms evidence that males are more vulnerable than females to negative environmental factors. It also corroborates animal data linking early methadone exposure to behavioral abnormalities in adult males.
Wireless communication integrated active noise control system for infant incubators

Every year, 20 million premature, low-birth-weight, very ill babies are born and most of them are saved by infant incubators. However, the high-level noise inside the incubator results in numerous adverse health effects. It is also difficult for parents bonding with their baby placed in an incubator inside neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This paper presents a wireless communication integrated active noise control (ANC) systems for infant incubators. The system can generate safe, quiet environment for the newborn in the incubator and provide bonding opportunities for infant and their parents both inside and outside the NICU.
A Shallow Route to Environmentally Friendly Happiness: Why Evidence That We Are Shallow Materialists Need Not Be Bad News for the Environment(alist)

It is natural to assume that we would not be willing to compromise the environment if the conveniences and luxuries thereby gained did not have a substantial positive impact on our happiness. But there is room for skepticism and, in particular, for the thesis that we are compromising the environment to no avail in that our conveniences and luxuries are not having a significant impact on our happiness, making the costs incurred for them a waste. One way of defending the no-avail thesis fits neatly with what I will call the exalted view, according to which the key to human happiness lies in the mental (or spiritual) realm rather than in the material realm. After considering this familiar approach to defending the no-avail thesis, I sketch out a very different approach—one that will, I hope, appeal to those who have doubts about the familiar line of defense. The alternative and novel approach builds on a strand of empirical research on (self-reports concerning) happiness that suggests that we are, in a way, ...