cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model-Driven Optimization of Data-Adaptable Embedded Systems

Complex sensing and decision applications such as object tracking and classification, video surveillance, unmanned aerial vehicle flight decisions, and others operate on vast data streams with dynamic characteristics. As the availability and quality of the sensed data changes, the underlying models and decision algorithms should continually adapt in order to meet desired high-level requirements. Due to the complexity of such dynamic data-driven systems, traditional design time techniques are often incapable of producing a solution that remains optimal in the face of dynamically changing data, algorithms, and even availability of computational resources. To assist developers of these systems, we present a modeling and optimization methodology that enables developers to capture application task flows and data sources, define associated quality metrics with data types, specify each algorithm's data and quality requirements, and define a data quality estimation framework to optimize the application at runtime. We demonstrate each facet of the modeling and optimization process via a video-based vehicle tracking and collision avoidance application, and show how such an approach results in efficient design space exploration when selecting the optimal set of algorithm modalities. When searching for an application configuration within 1% to 5% of optimal, our model-guided approach can achieve speedups of up to 9.3X versus a standard genetic algorithm and speedups of up to 80X relative to a brute force algorithm.
The Marketing Concept and the Conceptualization of Market Strategy

The marketing concept has had a profound influence on the conceptualization of market strategy. However,a review of the literature suggests that, today, the marketing concept is not a single customer-oriented paradigm, but a muddle of diverse slogans and prescriptions that impede seminal discourse. Further, since the ’70s, work intended to refine the marketing concept or facilitate its implementation has made few contributions to strategic thinking. Executives, therefore,are advised to look further than the marketing concept for guidance in matters of corporate, business, and functional strategy. Nevertheless, they must not forget their customers.
An All-MOSFET Voltage Reference With −50-dB PSR at 80 MHz for Low-Power SoC Design

This brief presents a voltage reference (VR) for modern low-power system-on-chip applications, in which a high-frequency supply ripple can degrade system performance. With a compact MOSFET low-pass filter, which was developed along with a feedback technique for a wide-bandwidth power supply rejection (PSR), the VR achieves PSR better than 50 dB for frequencies of up to 80 MHz, which was not achieved in previous works. The proposed all-MOSFET VR was fabricated in a standard 0.18- ${ \mu }\text{m}$ CMOS process. It achieves a temperature coefficient of 19 ppm/°C from −30 °C to 80 °C. The line regulation is 0.098%/V for a step from 1.1 to 2.3 V supply voltage with 550-nW power consumption at room temperature and an area of 0.0180 mm2.
“Give the Devil His Due”: Judge Holden’s Design in Blood Meridian

Hillier begins his study proper with Blood Meridian. This second chapter focuses upon the novel’s outstanding instance of evil, the indomitable, hairless, twenty-four-stone albino giant Judge Holden, a living paradox of Enlightenment sophistication and vicious barbarism. Hillier enquires into the Judge’s design, which consists of the calculated way in which the Judge spreads his bad influence throughout the narrative as he contaminates others with his ideas and asserts his suzerainty by binding the members of the Glanton gang, and others, to his will. Through close reading and a consideration of McCarthy’s inventive appropriation of and engagement with, among others, Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Demons, the synoptic gospels, John Milton’s Paradise Lost, Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick, and Jacob Boehme’s philosophy of religion, Hillier explores the Judge’s diabolism and, in the words of the frockless ex-priest Tobin, “Give[s] the devil his due” (131). As the architect of the blood meridian, the Judge is a wolf in shepherd’s clothing, whose design instills a vicious gospel of hatred and egotism, impels human resentment and antipathy, and foments chaos. In playing the smiling villain, and murdering while he smiles, McCarthy’s diabolic Judge has the demerit of earning a place at the table with literature’s most mischievous malefactors, including Christopher Marlowe’s Barabas, William Shakespeare’s Iago, Milton’s Satan, Dostoevsky’s Svidrigailov, and Joseph Conrad’s Mistah Kurtz.
The pinhole/occulter facility

Abstract The Pinhole/Occulter Facility concept uses a remote occulting mask to provide high resolution observations of the solar corona and of astronomical X-ray sources. With coded-aperture and Fourier-transform techniques, the Pinhole/Occulter makes images at a resolution of 0.2 arc sec for 2 - 120 keV X-rays, using a 50-m boom erected from the payload bay of the Space Shuttle or mounted on a free-flying platform. The remote occulter also creates a large shadow area for solar coronal observations; the Pinhole/Occulter concept includes separate optical and ultraviolet telescopes with 50-cm apertures. These large telescopes will provide a new order of resolution and sensitivity for diagnostic observations of faint structures in the solar corona. The Pinhole/Occulter is a powerful and versatile tool for general-purpose X-ray astronomy, with excellent performance in a broad spectral band complementary to that accessible with AXAF. The large collecting area of 1.5 m2 results in a 5σ detection threshold of about 0.02 μJy for the 2 - 10 keV band, or about 10−5 ph(cm2sec keV)−1 at 20 keV.
Politics and Constraint

Donahoe explores the politics of the Big Lads, those who have power in their communities whether because they are former paramilitary leaders, ex-prisoners, community workers, or party leaders. The Big Lads often act as constraints to peacebuilding because they are actively engaged in maintaining the status quo. A particular form of Big Lad is ex-paramilitary members who have joined the community development sector often in name only, earning them the title “para-community worker.” This chapter also assesses women’s current levels of participation in formal politics and institutions such as the police. Political parties are also a form of constraint in peacebuilding as they are actively working to maintain the boundaries of the divided society.
On Distributed Control in Automated Ground Transport 1

Abstract The achievement of safe and efficient longitudinal control is probably the most significant technical problem associated with individual- vehicle, automated ground transport systems such as automated guideway transit and the automatic highway. Here a hierarchical approach to such control which includes a central computer for supervising an area-wide network, a regional computer for control of operations in each reqion of that network, a sector computer for vehicle control in each sector of a region, and individual vehicle control, is described. In addition, recent advances pertaining to the design, development and testing of a sector-level control facility for the evaluation of high-speed (to 30 m/sec), small time-headway (1-2 sec) operations will be presented.
Using small spatial units to refine our perception of rural America

More than half of the US rural population lives inside metro or micropolitan areas and even at more disaggregated scales, such as the census tracts, most spatial units mix rural and urban population. At a national scale, only 30% of the country are inhabited by 100% urban or 100% rural population, implying that more than two third of the US territory are somewhere in between both situations. As the rural/urban dichotomy appears today to be blurred by the emergence of new phenomena like rurbanization or exurbanization, our perception of rural America may be somewhat twisted and the reality of rural areas underplayed. This paper focuses on using finer-grade spatial units such as the census blocks and block groups, in order to provide new elements about the extension, localization and characteristics of rural America as well as about its inner dynamics. To that end, we analyze and process geographical and social data at these two levels of information, and use population density as a main factor of analysis. This allows us not only to propose new measurement of the extent of rural space in the USA but also to propose a new vision of its spatial dynamics by studying how several social indicators such as income, median age or sex ratio reveal regional and micro-regional variations and situations in the rural part of the US.
Assessment of Sites for CO2 Storage and CO2 Capture, Utilization, and Storage Systems in Geothermal Reservoirs

Abstract In order to investigate whether it is desirable to implement carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture and storage (CCS) in saline aquifers or CO 2 plume geothermal (CPG) power plants, we identified favorable locations for both technologies in Louisiana, Wyoming, and Colorado. To do so, we considered the estimated CO 2 storage capacity of the saline aquifers, the estimated levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) from a CPG power plant, and the locations of stationary CO 2 sources. We identified two sites in Louisiana and three sites in Wyoming for further consideration. In future research, these locations will be used in an engineering-economic, geospatial-optimization model to assess integrated networks for CO 2 storage in saline aquifers and CPG systems.
Driver Distraction and Reliance: Adaptive Cruise Control in the Context of Sensor Reliability and Algorithm Limits

This study investigated how system failures influenced drivers’reliance on Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC). A medium-fidelity driving simulatorwas used to evaluate the effect of driving condition (traffic, rain) and automation(manual control, ACC) on headway maintenance and brake response. Inconditions of rain, the signal continuity of the ACC sensors was degraded and inconditions of heavy traffic, the braking limits of the ACC system were exceeded.Dependent variables included response time to lead vehicle (LV) braking, numberof collisions, and both time headway (THW) and time-to-collision (TTC) atinstant of the brake response. Throughout the drive, a continuous (forced-paced)secondary task was introduced to determine how an in-vehicle task interactedwith ACC reliance. Results showed that the failure type influenced driver’sreliance on ACC with drivers relying more on ACC in traffic periods than in rainperiods. ACC appeared to offer a safety benefit when drivers were distracted withcomplex mental tasks in periods of heavy traffic.
Patients with sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis found value in genetic testing.

BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is increasingly recognized as a genetic disease. There is no consensus, however, as to the role of genetic testing in the care of the ALS patient. METHODS We conducted a survey to study patient access, attitudes, and experience with ALS genetic testing among patients enrolled in a US ALS registry. RESULTS Among 449 survey respondents, 156 (34.7%) were offered testing and 105 of 156 (67.3%) completed testing. The majority of respondents with familial ALS (fALS) (31/45, 68.9%) were offered testing, while a minority of respondents with sporadic ALS (sALS) (111/404, 27.5%) were offered testing (p = .00001). Comparison of mean test experience scores between groups revealed that respondents with fALS were no more likely to report a favorable experience with genetic testing than those with sALS (p = .51). Respondents who saw a genetic counselor did not have significantly different test experience scores, compared to those who did not (p = .14). In addition, no differences in test experience scores were observed between those who received positive or negative genetic test results (p = .98). CONCLUSION These data indicate that patients with ALS found value in clinical genetic testing.
Effect of Timed Fertilizer Application on llex crenata ‘Helleri’ cuttings during propagation

The effect of timed fertilizer applications on growth of Ilex crenata ‘Helleri’ cuttings was examined. At termination of the experiment, cuttings initially fertilized soon after roots were visible (week 4) were larger than cuttings for which fertilization was either delayed or withheld. Delaying the initiation of fertilization at weekly intervals after roots were visible resulted in lower dry weight per cutting as the delay in fertilization increased. Nitrogen (N) was found to accumulate in cuttings immediately after roots were first visible but not before. Fertilization before root appearance was of little practical benefit.
Myelophthisic marrow involved by breast cancer and acute myeloid leukemia.

![Figure][1] A 53-year-old woman was admitted with right thigh pain. She was diagnosed with estrogen receptor (ER)- and progesterone receptor (PR)-positive stage III adenocarcinoma of the left breast 3 years before. She was treated with lumpectomy and adjuvant doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide
Disease and climate effects on individuals jointly drive post-reintroduction population dynamics of an endangered amphibian

The emergence of novel pathogens often has dramatic negative effects on previously unexposed host populations. Subsequent disease can drive populations and even species to extinction. After establishment in populations, pathogens can continue to affect host dynamics, influencing the success or failure of species recovery efforts. However, quantifying the effect of pathogens on host populations in the wild is challenging because individual hosts and their pathogens are difficult to observe. Here we use long-term mark-recapture data to describe the dynamics of reintroduced populations of an endangered amphibian ( Rana sierrae ) and evaluate the success of these recovery efforts in the presence of a recently-emerged pathogen, the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis . We find that high B. dendrobatidis infection intensities are associated with increases in detectability, reductions in survival, and more infected adults. We also find evidence for intensity-dependent survival, with heavily infected individuals suffering higher mortality. These results highlight the need in disease ecology for probabilistic approaches that account for uncertainty in infection intensity using imperfect observational data. Such approaches can advance the understanding of disease impacts on host population dynamics, and in the current study will improve the effectiveness of species conservation actions.
Effects of finite spatial and temporal resolution in direct numerical simulations of incompressible isotropic turbulence

A study combining spectral filtering and numerical simulations at enhanced spatial and/or temporal resolution is used to clarify the proper scaling of dissipation and enstrophy in forced incompressible isotropic turbulence.
Extremity Injuries and Open Fractures

Although you may have visions of operating night and day in the chest and abdomen in a combat setting, the truth is that you will be dealing with extremity injuries much more frequently than anything else. Because of modern combat mechanisms and improved protective equipment and vehicles, the extremities remain the most vulnerable area to injury (Fig. 19.1). You have most likely dealt with some extremity trauma in the civilian setting, but probably have left most of it to the orthopedic surgeons to manage. In combat you will see extremity injuries unlike anything you have seen in the civilian arena, and you will often not have the luxury of an orthopedic surgeon immediately available to handle it. Review the upper and lower extremity anatomy before you deploy to a combat setting – you will definitely need it.
How Being a Teaching Artist Can Influence K-12 Art Education

Many K-12 art teachers have rich artistic backgrounds and continue to be active as artists in spite of the challenges of time, energy, and stereotypes that insist a real artist would not teach. This article describes a research project that examined the educational dynamic engendered by teachers who are also artists. We interviewed and observed teachers to explore how teachers’ personal artistry and artistic activities beyond school contributed to their teaching in school. It was clear that some teaching artists changed the educational dynamic of the classroom in ways that invigorated both the content and practice of teaching and learning. They cultivated complex learning environments that disrupted predictable approaches to schooling by creating unstructured and hospitable spaces characterized by play, conversation, and collaboration.
Metallothionein and brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage.

Metallothioneins (MTs) are metal-binding proteins that can be upregu-lated in the brain after injury and are associated with neuroprotection. A recent genomics study has shown that brain MT-1 and MT-2 mRNA levels are upregulated following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. Our study examines whether brain MT-1 and MT-2 protein levels are increased after ICH. We also investigated the effect of exogenous MT-1 in perihematomal edema formation in vivo and iron-induced cell death in vitro. We found that MT-1/-2 immunoreactivity in ipsilateral basal ganglia was significantly increased after ICH and exogenous MT-1 attenuated perihematomal edema formation. In addition, MT-1 also reduced cell death induced by iron in cultured astrocytes. These results suggest a role for MT in ICH-induced brain injury, and MT could be a therapeutic target for ICH.
Application of tumor treating fields for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: understanding of nationwide practice patterns

Tumor treating fields (TTF) harness magnetic fields to induce apoptosis in targeted regions. A 2015 landmark randomized phase III trial of newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) patients demonstrated TTF + temozolomide to be superior to temozolomide alone. Given these results, we sought to assess practice patterns of providers in TTF utilization for GBM. A survey was administered to practices in the United States self-identifying as specializing in radiation oncology, medical oncology, neuro-oncology, neurosurgery, and/or neurology. Responses were collected anonymously; analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test. A total of 106 providers responded; a minority (36%) were in private practice. Regarding case volume, 82% treated at least six high-grade gliomas/year. The provider most commonly certified to offer TTF therapy to GBM patients was the neuro-oncologist (40%), followed by the radiation oncologist (34%); 31% reported no TTF-certified physician in their practice. TTF users were more likely to have high volume, and be aware of TTF inclusion in National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines (p < 0.05). More than 80% of TTF for GBM in the United States is performed by groups who treat at least six high-grade gliomas per year; unfortunately more than 30% were in practices bereft of anyone certified to offer TTF therapy. These results indicate that there remains fertile soil for TTF therapy nationwide to be introduced into practices for GBM treatment. Providers seeking to refer newly diagnosed GBM patients for TTF should seek out practices with TTF user-associated characteristics to ensure optimal access for their patients.
Exposure to Medical Ultrasound: Studies of Human Effects

During the last three decades, medical ultrasound has grown from a new imaging tool used by only a few clinical pioneers to a diagnostic science now used worldwide in several clinical specialities. In one medical speciality alone, obstetrics, estimates of the percentage of pregnant women in the United States examined by diagnostic ultrasound range from 15–40% (NIH, 1984); in some countries, diagnostic ultrasound is a recommended routine prenatal procedure (NIH, 1984). The rapid development and expansion in the use of diagnostic ultrasound has been largely due to the perceived safety and medical benefits of this technology .
Surveying social network geography to model long-distance travel

Abstract Long-distance travel and social network geography are important topics both understudied due to lack of data. This paper describes a travel survey instrument that included social network contact locations for 110 participants in a convenience sample from 3 states in the USA. New types of measures were successful at capturing a range of unique annual travel behaviours and social network extent. Respondents demonstrated significant variation in their social network extent, and new metrics of social network geography may be feasible from surveys. The association between social network extent and long-distance travel is still tenuous, but the limited relationships in this relatively small dataset suggest further survey data are worth pursuing.
Critical Consciousness-Based HIV Prevention Interventions for Black Gay and Bisexual Male Youth.

Black gay/bisexual male youth are one of the groups most affected by HIV in the United States, but few behavioral interventions have been created specifically to address this health inequity. Oppre...
Resilience principles in socio-hydrology: A case-study review

Abstract Resilience is recognized as critical to socio-hydrology, but few studies systematically integrate theoretical developments from resilience research into model design and evaluation. This review presents a novel application of seven resilience principles to evaluate six coevolutionary models from socio-hydrology. The principles provide a structured framing of resilience grounded in decades of research characterizing social-ecological systems. We find that coevolutionary models incorporate aspects of all principles and that these influence socio-hydrologic system trajectories. Our synthesis demonstrates the potential for resilience principles to serve as a theoretical frame for model design, evaluation, and comparison. We emphasize underexplored dimensions of resilience in the models and encourage future research to experiment with these principles to broaden our understanding of resilience in coupled social-hydrologic systems.
Spin-Orbit-Torque Switching Mediated by an Antiferromagnetic Insulator

Spin-orbit torque is widely studied as a switching mechanism for magnetic memory and spin logic devices. In typical device configurations, a lot of current flows through the shunting path of the ferromagnetic metal, significantly increasing energy consumption. This work demonstrates that spin-torque transfer can be realized across an antiferromagnetic insulator: By applying current in the heavy-metal layer, one can achieve magnetic switching in the magnetic free layer, despite the antiferromagnetic-insulator layer in between. Thus electrically isolated reading and writing paths in spin-orbit-torque devices, for energy-thrifty favorable magnetic control, are possible.
Synthesis and mannosidase inhibitory activity of 3-benzyloxymethyl analogs of swainsonine

Abstract Swainsonine ( 3 ), an inhibitor of Golgi α-mannosidase II, is a clinical candidate for cancer treatment. In order to avoid potential problems arising from its co-inhibition of lysosomal mannosidases, we have synthesized 3-benzyloxymethyl analogs of swainsonine ( 17 and 18 ). Initial screening of these new compounds is reported.
Transarterial Delivery of a Biodegradable Single-Agent Theranostic Nanoprobe for Liver Tumor Imaging and Combinatorial Phototherapy.

Abstract Purpose To assess selective accumulation of biodegradable nanoparticles within hepatic tumors after transarterial delivery for in vivo localization and combinatorial phototherapy. Materials and Methods A VX2 hepatic tumor model was used in New Zealand white rabbits. Transarterial delivery of silicon naphthalocyanine biodegradable nanoparticles was performed using a microcatheter via the proper hepatic artery. Tumors were exposed via laparotomy, and nanoparticles were observed by near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging. For phototherapy, a handheld NIR laser (785 nm) at 0.6 W/cm 2 was used to expose tumor or background liver, and tissue temperatures were assessed with a fiberoptic temperature probe. Intratumoral reactive oxygen species formation was assessed using a fluorophore (2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate). Results Nanoparticles selectively accumulated within viable tumor by NIR fluorescence. Necrotic portions of tumor did not accumulate nanoparticles, consistent with a vascular distribution. NIR-dependent heat generation was observed with nanoparticle-containing tumors, but not in background liver. No heat was generated in the absence of NIR laser light. Reactive oxygen species were formed in nanoparticle-containing tumors exposed to NIR laser light, but not in background liver treated with NIR laser or in tumors in the absence of NIR light. Conclusions Biodegradable nanoparticle delivery to liver tumors from a transarterial approach enabled selective in vivo tumor imaging and combinatorial phototherapy.
Sample Case Studies

In this chapter, we discuss some common sample case studies, including hypertension with depression, unexplained dizziness, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN), sleep apnea, atrial fibrillation, cardiac pathology, diabetes, and depression. It is important to remember that the main goal of autonomic assessment and therapy is not to cure disease. While that may happen, the goal is to slow the progression of autonomic dysfunction and to minimize morbidity and mortality risk. This enables the physician to be more aggressive towards the primary disease and to promote and maintain wellness once the primary disease is controlled. For example, autonomic assessment may not cure heart disease, arrhythmia, COPD, diabetes, or Parkinson’s disease; treating documented autonomic dysfunction will lead to relief from dizziness, depression, secondary hypertension, sleep disorder, etc. This leads to reduced medication load, reducing the potential for conflicting or confounding therapies. This also leads to reduced hospitalization and helps to promote reduced healthcare costs for both the patient and the nation while improving outcomes.
Parallel background subtraction in diamond anvil cells for high pressure X-ray data analysis

We present a simple and effective approach to improve X-ray data collected under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature. The X-ray data of the sample and the amorphous, liquid, or crystalli...
ZFP-V: Hardware-Optimized Lossy Floating Point Compression

Lossy floating point compression algorithms are critical components of reducing the cost and improving the performance of many modern applications, including machine learning and scientific computing. Data compression is widely used to reduce data storage requirements and transfer overhead, but traditional data-oblivious lossless compression schemes are very inefficient for floating point data. On the other hand, recently proposed lossy compression algorithms like ZFP and SZ achieve very high rates of compression while controlling the tolerable error margin. To the best of our knowledge, no efficient hardware implementation of ZFP exists yet, partially due to the inherently serial nature of the algorithm. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of ZFP-V, which identifies the serial portion of the ZFP algorithm and modifies it for more efficient hardware implementation. ZFP-V replaces the "group testing" part of ZFP with a variable-length header, which allows our hardware implementation to achieve up to 2x performance improvement compared to our best-effort hardware implementation of the original algorithm while using less on-chip resources, at a marginal reduction of compression ratio. We evaluate an OpenCL implementation of ZFP-V on an Intel Arria 10 FPGA using a variety of real-world scientific datasets, and show a single-pipeline throughput of 1 GB/s – 4 GB/s compression and 2 GB/s – 10 GB/s decompression on real-world datasets. Our implementation often outperforms a 32-thread software implementation on a high-end Intel Xeon CPU, and significantly outperforms a state-of-the-art FPGA implementation of SZ.
Claiming National Heritage: State Appropriation of Nazi Art Plunder in Postwar Western Europe:

In the wake of the Second World War, cultural officers from the western Allied powers recovered several million objects plundered by the Nazis – works of art, Judaica, fine furniture, collectible b...
Maternal-fetal disposition of domoic acid following repeated oral dosing during pregnancy in nonhuman primate.

ABSTRACT Domoic acid (DA) is a marine algal toxin that causes acute and chronic neurotoxicity in animals and humans. Prenatal exposure to DA has been associated with neuronal damage and cognitive and behavioral deficits in juvenile California sea lions, cynomolgus monkeys and rodents. Yet, the toxicokinetics (TK) of DA during pregnancy and the maternal-fetal disposition of DA have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the TK before, during, and after pregnancy and the maternal-fetal disposition of DA in 22 cynomolgus monkeys following daily oral doses of 0.075 or 0.15 mg/kg/day of DA. The AUC0-τ of DA was not changed while the renal clearance of DA was increased by 30–90% during and after pregnancy when compared to the pre-pregnancy values. DA was detected in the infant plasma and in the amniotic fluid at delivery. The infant plasma concentrations correlated positively with both the maternal plasma and the amniotic fluid concentrations. The paired infant-to-maternal plasma DA concentration ratios ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 and increased as a function of time which suggests placental efflux and longer apparent fetal half-life than the maternal half-life. The paired amniotic fluid-to-infant plasma DA concentration ratios ranged from 4.5 to 7.5 which indicates significant accumulation of DA in the amniotic fluid. A maternal-fetal TK model was developed to explore the processes that give the observed maternal-fetal disposition of DA. The final model suggests that placental transport and recirculation of DA between the fetus and amniotic fluid are major determining factors of the maternal-fetal TK of DA.
Observation of lock-in for viscoelastic fluid-structure interactions

Abstract Under the right conditions, viscoelastic fluids can exhibit elastic flow instabilities in the absence of inertia. If the fluid is in contact with a flexible or flexibly-mounted structure, these elastic flow instabilities lead to time-dependent forces on the structure, which can cause the structure to oscillate. This constitutes a new class of Viscoelastic Fluid–Structure Interactions (VFSI). Up until now, the VFSI reported in the literature demonstrated a one-way coupling between the fluid and the structure where little feedback from the structure to the flow was observed. Here, we report for the very first time, the presence of a lock-in behavior in VFSI. We have designed and conducted a set of experiments in which the frequency of the elastic flow instabilities and the natural frequency of the flexible structure become equal as the flow velocity is increased, and therefore lock-in is observed. We present amplitude and frequency responses of two sets of flexibly-mounted cylinders over a range of Weissenberg numbers and reduced velocities to show the lock-in range. The time-varying flow fields inside and outside the lock-in range were studied through streak-line imaging and particle image velocimetry. The viscoelastic lock-in range was observed for a Weissenberg number range of 5 ≤ W i ≤ 15 for one of the cylinders tested and for a range of 20 ≤ W i ≤ 30 for the other. For both cylinders, the lock-in started at a reduced velocity of V r ≈ 1 . 5 . In Cylinder 1, the lock-in ended at V r ≈ 4 , while for Cylinder 2 the end of the lock-in was not observed, because the data points did not cover a wide enough range. Similar to the lock-in observed in the typical VIV response in a Newtonian fluid, the frequency of the elastic flow instability was found to increase with increasing flow velocity before plateauing at the natural frequency of the cylinder in the lock-in range. Unlike the VIV response of a Newtonian fluid, where the lock-in range corresponds to the maximum observed amplitude of oscillations, in VFSI the amplitude of oscillations reached a plateau while in lock-in, but increased with Weissenberg number and reduced velocity before and after the lock-in range.
Temperature-induced changes in the synthesis gas composition in a high-temperature H2O and CO2 co-electrolysis system

Abstract Solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) is an attractive renewable technology capable of producing synthesis gas (H2+CO) from H2O and CO2. An SOEC consists of a solid oxide electrolyte and two ceramic or metal-ceramic electrodes. H2O and CO2 are electrolyzed at the cathode producing H2 and CO, releasing O2− ions, which travel through the electrolyte to the anode side and recombine to produce pure oxygen gas as the byproduct. In the present study, a La0.7Sr0.2Ni0.2Fe0.8O3 cathode was used to co-electrolyze H2O and CO2 at three different operating temperatures- 700 °C, 750 °C and 800 °C. Synthesis gas was produced at all three operating temperatures with 100 % Faradaic efficiency. The composition of the syngas, however, was found to be a function of the operating temperature. In general, the H2/CO ratio in the syngas decreased with increased temperature. This was partially due to CO2 electrolysis becoming more favorable compared to H2O electrolysis at higher temperatures.
Ultrasound-Guided Talonavicular Arthrocentesis.

Abstract Background Joint arthrocentesis is a commonly performed procedure by the emergency physician (EP). Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) has demonstrated promise in identifying joint effusions and guiding arthrocentesis procedures. EP-performed talonavicular joint arthrocentesis has not been previously described in the literature. We present a case in which an isolated talonavicular joint effusion was identified and then subsequently aspirated using POCUS. Case Report A 65-year-old man presented with atraumatic right ankle pain. On arrival, he was noted to have diffuse warmth and edema around the ankle and midfoot. POCUS was performed to evaluate for an ankle joint effusion, which was not present. The ultrasound was then moved distally, where a talonavicular joint effusion was noted. Inflammatory markers were found to be elevated. A magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed an isolated talonavicular joint effusion without additional acute findings. POCUS was then used to perform an arthrocentesis, which revealed monosodium urate crystals consistent with an initial episode of gouty arthritis. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? POCUS provides the EP with an efficient tool to diagnose joint effusions and guide arthrocentesis procedures. The foot is composed of several small joints where ultrasound can be particularly helpful. Similar to the ankle joint, these joints can be afflicted with pyogenic infections and crystalline arthropathies. To our knowledge, we present the first report of EP-performed talonavicular arthrocentesis guided by POCUS. The approach to this joint and technique for arthrocentesis are presented.
Evaluation of external tubular configurations for a high-temperature chloride molten salt solar receiver operating above 700 °C

Abstract Next-generation concentrating solar power (CSP) tower technologies target operating temperatures exceeding 700 °C to increase the thermal-to-electric conversion efficiency. Molten chloride salts are one possible alternative to current commercial molten nitrate salts to enable the higher operating temperature. This paper analyzes the predicted optical, thermal-fluids, and structural performance of traditional external tubular solar receiver configurations applied with a chloride salt heat transfer fluid (HTF) and inlet/outlet temperatures of 500 °C/735 °C, and considers sensitivity analysis and optimization relative to receiver sizing, tube sizing, number of panels, flow circuit configurations, and solar flux concentration under constraints on internal velocity, pressure drop, wall thickness, and required creep-fatigue lifetime. The high temperature conditions increase the significance of inelastic deformation mechanisms such as creep relative to that expected in commercial 565 °C nitrate salt designs. High-temperature creep and creep-fatigue damage in the metal alloy tubes are the key factors that limit allowable solar flux concentration and achievable receiver thermal efficiency at the near-800 °C wall temperature conditions. For a traditional external cylindrical receiver configuration, the design parameters and conditions capable of satisfying all constraints produced, at best, a design point receiver efficiency of 78.2%, or 80.5% when excluding receiver intercept efficiency. Variation in the optimal receiver performance relative to uncertainty in the binding maximum velocity, minimum wall thickness, and minimum lifetime constraints is presented.
Interring Substantial Nexus -- A Missed Opportunity

In Wayfair, the Supreme Court correctly eradicated Quill’s physical presence nexus requirement from its Commerce Clause jurisprudence. Unfortunately, however, the one error in Quill that the Court did not address was the most serious jurisprudentially: the deification of Complete Auto’s empty phrase “substantial nexus.” The issue of nexus was not even before the Complete Auto Court. This is astonishing given how the Quill Court imbues substantial nexus with meaning; in fact, anything Complete Auto might have said about nexus would have been dicta at best. The Wayfair Court could have addressed Quill’s inexplicable elevation of “substantial nexus,” but it failed to do so and thus muddied the nexus standard. To define substantial nexus, the Court cited Polar Tankers, a case, like Complete Auto, that had nothing to do with nexus. This has left the door open to potential litigation over when a privilege might be substantial enough for nexus. Wayfair would have been better off simply disavowing Quill’s reliance on Complete Auto’s casual and non-purposeful use of substantial nexus. A disavowment of substantial nexus could have returned the concept of nexus back to its roots in the due process clause. This analytical purity would not be a panacea given the lack of any coherent due process doctrine, but it would at least avoid running two concepts of nexus on parallel tracks.
Measuring palatability as a linear combination of nutrient levels in food items

Abstract It well known that palatability and nutritional quality of foods and/or diets are viewed as being in tension with one another. While there exist multiple measures of healthiness, there are no such measures for tastiness. This gap limits the degree to which researchers can investigate this tension and its implications for dietary behavior and hence public health and nutrition policy. The scope of future work concerning the dietary behavior of Americans would expand greatly if researchers better understood consumers’ willingness to eat certain foods, which matters as much as recommending those foods for them to eat in the first place. Using stepwise selection algorithms, a nutrient profiling model is developed and the resulting estimates are used to compute a numerical measure for the relative palatability of food items. Foods found to be relatively tasty by the measure tend to be relatively lower in nutritional quality, as expected. This implies that policy aimed at altering consumption patterns should emphasize foods that score relatively high in both nutritional quality and tastiness. Tastier foods without the additional benefit of a healthier nutrient composition are candidates for consumption taxes to discourage excess consumption, while healthy foods low in palatability could be subsidized using this tax revenue.
Effectiveness of a surveillance program of upper endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal cancers in Lynch syndrome patients

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common cause of hereditary colorectal cancer and is associated with an increased lifetime risk of gastric and duodenal cancers of 8-16% and 7%, respectively; therefore, we aim to describe an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) surveillance program for upper gastrointestinal (GI) precursor lesions and cancer in LS patients. METHODS Patients who either had positive genetic testing or met clinical criteria for LS who had a surveillance EGD at our institution from 1996 to 2017 were identified. Patients were included if they had at least two EGDs or an upper GI cancer detected on the first surveillance EGD. EGD and pathology reports were extracted manually. RESULTS Our cohort included 247 patients with a mean age of 47.1 years (SD 12.6) at first EGD. Patients had a mean of 3.5 EGDs (range 1-16). Mean duration of follow-up was 5.7 years. Average interval between EGDs was 2.3 years. Surveillance EGD detected precursor lesions in 8 (3.2%) patients, two (0.8%) gastric cancers and two (0.8%) duodenal cancers. Two interval cancers were diagnosed: a duodenal adenocarcinoma was detected 2 years, 8 months after prior EGD and a jejunal adenocarcinoma was detected 1 year, 9 months after prior EGD. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that surveillance EGD is a useful tool to help detect precancerous and cancerous upper GI lesions in LS patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine a program of surveillance EGDs in LS patients. More data are needed to determine the appropriate surveillance interval.
G359.95-0.04: Pulsar Candidate Near Sgr A*

We report the discovery of a prominent nonthermal X-ray feature located near the Galactic center that we identify as an energetic pulsar wind nebula. This feature, G359.95-0.04, lies 1 lyr north of Sgr A* (in projection), is comet-like in shape, and has a power law spectrum that steepens with increasing distance from the putative pulsar. The distinct spectral and spatial X-ray characteristics of the feature are similar to those belonging the rare class of ram-pressure confined pulsar wind nebulae. The luminosity of the nebula at the distance of \sgra, consistent with the inferred X-ray absorptions, is 1 10^{34} ergs s^{-1} in the 2--10 keV energy band. The cometary tail extends back to a region centered at the massive stellar complex IRS 13 and surrounded by enhanced diffuse X-ray emission, which may represent an associated supernova remnant. Furthermore, the inverse Compton scattering of the strong ambient radiation by the nebula consistently explains the observed TeV emission from the Galactic center. We also briefly discuss plausible connections of G359.95-0.04 to other high-energy sources in the region, such as the young stellar complex IRS 13 and SNR Sgr A East.
On Similar Solutions for Strong Blast Waves and Their Application to Steady Hypseronic Flow

Summary The general solution of the strong blast wave is found in the Newtonian approximation—i.e., neglecting terms of order e (density ratio across the shock) compared with terms of order 1. The expressions obtained for the pressure, temperature, density, and velocity profiles are simple. The results are applied to power-law bodies in hypersonic flow using the equivalence principle. Higher-order approximations for strong blast waves are in­ vestigated for the cases in which the shock layer is thin. A simple pressure formula is found, which constitutes an improve­ ment upon the Newton-Busemann formula, and some of its ap­ plications are shown.
An Analysis of the NYPD's Stop-and-Frisk Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias

Recent studies by police departments and researchers confirm that police stop racial and ethnic minority citizens more often than whites, relative to their proportions in the population. However, it has been argued stop rates more accurately reflect rates of crimes committed by each ethnic group, or that stop rates reflect elevated rates in specific social areas such as neighborhoods or precincts. Most of the research on stop rates and police-citizen interactions has focused on traffic stops, and analyses of pedestrian stops are rare. In this paper, we analyze data from 175,000 pedestrian stops by the New York Police Department over a fifteen-month period. We disaggregate stops by police precinct, and compare stop rates by racial and ethnic group controlling for previous race-specific arrest rates. We use hierarchical multilevel models to adjust for precinct-level variability, thus directly addressing the question of geographic heterogeneity that arises in the analysis of pedestrian stops. We find that persons of African and Hispanic descent were stopped more frequently than whites, even after controlling for precinct variability and race-specific estimates of crime participation.
The fine structure of the hypostome and mouth of hydra

The normal morphology of the hypostome and mouth of hydra were examined by transmission electron microscopy with conventional thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas. Myonemes of the hypostome are small in diameter, have gap and intermediate-type cell junctions within each epithelial layer and are associated with the opposite epithelial layer by transmesogleal processes and gap junctions. Nematocysts and sensory cells are aggregated in the circumoral region. The fine structure of adherent flagella arising from gastrodermal gland cells, and the transition region at the mouth between epidermis and gastrodermis are described in detail for the first time. The possible functional significance of the findings is discussed.
Application intrusion detection using language library calls

Traditionally, intrusion detection systems detect intrusions at the operating system (OS) level. We explore the possibility of detecting intrusion at the application level by using rich application semantics. We use short sequences of language library calls as signatures. We consider library call signatures to be more application-oriented than system call signatures because they are a more direct reflection of application code. Most applications are written in a higher-level language with an associated support library such as C or C++. We hypothesize that library call signatures can be used to detect attacks that cause perturbation in the application code. We are hopeful that this technique will be amenable to detecting attacks that are carried out by internal intruders, who are viewed as legitimate users by an operating system.
The extended coronal magnetic field

The coronal magnetic field should contain many field lines connecting the photosphere to interplanetary space. A sharp boundary separates two adjacent sectors of opposite polarity. The large-scale structure of the corona is related to the photospheric sector pattern. The corona may frequently contain transient magnetic loops reaching out to five to ten solar radii.
Importance of nonpulmonary vein foci in catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Background Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation is an established treatment strategy for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). However, the recurrence rate of PAF is 8% to 37%, despite repeated procedures, and the catheter ablation strategy for PAF with non-PV foci is unclear. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the PAF ablation strategy for non-PV foci. Methods The study included 304 consecutive patients undergoing PAF ablation (209 males, age 63.0 ± 10.4 years) divided into 3 groups: group 1 (245 patients) with no inducible non-PV foci; group 2 (34 patients) with atrial fibrillation (AF) originating from non-PV foci and all the foci successfully ablated; and group 3 (25 patients) with AF originating from non-PV triggers, but without all foci being ablated or with persistently inducible AF. Results Mean follow-up period was 26.9 ± 11.8 months, and AF recurrence rates since the last procedure were 9.8%, 8.8%, and 68.0% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in recurrence rate between groups 1 and 2 (P = .89); however, there were statistically significant differences between groups 3 and 1 (P Conclusion Success rates can be improved for PAF ablation if non-PV foci are detected and eliminated.