cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reframing Service-Learning as Learning and Participation With Urban Youth

This article describes a critical service-learning project that resulted from an educational partnership among a national teachers' union, a local teachers' union, and a major research university. The partnership—funded by a grant from the Corporation for National and Community Service, Learn and Serve program—focused on professional development opportunities for K–12 educators across subject areas throughout an urban school district. Teachers enrolled in a university-level graduate course where they learned about critical service-learning, engaged in community-based activities, developed partnerships with local organizations, and facilitated critical service-learning projects in local schools and communities. Here, we highlight one of the many projects that emerged from this partnership as we attempt to connect theory with practice by reframing service-learning as learning and participation. We ask: How can a reframing of service-learning as learning and participation impact how we understand the educati...
Effects of normal and altered cattle urine on short-term greenhouse gas flux from mixed-grass prairie in the Northern Great Plains

Abstract Use of dietary amendments to reduce nitrogen (N) in excreta represents a possible strategy to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock. In this regard, ingestion of small amounts of condensed quebracho tannin has been found to reduce N concentration in livestock urine. In this study, we sought to quantify the effects of tannin-affected cattle urine, normal cattle urine, and NH4NO3 in solution on greenhouse gas flux. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) flux was measured using static chamber methodology from the three N treatments and a no application control over a 6-week period in a mixed grass prairie in west-central North Dakota, USA. Over the course of the study, average CO2 emission was greatest from normal urine (335 ± 8 mg C m−2 h−1) and least from the control (229 ± 19 mg C m−2 h−1), with intermediate fluxes for the tannin urine and NH4NO3 treatments (290 ± 27 and 286 ± 54 mg C m−2 h−1, respectively). Methane uptake was prevalent throughout the study, as soil conditions were predominantly warm and dry. Uptake of CH4 was greatest within the control (−30 ± 2 μg C m−2 h−1) and least in the tannin urine treatment (−12 ± 4 μg C m−2 h−1). Uptake of CH4 was over 40% less within the tannin urine treatment as compared to normal urine, and may have been repressed by the capacity of tannin to bind monooxygenases responsible for CH4 oxidation. Average N2O emission from NH4NO3 solution was more than twice that of all other treatments. Though the tannin urine treatment possessed 34% less N than normal cattle urine, cumulative N2O emission between the treatments did not differ. Results from this study suggest the use of condensed quebracho tannin as a dietary amendment for livestock does not yield GHG mitigation benefits in the short-term.
DNA antibody class, subclass, and complement fixation in systemic lupus erythematosus with and without nephritis.

Abstract Using a recently described indirect immunofluorescence technique which employs the kinetoplast of a nonpathogenic hemoflagellate, Crithidia luciliae, as a native DNA substrate, we have compared the complement-fixing, Ig class, and subclass properties of anti-native DNA antibodies in sera from systemic lupus erythematosus patients with and without nephritis. With this simple technique we have found that complement-fixing native DNA antibodies are more specific for lupus nephritis than are non-complement-fixing native DNA antibodies. We have also shown that nephritis patients usually have native DNA antibodies in all three major immunoglobulin classes and more frequently have the IgG native DNA antibody subclasses that fix complement, IgG1 and IgG3. These findings support the hypothesis that in systemic lupus erythematosus the biological properties of the antibodies produced as well as the intensity of the DNA antibody response are important determinants in the nephrotoxicity of immune complexes composed of native DNA and its antibody.
Na,K-ATPase and the role of α isoforms in behavior

The Na,K-ATPase is composed of multiple isoforms and the isoform distribution varies with the tissue and during development. The α1 isoform for example, is the major isoform in the kidney and many other tissues, while the α2 isoform is the predominate one in skeletal muscle. All three isoforms are found in the brain although in adult rodent brain, the α3 isoform is located essentially in neurons while the α2 isoform is found in astrocytes and some limited neuronal populations. Interestingly the α4 isoform is found exclusively in the mid region of the sperm tail. The distribution of the isoforms of the Na,K-ATPase has been extensively studied in many tissues and during development. The examples cited above provide some indication to the diversity of Na,K-ATPase isoform expression. In order to understand the significance of this distribution, we have developed animals which lack the α1, α2, and α3 isoforms. It is anticipated that these studies will provide insight into the role that these isoforms play in driving various biological processes in specific tissues. Here we describe some of our studies which deal with the behavioral aspects of the α1, α2, and α3 deficient mice, particularly those that are haploinsufficient in one isoform i.e. lacking one functional gene for the α1, α2, or α3 isoforms. Such studies are important as two human diseases are associated with deficiency in the α2 and α3 isoforms. These are Familial Hemiplegic Migraine type 2 and Rapid-Onset Dystonia Parkinsonism, these diseases result from α2 and α3 isoform haploinsufficiency, respectively. We find that the haploinsufficiency of both α2 and α3 isoforms result in behavioral defects.
Can parents’ involvement in children’s education offset the effects of early insensitivity on academic functioning?

Data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1,312) were analyzed to examine whether the adverse effects of early insensitive parenting on children’s academic functioning can be offset by parents’ later involvement in children’s education. Observations of mothers’ early insensitivity (i.e., 6–54 months) interacted with teachers’ reports of parents’ later involvement (i.e., 1st–5th grade) in predicting children’s academic functioning as reflected in observed classroom engagement and performance on standardized achievement tests at the end of elementary school (i.e., 5th grade): Although mothers’ insensitivity foreshadowed dampened academic functioning among children when parents’ involvement was relatively low, it did not do so when parents’ involvement was average or higher.
Interpreting inefficiency ratings: An application of bank branch operating efficiencies

Data Envelopment Analysis is an analytical tool for evaluating the relative technical efficiency of a set of organizations with the same multiple inputs and outputs. This paper examines the correct interpretation of inefficiency scores in the Additive model of Data Envelopment Analysis. A contrived numerical example is offered to demonstrate that certain computational statements appearing in recent literature are not entirely correct. As rectification, a region of stability is defined that identifies sufficient conditions for altering a technical inefficiency classification to that of technical efficiency. Finally, this region of stability technique is applied to bank branch operating efficiencies to demonstrate managerial interpretations and policy implications.
Automated extraction of coastline from satellite imagery by integrating Canny edge detection and locally adaptive thresholding methods

This paper presents a comprehensive approach to effectively and accurately extract coastlines from satellite imagery. It consists of a sequence of image processing algorithms, in which the key component is image segmentation based on a locally adaptive thresholding technique. Several technical innovations have been made to improve the accuracy and efficiency for determining the land/water boundaries. The use of the Levenberg-Marquardt method and the Canny edge detector speeds up the convergence of iterative Gaussian curve fitting process and improves the accuracy of the bimodal Gaussian parameters. The result is increased reliability of local thresholds for image segmentation. A series of further image processing steps are applied to the segmented images. Particularly, grouping and labelling contiguous image regions into individual image objects enables us to utilize heuristic human knowledge about the size and continuity of the land and ocean masses to discriminate the true coastline from other object bo...
Further Validation of the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey: Its Use in the Elementary Science Methods Course.

This study was undertaken to validate the practicality of using the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (Perceived Form) (CLES) in a preservice elementary science methods course. The methods course was based upon constructivist epistemology and fostered various constructivist teaching and learning strategies. The CLES was used to measure students' perceptions at the end of the methods course (n=43). Results revealed a constructivist learning environment did exist in the course (74.28% of model response). Suggestions are made to potentially revise the CLES for more accurate measures in college classrooms. Major teaching strategies, tasks, and projects of the course are included with sample items from the CLES.
Cascading activation from lexical processing to letter-level processing in written word production

Descriptions of language production have identified processes involved in producing language and the presence and type of interaction among those processes. In the case of spoken language production, consensus has emerged that there is interaction among lexical selection processes and phoneme-level processing. This issue has received less attention in written language production. In this paper, we present a novel analysis of the writing-to-dictation performance of an individual with acquired dysgraphia revealing cascading activation from lexical processing to letter-level processing. The individual produced frequent lexical–semantic errors (e.g., chipmunk → SQUIRREL) as well as letter errors (e.g., inhibit → INBHITI) and had a profile consistent with impairment affecting both lexical processing and letter-level processing. The presence of cascading activation is suggested by lower letter accuracy on words that are more weakly activated during lexical selection than on those that are more strongly activate...
The problem of ‘popular political culture’ in seventeenth-century London☆

(1989). The problem of ‘popular political culture’ in seventeenth-century London. History of European Ideas: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 43-58.
Effects of Sulfur and Phosphorous Dopants on Aqueous Corrosion of Sensitized AISI 304 Stainless Steel

Abstract The modified Strauss test was performed on seven experimental sulfur- and phosphorus-doped and sensitized AISI 304 stainless steels (SSs) and one ultra-low sulfur heat recast in a vacuum induction furnace. The corrosion rate, measured as a function of sensitization time, varied linearly with sensitization time. The slope was a maximum in the temperature range of 610 to 650 C, depending on the dopant level. A planar diffusion model of carbide growth during sensitization and chromium-depleted region dissolution during the Strauss test is used to explain the weight loss measurements. The model is also used to extract an activation energy for chromium diffusion (49.7 kcal/mol). Phosphorus enhances the corrosion rate to a greater degree than sulfur.
Binding of ions and hydrophobie probes to α-lactalbumin and k-casein as determined by analytical affinity chromatography

Abstract The technique of analytical affinity chromatography was extended to characterize binding of ions and hydrophobic probes to proteins. Using the immobilized protein mode of chromatography, α-lactalbumin and K -casein were covalently attached to 200-nm-pore-diameter controlled-pore glass beads and accommodated for high-performance liquid chromatography. The existence of a high affinity binding site ( K diss = 0.16 μ M) (site I) for calcium ion in α-lactalbumin was confirmed by chromatography of [ 45 Ca 2+ ]. In addition, chromatography of the hydrophobic probes, 1-(phenylamino)-8-naphthalene-sulfonate (ANS) 2 and 4,4′-bis[1-(phenylamino)-8-naphthalenesulfonate (bis-ANS) indicated that Ca 2+ bound to a second site (presumably the zinc site or site II) with weaker affinity. Dissociation constants obtained for apo-α-lactalbumin were about 80 β m for ANS and 4.7 μ m for bis-ANS in the absence of sodium ion. Addition of Ca 2+ initially caused a reduction in surface hydrophobicity (lowered affinity for the probe dyes) followed by an increase at higher Ca 2+ concentrations (>0.5 m m ), suggesting that occupancy of site II restores an apo-like conformation to the protein. Moreover, the effect of Zn 2+ was similar to that observed in the higher Ca 2+ concentration range, whereas Na + apparently bound to site I. A calcium binding site of moderate affinity also exists in K -casein ( K diss = 15.6 μ M). A cluster of negative charges, probably including the orthophosphate group, most likely comprise this binding site. By preventing self-association, analytical affinity chromatography permits microscale characterization of ligand equilibria in proteins that are unaffected by protein-protein interactions.
A mathematical model of antigenic drift

Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Type A, is characterized by its ability to produce small but continuous changes in its antigenic structure, especially in the presence of poor quality vaccines. Using the exponential relationship between the volume of virus neutralized (y) and the amount of serum used (x), or y = bxa, a conceptual model was constructed with the assumption that v′ = m·P·v with v the virus population of a single antigenic type, P the proportion of the daughter population of that single type and m the multiplication of viruses at each generation. The model demonstrates both virus population stability with an “effective” vaccine as well as saltation with the sudden appearance of new antigenic strains in the presence of “poor” vaccines.
Usefulness of d, I sotalol for suppression of chronic ventricular arrhythmias

Abstract Sotalol is a unique β-blocking drug, possessing significant class III antiarrhythmic activity. The efficacy and safety of 2 doses of sotalol (320 and 640 mg/day, divided in 2 doses) were compared to placebo in a 6-week randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of 114 patients with chronic ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) at frequencies of ≥30/hour. Sotalol significantly reduced VPCs in patients receiving both low (n = 38) and high (n = 39) doses, compared with patients (n = 37) receiving placebo (by 75 and 88%, respectively, vs 10%; p
Modal evaluation of fluid volume in spacecraft propellant tanks

A novel, real-time method of determining the volume of propellant present in a spacecraft tank in reduced gravity is presented. In the experiment reported here, modal analysis techniques are applied to detect shifts in resonant mode frequencies of a fluid-loaded tank as fluid is drained from the tank. These experiments are conducted in the weightless environment of parabolic flights through participation in the NASA Systems Engineering Exploration Discovery (SEED) program. Ground testing of the experimental methods is compared with the flight data, and the resolution of the analysis is estimated to be better than 10% of actual fill-fraction. Comparison with existing direct and indirect techniques for assessing propellant volume in reduced gravity suggests that the modal analysis method may prove to be more cost effective and afford better resolution than existing methods.
Storm flooding sensitivity to sea level rise for Galveston Bay, Texas

Abstract The combination of sea level rise and population growth in coastal regions makes it essential to continue improving flood management strategies. Flooding estimates must take into account both local vertical land motion and estimated rates of sea level rise linked to global climate change. Several extreme value distributions are compared using multiple statistical measures for the modeling of maximum annual storm surges based on the 105-year record of Galveston Pier 21, Texas. Increases in inundation frequencies are computed based on two possible sea level rise scenarios, a conservative linear continuation of the past century trend, and a scenario based on the upper limit of the sea level range in the IPCC AR4 report, i.e. the A1FI scenario. The research shows that by the year 2100 exceedance probabilities may double for the impact of the largest storms such as Hurricane Ike, but may increase by 6–7 times for the smaller surges associated locally with the impact of storms such as Hurricanes Cindy, Alicia, and Rita. While individually not as devastating or costly as large hurricanes, the cumulative and regular cost of smaller surge events could well be a bigger threat to coastal communities as sea level rises.
Mutational analysis of patients with p47-phox–deficient chronic granulomatous disease: The significance of recombination events between the p47-phox gene (NCF1) and its highly homologous pseudogenes

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to determine the molecular basis of p47-phox–deficient chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), the most common autosomal recessive form of the disease. CGD is an inherited condition characterized by defective oxygen radical production due to defects in the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Mutational analysis of p47-phox–deficient CGD patients previously demonstrated that the majority of patients have a GT dinucleotide (ΔGT) deletion at the start of exon 2, a signature sequence also observed in the highly homologous pseudogenes of NCF1. Materials and Methods We performed genetic analysis of NCF1 and its pseudogenes using genomic DNA in 29 p47-phox–deficient CGD patients from 22 separate families. First-strand cDNA analysis was performed in 17 of the 29 patients. Results We confirmed the significance of the ΔGT mutation; in 27 of 29 patients, only the ΔGT sequence was detectable. All but one of the 27 had at least one additional signature sequence, specific to the pseudogene, in either intron 1 and/or intron 2. We extended our analysis to look at signature sequence differences in exons 6 and 9 and detected both the wild-type and pseudogene sequences in all patients tested. Conclusions Although detection of only ΔGT sequence accounts for over 85% of affected patients, the molecular basis is most likely due to partial cross-over events between the wild-type and pseudogene(s) of p47-phox at different recombination sites. Our results suggest that complete gene conversion or deletion of the p47-phox gene ( NCF1 ) occurs rarely, if it all.
Outcomes of Oregon's law mandating physician reporting of impaired drivers.

Oregon enacted a law in 2002 that requires some health care practitioners to report cognitively impaired drivers to the Department of Motor Vehicles. We examined reports submitted between 2003 and 2006 on 1664 potential impaired drivers. Of reported drivers, 48% were older than 80 years of age. Reports of cognitive impairment were 7 times more common than functional impairments. The most common cognitive impairments were judgment and problem solving (65%), memory (53%), and reaction time (52%). Only 10% of suspended drivers regained their driving privileges. Drivers older than 80 years of age were 6 times less likely to regain privileges compared to drivers 59 years or younger. In summary, Oregon’s law resulted in loss of driving privileges in a small number of licensed drivers. Over half were aged 80 years or older, with chronic or progressive cognitive impairments. Further study is needed to determine whether this law reduces crashes and crash-related fatalities.
In vitro secretion and hydroxylation of α-ecdysone as a function of the crustacean molt cycle

Abstract With the use of an ecdysteroid-specific antiserum, the alterations in the hemolymph titer of molting hormones have been determined during the course of the molt cycle in the crab, Pachygrapsus crassipes. In addition, the in vitro secretory rate of the Y-organ has been determined as a function of the molt cycle. The rate of Y-organ secretion describes a pattern qualitatively similar to that of the hemolymph titer. The ability to hydroxylate the Y-organ secretory product (α-ecdysone) to the predominant circulating form of the molting hormone (β-ecdysone) is concentrated in the mitochondria-enriched fraction of the testes of the crabs, Pachygrapsus crassipes and Cancer antennarius. This hydroxylase activity increases during an induced premolt.
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE QUASIPARTICLE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN NON-EQUILIBRIUM SUPERCONDUCTORS

Results are presented on a technique to determine the distribution function f(E) in the non-equilibrium state of a superconductor. This technique is used to show a more highly peaked f(E) near the gap for tunnel injection at low voltages.
Flow cytometry with upconverting phosphor reporters

We report the first demonstration of flow cytometry using upconverting phosphor microsphere reporters. These unique materials are excited by near infrared light from a diode laser and emit visible light in narrow emission bands in the 500 to 700 nm spectral region. Advantages of upconverting phosphors over conventional fluorescent reporters include greater multiplexing, no autofluorescence background, no photobleaching, and excitation by a compact laser source. We modified and optimized a commercial flow cytometer for upconversion detection, and we evaluated system performance in a sandwich assay format, using magnetic bead capture surfaces for small antigen detection. Preliminary results using mouse IgG targets show sensitivities at the ng/mL level using a 25 (mu) L sample volume and a total analysis time of several minutes. Efforts to improve the sensitivity to a variety of small antigen targets and to demonstrate multiplexing with different phosphor compositions will be discussed along with efforts to develop a compact upconverting flow cytometer for field applications.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interannual Variability of Upper-Troposphere Water Vapor Band Brightness Temperature

Abstract A method for the intercalibration of the high-resolution infrared sounder (HIRS) upper-tropospheric water vapor band brightness temperature data is developed and applied to data from 1981 to 1993. Analysis of the adjusted anomaly time series show the location and strength of both the large-scale ascending and descending circulations in the Tropics as well as water vapor anomalies. Comparison of these HIRS data with outgoing longwave radiation and sea surface temperature anomalies reveals that both convection and increased upper-tropospheric moisture occur over anomalously warm water in the deep Tropics. The development and movement of deep convection and increased upper-tropospheric moisture can clearly he traced during the El Nino/Southern Oscillation warm events. These HIRS data are particularly useful in monitoring upper-tropospheric water vapor variability between the Tropics and subtropics.
An experimental-theoretical correlation study of non-linear bending and torsion deformations of a cantilever beam☆

An experimental study of the large deformation of a cantilevered beam under a gravity tip load has been made. The beam root is rotated so that the tip load is oriented at various angles with respect to the beam principal axes. Static twist and bending deflections of the tip and bending natural frequencies have been measured as a function of tip load magnitude and orientation. The experimental data are compared with the results of a recently developed non-linear structural theory. Agreement is reasonably good when bending deflections are small compared to the beam span, but systematic differences occur for larger deflections.
Institutionalizing Chinese Legislatures: Trade-Offs between Autonomy and Capacity

Some leaders of Chinese local people's congresses emphasize autonomy in order to promote decentralization and enhance representation. Other legislative insiders favor sacrificing autonomy in order to strengthen capacity and improve oversight. Tight coupling between congresses appeals to local legislators because it offers opportunities to mobilize supporters, obtain resources, and expand jurisdiction, while representatives of higher congresses often oppose closer ties in order to preserve local initiative, safeguard elections, and reduce conflict with Party committees. In a reforming communist state, moreover, single legislatures may not be the right unit of analysis for assessing autonomy. Established boundaries, in the early stages of institutionalization, may apply to the legislative system as a whole rather than to its parts. And softening boundaries between congresses at different levels can harden boundaries against other bureaucracies.
Experimental Confirmation of an Iron-Gallium Multiple Bond: Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of a Ferrogallyne †

Reaction of disodium tetracarbonylferrate, Na2[Fe(CO)4], with [2,6-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)phenyl]gallium dichloride, (Mes*2C6H3)GaCl2 (Mes* = 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl), affords tetracarbonyliron [2,6-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)phenyl]gallyne, (CO)4Fe⋮Ga(C6H3Mes*2), as anaerobically stable yellow prism crystals. The title compound offers evidence in support of an iron−gallium triple bondthe first ferrogallyne.
Coherent diabatic ion transport and separation in a multizone trap array.

We investigate the dynamics of single and multiple ions during transport between and separation into spatially distinct locations in a multizone linear Paul trap. A single $^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+}$ ion in a $\ensuremath{\sim}2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MHz}$ harmonic well was transported $370\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ in $8\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$, corresponding to 16 periods of oscillation, with a gain of 0.1 motional quanta. Similar results were achieved for the transport of two ions. We also separated chains of up to 9 ions from one potential well to two distinct potential wells. With two ions this was accomplished in $55\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$, with excitations of approximately two quanta for each ion. Fast transport and separation can significantly reduce the time overhead in certain architectures for scalable quantum information processing with trapped ions.
New faces of Aegyptopithecus from the Oligocene of Egypt

Abstract Three recently discovered faces of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis from the Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation of Egypt provide new information about the shape and variation of the facial cranium, the earliest preserved for a presumed forerunner of apes and humans. Although varying considerably in details of shape and proportion, the new finds and a skull found in 1966 all appear to be of males, a conclusion based in part on the development of temporal and sagittal crests and on the large size of upper canines or their sockets (female canines are much smaller). The snouts of the three new faces all are shorter and broader than that of the earlier found skull as reconstructed. As in most later species of Anthropoidea, variation between these specimens is high. Aegyptopithecus helps define the nature of the oldest Anthropoidea and generally most resembles later-occurring apes. Many features, both derived and shared primitive, link Aegyptopithecus , the large Miocene great apes of the Proconsul group, and modern great apes. That these shared features and proportions are not direct allometric consequences of body size is indicated by Aegyptopithecus' resemblance to the large apes and its many distinctions from similar-sized Hylobates . In Aegyptopithecus brain volume scales smaller than in later catarrhines relative to facial size, the ectotympanic tube is less developed and the premaxilla is more primitive than in later higher primates. In closure of orbits and conformation of forehead, face and dentition, Aegyptopithecus closely resembles higher primates and not prosimians. Taken together, its overall cranial and dental anatomy constitutes one of the most important connecting links in primate evolutionary history.
Gas-induced swelling in coal

Abstract Dilatometric studies were carried out on three coal samples in various gaseous environments. The carbon contents of the three samples were 65.8%, 78.3% and 83.8% d.a.f., respectively. The sample with the lowest carbon content has shown the maximum length increase (0.5%) on exposure to a CO 2 atmosphere. This corresponds to a volume increase of 1.31%. Volume increases of the order of 9% are necessary to account for the surface areas usually found by CO 2 adsorption on coal (200–250 m 2 g −1 ). However, the dilatomeric studies have generally not reached equilibrium even after 280 h of exposure to CO 2 . The 1.31% volume increase value is thus probably a lower limit, a higher value should be obtained at equilibrium.
Human Retrosplenial Cortex Displays Transient Theta Phase Locking with Medial Temporal Cortex Prior to Activation during Autobiographical Memory Retrieval

The involvement of retrosplenial cortex (RSC) in human autobiographical memory retrieval has been confirmed by functional brain imaging studies, and is supported by anatomical evidence of strong connectivity between the RSC and memory structures within the medial temporal lobe (MTL). However, electrophysiological investigations of the RSC and its interaction with the MTL have mostly remained limited to the rodent brain. Recently, we reported a selective increase of high-frequency broadband (HFB; 70–180 Hz) power within the human RSC during autobiographical retrieval, and a predominance of 3–5 Hz theta band oscillations within the RSC during the resting state. In the current study, we aimed to explore the temporal dynamics of theta band interaction between human RSC and MTL during autobiographical retrieval. Toward this aim, we obtained simultaneous recordings from the RSC and MTL in human subjects undergoing invasive electrophysiological monitoring, and quantified the strength of RSC–MTL theta band phase locking. We observed significant phase locking in the 3–4 Hz theta range between the RSC and the MTL during autobiographical retrieval. This theta band phase coupling was transient and peaked at a consistent latency before the peak of RSC HFB power across subjects. Control analyses confirmed that theta phase coupling between the RSC and MTL was not seen for other conditions studied, other sites of recording, or other frequency ranges of interest (1–20 Hz). Our findings provide the first evidence of theta band interaction between the human RSC and MTL during conditions of autobiographical retrieval.
Dielectric and anelastic relaxation of crystals containing point defects. II

Abstract A theory is developed which describes the linear, reversible, time-dependent response of a crystal containing point defects to stress or electric fields, respectively known as anelastic and dielectric relaxation. Such relaxation occurs because of the redistribution of the defects among sites which are initially equivalent, but which becomes inequivalent in the presence of the external field. The macroscopic behaviour of such a crystal is found to be describable in terms of the symmetry which can be assigned to the defect. This defect symmetry determines whether or not the crystal will undergo dielectric or anelastic relaxation and, if relaxation can occur, which specific coefficients of elastic compliance or electric susceptibility show the relaxation effect. The latter information, called the ‘selection rules’ tells, in effect, which combination of stress or electric field components is capable of redistributing the defects. Tables are given for these selection rules for all possible defect symm...
Genioglossus EMG activity during rhythmic jaw movements in the anesthetized guinea pig.

Abstract The electromyograph (EMG) activity of the left anterior digastric and the genioglossus muscles was studied in ketamine-anesthetized guinea pigs under 3 separate jaw movement paradigms. The first paradigm has been previously named spontaneous rhythmic jaw movements. These jaw movements occur 1–2 h after the onset of ketamine anesthesia. After spontaneous rhythmic jaw movements began, a single dose of apomorphine caused a new, second jaw movement paradigm to occur, apomorphine-induced rhythmic jaw movements. The final paradigm, cortically-evoked rhythmic jaw movements, was elicited by electrical stimulation of the masticatory area of the cerebral cortex. Genioglossus EMG activity was complex and highly variable in spontaneous rhythmic jaw movements; however, apomorphine-induced jaw movements were characterized by simultaneously occurring rhythmic EMG bursts of approximately 230 ms duration in both the digastric and genioglossus muscles. In 4 of 5 animals, genioglossus muscle activity onset preceded digastric muscle activity onset by approximately 20 ms. These results support the hypothesis that apomorphine-induced rhythmic jaw movements are an analog of lapping in the awake animal. In cortically-evoked rhythmic jaw movements, both digastric and genioglossus EMG activity were time-locked to the cortical electrical stimulation, with an onset latency of approximately 11 ms for the digastric EMG activity and of 16 ms for the genioglossus EMG activity. These results support the hypothesis that both trigeminal and hypoglossal motoneuron pools are closely coupled in certain coordinative movement patterns.
Isolation and properties of transcribing ternary complexes of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase positioned at a single template base

Abstract We have studied the conditions needed for the formation of stable ternary complexes by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase using a procedure in which elongation by the majority of active enzyme molecules is halted at a specific template base. Stable complexes of this sort, containing RNA chains as short as 15 nucleotides, have been formed from three different promoter sites (T7 A1, lambda PL, and E. coli rrnB P1) using di- and trinucleotides as primers in reactions limited by the presence of only three of the nucleoside triphosphate substrates. The resulting ternary complexes can be stored for at least five days without loss in activity, and provide useful reagents and substrates for studies of the properties of RNA polymerases engaged in chain elongation and termination. At all three promoter sites abortive initiation, leading to synthesis and release of oligomers up to ten nucleotides, competes with productive initiation, leading to the formation of stable elongating complexes. Thus the relative instability of ternary RNA polymerase complexes bearing transcripts shorter than ten nucleotides may be a general feature of the transcription initiation reaction.
IMPURITY PROFILING OF THE ROPINIROLE EXTENDED RELEASE FORMULATION, IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENTIAL DEGRADANT

A novel gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for quantitative determination of Ropinirole hydrochloride and its six impurities in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatographic separation has been achieved on an Inertsil ODS-3V (250 mm × 4.6 mm) 5 µm with buffered mobile phase consisting of solvent A (mixture of 0.1 molar (M) phosphate (pH 7.1) buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio 90:10 (v/v); respectively) and solvent B (mixture of 0.1 molar (M) phosphate (pH 7.1) buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio 60:40 (v/v); respectively) delivered at flow rate of 1.2 mL min−1 and the detection wavelength of 215 nm. Resolution of Ropinirole hydrochloride and all the six potential impurities has been achieved greater than 2.0 for all closely eluting impurities. This drug product was subjected to the stress conditions and stability studies were one degradant impurity was crossing reporting threshold those degradants were separated by preparative high performance liqui...
Electronic structure of the RBiPt compounds (RY and Yb)

Abstract The electronic structure of the semiconducting YBiPt intermetallic compound is compared with the isostructural, but metallic, YbBiPt compound. The difference in the transport properties is found to be governed by the volume, since the smaller volume in YbBiPt results in broader Yb d and Pt d bands and a closing of the semiconducting gap. The closing of the gap in YbBiPt is partly a relativistic effect, since scalar relativistic calculations do not reproduce the metallic ground state, whereas fully relativistic (Dirac) calculations do. In the semiconducting YBiPt intermetallic compound the valence band is found to be dominated by the Pt d states and the conduction band by the Y d states.
CAPACITY OF RATS LIVER TO INACTIVATE DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE

CERTAIN CRYSTALLINE ESTROGENS AND ANDROGENS (1–7) and t h e endogenous ovarian estrogens and testicular androgens of the rat (8–12) are inactivated by the liver. Such evidence is used to explain the fact that natural estrogens and androgens are relatively ineffective when administered by mouth. Kuizenga, Nelson and Cartland (13) found that 2, of the adrenal steroids, corticoster one and dehydrocorticosterone, as well as certain adrenal cortical extracts were just as effective orally as when given subcutaneously. This indicates that these adrenal substances, unlike the gonadal hormones, are not inactivated by the liver. Desoxycorticosterone acetate, on the contrary, was found to be much less effective orally than parenterally. By transplantation experiments in the rat, Eversole, Edelmann and Gaunt (14) have shown that the endogenous adrenal hormone or hormones necessary For maintenance of life are not inactivated by the liver.
Electrophysiological correlates of frontal cortex-induced retrograde amnesia in rats

Abstract Experiment 1 investigated the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes occurring in rat cortex during afterdischarge activity elicited by electrical stimulation of frontal cortex. The EEG spike frequency of the primary afterdischarge (PAD) increased systematically with current level. Increases in current intensity, however, did not result in changes in the EEG spike frequency for the spontaneous secondary afterdischarge (SAD). Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the amnesic effects of frontal cortex stimulation. These experiments differed only in the motivational intensity of the aversive stimulus designed to produce an inhibitory avoidance response. The findings suggest that the degree to which abnormal brain activity interferes with memory storage processes is partially determined by the motivational intensity of the learning experience. That is, as the motivational intensity increases, the amount of frontal cortex stimulation (and concomitantly the degree of cellular dysfunction) must also increase in order to produce retrograde amnesia (RA).
Disappearance of Hemicellulosic Monosaccharides and Alkali-Soluble Phenolic Compounds of Normal and Brown Midrib Sorghum × Sudangrass Silages Fed to Holstein Steers

Abstract Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers fed ad libitum were used in a 4×4 Latin square design. Feeds were normal and brown midrib genotypes of Redlan×Piper and Redlan×Greenleaf sorghum-sudangrasses. An in situ trial was run in conjuction with the digestibility trial as part of the data collection for each period. Hemicellulosic monosaccharide and alkali-soluble lignin phenolic compound disappearances were quantitated. The xylose to arabinose ratio was higher in normal genotypes than in brown midribs. Normal genotypes had higher concentrations of alkali-soluble p -coumaric acid and lower vanillin, vanillic acid, and sinapic acid than did brown midrib mutants. Disappearance of p -coumaric acid was higher in steers consuming normal genotypes than in those consuming brown midribs. Neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose, and acid detergent lignin showed no genotypic differences in rate of digestion, but extent of 72h digestion was higher for brown midrib mutants than for normal genotypes. Extent of digestion of the hemicellulosic monosaccharides, xylose, and uronic acids was higher in situ for brown midrib silages compared with normal genotypes. Differences in alkali-soluble phenolic compound and cell wall monosaccharide profiles between normal and brown midrib genotypes may help explain digestibility differences between the two genotypes.
The Choquet integral representation in the affine vector-valued case

LetX be any compact convex subset of a locally convex Hausdorff space andE be a complex Banach space. We denote byA(X, E) the space of all continuous and affineE-valued functions defined onX. In this paper we prove thatX is a Choquet simplex if and only if the dual ofA(X, E) is isometrically isomorphic by a selection map toMm(X, E*), the space ofE*-valued,w*-regular boundary measures onX. This extends and strengthens a result of G. M. Ustinov. To do this we show that for any compact convex setX, each element of the dual ofA(X, E) can be represented by a measure inMm(X, E*) with the same norm, and this representation is unique if and only ifX is a Choquet simplex. We also prove that ifX is metrizable andE is separable then there exists a selection map from the unit ball of the dual ofA(X, E) into the unit ball ofMm(X, E*) which is weak* to weak*-Borel measurable.
Use of a percutaneous vascular suture device for closure of an inadvertent subclavian artery puncture.

A well-known complication of central venous catheterization is inadvertent arterial sheath placement. Sheath removal from noncompressible arteries has the potential for severe complications. We report a case of inadvertent subclavian arterial sheath placement during an attempted internal jugular venous catheterization. This was successfully removed using a percutaneous vascular suture device.
Dynamic Memory Pressure Aware Ballooning

Hardware virtualization is a major component of large scale server and data center deployments due to their facilitation of server consolidation and scalability. Virtualization, however, comes at a high cost in terms of system main memory utilization. Current virtual machine (VM) memory management solutions impose a high performance penalty and are oblivious to the operating regime of the system. Therefore, there is a great need for low-impact VM memory management techniques which are aware of and reactive to current system state, to drive down the overheads of virtualization. We observe that the host machine operates under different memory pressure regimes, as the memory demand from guest VMs changes dynamically at runtime. Adapting to this runtime system state is critical to reduce the performance cost of VM memory management. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic memory management policy called Memory Pressure Aware (MPA) ballooning. MPA ballooning dynamically allocates memory resources to each VM based on the current memory pressure regime. Moreover, MPA ballooning proactively reacts and adapts to sudden changes in memory demand from guest VMs. MPA ballooning requires neither additional hardware support, nor incurs extra minor page faults in its memory pressure estimation. We show that MPA ballooning provides an 13.2% geomean speed-up versus the current ballooning techniques across a set of application mixes running in guest VMs; often yielding performance nearly identical to that of a non-memory constrained system.
Segmentation of brain CT images using the concept of region growing.

Abstract A method is described for extracting and isolating cerebrospinal fluid and tissue areas of brain images obtained with computed tomography. The classification of the pixels into components is based on region growing and nearest neighbor principles. To aid the performance of this method, the algorithm utilizes a priori information on the anatomic composition of the brain, and reduces the ‘cupping effect’ in the CT image that is attributed to beam hardening artifacts. In order to avoid subjectivity, the performance of the algorithm was tested by superimposing five computer-simulated circular lesions on different areas of the original CT scans, 8 mm thick. These images were taken at different levels in the brain, thereby accommodating different anatomy as well as the apical artifact of CT scanning. In this exploratory investigation, the false negative error of segmentation for lesions having diameter of 20 pixels was found in the order of 25% at an estimated partial volume (PV) effect of 50% that decrease further to about 5% for a PV of 80%. At that point the false positive error becomes the dominant error in the analysis.
Discovery of a Light Echo from SN 2003gd

Archival HST/ACS data reveal details of a light echo around SN 2003gd in the galaxy M74, only the fifth supernova around which resolved echoes have been reported. An echo is detected 03 from the supernova between position angles of 250° and 360°, with a fainter signal present at a few other position angles. This material lies ~180 pc in front of the supernova, with a thickness of 60-120 pc, and may delineate the disk of M74. This structure has a gas density of 1-2 cm-3, typical of the interstellar medium; however, the dust grains are smaller than those found in our Galaxy, with maximum grain sizes around 0.25 μm. Since only one epoch of data exists, in two wave bands and with a low signal-to-noise ratio, deeper annual visits should be made with HST and ground-based adaptive optics telescopes.
Direct Determination of the Intracellular Oxidation State of Plutonium

Microprobe X-ray absorption near edge structure (μ-XANES) measurements were used to determine directly, for the first time, the oxidation state of intracellular plutonium in individual 0.1-μm2 areas within single rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12). The living cells were incubated in vitro for 3 h in the presence of Pu added to the media in different oxidation states (Pu(III), Pu(IV), and Pu(VI)) and in different chemical forms. Regardless of the initial oxidation state or chemical form of Pu presented to the cells, the XANES spectra of the intracellular Pu deposits were always consistent with tetravalent Pu even though the intracellular milieu is generally reducing.
A semiautomated method and apparatus for micromethoxyl determination

Abstract The apparatus and procedure of Steyermark for determination of alkoxyl groups on a micro scale has been modified and semiautomated so as to yield results of research accuracy in student hands. The major modifications consist of redesign of the equipment to provide greater durability, easier construction and repair and better scrubbing action without increasing the internal gas volume appreciably. Also the time cycle has been automatically controlled and reduced from an hour and a half to one hour.
Searching for Enduring Donor Relationships: Evidence for Factors and Strategies in a Donor/Organization Integration Model for Fund Raising.

Higher education relies upon private philanthropy as a significant source of outside revenue, yet competition for donor resources escalates annually. Competency for building enduring donor relationships may positively influence institutional fund-raising outcomes by addressing this problem. Qualitative dataare presented examining the utility of the Donor/Organization Integration Model for identifying long-term donor linkage. In the context of three public institutions of higher education, relational embeddedness interaction and formal structural interaction were specifically identified as factors. Four distinct strategies were found to illustrate interaction between individual relationships and organizational structure to categorize donor integration levels.
The non-fluorescent broad band of poly-l-glutamic acid

Abstract Experimental evidence is presented showing that the broad band observed in poly- l -glutamic acid, sodium salt, is not fluorescent, but is Raman-like.