cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PHOTOMETRIC TRANSITS FROM THE MACHO PROJECT DATABASE

We have searched the MACHO project photometry database for light curves consistent with the transits of low-luminosity objects. By analyzing the 180,000 brightest stars in 14 0.5 deg2 fields toward the Galactic bulge, we have found a few hundred low-amplitude eclipsing binary systems. We have used the shapes and colors of these objects to separate the transits of objects with relatively small radii from the grazing eclipses of stars with larger radii. We find nine objects with short-period eclipses consistent with either giant extrasolar planets or late-type dwarf stars.
Sequential information seeking: Effects of the number of terminal acts and prior information

An experiment was conducted by a digital computer in which human Ss had the task of sequentially sampling from a binomial universe containing a proportion, p, “top quality” items. The S could stop sampling at any point to make a terminal decision by selecting the one of s mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets of the unit interval which he believed contained p. The four experimental treatments were defined by crossing two partitions of [0-1], one involving 3 terminal acts, the other having 5, and two prior frequency distributions. Analysis of variance of the number of predecision observations taken indicated (a) significant individual differences, (b) significant S by treatment interactions, (c) differences attributable to the decision partitions with more observations being taken in the 5 act case than in the 3 act case, and (d) no effect of prior frequency distributions.
Sexual Risk Taking and Club Drug Use Across Three Age Cohorts of HIV-positive Gay and Bisexual Men in New York City

This study examined club drug use (i.e., cocaine, ecstasy, ketamine, gamma-hydroxybutyrate [GHB], and methamphetamine) and unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in an ethnically and racially diverse sample of 166 New York City-based seropositive, club drug-using, gay and bisexual men, ages 19-61, and considered these behaviors in relation to age category (20s, 30s, and 40 +) and number of years living with HIV. Club drug use was common across all age categories, with differences arising only in the type of club drug used. Multivariate logistic regression modeling indicated older participants (30s and 40 +) were more likely to use cocaine and methamphetamine and less likely to use GHB and ketamine than those in their 20s. We examined UAI with casual partners in relation to age category, the number of years living with HIV, and club drug use. The likelihood of engaging in UAI with seronegative casual partners was greater among those in their 20s than those in their 30s or 40+. Further, participants were equally likely to engage in unprotected receptive anal intercourse and unprotected insertive anal intercourse with each casual partner serostatus type. With regard to number of years living with HIV, those living longer with the disease were more likely to report UAI with casual partners with a seropositive status than with a negative or unknown serostatus. Our findings suggest that UAI and club drug use is common among seropositive gay and bisexual men regardless of age category, but that differential patterns of risk emerge in relation to the number of years one has been living with HIV and age. These findings are of significance as both the aging population of seropositive gay and bisexual men and HIV infection rates continue to grow, and demonstrate a need for differentiated and tailored prevention strategies across the age continuum.
THE UNUSUAL SPECTRA OF 15 NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS AND EXTINCT COMET CANDIDATES

Abstract We present moderate resolution reflectance spectra from 0.55 to 1.0 μm for 15 near-Earth asteroids and extinct cometary nuclei candidates obtained at the Catalina Station 1.54-m telescope near Tucson, Arizona. Though our limited wavelength coverage often makes firm classification difficult, an analysis of our measurements reveals that there is an over-representation of asteroids with unusually deep 0.9- to 1-μm absorption features. Several of our objects have spectra consistent with Q-type asteroids and within the limits of our signal-to-noise ratio, are compatible with a chondritic composition. It is apparent that the near-Earth asteroids as a population have an unusual taxonomic distribution, one that is much closer to that of meteoritic falls than may have been previously assumed.
Risk perceptions and stress during the threat of explosion from a railroad accident

The derailment of a train carrying hazardous material resulted in the evacuation of an entire Midwestern community. Risk perceptions and stress were assessed in evacuees and controls (N = 90) during the acute phase of the disaster while threat of explosion was looming. Consistent with the social amplification of risk theory (Kasperson et al., 1988), risk perceptions for routine transportation technologies did not become amplified in evacuees during the technological disaster; however, some elevation of risk perceptions related to less familiar chemical and nuclear technologies was evident in evacuees as compared to controls. Investigation of the relationship between risk perceptions and stress response showed that high risk perceptions for transportation technologies were associated with elevated emotional and psychological stress, and poorer concentration in evacuees compared to controls. Results suggest that monitoring risk perceptions related to the cause of a technological accident is useful in predicting variance in evacuee response during a disaster.
Thermal epiglottitis in adults: A new complication of illicit drug use

Four cases of acute epiglottitis due to thermal injury were identified in a larger study of 407 cases of epiglottitis in Rhode Island from 1975 through 1992. All occurred in young adults (aged 22-33 yr) and were caused by the inhalation of heated objects when smoking illicit drugs (a tip of a marijuana cigarette in 1 case and metal pieces from crack cocaine pipes in 3 cases). Symptoms, signs, and X-ray and laryngoscopic findings were similar to infectious epiglottitis. All recovered with observation and intravenous antibiotics; none required intubation. Emergency physicians should be aware of this etiology when managing young adults who present with acute epiglottitis.
Effect of centerbody scattering on propeller noise

This paper describes how the effect of acoustic scattering from the hub or centerbody of a propeller will affect the far-field noise levels. A simple correction to Gutin's formula for steady loading noise is given. This is a maximum for the lower harmonics but has a negligible effect on the higher frequency components that are important subjectively. The case of a blade vortex interaction is also considered, and centerbody scattering is shown to have a significant effect on the acoustic far field.
Access to Equipment, Participation, and Quality of Life in Aging Individuals with High Tetraplegia (C1-C4)

Quality of life (QOL) for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) is influenced by issues related to dependence, as well as age and years postinjury. Individuals with complete, high tetraplegia (C1-C4) are greatly dependent on others for all routine activities of daily living. It is hypothesized that better access to equipment, increased independence, and participation will improve QOL. During three study phases, extending up to 24 years postinjury, 58 individuals answered questions about equipment access, participation in leisure/work activities, and QOL. The major influence on participation is age (younger people participate in more activities) not equipment. Access to a modified van was associated in Phases 2 and 3 with better QOL ratings but not with increased participation. Future studies are required to more closely examine the interaction between income, as well as other factors, and the specific ramification(s) that improve QOL for aging individuals with high tetraplegia.
Consumer perceptions of extended warranties

Abstract The vast majority of US consumers purchase extended warranties when buying appliances and home electronics. Retailers promote extended warranties since they have high profit margins. Consumers buy extended warranties because they seek “peace of mind and freedom from financial outlays if their purchase needs repairs”. This study examines consumers’ perceptions of the terms of an extended warranty, specifically the length of the warranty contract using a mall-intercept method to identify 101 consumers who have purchased an appliance or home electronics product in the past 2 years. The study finds that a large majority of consumers misconstrue the retailer's “4-year” extended warranty as providing four additional years of coverage beyond the manufacturer's warranty when, in fact, the “4-year” extended warranty includes the manufacturer's warranty and is, therefore, only providing 3 years of “extended” warranty protection. Marketing implications are discussed.
Subcellular Organization: Change of Phase in Partitioning the Cellular Milieu

Summary Spatial organization and segregation are essential for the function of a complex and crowded cellular machine. New work demonstrates liquid–gel phase separation, both in vitro and in vivo , driven by the valency of constituent proteins.
The inhibition of PMN β-glucuronidase release by Aroclor 1254

Abstract Aroclor 1254 was tested for its in vitro effect on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) β-glucuronidase release in response to opsonized zymosan particles. The inhibitory effect of Aroclor 1254 on PMN β-glucuronidase release was dosage dependent and required proper preincubation of cells with Aroclor 1254. Thirty minutes of preincubation with Aroclor 1254 gave maximum inhibitory effect. At 10 μ m , Aroclor 1254 inhibited β-glucuronidase release by 30%.
Simplifying decision trees: A survey

Induced decision trees are an extensively-researched solution to classification tasks. For many practical tasks, the trees produced by tree-generation algorithms are not comprehensible to users due to their size and complexity. Although many tree induction algorithms have been shown to produce simpler, more comprehensible trees (or data structures derived from trees) with good classification accuracy, tree simplification has usually been of secondary concern relative to accuracy, and no attempt has been made to survey the literature from the perspective of simplification. We present a framework that organizes the approaches to tree simplification and summarize and critique the approaches within this framework. The purpose of this survey is to provide researchers and practitioners with a concise overview of tree-simplification approaches and insight into their relative capabilities. In our final discussion, we briefly describe some empirical findings and discuss the application of tree induction algorithms to case retrieval in case-based reasoning systems.
Pyrolysis of 2‐methylbut‐1‐ene‐3‐yne between 375 and 450°c

The pyrolysis of 2-methylbut-1-ene-3-yne (C5H6) has been studied from 375 to 450°C in a quartz reaction vessel in the absence and presence of O2 or NO. From 375 to 425°C, the rates of disappearance of reactant and of formation of dimers are second order in C5H6. The major product is polymer, with the dimers accounting for about 3% of the C5H6 consumed. In addition, toluene and p-xylene are produced, their production coming, at least in part, from decomposition of the C5H6 dimers (C10H12). Also, trace amounts of CH4, C2H4, C2H6, are formed. The rate coefficients for C5H6 removal and C10H12 formation in the absence of O2 or NO are where the uncertainties are one standard deviation. The reaction mechanism for dimer formation is analogous to that in vinyl acetylene (C4H4) pyrolysis (5), except that in the C4H4 system cyclooctatetraene is seen as an unstable product that isomerizes to styrene, whereas in the C5H6 system, the dimethylcyclooctatetraene apparently is too unstable to be detected. The dimers detected were 2,6-dimethylstyrene (P4), p-isopropenyltoluene (P5), and two other unidentified dimers (P3) with nearly identical gas chromatographic retention times. From the effect of the radical scavengers and by comparison of the C4H4 and C5H6 systems, the following mechanistic characteristics were determined: (1) The direct formation of styrene in the C4H4 system comes from a head-to-head modified Diels-Alder six-member cycloaddition that proceeds through a diradical intermediate. (2) There is no positive evidence for a direct head-to-tail modified Diels-Alder six-member cycloaddition. However, if it does occur, it does not involve diradicals but must be concerted. (3) Cyclooctatetraene is formed in concerted, non-free-radical mechanisms that may proceed both by head-to-head and head-to-tail eight-member cycloadditions. For the C5H6 system, the head-to-head adduct isomerizes to P3, whereas the head-to-tail adduct isomerizes to P3, P4, and/or P5. and/or P5. Kinetic data suggest that P3 is not produced from the cyclooctatetraene intermediate, in which case, head-to-head addition would not occur. It appears that the head-to-head additions are free radical in nature and proceed mainly through a six-membered ring intermediate, while head-to-tail additions are a concerted molecular process and proceed mainly through an eight-membered ring intermediate.
Taking Aunt Kathy to dinner: family dinner as a focal practice.

An ethnographic methodology is used to describe the intersection of leisure practices and the lived experience of community within the context of a communal farm, known as the Farm. This manuscript focuses specifically on a leisure practice known as Family Dinner where members of the extended Farm community gathered for a weekly potluck-style meal. When conviviality is understood as a proxy for leisure, Family Dinner is seen as a type of informal leisure experience whereby participants are acculturated and disciplined into certain cultural practices. Communal meals are examined as leisure practices that showcase the accumulation of cultural capital related to food. The study's findings have implications for future analyses of power dynamics within the context of informal leisure practices.
Environmental Enhancement of Growth Factor-Mediated Oligodendrocyte Precursor Proliferation

The timing of oligodendrogenesis depends on the specific location within the central nervous system, suggesting the local environment influences oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation. Spinal cord and optic nerve oligodendrocyte precursors both proliferate in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Here we show that neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) enhanced PDGF-induced proliferation of optic nerve oligodendrocyte precursors, and these cells were labeled by an anti-trkC antibody. By contrast, NT-3 did not enhance PDGF-induced proliferation of spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursors, and these cells were not labeled by an anti-trkC antibody. Furthermore, PDGF-induced oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation was greater in spinal cord than in optic nerve cultures. The difference in NT-3 response between spinal cord and optic nerve oligodendrocyte precursors appears cell intrinsic, while the enhanced PDGF-induced proliferation of spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursors appears environmentally regulated. The spinal cord PDGF proliferation-enhancing activity may provide a mechanism to allow temporal and spatial regulation of gliogenesis.
A bioassay study of effects of zooplankton, iron and NTA on the phytoplankton productivity of a marl lake

Additions of iron and NTA had minor stimulatory effects on the phytoplankton productivity of samples of water from two calcareous Michigan lakes in autumn and winter contrary to effects at other seasons. Added Daphnia pulex significantly reduced phytoplankton productivity by grazing at this time of year, in all tests at all levels of addition from 4–32 animals/l, greatly in excess of any possible beneficial effects of increased nutrient availability.
A single dilution enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitative detection of antibodies to bovine herpesvirus type 1

Abstract Three serological assays were compared for detection of antibodies to bovine herpesvirus type 1. These were virus neutralization (VN), enhanced complement fixation (CF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA was developed using an infected cell lysate antigen and purified virus and was optimized in relation to antigen and antisera dilutions. The CF assay was enhanced by the addition of bovine complement. These 3 assays were compared for detection of: (1) specific virus antibody titers; (2) sero-conversions; (3) early antibody respnse in experimentally-infected cattle. Both ELISA end-point titers and single dilution values were found to be more sensitive than the CF or VN assays for specific antibody level quantitation. With a single dilution ELISA test procedure a correlation was obtained between ELISA values and VN titers. Using the single dilution ELISA test the assay also detected antibodies in experimentally-infected cattle before either the VN or CF assays, and agreed with the VN test in 35/38 seroconversions found by 4-fold or more VN changes between acute and convalescent paired sera from naturally-infected animals. The single dilution ELISA was a rapid and sensitive test for routine antibody detection in bovine sera.
Biochemical disease-free survival following adjuvant and salvage irradiation after radical prostatectomy.

Abstract Purpose: To present the biochemical cure rates (biochemically no evidence of disease) after external irradiation (RT) in patients with high-risk prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Methods and Materials: Seventy-six patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and subsequent RT were included in this analysis. No patient received hormonal therapy. Adjuvant RT was administered in 35 patients (46%), and 41 patients (54%) underwent salvage RT. After prostatectomy, the Gleason score was Results: The overall 5-year Kaplan-Meier biochemical control rate from the end of RT was 70%. The 5-year biochemical cure rate for adjuvant RT was significantly superior to that after salvage RT (86% vs. 57%). The significant predictors of biochemical failure were seminal vesicle invasion in the adjuvant RT group and the presence of Gleason grade 4 or 5 in the salvage RT group. The clinical local control rate in the prostate bed was 100%. Conclusion: This report demonstrates the efficacy of RT in achieving high biochemical cure rates after radical prostatectomy. Additional clinical studies are required to determine the optimal treatment of patients at high risk of biochemical failure after postprostatectomy RT.
Novelty filter that uses a bacteriorhodopsin film

We propose a new novelty optical filter that uses a bacteriorhodopsin film. This filter is based on the time-dependent nonlinear diffraction efficiency of real-time holograms recorded in the film. As soon as the signal beam carrying a pattern is diffracted by the polarization hologram recorded in the bacteriorhodopsin film, it begins to erase the hologram and suppresses the diffraction of the beam at the position of the stationary part of the pattern. This filter enhances only leading edges of moving patterns. In this system undesired scattered light, which is orthogonally polarized to the diffracted beam, is discriminated by a polarizer.
Integrating children into our emergency care system: achieving the vision.

On June 14, 2006, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released a series of reports on the future of emergency care in the United States. One of these reports, Emergency Care for Children: Growing Pains, identifies issues in the emergency care of children in the United States and proposes recommendations to address coordination, regionalization, and accountability of health care in emergency settings. IOM committees recognized that to attend to the needs of children within emergency and trauma care systems, deficiencies in the broader emergency care system, such as crowding, lack of provider coordination, performance data, and clinical evidence, must be addressed. Often, these issues have an even greater impact on the outcomes of children within those systems. A fully integrated system of emergency care is the committee’s vision for the future of emergency care; to that end, the committee made a series of recommendations common to all reports, which bind the reports together and serve as the framework for building the 21 century emergency care system. Figure 1 lists those recommendations. Other recommendations identify areas that are particularly challenging for emergency and trauma care systems in treating children, including maintaining a state of readiness to care for children, maintaining provider competency in pediatric emergency knowledge and skills, calculating and delivering the appropriate dose of medication for children, planning for children as victims of manmade or natural disasters, and conducting meaningful research (Figure 2). The process to develop these reports took 3 years and included 40 committee members who are experts in emergency medicine, pediatrics, out-of-hospital care, trauma care, nursing, pharmacology, research, injury prevention, informatics and information systems, public health, health care administration, health care delivery, and health care policy. In total, the IOM Committee on the Future of Emergency Care and its 3 subcommittees met 19 times, heard public testimony from 60 speakers, reviewed hundreds of articles, and commissioned 11 research articles. The IOM staff was also involved also in meeting with hundreds of
An aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylating hepatic cytochrome P-450 from the marine fish Stenotomus chrysops.

Abstract Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 from the untreated coastal marine fish scup, Stenotomus chrysops, was solubilized and resolved into five fractions by ion-exchange chromatography. The major fraction, cytochrome P-450E (Mr = 54,300), was further purified to a specific content of 11.7 nmol heme/mg protein and contained a chromophore absorbing at 447 nm in the CO-ligated, reduced difference spectrum. NH2-terminal sequence analysis of cytochrome P-450E by Edman degradation revealed no homology with any known cytochrome P-450 isozyme in the first nine residues. S. chrysops liver NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, purified 225-fold (Mr = 82,600), had a specific activity of 45–60 U/mg with cytochrome c, contained both FAD and FMN, and was isolated as the one-electron reduced semiquinone. Purified cytochrome P-450E metabolized several substrates including 7-ethoxycoumarin, acetanilide, and benzo[a]pyrene when reconstituted with lipid and hepatic NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase from either S. chrysops or rat. The purified, reconstituted monooxygenase system was sensitive to inhibition by 100 μM 7,8-benzoflavone, and analysis of products in reconstitutions with purified rat epoxide hydrolase indicated a preference for oxidation on the benzo-ring of benzo[a]pyrene consistent with the primary features of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in microsomes. Cytochrome P-450E is identical to the major microsomal aromatic hydrocarbon-inducible cytochrome P-450 by the criteria of molecular weight, optical properties, and catalytic profile. It is suggested that substantial quantities of this aromatic hydrocarbon-inducible isozyme exist in the hepatic microsomes of some untreated S. chrysops. The characterization of this aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase extends our understanding of the metabolism patterns observed in hepatic microsomes isolated from untreated fish.
A probabilistic analysis of pipelined global interconnect under process variations

The main thesis of this paper is to perform a reliability based performance analysis for a shared latch inserted global interconnect under uncertainty. We first put forward a novel delay metric named DMA for estimation of interconnect delay probability density function considering process variations. Without considerable loss in accuracy, DMA can achieve high computational efficiency even in a large space of random variables. We then propose a comprehensive probabilistic methodology for sampling transfers, on a shared latch inserted global interconnect, that highly improves the reliability of the interconnect. Improvements up to 125% are observed in the reliability when compared to deterministic sampling approach. It is also shown that dual phase clocking scheme for pipelined global interconnect is able to meet more stringent timing constraints due to its lower latency.
Traditional holidays and suicide.

This work examined the relationship between traditional National holidays and suicide. Using a base of 13,651 cases, only for Christmas was there a statistically significant suppressing effect on suicide. For all four of the holidays examined there were fewer than the expected number of suicides during the weeks before and centered on the holiday. The week following these holidays, however, showed the reverse pattern, indicating a release of the suppressing effect associated with the holiday.
Diaspora, community and communication: Internet use in transnational Haiti

Abstract With its capacity to link many people interactively across great distances, the Internet seems to be the ultimate tool for dispersed ethnic groups wishing to sustain identity in an ‘alien’ land and work in solidarity with those facing challenges at ‘home’. Some theorists speak of the creation of diasporic public spheres arising from creative use of Internet technologies. Nevertheless, scholars working in this area rarely embed their analyses within existing work on the public sphere. In the present study I use insights from public sphere theory to evaluate participants' use of a Haiti Global Village forum. After examining Haiti Global Village, I conclude that such forums offer needed space for civic deliberation and provide a valuable infrastructure for networking. Participants' difficulty in translating these assets into an off-line project, however, highlights the importance of place-based social ties. Consideration of the experience of other Haitian forums reinforces the importance of such ties.
A differential flow model for polycrystalline ice

Abstract A differential model is proposed for the pure flow of polycrystalline ice. The theory is based on the concept of state variables and accounts for two deformation-rate mechanisms: (i) transient flow, associated with generally reversible isotropic and kinematic hardening, and (ii) steady-state flow, associated with irreversible viscous deformation. Dimensional requirements for creep as well as constant deformation-rate stress-strain response are satisfied. Correspondence is established between constant-stress creep and constant strain-rate tests. The uniaxial model contains a total of six parameters and follows experimental data on the creep of fresh-water polycrystalline ice obtained by Jacka (1984), Sinha (1978), and Brill and Camp (reproduced in Sinha, 1979).
Regorafenib: from bench to bedside in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third cause of cancer-related mortality in the USA. Despite the advances in screening, many patients present with incurable metastatic disease. Chemotherapy forms the basis of treatment for patients with advanced disease. Angiogenesis is an important step in developing metastases and, therefore, blocking the VEGF pathway seems promising. The development of bevacizumab as a monoclonal antibody targeting the VEGF pathway improved progression-free survival and overall survival in the metastatic settings, with no improvement in disease-free or overall survival in the adjuvant settings. Small molecules such as tyrosine-kinase inhibitors have been long evaluated in metastatic CRC with disappointing results in improving outcome. Most recently, the CORRECT study has resulted in improved outcome in patients with metastatic CRC who were heavily pretreated when they received regorafenib.
PERCEPTUAL CHANGES IN SOURCE CREDIBILITY: REPEATED TESTS USING TWO CANDIDATES DURING A POLITICAL CAMPAIGN

Summary.-Previous research on source credibility yields five dimensions of credibility which remain stable in repeated tests. This study uses perceptions obtained from a panel of 180 college students to test dimensions of source credibility for two candidates, four times during a political campaign. The results show variation of dimensions and measures of source credibility between the candidates and among the measurement periods during this campaign. Conceptually, source credibility rests on a belief that statements by credible sources can be trusted (O'Keefe, 1990, pp. 39-40, 106). McCroskey and Young (1981) argue that Aristotle is the father of source credibility while other ancient rhetorical scholars voiced comparable views. From the ancients to the present, there seems to be general agreement that the concept is multidimensional rather than unidimensional. This study used McCroskey and Jenson (1975) as a benchmark in discovering, measuring, and analyzing the dimensions of source credibility and replicated their study using a panel of subjects. First, discovering the dimensions of source credibility has produced a body of significant work. For example, the work of Andersen and Clevenger (1963), Bandhuim and Davis (1972), Berlo, Lemert, and Mertz (1969), Bowers and Phillips (1967), Falcione (1974), Markham (19681, McCroskey (1966), and others have made contributions to the understanding of multidimensionality of the credibility of a source. These research efforts seem to confirm the multiple dimensions. The work, however, does not provide clear evidence as to the number of dimensions. Accurate measurement of the credibility of source has been elusive. Pioneering research generally used descriptive words as measures of dimensions. The words were usudy obtained by asking subjects what they liked or disliked about a phenomenon, object, or person. As the assortment of words grew, collections of words emerged as scales. Following this procedure, McCroskey and Jenson (1975) assembled a scale composed of 25 bipolar adjectives used in previous studies. The scale was administered to three samples,
Replication of calpain-10 genetic association with carotid intima-media thickness

Objective Diabetes and atherosclerosis may share common genetic determinants. A prior study in Hispanics found association of haplotypes in the diabetes gene calpain-10 (CAPN10) with carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). This study sought to replicate this association in an independent cohort.
Early family mealtime experiences and eating attitudes in normal weight, underweight and overweight females.

The aim of this study was to examine young women’s recollections of family mealtimes in order to determine whether these memories may serve to differentiate those of normal weight from those who were underweight or overweight. A sample of 340 women selected on the basis of their enrollment in a college course completed the Childhood Family Mealtimes Questionnaire and the short form of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). The women were divided into under, normal and overweight groups on the basis of their body mass index (BMI). Two factors (appearance-weight control and emphasis on mother’s weight) were significantly higher among the overweight than the underweight women, and mealtime communication-based stress was highest among the underweight women. The use of family mealtimes as a window for understanding the development of eating disorders (ED) is discussed.
Axial Pattern Flap Based on the Genicular Branch of the Saphenous Artery in the Dog

Axial pattern flaps based upon the genicular branch of the saphenous artery and medial saphenous vein were developed in eight dogs. On one hind limb of each dog, the experimental flap was raised and immediately transferred to a cutaneous defect created over the lateral aspect of the lower limb distal to the stifle. A control flap was elevated and transferred on the opposite hind limb with the genicular branches of the saphenous artery and vein ligated and divided at the base of the flap. Eighty-nine per cent of the length of the flap survived in those flaps in which the genicular vessels were left intact, whereas only 54% of the flap's length survived in the control flaps. Postoperatively, all dogs were bearing weight on the limbs normally. The genicular axial pattern flap may have special clinical application in cases of cutaneous defects involving the lateral aspect of the tibia.
Delayed administration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium significantly improves outcome after retinal ischemia in rats.

Purpose Delayed treatment after ischemia is often unsatisfactory. We hypothesized that injection of bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) conditioned medium after ischemia could rescue ischemic retina, and in this study we characterized the functional and histological outcomes and mechanisms of this neuroprotection. Methods Retinal ischemia was produced in adult Wistar rats by increasing intraocular pressure for 55 minutes. Conditioned medium (CM) from rat BMSCs or unconditioned medium (uCM) was injected into the vitreous 24 hours after the end of ischemia. Recovery was assessed 7 days after ischemia using electroretinography, at which time we euthanized the animals and then prepared 4-μm-thick paraffin-embedded retinal sections. TUNEL and Western blot were used to identify apoptotic cells and apoptosis-related gene expression 24 hours after injections; that is, 48 hours after ischemia. Protein content in CM versus uCM was studied using tandem mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics methods were used to model protein interactions. Results Intravitreal injection of CM 24 hours after ischemia significantly improved retinal function and attenuated cell loss in the retinal ganglion cell layer. CM attenuated postischemic apoptosis and apoptosis-related gene expression. By spectral counting, 19 proteins that met stringent identification criteria were increased in the CM compared to uCM; the majority were extracellular matrix proteins that mapped into an interactional network together with other proteins involved in cell growth and adhesion. Conclusions By restoring retinal function, attenuating apoptosis, and preventing retinal cell loss after ischemia, CM is a robust means of delayed postischemic intervention. We identified some potential candidate proteins for this effect.
Lead poisoning in roadside populations of deer mice

Deer mice living adjacent to a major Colorado highway (19,800 vehicles/day flow rate) were examined to determine if current levels of lead pollution from automobile exhaust presented a hazard to this species. The level of environmental lead contamination, as measured by lead concentration in surface soil and vegetation, was significantly greater 15 m from highway than in a control site 800 m distant. Bones of roadside mice contained approximately ten times as much lead as did those from the control site. Significant differences were also found between the roadside and control populations in regard to lead accumulation in kidney, liver and brain. Lead poisoning, however, could not be demonstrated in roadside mice. The exposure level required to produce recognisable lead poisoning in captive deer mice was approximately five times greater than that encountered by the wild roadside population.
Mechanisms effecting the state, evolution and transition of the planetary scale monsoon

An attempt is made to identify the basic structure of the planetary scale monsoon and to define and describe the various mechanisms effecting or producing that structure and its variation on a variety of time scales. Both observational and theoretical descriptions are used to define the monsoon system or to point towards problems that require clarification.
A clinical pharmacologist's response to Dr Milton Packer's perspective on the results of the COMET trial.

From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas. Reprint requests: Alexander M.M. Shepherd, Professor of Pharmacology and Medicine, Chief of the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, McDermott Building, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, 5.4 MCD, Mail Code 6205, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900. Grant Support: 2002-2007, NIH #2U01NS0385290481, $36,978,576.00 (co-investigator; 30% time). 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1071-9164/03/0906-0004$30.00/0 doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2003.08.005 b f
Induction of epidermal hyperproliferation by topical n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on guinea pig skin linked to decreased levels of 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-hode).

Reversal of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFA) induced epidermal hyperproliferation was recently suggested to require linoleic acid and an active lipoxygenase product. Because the nature of this lipoxygenase product is unknown, we employed a model of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) induced hyperproliferation in guinea pig skin to test a possible reversal of the hyperproliferation by an oxidative metabolite of linoleic acid. Topical applications of two n-3 PUFA: 0.5% of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and/or of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) for 5 d induced severe epidermal hyperproliferation. Development of the epidermal hyper-proliferation paralleled a marked decrease in the major epi-dermal linoleic acid lipoxygenase product (13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid; 13-HODE). The application of 0.1% of 13-HODE to the n-3 PUFA-induced guinea pig hyperproliferative skin resulted in the restoration of normal epidermal histology and reversal of hyperproliferation as determined by epidermal uptake of 3H-thymidine. These data support the view that 13-HODE may represent the endogenous cutaneous mediator necessary for full restoration of cutaneous symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency. Furthermore, the topical use of n-3 PUFA for the disruption of normal metabolism of skin n-6 EFA (linoleic acid) does serve as a useful tool for further investigations into the regulatory mechanisms of in vivo epidermal proliferation/differentiation.
Cost Sharing In Medicaid And CHIP: How Does It Affect Out-Of-Pocket Spending?

Rapidly rising spending has prompted debate about increasing cost sharing in Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). In this paper we assess the role of cost sharing in Medicaid and the CHIP and its potential financial burden on low-income families with children. We find that many families would face high health spending burdens even with minimal cost sharing for their publicly insured children. Adding even modest cost sharing for such children could greatly increase high financial burdens. Our results also suggest that implementing income-based caps on family spending can help address the burden of high spending for low-income families.
Evidence for mate guarding behavior in the Taylor's checkerspot butterfly

Discerning the intricacies of mating systems in butterflies can be difficult, particularly when multiple mating strategies are employed and are cryptic and not exclusive. We observed the behavior and habitat use of 113 male Taylor’s checkerspot butterflies (Euphydryas editha taylori). We confirmed that two distinct mating strategies were exhibited; patrolling and perching. These strategies varied temporally in relation to the protandrous mating system employed. Among perching males, we recorded high site fidelity and aggressive defense of small (<5 m2) territories. This territoriality was not clearly a function of classic or non-classic resource defense (i.e., host plants or landscape), but rather appeared to constitute guarding of female pupae (virgin females). This discrete behavior is previously undocumented for this species and has rarely been observed in butterflies.
A Neutron Scattering Study of the Structure and Water Partitioning of Selectively Deuterated Copolymer Micelles

We present a scattering study of a selectively deuterated micelle-forming diblock copolymer. The copolymer comprises a partially deuterated polystyrene (d,h-PS) block and an imidazolium-functionalized PS (IL) block. In toluene solutions, the copolymers assemble into elongated micelles where the IL block forms the micelle core. Through dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, we obtain the overall size of the micelles. In our small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) studies, we use contrast matching to characterize the IL core and the PS shell of the micelles independently. The PS block forming the micelle shell exhibits either a starlike or brushlike conformation depending upon the size of the core to which it is tethered. We find the IL block to be in an extended conformation, driving the formation of slightly elongated and relatively stiff micelle cores. The elongated micelle core cross-sectional radius and length depend linearly on the length of the IL block. We find that the micelles can sequester a few water molecules for each IL repeat unit; the addition of water slightly increases the cross section of the elongated micelles.
Real time harmonic closed orbit correction

Abstract We discuss several schemes for improving the stability of the closed orbit, by implementing a feedback system based upon harmonic analysis of both the orbit movements and the correction magnetic fields. The harmonic feedback system corrects the Fourier components of the orbit nearest to the betatron tune. Such a system may provide a significant improvement in orbit stability for all beamlines, using simpler electronics than required for an array of local bump feedback systems. Experiments based upon these schemes are in progress at the NSLS.
A survey of paleozoic microbial fossils in chert

Abstract Non-acritarch, microbial fossils from Paleozoic marine cherts exhibit generally poor preservation with rare exceptional preservation. Microbial microfossils were discovered in 11 out of 17 stromatolitic and non-stromatolitic Paleozoic units containing replacement cherts from the continental United States. Many microfossils likely have a cyanobacterial affinity having both coccoid and filamentous morphotypes. Examined units range in age from Middle Cambrian to Late Permian and were deposited in peritidal, open shelf, and basinal settings; all of which have preserved microbial assemblages. Cherts from the examined units generally formed during early diagenesis and the quality of microbial preservation does not seem to have changed during the Paleozoic, which is a period that experienced significant secular changes in the mode of marine silica formation.
On the plastic wave speeds in rate-independent elastic–plastic materials with anisotropic elasticity

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical study of the speeds of plastic waves in rate-independent elastic–plastic materials with anisotropic elasticity. It is shown that for a given propagation direction the plastic wave speeds are equal to or lower than the corresponding elastic speeds, and a simple expression is provided for the bound on the difference between the elastic and the plastic wave speeds. The bound is given as a function of the plastic modulus and the magnitude of a vector defined by the current stress state and the propagation direction. For elastic–plastic materials with cubic symmetry and with tetragonal symmetry, the upper and lower bounds on the plastic wave speeds are obtained without numerically solving an eigenvalue problem. Numerical examples of materials with cubic symmetry (copper) and with tetragonal symmetry (tin) are presented as a validation of the proposed bounds. The lower bound proposed here on the minimum plastic wave speed may also be used as an efficient alternative to the bifurcation analysis at early stages of plastic deformation for the determination of the loss of ellipticity.
Sex ratio variation as a function of host size in Pseudacteon flies (Diptera: Phoridae), parasitoids of Solenopsis fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract Some Pseudacteon (Diptera: Phoridae) flies are parasitoids of Solenopsis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) ant workers in North and South America. Laboratory studies of sex allocation revealed a pattern of sex ratio variation as a function of host size, with more females arising from larger hosts. Environmental sex determination is a possible mechanism for the observed pattern, and examination of Pseudacteon life history reveals several traits assumed to be important in models predicting conditions under which environmental sex determination is favoured. Sex allocation patterns of Pseudacteon are compared with theoretical predictions and empirical data from better-studied hymenopteran parasitoids that have haplodiploid sex determination. The pattern of sex ratio variation observed has important implications for biocontrol efforts of imported Solenopsis fire ants by the introduction of Pseudacteon parasitoids.
Inflatable penile prosthesis: Effect ofdevice modification on functional longevity

Abstract The Scott inflatable penile prosthesis has undergone a continualevolution since its introduction in 1973. A review of 266 patients at Duke University Medical Center who received primary implantation of AMS inflatable penile prostheses from 1979 to 1988 revealed the modifications in the prosthesis have increased the functional longevity and hence the reliability of this surgical treatment for erectile impotence.
OVEREXPRESSION OF HUR, A NUCLEAR-CYTOPLASMIC SHUTTLING PROTEIN, INCREASES THE IN VIVO STABILITY OF ARE-CONTAINING MRNAS

The messenger RNAs of many proto‐oncogenes, cytokines and lymphokines are targeted for rapid degradation through AU‐rich elements (AREs) located in their 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). HuR, a ubiquitously expressed member of the Elav family of RNA binding proteins, exhibits specific affinities for ARE‐containing RNA sequences in vitro which correlate with their in vivo decay rates, thereby implicating HuR in the ARE‐mediated degradation pathway. We have transiently transfected HuR into mouse L929 cells and observed that overexpression of HuR enhances the stability of β‐globin reporter mRNAs containing either class I or class II AREs. The increase in mRNA stability parallels the level of HuR overexpression, establishing an in vivo role for HuR in mRNA decay. Furthermore, overexpression of HuR deletion mutants lacking RNA recognition motif 3 (RRM 3) does not exert a stabilizing effect, indicating that RRM 3 is important for HuR function. We have also developed polyclonal anti‐HuR antibodies. Immunofluorescent staining of HeLa and L929 cells using affinity‐purified anti‐HuR antibody shows that both endogenous and overexpressed HuR proteins are localized in the nucleus. By forming HeLa–L929 cell heterokaryons, we demonstrate that HuR shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Thus, HuR may initially bind to ARE‐containing mRNAs in the nucleus and provide protection during and after their export to the cytoplasmic compartment.
The Solar System's Earliest Chemistry: Systematics of Refractory Inclusions

Refractory inclusions, or CAIs (calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions) are a unique ingredient in chondritic meteorites. As the name suggests, they are enriched in refractory elements, essentially reflecting a condensation sequence of phases from a cooling gas of solar composition. However, the widespread preservation of diverse isotopic anomalies is not compatible with the inclusions having been in a gaseous form. Rather, the CAIs appear to represent mixtures of condensate and refractory residue materials. The condensates formed from cooling solar gas and fractionation of that gas produced variations in the abundances of refractory elements according to volatility. Solar condensate has isotopically normal Ca and Ti isotopic compositions and has 26Al/27Al of the canonical value for the solar system at 5 × 10−5. Residues of material falling in toward the Sun are probably aluminous oxides such as corundum and hibonite, and preserve diverse Ca and Ti isotopic anomalies. Meteoritic inclusions from the Murchison m...