cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase transformations during cooling in α+β titanium alloys

Abstract A simplified methodology for investigating the effects of cooling rate from elevated temperature on phase transformations observed in α+β titanium alloys is described. It involves adaptation and refinement of a circumferentially insulated and instrumented Jominy end quench bar, time–temperature profiles obtained during cooling at locations along the bar length providing a complete thermal history. The ability of this procedure to examine the phase transformation for α+β titanium alloys has been demonstrated in Ti–6Al–4V where varying cooling rates from 525 to 1.5°C s−1 are shown to result in a series of martensitic, massive and diffusional phase transformations. Cooling rates above 410°C s−1 result in a fully martensitic microstructure, a massive transformation being observed between 410 and 20°C s−1, this transformation being gradually replaced by diffusion controlled Widmanstatten α formation with decreasing cooling rate.
Self-injurious behavior produced in rats by daily caffeine and continuous amphetamine

Self-biting (SB) is an unusual behavioral effect of high doses of certain amphetamine-like drugs in rats. This bizarre behavior has received little attention, perhaps because the high doses of drug required and the dramatic disturbance of the animals' behavioral repertoire have raised the possibility that SB is a high dose phenomenon. However, we have found that continuous administration of very low amounts of amphetamine reliably produces SB in rats, and that this behavioral change can be very selective. We compared SB produced by continuous amphetamine to SB produced by daily caffeine; the latter has been proposed as an animal model for self-injurious behavior (SIB) in the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Subcutaneous silicone pellets containing amphetamine base were implanted for 4.5 days; caffeine was administered daily for 10 days. The amphetamine pellets produced the highest rate of SB (75% vs 40%) with the least toxic effects (no deaths vs three deaths). Neither drug produced stereotypy. The dopamine antagonist haloperidol was only marginally effective in controlling SB produced by daily caffeine but the dopamine antagonist pimozide (which has a longer duration of action) prevented SB by amphetamine pellet rats. Continuous release amphetamine pellets may provide an alternative to the caffeine model of SIB in humans, particularly for the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
The dog-ear rotation flap for the repair of large surgical defects on the head and neck.

Background. The Mohs micrographic surgeon is often faced with the daunting challenge of having to repair very large surgical defects on the head and neck where cosmesis and maintenance of normal function are of paramount importance. Objective. We describe a novel flap, the dog-ear rotation flap, for the repair of such defects. We will demonstrate that this flap offers superior cosmetic and functional results to many other closure options, particularly for extensive defects of the cheek, temple, forehead and scalp. Methods. The dog-ear rotation flap is a combination repair. It is executed by first closing one end of the surgical defect in a primary side-to-side-fashion, to a point at which tension across the wound precludes any further closure. A rotation flap is then developed to close the remaining defect, using tissue from the large dog-ear created at the distal end of the wound. Results. In our experience, the dog-ear rotation flap is able to close substantial head and neck defects with less tension across the wound edges when compared to other closure types, resulting in diminished scarring and little to no distortion of surrounding anatomic structures. It also provides an excellent tissue match, is relatively quick and easy to perform, and has an extremely low incidence of flap necrosis. Conclusions. The dog-ear rotation flap is an excellent choice for the repair of very large surgical defects on the head and neck, particularly the cheek, temple, forehead and scalp, and, in our experience, provides a superior cosmetic and functional result to other closure options.
The spherical hierarchical model

The spherical version of Dyson's hierarchical model is analyzed. A particular case which is designed to simulate the long-range Ising problem is dealt with in detail. A phase transition is found with critical temperature $$\beta _c = \tfrac{1}{2}(2^\alpha - 2)(4 - 2^\alpha )^{ - 1} $$ wherenth neighbor spins interact with a strength ofn−α. Critical exponents are calculated for this particular case and are found to be identical with the critical exponents of the long-range spherical Ising model.
Operational issues in EMS

Forty years after the development of modern emergency medical service (EMS) systems in the 1960s, EMS has developed into a sophisticated system of out-of-hospital emergency care. With the advancement of technology and medical knowledge, more science is available to the modern paramedic than was imaginable in the ‘‘pioneer’’ days of EMS. Such advancements result in a more complex out-of-hospital environment that demands careful system design, strong physician oversight, and sophisticated quality improvement feedback loops that involve the continuing education program of the EMS
Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of human inducible nitric oxide synthase in porcine vein grafts inhibits intimal hyperplasia

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study is to determine whether adenoviral inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene transfer could inhibit intimal hyperplasia (IH) in porcine internal jugular veins interposed into the carotid artery circulation. Methods: Porcine internal jugular veins were transduced passively with 1 × 10 11 particles of an adenoviral vector carrying either the human iNOS (AdiNOS) or β-galactosidase (AdlacZ) cDNA for 30 minutes and then interposed into the carotid artery circulation. Segments of each vein graft were maintained in an ex vivo organ culture to measure nitrite accumulation, a marker of nitric oxide synthesis. The grafts were analyzed immunohistochemically for the presence of neutrophils, macrophages, and leukocytes by staining for myeloperoxidase, ED1, and CD45, respectively, at 3 (n = 4) and 7 (n = 4) days. Morphometric analyses and cellular proliferation (Ki67 staining) were assessed at 3 (n = 4), 7 (n = 4), and 21 days (n = 8). Results: AdlacZ-treated vein grafts demonstrated high levels of β-galactosidase expression at 3 days with a gradual decline thereafter. Nitrite production from AdiNOS-treated vein grafts was approximately fivefold greater than AdlacZ-treated grafts ( P =.00001). AdiNOS or AdlacZ treatment was associated with minimal graft inflammation. Cellular proliferation rates were significantly reduced in AdiNOS-treated grafts as compared with controls at both 3 (41%, P =.000004) and 7 days (32%, P =.0001) after bypass. This early antiproliferative effect was most pronounced at the distal anastomosis (65%, P =.0005). The iNOS gene transfer reduced the intimal/medial area ratio in vein grafts at 7 (36%, P =.009) and 21 days (30%, P =.007) versus controls. This inhibition of IH was again more prominent in the distal segments of the grafts ( P =.01). Conclusion: Adenovirus-mediated iNOS gene transfer to porcine internal jugular vein grafts effectively reduced cellular proliferation and IH. Although iNOS gene transfer reduced IH throughout the entire vein graft, the most pronounced effect was measured at the distal anastomosis. These results suggest potential for iNOS-based genetic modification of vein grafts to prolong graft patency. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:156-65.)
Interpreting Intouchables: Competing Transnationalisms in Contemporary French Cinema

����� ��� T he main publicity poster for Olivier Nakache’s and Eric Toledano’s recent film Intouchables (The Intouchables [2011]) features two men sideby-side, grinning ear-to-ear. The image is oddly difficult to interpret. For French cinema initiates, the contrast should be striking. Seated to the left is Francois Cluzet, long one of the France’s more versatile leading actors; huddled over him on the right is Omar Sy, a French-born comedian of Senegalese and Mauritanian descent who, prior to playing this role, was largely unknown to the French public. Those unfamiliar with the actors will note, at the very least, their different attire; Cluzet’s patterned ascot and Sy’s green hooded sweatshirt signal clear class distinctions to go with their contrasting skin tones. Yet although this type of odd couple is common in French farce (as in Hollywood buddy comedies), the film’s strangely inscrutable title gives pause. Lacking an article in French, intouchables becomes a floating plural adjective and invites speculation. Just who or what is “untouchable” here anyway, and in what sense? Is this perhaps an oblique reference to the lowest rung of the Indian caste system? If so, to what end? In the absence of any other straightforward indicators, the viewer can hardly be blamed for grasping for possible meanings What is clear by now is that this puzzling title is already an historic
Impact of clinical trials on neurosurgical practice: an assessment of case volume.

Objective To evaluate the effect of important trials on the practice of neurosurgery. Methods We hypothesized that evidence from trials addressing the management of intracranial aneurysms (International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial [ISAT]) and nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhages (Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Hemorrhage [STICH]) and vertebral augmentation for osteoporotic vertebral body fractures had a significant impact on the frequency of the corresponding neurosurgical procedures. A Medicare administrative database was queried for corresponding Common Procedural Terminology codes and units billed per calendar year. The effects of ISAT and STICH were evaluated using a generalized linear model. The effect of the vertebral augmentation study was evaluated using a t test. Results After publication of ISAT in 2002, the rate of increase in proportion of cerebral aneurysms that were treated with embolization (Common Procedural Terminology code 61624) per year increased from 3.9% to 5.5% ( P = 0.01). After publication of STICH in 2005, the number of craniotomies performed for intracerebral hematoma decreased from 2341 in 2002 to 1646 in 2011 ( P = 0.03). After 2 publications in 2009, performance of vertebral augmentation decreased from a high of 99,961 in 2009 per year to 77,108 in 2013 ( P = 0.002). Conclusions Randomized clinical trials remain the gold standard in the medical community to demonstrate efficacy, but their true impact relies on rapid and extensive assimilation into everyday medical practice. However, the described methodology establishes a temporal relationship only and does not prove causation. Nonetheless, trends in procedural volume suggest that the results of these select randomized clinical trials had a significant effect on neurosurgical practice affecting Medicare patients within an interval of a few years.
Carbon-carbon thin foil preparation techniques and problems

In spite of the many conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) studies on carbon fibers, mesophase, and other carbonaceous materials, little TEM work on carbon-carbon (C/C) composites has been reported. This unfortunate lack of important knowledge on the detailed microstructure, especially on the various types of interfaces in C/C, has left a gap of knowledge in relating manufacturing parameters to the properties of C/C composites. This paper discusses one reason for the limited TEM work on C/C which involves the difficulties in preparing thin, clean, mechanically intact TEM thin foils, which is particularly important for interface analysis.
Shell and food acquisition behaviors: Evidence for Contextual Decision Hierarchies in hermit crabs

Abstract Shell and food acquisition behaviors of the hermit crab, Pagurus samuelis, were examined in response to cues of shell and food availability. Tactile, visual, and chemical cues were presented in a factorial manner, and time was measured between initial contact and either inhabitation of a shell or initiation of feeding. We considered the time difference between initial contact and subsequent behavior to be a measure of hermit crab ‘decision time’. For shell acquisition experiments, treatments that included tactile cues elicited significantly shorter decision times (8.5–117.1 s), than treatments without tactile cues (294.5–765.2 s). In contrast to the shell acquisition experiment, we found that in food acquisition experiments, treatments that included chemical cues elicited significantly shorter decision times (78.4–450.5 s), than those without chemical cues (570.0–778.1 s). Although primary cues elicited the shortest decision times during foraging and shell-seeking, in the absence of the primary cue, secondary cues could still be used to make appropriate decisions, albeit with significantly longer decision times. Therefore we propose that hermit crabs sort environmental information in ‘Contextual Decision Hierarchies’ in order to make accurate and efficient behavioral choices.
Development of network restructuring models for improved air traffic forecasts

Abstract Current air traffic forecast methods employed by the United States Federal Aviation Administration function under the assumption that the structure of the network of routes operated by airlines will not change; that is, no new routes will be added nor existing ones removed. However, in reality the competitive nature of the airline industry is such that new routes are routinely added between cities possessing significant passenger demand; city-pairs are also removed. Such phenomena generates a gap between the forecasted and actual state of the US Air Transportation System in the long term, providing insufficient situational awareness to major stakeholders and decision-makers in their consideration of major policy and technology changes. To address this gap, we have developed and compared three algorithms that forecast the likelihood of un-connected city-pairs being connected by service in the future, primarily based on the nodal characteristics of airports in the US network. Validation is performed by feeding historical data to each algorithm and then comparing the accuracy and precision of new city-pairs forecasted using knowledge of actual new city-pairs that developed. While an Artificial Neural Network produces superior precision, fitness function and logistic regression algorithms provide good representation of the distribution of new route types as well as greater flexibility for modeling future scenarios. However, these latter two algorithms face difficulty in resolving differences among the large number of ‘spoke’ airports in the network – additional parameters that may be able to differentiate them are currently under review. These insights gained are valuable stepping stones for exploiting knowledge of restructuring in the service route network to improve overall forecasts that drive policy and technology decision-making.
Simultaneous administration of thromboxane A2- and serotonin S2-receptor antagonists markedly enhances thrombolysis and prevents or delays reocclusion after tissue-type plasminogen activator in a canine model of coronary thrombosis

Dynamic changes of the thrombus after its formation due to platelet activation may affect the speed of thrombolysis. In the present study, we wanted to evaluate the role played by thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and serotonin (5HT) in mediating platelet activation during lysis of intracoronary thrombi with human recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). Coronary thrombi were induced in 26 anesthetized, open-chest dogs by inserting a copper coil into the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). LAD blood flow was monitored throughout the experiment by means of a Doppler flow probe placed proximally to the coil. Presence of the thrombus was documented for 30 minutes. The dogs were then assigned to one of four groups as follows: group 1 dogs (n = 8), serving as controls, received a bolus of heparin (200 units/kg) and a bolus of t-PA (80 micrograms/kg) followed by a continuous infusion (8 micrograms/kg/min) for up to 90 minutes or until reperfusion was achieved; group 2 dogs (n = 10) received, immediately before heparin and t-PA, an intravenous bolus of SQ29548 (SQ) (0.4 mg/kg, a selective TXA2-receptor antagonist) and LY53857 (LY) (0.2 mg/kg, a selective serotonin S2-receptor antagonist); group 3 dogs (n = 7) received, before heparin and t-PA, an intravenous bolus of SQ alone (0.4 mg/kg); and group 4 dogs (n = 7) received, before heparin and t-PA, an intravenous bolus of LY alone (0.2 mg/kg). After thrombolysis, all dogs were monitored for 90 minutes or until a persistent reocclusion occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Distributed computation of symmetric functions with binary inputs

This paper considers the following network computation problem: n nodes are placed on a √n×√n grid, each node in the network is connected to every other node within distance r(n) of itself, and is given an arbitrary input bit. Connected nodes communicate with each other over independent binary symmetric channels of a given transition probability e ≥ 0, and an arbitrarily designated node computes a symmetric target function ƒ of the input bits. We characterize up to order the minimum number of transmissions required to compute ƒ with a probability of error less than any given positive constant δ. As a side result, we answer an open question posed by El Gamal in 1987 [1] regarding the number of transmissions required to compute the parity function over ring and tree networks.
Proposed Standards in Emergency Psychiatry

Editor's note: Emergency psychiatry's central role in patient care has gained increasing visibility since the establishment of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry in 1988. Major issues and developments in this important area of psychiatry will be highlighted regularly in a series of columns beginning in this issue. The column editor is James Randolph Hillard, M. D., professor and chairman of the department of psychiatry at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Comments or questions about the column should be addressed to him at the Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Bethesda Avenue (ML 559), Cincinnati, Ohio 45267.
Common femoral artery occlusive disease: Contemporary results following surgical endarterectomy

Objective Proliferation of endovascular techniques with perceived reduction in treatment morbidity repetitively question the precept that surgical endarterectomy is the preferred treatment for occlusive disease of the common femoral artery (CFA). This study details a contemporary experience with common femoral endarterectomy (CFE) with and without concomitantly performed endovascular therapies. Methods Technical, hemodynamic, and clinical success of CFE performed between 2002 and 2005 were determined according to the Society of Vascular Surgery reporting standards. Primary and assisted patencies of the CFA segment, freedom from reintervention in the ipsilateral limb, and survival were assessed using Kaplan-Meier life-table analysis. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with patency and survival. Results CFE was performed on 65 limbs in 58 patients (mean age 71 ± 10; male 77%; diabetes 28%; creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL 19%). Forty-four cases (68%) were performed for claudication, and 21 cases (32%) for critical limb ischemia. Thirty-seven cases (57%) were performed as a hybrid procedure wherein concomitant endovascular interventions were performed. Twenty iliac (TASC II A-30%; B-35%; C-20%; D-15%) and 25 femoropopliteal (TASC II A-24%; B-60%; C-12%; D-4%) lesions were treated. Technical success was achieved in 100% of the cases. Hemodynamic success was achieved in 95% of the cases with mean postoperative increase in ankle-brachial index (ABI) of 0.24 ± 0.24. All but one patient (98.5%) had improvement in symptoms and/or ABI. Average hospital stay was 3.2 days (range 1-12 days). There were 3 (5%) major complications requiring reintervention (early failure secondary to untreated inflow lesion, hematoma, and wound infection), six (9%) minor complications which were treated conservatively (five wound infections, one lymph leak), and no perioperative mortality. With a mean follow-up period of 27 months (range 1-58 months), 1- and 5-year primary patencies were 93% and 91%, respectively. Assisted patency was 100% at both time points. There was no difference in patencies between CFE performed alone or as a hybrid procedure. Multivariate analysis showed congestive heart failure (CHF) as the only predictor of primary failure (odds ratio [OR] 18.5 [2.6-142.9]; P = .004). Freedom from reintervention in the ipsilateral limb was 82% at 1 year and 78% at 5 years, with CHF again as the only predictor of reintervention (OR 5.3 [1.4-19.6]; P =.012). Survival was 89% at 1 year and 70% at 5 years. There were no amputations. Conclusions These data suggest CFE should remain the standard of care for occlusive disease of the CFA. Its safety and efficacy establish a standard for comparison with emerging endovascular therapies.
Abnormalities of the genital tract following stilbestrol exposure in utero.

Seven years ago Herbst et al. [23] described eight cases of young women with clear-cell carcinoma of the vagina who had been exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. A Registry of Clear-Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Genital Tract in Young Females was subsequently established to centralize all available data on patients born after 1940, whether or not a history of DES exposure could be obtained, thereby facilitating rapid dissemination of information on the biologic behavior of the tumor and on appropriate therapeutic modalities. Presently, the Registry serves as a repository for clinical and pathologic data on over 300 women with this neoplasm. Reports from the Registry [20, 21] and additional publications from other sources [1, 7, 14, 24, 26, 32, 33, 39, 43, 48] have not only substantiated the association of vaginal and cervical clear-cell adenocarcinoma with intrauterine DES exposure, but have also shed light on a group of benign developmental anomalies resulting in a marked alteration of the lower genital tract. These include cervical or vaginal ridges and ectopic benign glandular epithelium in the vagina (adenosis) and cervix (ectropion) [19, 37, 40, 45]. These findings have widespread implications since it has been estimated that between 10,000 and 16,000 liveborn females per year between 1960 and 1970 were exposed to DES in utero in the United States [18], DES was used as treatment for threatened and repeated abortions from 1945 into the early 1970s, not only in the United States but throughout other countries in Europe, South America, Africa, and Australia.
Drying and cracking of soft latex coatings

The minimum film formation temperature (MFFT) is the minimum drying temperature needed for a latex coating to coalesce into an optically clear, dense crack-free film. To better understand the interplay of forces near this critical temperature, cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryoSEM) was used to track the latex particle deformation and water migration in coatings dried at temperatures just above and below the MFFT. Although the latex particles completely coalesced at both temperatures by the end of the drying process, it was discovered that particle deformation during the early drying stages was drastically different. Below the MFFT, cracks initiated just as menisci began to recede into the packing of consolidated particles, whereas above the MFFT, partial particle deformation occurred before menisci entered the coating and cracks were not observed. The spacing between cracks measured in coatings dried at varying temperatures decreased with decreasing drying temperature near the MFFT, whereas it was independent of temperature below a critical temperature. Finally, the addition of small amounts of silica aggregates was found to lessen the cracking of latex coatings near the MFFT without adversely affecting their optical clarity.
Scavenging, cycling and removal fluxes of 210Po and 210Pb at the Bermuda time-series study site

Abstract Quantifying relative affinities of Po and Pb in different populations of marine particulate matter is of great importance in utilizing 210 Po as a tracer for carbon cycling. We collected and analyzed water samples for the concentrations of dissolved and total 210 Po and 210 Pb from the upper 600 m of the water column at Bermuda Time-series Study site (September 1999–September 2000) to investigate their seasonality of concentrations and their activity ratio ( 210 Po/ 210 Pb activity ratio, AR). Sinking particles collected in sediment traps at depths of 500 m, 1500 m, and 3200 m from the Oceanic Flux Program (OFP) time-series sediment traps were analyzed over a period of 12 months (May 1999–May 2000). The objective was to compare the deficiencies of 210 Po with respect to 210 Pb in the water column to that measured in the sediment traps and to assess the relative affinities of Po and Pb with different particle pools. Inventories of 210 Po in the upper 500 m water column varied by a factor of 2, indicating seasonal variations of particulate flux dominated the removal of 210 Po. The 210 Po/ 210 Pb ARs in the dissolved phase were generally less than the secular equilibrium value (1.0) in the upper 600 m, while were generally greater than 1.0 in the particulate phase, indicating higher removal rates of 210 Po relative to 210 Pb by particulate matter. The measured fluxes of 210 Po and 210 Pb in the 500 m, 1500 m, and 3200 m traps increased with depth, while the 210 Po/ 210 Pb ARs decreased with depth except from May–August 1999. From the measured fluxes of 210 Po and 210 Pb at these three traps and the concentrations of 210 Po and 210 Pb in the water column, this region appears to be a sink for 210 Pb which is likely brought-in by lateral advection.
The effects of ions on the conjugation of xenobiotics by the aralkyl-coa and arylacetyl-coa N-acyltransferases from bovine liver mitochondria

The aralkyl-CoA:glycine N-acyltransferase and the arylacetyl-CoA:amino acid of N-acyltransferase were purified from bovine liver mitochondria and their response to a variety of ions investigated. The activity of the aralkyl transferase was inhibited by divalent cations and high concentrations of monovalent cations with all substrates investigated. For benzoyl-coenzyme A (CoA), K+ was a competitive inhibitor, competing for binding at the benzoyl-CoA binding site. With salicylyl-CoA, K+ did increase the dissociation constant (KD) for acyl-CoA but it was not a competitive inhibitor and in addition, K+ increased the Michaelis constant for glycine (Kglym) tenfold. The data suggest that the increase in Kglym is due to bound K+ forcing reorientation of salicylyl-CoA at the active site so that it impinges on the glycine binding site. Inorganic anions and cations did not affect the extent of product inhibition by hippuric acid with either acyl-CoA and this was because they affected the binding of acyl-CoA and hippuric acid to the same extent. Ions did, however, greatly reduce the extent of product inhibition by CoA. This is critical because under approximate in vivo conditions (2.5 mM CoA), the salt-free enzyme would be almost completely inhibited by CoA. The arylacetyl transferase was activated by inorganic ions when assayed at saturating substrate concentrations. However, at physiologic concentrations of glycine certain salts were modestly inhibitory. The inhibitory effect of KCl was characterized by a large decrease in the affinity of the enzyme for phenylacetyl-CoA, suggesting that the arylacetyl-CoA region of the active site contained an inhibitory ion binding site. At low (physiologic) concentrations of substrate, the arylacetyl transferase was extensively inhibited by CoA and this inhibition was greatly reduced by ions. The 3′-phosphate group on CoA was found to be important for binding to the salt-free enzyme but in the presence of ions its importance was diminished. In the absence of inorganic ions the affinity of the enzyme for phenylacetyl-CoA and naphthylacetyl-CoA was so high that it could not be measured. In the presence of KCl the KD values for phenylacetyl-CoA and naphthylacetyl-CoA were similar, but the Km for glycine was extremely high for 1-naphthylacetyl-CoA conjugation, which accounts for its slow rate of metabolism. Conjugation with glutamine had a high Michaelis constant for glutamine (KGlum) and a low maximum velocity (Vmax) which accounts for the absence of glutamine conjugation in vivo.
Coronary Insufficiency: Relations Between Hemodynamic, Electrical, and Biochemical Parameters

Perfusion of the left coronary artery of open chest dogs at fixed control and ischemic flow rates demonstrated that ST alterations in the electrocardiogram were always associated with significant hemodynamic and metabolic changes. Decreased pressure time per minute, atrial hypertension, increased myocardial oxygen extraction, and the presence of excess lactate accompanied ischemia. In three dogs, hemodynamic changes, the presence of "excess lactate," or both, preceded significant electrocardiographic changes. Whenever coronary flow was insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands, a series of metabolic shifts occurred. The most significant of these was inadequate aerobic energy production and stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis. This acceleration of anaerobic myocardial metabolism may be present without notably altering the surface electrocardiogram. The absence of ST shifts does not rule out the presence of concomitant and potentially severe myocardial ischemia.
Age differences in treatment response to a collaborative care intervention for anxiety disorders

Background Some data suggest that older adults with anxiety disorders do not respond as well to treatment as do younger adults. Aims We examined age differences in outcomes from the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management (CALM) study, an effectiveness trial comparing usual care to a computer-assisted collaborative care intervention for primary care patients with panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and/or social anxiety disorder. This is the first study to examine the efficacy of a collaborative care intervention in a sample that included both younger and older adults with anxiety disorders. We hypothesised that older adults would show a poorer response to the intervention than younger adults. Method We examined findings for the overall sample, as well as within each diagnostic category ([clinicaltrials.gov][1] identifier: [NCT00347269][2]). Results The CALM intervention was more effective than usual care among younger adults overall and for those with generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder. Among older adults, the intervention was effective overall and for those with social anxiety disorder and PTSD but not for those with panic disorder or generalised anxiety disorder. The effects of the intervention also appeared to erode by the 18-month follow-up, and there were no significant effects on remission among the older adults. Conclusions These results are consistent with the findings of other investigators suggesting that medications and psychotherapy for anxiety disorders may not be as effective for older individuals as they are for younger people. [1]: http://clinicaltrials.gov [2]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00347269&atom=%2Fbjprcpsych%2F203%2F1%2F65.atom
Spinal Dopamine Mechanisms and Primary Sensory Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease

Primary sensory symptoms occur in approximately 40% of patients with Parkinson's disease. Although the pathophysiology of these symptoms is poorly understood, the recent discovery of diencephalospinal dopaminergic neuronal pathways potentially implicates this system in the etiology of these symptoms. The possible contribution of the hypothalamus with its connections to descending midbrain structures and the spinal cord to the etiology of primary sensory symptoms in Parkinson's disease are discussed.
An expert system for scheduling production in a multipurpose specialty chemicals plant

A prolog-based system that attempts to duplicate the human expert's approach to short-term scheduling of multipurpose facilities.
Stacked Generalization Learning to Analyze Teenage Distress

The internet has become a resource for adolescents who are distressed by social and emotional problems. Social network analysis can provide new opportunities for helping people seeking support online, but only if we understand the salient issues that are highly relevant to participants personal circumstances. In this paper, we present a stacked generalization modeling approach to analyze an online community supporting adolescents under duress. While traditional predictive supervised methods rely on robust hand-crafted feature space engineering, mixed initiative semi-supervised topic models are often better at extracting high-level themes that go beyond such feature spaces. We present a strategy that combines the strengths of both these types of models inspired by Prevention Science approaches which deals with the identification and amelioration of risk factors that predict to psychological, psychosocial, and psychiatric disorders within and across populations (in our case teenagers) rather than treat them post-facto. In this study, prevention scientists used a social science thematic analytic approach to code stories according to a fine-grained analysis of salient social, developmental or psychological themes they deemed relevant, and these are then analyzed by a society of models. We show that a stacked generalization of such an ensemble fares better than individual binary predictive models.
An approach to enhance students' competency in software verification techniques

In this paper we present an approach used to enhance students' competency in software verification. Students were asked to apply software verification techniques to a complex formal specification system. The complexity of the system stems from its sophisticated requirements. Selecting such system for this study was intentional for the following two reasons 1) the system is difficult to understand and analyze because of the domain knowledge required to generate formal specifications in temporal logic and 2) the system is large and complex which lends itself to a wide range of applicable verification techniques, and thus highlights the differences in the capabilities of each of the software verification approaches. Students were assessed using multiple criteria including; examination in applying learned techniques, students' attitude toward the technique, perceived efficiency of the techniques in discovering software defects, and the ability of the technique to locate errors in the code beyond simply indicating their presence. The results of this work show that the students applied the learned techniques successfully and their attitudes towards software verification improved.
Mesostructured Forms of γ-Al2O3

γ-Al2O3 is one of the most extensively utilized metal oxides in heterogeneous catalysis. Conventional forms of this oxide typically exhibit a surface area and pore volume less than 250 m2/g and 0.5...
Demographics, disparities, and outcomes in substernal goiters in the United States.

Abstract Background Disparities distinguishing patients with substernal goiters from nonsubsternal goiters have not been thoroughly described. Methods The National Inpatient Sample database was used to compare patients who underwent substernal thyroidectomy years 2000 to 2010 with those who underwent thyroidectomy for nonsubsternal goiter. Results A total of 110,889 patients underwent thyroidectomy for goiter (5,525 substernal and 105,364 nonsubsternal). Substernal thyroidectomy patients were older, more likely to be Black or Hispanic and to have Medicare insurance. They had a higher comorbidity index, were more likely to be admitted emergently and to have postoperative complications such as hemorrhage/hematoma, pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism, and hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism. Furthermore, substernal thyroidectomy patients had 73% increased odds of death during admission than nonsubsternal thyroidectomy patients. Conclusions Substernal goiters present a distinct type of goiter with identifiable patient-level characteristics and an increased risk of postoperative complications and death. Earlier identification and treatment of goiters may allow earlier interventions at a stage when risks are reduced.
Security for RFID Tags

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method for retrieving and accessing data using devices called RFID tags, sometimes called transponders. The basic RFID system includes tags, readers, and associated interfaces, as shown in Fig. 12.1. Tags are attached to objects that we want to identify. Readers query the tags using a radio frequency (RF) signal to obtain an identifier. RFID applications include item management, physical access control, travel documents, finance and banking, sensors, animal tracking, human identification, and product counterfeiting countermeasure.
On the Relative Toxicity of Nicotine and Nornicotine

SummaryWhereas, the mouse and the rabbit as regards acute toxicity are about equally sensitive to nornicotine, they differ markedly in their sensitivity to nicotine as well as in their ability to detoxify the two substances. In view of such species variation it would seem impractical to evaluate the relative toxicity of nicotine and nornicotine for man on the basis of animal data. Since nicotine and nornicotine are quite closely related structurally, these results again emphasize the hazard of transferring to man toxicity data on related compounds obtained on one species of animal.
EFFECTS OF PLASMA INDUCED VELOCITY ON BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW

A dielectric barrier discharge is used to alter the near wall velocity of a two dimensional separated boundary layer flow. The electrodes of the dielectric barrier discharge are oriented at sixty degrees to primary flow direction and skewed fifteen degrees downstream to the primary flow direction. A separation bubble was created on a flat test surface by creating an adverse pressure gradient on the opposite wall, typical of the suction side of a Pak B low-pressure turbine blade. Attachment of the flow to the top wall and creation of a separation bubble on the flat wall was accomplished by applying suction to the contoured surface. The electrodes mid points were at the expected location of separation. The induced separation at a chord Reynolds number of 50,000 is significantly more severe than that of the Pak B profile. The skewed orientation was chosen to see if stable longitudinal vorticity could be induced in the wall layer. The discharge was driven by a 2000 to 7000 hertz source, and plasma power levels of 20, 30, and 40 watts were investigated with PIV boundary layer profiles at simulated chord Reynolds numbers of 50,000, 75,000, and 100,000. Turbulence levels of 3.3% and 5.4% were considered which resulted in both laminar and turbulent approaching boundary layers. Laminar-separated, near-wall-layer velocities were increased by as much as 40% by the discharge for the Reynolds number equal 100k case. Only marginal increases were observed for the turbulent cases. In the comparisons presented the frequency was fixed at 3,000 hertz. With only the center of the plasma excitation located at the separation no significant longitudinal vorticity was observed.
Resistance strain gauge arches for direct measurement of heart contractile force in animals.

SummaryA strain gauge arch has been described which measures heart force changes in fully conscious, chronically operated dogs. Enclosure of the electrical component in a metal casing prevents insulation breakdown in body fluids.
Maintenance of rat head direction cell firing during locomotion in the vertical plane.

Previous studies have identified a subset of neurons in the rat anterodorsal thalamus (ADN) that encode head direction (HD) in absolute space and may be involved in navigation. These HD cells disch...
Unpacking The Content To Find The Pedagogy

This paper explores the issues surrounding the relationship among content, content pedagogical, and pedagogical knowledge uses in the areas of mathematics and reading. In this era of teacher accountability, it is prudent to examine the types of knowledge teachers must possess to reach an increasingly diverse student population.
Cystic lymphangioma of the scrotum: a case report.

Abstract A 17-year-old man was seen for progressive enlargement of a right scrotal mass that had been present since early childhood. Excisional biopsy of an enlarged inguinal lymph node revealed a cystic lymphangioma. The scrotal mass was excised and contained the same pathological process. Lymphangiomas are benign tumors of congenital origin, occurring mostly in children. They are found relatively infrequently in the scrotum. Treatment consists of surgical excison. Unless completely removed, recurrences are common.
Mid-infrared concentration-modulated noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy of a continuous supersonic expansion discharge source

Concentration-modulated noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) is implemented for the first time on a continuous gas-flow pinhole supersonic expansion discharge source for the study of cooled molecular ions. The instrument utilizes a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator easily tunable from 2.5 to 3.9 μm and demonstrates a noise equivalent absorption of ∼1 × 10−9 cm−1. The effectiveness of concentration-modulated NICE-OHMS is tested through the acquisition of transitions in the ν1 fundamental band of HN2+ centered near 3234 cm−1, with a signal-to-noise of ∼40 obtained for the strongest transitions. The technique is used to characterize the cooling abilities of the supersonic expansion discharge source itself, and a Boltzmann analysis determines a rotational temperature of ∼29 K for low rotational states of HN2+. Further improvements are discussed that will enable concentration-modulated NICE-OHMS to reach its full potential for the detection of molecular...
TH-D-BRB-04: Pinnacle Scripting: Improving Efficiency While Maintaining Safety

Scripting capabilities and application programming interfaces (APIs) are becoming commonly available in modern treatment planning systems. These links to the treatment planning system (TPS) allow users to read data from the TPS, and in some cases use TPS functionality and write data back to the TPS. Such tools are powerful extensions, allowing automation of routine clinical tasks and supporting research, particularly research involving repetitive tasks on large patient populations. The data and functionality exposed by scripting/API capabilities is vendor dependent, as are the languages used by script/API engines, such as the Microsoft .NET framework or Python. Scripts deployed in a clinical environment must be commissioned and validated like any other software tool. This session will provide an overview of scripting applications and a discussion of best practices, followed by a practical introduction to the scripting capabilities of three commercial treatment planning systems. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the scripting capabilities available in several treatment planning systems 2. Learn how to get started using scripting capabilities 3. Understand the best practices for safe script deployment in a clinical environment R. Popple, Varian Medical Systems has provided research support unrelated to the topic of this session.R. Cardan, Varian Medical Systems for grant research, product evaluation, and teaching honorarium.
Managing Fish Predators and Competitors: Deciding When Intervention is Effective and Appropriate

Abstract Fisheries management agencies increasingly are being asked to weigh tradeoffs between game, non-game, native, and nonnative species management. Oregon recently has been considering a variety of interspecific intervention activities aimed at protecting and rebuilding depleted native fishes or improving native game fish production by managing potential predators and competitors. Activities range from reduced harvest restrictions on fish predators and competitors to more aggressive removal programs. Chemical treatment and predator hazing also have been considered for potential benefits to more desirable fish populations. This paper describes a systematic decision-making process to determine for any given case if: (1) predation or competition is likely to be important, (2) potential predators or competitors can be affected by changes in harvest or other management actions, and (3) biological benefits outweigh costs and social/political considerations. This process is applied to several of Oregon's pr...
The Analysis of Plasma Progestins by Gas Chromatography

The use of GLC as an analytical technique for the identification and quantitation of progestational steroidal hormones has liminations, but nonetheless, is a most useful analytical procedure. Some progestins, such as 17α-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione become rather intimately associated with the column constituents and consequently are poor candidates for GLC analysis. However, even though the progestins in question can be adequately characterized and quantified by GLC, other considerations, such as sample preparation and the variability of measurement, as a result of sample preparation, must be made. Considerable evidence exists to indicate the necessity for preliminary chromatographic separation of progestins from contaminating substances found in whole blood or serum samples, prior to GLC analysis. Realizing the importance of these considerations, we have developed a method that has allowed us to analyze the progestin content of ovarian venous blood and systemic blood of the laboratory rat.
Using Gas Phase Reactions of Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine (HMTD) to Improve Detection in Mass Spectrometry

Our efforts to lower the detection limits of hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) have uncovered previously unreported gas-phase reactions of primary and secondary amines with one of the six methylene carbons. The reaction occurs primarily in the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source and is similar to the behavior of alcohols with HMTD [1]. However, unlike alcohols, the amine reaction conserves the hydrogen peroxide on the intact product. Furthermore, with or without amines, HMTD is oxidized to tetramethylene diperoxide diamine dialdehyde (TMDDD) in a temperature-dependent fashion in the APCI source. Synthesized TMDDD forms very strong adducts (not products) to ammonium and amine ions in the electrospray ionization (ESI) source. Attempts to improve HMTD detection by generating TMDDD in the APCI source with post-column addition of amines were not successful. Signal intensity of the solvent related HMTD product in methanol, [HMTD+MeOH2–H2O2]+ (m/z 207.0975), was understandably related to the amount of methanol in the HMTD environment as it elutes into the source. With conditions optimized for this product, the detection of 100 pg on column was accomplished with a robust analysis of 300 pg (1.44 pmol) routinely performed on the Orbitrap mass spectrometers.
Transanal sphincter colocutaneous reconstruction: report of a case.

An unusual instance of a patient with a sigmoidal colostomy of 27 years’ duration is presented. Although the anus was completely healed and closed, sphincteric musculature was present and active. The levator ani muscles were present. Apull-through procedure was performed, in which the descending colon was delivered through the perineum and a satisfactorily functioning “anus” was reconstructed. During the period of 31/2 years, since the operation, the patient has enjoyed normal bowel function.