cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biomass distribution and productivity of Pinus edulis-Juniperus monosperma woodlands of north-central Arizona

Abstract Above-ground biomass distribution, leaf area, above-ground net primary productivity and foliage characteristics were determined for 90- and 350-year-oldPinus edulis-Juniperus monosperma ecosystems on the Colorado Plateau of northern Arizona. These ecosystems have low biomass, leaf area and primary productivity compared with forests in wetter environments. Biomass of the 350-year-old pinyon-juniper stand examined in this study was 54.1 mg ha−1; that of the 90-year-old stand was 23.7 mg ha−1. Above-ground net primary production averaged 2.12 mg ha−1 year−1 for the young and 2.88 mg ha−1 year−1 for the mature stand; tree production was about 80% of these values for both stands. Projected ecosystem leaf area (LAI) of the stands was 1.72 m2 m−2 and 1.85 m2 m−2, respectively. Production efficiency (dry matter production per unit leaf area) was 0.129 kg m−2 year−1 for the young, and 0.160 kg m−2 year−1 for the mature stand. Production efficiency of the study sites was below the 0.188 kg m−2 year−1 reported for xeric, pure juniper stands in the northern Great Basin. Biomass of pinyon-juniper ecosystems of northern Arizona is generally below the 60–121 mg ha−1 reported for pinyon-juniper stands of the western Great Basin in Nevada. A climatic gradient with summer precipitation decreasing between southeast Arizona and northwest Nevada occurs in the pinyon-juniper region. Great Basin pinyon-juniper ecosystems lie at the dry-summer end of this gradient while pinyon-juniper ecosystems of the Colorado Plateau lie at about the middle of this gradient. In spite of wetter summers, pinyon-juniper ecosystems of northern Arizona are less productive than those of the Great Basin.
Introducing Rubrics to Physical Education Teacher Candidates

The importance of using rubrics as an assessment tool has been well established. Rubrics communicate to students what is expected of them, scaffold learning, provide feedback to students and teachers concerning the teaching-learning process, and allow teachers and students to self- and peer-assess. They also help teachers evaluate consistently and fairly the product of student learning, as well as the process and progress, thus increasing accountability for teaching and learning. Rubrics also support the development of higher-level critical thinking skills in students. Given the importance of assessment and documenting student learning through the use of rubrics in physical education, it is essential that physical education teacher candidates understand how rubrics work, how to create and administer them, and how to use the information that rubrics generate to inform their teaching and modify subsequent instruction. The intent of this article is to offer a few useful and effective pedagogical approaches b...
Does cohesin regulate developmental gene expression in Drosophila

Cohesin is a conserved protein complex with a well documented role in providing stable but reversible connections between sister chromatids during both mitosis and meiosis. Cohesin consists of two long coiled-coil proteins (SMC1 and SMC3) and two non-SMC subunits (SCC1/Rad21 and SCC3/SA) that combine to form a ring-like structure. Establishment, maintenance, and timely removal of cohesin-mediated cohesion is critical to ensure regular chromosome segregation (1–3). However, recent findings indicate that in higher eukaryotes chromosome segregation may not be the only major function of cohesin. Several studies have shown an effect of reduction in dose or expression of genes encoding cohesin subunits and of the cohesin loading factor Nipped-B/SCC2 on expression of the cut locus in Drosophila (4–6). Two articles published earlier this year demonstrated that cohesin mutations in Drosophila disrupt axon pruning at a postmitotic stage in development of the Drosophila nervous system by inhibiting expression of the Ecdysone-Receptor (EcR) gene (7, 8). In this issue of PNAS, Hallson et al. (9) suggest a considerably broader role of cohesin in gene regulation in Drosophila. Their findings indicate that mutations in the gene encoding the Rad21 cohesin subunit interact with mutations in hedgehog (hh), a signal-transduction gene with multiple developmental roles (10), and in Polycomb (Pc), which encodes a component of a chromatin complex responsible for silencing expression of multiple homeotic genes during development. These phenotypes are characteristic of mutations in trithorax-group (trxG) genes, which encode a diverse group of chromatin proteins required to counteract Polycomb group (PcG)-mediated silencing and maintain appropriate expression of several genes important for proper identity of Drosophila segments and other developmental processes (11–13). Thus, the findings of Hallson et al. (9) suggest that cohesin may play a fundamental role in developmental gene regulation in addition to its established role in chromosome segregation.
A model of a 300mm wafer fabrication line

Semiconductor factories are very expensive to build and operate. It is critical to understand how to design and operate them efficiently. We describe a simulation model of a planned 300mm wafer fabrication line that we are using to make strategic decisions related to the factory.
Anhedonia in schizophrenia.

This review highlights key issues and recent progress in understanding the epidemiology, phenomenology, etiology, and treatment of anhedonia in schizophrenia. A reduced pleasure capacity has been recognized as an important feature of the illness since the time of Kraepelin and Bleuler. However, it remains poorly understood for many reasons, including the phenotypic heterogeneity of schizophrenia, the multidimensionality and multifactorial etiology of anhedonia, and the dif-ficulties inherent in the scientific analysis of subjective emotional experiences. We do know that anhedonia is common in schizophrenia, that it has significant negative consequences, and that current treatments are insuf-ficient. Better assessment tools, greater understanding of biological and psychosocial mechanisms, and novel pharmacologic and psychosocial interventions are sorely needed. Anhedonia has received increasing attention in recent years, and there is optimism that the new Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative on negative symptoms will catalyze rapid progress in the near future.
Differential response of dicotyledonous plants to potassium‐deficiency stress: Iron‐stress response mechanism

Abstract Iron‐efficient tomato and soybean, when subjected to Fe‐deficiency stress, required K before the Fe‐stress response mechanism would function, ie, would (a) release H ions and reductants from their roots and (b) reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ in their roots. In previous studies with tomato and soybean, H ion release ceased after Fe was made available to the plant. Muskmelon differed from tomatoes and soybeans in that H ion release was sustained even after Fe was made available. This study was conducted to determine if muskmelon also differs from soybean and tomato plants in its Fe‐K relationship. Muskmelon was grown in hydroponic solutions at varying levels of K in combination with low or no Fe and also in various combinations of Na or Rb (as substitutes for K). Hydrogen ion release and reduction of Fe3+ at the roots as well as chlorosis ratings and leaf Fe concentrations were determined. Potassium‐deficiency stress did not prevent hydrogen ion release by muskmelon roots as had been previously observed in to...
Efficacy and safety of azelaic acid (15%) gel as a new treatment for papulopustular rosacea: results from two vehicle-controlled, randomized phase III studies.

Abstract Background: Rosacea is a common, chronic dermatosis for which safe and effective new treatment options are needed. Objective: The objective of these studies was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of a new formulation of 15% azelaic acid (15%) gel (AzA gel), for the topical treatment of moderate, papulopustular rosacea. Methods: Two multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, vehicle-controlled studies were conducted using identical study designs, patient-selection criteria, and efficacy end points. Overall, 329 patients were enrolled in study 1 and 335 patients in study 2. Results: Both studies consistently demonstrated the superiority of AzA gel over vehicle in the topical treatment of moderate, papulopustular rosacea. AzA gel yielded statistically significantly higher reductions in mean inflammatory lesion count than vehicle: 58% versus 40%, study 1 ( P = .0001); 51% versus 39%, study 2 ( P = .0208). Significantly higher proportions of patients treated with AzA gel experienced improvement in erythema compared with vehicle gel: 44% versus 29%, study 1 ( P = .0017); 46% versus 28%, study 2 ( P = .0005). Using the investigator's global assessment, therapeutic success in terms of a clear, minimal, or mild final result was achieved in 61% and 62% of patients treated with AzA gel in studies 1 and 2, respectively, which was significantly superior to the result achieved with vehicle (40% and 48%, respectively) ( P P = .0127, study 2). No serious, treatment-related adverse events were reported. Conclusion: The results of these 2 controlled studies demonstrate that AzA gel, used twice daily, is an efficacious, safe, and well-tolerated topical treatment for moderate, papulopustular rosacea. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:836-45.)
Matrix methods for calculating the triad census

Abstract The triad census, T, of a directed network summarizes much of the structural information in a network. Thus, it has been very useful in analyzing structural properties within social networks. This paper presents a set of simple matrix formulas for calculating T. Previous work with the triad census has required enumerating each triad in the graph, which can be time consuming for very large networks. The formulas presented in this paper increase the efficiency of calculating T by an order of magnitude. Thus, these formulas provide researchers with very large networks, or the need to calculate T many times, an efficient tool for studying underlying structural patterns.
The effects of phenazinium and phenothiazine upon mitochondrial metabolism.

Abstract The effect of the antitumor agent “phenazinium” (1,3-diamino-5-methyl phenaziniurn chloride) upon mitochondrial oxidations and oxidative phosphorylation has been investigated. Mitochondrial suspensions were prepared from mammalian liver and kidney. Phenazinium produced a significant degree of inhibition of mitochondrial oxidations with several substrates, and, in concentrations of 1 mM or above, induced partial uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. These effects are compared to those produced by phenothiazine, and differences are discussed. The compound has been shown to produce severe ultrastructural changes in renal tubule cells in vivo , and the significance of these changes is related to the observed toxicity of the drug.
Effects of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation on overall survival in children with choroid plexus carcinoma

Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPCs) is a rare, malignant, primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Currently, there is no consensus on the use of adjuvant therapy, and few large-scale studies focus exclusively on the pediatric population. We performed a comprehensive systematic review of pediatric CPCs to determine the effects of various adjuvant therapy modalities on overall survival (OS). A literature search was performed to identify studies reporting children with CPC who underwent surgical resection. Only patients who had clearly received adjuvant therapy, or were described as not selected for adjuvant therapy were analyzed in our comparison groups. Kaplan–Meier and multivariate Cox regression survival analyses were performed to determine the effects of different types of adjuvant therapies on OS. A total of 135 children (age ≤ 18 years) with CPC who had known adjuvant therapy status and OS were identified from 53 articles. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that while adjuvant therapy overall improved OS (p = 0.001), different modes of adjuvant therapies had varying effects on OS (p = 0.034). Specifically, combined chemo-radiotherapy as well as chemotherapy alone improved OS (p = 0.001), but radiation did not (p = 0.129). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard model adjusting for confounding factors showed that combined therapy was associated with better OS compared to chemotherapy alone (HR: 0.291, p = 0.027). Both chemotherapy alone and combined chemo-radiation improved OS independent of age, gender, tumor location and extent of resection, while radiation alone did not.
Fatigue crack propagation in dual-phase steels: Effects of ferritic-martensitic microstructures on crack path morphology

microstructures with maximum resistance to fatigue crack extension while maintaining high strength levels. A wide range of crack growth rates has been examined, from ~10-8 to 10-3 mm per cycle, in a series of duplex microstructures of comparable yield strength and prior austenite grain size where intercritical heat treatments were used to vary the proportion, morphology, and distribution of the ferrite and martensite phases. Results of fatigue crack propagation tests, conducted on “long cracks” in room temperature moist air environments, revealed a very large influence of microstructure over the entire spectrum of growth rates at low load ratios. Similar trends were observed at high load ratio, although the extent of the microstructural effects on crack growth behavior was significantly less marked. Specifically, microstructures containing fine globular or coarse martensite in a coarse-grained ferritic matrix demonstrated exceptionally high resistance to crack growth without loss in strength properties. To our knowledge, these microstructures yielded the highest ambient temperature fatigue threshold stress intensity range ΔK0 values reported to date, and certainly the highest combination of strength and ΔK0 for steels (i.e., ΔK0 values above 19 MPa√m with yield strengths in excess of 600 MPa). Such unusually high crack growth resistance is attributed primarily to a tortuous morphology of crack path which results in a reduction in the crack driving force from crack deflection and roughness-induced crack closure mechanisms. Quantitative metallography and experimental crack closure measurements, applied to currently available analytical models for the deflection and closure processes, are presented to substantiate such interpretations.
Cancer of the Ampulla of Vater: Current Evaluation and Therapy

Ampullary cancer is a relatively rare cancer of the digestive tract. In contrast to pancreatic cancer, ampullary cancer is often curable if detected at an early stage. The evaluation and management of ampullary cancer is similar to, but distinct from, that of other pancreaticobiliary tumors. This manuscript will review the current evaluation, diagnosis, and therapy of patients with ampullary cancer. The diagnosis of ampullary cancer is complicated by its similar clinical presentation to pancreatic cancer as well as its nonspecific laboratory findings. Diagnostic modalities such as ERCP, EUS, and biopsy are necessary for differentiating the 2 cancers, and noninvasive imaging techniques such as MRI and CT may be used for tumor staging. Although pancreaticoduodenectomy is considered the primary curative surgical option, consensus guidelines regarding adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapies are lacking.
Differential in vitro translation and independent in vivo regulation of mRNA's for subunits of ligandin

Abstract Synthesis of both subunits (Ya and Yb) of ligandin in equal amounts was observed when poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from the post-mitochondrial fraction was translated in an in vitro wheat-germ system and the products were immunoprecipitated by monospecific antibody to ligandin and analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. When the Mg2+ or K+ concentrations were increased in the in vitro wheat-germ system the ratio of synthesis of Y b Y a subunits was 3. With a mRNA-dependent reticulocyte lysate, the synthesis of Ya subunits was 20–30% higher than Yb subunits. At a fixed K+ and Mg2+ concentration, the ratio of incorporation of [35S]methionine into Y b Y a subunits remained 1 and 0.7 in wheat-germ and reticulocyte lysate systems, respectively, up to 60 min. When poly(A)+ mRNA was fractionated on a 5–20% sucrose gradient, ligandin mRNA was present in fractions having a peak sedimentation value of 11 S. When poly(A)+ mRNA was fractionated by gel electrophoresis, fractions enriched in mRNA for each subunit were obtained. By administration of [3H]leucine followed by determination of radioactivity in ligandin and total proteins by immunoprecipitation and trichloroacetic acid precipitation, respectively, synthesis of the Ya subunits was selectively stimulated by phenobarbital administration. When poly(A)+ mRNA from liver of rats administered phenobarbital was translated in vitro a selective increase in the mRNA content of Ya subunits was observed. When poly(A)+ RNA from testes was translated in the wheat-germ system and products analyzed, Yb subunits were the predominant subunit (> 90%) synthesized, reflecting the subunit composition of testicular ligandin. These results suggest that in spite of the close sequence homology between the two subunits of ligandin, there are separate mRNA's for each subunit which are independently regulated.
Rapid purification of human placental aldose reductase.

Abstract Aldose reductase (alditol:NADP oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.21) an enzyme in the polyol pathway which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications has been purified from the human placenta. Using affinity chromatography the enzyme can be obtained with apparent homogeneity in three steps. An initial 30–70% ammonium sulfate fraction was placed on a 4-carboxybenzaldehyde-coupled AH-Sepharose 4B column where upon elution with 0.1 m Na,K-phosphate buffer, pH 6.2, an enzyme fraction separated from the major protein peak. Chromatography of this enzyme fraction on an Amicon Matrex Orange A dyeligand column and elution with phosphate buffer containing 0.1 m m NADPH yielded aldose reductase of high purity. Antibodies raised in rabbits against the purified enzyme gave an apparent single line of identity with cither crude or purified aldose reductase.
Injection of L-allylglycine into the posterior hypothalamus in rats causes decreases in local gaba which correlate with increases in heart rate ☆

Injection of the GABA antagonist, bicuculline methiodide into the posterior hypothalamus of rats has been shown to cause marked increases in heart rate and lesser elevations in blood pressure. Allylglycine is a potent inhibitor of the synthetic enzyme for GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase, only after in vivo biotransformation into its active form, 2-keto-4-pentenoic acid, through a stereospecific amino acid oxidase. The posterior hypothalamus is thought to contain substantial activity only of L-amino acid oxidase. In this study, the stereoisomers of allylglycine were injected into the posterior hypothalamus at a site also shown to be reactive to bicuculline. Injection of L-allylglycine but not D-allylglycine caused substantial increases in heart rate but only slight increases in blood pressure. Injection of the GABA agonist muscimol prior to treatment with L-allylglycine prevented these cardiovascular changes. In another series of experiments, levels of GABA in the posterior hypothalamus and adjacent areas were measured 90 min after unilateral injection of L-allylglycine (12.5 or 25 μg), D-allylglycine (25 μg) or saline into the posterior hypothalamus. Only L-allylglycine caused increases in heart rate and blood pressure and decreases in levels of GABA. Quantitatively, the increases in heart rate at sacrifice were strongly correlated with the decreases in levels of GABA in the injected posterior hypothalamus (r = −0.94; P < 0.002) but not in other regions. These findings (1) support the hypothesis that GABAergic synapses in the posterior hypothalamus suppress the activity of a sympathoexcitatory mechanism capable of increasing heart rate and blood pressure in the rat and (2) suggest thatL-allylglycine-induced decreases in the levels of GABA in local tissue are quantitatively related to the degree to which local GABAergic inhibition is impaired.
On Strategies for Dynamic Resource Management in Virtualized Server Environments

Virtualization rapidly gains popularity affecting multiple levels of the computing stack. Since it decouples resources from their users it provides greater flexibility in terms of resource allocation but also brings new challenges for optimal design, provisioning, and runtime management of systems. This paper presents an analytical model of virtual machine migration that provides an estimate of the expected improvement in response time due to a migration decision. The model explicitly accounts for predictability of resource demands and characteristics of the virtualization infrastructure, such as migration time and overhead. It brings new insights into the decision strategies that should be used to improve the overall responsiveness of the system when dynamically managing virtual machines. The model is validated using simulations driven by data center resource utilization traces.
Online autoadmin: (physical design tuning)

Existing solutions for the automated physical design problem require explicit invocations of tuning tools and critically depend on DBAs gathering representative workloads manually. In this demonstration, we show an alternative approach to the physical design problem. Specifically, we demonstrate a novel monitoring/tuning DBMS component that we prototyped in Microsoft SQL Server 2005 as a server-side extension. This component is always-on and continuously modifies the current physical design reacting to varying workload or data characteristics. Our solution imposes low overhead and takes into account storage constraints, update statements, and the cost to create physical structures.
Fetus-in-fetu: report of a case and a review of the literature

A 2-week-old girl was found to have an asymptomatic abdominal mass on routine examination. Surgical removal revealed the mass to have 4 limb buds situated relative to a palpable vertebral column. Karyotyping revealed the mass to be 46 XX. The mass was therefore diagnosed as a case of fetus-in-fetu. The literature on this rare entity is reviewed, and the diagnosis and pathogenesis of the disease are discussed.
Reconnect with your Alumni and Connect to Donors

At the University of Central Florida, the Special Collections and University Archives work hand in hand with the Library Development office to create lasting relationships with donors. University Archives staff began attending alumni events in 2005 to create publicity for the collection and encourage donations of materials about the university. Though this publicity, the archives connected with alumni who have become advocates and participants in building a collection. Faculty, staff, and alumni volunteers have come in to the archives to identify photographs and have donated their materials to build a collection documenting the university. Exhibits highlighting the history of the university served to interest the alumni community, and exhibit events have brought new faces into the library. By creating these activities within the special collections, donors become active in the library community, and bring potential for financial gifts.
Thin sectioning and electron microscopy of SP50 bacteriophage adsorbed to Bacillus subtilis

Purified SP50 phage particles were adsorbed to B. subtilis cells. The complex was fixed by three different methods, embedded, sectioned, and examined by electron microscopy. The different fixatives gave mainly similar results but they had divergent effects on the contents of phage heads. With one of the fixation regimes the head contents appeared to be annular with a central hollow. The structures of phage heads, contracted and uncontracted tail sheaths, and base plates were examined, and penetration of the bacterial wall by phage tail cores was demonstrated. The base plate or attachment organ of SP50 phage differed from that described for T-even phages, having fins or buttresses but no tail pins. Sectioning of the phage—bacterial complex after adsorption of phages at high multiplicity appeared to have some advantages over sectioning pellets of purified phages or examination of phages and phage—bacterial complexes in negative stain.
Relative performance evaluation, pay-for-luck, and double-dipping in CEO compensation

We investigate whether chief executive officer (CEO) pay is linked to firm-specific and/or industry-wide performance only when it results in higher compensation. We argue CEOs have incentives to influence the ex post implementation of both relative performance evaluation (RPE) and pay-for-luck (PFL). Specifically, CEOs prefer RPE only when they outperform their reference group regardless of industry performance. Similarly, CEOs prefer PFL only when industry conditions are favorable. CEOs will try, ex post, to influence compensation committees to implement RPE and/or PFL only when implementation makes their compensation higher. Our results, based on both the level of compensation and the sensitivity of compensation to firm-specific and industry-wide performance, suggest CEOs are shielded from the worst performance outcomes, and rewarded through either RPE or PFL when one or the other leads to increased compensation. CEOs do not double-dip, however; compensation does not increase further when both RPE and PFL are in their favor. Our evidence shows that these compensation patterns are even stronger when firms have strong corporate governance mechanisms in place, consistent with optimal contracting between firms and CEOs and not with CEO manipulation of the pay process to expropriate wealth from the shareholders.
Swelling kinetics of polymer gels: comparison of linear and nonlinear theories

The swelling of a polymer gel is a kinetic process coupling mass transport and mechanical deformation. Both linear and nonlinear theories have been used to describe the swelling kinetics. Here we present a comparison between a nonlinear theory for polymer gels and the classical theory of linear poroelasticity. We show that the two theories are consistent within the linear regime under the condition of small perturbation from an isotropically swollen state of the gel. The relationship between the material properties in the linear theory and those in the nonlinear theory is established by a linearization procedure. Both linear and nonlinear solutions are presented for swelling kinetics of substrate-constrained and freestanding hydrogel layers. Although the linear poroelasticity theory can be used to fit experimental data, it is cautioned that the applicability of the linear theory should be limited to relatively small swelling ratios. To remove the linear limitation, a new procedure is suggested to fit the experimental data with the nonlinear theory. Finally, we discuss the indentation experiment as an effective method for characterizing the mechanical and transport properties of polymer gels along with possible extensions of the method.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of single particles from random and nonrandom tilt series.

To overcome the radiation damage-induced limitations to the resolution of three-dimensional reconstructions from electron microscopic tilt series, novel reconstruction schemes have been developed that require only a single exposure of the specimen. The tilt series collected with these methods have random projection directions. First, three-dimensional reconstruction techniques are described that are applicable to data obtained from tilt series with regular tilt geometry, followed by the extensions of these techniques to permit analysis of projection series with randomly spaced tilts. The main emphasis is placed on the weighted back-projection methods, which have recently been extended so as to be applicable to random tilt series. Besides a description of the algorithms, the complete procedure for a threedimensional reconstruction from a single-exposure, random conical tilt series is explained, including the determination of the azimuthal angles, the alignment scheme for conical tilt series, the dependence of the achievable resolution on the number of projections for regular conical and single-axis geometries, and the method to calculate the actual resolution of two-dimensional image averages and of three-dimensional reconstructions using the phase residual and Fourier ring correlation criteria. Examples are given of biological specimens to which these three-dimensional reconstruction methods have been applied.
Elimination of intracanal tissue and debris through a novel laser-activated system assessed using high-resolution micro-computed tomography: a pilot study.

Abstract Introduction Laser-activated irrigation to remove organic debris from canal isthmuses was investigated using x-ray microfocus computed tomographic imaging. Methods A total of 14 extracted human mandibular molars were used. The mesial canals were prepared using a standardized instrumentation protocol. Two groups ( n = 7) underwent final irrigation using either standard needle irrigation (SNI) or photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS). After enlarging canals to 30/.06, canal volumes were reconstructed from micro–computed tomographic scans before and after irrigation to assess removal of organic tissue and inorganic debris by quantitative analysis of the superimposed volumes. Comparisons of the volumes were made using 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey method, with statistical differences considered significant at the alpha = 0.05 level. Results Debris removal and an increase in root canal system volume for the laser-activated PIPS group was more significant ( P P = .04). Irrigation using PIPS increased the canal volume and eliminated debris from the canal system 2.6 times greater than SNI. Conclusions Eliminating debris from complex canal spaces found in mandibular molars was achieved at a significantly greater level using laser-activated PIPS irrigation compared with SNI.
Beyond BIO2010: integrating biology and mathematics: collaborations, challenges, and opportunities.

Welcome to this special issue of CBE—Life Sciences Education! The national scientific and academic community has issued repeated clarion calls for revising college biology curricula and the mathematical and computational preparation for future life scientists to reflect the tools and practices of science. This issue celebrates progress on incorporating quantitative reasoning into biology courses and integrating biological exemplars into mathematics courses. Within the 17 articles, seven essays, and seven features, readers find examples of innovative undergraduate research programs that emerged from research collaborations between biologists and mathematicians as well as collaborations initiated by either biologists or mathematicians. Other articles and essays illustrate collaborations between biologists and quantitative scientists that have resulted in new courses, new majors, textbooks, and modules that highlight and celebrate progress toward the BIO2010 vision.
Treatment of a malignant enterocutaneous fistula with octreotide acetate.

An enterocutaneous malignant fistula developed in a patient who had a retroperito-neal angiosarcoma. He was treated with octreotide acetate subcutaneously. Drainage decreased and ceased after 2 weeks of therapy. The closure of this malignant fistula suggests that palliative therapy with octreotide acetate merits further study in view of the grave prognosis of this complication.
The Teaching of Evidence-Based Practice in Social Work Higher Education—Living by the Charlie Parker Dictum: A Response to Papers by Shlonsky and Stern, and Soydan

This article, as a response to two papers, identifies five critical issues and themes related to the teaching of evidence-based practice (EBP) in social work higher education. These five themes are...
Information dense summaries for review of patient performance in biofeedback rehabilitation

In this paper, we present a novel visual design for information dense summaries of patient data with applications in biofeedback rehabilitation. The problem is important in review of large medical datasets where the clinicians require that both summary and all the performance details be shown at the same time. There are two main ideas (a) Summarizing data along the conceptual facets (accuracy / flow / openness) and the temporal facets (session / set / trial) in the biofeedback therapy. The conceptual facets represent key information needed by the experts to review patient performance. (b) Effectively present the data trends and the details in context of the entire performance. The summary incorporates ideas from graphic design and reveals the performance data at two time scales. Our preliminary user study is promising with some significant results. They indicate that our visual summaries are useful, functional and promote inquiry.
Cost comparison and economic implications of commonly used originator and generic chemotherapy drugs in India

ABSTRACT Cancer treatments have improved outcomes but access to medications is an issue around the world and especially so in low- and middle-income countries, such as India. Generic substitution may lead to significant cost savings. The author aimed to compare the cost and estimate potential cost savings per cycle, per patient, and for the country as a whole with generic substitution of frequently used chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of common cancers in India. Generic paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere), gemcitabine, oxaliplatin and irinotecan cost from 8.9% to 36% of their equivalent branded originator drug, resulting in cost savings of ∼ Indian Rupees (INR) 11 000 to >INR 90 000 (USD 200–1600, Euro 160–1300) per cycle; and ∼INR 50 000 to >INR 240 000 (USD 900–4300, Euro 700–3400) per patient. Overall, potential yearly savings for health systems in India were nearly INR 47 billion (∼USD 843 million, Euro 670 million). In conclusion, generic substitution for frequently used chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of common cancers has an enormous potential to generate significant cost savings and increase access to cancer treatments in India and other low- and middle-income countries.
Amiodarone for the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Aims Not all patients at risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD) are eligible for, or have access to implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation. There are conflicting data regarding the efficacy and safety of amiodarone for the prevention of SCD. Methods and results We conducted a meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials examining the use of amiodarone vs. placebo/control for the prevention of SCD. We identified 15 trials, which randomized 8522 patients to amiodarone or placebo/control. Amiodarone decreased the incidence of SCD [7.1 vs. 9.7%; OR 0.71 (0.61–0.84), P < 0.001] and cardiovascular death (CVD) [14.0 vs. 16.3%; OR 0.82 (0.71–0.94), P = 0.004]. There was a 1.5% absolute risk reduction in all-cause mortality which did not meet statistical significance ( P = 0.093). Amiodarone therapy increased the risk of pulmonary [2.9 vs. 1.5%; OR 1.97, (1.27–3.04), P = 0.002], and thyroid [3.6 vs. 0.4%; OR 5.68, (2.94–10.98), P < 0.001] toxicity. Conclusion Amiodarone reduces the risk of SCD by 29% and CVD by 18%, and therefore, represents a viable alternative in patients who are not eligible for or who do not have access to ICD therapy for the prevention of SCD. However, amiodarone therapy is neutral with respect to all-cause mortality and is associated with a two- and five-fold increased risk of pulmonary and thyroid toxicity.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Versus Computed Tomography for Identification and Quantification of Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Background Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) may be difficult to detect especially when in small amounts and may affect outcomes. The objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) vs computed tomography (CT) for the identification and quantification of IVH. Methods Patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage were enrolled into a prospective registry between December 2006 and June 2013. Diagnostic and surveillance neuroimaging studies were analyzed for the presence of IVH and quantified by Graeb score. In subjects who developed IVH and underwent both MRI and CT, each MRI was paired with the CT scan done at the closest time point, and Graeb scores were compared with the Wilcoxon signed rank test for related samples. Results There were 289 subjects in the cohort with IVH found in 171. Sixty-eight pairs of MRI and CT were available for comparison. CT failed to detect IVH in 3% of cases, whereas MRI was 100% sensitive. MRI and CT yielded equal Graeb scores in 72% of the pairs, and MRI Graeb score was higher in 24% (P = .007). Conclusions MRI identifies small volumes of IVH in cases not detected by CT and yields higher estimates of intraventricular blood volume. These data indicate that consideration of technical differences is needed when comparing images from the 2 modalities in the evaluation for IVH.
Reduction of maternal care: a new benefit of multiple mating?

Cost/benefit analyses have been used to understand the evolution of mating by females with multiple males, as in extrapair copulations (EPCs), which are now known to occur commonly in socially monogamous and polygynous birds. Indirect (genetic) benefits have been invoked to explain such mating patterns in some cases, but direct benefits have received less attention. We report a study of direct benefits in the communally rearing Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina). The social mate of the mother (putative father) is the most reliable feeder of the young in his nest, regardless of cuckoldry. Feedings provided by social fathers are not reduced in relation to their paternity loss. In contrast, mothers having nestlings sired by a second male tend to have lower feeding rates than those without such young. Secondary fathers provided a significantly higher level of feeding to the brood of their female than did (1) random nonbreeders of all ages and both sexes, (2) random male nonbreeders of all ages, and (3) older (2+ years), male nonbreeders. Surprisingly, however, broods with two fathers did not receive a higher level of total feeding, despite our observation that two-father broods had two more helpers, on average, compared to broods without extra fathers. Regardless of age or breeding status, males were more frequent feeders than females. This study provides the first evidence that one of the major costs of reproduction, maternal care of nestlings, is reduced for females that have young sired by secondary males. Copyright 2002.
A Physical Workload Index to Evaluate a Safe Resident Handling Program for Nursing Home Personnel

Objective: The aim of this study was to obtain a comprehensive analysis of the physical workload of clinical staff in long-term care facilities, before and after a safe resident handling program (SRHP). Background: Ergonomic exposures of health care workers include manual handling of patients and many non-neutral postures. A comprehensive assessment requires the integration of loads from these varied exposures into a single metric. Method: The Postures, Activities, Tools, and Handling observational protocol, customized for health care, was used for direct observations of ergonomic exposures in clinical jobs at 12 nursing homes before the SRHP and 3, 12, 24, and 36 months afterward. Average compressive forces on the spine were estimated for observed combinations of body postures and manual handling and then weighted by frequencies of observed time for the combination. These values were summed to obtain a biomechanical index for nursing assistants and nurses across observation periods. Results: The physical workload index (PWI) was much higher for nursing assistants than for nurses and decreased more after 3 years (−24% versus −2.5%). Specifically during resident handling, the PWI for nursing assistants decreased by 41% of baseline value. Conclusion: Spinal loading was higher for nursing assistants than for nurses in long-term care centers. Both job groups experienced reductions in physical loading from the SRHP, especially the nursing assistants and especially while resident handling. Application: The PWI facilitates a comprehensive investigation of physical loading from both manual handling and non-neutral postures. It can be used in any work setting to identify high-risk tasks and determine whether reductions in one exposure are offset by increases in another.
Queuing Networks with Random Selection for Service

To the class of queuing networks analyzable by the method of Baskett, Chandy, Muntz, and Palacios, we add service centers whose scheduling is random. That is, upon completion of a service interval, the server chooses next to serve one of the waiting customers selected at random. As in the case of first-come first-served (FCFS) scheduling, all tasks must have the same exponentially distributed service time at such a center. We show that for purposes of this analysis, the results are identical to FCFS queuing. Example applications for random selection scheduling in computer system modeling are provided.
Confinement in N=1 SUSY gauge theories and model building tools

We develop a systematic approach to confinement in N=1 supersymmetric theories. We identify simple necessary conditions for theories to confine without chiral symmetry breaking and to generate a superpotential nonperturbatively (s-confine). Applying these conditions we identify all N=1 theories with a single gauge group and no tree-level superpotential which s-confine. We give a complete list of the confined spectra and superpotentials. Some of these theories are of great interest for model building. We give several new examples of models which break supersymmetry dynamically. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Late and very late onset group B Streptococcus sepsis: one and the same?

Background This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of group B Streptococcus (GBS) sepsis in infants aged 4–90 days [late onset (LO)] compared to infants >90 days of age [very late onset (VLO)].
The Gneisses of the Bartica Assemblage, British Guiana

The Bartica assemblage in British Guiana consists of a varied suite of gneisses and amphibolites on the northern margin of the Guiana shield, occupying more than 5,000 square miles. The rock groups in the assemblage are well exposed in the region of Bartica, and exposures in Kereti quarry, 12 miles north of Bartica, are described in this report. The results are held to be valid throughout the assemblage. It was found that the foliation and banding are of tectonic origin, and that the distribution of the rock types took place in anenvironment that was chemically mobile within the amphibolite facies. A two-phase metasomatism with successive additions of Na and K followed the metamorphism, and was in turn followed by intrusion of granitic dikes.
Approximating sensor network queries using in-network summaries

In this work we present new in-network techniques for communication efficient approximate query processing in wireless sensornets. We use a model-based approach that constructs and maintains a spanning tree within the network, rooted at the basestation. The tree maintains compressed summary information for each link that is used to “stub out” traversal during query processing. Our work is based on a formal model of the in-network tree construction task framed as an optimization problem.We demonstrate hardness results for that problem, and develop efficient approximation algorithms for subtasks that are too expensive to compute exactly. We also propose efficient heuristics to accommodate a wider set of workloads, and empirically evaluate their performance and sensitivity to model changes.
The Role of B7 Costimulation in CD4/CD8 T Cell Homeostasis

The effect of B7-mediated costimulation on T cell homeostasis was examined in studies of B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) transgenic as well as B7-deficient mice. B7 overexpression in transgenic mice resulted in marked polyclonal peripheral T cell hyperplasia accompanied by skewing toward an increased proportion of CD8 single-positive cells and a decreased proportion of CD4 single-positive cells in thymus and more markedly in peripheral T cells. B7-induced T cell expansion was dependent on both CD28 and TCR expression. Transgenic overexpression of B7-1 or B7-2 resulted in down-regulation of cell surface CD28 on thymocytes and peripheral T cells through a mechanism mediated by intercellular interaction. Mice deficient in B7-1 and B7-2 exhibited changes that were the reciprocal of those observed in B7-overexpressing transgenics: a marked increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio in peripheral T cells and an increase in cell surface CD28 in thymus and peripheral T cells. These reciprocal effects of genetically engineered increase or decrease in B7 expression indicate that B7 costimulation plays a physiological role in the regulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell homeostasis.
Clinical Considerations in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Intra-Alveolar Root Fractures

Nearly 75% to 80% of the pulps in intra-alveolar root fractures recover without endodontic therapy.
The Nonlinear and Nonlocal Nature of Climate Feedbacks

The climate feedback framework partitions the radiative response to climate forcing into contributions fromindividualatmosphericprocesses.Thegoalofthisstudyistounderstandtheclosureoftheenergybudget in as much detail and precision as possible, within as clean an experimental setup as possible. Radiative kernels and radiativeforcing are diagnosed for an aquaplanet simulation under perpetual equinoxconditions. The role of the meridional structure of feedbacks, heat transport, and nonlinearities in controlling the local climate response is characterized. Results display a combination of positive subtropical feedbacks and polar amplified warming. These two factors imply a critical role for transport and nonlinear effects, with the latter acting to substantially reduce global climate sensitivity. At the hemispheric scale, a rich picture emerges: anomalous divergence of heat flux away from positive feedbacks in the subtropics; nonlinear interactions among and within clear-sky feedbacks, which reinforce the pattern of tropical cooling and high-latitude warming tendencies; and strong ice-line feedbacks that drive further amplification of polar warming. These results have implications for regional climate predictability, by providing an indication of how spatial patterns in feedbacks combine to affect both the local andnonlocal climate response, andhow constraining uncertainty in those feedbacks may constrain the climate response.