cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioregionalism as an Arctic Wilderness Idea

A recurrent question in the modem world is the place of people in nature, and bioregionalism offers some ideas in the debate over the kinds of technology that belong in Arctic wilderness areas, with a focus on northern Alaska. Some interests argue that people should only visit these areas, on foot or by paddle, to achieve a wilderness experience. Rural residents, most of whom are Alaska Natives, hold that access to these lands by motorised vehicles is essential to maintain hunting and gathering traditions. The debate over managing wilderness areas in northern Alaska originates in conflicting views of the meaning of wilderness. A bioregional vision offers some common ground in the idea of wilderness as a place of respect for non-human life forms, but political conflicts will not be easily resolved.
Changes in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum function and force production following myocardial infarction in rats

In patients following myocardial infarction (MI), exercise tolerance and muscular strength are often markedly reduced. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if calcium (Ca2+) uptake and release by skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) are altered following MI and if such changes are associated with diminished muscular performance. SR vesicles were isolated from rat gastrocnemius muscle at 6 and 12 weeks following MI (via left coronary artery ligation) or sham surgery. At both post-surgery intervals, the rates of Ca2+ uptake (measured using fura-2) were 35% greater in the MI group. In addition, the rates of Ca2+ release were increased in the MI group by 10 and 30% at 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. At 12 weeks post-surgery, animals of the MI group showed significant reduction in in situ twitch and tetanic forces and significant elevations in the rates of tension increase and decrease. These data indicate that SR Ca2+ exchange is altered following MI. In addition, changes in SR function are associated with changes in force production by the whole muscle.
Effect of stress on amino acids and related compounds in various tissues of the rat

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of stress on the free amino acid pattern of plasma and various organs. Two groups of rats were deprived of food, for 24 hrs. One group was sacrificed after this time (fasting control representing mostly free endogenous amino acids) and the second group was first restrained in wire cages for 120 min before being sacrificed (fasting stress representing mostly the effects of stress on endogenous free amino acids). A third group had free access to food and was sacrificed at the same time (fed control representing mostly free amino acids absorbed from the gut and endogenous free amino acid metabolism). Fasting (as compared to fed controls) reduced alanine and arginine but increased ethanolamine, glutamic acid and glutamine in the plasma; increased ethanolamine, phosphoethanolamine and glutamic acid in the liver; increased carnosine, glutamic acid, phosphoethanolamine and glutamine in the ventricle; increased oxidized glutathione in the aorta; decreased alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine and methionine and increased glutamine in the pancreas; and decreased arginine in skeletal muscle. Fasting plus stress (as compared to fasting controls) reduced alanine and glutamine in the plasma; increased methionine in the liver; increased ethanolamine, GABA, and glutamic acid in the aorta; reduced arginine, glutamic acid, glutamine, leucine and methionine but increased ethanolamine in the ventricle; reduced ammonia and ethanolamine but increased histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and valine in the pancreas; and reduced ammonia in skeletal muscle. Fasting plus stress affects the amino acid composition of plasma and various of tissues but effects seen were individually different and strongly substance and tissue specific. Plasma changes did not coincide with tissue changes. Changes in the endogenous pattern of amino acids and related compounds in response to stress could be first indications of stress induced organ pathology.
Design of Small-Scale Statically Balanced Compliant Joints

This paper demonstrates a low stiffness compliant joint design obtained by balancing the energy stored within individual components of the mechanism. As a step toward a fully-compliant zero-stiffness joint, this paper presents the design of a partially-compliant joint. A wireform torsion bar partially compliant joint was optimized using a pseudo rigid body model. A low stiffness design was obtained by balancing the energy stored within individual components of the mechanism. The joint was then fabricated using piano wire, polypropylene and Delrin®. During testing it was found that friction in the joint was greater than any internal forces allowing the joint to be neutrally stable in all positions. Dynamic force deflection data on the joints was collected in order to investigate the friction characteristics. The Delrin® joint exhibited only Coulomb friction while the polypropylene model exhibited both Coulomb and viscous friction.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Gait analysis of children treated for moderate clubfoot with physical therapy versus the Ponseti cast technique.

Background: Nonoperative methods for clubfoot treatmentinclude the Ponseti technique and French functional method.The purpose of this study was to compare the gait of childrenpresenting with moderate clubfeet who were treated successfullywith these techniques. We hypothesized: (1) no diﬀerence in gaitparameters of moderate clubfeet treated with either of thesenonsurgical techniques and (2) gait parameters after treatmentfor less severe feet would more closely approximate normal gait.Methods: Patients whose clubfeet were initially scored between6 and <10 on the Dimeglio scale underwent gait analysis at theage of 2 years. Kinematic evaluation of the ankle was analyzedand kinematic data were classiﬁed as abnormal if more than1 standard deviation from age-matched normal data. Spearmannonparametric correlation coeﬃcients were used to analyzecombined data of moderate to very severe clubfeet to determineany relationship between initial severity and gait outcomes.Results: Gait analysis was performed on 33 patients with 40moderate clubfeet [17 Ponseti, 23 French physical therapy(PT) feet]. Three Ponseti feet were excluded because they hadundergone surgery. No statistically signiﬁcant diﬀerences existedin ankle equinus, dorsiﬂexion, or push-oﬀ plantarﬂexionbetween the groups. Swing phase foot drop was present in6 PT feet (26%) compared with zero Ponseti feet (P=0.026).Normal kinematic ankle motion was present more often in thePonseti group (82%) than PT (48%) (P=0.027). Regardless oftreatment, residual intoeing was seen in one-third of childrenwith moderate clubfeet. The combined group of moderate andsevere clubfeet showed no correlation between initial Dimeglioscore and presence of normal ankle motion or normal gait at2 years-of-age.Conclusions: Normal ankle motion was documented morefrequently in the Ponseti feet compared with the PT group.Recent implementation of early tendo-achilles release in PT feetmay change these outcomes in the future. In conclusion, gait inchildren with moderate clubfeet is similar to those in patientswith severe clubfeet, but the likelihood of surgery may be less.Level of Evidence: Therapeutic level II.Key Words: gait analysis, clubfoot, treatment of clubfoot(J Pediatr Orthop 2010;30:235–239)
Corrosion of bare Ag, Ni/Ag and Cu/Ag films on glass by wet HCl vapor

Abstract The chemical corrosion of bare Ag, Ni/Ag and Cu/Ag films on an aluminoborosilicate and a soda lime glass in wet HCl vapor at 30 and 50°C was investigated. Ni and Cu produce additional chemical reactions which adversely affect the reflective characteristics of Ag films. Ni provides more chemical protection than Cu, but neither of them is as surable as bare Ag films.
The Interaction of Rolling Vortices With a Turbulent Boundary Layer

Laser-Doppler velocimetry is employed to measure the periodic field created by releasing spanwise vortices in a turbulent boundary layer. Phase-averaged vorticity and turbulence level contours are estimated and presented. It is found that vortices with diameter of the order of the boundary layer quickly diffuse and disappear while their turbulent kinetic energy spreads uniformly across the entire boundary layer. Larger vortices have a considerably longer life span and in turn feed more vorticity into the boundary layer.
Effective properties of power-law solids containing elliptical inhomogeneities. Part I: Rigid inclusions

Abstract The plane strain deformation of a power-law material containing a dispersion of rigid elliptical inclusions is investigated. Accurate constitutive relations are established for dilute concentrations of inclusions over a wide range of martrix hardening exponents and inclusion aspect ratios. The essential step in the analysis is the solution of the kernel problem for an isolated inclusion, and this is obtained using a Ritz procedure in which trial displacements are derived from a displacement potential in elliptic-cylindrical coordinates. Approximate constitutive relations for nondilute concentrations of inclusions are then established using a differential self-consistent scheme. The study is primarily concerned with randomly oriented inclusions, but limited results are also presented for aligned inclusions. As part of the investigation, the procedure introduced by Ponte Castaneda (J. Mech. Phys. Solids (1991)) is evaluated. This is a variational procedure which exploits information about a linear solid to obtain bounds or estimates for the overall response of nonlinear solids with the same microgeometry of second phase. Finally, connection is made with recent results for spheroidal inclusions given by Lee and Mear (J. Mech. Phys. Solids (1991); Int. J. Solids Struct. (1991)), and an ad hoc estimate for the overall response of solids containing randomly oriented rigid, spheroidal inclusions is proposed.
Photoluminescence of OMVPE grown AlGaAs: The effect of composition, doping and the substrate

Abstract A photoluminescence (PL) study of OMVPE grown Al x Ga 1− x As films of different alloy composition and doping is presented on epitaxial films deposited on various substrates. The PL spectrum is shown to have a strong dependence on the substrate for a fixed set of growth conditions. Data is given for Al 0.43 Ga 0.57 films which are unintentionally doped, Zn doped and Si doped. Substrates used in this study include thick LPE buffer layers ( ≈75 μm) of both GaAs and Al x Ga 1- x As ( x ∼ 0.25) as well as Si and undoped bulk substrates. The results indicate that high quality surface morphologies are obtained on films deposited on AlGaAs substrates exposed to air when a brief in situ vapor etch is used prior to growth.
Prospective elementary teachers' beliefs about teaching: Implications for teacher education☆

Abstract This paper describes a study that examined the effects of an introductory education course and a related field experience on prospective elementary teachers' optimistic biases and beliefs about good teaching. Questionnaire data are reported, and excerpts from interviews are used to illustrate the findings. Although there was a significant decrease in optimism, subjects continued to be extremely optimistic about their future teaching performance. Definitions of good teaching remained largely the same, with a strong emphasis of affective and interpersonal issues. The final section of the paper discusses strategies for promoting conceptual change.
THE METHOXIDE PROMOTED PROTONOLYSIS OF ORGANOSILYLBORANES

Abstract The destructive distillation or pyrolysis of borane 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, or dicyclohexylborane adducts to vinylsilanes which have been treated with sodium methoxide in methanol gives significant yields of products resulting from protonolysis of the CB bond. Both α- and β-boro adducts undergo the reaction, which is favored when silicon has methoxy substituents. Quantitative incorporation of deuterium in the saturated products when methanol-O-d is used as the solvent shows that the hydroxyl group of methanol is the proton source. The absence of isomerization of the alkyl groups attached to silicon in the protonolysis of the adducts to propenyltrichlorosilane or isopropenyltrichlorosilane indicates that cyclic intermediates or free carbanions are not involved in the reaction.
Early events in proton pump inhibitor-associated exacerbation of corpus gastritis.

Summary Background : Antisecretory therapy may exacerbate Helicobacter pylori corpus gastritis. The rate and mechanism(s) remain unknown. Aim : To investigate the early events in proton pump inhibitor therapy on antral and corpus H. pylori gastritis. Methods : Nine H. pylori-infected volunteers underwent gastric biopsy with jumbo forceps for culture and histology. Histology was scored in the range 0–5 using a visual analogue scale. The depth of inflammation in gastric pits was scored in the range 1–3 (superficial or less than one-third, one-third to two-thirds and greater than two-thirds of the gastric pit, respectively). Tissue interleukin-1β and interleukin-8 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. Omeprazole, 20 mg b.d., was given for 6.5 days and biopsies were repeated on day 7. Results : Proton pump inhibitor therapy resulted in a fall in H. pylori density in the antrum and corpus. Inflammation and tissue levels of interleukin-8 and interleukin-1β decreased in the antrum and increased in the corpus mucosa. There was a significant increase in the depth of inflammation to include the proliferative zone in the corpus. Conclusions : Within 1 week of starting proton pump inhibitor therapy, there was a marked extension of corpus inflammation into the gastric pit and an increase in corpus mucosal interleukin-1β and interleukin-8 levels. H. pylori eradication should be considered for all patients receiving long-term antisecretory therapy.
Biologically motivated analog-to-digital conversion

Biologically-motivated analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion considers the charge-fire cycles of neurons in biological systems as binary oversampled A/D conversion processes. Feedback mechanisms have been hypothesized that coordinate charge-fire cycles in a manner that suppresses noise in the signal baseband of the power spectrum of output spikes, also a central goal of A/D converter design. Biological systems succeed admirably despite the slow and imprecise characteristics of individual neurons. In A/D converters of very high speed and precision, where electronic/photonic devices also appear slow and imprecise, neural architectures offer a path for advancing the performance frontier. In this work, we provide a new analysis framework and simulation results directed toward that goal.
Lively Questions for Demographers about Death at Older Ages

This is an expanded version of comments on the future of the demography of aging at an invited session of the 2008 annual meeting of the Population Association of America. In an introduction, John Haaga offers reasons for a revival of interest in population aging, including greater realization of plasticity in aging trajectories at both individual and societal levels. Linda Martin proposes that population scientists working in aging emulate those studying fertility and family planning in previous decades, learning from interventions (in this case, aimed at increasing retirement savings and reducing disability at older ages). Changes in family structure will increasingly affect new cohorts of the elderly, and Linda Waite speculates on the ways in which changes in the economy, medicine, and the legal environment could affect the social context for aging. Research on mortality at older ages is “alive and well” asserts James Vaupel, who sets out six large questions on mortality trends and differentials over time and across species. Lastly, Wolfgang Lutz expands the scope of projections, showing the considerable uncertainty about the timing and pace of population aging in the developing world and the effects on future elderly of the increases in educational attainment in much of the world during the second half of the twentieth century.
Covariance Matrix Functions of Vector χ^2 Random Fields in Space and Time

This paper introduces vector (multivariate, or multiple) χ2 and Rayleigh random functions or random fields on a spatial, temporal, or spatio-temporal index domain, and explores their basic properties. Formulated as a sum of squares of independent Gaussian random functions, a vector χ2 random function has an interesting feature that its finite-dimensional Laplace transforms are not determined by its own covariance matrix, but by that of the underlying Gaussian one. With the conditionally negative definite matrix as an important building block, this paper constructs a class of vector χ2 random functions, from whose covariance matrices one can easily identify those of the underlying Gaussian one so that the resulting vector χ2 random function can be easily simulated and analyzed.
Tivantinib (ARQ 197) efficacy is independent of MET inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines

MET targeted therapies are under clinical evaluation for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) against MET have varying degrees of specificity. Tivantinib (ARQ 197) is reported to be a non-ATP competitive selective MET inhibitor. We aimed to compare the activity of tivantinib to established MET TKIs in a panel of NSCLC cell lines characterized by their MET dependency and by different relevant genotypes. A549, H3122, PC9 and HCC827, their respective resistant clones PC9 GR4 and HCC827 GR6 and the MET amplified cell lines H1993 and EBC-1 were treated in vitro with tivantinib, crizotinib or PHA-665752. Crizotinib and PHA-665752 showed growth inhibition restricted to MET dependent cell lines. The pattern of activity was related to MET inhibition and downstream signaling inhibition of AKT and ERK1/2, resulting in G0/G1 cycle arrest and apoptosis. In contrast, tivantinib possessed more potent anti-proliferative activity that was not restricted to only MET dependent cell lines. Tivantinib did not inhibit cellular MET activity or phosphorylation of downstream signaling proteins AKT or ERK1/2 in either MET dependent or independent cell lines. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that tivantinib induced a G2/M arrest and induced apoptosis. Tivantinib but not crizotinib effected microtubule dynamics, disrupting mitotic spindles by a mechanism consistent with it functioning as a microtubule depolymerizer. Tivantinib activity is independent of MET signaling in NSCLC and suggests alternative mechanisms of action that should be considered when interpreting the results from on-going clinical studies.
THE CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATION OF COMPUTERIZED FOOD MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS

The fundamental concepts required to understand the operation of any computerized food management information system are presented in this paper. The major components of every information system (input- processing - output) are reviewed from the standpoint of foodservice management. Although the material is placed in the context of an actual system developed by the authors, the concept is applicable to every foodservice facility. Algebraic expressions are developed to demonstrate how the computer can be utilized to obtain required information.
REVERSAL OF PHOTOTROPISM IN DIEMYCTYLUS VIRIDESCENS.

In its response to light of approximately 11.3 m.c. intensity Diemyctylus viridescens may be either positive or negative. Negative phototropism is characteristic of animals from which food has been withheld. Feeding suppresses this negative phototropism.
The Office of the Press Secretary

The Press Office gathers and disseminates official White House information on behalf of the president. The Press Secretary, who heads the operation, has three constituents to respond to, but one boss to whom he or she reports: the president. His constituents are the president, the White House staff, and news organizations. The Press Secretary has four principal roles: information conduit, constituent representation, administration, and communications planning. In carrying out its tasks, the office is organized into a two-tiered West Wing operation divided among the Upper Press and Lower Press and a unit located in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building. Tasks relating to the daily gathering and distribution of information are centered in the West Wing while the operations in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, most especially Media Affairs in the Clinton White House, are focused on contacts with specialty and out-of-town press.
Integrated all-optical routing Y-junction device with ultrafast on/off switching

A Y-junction multiquantum well waveguide device using carrier-induced nonlinearities has been tested for all-optical switching. Ultrafast switching is achieved using two consecutive control pulses to turn the device on and off. A switch contrast ratio of 1:2 has been achieved within a switching window of 10 ps.
Rapid Partial Repigmentation of Vitiligo in a Young Female Adult with a Gluten-Free Diet

Vitiligo is a common pigmentary skin condition with a profound impact. Despite a number of therapeutic modalities, few have been demonstrated to result in significant repigmentation within a brief period of time. Reported dietary interventions are sparse. Following exclusion of gluten in the diet, early and extensive repigmentation of facial lesions were noted in a young female adult of Asian ethnicity with acrofacial vitiligo. The majority of the benefits occurred within the first month and stabilized at 4 months. Previous topical and phototherapy had not been found to be effective. The patient was maintained on the previously prescribed dapsone therapy. Dietary elimination can potentially be a disease-modifying intervention for vitiligo and should be considered even in patients without concomitant celiac disease.
Structure of “bis(methoxymagnesium)diselenide”: A reagent for the introduction of selenium into organic molecules

The reaction of magnesium and selenium in dry methanol has been reported to yield a reagent tentatively identified as bis(methoxymagnesium) diselenide. The dark red-brown solution obtained from this reaction yielded red crystals that crystallized in the monoclinic space group C2/c, a=17.391(4) A, b=15.823(3) A, c=21.626(4) A, β=110.71(3)°, V=5566.5(19) A3, Z=4, R=0.0350, wR2=0.0850 for 4930 reflections. X-ray crystallographic analysis of this reagent showed it to be dodecamethanol-tetramethoxy-di(μ4-hydroxy)tetra(μ3-methoxy)hexamagnesium hexaselenide, Mg6(μ4-OH)2(μ3-OCH3)4(OCH3)4(CH3OH)12]Se6·2CH3OH (1), not the bis(methoxymagnesium) diselenide as previously described. The structure of 1 is composed of six magnesium ions and six bridging oxygen-containing ligands in a face-sharing cubic arrangement.
Management of ventricular arrhythmias: A trial-based approach

Sudden cardiac death accounts for approximately 300,000 deaths annually in the U.S., and most of these are secondary to ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation in patients with coronary artery disease. Most patients with cardiac death die before reaching the hospital, which brought about a tremendous amount of research focused at identifying patients at high risk. Several trials were initiated to test the effectiveness of various therapeutic measures in these high-risk patients. A history of myocardial infarction, depressed left ventricular function and nonsustained VT have all been identified as independent risk factors for future arrhythmic death. Similarly, patients with a history of sustained VT or a history of sudden cardiac death are a high-risk group and should be aggressively evaluated and treated. The purpose of this article is to discuss risk stratification and primary prevention of sustained ventricular arrhythmias. We also review the recent secondary prevention trials and discuss the options available in the management of patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmias.
Acoustic reflex amplitude. II. Effect of age-related auditory dysfunction.

Crossed and uncrossed acoustic reflex amplitude was measured in 99 adult subjects. Minor middle ear dysfunction profoundly influenced acoustic reflex amplitude. Reflex amplitude in subjects with minor impedance abnormality was, on the average, decreased by 68% in comparison to a matched control group. There was a complex relationship among age, sensorineural hearing loss, signal bandwidth and acoustic reflex amplitude. Sensorineural hearing loss differentially influenced acoustic reflex amplitude for young versus older subjects.ResumeNous avons etudie l'amplitude du reflexe acoustique en stimulation ipsilaterale (ou directe) et contro-laterale (ou croisee) chez 99 sujets. Nous avons pu constater que: 1) un leger dysfonctionnement de l'oreille moyenne (surtout le type Ad ou avec pression negative de 50 a 100 mm H2O) influence l'amplitude du reflexe chez un certain nombre de sujets; 2) s'il existe un rapport complexe entre l'aˇge, l'atteinte sensori-neurale de l'audition et la largeur de bande du signal, to...
Enterprise Data Warehouse Governance Best Practices

Maintaining a stable data warehouse becomes quite a challenge if discipline is not applied to code development, code changes, code performance, system resource usage and configuration of integration specification. As the size of the data warehouse increases the value it brings to an organization tends to increase. However these benefits come at a cost of maintaining the applications and running the data warehouse efficiently on a twenty four hours a day and seven days a week basis. Governance is all about bringing discipline and control in the form of guidelines for application developers and IT integration engineers to follow, with a goal that the behavior of a data warehouse application becomes predictable and manageable. In this article the authors have defined and explained a set of data warehouse governance best practices based on their real-world experience and insights drawn from industry and academic papers. Data warehouse governance can also support the development life cycle, maintenance, data architecture, data quality assurance, the Sarbanes-Oxley SOX Act requirements and enforce business requirements.
Chemoselective Pd-Catalyzed Oxidation of Polyols: Synthetic Scope and Mechanistic Studies

The regio- and chemoselective oxidation of unprotected vicinal polyols with [(neocuproine)Pd(OAc)]2(OTf)2 (1) (neocuproine = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) occurs readily under mild reaction conditions to generate α-hydroxy ketones. The oxidation of vicinal diols is both faster and more selective than the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols; vicinal 1,2-diols are oxidized selectively to hydroxy ketones, whereas primary alcohols are oxidized in preference to secondary alcohols. Oxidative lactonization of 1,5-diols yields cyclic lactones. Catalyst loadings as low as 0.12 mol % in oxidation reactions on a 10 g scale can be used. The exquisite selectivity of this catalyst system is evident in the chemoselective and stereospecific oxidation of the polyol (S,S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutane [(S,S)-threitol] to (S)-erythrulose. Mechanistic, kinetic, and theoretical studies revealed that the rate laws for the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols differ from those of diols. Density functional theory...
Effect of structure on the rate constants for reaction of NO3 radicals with a series of linear and branched C5-C7 1-alkenes at 296 ± 2 K.

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of NO3 radicals with 13 linear and branched C5−C7 1-alkenes, CH2═CHR, where R = alkyl, have been measured at 296 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air by a relative rate method. 1-Butene was used as the reference compound, and the rate constants obtained (in units of 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) were as follows: 1-pentene, 1.50 ± 0.07; 1-hexene, 1.80 ± 0.08; 1-heptene, 2.06 ± 0.14; 3-methyl-1-butene, 1.39 ± 0.04; 3-methyl-1-pentene, 1.39 ± 0.03; 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1.52 ± 0.04; 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene, 1.54 ± 0.03; 3-methyl-1-hexene, 1.65 ± 0.08; 4-methyl-1-hexene, 1.86 ± 0.08; 5-methyl-1-hexene, 2.14 ± 0.08; 3,3-dimethyl-1-pentene, 1.44 ± 0.07; 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentene, 1.49 ± 0.10; and 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentene, 1.37 ± 0.06; where the indicated errors are two least-squares standard deviations and do not include uncertainties in the rate constant for the reference compound 1-butene. These rate constants increase along the series 1-butene < 1-pentene < 1-hexene < 1-heptene...
On the relationship between broadband shock associated noise and screech tones

It is recognized that the three principal components of the noise of shock containing supersonic jets, namely, the dominant part of turbulent mixing noise, the broadband shock associated noise and the screech tones are all generated directly by the large scale turbulence structures/instability waves of the jet flow. In this paper the relationship between broadband shock associated noise and screech tones is examined. It is shown that from the spectral characteristics point of view, the screech tones may be regarded as special cases of broadband shock associated noise. Theoretical calculations for the peak frequencies of broadband shock associated noise and the fundamental frequencies of stable screech tones are carried out. The calculated results are found to agree favorably with experimental measurements.
“Introduction to the Physics of the Earth's Interior” by Jean-Paul Poirier

Introduction to the Physics of the Earth's Interior (2nd Edition), by Jean-Paul Poirier, is a 312-page textbook, published by Cambridge University Press, containing seven chapters. The first chapter provides a brief overview of the thermodynamics of solids. The second introduces elastic moduli and their derivation, and issues of thermodynamic coupling. Once these preliminaries have been covered, the book moves on to a general discussion of solid-state physics. Chapter three discusses concepts and theories of lattice vibrations with a particular emphasis on Debye's approximation. Chapter four introduces various equations of state, including equations of state derived from interatomic potentials, velocity-density systematics, thermal considerations, and shockwave experiments. The fifth chapter is dedicated to the thermodynamics of melting and the derivation of various theoretical and empirical melting relations. Chapter …
Determination of total arsenic in seafood by optimized wet digestion-hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Objective To establish a scientific,precise and stable method for determination of total arsenic in seafood based on research of wet digestion. Methods The samples were digested by mixed acid of nitric acid,perchloric acid and sulfuric acid under the improved condition. Then arsenic content was determined using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Results The arsenic showed good linear relationship within the concentration range of 0 μg /L ~ 40 μg /L,the correlation coefficient was greater than 0. 999,and the relative standard deviation was less than 2. 3%. The method validation on CNAS T0508 fishmeal sample( 7. 12 mg / kg),GBW08573 nori( 5. 08 mg / kg) and GBW08573 yellow croaker( 41 mg / kg) showed satisfying results,with the detection values of 7. 22 mg / kg,5. 10 mg / kg,41. 64 mg / kg respectively,and the recoveries of 91. 71% ~ 99. 19%,102. 25% ~ 105. 94%,92. 26% in that order. Conclusion This method is accurate,sensitive and easy to operate, especially suitable for the determination of total arsenic in seafood.
Characterization of air temperature in modern ion chambers due to phantom geometry and ambient temperature changes.

Purpose: Temperature and pressure corrections are necessary to account for the varying mass of air in the sensitive volume of a vented ionization chamber (IC) when performing absolute dose measurements. Locations commonly used to measure the presumed IC air temperature may not accurately represent the chamber cavity air temperature, and phantoms undergoing temperature changes further compound the problem. Prior studies have characterized thermal equilibrium in separate phantoms for Farmer chambers alone. However, the purpose of this study was to characterize the cavity air temperature dependence on changes in the ambient temperature and phantom geometry configuration for a wider and more modern variety of chambers to determine if previously published wait times apply to these chambers as well. Methods: Thermal conduction properties were experimentally investigated by modifying a PTW 0.3 cm3 Semiflex IC with a thermocouple replacing the central electrode. Air cavity temperature versus time was recorded in three phantom geometries characteristic of common absolute dose measurements. The phantoms were (15 ± 1) °C before measurement with an IC at the treatment vault temperature of (21 ± 1) °C. Simulations were conducted to provide a theoretical basis for the measurements and to simulate temperature response of a PTW PinPoint® and Farmer chamber. The simulation methods were first validated by comparison with measured Semiflex chamber thermal response curves before extension to the other chambers. Results: Two thermal equilibria curves were recorded on different time scales. IC temperature initially dropped to the colder phantom temperature but subsequently increased as the phantom itself equilibrated with the warmer room temperature. In a large phantom of dimensions (25.5 × 25.5 × 23.4) cm3, 3 min was required before the IC temperature reached within 0.5 °C of its equilibrium within the phantom. Similarly, wait times of 2 min were needed for 7.5 and 2 cm slab phantoms. Conclusions: Recording of temperature in the phantom was deemed far more accurate than measurement in ambient air due to the air cavity thermally equilibrating with phantom temperature instead of the vented ambient air. Wait times of 3 and 2 min are needed for a cube and 7.5 cm slab phantom, respectively, to achieve 0.2% dosimetric accuracy (temperature accuracy of 0.5 °C). Chamber volume alone did not determine wait times, as a 0.3 cm3 IC required a longer wait time than a Farmer chamber, suggesting wall thickness as an important variable as well.
Mapping Culture: Battle Array Schemas (Zhentu) in Middle Period China

Full descriptions and explanations of battle array schemas ( zhentu 陣圖) first appear in Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) military manuals. Their increasingly “fantastic” characteristics during the Northern Song (960-1126) have long been a source of fascination and puzzlement. Although modern day scholars question whether such schemas were used in battle, middle imperial writers considered these schemas important enough to include in military manuals. Battle array schemas functioned not only as military tactic, but also as diagrams. As superimposed ideational maps, they scribed a cultural geography, providing an arena for the resolution of the many social and cultural tensions that characterized this era. Derived from ancient diagrams, array schemas both inspired new cultural and philosophical forms and expressed the possibilities for a transformed society.
Screening for dementia.

Case study: RG, a 75-year-old, college-educated man, presents for an annual physical examination. His friend recently was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. RG is concerned about his occasional memory lapses and is worried that he also has the disease.
Different Propionibacterium acnes Phylotypes Induce Distinct Immune Responses and Express Unique Surface and Secreted Proteomes

Propionibacterium acnes is a skin commensal bacterium that contributes to the development of acne vulgaris and other infections. Recent work revealed that P. acnes clinical isolates can be classified into distinct phylotypes, several of which have associations with healthy skin or acne. We sought to determine if these phylotypes induce different immunological responses and express protein factors that may contribute to their disease associations. We found that acne-associated P. acnes phylotypes induced 2- to 3-fold higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared with healthy phylotypes. On the other hand, P. acnes phylotypes associated with healthy skin induced 2- to 4-fold higher levels of IL-10. Comparative proteomic analysis of P. acnes phylotypes revealed a differential expression of several proteins, including an adhesion protein that was expressed at least 10-fold higher in acne-associated phylotypes and a cell surface hydrolase expressed in all phylotypes except those associated with healthy skin. Taken together, our data provide insight into how specific P. acnes phylotypes influence immune responses and the pathogenesis of acne.
Ultrasonic Characterization of Interfacial Fatigue Damage in Metal Matrix Composites

In recent years there has been significant interest in titanium-based metal-matrix composites for structural applications in airframe and engine components. In many applications, these composites are integrated into structural components by diffusion bonding. Thus the composites are subjected to temperature/time cycles during material processing and to temperature/stress cycles in service. One major effect of these thermomechanical cycles is that they significantly alter the microstructure of the composite constituents and the residual stresses. Even though the changes in microstructure and residual stresses may not affect the composite properties greatly, they often lead to completely different failure mechanisms. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of heat treatment on composite damage development, which can only be done by nondestructively monitoring damage initiation and development during the failure process.
English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850–1980: An overview and an assessment

It is a very difficult country to move, Mr. Hyndman, a very difficult country indeed, and one in which there is more disappointment to be looked for than success. —Disraeli to H. M. Hyndman (1881) Now we ask ourselves more and more if the so-called progress we see going on about us at breakneck speed is what we really want. This is the age of the international companies – the commercial dinosaurs that stride from continent to continent. It is the age of supertankers, superstores, supersonic flight. The only thing which for many is not super is life itself. — Folkestone Herald (31 July 1971) The cultural domestication of the industrial revolution At the time of the Great Exhibition of 1851, Britain was the home of the industrial revolution, a symbol of material progress to the world. It was also the home of an apparently triumphant bourgeoisie. Observers like Carlyle and Marx agreed in pointing to the industrialist as the new aristocrat, a figure that was ushering in a radically new order and a new culture. Yet they were misled. From the time of their assertions, social and psychological currents in Britain began to flow in a different direction. By the nineteen-seventies, falling levels of capital investment raised the specter of outright “de-industrialization” – a decline in industrial production outpacing any corresponding growth in the “production” of services. Whether or not such a specter had substance, it is true that this period of recognized economic crisis in Britain was preceded by a century of psychological and intellectual de-industrialization.
HUMUS-BOUND RESIDUES OF PHENYLAMIDE HERBICIDES: THEIR NATURE, PERSISTENCE AND MONITORING

Abstract The chemical binding of certain pesticide residues to soil humus raises concerns about persistence, crop contamination and residue monitoring. Using radiochemical as well as conventional techniques, the nature, fate and analytical recovery of humus-bound 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), the principal residue of several phenylamide herbicides, were explored. Although not a growth substrate, DCA was extensively mineralized during a two-week incubation period in vitro by a Pseudomonas putida strain. Biodegradation occurred via oxidative deamination to 4,5-dichlorocatechol, followed by ring cleavage and dechlorination. However, in soil, the formation of humic complexes resulted in a DCA half-life of more than one year, and DCA was mineralized essentially at the rate of the humus fraction to which it became attached. Addition of aniline enhanced the mineralization of free and humus-bound DCA in vitro , as well as in soil. Humus-bound DCA did not appear to have adverse effects on soil microorganisms, but due to the microbial turnover of humus, DCA was liberated in intact form and gave rise to low-level crop contamination. The use of model monomers in the study of DCA attachment to soil humus revealed that quinoidal rather than phenolic groups constituted the principal attachment sites. DCA binding appeared to be a sequential reaction, leading from relatively loose to increasingly hydrolysis-resistant attachment. A modified Bleidner distillation process succeeded in recovering 98% of the solvent-unextractable DCA from freshly formed humic complexes. Laboratory studies as well as analysis of a field soil treated for 10 consecutive years by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) indicated that DCA accumulation to problem levels in agricultural soils is unlikely.
Measurement of Dynamic Response Parameters of an Underdamped System

The dynamic behavior of a system is highly influenced by the energy dissipation due to its damping. To clearly understand dynamic behavior, an accurate measurement of damping is very important. One of the most commonly used methods for evaluating damping coefficients is the measurement of decay of free vibrations. The purpose of this study is to introduce a new experimental technique, a pluck test coupled with High speed Digital Image Correlation (DIC) [1] technique, to analyze the dynamic response of underdamped systems. It is further validated comparing the results from this test with those of obtained from the existing techniques such as using laser vibrometer and by using a general purpose single-axis accelerometer. Using the pluck test, an initial displacement is introduced into the system and the response with time is measured using DIC. High speed DIC employs two synchronized high speed digital cameras. Images captured at a high frame rate by high speed cameras are analyzed using 3D DIC software and therefore, a full field dynamic response of the test subject is captured The parameters such as natural frequency and damping ratio are obtained from the measured time history of the displacement using logarithmic decrement method [2]. The test vehicles used in this study to implement this technique are different liquid crystal display (LCD) modules used in commercially available smart phones and Corning® Gorilla® Glass that is used as cover glass in the same.
Universal Visible Sky Factor: A method for calculating the three-dimensional visible sky ratio

Abstract This paper developed a new methodology for evaluating the visible sky ratio of a vertical building surface. A visible sky ratio is based on a surface viewpoint and measured by projecting obstacles onto a virtual three-dimensional (3D) hemisphere. Typically, virtual sky projection methods use two-dimensional (2D) mapping to calculate the amount of view of the outside. A major concern with 2D mapping is loss of accuracy due to the distortions in geometry that occur during the projection process. To address this limitation, a new projection method has been developed, supported by a computational numeric model that calculates the actual projection area of obstacles onto a 3D hemisphere. The new method improves the accuracy of the visible sky ratio without distorting obstructions. This new method can handle more complex conditions such as the forms of surrounding buildings, as well as various layouts, orientations, and heights. This study examines the new method via existing calculation processes in order to determine its robustness and limitations. The proposed method compared positively to these other existing methods, especially in terms of vertical changes in the observation point.
On Ni/Au Alloyed Contacts to Mg-Doped GaN

Ni/Au contacts to p-GaN were studied as a function of free hole concentration in GaN using planar transmission line measurement structures. All contacts showed a nonlinear behavior, which became stronger for lower doping concentrations. Electrical and structural analysis indicated that the current conduction between the contact and the p-GaN was through localized nano-sized clusters. Thus, the non-linear contact behavior can be well explained using the alloyed contact model. Two contributions to the contact resistance were identified: the spreading resistance in the semiconductor developed by the current crowding around the electrically active clusters, and diode-type behavior at the interface of the electrically active clusters with the semiconductor. Hence, the equivalent Ni/Au contact model consists of a diode and a resistor in series for each active cluster. The reduced barrier height observed in the measurements is thought to be generated by the extraction of Ga from the crystalline surface and localized formation of the Au:Ga phase. The alloyed contact analyses presented in this work are in good agreement with some of the commonly observed behavior of similar contacts described in the literature.
Philosopher-Kings and Academic Advisers: Learning from The Republic

This paper engages with two deeply philosophical questions about academic advising: who should academic advisers be and what should be their aims? The Republic of Plato offers both substantive insights towards answering these questions and a novel form with which to explore them: the dialogue. The paper that follows is written as a dialogue, a discussion between the author, Plato, and a fictional interlocutor named Carla. After considering and discarding other possible arguments, the discussants eventually come to the conclusion that advisers should be like the philosophers of The Republic . The implications of this are many, including the notion that advisers should be involved in the process of curriculum development and revision. Beyond grappling with these substantive issues, the author utilizes the unconventional format of a dialogue to show how advisers could engage in philosophical thinking about academic advising.
When is it appropriate to combine expert judgments

Rather than seeking improved methodologies, difficulty in combining expert opinion should serve as a warning flag that causes us to seek alternative modes of policy analysis. These alternatives are usually more appropriate for the real audience for our analyses. Policy analysis of climate change is too often framed in terms that amount to preparing the tools with which a benevolent world dictator could do cost-benefit analysis. This tends to overemphasize end-to-end analysis that must rely on the combined opinions of experts. This framing is unrealistic and encourages omission of important aspects of the climate problem such as its heterogeneity. Rejecting this framing in favor of alternate, less all encompassing, forms of policy analysis permits more robust results, and reduces the emphasis on combining expert opinion. While the opinions expressed here are my own, I thank Hadi Dowlatabadi, M. Granger Morgan, Ted Parson, and James Risbey for their perceptive comments.
Perspective: Sleep at the USA Science and Engineering Festival-A New Outreach for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

This April, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) took part as exhibitors at the USA Science and Engineering Festival in Washington, DC. This was AASM's first time attending the festival wh...
A Dual-Mode Configurable RF-to-Digital Receiver in 16NM FinFET

A tunable and process-scalable RF-to-digital receiver using a configurable-architecture ADC is implemented in 16nm CMOS. In low-power mode, the 0.7-1.9 GHz receiver is configured as a VCO-based design drawing 9–16 mW and providing −82 dBm sensitivity in a 10 MHz bandwidth. In blocker-tolerant mode, a successive approximation ADC is enabled to obtain an in-band IIP3 of +17 dBm.