cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanics based model for predicting structure-induced rolling resistance (SRR) of the tire-pavement system

The structure-induced rolling resistance of pavements, and its impact on vehicle fuel consumption, is investigated in this study. The structural response of pavement causes additional rolling resistance and fuel consumption of vehicles through deformation of pavement and various dissipation mechanisms associated with inelastic material properties and damping. Accurate and computationally efficient models are required to capture these mechanisms and obtain realistic estimates of changes in vehicle fuel consumption. Two mechanistic-based approaches are currently used to calculate vehicle fuel consumption as related to structural rolling resistance: dissipation-induced and deflection-induced methods. The deflection-induced approach is adopted in this study, and realistic representation of pavement–vehicle interactions (PVIs) is incorporated. In addition to considering viscoelastic behavior of asphalt concrete layers, the realistic representation of PVIs in this study includes non-uniform three-dimensional tire contact stresses and dynamic analysis in pavement simulations. The effects of analysis type, tire contact stresses, pavement viscoelastic properties, pavement damping coefficients, vehicle speed, and pavement temperature are then investigated.
Changing trends in use of hepatocytes and microsomes for evaluating metabolism studies in drug discovery

A superfamily of hemoprotein named cytochrome P450 (CYPs) are the proteins which bring about catalysis of many endo biotics as well as xenobiotics. These are the membrane associated proteins located in the endoplasmic reticulum. As these proteins bring about oxidative metabolism of many xenobiotics, they have been since used to in drug discovery and development extensively to study the drug metabolism of new chemical entities (NCEs). In humans, these CYPs are localized in different organs, such as liver, brain, intestine and kidney. In the liver, CYPs are present in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes. Ultracentrifugation of hepatocytes at a speed of 100,000 X g will generate microsomes.
Considering Development in Developmental Disorders

Various theorists have argued for the importance of a developmental approach to studying typical development (Karmiloff-Smith, 1998; Lerner, 1996; Lerner & Hood, 1986; Masten & Cicchetti, 2010; Overton, 2014; Overton & Lerner, 2012, 2014), and there are reasons to believe that this issue is even more critical to the study of atypical development (Thomas, 2016; Thomas et al., 2009). In this article, we bring together perspectives from a variety of theorists to outline the importance of conceptualizing both typical and atypical development as a not-necessarily-linear, interconnected, and multifaceted set of individual trajectories embedded in real-world contexts (Karmiloff-Smith, 1998; Masten & Cicchetti, 2010; Overton & Lerner, 2012). Using examples from studies of atypical brain and behavior, we describe 6 lenses that can be applied to developmental research.
Literary Celebrity, Gender, and Victorian Authorship, 1850–1914, by Alexis Easley: Newark, DE: U of Delaware, 2013. Print

One humorous and meaningful metaphor for the emergence of women as literary celebrities and agents of social, political, and cultural change is found in chapter three of Alexis Easley’s book Litera...
The Electronic Basis of Stereoselection

At the HMO theoretical level, stereoselection arises whenever AO’s interact (overlap) in a cyclic manner. At the HVB theoretical level, stereoselection arises whenever CW’s interact (overlap) in a cyclic manner so that the product of the CW interaction matrix elements (overlap intergrals) is an odd function of the corresponding AO “resonance integrals” (overlap integrals). For the latter condition to be met, the interacting CW’s must differ by one spin orbital. Accordingly, we can say that stereoselection is a natural consequence of “covalent” and/or “ionic” delocalization. That is to say, if we arbitrarily define our frame of reference to be the hypothetical situation of zero AO overlap, stereoselection arises as a result of direct or indirect mixing of higher energy “covalent” as well as “ionic” CW’s with the HL CW’s via one electron transfer from one AO to another. In chemistry, we frequently encounter two different types of systems wherein stereoselection arise from two different types of monoelectronic coupling of HL CW’s: a) Systems where the HL CW’s are directly coupled in a one-electron sense. b) Systems where the HL CW’s are indirectly coupled in a one-electron sense via higher energy “covalent” and/or “ionic:” CW’s.
Characterization and utilization of the flexor digitorum brevis for assessing skeletal muscle function

The ability to assess skeletal muscle function and delineate regulatory mechanisms is essential to uncovering therapeutic approaches that preserve functional independence in a disease state. Skeletal muscle provides distinct experimental challenges due to inherent differences across muscle groups, including fiber type and size that may limit experimental approaches. The flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) possesses numerous properties that offer the investigator a high degree of experimental flexibility to address specific hypotheses. To date, surprisingly few studies have taken advantage of the FDB to investigate mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle function. The purpose of this study was to characterize and experimentally demonstrate the value of the FDB muscle for scientific investigations. First, we characterized the FDB phenotype and provide reference comparisons to skeletal muscles commonly used in the field. We developed approaches allowing for experimental assessment of force production, in vitro and in vivo microscopy, and mitochondrial respiration to demonstrate the versatility of the FDB. As proof-of principle, we performed experiments to alter force production or mitochondrial respiration to validate the flexibility the FDB affords the investigator. The FDB is made up of small predominantly type IIa and IIx fibers that collectively produce less peak isometric force than the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) or soleus muscles, but demonstrates a greater fatigue resistance than the EDL. Unlike the other muscles, inherent properties of the FDB muscle make it amenable to multiple in vitro- and in vivo-based microscopy methods. Due to its anatomical location, the FDB can be used in cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury protocols and is amenable to electroporation of cDNA with a high degree of efficiency allowing for an effective means of genetic manipulation. Using a novel approach, we also demonstrate methods for assessing mitochondrial respiration in the FDB, which are comparable to the commonly used gastrocnemius muscle. As proof of principle, short-term overexpression of Pgc1α in the FDB increased mitochondrial respiration rates. The results highlight the experimental flexibility afforded the investigator by using the FDB muscle to assess mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle function.
Conserved motifs on the cytoplasmic face of the protein translocation channel are critical for the transition between resting and active conformations.

The Sec61 complex is the primary cotranslational protein translocation channel in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The structural transition between the closed inactive conformation of the Sec61 complex and its open and active conformation is thought to be promoted by binding of the ribosome nascent-chain complex to the cytoplasmic surface of the Sec61 complex. Here, we have analyzed new yeast Sec61 mutants that selectively interfere with cotranslational translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum. We found that a single substitution at the junction between transmembrane segment TM7 and the L6/7 loop interferes with cotranslational translocation by uncoupling ribosome binding to the L6/7 loop from the separation of the lateral gate transmembrane spans. Substitutions replacing basic residues with acidic residues in the C-terminal tail of Sec61 had an unanticipated impact upon binding of ribosomes to the Sec61 complex. We found that similar charge-reversal mutations in the N-terminal tail and in cytoplasmic loop L2/3 did not alter ribosome binding but interfered with translocation channel gating. These findings indicated that these segments are important for the structural transition between the inactive and active conformations of the Sec61 complex. In summary our results have identified additional cytosolic segments of the Sec61 complex important for promoting the structural transition between the closed and open conformations of the complex. We conclude that positively charged residues in multiple cytosolic segments, as well as bulky hydrophobic residues in the L6/7–TM7 junction, are required for cotranslational translocation or integration of membrane proteins by the Sec61 complex.
XIII. On the nature of flame, and on the condition of the sun's surface

(1858). XIII. On the nature of flame, and on the condition of the sun's surface. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 15, No. 98, pp. 90-93.
Transparency strategy: competing with information in a digital world

We contend that in order to compete effectively in a digital business environment, firms should develop a transparency strategy by selectively disclosing information outside the boundaries of the firm. We make the case for transparency strategy by showing why it is relevant in the digital business world, and the consequences of not having such a strategy. We then provide some foundations to develop the strategy and make a call for research.
Toward Understanding Tornado Formation Through Spatiotemporal Data Mining

Tornadoes, which are one of the most feared natural phenomena, present a significant challenge to forecasters who strive to provide adequate warnings of the imminent danger. Forecasters recognize the general environmental conditions within which a tornadic thunderstorm, called a supercell thunderstorm, will form. They also recognize a supercell thunderstorm with its rotating updraft, or mesocyclone, when it appears on radar. However, only a minority of supercell storms produce tornadoes. Although most tornadoes are warned in advance, the majority of the tornado warnings are false alarms. In this chapter, we discuss the development of novel spatiotemporal data mining techniques for discriminating between supercell storms that produce tornadoes and those that do not. To test the novel techniques, we initially applied them to numerical models having coarse 500 meter horizontal grid spacing that did not resolve tornadoes but that did resolve the parent mesocyclones.
Search for Dark Matter in Monojet-like Events

The simplest possible scenario for the production of Dark Matter (DM) at the LHC is given by assuming a process in which two incoming partons would lead to a final state with two DM particles. However, such a final state could not be detected in the experiments: since the DM particles are only interacting weakly with the detector material, they would escape without leaving a signal.
Autobahn 2.0: minimizing bangs while maintaining performance (system demonstration)

Lazy evaluation has many advantages, but it can cause bad performance. Consequently, Haskell allows users to force eager evaluation at certain program points by inserting strictness annotations, known and written as bangs (!). Unfortunately, manual bang placement is difficult. Autobahn 1.0 uses a genetic algorithm to infer bang annotations that improve performance. However, Autobahn 1.0 often generates large numbers of superfluous bangs, which is problematic because users must inspect each such bang to determine whether it is safe. We introduce Autobahn 2.0, which uses GHC profiling information to reduce the number of superfluous bangs. When evaluated on the NoFib benchmark suite, Autobahn 2.0 reduced the number of inferred bangs by 90.2% on average, while only degrading program performance by 15.7% compared with the performance produced by Autobahn 1.0. In a case study on a garbage collection simulator, Autobahn 2.0 eliminated 81.8% of the recommended bangs, with the same 15.7% optimization degradation.
Tracking RNA structures as RNAs transit through the cell.

RNAs perform diverse cellular functions that are mediated at least in part by their structure. However, how RNA structure changes throughout the RNA lifecycle and how these changes affect RNA function remain incompletely understood. A detailed in vivo characterization of RNA structure in various cellular subcompartments now provides insights into how RNA structural changes influence translation, RNA decay, protein binding and RNA modification.
Bayesian model averaging: improved variable selection for matched case-control studies.

Background : The problem of variable selection for risk factor modeling is an ongoing challenge in statistical practice. Classical methods that select one subset of exploratory risk factors dominate the medical research field. However, this approach has been criticized for not taking into account the uncertainty of the model selection process itself. This limitation can be addressed by a Bayesian model averaging approach: instead of focusing on a single model and a few factors, Bayesian model averaging considers all the models with non-negligible probabilities to make inference. Methods : This paper reports on a simulation study designed to emulate a matched case-control study and compares classical versus Bayesian model averaging selection methods. We used Matthews’s correlation coefficient to measure the quality of binary classifications. Both classical and Bayesian model averaging were also applied and compared for the analysis of a matched case-control study of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections after hospital discharge 2011-2013. Results : Bayesian model averaging outperformed the classical approach with much lower false positive rates and higher Matthew’s correlation scores. Bayesian model averaging also produced more reliable and robust effect estimates. Conclusion : Bayesian model averaging is a conceptually simple, unified approach that produces robust results. It can be used to replace controversial P-values for case-control study in medical research. Key words: Bayesian model averaging; Gibbs variable selection; matched case control; model selection; Zellner’s g-prior
SONAR propels endothelin A receptor antagonists to success.

The SONAR trial reports that treatment with the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. This study was designed to select patients who were likely to benefit from the therapy and minimize the risk of adverse effects.
Measuring Diabetes Quality of Care: Clinical Outcomes, Cost-Effectiveness, and Patient Experience of Care

It is widely recognized worldwide that the quality of care provided to those with diabetes mellitus is far from optimal. In order to improve care in an intentional way, it is of paramount importance to identify key aspects of diabetes care quality to target, develop valid measures of care quality to track changes over time, and use these measures to identify specific types of actions and interventions that are most likely to effectively impact diabetes quality and performance measures. Here we will discuss the strength and weaknesses of current measures of diabetes quality of care and comment on current challenges that face those engaged in this effort, either as developers of quality measures or as users of such measures in care delivery settings or in accountability organizations. For the sake of brevity, we will focus on outpatient care of adults with type 2 diabetes and limit our attention in this chapter to measures of selected clinical outcomes, cost of care, and patient experience of care.
Cost-effectiveness model of abiraterone plus prednisone, cabazitaxel plus prednisone and enzalutamide for visceral metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer therapy after docetaxel therapy resistance

AbstractAims: Among patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, 10–20% will develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) within 5 years; for 70%, CRPC will metastasize, mostly to the lungs and/...
Percutaneous and Port Delivered Arterial Infusional Therapy for Liver Tumors

The liver is one of the most common sites of malignancy. The common nature of parenchymal disease that predisposes to malignancies such as hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma results in primary malignancies. Because of the highly vascular nature of the liver, it is also a frequent site of metastases for tumors originating in other organs, including colorectal carcinoma, ocular melanoma, breast cancer, renal cell cancer, and neuroendocrine tumors. More specifically, recent studies have estimated that for stage IV colorectal carcinoma patients, 85% have liver metastases and 41% have disease confined to the liver. In ocular melanoma, the liver is the initial or sole site of metastatic disease in 70–90% of patients (Grover et al, Surgery 136(6):1176–1182, 2004). For patients with malignancies restricted to the liver, resection is generally the first line of treatment, with the highest efficacy and potential for cure. However, for the majority of cases, when hepatic malignancy is discovered, most of them are already too widespread or involve too many key structures for resection to be technically feasible. Additionally, liver malignancies often occur in patients in the setting of cirrhosis, making it a challenge to treat the malignancy while preserving sufficient liver function for recovery.
In situ metabolite and lipid analysis of GluN2D −/− and wild-type mice after ischemic stroke using MALDI MSI

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a crucial mediator of pathological glutamate-driven excitotoxicity and subsequent neuronal death in acute ischemic stroke. Although the roles of the NMDAR's composite GluN2A-C subunits have been investigated in this phenomenon, the relative importance of the GluN2D subunit has yet to be evaluated. Herein, GluN2D-/- mice were studied in a model of ischemic stroke using MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry imaging to investigate the role of the GluN2D subunit of the NMDA receptor in brain ischemia. GluN2D-/- mice underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and brain tissue was subsequently harvested, frozen, and cryosectioned. Tissue sections were analyzed via MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry imaging. MALDI analyses revealed increases in several calcium-related species, namely vitamin D metabolites, LysoPC, and several PS species, in wild-type mouse brain tissue when compared to wild type. In addition, GluN2D-/- mice also displayed an increase in PC, as well as a decrease in DG, suggesting reduced free fatty acid release from brain ischemia. These trends indicate that GluN2D-/- mice show enhanced rates of neurorecovery and neuroprotection from ischemic strokes compared to wild-type mice. The cause of neuroprotection may be the result of an increase in PGP in knockout mice, contributing to greater cardiolipin synthesis and decreased sensitivity to apoptotic signals. Graphical abstract.
Roles of active site residues in catalysis, substrate binding, cooperativity and the reaction mechanism of the quinoprotein glycine oxidase.

The quinoprotein glycine oxidase from the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea (PlGoxA) uses a protein-derived cysteine tryptophylquinone (CTQ) cofactor to catalyze conversion of glycine to glyoxylate and ammonia. This homotetrameric enzyme exhibits strong cooperativity toward glycine binding. It is a good model for studying enzyme kinetics and cooperativity, specifically for being able to separate those aspects of protein function through directed mutagenesis. Variant proteins were generated with mutations in four active-site residues, Phe-316, His-583, Tyr-766, and His-767. Structures for glycine-soaked crystals were obtained for each. Different mutations had differential effects on kcat and K0.5 for catalysis, K0.5 for substrate binding, and the Hill coefficients describing the steady-state kinetics or substrate binding. Phe-316 and Tyr-766 variants retained catalytic activity, albeit with altered kinetics and cooperativity. Substitutions of His-583 revealed that it is essential for glycine binding, and the structure of H583C PlGoxA had no active-site glycine present in glycine-soaked crystals. The structure of H767A PlGoxA revealed a previously undetected reaction intermediate, a carbinolamine product-reduced CTQ adduct, and exhibited only negligible activity. The results of these experiments, as well as those with the native enzyme and previous variants, enabled construction of a detailed mechanism for the reductive half-reaction of glycine oxidation. This proposed mechanism includes three discrete reaction intermediates that are covalently bound to CTQ during the reaction, two of which have now been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Determination of glycosylated hemoglobin for diagnosis and monitoring of gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective To study the clinical significance of glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c)in preventing,diagnosing,and monitoring gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM).Methods 200 women,21-30weeks pregnant and aged 19-40,were selected and then were divided into a normal pregnant group and a GDM group according to the new standard of IADPSG,100 for each group.FPG,OGTT,and HbA1c were determined in both groups,and their results were statistically analyzed and compared.Results FPG,OGTT,and HbA1c were obviously higher in the GDM group than in the control group,with statistical differences(P=0.000).The positive rate of HbA1c was 82.0％ in the GDM group and was 6.0％ in the control group,with a statistical difference(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions HbA1c has a very high positive rate in GDM.Determination of HbA1c,FPG,and OGTT has significant clinical value in GDM monitoring and treatment. Key words: Blood glucose; Gestational diabetes mellitus; Glycosylated hemoglobin
In operando investigation of GaN PIN device characteristics under electron irradiation energies comparable to Pm-147 source for betavoltaic application

Here, we report on the application of an electron source with high accelerating voltage (62 kV–200 kV) to simulate betavoltaic power generation capabilities of a planar GaN PIN (p-GaN/i-GaN/n-GaN) device. The in situ electrical characterization reported here enables detailed performance comparison of new device designs to conventional device configurations. In operando investigation of a GaN PIN device under irradiation by a modified transmission electron microscope is being reported here. A large-area planar GaN PIN (0.04 cm2, 17.8 nA/cm2 at 5 V reverse bias) device was irradiated with an electron beam of approximately equivalent spot size. At an approximate input current density of 5 nA/cm2, the maximum power produced (MPP) decreases from 2.45 µW/cm2 to 0.45 µW/cm2 with an increase in the beam voltage from 62 kV to 200 kV. This reduction in power corresponds to reduced electron–hole pair generation and capture within the active region of the device. The inverse relation of MPP to beam voltage is modeled by CASINO2 Monte Carlo simulations of energy absorption and is found to be in good agreement with the experimental measurement. At a constant 62 kV beam voltage, MPP is shown to increase with beam current density up to 48.2 µW/cm2 at 177 nA/cm2. Repeated device dark current measurements following the irradiation indicate no degradation of the device. An irradiation dose of ∼1016 cm−2, equivalent to exposure from a 10 mCi radioisotope source for 1 yr, was performed at an energy of 200 kV, with no appreciable deterioration in device performance.
Systems for Creating Capital

Humans are a biologically evolved social species with advanced cognitive skills. While there are a number of social species, such as ants, humans are the most sophisticated in terms of creating societies. All species have some cognitive skills (e.g., a plant senses sunlight and orientates toward it), and some have very specialized skills (e.g., echolocation in bats). Humans, however, have the most advanced cognitive skills. We have jointly applied our social and cognitive skills over millions of years to create the sociotechnical systems that dominate today’s world and are responsible for our capital creation system.
Some New Aspects of the Electromagnetic Wave Propagation through a Dielectric Medium

To the electromagnetic wave propagating through a refractive medium one can assign simultaneously real and imaginary masses. Some consequences of this fact are being explored.
Novae heat their food: mass transfer by irradiation

A nova eruption irradiates and heats the donor star in a cataclysmic variable to high temperatures $T_{\rm irr}$, causing its outer layers to expand and overflow the Roche lobe. We calculate the donor's heating and expansion both analytically and numerically and find that irradiation drives enhanced mass transfer from the donor at a rate $\dot{m}\propto T_{\rm irr}^{5/3}$, which reaches $\dot{m}\sim 10^{-6}\textrm{ M}_\odot\textrm{ yr}^{-1}$ at the peak of the eruption - about a thousand times faster than during quiescence. As the nova subsides and the white dwarf cools down, $\dot{m}$ drops to lower values. We find that under certain circumstances, the decline halts and the mass transfer persists at a self-sustaining rate of $\dot{m}\sim 10^{-7}\textrm{ M}_\odot\textrm{ yr}^{-1}$ for up to $\sim 10^3$ yr after the eruption. At this rate, irradiation by the white dwarf's accretion luminosity is sufficient to drive the mass transfer on its own. The self-sustaining rate is close to the white dwarf's stable burning limit, such that this bootstrapping mechanism can simultaneously explain two classes of puzzling binary systems: recurrent novae with orbital periods $\approx 2$ h (T Pyxidis and IM Normae) and long-lived supersoft X-ray sources with periods $\approx 4$ h (RX J0537.7-7034 and 1E 0035.4-7230). Whether or not a system reaches the self-sustaining state is sensitive to the donor's chromosphere structure, as well as to the orbital period change during nova eruptions.
DVS System Design and Results

A complete embedded microprocessor system was designed and implemented to demonstrate the processor system design methodology described in the previous chapters. By combining Dynamic Voltage Scaling with energy-efficient architecture and circuit design, the system is able to demonstrate more than an order of magnitude improvement in energy efficiency over more conventionally implemented designs.
Creative Strategy and Magazine Advertising Readership: A Pilot Study

Over the years, advertising researchers have used various approaches to gauge the effectiveness of print media. This paper builds on the literature and adapts the Laskey, Day, and Crask (1989) creative strategy typology to assess magazine advertising effectiveness via Starch scores. A research methodology is developed and an empirical test using 407 ads from 12 issues of Better Homes and Garden in 1992 is presented. In addition, guidelines for related research are offered.
Understanding and Interpreting Tax Compliance Strategies Among Street Vendors

For centuries street markets have been vibrant multiuse spaces providing economic opportunities for immigrants and native populations alike. Only over the last 70–80 years have a number of laws – food safety, tax, and others – been adopted that criminalize street markets and vendors. Over the last 30 years we have witnessed some loosening of legal regimes to accommodate a number of public policy goals (such as access to healthy food) but tax law and policy have not kept pace with the emergent purposes associated with street markets and merchants. Thus, we need to know more about tax-related values and practices of vendors, the deeper aspirations and contextual sources of those values and practices, and how law and policy might be revised to enhance individual welfare and realize public goals.
Zebrafish Embryo as a Developmental System

Zebrafish are simple, rapidly-developing animals that are amenable to detailed developmental and genetic analyses. Despite their relatively simple morphology, they share many developmental features with other vertebrates. By combining developmental studies in zebrafish with those in other animals, we will begin to understand the complex events that occur as an embryo develops from a one-celled zygote to a complex, multicellular organism. Keywords: cell lineage; fate map; cell transplantation; genetic mutants; genetic mapping
Calcium-dependent inactivation of calcium current in synaptic terminals of retinal bipolar neurons

Giant synaptic terminals (approximately 10 micrometer diameter) of bipolar neurons from goldfish retina were used to directly investigate calcium-dependent inactivation of presynaptic calcium current. During sustained depolarization, calcium current was initially constant for a period lasting up to several hundred milliseconds and then it declined exponentially. The duration of the initial delay was shorter and the rate of inactivation was faster with larger calcium current. The fastest time constant of inactivation (in the range of 2–5 sec) was observed under weak calcium buffering conditions. Inactivation was attenuated when external Ca2+ was replaced with Ba2+ and when terminals were dialyzed with high concentrations of internal BAPTA. Elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) by application of the calcium ionophore ionomycin or by dialysis with pipette solutions containing buffered elevated [Ca2+] produced inactivation of calcium current. The rate of recovery from inactivation was not determined by the recovery of [Ca2+]i to baseline after a stimulus. The results demonstrate that the presynaptic calcium current in bipolar neurons is inactivated by elevated [Ca2+]i, but the inactivation is approximately 100-fold slower than previously described calcium-dependent inactivation in other types of cells.
Probing chromatin immunoprecipitates with CpG-island microarrays to identify genomic sites occupied by DNA-binding proteins.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay to a high-throughput microarray–based method for discovering genomic regions occupied by human DNA-binding proteins. Others, primarily using yeast model systems, have also explored the use of coupled-chromatin immunoprecipitation and microarrays to identify large sets of binding sites of DNA-binding proteins. ChIPs and microarrays are used to identify the global binding locations of the majority of known yeast transcription factors and use the resulting data along with data from mRNA expression array analysis to define the regulatory networks that exist in yeast. The chapter discusses the protocol to immunoprecipitate sequences, specifically associated with E2F family members, pocket proteins (Rb, p107, and p130), β-catenin, TCF family members, RNA polymerase, Myc family members, histones, and so forth. This protocol is applicable to a wide variety of different types of DNA-binding factors and it provides a good starting point for most transcription factors. The identification of positive clones is a multistep procedure that first require normalization of the two arrays to be compared (that is, the one hybridized with chromatin immunoprecipitated with an antibody to a DNA-binding protein and the one hybridized with the no-antibody or preimmune control), followed by clone selection, confirmation, and ultimately, functional analysis.
Overcoming the Neglect of Social Process in Cross‐National and Comparative Criminology

How and why crime rates vary across different societal and cultural contexts has been a perennial question within criminological research. Numerous studies have emerged in recent years responding to calls for criminology to examine the cross-cultural relevance of contemporary theory. While many of these studies have made significant advances, a great deal of work remains to be done in the development of theory, measurement, and methods. The present article examines the state of cross-national criminological research, including a discussion of challenges in examining key theoretical questions. Promising avenues for overcoming issues with data and developing key theoretical perspectives to better assess how social processes explain cross-national variations of crime are discussed.
School Rankings: Descriptive Statistics or Incentives to Manipulate?

Recently, President Obama has proposed that the Department of Education start ranking colleges based on “value.” School rankings have, for some time, formed an important component of students’ decisions on which institutions to attend. However, as we illustrate in this paper, such rankings can be easily manipulated. We discuss some of the metrics used in outcomes assessment, as well as many of the statistics and rankings used by potential students in selecting a school. We discuss how sampling bias can make many of these statistics suspect, and how this creates an incentive for schools to spend resources on inflating them. This paper, one in a series designed to provide examples of how statistics can be used to mislead, is of particular interest to students, most of whom have made use of some ranking in deciding which school to attend. Many of the “tricks” described to improve rankings also have serious ethical implications. This leads to a discussion of ethical issues in the use of statistics, which would be particularly useful to those looking to introduce a discussion of ethics into a statistics course.
The adenovirus E3 14.7-kilodalton protein which inhibits cytolysis by tumor necrosis factor increases the virulence of vaccinia virus in a murine pneumonia model.

Abstract The 14.7-kilodalton protein (14.7K protein) encoded by the adenovirus (Ad) E3 region inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-mediated lysis of cells in tissue culture experiments, but the relevance of this effect in vivo is incompletely understood. To examine the effect of the ability of the Ad 14.7K protein to block TNF lysis upon viral pathogenesis in a murine model, we cloned the 14.7K protein-encoding gene into vaccinia virus (VV), permitting its study in isolation from other Ad E3 immunomodulatory proteins. The gene for murine TNF-alpha was inserted into the same VV containing the 14.7K gene to ensure that each cell infected with the VV recombinant would express both the agonist (TNF) and its antagonist (14.7K). VV was utilized as the vector because it accommodates large and multiple inserts of foreign DNA with faithful, high-level expression of the protein products. In addition, infection of mice with VV induces disease with quantifiable morbidity, mortality, and virus replication. The results of intranasal infections of BALB/c mice with these VV recombinants indicate that the Ad 14.7K protein increases the virulence of VV carrying the TNF-alpha gene by reversing the attenuating effect of TNF-alpha on VV pathogenicity. This was demonstrated by increased mortality, pulmonary pathology, and viral titers in lung tissue following infection with VV coexpressing the 14.7K protein and TNF-alpha, compared with the control virus expressing TNF-alpha alone. These results suggest that the 14.7K protein, which is nonessential for Ad replication in tissue culture, is an immunoregulatory protein which functions in vivo to help counteract the antiviral effects of TNF-alpha.
A Peer Support Scale for Adults Treated for Psychoactive Substance–Use Disorder: A Rasch Analysis

The literature suggests that peer support is protective of relapse for adults treated for substance-use disorder. However, to our knowledge there is no standard measure of peer support. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to use Rasch analysis to assess a 13-item peer support scale used in a group of adults treated for primary psychoactive substance–abuse disorder. The participants (n = 408) are adults who were discharged from an inpatient substance-abuse treatment program from five successive years, 2004–2009. Overall, it is acceptable to surmise that items 1–12 are part of the same dimension for the 13-item scale. Given the prominence of therapeutic communities as a mode of primary treatment and the importance of peer support, it is important to both the academic and treatment communities to have a standard way to measure peer support. The scale presented here can be useful for this purpose. Highlights: • We asses a peer support scale for those treated for substance abuse. • We examine characteristics of the peer support scale. • We provide an option to measure peer support for those treated for substance abuse.
Evidence-Based Research on the Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions for Bipolar Disorder

Social workers comprise the largest proportion of the mental health workforce. Current trends in the psychiatric literature point to the routine implementation of psychosocial interventions for persons with bipolar disorder. This trend is in line with traditional social work theories and values, presenting an opportunity for social workers in the field of mental health to utilize this evidence in their practice. It is likely social workers can play key roles in improving outcomes for persons who have bipolar disorder. A review of evidence-based research is presented with a discussion of implications for practice.
Infrared Cells for Salt Solutions

The spectra of various salt solutions are under study in this laboratory in the mid-infrared region. No particular problem was encountered with cells in the earlier work. As the study expanded to many types of salts and organic solvents, however, cell window ions went into solution and solution ions deposited on the cell windows. These phenomena result from ion exchange and simple window solubility, both of which invalidate the measurements of this study. Freedom from these difficulties is promoted by low solubility of the window salt in the solvent and high solubility of the salt formed from the window cation and the solution anion as well as the salt formed from the solution cation and the window anion. While these conditions prevailed in the early work, they do not hold in some of the systems of current interest.
Bismuth(III) thioether chemistry: synthesis and structure of a coordination polymer derived from BiCl3 and MeSi(CH2SMe)3

Abstract The bismuth(III) halides BiX3 (X=Cl, Br) react readily with the tridentate thioether MeSi(CH2SMe)3 to give complexes of composition Bi2{MeSi(CH2SMe)3}2X6, which have been characterized analytically, spectroscopically and, for the chloro derivative, by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In contrast to the mononuclear derivatives formed in the reactions of BiCl3 with crown thioethers, Bi2{MeSi(CH2SMe)3}2Cl6 exhibits in the solid state an extended chain structure with bridging unidentate/bidentate thioether ligands.
Packed red blood cell transfusion is not associated with increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants.

Recent reports have posited a temporal association between blood transfusion with packed red blood cells (BT) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). We evaluated the relationship between BT and NEC among infants at three hospitals who were consented at birth into a prospective observational study of NEC. We used a case–control design to match each case of NEC in our study population of infants born at<33 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) to one control infant using hospital of birth, PMA, birth weight and date of birth. The number of transfusions per infant did not differ between 42 NEC cases and their controls (4.0±4.6 vs 5.4±4.1, mean±s.d., P=0.063). A matched-pair analysis did not identify an association of transfusion with NEC in either the 48-h or 7-day time periods before the onset of NEC. Stratifying on matched-sets, the Cox proportional hazard model did not identify any difference in the total number of BTs between the two groups (hazard ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 1.07, P=0.11). In contrast to previous studies, our case–control study did not identify a significant temporal association between BT and NEC. Additional large prospective randomized studies are needed to clarify the relationship between BT and NEC.
On the molecular length of the replicative form DNA of bacteriophage φX174

Abstract This paper describes an electron microscopic study of the circular replicative form DNA of bacteriophage φX174. The study has been carried out using a preparative technique in which the DNA molecules are adsorbed from solution on to the cleavage surface of mica and visualized in the electron microscope as a metal-shadowed replica (Gordon & Kleinschmidt, 1969,1970). Contour lengths of open circular molecules were measured in samples obtained from preparations in which the following experimental parameters were varied: the ionic strength of the solution from which the DNA was adsorbed on the mica and the way in which the molecules were dried before shadowing. At the 0.05 significance level, varying these parameters had no effect on the mean length and variances of samples of molecules obtained from five experiments; the samples were therefore regarded as being drawn from the same molecular population with a mean length and variance of, respectively, 1.83 μm and 0.0117 μm 2 . It was argued that the DNA molecules adsorbed on the mica are “frozen” into the molecular conformation present in solution at the time of adsorption and that, therefore, the experimentally determined contour lengths represent authentic molecular lengths in solution. Based on current estimates of the replicative form DNA molecular weight, the mean contour length obtained was slightly but significantly larger than the length predicted for molecules in an exact B configuration. The variance was larger than could be attributed solely to experimental error, indicating that the molecular population in aqueous solution is heterogeneous in contour length. These experimental results were shown to be consistent with a model for DNA structure in aqueous solution in which individual molecules are dynamic variants of a perturbed B form structure (von Hippel & Wong, 1971).
Polarization fields and wavefronts of two sheets for understanding polarization aberrations in optical imaging systems

Polarization aberrations by highlighting the concepts of polarization aberration fields and of wave- fronts of two sheets are explained. The fields have a vector character and are derived from the aberration func- tion of plane symmetric systems. It is shown that in the presence of retardance, an incoming optical field is split into two fields and therefore one can speak of wavefronts of two sheets. Both concepts, polarization aberration fields and wavefronts of two sheets, ease the understanding of polarization aberrations. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of
Interferometry at 337 mu m on a Tokamak Plasma

The Alcator electron density (10/sup 13/ < n/sub e/ < 10/sup 14/ cm/sup -3/) has been measured with a 337-mu m Mach-Zender interferometer. A detailed description of the interferometer is given. Results are discussed and compared with microwave interferometry data.
Influence of age on theophylline clearance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Theophylline total body clearance was calculated in 59 adult patients requiring intravenous aminophylline therapy. Group 1 consisted of 36 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients who were cigarette smokers without other conditions known to alter theophylline kinetics (age range: 22 to 79 years). Group 2 consisted of 23 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients who were cigarette smokers with a similar degree of congestive heart failure, but free of other characteristics or diseases that affect theophylline disposition (age range: 41 to 81 years). When individual theophylline total body clearance values were plotted against age in each group, poor correlation coefficients were found, indicating that age is not a good predictor of total body clearance of theophylline (group 1: r = 0.101; group 2: r = 0.276). Each group was also broken into ‘younger’ and ‘older’ patients. No significant differences in theophylline total body clearance values were found between the younger and older patients for either group 1 or 2, suggesting that a theophylline dosage reduction is not necessary in cigarette smoking patients over an arbitrary age limit.
Exploring the inputs of IS service

The importance of an IS unit's level of service to its internal customers (i.e., end-users) is well recognized (Kettinger and Lee, 1994; Pitt, Watson and Kavan, 1995; Kang and Bradley, 1999). In fact, the level of service provided by the IS unit to its internal customers can ultimately impact the organization's level of service to its external customers, as the IS unit contributes to the overall organizational climate for service (Schneider, White, and Paul, 1998). Much of the research on IS service quality has focused on the gap that exists between end-user expectations for the service and perceptions of the actual service received. Therefore, while these studies have contributed to the measurement of the IS unit's service (i.e., outputs), they have not looked closely at the service providers themselves (i.e., inputs). This research project focuses on the inputs.The research project will test the model depicted in Figure I to investigate the antecedents of, and influences on, the service quality of an IS service encounter (i.e. the service outcome). Using Ajzen and Fishbein's (1977) theory of reasoned action, this model posits that the service orientation (SO) of IS personnel will have a significant impact on end-user ratings of IS service quality (i.e., service outcomes). In addition, the model indicates that the service outcomes may also be influenced by the SO modeled by IS managers and team leaders, and by how (or if) service behavior is rewarded in the IS unit. Therefore, the model looks at the attitudes brought to the job by IS personnel, two facets of the work environment encountered by IS personnel while on the job, and the resulting service encounter as perceived by the end-user.
MECHANISTIC INSIGHT FROM ENERGY AND VOLUME PROFILES FOR CO BINDING TO A LACUNAR IRON(II) CYCLIDENE COMPLEX

The binding of CO to a lacunar Fe(II) cyclidene complex is characterized by very negative values for the activation entropy and activation volume, whereas the reverse dissociation reaction is accompanied by small positive activation entropy and activation volume data. The constructed volume profile suggests that, in the transition state, CO disappears completely into the ligand pocket during partial Fe−CO bond formation, followed by a high-spin to low-spin transition on Fe(II) during which the metal center moves into the ligand plane and accounts for the subsequent volume decrease.