cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assembly and integration of semiconductor nanowires for functional nanosystems

Central to the bottom-up paradigm of nanoscience, which could lead to entirely new and highly integrated functional nanosystems, is the development of effective assembly methods that enable hierarchical organization of nanoscale building blocks over large areas. Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) represent one of the most powerful and versatile classes of synthetically tunable nanoscale building blocks for studies of the fundamental physical properties of nanostructures and the assembly of a wide range of functional nanoscale systems. In this article, we review several key advances in the recent development of general assembly approaches for organizing semiconductor NW building blocks into designed architectures, and the further integration of ordered structures to construct functional NW device arrays. We first introduce a series of rational assembly strategies to organize NWs into hierarchically ordered structures, with a focus on the blown bubble film (BBF) technique and chemically driven assembly. Next, we discuss significant advances in building integrated nanoelectronic systems based on the reproducible assembly of scalable NW crossbar arrays, such as high-density memory arrays and logic structures. Lastly, we describe unique applications of assembled NW device arrays for studying functional nanoelectronic-biological interfaces by building well-defined NW-cell/tissue hybrid junctions, including the highly integrated NW-neuron interface and the multiplexed, flexible NW-heart tissue interface.
Sociotechnical reinvention: Implementation dynamics and collaboration tools

Abstract Sociotechnical systems theory suggests several themes about implementation, including continuous mutual adaptation of tool and context, task emphasis, the priority of process, and changes in evaluative criteria over time. The effectiveness of these ideas is illustrated in the experience of the World Bank in its implementation of a group decision support system, GroupSystems.
Acral purpura: An unusual sign of coumarin necrosis

Coumarin necrosis, a rare complication of coumarin anticoagulation, typically presents with well-defined purpuric patches that progress to bullae formation and necrosis. The vast majority of those affected are women, and most commonly affected sites are the breasts, buttocks, thighs, and abdomen. We present a male patient who manifested a unique reticulated purpura that progressed to bullae formation on the toes of one foot in addition to more classic lesions on the thigh and calf.
An efficient test vector compression scheme using selective Huffman coding

This paper presents a compression/decompression scheme based on selective Huffman coding for reducing the amount of test data that must be stored on a tester and transferred to each core in a system-on-a-chip (SOC) during manufacturing test. The test data bandwidth between the tester and the SOC is a bottleneck that can result in long test times when testing complex SOCs that contain many cores. In the proposed scheme, the test vectors for the SOC are stored in compressed form in the tester memory and transferred to the chip where they are decompressed and applied to the cores. A small amount of on-chip circuitry is used to decompress the test vectors. Given the set of test vectors for a core, a modified Huffman code is carefully selected so that it satisfies certain properties. These properties guarantee that the codewords can be decoded by a simple pipelined decoder (placed at the serial input of the core's scan chain) that requires very small area. Results indicate that the proposed scheme can provide test data compression nearly equal to that of an optimum Huffman code with much less area overhead for the decoder.
Optimal coordinate sensor placements for estimating mean and variance components of variation sources

In-process optical coordinate measuring machines offer the potential to diagnose the sources of the variations that are responsible for product quality defects. Such a sensor system can thus help manufacturers to improve product quality and reduce process downtime. The effective use of sensor data in the diagnosis of the sources of variations depends on the optimal design of the sensor system, which is often also called the problem of sensor placement. This paper addresses coordinate sensor placement for the diagnosis of dimensional variation sources in assembly processes. Sensitivity indices for the detection of the process mean and variance components are defined as the design criteria and are derived in terms of process layout and sensor deployment information. Exchange algorithms, originally developed for optimal experimental design, are revised and then used to maximize the detection sensitivity. A sort-and-cut procedure is proposed, which is able to significantly improve the algorithm efficiency of ...
Electrochemically Active Field-Trainable Pattern Recognition Systems

System performance tests have recently been carried out on an experimental electrochemically active/plastic system designed to demonstrate and begin to explore the theoretically predicted phenomenon we call temporally associative "field-trainability," a process which, when perfected and extended, may lead to revolutionary advances in manufacturing ultrahigh-density and highly versatile pattern recognition machines. The first complete experimental system, called-linear field-trainable, (LIFT) consists of two matching but opposing (excitatory/inhibitory) parallel arrays of active/plastic dipoles (iron/gold) in nitric acid, which are stimulated (electrically) in various patterns of activity. and respond by simple parallel coupling through the surrounding fluids and steel container walls to a low-impedance low-pass threshold detector. Alternatively, when desired, the chambers are connected to a power supply, the effect of which is to deliver massive electrical shocks to the entire array at once. The resulting reinforcement field is applied in synchronism with sample input pattern stimulations (which alternate with unreinforced response test stimulations) in attempts to induce at will, in a sequence of small steps, simultaneous changes of fine cellular structure which will produce corresponding specific systemic functional mutations as desired from among the class of linear decision functions.
Understanding fundamental processes in carbon materials with well-defined colloidal graphene quantum dots

Abstract Carbon materials have played very important roles in our society. Due to their complexity and inhomogeneity, however, our understandings of these materials have seriously lagged behind. As a result, development of new carbon materials has been largely based on trial and error. Here, we review our recent work on using well-defined colloidal graphene quantum dots as model systems to study fundamental processes in carbon materials. The future directions and limitations of this approach are also discussed.
Quantifying reliability uncertainty from catastrophic and margin defects: A proof of concept

Abstract We aim to analyze the effects of component level reliability data, including both catastrophic failures and margin failures, on system level reliability. While much work has been done to analyze margins and uncertainties at the component level, a gap exists in relating this component level analysis to the system level. We apply methodologies for aggregating uncertainty from component level data to quantify overall system uncertainty. We explore three approaches towards this goal, the classical Method of Moments (MOM), Bayesian, and Bootstrap methods. These three approaches are used to quantify the uncertainty in reliability for a system of mixed series and parallel components for which both pass/fail and continuous margin data are available. This paper provides proof of concept that uncertainty quantification methods can be constructed and applied to system reliability problems. In addition, application of these methods demonstrates that the results from the three fundamentally different approaches can be quite comparable.
A new apparatus for liquid phase thermal diffusion

A horizontal thermal diffusion column is described in which the inefficiencies caused by the forgotten effect and parasitic remixing are avoided. Experimental results obtained on the separation of water-ethyl alcohol mixtures are presented along with a phenomenological theory for the performance of the column.
Democracy and Trade Discrimination

Scholars continue to debate the relationship between democracy and free trade. This paper contributes to this debate by showing that the effects of democracy on trade policy vary across trading partners. Because democratization shifts political power from wealthier individuals to poorer ones, it creates political pressures for trade liberalization with wealthier partners but for increased protection against poorer ones. I test and find support for this hypothesis using dyadic trade flows from 1950 to 2000 and dyadic trade barriers in the 1990s. My results show that democratization leads to trade discrimination against poor countries, primarily via nontariff barriers. This result explains many features of the contemporary global trading system and also highlights the need to combat discrimination in international trade.
Selective laser trabeculoplasty: predictive value of early intraocular pressure measurements for success at 3 months

Aim: To determine the predictive value of the 2 week post-selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) intraocular pressure (IOP) by comparing it to the 4 week and 3 month values. Methods: A retrospective chart review of eyes that underwent SLT between 2001 and 2004 was performed. The primary outcome measure was IOP. Demographic and medical data were collected for correlational analysis. Results: 132 eyes of 95 patients were identified, none was excluded. Of the eyes that exhibited a decrease in IOP of >1 mm Hg at 2 weeks postoperatively, 99.24% continued to show a lowered IOP at the 4 week and 3 month visits. For these patients, the Pearson’s r value between 2 weeks and 4 weeks was 0.708 (p value = 0.01) while the r value between 2 weeks and 3 months was 0.513 (p value = 0.01). Conclusions: The 2 week visit post-SLT predicted the 4 week and 3 month visits if the 2 week visit demonstrated a decrease in IOP. These findings suggest that those patients who had a decreased IOP at 2 weeks and are at their goal IOP may not need to be screened until 3 months postoperatively.
Influence of question type on response adequacy in young adults with autism.

Abstract Sources of difficulty in comprehending conversational questions for individuals with autism may be multifarious, given the complexity of the disorder. This study investigated success in responding to naturalistic conversational questions by six young adults with autism, using a quantitative discourse analytic method. Subjects, aged 19–21, who were able to converse in at least simple sentences, were engaged in conversation about events and activities in their lives. From the transcripts of these conversations, four types of questions were isolated for analysis: more than seven words in length; multiclausal; requiring inference; and indirect requests for information. It was predicted that inference-based questions would be more difficult than the other types. Findings did not support this prediction. All four types showed a higher failure rate than the overall failure rate for responses to conversational questions. Clinical implications include the need for conversational assessment of receptive language functioning for individuals with autism. Suggestions for such assessments are provided.
Effects of spatial variability in light use efficiency on satellite-based NPP monitoring

Light use efficiency (LUE) algorithms are a potentially effective approach to monitoring global net primary production (NPP) using satellite-borne sensors such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). However, these algorithms are applied at relatively coarse spatial resolutions ( � 1 km), which may subsume significant heterogeneity in vegetation LUE (en, gM J � 1 ) and, hence, introduce error. To examine the effects of spatial heterogeneity on a LUE algorithm, imagery from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) at � 1-km resolution was used to implement a LUE approach for NPP estimation over a 25-km 2 area of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max Merr.) in central Illinois, USA. Results from several en formulations were compared with a NPP reference surface based on measured NPPs and a high spatial resolution land cover surface derived from Landsat ETM+. Determination of en based on measurements of biomass production and monitoring of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) revealed that en of soybean was 68% of that for corn. When a LUE algorithm for estimating NPP was implemented in the study area using the assumption of homogeneous cropland and the en for corn, the estimate for total biomass production was 126% of that from the NPP reference surface. Because of counteracting errors, total biomass production using the soybean en was closer (86%) to that from the NPP reference surface. Retention of high spatial resolution land cover to assign en resulted in a total NPP very similar to the reference NPP because differences in leaf phenology between the crop types were small except early in the growing season. These results suggest several alternative approaches to accounting for land cover heterogeneity in en when implementing LUE algorithms at coarse resolution. D 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
The Nanogate: nanoscale flow control

The handling of extremely small samples of gases and liquids has long been a subject of research among biologists, chemists and engineers. A few scientific instruments, notably the surface force apparatus, have been used extensively to investigate very short-range molecular phenomena. We report the design, fabrication and characterization of an easily manufactured gas and liquid flow control device called the Nanogate. The Nanogate controls liquid flows under very high planar confinement, wherein the liquid film is, in one dimension, on the scale of nanometers, but is on the scale of hundreds of microns in its other dimensions, as shown in Figure 1. The fluid film thickness can be controlled within 2 /spl Aring/, from sub-10 nm up to 1 micron. Control of helium gas flow rates in the 10/sup -9/ atm.cc/s range, and sub-nl/s flow rates of water and methanol have been predicted and experimentally verified. The Nanogate incorporates an external piezoelectric actuator as a displacement source. The gap thickness is directly measured with external optical metrology.
Nanoscale reversible mass transport for archival memory.

We report on a simple electromechanical memory device in which an iron nanoparticle shuttle is controllably positioned within a hollow nanotube channel. The shuttle can be moved reversibly via an electrical write signal and can be positioned with nanoscale precision. The position of the shuttle can be read out directly via a blind resistance read measurement, allowing application as a nonvolatile memory element with potentially hundreds of memory states per device. The shuttle memory has application for archival storage, with information density as high as 1012 bits/in2, and thermodynamic stability in excess of one billion years.
Evolutionary path of UHF secondary imagery dissemination systems (SIDS)

Secondary imagery dissemination (SID) is the process of post-collection and electronic dissemination of digital imagery and associated data. SID systems (SIDS) provide exploited, non-original, annotated, anonymous-source imagery from intelligence, fusion, and dissemination centers. Ultra-high frequency (UHF) operation penetrates double-canopy jungle or heavy rain to provide imagery from an INTEL center to highly-mobile tactical users. The evolutionary path of UHF SIDS commenced with a system based on previously-fielded equipment for tactical battlefield commanders receiving intelligence information over tactical related applications (TRAP) data dissemination system (TDDS) receivers. As tactical transceivers appeared in the inventory, SIDS networks migrated to dedicated satellite communications (SATCOM) receivers with embedded cryptography giving users talk-back capability for query or tasking the imagery sensor or data fusion center. In concert with the desire for users to share the scarce resource of available SATCOM channels, the SIDS roadmap is turning to DAMA networks for assignment to a wideband (25 kHz) demand-assigned single-access (DASA) channel for transfer of large, compressed imagery files. The near-term hope of re-mining available UHF SATCOM assets for greater bandwidth appears to be feasible with the advent of continuous phase modulation (CPM). Long-term solutions lie in the plans for the mobile user objective system (MUOS). The key to SIDS interoperability is the ability of mandated image formatting and communication protocols to embrace COTS initiatives.
Modeling and experimental study of flow forces for unstable valve design

Single stage electrohydraulic flow control valves are currently not suitable in high flow rate and high frequency applicaitons. This is due to the very significant flow induced forces and the power/force limitation of electromagnetic actuators that directly stokes the spool. An unstable valve has been proposed that can utilize the flow forces to achieve fast responses at high flow rate. In this paper, we model the flow forces, including both steady and transient, of a directional flow control valve for incompressible and viscous fluid. In particular, the viscosity effect and non-orifice flux are investigated. The new models have been verified by CFD analysis to be more accurate than the old models. The paper also presents a systematic experimental study on the flow forces, in particular on the steady flow forces. The estimates according to our new models, revised slightly due to the limitation of the experiment, are consistent with the experimental results. Both the experimental results and the modeling estimation show that, for an unstable valve with negative damping length, both transient and steady flow forces can help to achieve the higher spool agility. The satisfactory modeling and experimental study on the flow forces give us a grounding for the future research of unstable valve design.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A generalized Gaussian image model for edge-preserving MAP estimation

The authors present a Markov random field model which allows realistic edge modeling while providing stable maximum a posterior (MAP) solutions. The model, referred to as a generalized Gaussian Markov random field (GGMRF), is named for its similarity to the generalized Gaussian distribution used in robust detection and estimation. The model satisfies several desirable analytical and computational properties for map estimation, including continuous dependence of the estimate on the data, invariance of the character of solutions to scaling of data, and a solution which lies at the unique global minimum of the a posteriori log-likelihood function. The GGMRF is demonstrated to be useful for image reconstruction in low-dosage transmission tomography. >
Effects of mood on high elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments

Two experiments examined the processes by which positive and negative mood states produce attitude change under high elaboration conditions. We hypothesized that under high elaboration conditions, mood would influence attitudes by affecting the perceived likelihood of occurrence for consequences presented in message arguments. In Experiment I, arguments were framed positively, and positive mood led to greater perceived likelihood of the consequences and more favourable attitudes than negative mood for subjects high in need for cognition (NC). In Experiment 2, arguments were framed either positively or negatively, and a mood × frame interaction was obtained on attitude and likelihood judgments for high-NC subjects. That is, positive mood led to marginally greater perceived likelihood of positive consequences but to lower likelihood of negative consequences as compared to negative mood. As a result, positive mood tended to lead to more persuasion than negative mood when the message was framed positively, but to less persuasion when the message was framed negatively In both experiments, path analyses supported the prediction that likelihood judgments mediated the impact of mood on attitudes for high-NC individuals.
A urethropexy technique for surgical treatment of urethral prolapse in the male dog

Urethral prolapse is an uncommon condition affecting young male dogs, most commonly English bulldogs. Current described techniques for surgical treatment of urethral prolapse involve manual reduction of prolapsed mucosa and placement of a temporary purse-string suture at the penile tip, or resection of the prolapsed tissue and apposition of urethral and penile mucosa. The incidence of recurrence of urethral prolapse following resection of the prolapse is not known. This report describes a technique for surgical treatment of urethral prolapse in the male dog that minimizes surgical and anesthetic time, is simple to perform, requires minimal equipment, is effective, and is not associated with significant complications or recurrence. Three cases are described.
3D IC Cooling with Micro-Fluidic Channels

Heat removal and power delivery have become two major reliability concerns in 3D IC technology. To alleviate thermal problem, two possible solutions have been proposed: thermal-through-silicon-vias (T-TSVs) and micro-fluidic channel (MFC) based cooling. In case of power delivery, a complex power distribution network is required to deliver currents reliably to all parts of the 3D IC while suppressing the power supply noise to an acceptable level. However, these thermal and power networks pose major challenges in signal routability and congestion. This is because signal, power, and thermal interconnects are all competing for routing space, and the related TSVs interfere with gates and wires in each die. In this chapter we study a co-optimization methodology for signal, power, and thermal interconnects in 3D ICs based on design of experiments (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM). The goal of our holistic approach is to improve signal, thermal, and power noise metrics and to provide fast and accurate design space exploration for early design stage. We also provide an in-depth comparison between T-TSV vs. MFC based cooling method and discuss how to employ DOE and RSM techniques to co-optimize the interconnects. Our DOE-based optimization found the optimal design point with less effort than a gradient search based optimization.
The counterplanning process: reasoning under adversity

A heuristic model of planning in conflict situations is presented. This strategy-based model accounts for dynamic plan adaptation and replanning in obstructive and constructive counter planning situations. The former situation is characterized by an actor striving to thwart the goals and plans of a second actor. The latter, is the dual situations it provides general means for an actor to pursue his goal in spite of attempts by others to block his plans. The model has been implemented as part of the POLITICS system, a computer program that understands simple natural language accounts of International political conflicts.
Contrasting the Differences Between People-Driven and Facility-Driven Service Encounters

This paper suggests a conceptual approach which further expands and delineates the concept of a service encounter. The authors focus on those situations where the customer does not interact primarily with another human being but instead interacts with the service facility or atmosphere. These facility-driven service encounters can have differences from encounters that are primarily people-based. This paper explores the notion of a facility-driven encounter and provides examples of them. Second, the authors discuss a series of propositions about these encounters, highlighting on issues which differentiate facility-driven services from people-based services.
Using an Electronic Medical Records Database to Identify Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Using an Electronic Medical Records Database to Identify Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Single shot chirped tilted pulse two beam coupling

A single shot technique is described for differentiating slow nuclear contributions to the non­linear response from fast electronic nonlinear response. This approach used chirped ultrafast laser pulses to measure the non-instantaneous nuclear contribution to the response of non­linear materials by energy transfer in a two beam coupling experiment. By using temporal delay across the spatial profile of a chirped ultrashort laser pulse with a tilted pulse front, the response is conveniently mapped into space on a single shot basis.
On quantum dynamical entropy for open systems

We review some notions for quantum dynamical entropies. The dynamical entropy of quantum systems is discussed and a numerical computation of the dynamical entropy is carried for the open system dynamics.
Sickle Cell Trait: Forgotten Cause Of Hematuria in White Patients

Abstract Extensive evaluations for intermittent gross hematuria, including selective renal arteriograms, failed to reveal the etiology of bleeding in 2 white patients. Sickle cell preparation and hemoglobin electrophoresis, obtained as long shot tests, revealed sickle cell trait in both patients. Both patients were treated successfully with low doses of epsilon aminocaproic acid. Sickle cell preparation and hemoglobin electrophoresis should be included in the evaluation of every patient, white or black, with unexplained hematuria.
‘Lord and Master Nikkal Seyn’: The Construction of John Nicholson as a British Imperial Hero

The climax of Flora Annie Steel’s novel On the Face of the Waters, written almost 40 years after the Indian Rebellion, takes place as the British attempt to recapture the Mughal capital of Delhi from rebellious sepoys in September 1857. Steel’s fictional characters interact with real-life figures, imperial heroes who were well-known to late nineteenth-century Britons. The greatest of these heroes is a 35 year old East India Company officer named John Nicholson. Known to the sepoys as ‘Nikalseyn,’ his powers seem to verge on the superhuman. Steel writes of how the heart of one rebel soldier positively ached as he listened to the tale told in the heart of Delhi of the man whom other men worshipped—the man who took forts single-handed, and said that, given the powers of a provost-marshal, he would control a disobedient army in two days! …. he, and half the good soldiers in Delhi, were mad with themselves for having chosen the losing side, for with Nikalseyn on the Ridge, what chance had Delhi?
GLOBAL CONVERGENCE OF RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION TRUST REGION DERIVATIVE-FREE ALGORITHMS *

We analyze globally convergent derivative-free trust region algorithms relying on radial basis function interpolation models. Our results extend the recent work of Conn, Scheinberg, and Vicente [SIAM J. Optim., 20 (2009), pp. 387–415] to fully linear models that have a nonlinear term. We characterize the types of radial basis functions that fit in our analysis and thus show global convergence to first-order critical points for the ORBIT algorithm of Wild, Regis, and Shoemaker [SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 30 (2008), pp. 3197–3219]. Using ORBIT, we present numerical results for different types of radial basis functions on a series of test problems. We also demonstrate the use of ORBIT in finding local minima on a computationally expensive environmental engineering problem.
Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Effectiveness of a 4-Week Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Protocol for Hospital Employees

Hospital employees may experience occupational stress and burnout, which negatively impact quality of life and job performance. Evidence-based interventions implemented within the hospital setting are needed to promote employees' well-being. We offered a 4-week Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy group program for hospital employees, and used a mixed-methods practice-based research approach to explore feasibility, acceptability, and effects on stress and burnout. Participants were 65 hospital employees (Mage = 44.06; 85% white) who participated between September 2015 and January 2016. Participants completed validated measures of stress and burnout before and after the program, and answered open-ended satisfaction questions after the program. Groups consistently enrolled at least 10 participants, but attendance rates declined across sessions (76% at session 2 vs. 54% at session 4) due primarily to work-related scheduling conflicts. The program content was acceptable as evidenced by high perceived value (M = 9.18 out of 10), homework compliance (51% practicing at least 3 times/week), and qualitative requests for program expansion. There were large, statistically significant decreases in stress (ΔM = 2.1, p < .001, d = .85) and medium decreases in burnout (ΔM = .46, p = .01, d = .57), which were supported by qualitative themes of improved self-regulation and mindfulness skills, stress reduction, emotional well-being, and improved work productivity and patient care skills. Findings suggest that 4-week MBCT is acceptable and useful for hospital employees, though research is needed to identify alternate delivery methods or strategies to enhance session attendance.
Cisco Router Management

This chapter discusses router management activities such as IOS upgrade, backup, restore, and copy. The chapter starts by giving important tips to consider before upgrading the router’s IOS. Different IOS file naming conventions are explained in this chapter as well. The chapter also explains how to back up and restore configuration of the router. Flash memory partitioning is also explained. Finally, the chapter explains the steps to upgrade/fix the IOS in multiple scenarios like router-to-router IOS copy, using TFTP server’s, and using the terminal emulation software. This chapter includes 5 training scenarios.
Who opposes labor regulation? Explaining variation in employers’ opinions

Competing accounts of the effect of globalization on labor politics agree that firms influence regulations, but make contrasting predictions for which firms are most likely to oppose regulations. Using survey data from employers in 19,000 manufacturing firms in 82 developing countries, we examine the determinants of employers’ opinions towards labor regulation. In contrast to the predictions of optimistic theories of globalization, we find that (1) firms that export are more likely to have negative opinions towards labor regulation than those that sell domestically, and (2) firms that receive foreign direct investment have similar views as firms that rely only on domestic capital. Further, we show that systematic differences in employers’ opinions depend on the intensity of the competitive pressures they face and their use of skilled workers. In doing so, we provide an empirically grounded account of the heterogeneous opinions of key actors in economic policy-making in developing countries.
Preschoolers’ word learning and story comprehension during shared book reading

Abstract Providing instruction about picture-book vocabulary is an effective way to support preschoolers’ word learning. Often the instruction occurs while the book is being read, however this may increase cognitive load compared to providing vocabulary instruction before or after the book is read. If instruction provided during the story increases cognitive load, children might be more reliant on ancillary cognitive abilities to successfully learn the words and understand the storyline. Three-to-five-year-olds (N = 83) were read a storybook that included instruction on six new words. Instruction was provided either during (inside) or before/after (outside) the story. Children were then tested on their ability to identify the named items, generalize to unfamiliar exemplars, and comprehend the story. Word learning and story comprehension were above chance and similar across the inside and outside conditions. Memory skills were stronger predictors of word learning in the inside condition than the outside condition. These results suggest that interactive vocabulary instruction during the story may place more demands on preschoolers’ cognitive resources and may not be equally appropriate for all children.
An Alternative Wing Sail Concept for Small Autonomous Sailing Craft

An alternative wing sail section shape was developed as a potential improvement to either a soft sail or the common NACA00XX section used on some small autonomous sailing craft. The prototype wing was developed as an evolution of a traditional square sail. Evaluation included wind tunnel and on-the-water tests followed by performance estimates from a Velocity Prediction Program. The test vessel was the 1.2 m long Version 2 MaxiMOOP. Advantages of the wing sail over the current voyaging soft sail design include: higher speeds in some conditions, increased durability, increased buoyancy in the case of capsizing, and easier implementation of control systems. Some potential theoretical advantage was found over the NACA0009.
The Contributions of Parental, Academic, School, and Peer Factors to Differences by Socioeconomic Status in Adolescents’ Locus of Control:

An internal locus of control may be particularly valuable for youth with low socioeconomic status (SES), yet the mechanisms that externalize their control remain unclear. This study uses data on 16,450 US 8th graders surveyed for the National Education Longitudinal Study in 1988 and 1990. Results indicate family income is more closely associated with adolescents' locus of control than parents' occupations and educational attainment, and that race does not independently affect adolescents' locus of control net of these other components of SES. Findings also indicate higher SES adolescents feel more internal locus of control in largest part because their parents discuss school more often with them, their homes have more books and other cognitive resources, they receive higher grades in middle school science and social studies, they are more likely to attend a private rather than public school, their friends are more academically oriented, and they feel more safe at school.
Very small-diameter polyurethane vascular prostheses with rapid endothelialization for coronary artery bypass grafting.

Two types of spongy polyurethane-polydimethylsiloxane blend (Cardiothane 51, Kontron Instruments, Inc., Everett, Mass.) vascular grafts with an internal diameter of 1.5 mm were fabricated by a spray, phase-inversion technique. Low-porosity grafts with hydraulic permeability of 2.7 ± 0.4 ml/min per square centimeter and medium-porosity grafts with hydraulic permeability of 39 ± 8 ml/min per square centimeter displayed good handling properties and suturability. Twelve straight low-porosity grafts, 17 straight medium-porosity grafts (1.5 to 2.0 cm in length), and one loop medium-porosity graft (10 cm in length) were implanted by the same surgeon end to end in the infrarenal aorta of 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Three months after implantation, patency was 8% for low-porosity grafts (1/12) and 76% for straight medium-porosity grafts (13/17). The loop medium-porosity graft was also patent. The sole patent low-porosity graft showed neointimal hyperplasia and incomplete endothelialization. All but one of the patent straight medium-porosity grafts showed a glistening and transparent neointima with complete endothelialization and no anastomotic hyperplasia. The loop medium-porosity graft displayed endothelialization from each anastomosis and in many islands in the middle portion of the graft, totaling 47% of the luminal surface by morphometric analysis. Thick mural thrombus, anastomotic hyperplasia, or aneurysm formation were not observed in any patent medium-porosity graft. These data indicate that in the rat aortic replacement model it is possible to achieve patency and a high degree of endothelialization in very small-diameter prostheses of appropriate porosity.
Computer assisted reasoning with MIZAR

We describe the MIZAR Computer Assisted Reasoning system. Several versions of MIZAR are currently implemented with varying powers of expressiveness and proof analysis. The main use of MIZAR has thus far been in mathematics education. Evolving versions of MIZAR have been under development for the past decade; consequently the system has been subjected to extensive testing. Several experiments connected with the preparation of mathematics research papers have also been carried out. The naturalness and readability of MIZAR texts is demonstrated by example. A proof scanning facility that modularly splits into a proof structure analyzer and inference checker is described. We discuss our use of the facility in teaching undergraduate discrete mathematics for computer science.
Appraisals and Anger: How Complete Are the Usual Appraisal Accounts of Anger?

Without questioning that people’s appraisals of the situations they are in can greatly determine what emotions they experience, this chapter argues that traditional appraisal accounts of anger genesis are seriously incomplete and that anger can at times arise in ways not anticipated by appraisal formulations. Anger is here regarded as an experience that is part of a constellation of physiological, motoric, and cognitive responses, all related associatively to the inclination to attack and/or injure an available target. It is proposed that this feeling can arise independently of appraisals when the situation is decidedly unpleasant and/or external stimuli are present or bodily movements are made that are linked associatively with aggression. Various problems with conventional appraisal research are discussed, such as the uncertainty at times as to whether the appraisals are antecedents to or consequences of the emotion and whether the features often said to be a requirement for anger to arise are indeed necessary.
Title IX Protections for College Legislative Interns: What Should You Know and What More Can Your Program Do

AbstractThe #MeToo movement brought new attention to sexual harassment in legislatures. The number of scandals is disconcerting, especially in light of how institutes of higher education (IHEs) sen...
Stress, stressors, and substance use: Differential risk for hookah use among African American college students.

Using differential, multivariable risk models, we assessed the contribution of substance use and stress/traumatic events to hookah use among African American college students (n = 1,402) using data from the Fall 2012 American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment (ACHA-NCHA) II. Lifetime hookah use was 24.8%, with 34.2% of lifetime users having done so in the past 30 days. Compared to nonusers, hookah users had significantly higher use rates of alcohol, marijuana, other tobacco, and other drugs. Furthermore, hookah use was more likely among those with cumulative stress, yet less likely among older students. An implication is that prevention messages may need to be tailored for African American college students and particularly target younger students, substance users, and those with cumulative stress. These findings also inform policy discussions regarding hookah use on college campuses.
Social Media Health Communication: A Cross-Cultural Investigation on the Motivations and Challenges of Using Participatory Technology to Communicate with Patients

The purpose of this study is to better understand how physicians utilize social media technologies to facilitate patient communication and the motivations and barriers towards doing so. Additionally, it explores how power distances influences physician’s willingness to utilize social media as a resource in health communication by conducting in-depth interviews with physicians in the United States and in the Phillippines, based on divergent power distance scores from Hofstede’s (2010) research. Qualitative analysis of transcripts revealed two major themes : 1) hesitancy in utilizing social media in doctorpatient communication for diagnosis and treatment; and 2) the role of social media for marketing, education, and communicating with hard-to-reach patients. These findings suggest that although physicians understand the many possible benefits of utilizing social media for health communication, there are many other factors to consider. Cultural issues should be taken into account as future social media health communication programs are developed.
Pain mechanisms in hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas

Background Palmoplantar keratodermas (PPKs) are a heterogeneous group of skin disorders characterized by thickening of the epidermis on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Individuals with PPKs report varying degrees of palmoplantar pain that can severely affect quality of life. Objectives To provide an overview of the scope of pain in hereditary PPKs and highlight candidate mechanisms underlying this pain. Methods In this review, we discuss several forms of hereditary PPKs, with a focus on the incidence, nature, candidate underlying mechanisms and treatment of pain in these conditions. We also synthesize this information with current understanding of the mechanisms contributing to pathological pain in other conditions. Results Pain is a major problem for many, but not all individuals with hereditary PPK. This pain remains poorly understood, inconsistently reported and inadequately treated. The heterogeneity of pain prevalence and presentations across the many forms of PPK suggests that there may exist corresponding heterogeneity in the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive and shape PPK-associated pain. Some candidate mechanisms include structural (e.g. fissures and blisters), infectious and immune/inflammatory processes. However, a growing body of evidence also supports the occurrence of localized neuropathic alterations in the affected skin of individuals with PPK, which might contribute to their pain. Conclusions Greater understanding of these diverse mechanisms may provide a rational basis for the development of improved and targeted approaches to prevention and treatment of pain in individuals with PPK. What's already known about this topic? Pain is a prominent symptom in hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas (PPKs). Pain in patients with PPK can be difficult to treat. Pain mechanisms in PPKs are poorly understood. What does this study add? This study defines multiple potential sources of pain in PPK, including both structural lesions (fissures, blisters) and specific cell types. This review highlights the variability of pain among several forms of hereditary PPK. This study provides mechanistic insights into how neuropathic and inflammatory mechanisms might contribute to pain in some forms of PPK.
Persistent trajectory-modulated hippocampal neurons support memory-guided navigation

ABSTRACT Trajectory-dependent splitter neurons in the hippocampus encode information about a rodent’s prior trajectory during performance of a continuous alternation task. As such, they provide valuable information for supporting memory-guided behavior. Here, we employed single-photon calcium imaging in freely moving mice to investigate the emergence and fate of trajectory-dependent activity through learning and mastery of a continuous spatial alternation task. We found that the quality of trajectory-dependent information in hippocampal neurons correlated with task performance. We thus hypothesized that, due to their utility, splitter neurons would exhibit heightened stability. We found that splitter neurons were more likely to remain active and retained more consistent spatial information across multiple days than did place cells. Furthermore, we found that both splitter neurons and place cells emerged rapidly and maintained stable trajectory-dependent/spatial activity thereafter. Our results suggest that neurons with useful functional coding properties exhibit heightened stability to support memory guided behavior.
K-Nearest Neighbors regression for the discrimination of gamma rays and neutrons in organic scintillators

Abstract Certain organic scintillators, such as EJ-299 and stilbene, have the ability to distinguish gamma rays and neutrons through the process of pulse shape discrimination (PSD). This work introduces the novel application of a K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) regressor to improve PSD performance, and applies it to six combinations of photosensors and organic scintillators, with a focus on silicon photomultiplier-based detectors. The method allows for direct comparison against conventional PSD methods by way of a typical PSD Figure of Merit (FOM), while avoiding the uncertainties associated with classification-based machine learning algorithms to achieve an assessment free from predetermined label bias. Tests were conducted to validate the proposed PSD regression method, and parameters such as input features and the number of nearest neighbors used were investigated to maximize the method’s performance. FOM values over a light output range of 200–700 keVee are shown, with improvements ranging from approximately 60% to over 200% when compared to conventional PSD methods. Finally, studies were performed to determine the lower bound of light output at which gamma ray and neutron groupings are still statistically separable. Results indicate that this light output bound can be lowered across all six tested detector-assembly combinations with the proposed KNN regression method when compared to the conventional PSD methods.
School Administrators and Physical Educators: A Scoping Review of Perceptions and Partnerships From 2000 to 2020:

Physical education (PE) is an academic subject that delivers students a standards-based program designed to foster the knowledge and skills needed to be physically active for a lifetime. Although t...
Tumor flare of brain metastases upon dose interruption of sunitinib in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma are associated with poor prognosis. Sunitinib is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. It is taken orally on a traditional dosing schedule of 4-week on/2-week off cycles or an alternate dosing schedule of 2-week on/1-week off cycles. Although patients with brain metastases were excluded from the original phase 3 sunitinib registration trial, case reports and an expanded access trial suggest that sunitinib penetrates the blood brain barrier and has central nervous system (CNS) activity. We present a case report which illustrates an unusual presentation of symptomatic brain metastasis progression during the prescribed breaks in treatment during sunitinib monotherapy, and rapid clinical improvement upon resuming sunitinib during the cycle. Patients who develop increased symptoms during the "off treatment" period of sunitinib therapy may have new sites of metastasis. In such patients, appropriate imaging should be obtained to evaluate for disease progression and either a continuous sunitinib dosing schedule or an alternative therapy should be considered.
Optimal Shape of a Planing Surface at High Froude Number

A planing surface moving at high Froude number throws up a jet that is responsible for the leading term in the drag. By shaping the surface appropriately, the jet can be eliminated. The drag is thereby reduced by a factor of order (Fr) to the minus 2 power. The paper shows how this can be done for a two-dimensional planing surface consisting of two flat plates. It is found that the lengths of the plates must have a ratio dependent upon their angles of inclination. Then the angles that maximize the lift coefficient are determined.