cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent and Parent Perspectives on Confidentiality After Adolescent Relationship Abuse Disclosure.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to assess adolescent and parent perspectives on parent notification after disclosure of adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) to a health care provider. Methods A computerized survey was administered to a convenience sample of adolescents aged 14–18 years and their parents presenting to three Midwestern pediatric emergency departments. The survey assessed the acceptability of parent notification after hypothetical adolescent disclosure of different forms of ARA (i.e., physical, cyber, psychological and sexual ARA, reproductive coercion, controlling behavior, and feeling unsafe) to a health care provider. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to examine possible relationships between acceptability of parent notification and prior ARA victimization, adolescent dating relationship status, and demographic factors. Results One-hundred fifty adolescent–parent dyads and 53 individual adolescents participated in this study. Most adolescents and parents found it acceptable to inform parents after disclosure of any type of ARA, although acceptability was higher among parents for all types of abuse assessed. Adolescent–parent dyads were more likely to both agree that parent notification was acceptable after disclosure of physical ARA, compared with other forms of ARA. Acceptability of parent notification after some types of ARA disclosure was less common among adolescents reporting previous sexual activity, prior ARA victimization, and adolescents currently in a dating relationship. Conclusions Most adolescents and parents found parent notification after ARA disclosure acceptable. However, adolescents most at risk, including those who reported previous sexual activity, prior ARA victimization, and those in a dating relationship, were less likely to find parent notification acceptable. Further study to assess barriers or concerns with parent involvement is crucial to optimizing provider response after ARA disclosure.
RainbowRow: Fast Optical Camera Communication

Thanks to the popularity of smartphones, optical camera communication (OCC) gains more and more attention from markets and research as one of the new internetworking architectures in the future. However, existing OCC modulations treat the signal from the transmitter as a single point light source, which sacrifices the spatial diversity and limits the data rate improvement. In this paper, we investigate the spatial diversity, a natural feature of camera imaging, and propose to combine spatial diversity with amplitude and spectrum diversities to boost the data rate of OCC to support high-speed applications. Based on preliminary experiments, we design and implement RainbowRow, a high-speed and robust OCC system. RainbowRow comprises a LED-based transmitter and a camera-based receiver, which is low-cost (i.e., under $100), with a flexible communication range (i.e., within 2 m), and high speed (i.e., up to 40 Kbps). To validate the RainbowRow performance, we conduct experiments on LabVIEW based platforms in different scenarios. Results show that RainbowRow can robustly recognize the optical symbols with a symbol error rate (SER) less than 0.05 and approach 40 Kbps data rate in the range of 1 m, significant improvement from less than 10 Kbps in OCC state of the art.
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

In this chapter, we review the topic of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders among older adults.
Equity Incentives, Stock Overvaluation, and Managerial Short-Termism

This paper examines the relation between equity based incentive compensation and earnings management. Prior research has noted that besides inducing productive effort, stock based compensation can also lead to performance manipulation. However, the evidence to date on this expected positive relation between equity based incentive compensation and earnings management is mixed. In this paper, we re-visit this relation in light of more recent theory which notes that stock prices may deviate from their fundamentals. In this setting, optimal equity based incentive compensation is argued to induce short-termism wherein managers act to maximize the wealth of current shareholders at the expense of future shareholders. Such short-termism may entail managing earnings to maintain current overvaluations or further increase disagreement among investors such that it exacerbates the overvaluation. We empirically evaluate this prediction. As anticipated by theory, we find the positive relation between equity incentive compensation and earnings management becomes more pronounced as stock price deviates from its fundamental value and becomes overvalued. We find this relation to hold for both financial accounting based as well as real activities based earnings management. Overall, our study provides support for the argument that stock based incentive compensation will induce managers to maximize current prices at the expense of long-term value when stock prices are overvalued.
Physiology, biochemistry and genetics of bacterial glycogen synthesis.

Publisher Summary The chapter presents the current views and concepts of regulation of enzyme activity and expression on bacterial glycogen synthesis. The structural genes of the glycogen biosynthetic enzymes of Escherichia coli and of Salmonella typhimurium are isolated and more information bearing on the genetic regulation of glycogen synthesis in E. coli is accumulated. Many bacterial species accumulate glycogen in either stationary phase or under limited growth conditions with excess carbon in the media. For several bacterial species (E. coli, Agrohactcrium tumcfacicws, Arthrohacter, Enterohacter aerogenes), it has been shown that the rate of glycogen accumulation in stationary phase increases when growth ceases due to depletion of a nutrient required for growth. The site of regulation of glycogen synthesis in bacteria is at the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase step. Many of the physical and chemical properties of the bacterial ADPglucose pyrophosphorylases are summarized. Effects of cAMP and cAMP receptor protein and effects of ppGpp on the expression of glycogen biosynthetic genes are discussed.
A Depth Function and a Scale Curve Based on Spatial Quantiles

Spatial quantiles, based on the L 1 norm in a certain sense, provide an appealing vector extension of univariate quantiles and generate a useful “volume” functional based on spatial “central regions” of increasing size. A plot of this functional as a “spatial scale curve” provides a convenient two-dimensional characterization of the spread of a multivariate distribution of any dimension. We discuss this curve and establish weak convergence of the empirical version. As a tool, we introduce and study a new statistical depth function which is naturally associated with spatial quantiles. Other depth functions that generate L 1-based multivariate quantiles are also noted.
DNA methylation profiles at the human Th2 locus in BAC transgenic mice point to novel putative regulatory elements (IRM6P.720)

Most cis-regulatory elements in the mouse Th2 cytokine locus were initially identified based on their evolutionary conservation. In contrast, the regulatory landscape of the human Th2 locus, which is ~40 kB larger than the mouse syntenic region, remains poorly defined because recently arisen putative regulatory elements are less readily identifiable by bioinformatics and cannot be functionally interrogated in humans. To address these limitations we created BAC transgenic (TG) mice carrying 160 kB of the human Th2 locus including RAD50, IL13, and IL4. These mice appeared normal and demonstrated faithful transcriptional regulation of human Th2 cytokine genes. Because dynamic changes in chromatin architecture typically mark functional non-coding sequences, we used next generation bisulfite sequencing to compare CpG methylation of DNA isolated from TG naive CD4+ T cells and in vitro polarized Th2 or Th1 cells. All major regulatory elements previously characterized in mice were clearly identifiable by their CpG methylation profile in the human TG Th2 locus. Moreover, we identified at least three other non-coding regions (conserved highly in primates and moderately in species of the clade Laurasiatheria) that were differentially methylated in Th2, Th1 and naive T cells, and are located in the RAD50/IL13 and IL13/IL4 intergenic areas. Our data suggest these regions contain novel cis-regulatory elements involved in the transcriptional regulation of human Th2 cytokines expression.
The Fundamental Importance of Archaeological Context

My chapter discussing the importance of archaeological context, and why so much domestic and international law has been erected to protect it.
Abstract T MP98: Stroke Coordinator Boot Camp: Training the Troops

Background and Issues: The role of a Stroke Coordinator is multifaceted; demanding expertise in a number of areas including clinical competence, administrative aptitude, collaboration, team management, enhanced education skills, quality improvement, and data analysis proficiency. Few nurses possess all of these skills, and without them, are often frustrated and at risk to fail. Finding appropriate educational opportunities for professional development in this unique role is quite challenging. Purpose: To validate that new, as well as seasoned, stroke coordinators benefit from an intensive boot camp style conference geared to their diverse role. Conference content was designed to enhance programmatic skills, role development, provide best practices for improving their stroke organization, and promote networking with fellow professionals. Methods: Established a volunteer committee of national experts from the five state region with expertise in stroke program management and implementation: • Developed a pre...
Of mice and men-warning: Intact versus castrated adult male mice as xenograft hosts are equivalent to hypogonadal versus abiraterone treated aging human males, respectively

BACKGROUND Immune deficient male mice bearing human prostate cancer xenografts are used to evaluate therapeutic response to novel androgen ablation approaches and the results compared to surgical castration based upon assumption that testosterone microenvironment in intact and castrated adult male mice mimics eugonadal and castrated aging adult human males. METHODS To test these assumptions, serum total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) were determined longitudinally in groups (n > 20) of intact versus castrated adult male nude, NOG, and immune competent C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS In adult male mice, TT and FT varies by 30- to 100-fold within the same animal providing a microenvironment that is only equivalent to hypogonadal, not eugonadal, adult human males (TT is 1.7 ± 1.2 ng/ml [5.8 ± 4.1 nM] in nude and 2.5 ± 1.3 ng/ml [8.7 ± 4.4 nM] in NOG mice versus >4.2 ng/ml [14.7 nM] in eugonadal humans). This was confirmed based upon enhanced growth of androgen dependent human prostate cancer xenografts inoculated into mice supplemented with exogenous testosterone to elevate and chronically maintain serum TT at a level (5 ng/ml [18 nM]) equivalent to a 50-year-old eugonadal human male. In castrated mice, TT and FT range from 2 to 20 pg/ml (7–70 pM) and <0.8 pg/ml (<2.6 pM), respectively, which is equivalent to castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients treated with abiraterone. This was confirmed based upon the inability of another CYP17A1 inhibitor, ketoconazole, to inhibit the growth of CRPC xenografts in castrated mice. CONCLUSIONS Adult male mice supplemented with testosterone mimic eugonadal human males, while unsupplemented animals mimic standard androgen ablation and castrated animals mimic abiraterone treated patients. These studies confirm what is claimed in Robert Burns' poem “To a Mouse” that “The best laid schemes of mice and men/often go awry.” Prostate 73:1316–1325. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Sports Information Test: With Some Evidence regarding the Curious Relation between Interest in Each Sport and Academic Success

(1926). A Sports Information Test: With Some Evidence regarding the Curious Relation between Interest in Each Sport and Academic Success. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 755-766.
Ultrasonic attenuation measurements in sinter-forged YBa2Cu3O7-

We report ultrasonic attenuation measurements on sinter-forged YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 2/O/sub 7-//sub delta/ material, which differs from ordinary sintered material in that the crystallites are preferentially oriented to form a uniaxial sample. Three peaks in attenuation, at temperatures of 250, 180, and 70 K, were observed for longitudinal waves propagating perpendicular to the forging axis, which is similar to that reported in ordinary (isotropic) polycrystalline samples. However, for both transverse and longitudinal sound propagated along the forging axis we have a different behavior, with only one peak at 180 K, showing a strong anisotropy. It is suggested that sound waves traveling parallel to and normal to the Cu-O planes may account for the anisotropic effect, and a relaxation mechanism may explain the increase in shear wave attenuation which was seen with decreasing temperature.
Experimental SF6/-//SF6 and Cl/-//CFC13 electron-attachment cross sections in the energy range 0-200 meV

Experimental cross sections for the electron-attachment processes for SF6(-)/SF6 and Cl(-)/CFl3 are reported in the energy range 0-200 meV by normalizing each attachment line shape to measurement of a thermal rate coefficient. When the same ion states are detected, good agreement is found between present values, for which a monoenergetic electron source is used, and swarm-unfolded results. The present data constitute a new limit for cross sections reported at high resolution at the lowest electron energy.
Simian retrovirus D serogroup 1 has a broad cellular tropism for lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells.

Abstract Simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a fatal immunosuppressive disease caused by type D retroviruses such as simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus type 1 (SRV-1). The disease is characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy, opportunistic infections, and lymphoid depletion with defects in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. To understand how SRV-1 infection relates to the immune defect, we studied in vivo-infected lymphocytes from SRV-1-positive macaques with and without clinical signs of immunosuppressive disease. B and T helper/inducer and T suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes were purified by panning or by flow cytometry. Neutrophils were purified by dextran sedimentation, and platelets were purified by low-speed centrifugation. In vitro infection studies were also done with HUT78, H9, K562, rhesus lung fibroblast, rhesus monkey kidney, and bat lung cells. SRV-1 in lymphocytes or culture supernatants was detected by the induction of syncytia in cocultivated Raji cells and was confirmed by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, or reverse transcriptase assay. We found that B and T helper/inducer lymphocytes were infected in all animals tested. The number of infected T suppressor/cytotoxic cells was generally lower than that of the other cell subsets, and not all animals in this subset had SRV-1 infections. All other cells exposed in vitro to SRV-1, except bat lung cells, were able to be infected. These findings show that SRV-1 has a broad cell tropism for lymphoid and nonlymphoid cell types.
Quantifying mitotic chromosome dynamics and positioning.

The proper organization and segregation of chromosomes during cell division is essential to the preservation of genomic integrity. To understand the mechanisms that spatially control the arrangement and dynamics of mitotic chromosomes requires imaging assays to quantitatively resolve their positions and movements. Here, we will discuss analytical approaches to investigate the position-dependent control of mitotic chromosomes in cultured cells. These methods can be used to dissect the specific contributions of mitotic proteins to the molecular control of chromosome dynamics.
Mitigating Climate Change by Zoning for Solar Energy Systems: Embracing Clean Energy Technology in Zoning’s Centennial Year

Adopting land use regulations that encourage solar and other clean energy systems is an essential strategy for promoting clean power and one that focuses on the essential role that local governments play in mitigating climate change. This article explores efforts at the state and local level to reform zoning and land use regulations to permit, encourage, require, and incentivize rapidly-evolving clean energy systems, particularly solar, that, in the aggregate, have the ability to significantly increase power generation and decrease carbon emissions. The article illustrates how zoning, as it approaches its 100th anniversary, is encrusted with provisions that prohibit or discourage clean and solar energy systems: barriers that are being removed by progressive communities, some more successfully than others. It describes these barriers, then provides a framework and best practice examples for revising zoning codes and other land use regulations, first to eliminate regulatory barriers to permitting clean energy systems, focusing on solar as an example, and then to require and incentivize clean energy system deployment. Included is a review of the common law of solar access easements that helps explain the importance of the legislative powers of local government to facilitate solar power generation. The article concludes with an endorsement of state and federal actions that increase the speed of local adoption of zoning reforms by providing critical support, consistent with new scholarly findings that demonstrate how top down governmental influences can facilitate bottom-up progress, charting a strategy applicable to many other local initiatives to accommodate a wide array of emerging clean energy systems.
Treatment of periprosthetic femoral fractures following total hip arthroplasty with femoral component revision.

Background: Revision total hip arthroplasty is indicated for most periprosthetic fractures that occur around the stem of the femoral implant. The purpose of the present study was to assess the results and complications of revision total hip arthroplasty for the treatment of periprosthetic femoral fractures. Methods: We evaluated 118 hips in 116 patients who underwent revision total hip arthroplasty because of an acute Vancouver type-B periprosthetic femoral fracture. The femoral implant used for the revision was a cemented stem in forty-two hips, a proximally porous-coated uncemented stem in twenty-eight, an extensively porous-coated stem in thirty, and an allograft-prosthesis composite or tumor prosthesis in eighteen. The mean duration of follow-up was 5.4 years. Results: Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the probability of survival was 90% at five years and 79.2% at ten years with revision or removal of the femoral implant for any reason as the end point. Sixteen femoral components were rerevised: ten were rerevised because of loosening; three, because of loosening in association with a fracture nonunion; two, because of recurrent dislocation; and one, because of a new periprosthetic fracture. Additionally, six femoral implants were resected because of deep infection (five) or prosthetic loosening (one). Radiographs of the ninety-six hips with a surviving implant showed that twenty-one had evidence of loosening of the femoral implant, four had a nonunion of the femoral fracture, and two had both a nonunion and loosening of the femoral implant. Conclusions: Revision total hip arthroplasty for the treatment of a periprosthetic fracture around the stem of the femoral implant successfully restored function for most patients. The greatest long-term problems were prosthetic loosening and fracture nonunion. Better results were seen when an uncemented, extensively porous-coated stem was used. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic study, Level IV (case series [no, or historical, control group]). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Assimilation and Metabolism of Exogenous Organic Compounds by the Strict Autotrophs Thiobacillus thioparus and Thiobacillus neapolitanus

The assimilation and utilization of the individual carbon atoms of pyruvate and acetate by cells of Thiobacillus thioparus and T. neapolitanus, in the presence and absence of an energy source, were studied by use of radioactive substrates. Both organisms produced (14)CO(2) from (14)C-labeled pyruvate, but more came from carbon 1 than from carbons 2 or 3. The conversion of the carbons of acetate to CO(2) by both organisms was much less than that from any of the pyruvate carbons. When labeled pyruvate and acetate were incubated with these organisms, small amounts of radioactivity were found in the tricholoacetic acid-soluble material, nucleic acids, and lipids, and larger amounts were found in the protein fraction. The composition of the incubation medium affected the amount of utilization and incorporation of labeled substrates by both organisms. The presence of an exogenous energy source (Na(2)S(2)O(3)) suppressed incorporation of the labeled substrates into various cellular components by T. thioparus, but enhanced incorporation by T. neapolitanus. When (14)C-pyruvate was used as a substrate, as many as 12 radioactive compounds were found in the water-soluble fraction in the experiments with T. neapolitanus, whereas no more than three radioactive compounds were detected in this fraction in the experiments with T. thioparus. Of the total (14)C activity found in the water-soluble fractions, malic acid contained the highest percentage. These findings are discussed in light of the overall metabolism of these two sulfur-oxidizing obligate chemoautotrophs, as well as in relation to the biochemical basis of chemoautotrophy.
Low frequency MOM for penetrable scatterers

We study the solution of integral equation using the method of moments such that it is stable all the way from static to some moderately low frequencies. As the frequency decreases, the electric and magnetic fields became decoupled. The unknown current consists of two components, a curl-free part and a divergence-free part. To maintain a physically finite charge as the frequency approaches zero, it is necessary that the divergence of the curl-free part scales as O(w) as the frequency approaches zero. No such frequency scaling is needed for the divergence-free part. The different frequency dependence of the current causes the so-called low frequency breakdown. Many researchers have investigated this problem. One way to overcome this difficulty is to use the loop-tree or loop-star basis function which can separate the contribution from the divergence-free current and the curl-free current. To improve the convergence property, a basis rearrangement is used. We also implement the method on the curvilinear-patches to reduce the number of unknowns.
Nonlinear vibrations in atomic force microscopy

Recent atomic force microscopy research has focused on dynamical methods in which AFM probes are vibrated while in contact with a specimen during scanning. The nonlinear tip-sample interactions can induce nonlinear features into the dynamic response. Nonlinear responses observed experimentally include the DC shift (or lift-off) and primary response softening as well as the development of subharmonics and superharmonics. Here, this problem is formulated in terms of a nonlinear boundary value problem which is solved using the method of multiple scales. The main result of this analysis is the amplitude-frequency relation for all vibration modes. The nonlinear normal modes are comprised of terms representing the softening effect of the resonance, the static offset, and harmonics. The softening effect on the primary response is shown to be a function of the particular vibration mode as expected. The contact mechanics model used here is restricted to Hertzian contact, but can be generalized to more complex models. Results of the primary response for various excitations are presented. The amplitude-frequency behavior is dependent on the linear contact stiffness, the forcing amplitude, and contact damping. It is also shown that the modes have a differing sensitivity to the nonlinearities present in the contact.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High Sensitivity Polyvinylidene Fluoride Microphone Based on Area Ratio Amplification and Minimal Capacitance

This paper presents an inexpensive high-sensitivity microphone based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film. High sensitivity is achieved through pressure amplification created by the area ratio between the rigid surface exposed to acoustic waves and a crosshair-shaped PVDF film, in combination with the reduced capacitance created by a similarly shaped top electrode. The crosshair shape is obtained through simple chemical etching from commercial PVDF film. Finite-element simulations including static structure analysis, modal analysis, and harmonic response are performed to design the microphone. Peak coalescence of the first three adjacent natural frequencies caused by the structure damping ratio is observed. Static and dynamic stress analyses ensure that the design meets the mechanical constraints imposed by PVDF. A plane wave tube experiment and signal conditioning electronics are developed. Measurements include benchmarking against a commercial microphone and show that the PVDF microphone exhibits a linear response up to a sound pressure level of 140 dB and overall fluctuations of less than ±4 dB over the frequency range of 10 to 20000 Hz. The sensitivity of the microphone alone, without a conditioning circuit, is measured as 27.8 μV/Pa, which is 3.01 times the sensitivity of commercial PVDF film operating in 3-3 mode. This sensitivity gain is close to the physical area ratio of 3.2. We experimentally characterize the directivity of the sensor and measure a decay of -10.5 dB at ±90° from the microphone's axis.
Expression and assembly of a full-length monoclonal antibody in plants using a plant virus vector

We have used a tobacco mosaic virus-based vector to express monoclonal antibody (mAb) CO17-1A, directed to a colon cancer antigen, in plants. Genes encoding heavy and light chains of this antibody were introduced independently into the tobacco mosaic virus vector. Upon co-infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants with both recombinant virus constructs, genes for heavy and light chains were expressed and assembled into a full-length antibody. A functional plant-expressed antibody was detected by ELISA and immunoblot in extracts from systemically infected leaves. This is the first report on the use of a plant virus vector to express and assemble a full-size antibody.
High-efficiency color microdisplays

Color MicroDisplays are based on conventionally fabricated CMOS active substrates laminated with liquid crystal materials. Color is generated by diffraction at pixel gratings, and intensity is modulated by voltages applied to the fixed pixel gratings to switch the liquid crystal material. The Color MicroDisplays were tested using ferroelectric materials in the deformed-helix configuration for high frame-rates, nematic materials in ECB configurations, and polymer dispersed materials for high-brightness applications.
Standardization and stability of immunoglobulin E (IgE).

Abstract World Health Organization Reference Standard 68·341 for immunoglobulin E (IgE) was found to contain 2.42 ng. per unit relative to purified myeloma IgE. IgE is relatively stable under various conditions of storage and processing.
Conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfate during the da vinci flights

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of atmospheric particulate sulfate and SO2 were made by tandem filter sampling during manned balloon flights. The balloon permitted measurement of chemical species evolution while following a given air mass. On the June 8, 1976, flight, the balloon encountered a relatively stagnant air mass, remaining above St. Louis County for most of the day before being carried off by nocturnal winds. Concentrations of sulfate and SO2 remained relatively constant during an eight-hour period. Processes responsible for concentration changes were examined to set bounds upon the oxidation rate of SO2. The data are consistent with an oxidation rate as low as zero and no greater than 4% h−1.
A fracture control program for the reusable space shuttle booster

Abstract This paper describes the preliminary results of structural design and analysis efforts, and the development of preliminary fracture control plans for the principal structural components of a large reusable space shuttle booster. Included are a description of the space shuttle system, its characteristics and requirements, selected approaches for fracture control, and proposed fracture control plans. The requirements of the NASA planned space shuttle vehicle for full reusability has increased the need for high reliability, precision, and development in the fracture control approach. For the space shuttle booster, it is essential that fracture control be applied to all critical structural components (i.e., tanks, aero, surfaces, thrust structure, etc.) and the fracture control approach to each component be based on its individual design conditions, design characteristics, and sensitivities to fatigue and flaw growth. Since the fracture control approach of pressure vessels is of most interest, the plan will concentrate on the main propellant tanks although other parts of the vehicle will be mentioned. The selected fracture control plan integrates the fracture control activities over the design, manufacturing, qualification, and operation phases of the space shuttle program. The various elements of the fracture control plan include design criteria, fracture mechanics analysis, proof testing, trade studies of safe-life and fail-safe design approaches and materials, provisions for maintenance and inspection, non-destructive evaluation, and a record of vehicle usage and discrepancies during its service life.
Dynamics of the hot metal dephosphorization with Na2O slags

Dephosphorization reaction of hot metal by Na2CO3 has been studied experimentally to determine the reaction mechanism and thermodynamics. Most of the experiments were carried out at 1300 °C using Fe-Csat.-Si-P-S alloys. The results indicate that the CO2 gas released from Na2CO3 is important in the dephosphorization reaction as an oxidizer and increasing mass transfer by stirring the slag and metal. As the initial Si content in hot metal is increased, the degree of dephosphorization decreases significantly and the rephosphorization takes place earlier. The primary reason for the rephosphorization is that the activity of PO2.5 increases in the slag because of the evaporation of Na2O from the slag. The loss of Na2O increases the activity coefficient of PO2.5 and decreases the slag volume. At the later stage of Na2CO3 treatment, the reactions reach equilibrium with respect to phosphorus and sulfur, and the oxygen potential,Po2, at the slag-metal interface is determined by the C-CO equilibrium (ac=1 and 1 atm CO). The presence of sulfur in the metal increases the rate of the dephosphorization because of the electrochemical nature of the reaction; sulfur transfer to the slag accepts the electrons from phosphorus transfer.
Continuous Production of a Novel Lysozyme via Secretion from the Yeast, Pichia pastoris

We have cloned a cDNA for bovine lysozyme c2, a novel lysozyme characteristic of the cow stomach and expressed its protein product by secretion using its native signal sequence in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. A semi–continuous fermentation process used for production resulted in extremely high cell densities and product concentrations. During fed–batch fermentation, bovine lysozyme concentrations exceeded 550 mg/liter, and cell densities exceeded 120 g dry cells/liter. In continuous culture, bovine lysozyme and cell concentrations remained constant at approximately 350 mg/liter and 100 g dry cells/liter, respectively. The recombinant product is a single biologically active species that constitutes >80% of the protein in media from expressing cells; the signal sequence of the pre–lysozyme is accurately processed.
Isolation of Pathogenic Monoclonal Anti-Desmoglein 1 Human Antibodies by Phage Display of Pemphigus Foliaceus Autoantibodies

Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is a blistering disease caused by autoantibodies to desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) that cause loss of epidermal cell adhesion. To better understand PF pathophysiology, we used phage display to isolate anti-Dsg1 mAbs as single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) from a PF patient. Initial panning of the library isolated only non-pathogenic scFvs. We then used these scFvs to block non-pathogenic epitopes and were able to isolate two unique scFvs, each of which caused typical PF blisters in mice or human epidermis models, showing that a single mAb can disrupt Dsg1 function to cause disease. Both pathogenic scFvs bound conformational epitopes in the N terminus of Dsg1. Other PF sera showed a major antibody response against the same or nearby epitopes defined by these pathogenic scFvs. Finally, we showed restriction of the heavy-chain gene usage of all anti-Dsg1 clones to only five genes, which determined their immunological properties despite promiscuous light-chain gene usage. These mAbs will be useful for studying Dsg1 function and mechanisms of blister formation in PF and for developing targeted therapies and tools to monitor disease activity.
Routes to reference

However one conceives of the relation between a sign and its significate, referring is a communicative act in which a speaker must intentionally direct the attention of an interlocutor to some object, event, or state of affairs that the speaker has in mind. This article examines the ontogenesis and phylogenesis of acts of referring, with special concern for the possible nature of sign-significate relationships. Findings from developments psychology indicate that a group of abilities and skills underlie the ability to refer. Infants follow the gaze of others to objects of attention, and enjoy joint attention with others. Interactions with caregivers in routines well known to the child enable her to achieve joint attention with the adult on a particular ingredient in the routine. In this way, the ability to refer develops from certain "language games ", interactions that combine goal-seeking and joint attention.
Cesium laser operating in the blue by direct optical excitation of the 72P3/2 state

A blue alkali laser operating by direct optical excitation of the 7 2 P 3/2 state of cesium is demonstrated. A mixture of cesium vapor and various buffer gases ( 4 He, CH 4 , C 2 H 6 ) were pumped with the output of a pulsed dye laser in a heated glass cell. The spin-orbit mixing and fluorescence quenching cross sections were calculated for each buffer gas using the time-dependent D1 (459 nm) side fluorescence. At certain temperatures and buffer gas pressures, a spatially coherent blue beam is produced in the forward direction. An analysis of the spectrum shows this beam contains both D 1 amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS).
Resident Cardiac Mast Cells Degranulate and Release Preformed TNF-α, Initiating the Cytokine Cascade in Experimental Canine Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion

Background —Neutrophil-induced cardiomyocyte injury requires the expression of myocyte intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and ICAM-1–CD11b/CD18 adhesion. We have previously demonstrated interleukin (IL)-6 activity in postischemic cardiac lymph; IL-6 is the primary stimulus for myocyte ICAM-1 induction. Furthermore, we found that induction of IL-6 mRNA occurred very early on reperfusion of the infarcted myocardium. We hypothesized that the release of a preformed upstream cytokine induced IL-6 in leukocytes infiltrating on reperfusion. Methods and Results —Constitutive expression of TNF-α and not IL-1β was demonstrated in the normal canine myocardium and was localized predominantly in cardiac mast cells. Mast cell degranulation in the ischemic myocardium was documented by demonstration of a rapid release of histamine and TNF-α in the cardiac lymph after myocardial ischemia. Histochemical studies with FITC-labeled avidin demonstrated degranulating mast cells only in ischemic samples of canine myocardium. Immunohistochemistry suggested that degranulating mast cells were the primary source of TNF-α in the ischemic myocardium. In situ hybridization studies of reperfused myocardium localized IL-6 mRNA in infiltrating mononuclear cells and in mononuclear cells appearing in the postischemic cardiac lymph within the first 15 minutes of reperfusion. Furthermore, isolated canine mononuclear cells incubated with postischemic cardiac lymph demonstrated significant induction of IL-6 mRNA, which was partially blocked with a neutralizing antibody to TNF-α. Conclusions —Cardiac mast cells degranulate after myocardial ischemia, releasing preformed mediators, such as histamine and TNF-α. We suggest that mast cell–derived TNF-α may be a crucial factor in upregulating IL-6 in infiltrating leukocytes and initiating the cytokine cascade responsible for myocyte ICAM-1 induction and subsequent neutrophil-induced injury.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF (-)-SPARTEINE METAL SALT COMPLEXES

Abstract The syntheses of nineteen transition metal salt complexes of (-)-sparteine and the copper bromide complex of (-)-β-iso-sparteine are reported. All form 1:1 salt:sparteine complexes, which are soluble in organic solvents and decompose in water. Far infrared spectroscopy and the metal isotope technique were used to detect and assign metal-halide and metal-nitrogen absorption frequencies. The metal halide absorptions occur in the region from 353 to 140 cm−1, and the metal-nitrogen absorptions from 468 to 181 cm−1. Observed trends are discussed on the basis of changes in metal size, ionic charge, and halogens. Comparisons are drawn between these values and those for similar compounds where available.
Decreases in stuttering frequency as a function of continuous and contingent forms of auditory masking.

This experiment examined the effects of continuous and contingent white noise masking upon the speech of 10 stutterers. The methodology equated the frequency of masking opportunities during (1) noi...
A comparative analysis of passive twin tube and skyhook MRF dampers for motorcycle front suspensions

A comparative analysis between conventional passive twin tube dampers and skyhook-controlled magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) dampers for motorcycle front suspensions is provided, based on single axis testing in a damper test rig and suspension performance testing in road trials. Performance motorcycles, while boasting extremely light suspension components and competition-ready performance, have an inherent weakness in comfort, as the suspension systems are designed primarily for racing purposes. Front suspension acceleration and shock loading transmit directly through the front suspension triple clamp into the rider's arms and shoulders, causing rapid fatigue in shoulder muscles. Magneto-rheological fluid dampers and skyhook control systems offer an alternative to conventional sport motorcycle suspensions - both performance and comfort can be combined in the same package. Prototype MRF dampers designed and manufactured specifically for this application require no more space than conventional twin tube designs while adding only 1.7 pounds total weight to the system. The MRF dampers were designed for high controllability and low power consumption, two vital considerations for a motorcycle application. The tests conducted include the dampers' force-velocity curve testing in a damper test rig and suspension performance based on damper position, velocity, and acceleration measurement. Damper test rig results show the MRF dampers have a far greater range of adjustability than the test vehicle's OEM dampers. Combined with a modified sky-hook control system, the MRF dampers can greatly decrease the acceleration and shock loading transmitted to the rider through the handlebars while contributing performance in manners such as anti-dive under braking. Triple clamp acceleration measurements from a variety of staged road conditions, such as sinusoidal wave inputs, will be compared to subjective test-rider field reports to establish a correlation between rider fatigue and the front suspension performance. This testing will be conducted on the OEM vehicle suspension, the passive MRF dampers, and the skyhook-controlled MRF damper front suspension. The results of this test will determine the viability of skyhook-controlled MRF damper systems on motorcycles for performance gain and fatigue reduction.
Training and motivational factors as predictors of job satisfaction and anticipated job retention among implementers of a school-based prevention program.

Despite increasing dissemination of prevention programs, little is known about program implementers, including factors that promote satisfying job roles. Using Self-Determination Theory as a conceptual framework, we surveyed 128 implementers of the widely disseminated Primary Mental Health Project. Implementers reported 7.1 years average experience on the job (range 1–25 years), and 55% had two or more years of college. In a multivariate regression model, predictors of higher job satisfaction were: lower education level; positive perceptions of supervision and continuing education opportunities; and satisfaction at work of needs for autonomy and competence. For implementers with ≤3 years experience, satisfaction of competence needs predicted job satisfaction; for implementers with >3 years experience, satisfaction of needs for autonomy and for relatedness predicted job satisfaction. Contrary to expectations, job satisfaction was unrelated to anticipated job retention. Editors' Strategic Implications: The authors provide a strong and novel test of Self-Determination Theory as it applies to the training and retention of the implementers of prevention programs. Their findings suggest that greater attention should be placed on supervision, motivation, and the psychological needs of implementers in training programs, and to the differential needs of long-term implementers versus beginners.
Detection of spin-polarized electrons injected into a two-dimensional electron gas.

The spin-dependent mean-free path of electrons in a high-mobility InAs two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is measured. Ferromagnetic metal/insulator/2DEG junctions are fabricated on a common channel in a nonlocal geometry and used as spin injectors and detectors. For electrons in spin-orbit eigenstates at 4.5 K, lower bounds for the spin mean-free path and relaxation time are ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{S}\ensuremath{\ge}4.6\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{s}\ensuremath{\ge}3.8\mathrm{ps}$, respectively. The temperature dependence is weak over the range $4.5lTl150\mathrm{K}$.
An examination of the macrophage response after challenge with murine, syngeneic sarcoma cells.

Abstract The role that macrophages play in the reticuloendothelial organs may be an important determinant in tumor progression. Enzymatic staining for lipase activity was used in this study to quantitate macrophage infiltrates of primary tumors, metastases, spleens, and thymuses during progressive tumor growth and metastasis utilizing an MCA-induced, syngeneic, antigenic, spontaneously metastasizing murine sarcoma. After a single im injection of sarcoma tumor cells, the red pulp, but not the white pulp, of the spleens showed a progressive increase of macrophages as the tumors grew. Correspondingly, colonies of macrophages appeared in the thymuses of mice with tumor growth. Prior to the appearance of macrophage colonies in the thymus, a significant depression in the number of spleen and thymus cells undergoing DNA synthesis was seen. Infiltration of macrophages was scarcely seen in either the original MCA-induced or transplanted sarcomas regardless of tumor size. The development of lung metastases was dependent on the primary tumor size before amputation of the tumor-bearing legs. The pulmonary metastases that developed from mice that had their primary tumors amputated at a metastasizing size were void of macrophages regardless of metastatic size (1–10 mm diameter). If the primary tumor-bearing legs were amputated at a premetastasizing size, the macrophage activity in the spleen and thymus decreased to control levels within 2 weeks. However, if the tumors were allowed to grow to metastasizing sizes, the macrophage activity in the spleens and thymuses did not decrease after amputation.
Spatializing the Social Networks of Gangs to Explore Patterns of Violence

The majority of spatial studies of crime employ an inductive approach in both the modeling and interpretation of the mechanisms of influence thought to be responsible for the patterning of crime in space and time. In such studies, the spatial weights matrix is specified without regard to the theorized mechanisms of influence between the units of analysis. Recently, a more deductive approach has begun to gain traction in which the theory of influence is used to model influence in geographic space. Using data from Los Angeles, we model the spatial distribution of gang violence by considering both the relative location of the gangs in space while simultaneously capturing their position within an enmity network of gang rivalries. We find that the spatial distribution of gang violence is more strongly associated with the socio-spatial dimensions of gang rivalries than it is with adjacency-based measures of spatial autocorrelation.
Comparison of calcium association constants and ionophoretic properties of some prostaglandins and ionophores.

Abstract The prostaglandin calcium association constants and calcium transport rates are reported. The calcium association constants for prostaglandins B 2 and E 2 were similar to one another, but lower than those of the ionophores A23187 and X537A. Using a Pressman cell, the ionophores A23187 and X537A, as well as prostaglandin B 2 , were found to transport calcium through an organic phase, while the prostaglandin E 2 calcium transport rate was not appreciable in the artifical system.
Cadmus: a Europa lander concept

The Cadmus mission responds to the need for a Europa surface exploration mission in the 2021 time frame that complements and extends the science performed by the Jupiter icy moons orbiter (JIMO) and Galileo spacecraft. Cadmus will help prepare for future subsurface and sample return missions. Europa is one of the most intriguing outer solar system planetary bodies due to the compelling evidence that an ocean of salty water exists approximately 20 km beneath the surface. This liquid water could make Europa a haven for life. The NASA Office of Space Science (OSS) has identified the search for life in the solar system and the resources necessary to support extraterrestrial life as an important area of study. The Cadmus mission investigates the habitability of Europa from the surface to determine the likelihood that life exists on the moon. By studying the crustal dynamics of the moon, the Cadmus mission assesses the extent to which a flux of water and ice exists between the possible subsurface ocean and the surface. Cadmus investigates the presence of nutrients and signs of energy resources in the crustal ice and also assesses the environmental suitability of the Europa environment to the evolution and sustainability of life. To reduce mission operations cost and complexity the mission architecture includes two landers that will land on the surface independently and utilize a high degree of autonomy.