cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of lymph composition on an in vitro preparation of the alligator lizard cochlea.

Abstract The effects of different artificial lymphs on the cochlear duct of the alligator lizard were studied in an in vitro preparation. The duct was dissected and cemented to the glass floor of a chamber that had been filled with an artificial lymph. The vestibular membrane was removed and latex beads (1–5 μm in diameter) were allowed to settle on the endolymphatic surface of the duct. During perfusion with an artificial lymph solution, the positions of beads were measured and video images of the duct were obtained. Artificial lymphs were isosmotic and included artificial endolymph (AE), artificial perilymph (AP), Leibovitz's L-15 culture medium, an AE solution whose calcium concentration was the same as that of AP, and AE and AP solutions in which gluconate was substituted for chloride ions. Results obtained in AE were consistently different from those in other lymphs. The displacements of beads, the projected area of the papilla, the occurrence of blebs, and direct observation of cells in the duct all indicated that the tissue swelled in AE (with or without 2 mmol/1 Ca) but showed no consistent shrinking or swelling in any of the other artificial lymphs. Thus for the solutions we used, the presence of both potassium and chloride was required to elicit the swelling response to isosmotic artificial lymphs. There were some regional differences in the swelling response: the swelling of the endolymphatic surface of the tissue in a direction orthogonal to the basilar membrane surface was smaller on the free-standing region of the basilar papilla than either on the tectorial membrane or on the hyaline epithelial cells. The preparation was osmotically stable in AP and in both AE and AP solutions in which gluconate was substituted for chloride ions. After exposure to these solutions for as much as 300 min, the preparation showed no gross signs of deterioration visible with the light microscope, and continued to exhibit a highly specific osmotic response to the composition of the bathing medium.
Designing for Power, a 65nm Lead Microprocessor Example

In the last few years, power and power delivery have become the major concerns to computing platforms. The emphasis on power led to several fundamental changes in the design approach of high performance microprocessors. In this paper, we present some of these fundamental changes. We show how they were applied and validated on a lead 65 nm microprocessor
A 10-Year Climatology of Northern Hemisphere Tropical Cloud Plumes and Their Composite Flow Patterns

Abstract A 10-year cool season climatology of tropical cloud plumes in the Northern Hemisphere was generated by visual inspection of infrared satellite imagery. The sample included 1062 plume events during the months of October to May for the years 1974 to 1984. The results show that the westerly ducts of the tropical eastern Pacific and central Atlantic are preferred regions for tropical cloud plume development. Composite fields of streamfunction and outgoing longwave radiation for eastern Pacific plumes indicate that both low-latitude westerlies in the planetary-scale basic-state flow and the presence of synoptic-scale transients appear to be favorable for plume formation. With a knowledge of these features, some of the interannual and intraannual variability shown in the climatology can be explained.
Virtual Reality Environment for Patching and Imaging in Brain Slices

We are developing a program that constructs a 3D representation of a virtual workspace that visualizes the brain slice and the perfusion chamber, the patch-clamp and other recording electrodes, and the imaging objectives. The user can control the operation and 3D positioning of the instruments relative to the sample, with real-time visual feedback. Specific cells can be bookmarked and linked to optical and electrical recordings, and the 3D workspace can be saved for later viewing and data analysis. We are using this software platform to explore ion channel properties and their contributions to cellular and network interactions in brain slices. This unified interface provides a more streamlined approach for combining electrophysiology with structural and functional imaging.
Primary angiosarcoma of the ovary complicated by hemoperitoneum: a case report and review of the literature

Sarcomas of the female genital tract are very rare. A small subset of these, primary ovarian angiosarcoma, is even more rare, with only 26 cases reported in the literature. Most cases of advanced-stage disease are aggressive and demonstrate a poor response to both surgery and chemotherapy with an overall poor prognosis. We present a case of a previously healthy 67-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain and profound anemia. She underwent a full staging and optimal debulking that revealed Stage IIIC primary ovarian angiosarcoma. The patient died 3 weeks post-operatively secondary to hemorrhage from progressive, metastatic tumor sites prior to initiation of chemotherapy. Primary ovarian angiosarcoma is extremely rare, often presenting in later stages with nonspecific symptoms. Immunohistochemical staining of pathological specimens can aid in the diagnosis. The optimal regimen for adjuvant chemotherapy is unknown, and the prognosis is very poor.
Density functional theory (DFT) study of the interaction of ammonia with pure and tungsten–doped ceria

Abstract We report here our theoretical investigations of the interaction of ammonia (NH3) with pure and tungsten–doped ceria surfaces. The objective of the work was to understand the modification of surface acidity via the use of dopants, at the fundamental level. Surface acidity is an important property that is frequently used to characterize the reactivity of surfaces. Interest in ammonia stems from its use as a probe molecule in experimentally determining the acidity of surfaces, while ceria and tungsten oxide are examples of metal oxides widely used in catalytic systems. Density functional theory calculations were performed using the Vienna ab-initio simulation package (VASP 4.6.2). The surfaces were modeled using finite number of layers, cleaved from the relaxed bulk structures. The geometries were optimized and resulting binding energies of ammonia were used to correlate to acid site strength. Our calculations show that ammonia binds to ceria at the Lewis and Bronsted acid sites, however this binding is very weak (
The ulcerated urethral meatus in male children.

Summary 1. Superficial ulceration and coarctation of the urethral orifice has been observed in forty-one cases. 2. Its etiology has been discussed, and in all cases but two, congenital shortening of the anterior-posterior diameter of the external meatus has been found. 3. Contributing skin factors are: (a) most frequently, ammonia dermatitis, (b) a dermatitis of unknown origin affecting only glans and the periphery of the meatus, (c) herpes simplex. 4. The dangers of obstructive uropathy caused by this disorder have been stressed. 5. Treatment of the disorder has been suggested.
Role of transition metals, Fe(II), Cr(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) in lipid peroxidation

Abstract Cod liver oil was oxidized with Fenton-like systems containing transition metals Fe(II), Cr(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II). Malonaldehyde (MA) formed from 10 μl cod liver oil oxidized by a Fenton-like system containing each metal at levels of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 4 μmol was analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen phosphorus detector. The MA production exhibited dose response and the greatest amount (837.0 ± 19.1 nmol) was obtained by the Fe(II) system at the level of l μmol. Generally, higher MA formation is observed in the lower the third ionization potential of the metal. The decreasing order of MA formed in the metal systems at the level of 1 μmol is Fe(II) > Cr(II)(274.1 ± 20.1 nmol) > Pb(II)(150.7 ± 13.0 nmol) > Cd(II)(95.4 ± 6.7 nmol). The amounts of MA formed in Cr(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) systems were considerably lower than those in the Fe(II) system. The relative formations of MA in the Cr(II) and Pb(II) systems were similar to those in the Fe(II) system. The results suggest that trace amounts of metals contribute oxidative effects to lipid peroxidation followed by various diseases.
Family and cultural influences on low-income latino children's adjustment.

This study examined family and cultural influences on adjustment among 90 low-income Latino middle school children (46% girls; average age = 11.38, SD = .66) and their primary caregivers (93% female; average age = 36.12, SD = 6.13). All participants identified as Hispanic/Latino, with 75% of families identifying as Mexican-origin Latino, and 77% of parents and 32% of children identifying as immigrants. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses revealed that family reframing interacted with familism, with high levels of both associated with fewer psychological symptoms, whereas passive appraisal is linked to worse functioning. Results are discussed with regard to the implications of this research for preventive interventions with families in poverty.
Prevalence of selected species of internal parasites in equids at necropsy in central Kentucky (1995-1999).

Abstract A survey to determine current prevalence of several species of endoparasites in equids (n=350) at necropsy was conducted at the Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center in central Kentucky (1995–1999). Thelazia lacrymalis were found in 42% of the 1- to 4-year olds (n=132), which was the only age group examined for these parasites. Five- to 30-year olds (n=157), examined for Onchocerca spp. worms/lesions, had a prevalence of 24%. In ≥1-year olds (n=324), the infection rate for Gasterophilus intestinalis was 12% for second instars and 14% for third instars and for Gasterophilus nasalis was 2% for second instars and 2% for third instars. For Anoplocephala perfoliata (n=268 equids), prevalence was 52%. Data were compiled for the equids according to breed, age, sex, month of necropsy, and number of parasites. Arterial lesions caused by migrating Strongylus vulgaris larvae were observed in a low number (3 of 52) of equids. Specific examination for Parascaris equorum revealed that 46% of 13 weanlings and 10% of 20 older horses were infected. Anoplocephala magna were found in one of the weanlings. Compared to previous studies (about 15–25 years ago) in Kentucky, the present survey indicated the genera Onchocerca and Gasterophilus greatly declined but Thelazia, Anoplocephala, and Parascaris did not.
Tissue-specific expression of the ethylene biosynthetic machinery regulates root growth in maize

Although the hormonal control of root growth and development has been extensively studied, relatively little is known about the role that ethylene plays in cereal root development. In this work, we have investigated how the ethylene biosynthetic machinery is spatially regulated in maize roots and how changes in its expression alter root growth. ACC synthase (ZmACS) expression was observed in the root cap and in cortical cells whereas ACC oxidase (ZmACO) expression was detected in the root cap, protophloem sieve elements, and the companion cells associated with metaphloem sieve elements. Roots from Zmacs6 mutants exhibited significantly reduced ethylene production, a smaller root cap of increased cell number but smaller cell size, accelerated elongation of metaxylem, cortical, and epidermal cells, and increased vacuolation of cells in the calyptrogen of the root cap, phenotypes that were complemented by exogenous ACC. Zmacs6 mutant roots exhibited increased growth when largely unimpeded, a phenotype complemented by exogenous ACC, whereas loss of ZmACS2 expression had less of an effect. In contrast, Zmacs6 plants exhibited reduced root growth in soil. These results suggest that expression of ZmACS6 is important in regulating growth of maize roots in response to physical resistance.
Plato, Ep. II, 312A

I DO NOT propose to reopen the question of the authenticity of the epistles. Rather, I wish to examine one argument advanced against the genuineness of Ep. 11.1 In that epistle, the author states that his purpose in coming to Syracuse was to gain the assistance of Dionysius LVX 4 LOL TL0LTO (PLX0G0(Pao X= 7npP ' TF4 7r)0OEL (3 12A). Bury, in the Loeb edition, states in his prefatory note that in addition to the "historical inconsistencies there is much to arouse suspicion in the tone and matter of the letter" (p. 399).2 As evidence, he says, "Can we imagine the real Plato saying that his object in visiting Suracuse was 'to make philosophy honoured by the multitude'?" (I.C.) .3 And as a footnote ad loc. he adds, "A most un-Platonic sentiment: contrast Rep. 493E ff., and 3 I4A below ". My remarks to Bury, and indirectly to Hackforth (cf. n. 3), would be these. First, Bury minimizes the force of the sentence immediately following the one quoted: toi3to 8'oux eiaye4 [LOL aTcbt. For, to paraphrase Bury, this is a most Platonic sentiment and, in spirit, quite close to the tone of despair often noted in Socrates' final discussion with Callicles, the so-called "digression" of the Theaetetus and elsewhere.5 Secondly, and of a more serious nature, is the fact that Bury's two references in his footnote are misleading. In Rep. 493E Plato, it is true,
Analytical Surface Roughness Parameters of a Theoretical Profile Consisting of Elliptical Arcs

The closed‐form solutions of surface roughness parameters for a theoretical profile consisting of elliptical arcs are presented. Parabolic and simplified approximation methods are commonly used to estimate the surface roughness parameters for such machined surface profiles. The closed‐form solution presented in this study reveals the range of errors of approximation methods for any elliptical arc size. Using both implicit and parametric methods, the closed‐form solutions of three surface roughness parameters, R t , R a , and R q , were derived. Their dimensionless expressions were also studied and a single chart was developed to present the surface roughness parameters. This research provides a guideline on the use of approximate methods. The error is smaller than 1.6% when the ratio of the feed and major semi‐axis of the elliptical arc is smaller than 0.5. The closed‐form expressions developed in this study can be used for the surface roughness modeling in CAD/CAM simulations.
Pain severity, interference, and prescription analgesic use among depressed, low-income homebound older adults

Objectives: Disabled, homebound individuals tend to suffer both chronic pain and depression; however, low-income, homebound older adults have been underexposed in pain and depression research. We examined the extent of pain frequency, intensity, and interference; the relationship between pain and depressive symptoms; and prescription analgesic use and its association with use of antidepressant and anxiolytic medications among these older adults.Method: The data came from the baseline assessment of 215 homebound individuals aged 50+ who were referred to a clinical trial of depression treatment. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to examine the research questions.Results: Almost 87% (n = 186) of the participants reported having had chronic pain in the preceding three months. Of the pain reporters, the mean frequency, intensity, and interference of pain were 8.65 ± 2.05, 7.71 ± 2.10, and 7.80 ± 2.82, respectively, on a 1–10 scale, and 61% were taking a prescription analgesic. Analgesic users and n...
Metal atom syntheses and studies of π-arene Fe (IV) complexes: (η6-arene) Fe(H)2(SiRCl2)2 (arene = toluene, benzene; R = H, Me)

Abstract Arene (toluene or benzene) solvated iron atoms, prepared by codeposition of iron atoms and excess arene, react with two equivalents H2SiCl2 (or HSiMeCl2) to yield (η6-arene)Fe(H)2(SiRCl2)2 (arene=toluene, benzene; R=H, Me). The hydride is acidic, and [(η6-toluene)Fe(H) (SiHCl2)2]− was produced, when (η6-toluene)Fe(H)2(SiHCl2)2 was treated with pyridine and 2,6-lutidine. The SiH bond in [(η6-toluene)Fe(H)(SiHCl2)2]− is then activated with more pyridine and 2,6-lutidine. Polymerization has been observed, and [(η6-toluene)Fe(=SiCl2)(H)]− is proposed to be the intermediate. The structure of (η6-toluene)Fe(H)2(SiHCl2)2 was determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction: at -160°C, space group P P2 1 c , a = 7.651(1), b=20.105(3), c=9.252(2) A, β = 110.88(4)°, Z=4, V=1330(1)A3. In the NMR, three-bond-coupling between HSiCl2 and the hydride in (η6-toluene)Fe(H)2(SiHCl2)2 has been observed to be 5.2 Hz, one-bond-coupling between 29Si and 1H is 281 Hz, and two-bond-coupling between 29Si and 1H is 17.6 Hz. The two-bond-coupling between 29Si and 'H is 17.2 Hz in both (η6-toluene)Fe(H)2(SiMeCl2)2 and (η6-benzene)Fe(H)2(SiHCl2)2. The one-bond-coupling between 13C and 1H of the coordinated benzene is 176 Hz.
On Algorithms for the Nonparametric Maximum Likelihood Estimator of the Failure Function With Censored Data

In this article, we study algorithms for computing the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator (NPMLE) of the failure function with two types of censored data: doubly censored data and (type 2) interval-censored data. We consider two projection methods, namely the iterative convex minorant algorithm (ICM) and a generalization of the Rosen algorithm (GR) and compare these methods to the well-known EM algorithm. The comparison conducted via simulation studies shows that the hybrid algorithms that alternately use the EM and GR for doubly censored data or, alternately, use the EM and ICM for (type 2) interval-censored data appear to be much more efficient than the EM, especially in large sample situation.
Effects of arachidonic acid on respiratory activities in isolated brain mitochondria.

The present investigation was designed to examine the effects of free arachidonic acid (20:4), in concentrations relevant to cerebral ischemia, on brain mitochondrial respiratory activities and the reversibility of these effects. Incubation of brain mitochondria with 20:4 caused a dose-dependent increase in substrate-supported (state 4) respiration (i.e., uncoupling) and a concomitant inhibition of substrate-, phosphate-, and ADP-supported (state 3) or dinitrophenol-supported state (3u) respiration. The temperature dependence of the 20:4 effects on mitochondrial respiration was also studied. It was found that the uncoupling and the respiratory inhibition were at least as pronounced at physiological temperatures as at room temperature. Arrhenius plots of the state 3 respiratory rates suggested that 20:4 did not cause a significant change in membrane fluidity. Addition of bovine serum albumin to the reaction medium following preincubation with 20:4 reversed the uncoupling effect but only partly reversed the inhibition of state 3 respiration. The results suggest 1) that 20:4 may inhibit mitochondrial ATP production during conditions of incomplete cerebral ischemia and 2) that 20:4 may limit the postischemic recovery of mitochondrial function.
Chemical Composition in the Globular Cluster M71 from Keck HIRES Spectra of Turnoff Stars

We have made observations with the Keck I telescope and HIRES at a resolution of ~45,000 of five nearly identical stars at the turnoff of the metal-rich globular cluster M71. We derive stellar parameters and abundances of several elements. Our mean Fe abundance, [Fe/H] = -0.80 ± 0.02, is in excellent agreement with previous cluster determinations from both giants and near-turnoff stars. There is no clear evidence for any star-to-star abundance differences or correlations in our sample. Abundance ratios of the Fe peak elements (Cr, Ni) are similar to Fe. The turnoff stars in M71 have remarkably consistent enhancements of 0.2-0.3 dex in [Si/Fe], [Ca/Fe], and [Ti/Fe], like the red giants. Our [Mg/Fe] ratio is somewhat lower than that suggested by other studies. We compare our mean abundances for the five M71 stars with field stars of similar metallicity [Fe/H]: eight with halo kinematics and 17 with disk kinematics. The abundances of the α-fusion products (Mg, Si, Ca, Ti) agree with both samples but seem a closer match to the disk stars. The Mg abundance in M71 is at the lower edge of the disk and halo samples. The neutron-capture elements, Y and Ba, are enhanced relative to solar in the M71 turnoff stars. Our ratio [Ba/Fe] is similar to that of the halo field stars but a factor of 2 above that for the disk field stars. The important [Ba/Y] ratio is significantly lower than M71 giant values; the precluster material may have been exposed to a higher neutron flux than the disk stars or self-enrichment has occurred subsequent to cluster star formation. The Na content of the M71 turnoff stars is remarkably similar to that in the disk field stars but more than a factor of 2 higher than the halo field star sample. We find [Na/Fe] = +0.14 ± 0.04 with a spread less than half of that found in the red giants in M71. Excluding Mg, the lack of intracluster α-element variations (turnoff vis-a-vis giants) suggests that the polluting material needed to explain the abundance patterns in M71 did not arise from explosive nucleosynthesis but in a more traditional s-process environment such as AGB stars. The determination of light s-peak abundances should reveal whether this pollution occurred before or after cluster formation.
Dependence of ecdysteroid metabolism and development in host larvae on the time of baculovirus infection and the activity of the UDP-glucosyl transferase gene

Abstract Infection of fourth-instar gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar , Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae with the wild-type (Wt) gypsy moth baculovirus, LdNPV on the first day post-molt, or infection of fifth instars on the fifth day post-molt, results in elevated ecdysteroid levels in both hemolymph and the media of cultured prothoracic glands, when examined by radioimmunoassay and compared to mock-infected controls. In contrast, insects infected with an ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyl transferase minus [ egt (-)] mutant virus show ecdysteroid levels and gland activity similar to that found in controls. UDP-glucosyl transferase causes sugar-conjugation of ecdysteroids containing a hydroxyl group at the C-22 position, and our ecdysteroid antiserum recognizes these conjugated ecdysteroids. Since we found that 20-hydroxyecdysone inhibits gland activity in culture and glucose-conjugated ecdysone, the major form of ecdysteroid in the hemolymph of Wt baculovirus-infected animals does not, the elevated level of hemolymph ecdysteroids and heightened gland activity in Wt virus-infected animals are most likely due to low levels of 20-hydroxyecdysone resulting from sugar conjugation of ecdysone by EGT. Interestingly, hemolymph ecdysteroid titer and gland activity of fifth-instar larvae infected with either the Wt or egt (-) virus on the first day post-molt remain at basal levels throughout the instar, with death occurring prior to pupation, suggesting that LdNPV may have a second, egt-independent mechanism for regulation of host ecdysteroid levels.
Enthalpic switch-points and temperature dependencies of DNA binding and nucleotide incorporation by Pol I DNA polymerases

This study examines the relationship between the DNA binding thermodynamics and the enzymatic activity of the Klenow and Klentaq Pol I DNA polymerases from Escherichia coli and Thermus aquaticus. Both polymerases bind DNA with nanomolar affinity at temperatures down to at least 5°C, but have lower than 1% enzymatic activity at these lower temperatures. For both polymerases it is found that the temperature of onset of significant enzymatic activity corresponds with the temperature where the enthalpy of binding (ΔHbinding) crosses zero (TH) and becomes favorable (negative). This TH/activity upshift temperature is 15°C for Klenow and 30°C for Klentaq. The results indicate that a negative free energy of DNA binding alone is not sufficient to proceed to catalysis, but that the enthalpic versus entropic balance of binding may be a modulator of the temperature dependence of enzymatic function. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the catalytic activity of Klentaq polymerase using expanded Eyring theory yields thermodynamic patterns for ΔG(‡), ΔH(‡), and TΔS(‡) that are highly analogous to those commonly observed for direct DNA binding. Eyring analysis also finds a significant ΔCp(‡) of formation of the activated complex, which in turn indicates that the temperature of maximal activity, after which incorporation rate slows with increasing temperature, will correspond with the temperature where the activation enthalpy (ΔH(‡)) switches from positive to negative.
Inheritance of Resistance to Phaeosphaeria Leaf Spot of Maize

Phaeosphaeria leaf spot is a potentially important maize disease that has recently appeared in the continental United States in winter breeding nurseries in southern Florida. Inbred lines re lated to B73 are particularly susceptible to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot, whereas inbreds related to Mo17 are highly resistant. The inheritance of resistance to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot was studied in the parents, F1, F2, and backcross generations derived from the cross B73 × Mo17. A replicated experiment was conducted over two winter nursery seasons in a southern Florida nursery Individual plants in plots were evaluated for Phaeosphaeria leaf spot severity (0 to 9 scale) at the mid-dent stage of kernel development. Variation in segregating generations appeared continuous, so generation mean analysis was used. Additive and, to a lesser extent, dominance gene action were determined to play a role in the inheritance of reaction to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot There was no evidence for epistatic gene interactions. Heritabilities (both narrow and broad sense) were high (0.70 to 0.85) and the magnitude of genotype × environment interactions was low. Estimates of the number of effective factors (genes) involved in the inheritance of resistance ranged from three to four. Selection should be highly effective in developing inbred lines with adequate levels of resistance to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot.
Leukocyte-deactivating factor from macrophages: partial purification and biochemical characterization. A novel cytokine.

A deactivating factor (MDF) is released from granuloma-like lesions of mice (giant and epithelioid macrophages) to the surrounding medium. Test cells incubated in the presence of MDF display dramatic inhibition of superoxide anion (O2−) release when stimulated. This failure to manifest O2 release is observed whether PMA, all-transretinal, or fMet-Leu-Phe is the stimulating agent. MDF acts on different cell types from different species; mouse macrophages as well as guinea pig, human, and mouse neutrophils. Such results suggest that it is a universal regulatory cytokine with high affinity for phagocytic lineages. The factor was subjected to various purification methods: ultrafiltration, gel chromatography, and reversed phase HPLC. A crude preparation that resulted from conditioning of medium by old macrophages (MCM) shows two peaks of activity when subjected to gel filtration. These correspond to molecular weights for the active principle of 3 and 11 kD. When the factor was obtained by extraction of the same cells after washing and sonication. Only the former peak was seen. Fractions corresponding to a MW of 3 kD from several preparations were combined and subjected to HPLC. MDF activity then appeared in a single fraction. MDF is thus putatively a modulator of the cidal activity of phagocytic cells that utilize release of reactive oxygen species for cytocidal activity. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Large eddy simulation of homogeneous shear flows with several subgrid‐scale models

In this article, large eddy simulation is used to simulate homogeneous shear flows. The spatial discretization is accomplished by the spectral collocation method and a third-order Runge–Kutta method is used to integrate the time-dependent terms. For the estimation of the subgrid-scale stress tensor, the Smagorinsky model, the dynamic model, the scale-similarity model and the mixed model are used. Their predicting performance for homogeneous shear flow is compared accordingly. The initial Reynolds number varies from 33 to 99 and the initial shear number is 2. Evolution of the turbulent kinetic energy, the growth rate, the anisotropy component and the subgrid-scale dissipation rate is presented. In addition, the performance of several filters is examined. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A correlate to Mach bands in perception of extent.

It is demonstrated that contours which vary in extent across space according to the Mach pattern include an increment in apparent extent and a decrement in apparent extent at a position corresponding to the position of Mach bands, i.e., at the inflection points of the pattern. It is also shown that increasing the slope of the gradient of the Mach pattern has an effect upon extent comparable to the effect upon Mach bands. These data are interpreted as supporting the position that lateral inhibitory interaction is involved in the perception of extent. A modification of the Hartline and Ratliff (1956) model for lateral inhibitory interaction is applied, and discrepancies between predictions generated from the model and obtained data provide the basis for recommended changes in the model.
Modelling the CO2 Huff'n' Puff process in solution-gas-drive reservoirs using a black-oil simulator

Abstract The cyclic CO 2 stimulation of low-pressure solution-gas-drive wells is investigated using a black-oil simulator. It is concluded that relative-permeability hysteresis and resrvoir pressure increase are likely to be significant mechanisms in the success of the process. Relatively dead oils are more likely to respond to the stimulation than gas-rich live oils. A free gas saturation also shown to be detrimental to the process, because it tends to reduce the relative permeability to oil. Investigations also did not reveal any theoretical reason for holding a baack pressure during production.
The automobile and transport policy

Abstract Auto‐centered transport systems are analyzed and related to contemporary transport policy. Auto‐centered transport features a high level of dependence on the auto for daily mobility, and a social space and built environment dominated by the material infrastructures of automobility. In recent decades, there has been an accumulating empirical record of the societal problems and costs generated by auto‐centered transport, including intensive resource consumption, traffic congestion, human fatalities and injuries, and environmental degradation. Despite these problems, however, automobility continues to grow faster than populations. Here, the focus is on two problems related to auto‐centered transport that are mediated through social relations: The creation of mobility‐disadvantaged and health‐disadvantaged groups. A central reason why the needed diversification of auto‐centered transport is proving to be a difficult task is the existence of materially and socially embedded auto‐centered transport sys...
The role of informatics and decision support in utilization management

Information systems provide a critical link between clinical laboratories and the clinicians and patients they serve. Strategic deployment of informatics resources can enable a wide array of utilization initiatives and can substantially improve the appropriateness of test selection and results interpretation. In this article, we review information systems including computerized provider order entry (CPOE) systems, laboratory information systems (LISs), electronic health records (EHRs), laboratory middleware, knowledge management systems and systems for data extraction and analysis, and describe the role that each can play in utilization management. We also discuss specific utilization strategies that laboratories can employ within these systems, citing examples both from our own institution and from the literature. Finally, we review how emerging applications of decision support technologies may help to further refine test utilization, "personalize" laboratory diagnosis, and enhance the diagnostic value of laboratory testing.
Factors Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency and Inadequacy among Women of Childbearing Age in the United States

Objective. To examine the prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy among US women of childbearing age. Methods. Data from 1,814 female participants (20–44 y) in the 2003–2006 NHANES were analyzed to estimate the age-adjusted prevalence and prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for vitamin D deficiency (defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] <12.0 ng/mL) and inadequacy (defined as 25(OH)D: 12.0–<20.0 ng/mL). Results. The age-adjusted prevalence was 11.1% (95% CI: 8.8–14.0%) for vitamin D deficiency and 25.7% (95% CI: 22.3–29.5%) for vitamin D inadequacy. Race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic white and obesity were associated with increased risks, whereas dietary supplement use, milk consumption of ≥1 time/day, and potential sunlight exposure during May-October were associated with decreased risks for both vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy (𝑃<0.05). Current smoking and having histories of diabetes and cardiovascular disease were also associated with an increased risk for vitamin D deficiency (𝑃<0.05). Conclusions. Among women of childbearing age, periconceptional intervention programs may focus on multiple risk factors for vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy to ultimately improve their vitamin D nutrition.
MO‐G‐BRA‐05: Sequencing Method To Reduce Treatment Time for Intensity‐ Modulated Brachytherapy

Purpose: Bulky (>40 cc) cervical cancerbrachytherapy (BT) tumordose conformity is often poor since symmetric BT dose is limited by the presence of the nearby bladder, rectum, and sigmoid. Rotating shield intensity modulated brachytherapy (RS‐IMBT) can theoretically improve tumordose conformity, but at the cost of significantly increased treatment times. We developed a time efficient method of improving cervical cancerdose distributions with multi‐rotating‐shield IMBT (MRS‐IMBT) that drastically reduces the delivery times relative to RS‐IMBT. Methods: We developed a shield sequencing method that optimally divides a set of finely sampled IMBT shielding patterns into a combination of coarse and fine shields that delivers the same dose distribution but with a reduced treatment time. The resulting MRS‐IMBT method was applied to eight cervical cancer patients who were treated with MRI‐guided conventional BT. The treatment planning was done with an in‐house treatment planning system. Results: The MRS‐IMBT method significantly reduced treatment times relative to finely‐sampled IMBT without losing tumor coverage. When using shields that provided adequate coverage (22.5°), the sequencing method on average decreased the treatment time by a factor of 4. For the finest shields considered (5.625°), MRS‐IMBT decreased the treatment time by a factor of 12 on average. Conclusions: While RS‐IMBT causes treatment times to rise exponentially with the number of emission directions when a single shield emission angle is used, treatment times for the MRS‐IMBT method increase linearly with the number of emission directions. MRS‐IMBT makes IMBT delivery clinically feasible, which could lead to mean better tumordose conformity and improved outcomes.
Microaggression and Moral Cultures

Campus activists and others might refer to slights of one’s ethnicity or other cultural characteristics as “microaggressions,” and they might use various forums to publicize them. Here we examine this phenomenon by drawing from Donald Black’s theories of conflict and from cross-cultural studies of conflict and morality. We argue that this behavior resembles other conflict tactics in which the aggrieved actively seek the support of third parties as well as those that focus on oppression. We identify the social conditions associated with each feature, and we discuss how the rise of these conditions has led to large-scale moral change such as the emergence of a victimhood culture that is distinct from the honor cultures and dignity cultures of the past.
A rellable mapping method for sequence determination of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by mobility shift analysis

Abstract The method for sequence analysis of large oligodeoxyribonucleotides based on the characteristic mobility shifts of their sequential partial degradation products on two-dimensional homochromatography has been perfected using a large number of synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides of defined sequences as standards. Flat bed electrophoresis with careful temperature control gave entirely reproducible mobilities in the first dimension. Using this information, an accurate formula has been derived for calculating the relative electrophoretic mobilities of oligodeoxyribonucleotides of any composition. This formula is used to calculate the mobility shifts between two consecutive oligodeoxyribonucleotides in a series of partial products of an unknown oligomer distributed in the two-dimensional homochromatogram which differ by one nucleotide in length. This is compared with the observed mobility shift value to identify the added nucleotide. This provides a direct and rapid method for obtaining the unambiguous sequence of an entire oligodeoxyribonucleotide up to 15 nucleotides in length.
An Adaptive Fuzzy Classifier Approach to Edge Detection in Latent Fingerprint Images

This paper proposes an Adaptive Fuzzy Classifier Approach (AFCA) to local edge detection in order to address the challenges of detecting latent fingerprint in severely degraded images. The proposed approach adapts classifier parameters to different parts of input images using the concept of reference neighborhood. Three variants of AFCAs, namely K-means-clustering AFCA, Entropy-based AFCA, and Statistical AFCA, were developed. Experiments were conducted both on synthetic images and on real fingerprint images to compare these AFCAs and Canny edge detection. The presented results show that Statistical AFCA is the best performer with latent images.
Mixed estimation in covariance structure models

Abstract The mixed estimator that has been widely used in linear regression models is applied to the general covariance structure model. This application provides a simple alternative to the Bayesian estimation, constrained estimation and inequality constrained estimation methods that have been proposed in the covariance structure model literature.
Experimental determination of mechanical shear stress about an anastomotic junction

Abstract The present study is undertaken to determine whether the elastic tube model originally developed by Kuchar and Ostrach ( Biomedical Fluid Mechanics Symposium , pp. 45–69, 1966) accurately provides a first approximation of the biomechanics of the anastomotic junction. The experimental protocol involves the use of canine carotid arteries as the host vessel and several graft materials including autogenous and prosthetic substitutes. The host artery-graft combinations are perfused in vitro in a pulsatile perfusion apparatus which simulates the natural hemodynamic environment. This apparatus provides accurate dynamic measurements of radial wall motion (measured at various longitudinal increments), associated pressures and rates of fluid flow. These data are then applied to the theoretical model for calculation of anastomotic induced bending stresses. The results indicate that the predictions derived from the elastic model consistently overestimate the measured radial change adjacent to the anastomotic junction. As a result shear stresses based on elastic theory deviate from values derived from a numerical curve fit to the experimental data.
A multifractal analysis of lidar measured water vapour

Accurate and fast-response measurements of space-time observations of specific humidity were made above a drying land surface at the University of California at Davis, using the Los Alamos water Raman-lidar. In an attempt to quantify the space-time intermittency features of turbulent flows in the lower atmosphere, a multifractal analysis of these water vapour measurements was performed. The structure of the specific humidity, 9 (x, t), was analyzed quantifying a scalar gradient measure (~ (grad 0) 2) both in time and space, for all possible one-dimensional cuts, i.e. Xt (3", t) = (O0(x, t)/Ot) 2 and ~,(z, ~) = (00(z, t)/Ox) ~. The results confirm the multiffactal nature ofthis scalar gradient measure (a type of scalar dissipation rate) and show that humidity measurements at fixed times (~ ~) are more intermittent (e.g. have less entropy dimension) than those at fixed locations in space (Xt). Similar multifractal behaviour of the spatial data, with and without a transformation from the observed wind velocities, supports the validity of Taylor's hypothesis for the studied fields.
Internal audit: How to develop professional skepticism

In these unpredictable economic times, how do you produce highly regarded financial statements in the face of demands to minimize external audit costs? Many companies try to solve this problem by using their internal audit department more during the annual external audit. But that can be tricky—because the internal audit staff is required to remain independent. The solution, say the authors of this article, is to actively develop and maintain your internal auditors' professional skepticism. And the authors give you a detailed roadmap that shows how to do that. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complications of repair of the distal biceps tendon with the modified two-incision technique.

Background: The purpose of this paper is to describe the complications that we encountered after using a muscle-splitting two-incision technique to repair avulsed distal biceps tendons. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of the results of seventy-eight consecutive anatomical repairs of the distal biceps tendon performed through a muscle-splitting two-incision technique at our institution between 1981 and 1998. Four of the patients required a graft to restore length. The seventy-four tendons that were repaired primarily through the modified Boyd-Anderson approach were analyzed in detail and form the basis of this report. Results: Complications developed after twenty-three (31 percent) of the seventy-four repairs. The complications included five sensory nerve paresthesias (three lateral antebrachial cutaneous and two superficial radial nerve paresthesias) in five patients. A temporary palsy of the posterior interosseous nerve developed in one patient; it resolved in six months. Six patients complained of persistent anterior elbow pain. Heterotopic ossification that did not limit forearm rotation developed in four patients, a superficial wound infection developed in three, one tendon reruptured, three patients lost forearm rotation, and reflex sympathetic dystrophy developed in one patient. No radioulnar synostoses were observed in our series. Complications developed after ten (24 percent) of the forty-one acute repairs (performed fewer than ten days after the injury), six (38 percent) of the sixteen subacute repairs (performed ten to twenty-one days after the injury), and seven (41 percent) of the seventeen delayed repairs (performed more than twenty-one days after the injury). The surgeon's experience with this procedure had no apparent effect on complication rates. Conclusions: Most of the morbidity from repair of the distal biceps tendon can be attributed primarily to a delay in the timing of the repair and secondarily to an extensive anterior exposure. More importantly, radioulnar synostosis is rare following the muscle-splitting modification of the two-incision technique, which can be performed safely even by surgeons with limited experience with this procedure.
The Clinical Neuropsychiatry of Stroke: Prevalence and specificity of clinical symptoms

Specificity of anxiety symptoms In order to examine the frequency of anxiety symptoms and their specificity for anxiety disorder, patients with acute stroke were grouped according to whether they did or did not express anxiety or worry. As I discussed in Chapter 7 entitled, “Phenomenology and the specificity of depressive symptoms,” among patients with acute stroke, it is not obvious how one should assess the specificity of symptoms used for the diagnosis of anxiety disorder. If one uses the diagnostic criteria to define the study group, it becomes circular reasoning since the anxious patients are defined by the very criteria that are being assessed for specificity. On the other hand, if one groups patients based on the presence of anxiety or any other single symptom, the group would include patients who do not have the full syndrome of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) but merely one or two symptoms. The criteria we have chosen is the second method which includes all patients who acknowledge the presence of anxiety or worry. By dividing patients based on the presence or absence of a single symptom (i.e., anxiety or worry) our studies include some patients without the full syndrome of GAD which, therefore, decreases the likelihood of finding symptoms that are specific for anxiety disorders.
Teaching the role of secretin in the regulation of gastric acid secretion using a classic paper by Johnson and Grossman.

The regulation of gastric acid secretion has been the subject of investigation for over a century. Inhibition of gastrin-induced acid secretion by the intestine-derived hormone secretin provides a ...
A Pulsed Radiation Energy Spectrometer Using Ferroelectrics

The differential energy spectrum of a flash x-ray source or other pulsed radiation sources may be measured using the ferroelectric radiation detector. The detector, consisting of the poled ceramic lead zirconate titanate, exhibits a pulse charge output which is proportional to the absorbed dose. The spectrorneter system itself employs a filtration technique where a set of energy-selective metal filters is positioned in front of a corresponding set of ferroelectric detectors, and the radiation induced charge output of each detector is measured. From this data the spectrum of the pulsed radiation source is deduced by the use of a numerical unfolding technique. Experimentally, the concept of the ferroelectric spectrometer system was verified by measuring the spectrum of a 0.6 MVP flash x-ray machine. Since the ferroelectric detector exhibits a dynamic response to the incident radiation pulse, the same spectrometer concept is used to measure the spectrum as a function of time. The time-dependent character of tnle flash x-ray machine spectrum was detected experimentally and tne results showed that the energy spectrum is harder during the first portion of the pulse.
Surgical management of canine refractory retrobulbar abscesses: six cases.

OBJECTIVE To report the clinical presentation, surgical treatment and outcomes of dogs with retrobulbar abscesses refractory to intra-oral lancing and antibiotics. METHODS Medical records from January 2006 through September 2014 were reviewed and dogs with retrobulbar abscesses failing treatment with antibiotics and intra-oral lancing were included. Clinicopathologic, imaging and surgical details were extracted from the medical records. Referring veterinarians and owners were interviewed via telephone for follow-up data. RESULTS A total of six dogs were included in the study. The most common clinical signs were pain upon opening of the mouth, exophthalmos and prolapsed nictitans. Computed tomography was performed in five dogs, ultrasound in four and magnetic resonance imaging in one. Imaging identified an abscess in all dogs, with a suspected foreign body in four dogs. Surgical approach was a modified lateral orbitotomy in five dogs. No foreign body was identified during surgery in all dog. All dogs surviving to discharge did not have recurrence of clinical signs (follow-up time range: 27 to 95 months). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dogs with retrobulbar abscesses refractory to standard therapy can experience long-term resolution of clinical signs with surgical treatment, most commonly via a modified lateral orbitotomy.