cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing Bipolar Disorder From Other Psychiatric Disorders in Children

Pediatric onset bipolar disorder (BD) is a challenging diagnosis with potentially debilitating outcomes. This review aims to critically evaluate recently published literature relevant to the diagnosis of BD in youth, emphasizing interesting and important new findings characterizing pediatric BD and reporting updates in the diagnostic and statistical manual relevant to this disorder in youth. Challenges regarding the diagnosis of BD will be discussed, in addition to important distinctions with other childhood disorders, including other bipolar spectrum disorders; major depressive disorder; dysthymia; disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD); attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other disruptive behavioral disorders; anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); psychotic disorders; autism spectrum disorders; substance use disorders; and borderline personality disorder. The review concludes with a comment on past research limitations and future directions in the field.
Bias-corrected Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Parameters of the Weighted Lindley Distribution

ABSTRACTThe two-parameter weighted Lindley distribution is useful for modeling survival data, whereas its maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) are biased in finite samples. This motivates us to construct nearly unbiased estimators for the unknown parameters. We adopt a “corrective” approach to derive modified MLEs that are bias-free to second order. We also consider an alternative bias-correction mechanism based on Efron’s bootstrap resampling. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to compare the performance between the proposed and two previous methods in the literature. The numerical evidence shows that the bias-corrected estimators are extremely accurate even for very small sample sizes and are superior than the previous estimators in terms of biases and root mean squared errors. Finally, applications to two real datasets are presented for illustrative purposes.
Contraction methods for nonlinear systems: A brief introduction and some open problems

Contraction theory provides an elegant way to analyze the behaviors of certain nonlinear dynamical systems. Under sometimes easy to check hypotheses, systems can be shown to have the incremental stability property that trajectories converge to each other. The present paper provides a self-contained introduction to some of the basic concepts and results in contraction theory, discusses applications to synchronization and to reaction-diffusion partial differential equations, and poses several open questions.
Binaural interference: Effects of temporal interferer fringe and interstimulus intervala)

Binaural interference refers to the phenomenon in which the potency of binaural cues conveyed by a “target” stimulus occupying one spectral region is degraded by the presence of an “interferer” stimulus occupying a spectral region remote from the target. It is typified by conditions in which thresholds for detection of interaural temporal difference conveyed by a high-frequency target are elevated when the target is accompanied by a spectrally remote low-frequency interferer. This study explored effects of temporal relations between targets and interferers on binaural interference. In the first experiment, duration by which the interferer preceded and/or trailed the target (onset and offset “fringes”) was varied. Results indicated binaural interference decreased with total duration of the temporal fringe, but did not depend on whether that duration was composed of onset, offset, or onset + offset fringes. In the second experiment, binaural interference was measured as a function of the interstimulus interval (ISI) between the two presentations of the target. Results indicated that shorter ISIs increased thresholds in both the interferer and no-interferer conditions, but did not affect binaural interference. These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying the effects of manipulations of the interferer temporal fringe and manipulation of the ISI are essentially independent.
Teaching reciprocal imitation skills to young children with autism using a naturalistic behavioral approach: Effects on language, pretend play, and joint attention

Children with autism exhibit significant deficits in imitation skills which impede the acquisition of more complex behaviors and socialization, and are thus an important focus of early intervention programs for children with autism. This study used a multiple-baseline design across five young children with autism to assess the benefit of a naturalistic behavioral technique for teaching object imitation. Participants increased their imitation skills and generalized these skills to novel environments. In addition, participants exhibited increases in other social-communicative behaviors, including language, pretend play, and joint attention. These results provide support for the effectiveness of a naturalistic behavioral intervention for teaching imitation and offer a new and potentially important treatment option for young children who exhibit deficits in social-communicative behaviors.
Detecting Infiltration and Impacts of Introduced Water Using Strontium Isotopes

Water introduced to surface drainages, such as agricultural and roadway runoff, mine drainage, or coalbed natural gas (CBNG)‐produced water, potentially can be of environmental concern. In order to mitigate potential environmental effects, it may be important to be able to trace water discharged to the surface as it infiltrates and interacts with near-surface aquifers. We have chosen to study water withdrawn during CBNG production for isotope tracing in the hyporheic zone because it poses a variety of economic, environmental, and policy issues in the Rocky Mountain states. Ground water quality must be protected as CBNG water is added to semiarid ecosystems. Strontium (Sr) isotopes are effective fingerprints of the aquifer from which water originates. In this study, CBNG water was found to have a higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio than the local alluvial aquifer water. This measurable difference allows the strontium isotope ratio and concentration to be used as tracers of CBNG water following its discharge to the surface. The dissolution and mobilization of salts from soil are an important contributor to ground water quality degradation. In the Powder River basin of Wyoming, the soils are calcium carbonate‐buffered systems. The chemical similarity of strontium to calcium allows it to substitute into calcium minerals and enabled us to use strontium isotopes to identify calcium salts mobilized from the soil. Strontium isotopes are an effective monitor of the source of ions and the volume and direction of introduced water flow in the hyporheic zone.
Criteria for peer-review of engineering courseware on the NEEDS database

An electronic database of engineering educational courseware, called the National Engineering Education Delivery System (NEEDS), has been developed by the SYNTHESIS Coalition. Engineering courseware is computer-based educational material that can be used to assist engineering students in their learning process and assist instructors in their pedagogy. Courseware on NEEDS, as with any textbook or journal publication, requires review to assure quality. To implement this review, we first examined existing schemes that evaluated courseware and then developed our own. We will implement a peer-review system that results in a three-tiered ranking of courseware on the NEEDS database: nonreviewed material, endorsed courseware, and premier courseware. Endorsed courseware will be peer reviewed to establish that the courseware has correct technical content, is easy to use, and is potentially useful to instructors other than the author. To accomplish this in a straightforward manner, we are going to implement a two-page peer-review form that provides a "gestalt" review of the courseware. To also recognize the exceptionally high quality pieces of courseware that will be on the NEEDS database, we will implement an annual award for "premier" courseware that will require greater documentation of enhanced learning and recommended pedagogical application. We are confident that once a peer-review process is implemented, the NEEDS database will gain credibility as a source of courseware that is complete, technically reliable, and aesthetically appealing.
Novel Synthesis Route to Make Nanocrystalline Lead Zirconate Titanate Powder

The present research describes synthesis of perovskite lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanocrystalline mesoporous powders from the aqueous solutions of Pb 2+ , Zr 4+ , and Ti 4+ metal ions using sucrose as a template material. Sucrose retains the metal ions in solution through complex formation. Dehydration and thermal decomposition of the metal ion-sucrose mass produces a large amount of gas, which helps to create porosity and high surface area in the final products. The particle size of the synthesized powder is between 50 and 60 nm, with a average specific surface area between 20 and 25 m 2 /g. The surface area increases as the amount of sucrose increases. Nanocrystalline PZT powder with high surface area can be useful for low-temperature sintering.
Fixed mode elimination with minimum information exchange among controllers

The paper proposes a frequency-domain approach to the problem of fixed mode elimination in decentralized systems. Systems having distinct or repeated fixed modes are considered and decentralized controllers requiring minimum number of interconnection gains for the elimination of fixed modes are characterized.
Rib fractures and transient brittle bone disease

Published online: 1 August 2003 Springer-Verlag 2003 Certain things won’t go away. It’s a little like vampires—you can’t kill them unless you have a wooden stake. Dr. Marvin Miller keeps prodding us about transient brittlebone disease. As my parting role in this ever-continuing discussion, we are publishing his letter and the author’s response on rib fractures after chest physiotherapy. It is obvious that it is not really known if there is such a disease as transient brittle bone disease. We can only await future work on it. Pediatr Radiol (2003) 33: 732 DOI 10.1007/s00247-003-0960-3 COMMENTARY
Insiders’ Views of Prison Amenities Beliefs and Perceptions of Correctional Staff Members

Existing research on views of prison amenities has largely focused on the general public. This research assesses the perceptions and views of correctional staff regarding what should be provided. Based on data from 554 Kentucky Department of Corrections staff members, results show that correctional staffers tend to have favorable views regarding the presence of prison amenities. Furthermore, analyses of patterns and trends across types of jobs, experience, and educational attainment show that prison staffers are accepting of most particular amenities. Finally, views on prison amenities are related to one’s position and length of experience in the prison, as well as one’s educational level. Policy and practical implications are discussed.
Forest Fire and the Natural Soil Erosion Regime in the Colorado Front Range

Abstract Surficial soil movement data from 80 sediment traps located within five forested catchments in the Colorado Front Range suggest that sediment flux rates after forest fires are elevated by as much as three orders of magnitude compared to rates typical of undisturbed forested areas. Sediment traps installed within a recently burned basin recorded (minimum) annual rates of surficial flux equivalent to 5.4–8.0 kg m-1 of slope contour. Data from the four burned areas of different ages further suggest that sediment flux declines quite rapidly after forest fire because of reduced soil water repellency and the tendency for the surficial debris cascade to become detachment-limited. This reduction notwithstanding, sediment movement rates are still an order of magnitude higher at burned sites after four years than the areally weighted average flux at undisturbed forest locations. A comparison with available data from the relevant geomorphic subsystems of the area strongly suggests that forest fire disturban...
Learning from Mistakes is Easier Said Than Done: Group and Organizational Influences on the Detection and Correction of Human Error

This research explores how group- and organizational-level factors affect errors in administering drugs to hospitalized patients. Findings from patient care groups in two hospitals show systematic differences not just in the frequency of errors, but also in the likelihood that errors will be detected and learned from by group members. Implications for learning in and by work teams in general are discussed.
Face recognition: Effects of study to test maintenance and change of photographic mode and pose

Facial recognition performance was examined as a function of changes in the target between initial exposure (study) and a subsequent recognition test. Photographic mode (colour vs. black and white) was changed in Experiments 1 and 2 and pose (front vs. profile) was changed in Experiment 2. The predictions of three information quantity models and of encoding specificity were contrasted. The information hypotheses predict that colour photographs will be better recognized when presented in colour than in black and white; the more specific predictions differ depending on the modes at study and test. Encoding specificity predicts recognition performance will be better when study and test modes are the same. The results of Experiment 1 showed that performance was highest when pictures remained in the same mode from study to test, and decreased when the mode was changed. Change of mode was particularly detrimental when the faces were studied in black and white and tested in colour. Experiment 2 showed a pattern of results also in accord with encoding specificity. The photographic mode and pose effects did not interact. Change of pose had a greater effect than change of photographic mode. Experiment 2 did not replicate the transformation asymmetry found in Experiment 1. The results indicate that for facial recognition memory, change lowers recognition, but the magnitude of the effect depends on the kind of change. Language: en
Comparison of encoding schemes for symbolic model checking of bounded petri nets

Petri nets are a graph based formalism used for modelling concurrent systems. Binary Decision Diagrams or Multi-Valued Decision Diagrams can be used in the analysis of systems modelled by Petri nets. An encoding scheme is required to be able to map the Petri net state to decision diagram values. Various encodings like One-hot scheme, Logarithmic scheme and Mdd scheme exist for this purpose. This thesis compares the performance of the existing encodings based on time and space taken to represent and analyze the system modelled as Petri net. It also introduces and compares a new encoding scheme called k-hot encoding and shows a gradual improvement in performance of the scheme with increasing values of k. The process of analyzing properties like deadlock and starvation is explained and a comparison is made between the encoding schemes based on the time taken by each to analyze these properties.
Snoezelen®: Empirical Review of Product Representation

The purpose of this study was to critically review the empirical evidence surrounding three assertions presented by FlagHouse concerning Snoezelen® environments in day school public education setti...
Magnetoresistance of silicon diodes reverse biased into breakdown

The magnetoresistive behaviour of silicon diodes reverse biased into breakdown is described. The magnetoresistive behaviour of avalanching p+n diodes may be explained in terms of a field-dependent electron mobility with μ(E) ∝ 1/E, consistent with the saturation of drift velocity observed by other workers at lower field strengths. The temperature dependence of the hot electron mobility is in excellent agreement with that observed for the saturated electron drift velocity and with theory. The absolute magnitude of the mobility is consistently approximately 20% too high, probably as a result of the simplification of the physical model to make it mathematically tractable. In contrast to the case of thermal electrons moving in the (111) direction, the transverse magnetoresistance of hot electrons is larger than the longitudinal magnetoresistance. The hot hole mobility, determined by measurements on n+p diodes, shows a scattering rate increasing rapidly with increasing electric field. This is interpreted as being due to the onset of a new scattering mechanism in this field range – probably scattering of holes from the heavy hole band to the split off valence band, V3. This model is in good agreement with the field dependence of the impact ionization coefficient determined from photomultiplication experiments. Diodes which break down by tunneling show a completely different magnetoresistive behaviour. Es wird das Magneto-Widerstandsverhalten von in Sperrichtung bis in den Durchschlagsbereich vorgespannten Siliziumdioden beschrieben. Das Magneto-Widerstandsverhalten von Lawinen-p+n-Dioden last sich mit einer feldabhangigen Elektronenbeweglichkeit mit μ(E) ∝ 1/E erklaren, was mit der Sattigung der von anderen Autoren bei niedrigeren Feldstarken beobachteten Sattigung ubereinstimmt. Die Temperaturabhangigkeit der Beweglichkeit der heisen Ladungstrager befindet sich in ausgezeichneter Ubereinstimmung mit der, die fur die Elektronen-Sattigungsgeschwindigkeit beobachtet wurde und mit der Theorie. Die absolute Grose der Beweglichkeit ist stets ungefahr 20% zu hoch, wahrscheinlich als Ergebnis der zur mathematischen Handhabung notwendigen Vereinfachungen des physikalischen Modells. Im Gegensatz zum Fall der thermischen Elektronen, die sich in der (111)-Richtung bewegen, ist der transversale Magnetowiderstand heiser Elektronen groser als der longitudinale. Die durch Messungen an n+p-Dioden bestimmte Beweglichkeit der heisen Locher zeigt eine mit steigendem Feld stark ansteigende Streurate. Dies wird mit dem Einsatz eines neuen Streumechanismus in diesem Feldbereich interpretiert, wahrscheinlich Streuung von Lochern aus dem Band der schweren Locher zum abgespaltenen Valenzzustand V3. Dieses Modell befindet sich in guter Ubereinstimmung mit der Feldabhangigkeit des Stosionisationskoeffizienten, der aus Photovervielfachungsexperimenten bestimmt wurde. Dioden, die durch Tunneln durchschlagen, zeigen ein vollstandig verschiedenes Magnetowiderstandsverhalten.
Plowing: Interactive Stretching and Compaction in Magic

The Magic layout editor provides a new operation called plowing, for stretching and compacting Manhattan VLSI layouts. Plowing works directly on the mask-level representation of a layout, allowing portions of it to be rearranged while preserving connectivity and layout-rule correctness. The layout and connectivity rules are read from a file, so plowing is technology independent. Plowing is fast enough to be used interactively. This paper presents the plowing operation and the algorithm used to implement it.
The Measurement of Man-Machine Systems under Field Operational Conditions1

The requirements for and special problems involved in human factors field testing are described. With one exception field testing is simply an extension of laboratory testing to the operational-use environment. The exception is the inability to control and test individual variables. The purpose of field testing is to verify that the system performs according to specification. This can be accomplished by comparing field performance with the system description or “template”.
Multilevel Recidivism Prediction: Incorporating Neighborhood Socioeconomic Ecology in Juvenile Justice Risk Assessment

Risk assessments such as the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) that predict delinquency outcomes based on proximal risk factors may benefit from an incorporation of distal ...
The Equations for Geostrophic Motion in the Ocean

Abstract A multiple-scale approach is used to develop the quasi-geostrophic dynamics for synoptic oceanic scales This new approach allows the buoyancy frequency N and the Coriolis parameter f to be slowly varying functions of horizontal position. No series expansion of f about some arbitrary central latitude is required. Nor is there a limitation on the geographic extent of the synoptic-scale domain. Simultaneously, the equation for large-scale geostrophic flow an gyre, or planetary, scales is derived as a solvability or consistency condition on the synoptic-scale dynamics. Thus a single derivation suffices to develop both sets of dynamical equations. In addition, the multiple-scale analysis explicitly describes the interaction terms between the synoptic-scale and gyre-scale fields of motion.
Power absorption in acoustically driven ferromagnetic resonance

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) have recently been used to drive ferromagnetic resonance by exploiting the coupling between strain and magnetization in magnetostrictive materials in a technique called acoustically driven ferromagnetic resonance (ADFMR). In this work, we quantitatively examine the power absorbed by the magnetic elements in such systems. We find that power absorption scales exponentially with the length of the magnetic element in the direction of SAW propagation, with the rate of scaling set by the thickness of magnetic material. In addition, we find that ADFMR behaves consistently across a wide range of input power values (>65 dB). Our results indicate that devices such as filters, oscillators, and sensors can be designed that operate with very low power, yet provide high tunability.
Responses of Navel Orangeworm Moths to Attractants Evaluated as Oviposition Stimulants in an Almond Orchard

Female navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), laid the greatest number of eggs on mature or green almond fruits, stems or leaves of an almond tree, or filter paper substrates treated with a water extract of larval frass. Similar acetone and acetonitrile extracts of frass also stimulated oviposition on some tests on some substrates as did extracts of macerated larvae prepared with any of the 3 solvents, but to a lesser extent. Phenyl propionate inhibited oviposition on mature almonds.
Bariatric Aftercare and Outcomes in the Medicaid Population Following Sleeve Gastrectomy

Background Medicaid patients tend to have poor access to care and suffer from more obesity and obesity-related co-morbidities compared to their privately insured counterparts. The impact of Medicaid status on outcomes after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is unknown. The aim of this study was to identify factors that influence outcomes following LSG in the adult Medicaid population of Louisiana with particular focus on adherence to bariatric aftercare attendance and access to care. Methods A retrospective review of 63 Medicaid patients undergoing LSG was performed. Demographic data, access to care, weight, co-morbidities morbidity, and mortality were analyzed. Changes in weight and obesity-related co-morbidities were analyzed for patients with ≥12 months of follow-up. Regression analyses were used for estimating the relationships among variables. Results The majority of patients were female and non-Caucasian. The mean age was 38.6 years. Morbidity was 16% and mortality was 0%. The average distance traveled to clinic was 71.9 miles. Within the first year only 10% of the patients attended all post-operative clinic visits. A multiple logistic model showed that the only predictor of clinic attendance was increased age. At a mean follow-up of 17.7 months, the mean percent excess body weight loss was 47.2%. Greater pre-surgical weight was the only variable associated with suboptimal weight loss. Improvement or resolution of all major co-morbidities was seen in 65% of patients. Conclusion Medicaid patients had a poor attendance at bariatric surgery follow up appointments. Since long-term follow-up is critical, we needed to develop strategies that will optimize follow-up in this patient population.
Clustering and Solvation of Cobalt Nanostructures in Dimethyl Sulfoxide

It has been reported that the molecule dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) can be effectively utilized as both a stabilizing ligand and a solvent during cobalt (Co) nanoparticle synthesis. Accordingly, stabilization of the nanostructures is provided by electrostatic contributions from the molecular sulfoxide components. This paper reports the synthesis of Co nanoparticles and nanoclusters (i.e., nanoparticle aggregates) of various sizes in DMSO at 25, 50, and 150 °C. This study illustrates that the size of the resulting Co nanoclusters is a direct function of the synthesis temperature. Moreover, these Co nanoclusters are composed of smaller Co nanoparticles that preferentially aggregate at increased temperatures during synthesis, where the largest nanoclusters are constructed at the highest synthesis temperatures. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the smaller Co nanoparticles that makeup the larger Co nanoclusters can be liberated in solution upon the addition of various cosolvents.
Exploring Teaching Mode Construction of Applied Writing in Higher Vocational Colleges

Recently the constructivism study theory has spread the educational field.Most teachers are trying to apply this theory to guide classroom teaching for improving teaching quality.Modern cognitive psychology takes students' learning process as the constructing process of cognitive structure,aiming at discussing how to apply this theory to the teaching process in higher vocational applied writing based on constructivism study theory,so that teaching effect can be obviously improved.
Characterization of human endometrial glycogen synthase.

Objective To characterize and compare human endometrial glycogen synthase complementary DNA (cDNA) to the published rat liver and human skeletal muscle glycogen synthase transcripts and then to determine whether P-induced glycogen accumulation in endometrium is accompanied by a rise in glycogen synthase transcripts. Design We performed bidirectional sequencing of segments of endometrial glycogen synthase with chosen primers. Endometrial tissue was cultured up to 72 hours with and without P. Total RNA was extracted from in vivo and cultured endometrium and used as template for semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Setting Normal human volunteers in an academic research environment. Patients Premenopausal women with histologically normal endometrium undergoing hysterectomy. Interventions Endometrium was maintained in culture with and without exposure to P. Main Outcome Measure Human endometrial glycogen synthase cDNA nucleotide sequence and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. Results In all areas sequenced, human endometrial glycogen synthase cDNA is identical to that of human skeletal muscle. Conversely, it is only 80% similar to rat and human liver glycogen synthase cDNA in these areas. Tissue levels of glycogen synthase transcript did not change in vivo or in vitro after P exposure. Conclusions Human endometrial glycogen synthase is similar if not identical to human skeletal muscle glycogen synthase. The mechanism for P induction of endometrial glycogen does not require change in the concentration of glycogen synthase transcripts.
VIII. Subfamily Panicoideae Link (1827)

Plants annual or perennial, caespitose, rhizomatous or stoloniferous; monoecious, dioecious, andromonoecious or bisexual. Culms often branching. Leaf blade with or without pseudopetioles; ligule membranous, a fringed membrane, or a fringe of hairs. Inflorescences unbranched, or with the primary branches unbranched, or the primary branches themselves branched to form higher-order branches; branch complexes sometimes present in the axils of upper culm leaves. Spikelets laterally or dorsiventrally compressed, disarticulating above or below the glumes. Glumes two, membranous, hyaline or indurate, with or without awns. Lemmas and paleas membranous, hyaline or indurate, with or without awns. Paleas with 0 to 2 keels. Lodicules 2, fleshy. Stamens 3, stigmas 2. Caryopsis with hilum punctate. Embryo with a long mesocotyl, with a scutellar cleft and with the embryonic leaf margins overlapping; epiblast present, but lost in Panicoideae s.s. Stomatal subsidiary cells triangular or domed (a plesiomorphy for the family); microhair apical cells generally much longer than wide (“the panicoid type”), but this character variable. Midribs simple or complex. Ancestrally C3.
PHENIX Results in d + Au Collisions

Abstract The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has performed a comprehensive set of measurements in d + Au collisions. Observables in d + Au collisions were originally conceived as a control experiment where no quark-gluon plasma is formed and one could isolate so-called cold nuclear matter effects, including nuclear modified parton distributions and parton multiple scattering. However, recent data from the PHENIX experiment in d + Au, in conjunction with new p + Pb results at the Large Hadron Collider, give strong evidence for a very different picture. We present new results that hint at the formation of a small quark-gluon plasma, that though short lived, leaves a fingerprint of evidence on final state observables. These new results will be discussed in the context of competing theoretical interpretations.
Sympathy and Anger: The Role of Attributions in Emotional Responses to Abusive Supervision

Abstract One organizational phenomenon in which emotions undoubtedly emerge is that of abusive supervision. To date, however, very little research has examined emotional responses associated with perceptions of abuse by supervisors. If subordinates believe that responsibility for abuse does not fall on the abusive supervisors but on the organization itself, they might think the abuse is uncontrollable or unintentional on the part of the supervisors. This attribution shift may result in feelings of sympathy toward the supervisor. In this chapter, we suggest that such responses are likely to occur when subordinates are under no-escape conditions. This circumstance can lead subordinates to forgive their supervisor and retaliate against their organization.
The Unification Scenarios and Cost

A review of various unification scenarios provides a broader context for analysis. The three most common types of scenarios are peaceful and gradual unification, war leading to unification, and the collapse of North Korea and unification by default. Some scenarios such as war might be combined with the collapse case, which makes understanding the other scenarios pertinent. There are costs associated with these scenarios. And since these costs and the means to meet these expenses are major parts of unification planning, this chapter will also review various unification cost estimates.
The Arbitration Agreement

FUNCTION AND PURPOSE When parties agree to arbitrate their disputes, they give up the right to have those disputes decided by a national court. Instead, they agree that their disputes will be resolved privately, outside of any court system. The arbitration agreement thus constitutes the relinquishment of an important right – to have the dispute resolved judicially – and creates other rights. The rights it creates are the rights to establish the process for resolving the dispute. In their arbitration agreement, the parties can select the rules that will govern the procedure, the location of the arbitration, the language of the arbitration, the law governing the arbitration, and frequently, the decision-makers, whom the parties may choose because of their particular expertise in the subject matter of the parties' dispute. The parties' arbitration agreement gives the arbitrators the power to decide the dispute, and defines the scope of that power. In essence, the parties create their own private system of justice. Arbitration Clauses and Submission Agreements The parties' arbitration agreement is frequently contained in a clause or clauses that are embedded in the parties' commercial contract. The agreement to arbitrate is thus entered into before any dispute has arisen, and is intended to provide a method of resolution in the event that a dispute will arise. However, if there is no arbitration clause in the parties' contract, and a dispute arises, at that time the parties can nonetheless enter into an agreement to arbitrate, if both sides agree.
Distributed spectrum sharing policies for selfish users with imperfect monitoring ability

We develop a novel design framework for distributed spectrum sharing among secondary users (SUs), each one of which adjusts its power level to maximize its own payoff (e.g. throughput) while satisfying the interference temperature constraints imposed by primary users. Since the SUs can coexist in the system for a long time, we propose spectrum sharing policies that allow users to transmit in a time-division multiple-access (TDMA) fashion. In the presence of strong multi-user interference, our proposed TDMA policy outperforms existing spectrum sharing policies that dictate users to transmit at constant power levels simultaneously. Our proposed policy achieves Pareto optimality even when the SUs have limited and imperfect monitoring ability: they only observe whether the IT constraints are violated, and their observation is imperfect due to the erroneous measurements. In addition, our policy is deviation-proof, such that the autonomous users will find it in their self-interests to follow the policy. The policy can be implemented by the users in a distributed manner. Simulation results validate our analytical results and quantify the performance gains enabled by the proposed spectrum sharing policies.
Flight-test evaluation of navigation information in wide-field optical flow

Wide-field optical flow information can benefit the navigation of small or micro unmanned aerial vehicles in GPS-degraded/denied environments, inspired by the study of insect/bird flights. This paper focuses on a flight-test evaluation of navigation information in wide-field optical flow, using flight data collected by a wide-angle camera installed on a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle at altitudes ranging from 30 to 183 m above the ground. A comprehensive evaluation methodology is proposed for the comparison between optical flows computed from videos and the reference motion fields determined from conventional navigation sensors including GPS, a laser range finder, and inertial sensors. Seven sets of unmanned aerial vehicle flight data including a total of approximately 72,000 image frames are used for both full-flight temporal evaluation and representative interframe spatial evaluation of wide-field optical flow information for unmanned aerial vehicle navigation purposes. The evaluation results showed...
Phase transition in S U ( N ) × U ( 1 ) gauge theory with many fundamental bosons

Here we study the renormalization group flow of $SU(N)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1)$ gauge theory with $M$-fundamental bosons in $4\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ dimension by calculating the beta functions. We found a new stable fixed point in the zero mass plane for $Mg{M}_{\mathrm{crit}}$ by expanding up to $O(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$. This indicates a second-order phase transition. We also calculated the critical exponents in both $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansion and also in the large-$M$ expansion.
Reproductive Isolation in a Neotropical Insect: Behavior and Microbiology

The Drosophila paulistorum Dobzhansky & Pavan complex offers an excellent opportunity for the study of the relationship between an insect host and its microbial symbiont. Electron microscopy reveals that all members of this insect group harbor endosymbionts which, by all appearances, are cell-wall deficient organisms (CWD). While it is not known if the CWDs of D. paulistorum are essential to their hosts, it is clear that a stable, benign relationship exists between the host and its own CWD. However, our evidence indicates that transfer of an endosymbiont from one semispecies of D. paulistorum to another semispecies results in male sterility. The specificity exhibited by the endosymbionts increases reproductive isolation between semispecies and may have contributed to the evolutionary and taxonomic complexity of D. paulistorum as a widespread superspecies.
BY-PRODUCTS | Edible, for Human Consumption

Most of the nonmeat portion of an animal carcass is biologically, nutritionally, and can be made microbiologically safe for human consumption, but due to individual preferences, the popularity of consumption of these products has decreased in contrast to the fact that meat consumption has increased. Most of the normal, edible animal by-products that are consumed by some consumers are discussed in terms of specific products, their yield, how they are processed, and how they are used by consumers is briefly described.
Lead System Dysfunction, Diagnosis, and Therapy

This chapter focuses on the diagnosis and management of lead problems, a very frequent cause of ICD system failure. Lead complications, reported to occur in 10-16% of ICD recipients (1), include dislodgment or malpositioning, oversensing or undersensing, conductor or electrode fracture, insulator failure, perforation, diaphragmatic stimulation, thrombosis, vein occlusion, thromboembolism, and infection. Conversely, causes of device malfunction unrelated to lead problems include deficient programming, shortcomings of diagnostic algorithms, interactions with drugs or pacemakers, and failure of generator components other than battery depletion. Premature battery depletion may or may not reflect a lead problem.
Deformability of ultrahigh strength 5 nm Cu/Nb nanolayered composites

In this work, micropillar compression testing has been used to obtain stress-strain curves for sputter-deposited Cu–Nb nanolaminate composites with nominal bilayer thickness of 10nm. In addition to the extremely high flow strength of 2.4GPa, the 5nm Cu∕5nm Nb nanolaminate exhibits significant ductility, in excess of 25% true strain.
Novel Insulin-Related Sequences in Fetal Brain

An examination of the literature leaves no doubt that there is a moiety which cross-reacts with anti-insulin antibodies in the central and peripheral nervous systems. However, there is considerable doubt as to how much of this material there is, where exactly it resides, where it originates and what role it plays. In this chapter, we will review the evidence for the presence and synthesis of insulin or insulin-like peptides in the nervous system and we will describe how we are using recombinant DNA technology to identify and characterize RNA sequences homologous, but not identical, to sequences encoding insulin. (We will not deal with immunoreactive insulin in invertebrates [for review, see Le Roith et al].)
Bench-Stable Nickel Precatalysts with Heck-type Activation

Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a new class of air- and moisture-stable phosphine-containing nickel(II) precatalysts, which activate through a Heck-type mechanism. The activities of the precatalysts are demonstrated with a carbonyl–ene coupling reaction.
Design and Control of a Photonic Neural Network Applied to High-Bandwidth Classification

Neural networks can very effectively perform multidimensional nonlinear classification. However, electronic networks suffer from significant bandwidth limitations due to carrier lifetimes and capacitive coupling. This project investigates photonic neural networks that can get around these limitations by performing both the activation function and weighted addition in the optical domain using microring resonators. These optical microring resonators provide both nonlinearity and superior fan-in without compromising bandwidth. The ability to thermally calibrate networks of cascaded axons and dendrites and train such a network to solve nonlinear classification problems are demonstrated using theory and simulations. The former is also demonstrated experimentally on a two-channel axon cascaded into a two-channel dendrite, showing good agreement between simulation and experiment. In addition, the use of transverse modes to increase the size of each photonic layer is examined. Simulations that determined the optimal waveguide geometry for using these modes were experimentally validated.
A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Family From Generation to Generation

This study explores the effects of family system characteristics on the children’s families when they grow up and become parents themselves. Family systems have profound effects for individual fami...
Cellular Immune Function Assay (ImmuKnow) Values during Treatment of Chronic Gvhd Status with Combined Immunosuppressive Drug and Extracorporeal Photopheresis Therapy

Introduction Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is the leading cause of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) related mortality and morbidity with limited understanding of its pathophysiology. The Cyclex ImmuKnow (IK) test, quantitatively measures the intracellular adenosine triphosphate levels in stimulated T cells. The IK test was FDA approved in 2002 as a functional measure of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in the immunosuppressed population demonstrating predictive value in acute GVHD but its role in cGVHD is unclear. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of the role of IK in 8 alloHSCT. Four patients had a diagnosis of AML, two each had ALL and AA/MDS. All patients had IK drawn at initial diagnosis of cGVHD; five developed refractory cGVHD requiring photopheresis and had IK drawn during the period of ECP. The IK assay results were stratified as: low (0-225 ng/ml), normal (225-525 ng/ml) and high (>525 ng/ml). Results Of the 8 patients with cGVHD, at the time of diagnosis 6 had low IK, 1 was normal, and 1 was high. All of them were on two or more immune suppressive agents (IST) during the time of assay measurement. Post ECP levels did not vary significantly compared to pre-ECP levels except for one patient (Patient 3, Fig. 1) with high IK level (737 ng/ml) at diagnosis of cGVHD and subsequently had significant drop in her IK level after ECP (256 ng/ml at 60 days and 158 ng/ml at 140 days from the start of photopheresis). Discussion The IK values did not correlate with degree of chronic GVHD or its response to treatment with IST and ECP although it should be noted that cGVHD remained stable in all but one patient during the period of IK measurement. Nonetheless, in one patient with increased IK levels at the diagnosis of cGVHD IK decreased over time with slow improvement in her cGVHD, suggesting that levels might show some correlation with the treatment in responding patients. Longitudinal measurements over time may help to adjust IST, and further studies with standardized timing seem warranted.
Isolation of a peptide containing fucose, mannose and hexosamine from Metridium dianthus collagen.

Abstract A homogeneous peptide containing 8% of 3- and 4-hydroxyproline and 30% of bound carbohydrate (consisting of fucose, xylose, mannose, galactosamine, and glucosamine) was isolated from a collagenase digest of sea anemone ( Metridium dianthus ) collagen by gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and high voltage paper electrophoresis.
Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and iodised salt in Assam: a few observations.

During 1992-1993 in India a UNICEF-supported survey was conducted in Dibrugarh District of Assam State to determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) especially goiter. The prevalence of goiter remained high (42.2%) in Dibrugarh District (65.8% in 1989). 46.95% of all iodated salts had less than the optimum level of iodine (15-29.99 ppm). Storage practices affected the iodine content of the salt. For example within a month and a half the iodine content of salt stored in earthenware pots is reduced to about 25%. 82.4% of all women 14-45 years old did not perceive goiter as a disease. 98.13% did not know that iodized salt was available in their neighborhood. Yet the sale of non-iodized salt has been banned in Assam since 1989. An in-depth study was conducted in Sonitpur and Tinsukia districts to determine whether raw salt was imported from the west coast (e.g. Gujarat) to Assam. Transport of iodized salt in remote areas (e.g. Sadia and Lido) took a long time in Tinsukia and storage in earthenware pots resulting in deterioration of the quality of salt. Salt is transported to Assam in open wagons which exposes the salt to the sun and the rains. Wholesalers store salt in thick polythene bags which are in turn kept in covered godowns. Retailers sell the salt from open verandas which exposes the salt to rain and sun. Household storage practices include plastic or glass jars with or without a cover (80.89% and 12.15% respectively) gourd shells (1.5%) bamboo containers (2.05%) and earthenware pots (3.41%). The quality of iodized salt sold by fraudulent traders was much lower than that sold by reputed firms. The government of Indias IDD program monitors the quality of iodized salt. It provides feedback to the state government. Monitoring should be a systematic and continuous process. Assams government has set up its own monitoring program focusing on the household level (salt samples: 64.8%). During 1993-1994 79.7% of salt samples had a satisfactory level of iodine and 2.7% had no iodine at all.
Kindergartners’ Strategic Talk During Partner Reading

This descriptive, qualitative study seeks to contribute to the corpus of early literacy research by examining the role of comprehension strategies and teacher scaffolding on kindergartners’ talk du...
Frame-independent spatial coordinate z ∼: Implications for light-front wave functions, deep inelastic scattering, light-front holography, and lattice QCD calculations

A general procedure for obtaining frame-independent three-dimensional light-front coordinate-space wave functions is introduced. The third spatial coordinate $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{z}$ is the boost and Lorentz frame-independent coordinate conjugate to the light-front momentum coordinate $x=\frac{{k}^{+}}{{P}^{+}}$ which appears in the momentum-space light-front wave functions underlying generalized parton distributions, structure functions, distribution amplitudes, form factors, and other hadronic observables. These causal light-front coordinate-space wave functions are used to derive a general expression for the quark distribution function of hadrons as an integral over the frame-independent longitudinal distance (the Ioffe time) between virtual-photon absorption and emission appearing in the forward virtual photon-hadron Compton scattering amplitude. Specific examples using models derived from light-front holographic QCD show that the spatial extent of the proton eigenfunction in the longitudinal direction can have a very large extent in $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{z}$.