cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cystic Fibrosis: A Review of Associated Phenotypes, Use of Molecular Diagnostic Approaches, Genetic Characteristics, Progress, and Dilemmas.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease with significant associated morbidity and mortality. It is now appreciated that the broad phenotypic CF spectrum is not explained by obvious genotype-phenotype correlations, suggesting that CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)–related disease may occur because of multiple additive effects. These contributing effects include complex CFTR alleles, modifier genes, mutations in alternative genes that produce CF-like phenotypes, epigenetic factors, and environmental influences. Most patients in the United States are now diagnosed through newborn screening and use of molecular testing methods. We review the molecular testing approaches and laboratory guidelines for carrier screening, prenatal testing, newborn screening, and clinical diagnostic testing, as well as recent developments in CF treatment, and reasons for the lack of a molecular diagnosis in some patients.
Charge It, Please! [History of Physical Standards]

This article features the history of the volt from the invention of the battery by Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Volta, to the succeeding works by several groups of scientists and institutions including the identification of the unit of EMF as the volt, the development of calibration and voltage standards, the improvement of battery performance, and the application of Brian Josephson's discovery to the instrumentation and measurement techniques of EMF standards. The projects and undertakings of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and other significant research institutions in studying and evaluating the standard volt are detailed.
Walter Lippmann and a Certain Blindness in Politics

Submitted for APSA 2010 panel, 'Dewey at 151: Provocations and Possibilities' September 5. Washington DC
Extensions of Semilattices

(1975). Extensions of Semilattices. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 82, No. 7, pp. 744-746.
A Cross-Category Analysis of Category Structure and Promotional Activity for Grocery Products:

The authors analyze cross-category differences derived from a data source new to the marketing literature. For each of 331 separate grocery product categories, the authors examine two sets of varia...
The Application and Analysis in the Power Topology Based on Geographic Information System

The author, on the basis of briefing the application of GIS in power system, expounds the mathematical description of the power topology based on GIS, develops approaches to generating and storing the power topology on the platform of GIS, and elabo- rates the methods of applying topological analysis and searching technology in power automation.
Trauma of Modern Coal Mines of Team Building of Professional Treatment

How to create a professional treatment team,to maximize the treatment of survivors from the mine,to save their lives,medical care has become a work of mine faced a major problem.Based on the analysis of injuries in modern coal mines,described the need for establishment of specialized rescue teams and rescue teams of specialized training methods and the proposed training and education system for future comments and suggestions.
Antimutagenic effect of chimonobambusa utilis in Tongzi county of Guizhou province

Objective To study scientific basis of antimutagenicities test,make better use of chimonobambusa utilis.Methods Antimutagenicities in chimonobambusa utilis combined the methods of the karyocyte test in vivo,germ cell test and the pronucleus cells test in vitro,it were studied by the micronucleus test,the mice sperm abnormality test and Ames test.Results The positive control group was treated with CP(cyclophosphamide),chimonobambusa utilis in test groups was significantly decreased(P0.01),the micronucleus rates of inhibition of the test groups were 44.41%,45.39% and 54.28% respectively;The sperm abnormality rates of inhibition were 31.74%,46.58% and 74.66% respectively.Ames test showed that all four dose groups for chimonobambusa utilis inhibited 2-AAF effects on TA98 and TA100 induce by methods A and B in the activation of S 9 system.The inhibition rate of high dose groups was more than 93.29%,and there was a significant dose-effect relationship.By the method A,chimonobambusa utilis could restrain the increase of the back matagenesis of TA98,TA100 by Dexon and MMS,in the absence of S 9 conditions.The maximum inhibition rates were 31.75% and 40.37% respectively.Conclusion Chimonobambusa utilis has certain ability of antimutation.
Depression—Applied Aspects

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the various types of depression, discusses the prevalence of the more common types studied, and presents prevention, treatment, and maintenance interventions currently suggested for persons with depression. Depressed mood-states usually involve the emotion of sadness, a subjective lack of energy, reduced motivation to engage in formerly pleasant activities, reduced desire to have positive interactions with other people, and a belief that one's lot in life is difficult. Normal states of depressed mood last hours or days. Once they become more chronic and start affecting one's ability to function, they are often conceptualized as part of a pathological process, which can ultimately meet criteria for a diagnosis of a clinical depressive disorder. Mental health interventions that focus on this disorder include preventive, treatment, and maintenance interventions, of which treatment is the most developed and the most available. Treatment interventions are divided into two sublevels: case identification, to provide early treatment for cases of major depression that have not been identified previously, and standard treatment, which accounts for the bulk of mental health intervention efforts.
Varicella Zoster Virus Infection in Neonates

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations in the fetus and neonate, which range from a self-limited exanthema to congenital malformations and/or death. Once a ubiquitous virus in the community, the epidemiology of VZV has dramatically changed in countries that have introduced the varicella vaccine into their routine immunization schedule. Practitioners must be cautioned against complacency with this virus, however, because unrecognized infection can have far-reaching consequences for the expectant mother, fetus, and neonate. VZV should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients who have a vesicular rash. Multiple factors should be considered before providing prophylaxis or treatment to pregnant women or neonates. Depending on the clinical situation, clinicians may need to know the status of maternal immunity, distinguish primary varicella from secondary zoster infection, determine if the neonate has high-risk characteristics (birth weight, gestational age), and be able to estimate the timing of maternal infection. Nosocomial infection can pose a significant risk to hospitalized neonates. Care provider vigilance coupled with appropriate pharmacologic interventions can help mitigate the consequences of this now uncommon viral infection.
Phylogenetic diversity of chytridiomycetes in a temporary forest pond surveyed using culture-based methods.

Temporary forest ponds are depressions that annually cycle between non-inundated and inundated stages and are recognized as biodiversity hotspots for amphibians and other taxa. However, little is known about the microbial communities of temporary forest ponds and less is known about chytrids, an inconspicuous, early diverging lineage of fungi, present in such ponds. We sampled soil and water from a temporary forest pond in the Oakmulgee District of the Talladega National Forest. Chytrids were isolated from the samples using baits and standard isolating techniques. Isolated strains were identified using the monophyletic-species concept based on a molecular phylogeny inferred from an alignment of the nuclear large subunit rDNA. A total of 30 strains were isolated, which represented 7 species. Due to the limitations of a culture-based method in being able to culture all chytrids that are present, we have described only a portion of the chytrid community. This study, however, is foundational to future inventories that apply a multiphasic approach to further reveal chytrid diversity in this understudied and variable habitat.
Generation and Reconstruction of Time-Bin Entangled Ququarts

We generate and reconstruct a maximally-entangled time-bin ququart using quantum state tomography and polarization-projective measurements. We measure a fidelity of 93.7 ± 0.4% to a maximally-entangled ququart with accidental coincidences subtracted.
Multicultural counselling supervision: A four-step model toward competency

Multicultural elements and issues are a vital part ofeffective counselling supervision. However,traditional counselling supervision has not provideda conceptual framework that integrates multiculturalissues. The purpose of this paper is to provide afour-step model for the development of multiculturallycompetent counsellors. The four-step model includes:(a) developing cultural awareness of the counsellingsupervisor; (b) exploring the cultural dynamics of thecounselling supervisory relationship; (c) examiningthe cultural assumptions of traditional counsellingtheories; and (d) integrating multicultural issuesinto existing models of supervision.
Physics of Magnetic Cell Sorting

Magnetic cell sorting was made possible by interactions between diverse areas of research, such as physical and polymer chemistry (magnetic microparticles), materials science, physics, and electrical engineering (magnetic separators), biology and medicine (immunoreagents, cell model systems, and applications). Multidisciplinary approaches require a clear understanding of terms. This is an attempt to summarize the important physical terms and relationships used to describe the magnetic forces between the magnetically-labeled cells and the external, magnetostatic field.
Trends in Sports-Related Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries:

Background:Elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries are common, particularly in adolescent athletes playing overhead sports. While the incidence and outcomes of surgical UCL injuries are well...
Sexual Harassment in Medicine — #MeToo

Sexual Harassment in Medicine — #MeToo The problem of sexual harassment seems as severe in medicine as elsewhere, and standing up to harassers is hard for victims and institutions alike. As we work to become more proactive, it’s valuable to participate in the now open conversation about workplace harassment.
Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Prior Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Trends in Utilization and Propensity-Matched Analysis of In-Hospital Outcomes

Background— A significant proportion of patients requiring aortic valve replacement (AVR) have undergone prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Reoperative heart surgery is associated with increased risk. Data on relative utilization and comparative outcomes of transcatheter (TAVR) versus surgical AVR (SAVR) in patients with prior CABG are limited. Methods and Results— We queried the 2012 to 2014 National Inpatient Sample databases to identify isolated AVR hospitalizations in adults with prior CABG. In-hospital outcomes of TAVR versus SAVR were compared using propensity-matched analysis. Of 147 395 AVRs, 15 055 (10.2%) were in patients with prior CABG. The number of TAVRs in patients with prior CABG increased from 1615 in 2012 to 4400 in 2014, whereas the number of SAVRs decreased from 2285 to 1895 ( P trend P =0.71) but lower incidence of myocardial infarction (1.5% versus 3.4%; P P P P Conclusions— TAVR is being increasingly used as the preferred modality of AVR in patients with prior CABG. Compared with SAVR, TAVR is associated with similar in-hospital mortality but lower rates of in-hospital complications in this important subset of patients.
Reducing file system latency using a predictive approach

Despite impressive advances in file system through put resulting from technologies such as high-bandwidth networks and disk arrays, file system latency has not improved and in many cases has become worse. Consequently, file system I/O remains one of the major bottlenecks to operating system performance [10]. This paper investigates an automated predictive approach towards reducing file latency. Automatic Prefetching uses past file accesses to predict future file systemrequests. The objective is to provide data in advance of the request for the data, effectively masking access latencies. We have designed and implement a system to measure the performance benefits of automatic prefetching. Our current results, obtained from a trace-driven simulation, show that prefetching results in as much as a 280% improvement over LRU especially for smaller caches. Alternatively, prefetching can reduce cache size by up to 50%.
Copper within Vertebrate Cells

Beginning with Thiers and Vallee (1957), a number of research group have examined the subcellular distribution of copper among organelles of liver cells, with fairly consistent results. Some of the data are presented in Table 6-1 and show that the largest portion of copper, in livers of normal adult rats or humans, is in the soluble (supernatant) fraction obtained by centrifuging for 60 min at 100,000 × g. This would represent copper binding to components of the cell cytosol, possibly excluding very large molecules that might have sedimented out. The next most abundant compartment is probably the nucleus, although, in these kinds of studies, unbroken cells will contaminate the nuclear fraction and add to its total copper content. The mitochondrial and microsomal fractions have lower, but significant, amounts of copper as well. Livers of rats and humans differ primarily by having different percentages of total tissue copper in the cytosolic fractions, about 65% in the rat and about 80% in the human. Pig liver may have a lower percentage in the cytosol (about 40%) and a larger percentage (35%) in the nuclear fraction (Owen et al., 1977).
Surveillance After Resection of Stage I Non Small Cell Lung Cancer

The results of the National Lung Screening Trial demonstrated a survival benefit for screening high risk patients for the development of lung cancer. However, the yield from surveillance is potentially much higher as patients with a personal history of lung cancer are at highest risk for both recurrence and the development of a metachronous primary lung cancer (MPLC). Surveillance imaging is therefore recommended by many organizations as a means to detect recurrence/MPLC at a time when treatment may lead to long term survival.
General Chemotherapy Imaging

Toxicity assessments on patients undergoing chemotherapy or targeted molecular therapy are performed regularly by the referring oncologist. Some toxicities have radiologic manifestations (see Table 7.1). Occasionally, the radiologist is asked by the oncologist to assess for a clinically suspected toxicity that has an associated radiologic presentation. An example of this is bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity encountered during the treatment of metastatic germ cell tumor of the testis. Some classic chemotherapy agents and particularly the newer targeted therapies have toxicities with radiologic manifestations that are asymptomatic [1]. Therefore the radiologist may be the first to detect these toxicities. A summary of the treatment options and radiographic presentations of the more common side effects encountered during treatment of genitourinary tumors is presented here.
Preventive Effects by Black Raspberries of Endometrial Carcinoma Initiation and Promotion Induced by a High-Fat Diet.

Scope The chemopreventive effects of black raspberries (BRBs) have not been studied in endometrial tumorigenesis. Here, they are examined in a mouse model of endometrial cancer. Methods and results Wild-type and Pten heterozygous (+/-) female mice are weaned at 3 weeks and fed with four AIN-93G diets: 93G; 93G+5% BRBs powder; high-fat (HF); and HF+5% BRBs. Body weight and diet consumption are recorded weekly until the mice are euthanized at 28 weeks of age. Mice fed with HF diets are found to significantly gain body weight over time. BRBs are not found to affect the development of obesity. Mice in the HF+BRBs group consume less food than the HF-only mice. HF+BRBs diets suppress uterine tumor initiation and promotion more than the HF-only diet by inhibiting cell proliferation. It also reduces HF-induced levels of plasma leptin and 17β-estradiol (E2). Urolithin A, a metabolite of BRBs, suppresses cell proliferation induced by leptin and E2. Conclusion BRBs are preventive in HF-mediated uterine tumorigenesis because they suppress cell growth and plasma leptin and E2 levels.
Sparse Dictionary Learning and Per-source Filtering for Blind Radio Source Separation

Radio frequency sources are observed at a fusion center via sensor measurements made over slow unknown flat-fading channels. The number of sources may be larger than the number of sensors, but their activity is sparse and intermittent with bursty transmission patterns accounted by hidden Markov models. The problem of blind source estimation in the absence of channel state information is tackled via a novel algorithm, consisting of a dictionary learning (DL) stage and a per-source stochastic filtering (PSF) stage. To this end, smooth LASSO is integrated with DL, while the forward-backward algorithm is leveraged for PSF. It is shown that the proposed algorithm can enhance the detection performance of the sources.
Modeling Technological Interdependency in IoT - A Multidimensional and Multilayer Network Model for Smart Environments

The Internet of Things (IoT) has changed the shape of edge networks by adding various technologies to support a wide range of services from interactive and high-bit-rate to battery-operated, long-range and low-bit-rate services. While the diversity of heterogeneous technologies can be exploited to increase network resilience, a proper model is required to understand, design, and analyse the relationship between these technologies and the overall smart environment. In this paper, we propose a formal multidimensional multilayer model to describe the Internet and IoT topology from functional, geographic, and technology-level perspectives. This model is intended to capture the complexity of the smart-home and smart-city environments attached to the Internet through diverse access technologies including emerging 5G mobile networks. We analyse the resilience of diverse network technologies for smart homes using our technology interdependence graph.
Exploring culture from the standpoint of a cognitive architecture

This article focuses on the relationship between cultural and cognitive-psychological processes, and discusses the potential impact of the cognitive sciences (broadly defined) on understanding cult...
The Stigma of Addiction and Effects on Community Perceptions of Procedural Justice in Drug Treatment Courts

We present a series of four between-subject, multifactorial experiments that examine how labeling offenders with addiction, as well as if that psychiatric label is described to be biologically infl...
Financial Behavior: The Psychology of Client Communications (Presentation Slides)

This is a PDF file of 'Financial Behavior: The Psychology of Client Communications" presented at the Financial Planning Association (FPA) of Greater Indiana Chapter, November 2019 meeting. This presentation focused on how financial experts and their clients exhibit a wide array of behavioral biases that many times result in incorrect judgments and decisions. Understanding cognitive and emotional issues are important for financial planners and investment advisors to ensure clients are being provided the best financial advice and investment data. The presenter describes some common behavioral finance biases and offers ways for overcoming these biases.
Survivability of a Tesla collision into a non-operational crash attenuator in Mountain View, CA.

On March 23, 2018 a Tesla Model X driver was killed in Mountain View, CA after colliding with a previously collapsed crash attenuator at a speed of 31.7 m/s (70.8 mph). The attenuator, which must b...
Challenging Times: Addressing Loneliness in Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic presented the world with a quick spreading virus. Most of the United States’ population was sent into a sudden lockdown. Physicians’ offices, libraries, senior centers and com...
Combatting water scarcity and economic distress along the US-Mexico border using renewable powered desalination

Abstract Access to sustainable clean water is a necessity for any successful civilization. The US-Mexico border has been experiencing a decline in the availability of this critical resource, stemming from mismanagement and heightened population which are exacerbated by climate change. If water is not adequately overseen, the region will be unable to support local societies and industry, effecting millions of inhabitants. A vision, articulated in Scientific American in 2019, outlined the potential for the development of a technology innovation park along the border which would provide sustainable water using renewable powered desalination. A version of this concept is demonstrated for the American side with configurations of coastal Seawater Reverse Osmosis desalination plants, sized to meet the public water demand of ~1000 MGal/day (~3.79 Mm3/day). The desalination and distribution of clean water is powered by offshore wind and onshore solar PV farms, which transfer energy over High Voltage Direct Current cables. One-hundred eight (108) renewable variations were simulated and demonstrated the ability to supply clean water at a levelized cost of 2.00–3.52 $/m3. When compared to 27 fossil fuel configurations, renewable powered variations avert adding the equivalent of 1.7–2,000,000 cars worth of CO2 pollution per year, avoid withdrawing the equivalent of 67–77,000 US households worth of water for power generation annually and add potentially over 100,000 more jobs. As water scarcity along the border becomes more prevalent, alternative sources of sustainable water will be crucial for bringing long term resource and economic stability to the region.
WHICH BUSINESSES ARE BEST FOR THE BASE OF THE PYRAMID? COMPARING IMPACTS ON YOUNG CHILDREN

Interest and investment in enterprise-based approaches to reduce the impoverishment faced by the base of the pyramid (BoP) continues to grow. Although recent research provides a greater understandi...
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and parainfluenza-3 virus in the nasal flora of dairy calves

Nasal swabs from 2-15 dairy calves (1-6 months old) in 20 herds, collected once in three sampling periods in one year were examined for viruses. Eight of 573 calves were positive for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) or parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V). Two herds had calves with PI-3V and one herd had calves with IBRV during the first collection (Feb-May). A fourth herd had 2 calves with IBRV during the second (June-Sept) collection. From this fourth herd PI-3V was isolated from a calf during the third sampling period (Oct-Jan). There was no evidence of respiratory disease at the time of sampling in calves studied.
Nutcracker Phenomenon as a Result of Celiomesenteric Trunk Aneurysm.

Abstract A common origin of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery is exceedingly rare, and aneurysms of this common trunk are even rarer. According to our literature search, there are no reported cases of nutcracker syndrome or phenomenon involving this rare aneurysmal anomaly. Repair of such anomalies is standardly via open surgical approach with few reported cases of endovascular repair. We describe a patient with an aneurysm of the celiomesenteric trunk (CMT) resulting in nutcracker phenomenon of the left renal vein. The CMT aneurysm was repaired endovascularly, resulting in decreased surrounding inflammation and improvement of the left renal vein compression.
UNDRAINED CYCLIC SHEAR OF SATURATED SAND

QUANTITATIVE DATA ARE PRESENTED AND ANALYZED THAT GIVE THE EFFECTIVE CONFINING PRESSURE, SHEAR MODULUS, AND DAMPING AS A FUNCTIN OF CYCLES OF LOADING. NORMALIZED EMPIRICAL EXPRESSIONS BASED ON INITIAL CONDITIONS ARE DEVELOPED TO DESCRIBE THE MEASURED PARAMETERS. THE DATA WERE OBTAINED FROM HOLLOW CYLINDER SIMPLE SHEAR TESTS OF SATURATED OTTAWA SAND. BOTH QUASISTATIC (0.1 HZ) AND RESONANCE TESTS (30 HZ TO 100 HZ) WERE PERFORMED. CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN AMPLITUDES TO 0.15% WERE MAINTAINED CONSTANT FOR THE DURATION OF EACH TEST. DYNAMIC PORE PRESSURES MEASURED WITH A TRANSDUCER MOUNTED AT THE BASE OF THE SPECIMEN WERE LESS THAN FIVE PERCENT OF THE CONFINING PRESSURE FOR THE LARGEST STRAIN AMPLITUDES IN THE TEST PROGRAM. DILATION AS MEASURED BY THE AXIAL VIBRATION OF THE SPECIMEN WAS ALSO VERY SMALL. THE BASIC APPROACH USED FOR THESE DATA SHOULD BE APPLICABLE TO OTHER GRADATIONS, OTHER COHESIONLESS SOILS, AND TO CASES WHERE CONFINING PRESSURE IS NOT ISOTROPIC. /AUTHOR/
Estimating the onset of spring from a complex phenology database: trade-offs across geographic scales

Phenology is an important indicator of ecological response to climate change. Yet, phenological responses are highly variable among species and biogeographic regions. Recent monitoring initiatives have generated large phenological datasets comprised of observations from both professionals and volunteers. Because the observation frequency is often variable, there is uncertainty associated with estimating the timing of phenological activity. “Status monitoring” is an approach that focuses on recording observations throughout the full development of life cycle stages rather than only first dates in order to quantify uncertainty in generating phenological metrics, such as onset dates or duration. However, methods for using status data and calculating phenological metrics are not standardized. To understand how data selection criteria affect onset estimates of springtime leaf-out, we used status-based monitoring data curated by the USA National Phenology Network for 11 deciduous tree species in the eastern USA between 2009 and 2013. We asked, (1) How are estimates of the date of leaf-out onset, at the site and regional levels, influenced by different data selection criteria and methods for calculating onset, and (2) at the regional level, how does the timing of leaf-out relate to springtime minimum temperatures across latitudes and species? Results indicate that, to answer research questions at site to landscape levels, data users may need to apply more restrictive data selection criteria to increase confidence in calculating phenological metrics. However, when answering questions at the regional level, such as when investigating spatiotemporal patterns across a latitudinal gradient, there is low risk of acquiring erroneous results by maximizing sample size when using status-derived phenological data.
The Shape of the Winnow

I was surprised to learn that where love is concerned, the laurel means labor, though whether the crown is bestowed for pity or succor I have no way of knowing. It takes no suspect talent to embrace our dearest vehicle of fear; how strange and brutal, to be conscious of destiny! When we rewrote history, when we arrayed the sentences in a manner more pleasing, we meant it as a friendly gesture, only wanting to lend the better beauty of a murmur we could not banish from memory, as Gabriel's greeting stirs cloves and ashes among the flowering dogwoods before he vanishes the way a damp footprint dries on a stone. Suppose we are afraid, say we wonder still what song the siren sang; precisely here the prince of mockery falls silent.
Talking back to the machine: computers and human aspiration

Content.- 1. The Folly of Prediction.- 2. Life Without Bits.- 3. Alternative Computing.- 4. Very Personal Computers.- 5. I, Software.- 6. The Lost Art of Storytelling.- 7. The Digital Battlefield.- 8. Entering the Age of Convenience.- 9. In the Belly of the Net.- 10. When Computers Become Human.- 11. A Half Century of Surprises.- 12. The Interactive Classroom.- 13. Delivering Bandwidth Like Pizza.- 14. Weird Futures.- 15. Teleportation, Time Travel, and Immortality.- 16. Pulling Diamonds from the Clay.- Closing Connections.- The Relics of '97.
Hidden markov model based 2d shape classification

In this paper, we propose a novel two step shape classification approach consisting of a description and a discrimination phase. In the description phase, curvature features are extracted from the shape and are utilized to build a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The HMM provides a robust Maximum Likelihood (ML) description of the shape. In the discrimination phase, a weighted likelihood discriminant function is formulated, which weights the likelihoods of curvature at individual points of shape to minimize the classification error. The weighting scheme emulates feature selection procedure in which features important for classification are selected. A Generalized Probabilistic Descent (GPD) method based method for estimation of the weights is proposed. To demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method, we present classification results achieved for fighter planes in terms of classification accuracy and discriminant functions.
Influence of sea-salt on aerosol radiative properties in the Southern Ocean marine boundary layer

There has been considerable debate about the relative importance of sea-salt and sulphate from non-sea-salt sources in determining aerosol radiative effects in the marine boundary layer. In the marine boundary layer, the most numerous aerosols are volatile sulphate particles smaller than about 0.08 µm (ref. 1) and most of the aerosol mass is in a few sea-salt particles larger than 1 µm. Yet intermediate-size aerosols between about 0.08 and 1 µm diameter are the most relevant to the radiative forcing of climate because they efficiently scatter solar radiation and also serve as cloud nuclei2. Indeed, Charlson et al.3 hypothesized that oceanic production of sulphate aerosols from the oxidation of dimethyl sulphide could be a powerful feedback in the climate system. It is generally assumed that marine aerosols smaller than about 1 µm are non-sea-salt sulphate, but a recent review cites indirect evidence that many aerosols in the sub-micrometre range contain at least some sea-salt4,5. Here we present direct observational evidence from a remote Southern Ocean region that almost all aerosols larger than 0.13 µm in the marine boundary layer contained sea-salt. These sea-salt aerosols had important radiative effects: they were responsible for the majority of aerosol-scattered light, and comprised a significant fraction of the inferred cloud nuclei.
Fragmentation of Silicon Microclusters

A detailed study of SiN (N=2-14) clusters has been performed through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and the method of steepest descent quench (SDQ) with the Stillinger-Weber three-body potential. The approach is intrinsically a finite-temperature method which investigates all underlying mechanically stable structures visited by the system in the equilibrium state. Results indicate that the magic numbers, relatively stable clusters SiN (N=4,6,10), are determined by the topology and energetics of high energy bound structures rather than the structure and ground state energies at zero temperature.
Optical signature of interacting degenerate fermions in a trap

The recent success of atomic Bose-Einstein condensation (BEG) experiments has opened up new possibilities to probe statistical effects of trapped atoms. While most work so far has focused on bosonic atoms, not much attention has been paid to statistical signatures of fermions. A distinctive feature of a degenerate Fermi system is the so-called Fermi-edge singularity which appears as a consequence of interactions and has profound effects on transport and optical properties of the system. We analyze a quasi one-dimensional trap coupled to a single excited state via resonant dipole-dipole interactions.
STUDIES ON EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS : I. HISTOPATHOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE GUINEA PIG.

The action of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig brain has been studied, and various histological changes have been described in detail. After peripheral inoculation (as in the pad) the earliest detectable pathologic change in the nervous system is the accumulation of leucocytes within the lumen of blood vessels, and the proliferation of the vascular adventitia. This precedes the appearance of any significant perivascular cuffing, and may or may not be accompanied by a few polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the tissue. The typical lesion is a fairly well circumscribed focus of polymorphonuclear leucocytes accompanying the blood vessel changes described above. The leucocytes may be numerous or sparse, and may or may not be accompanied by neuronal destruction. In early cases, before the onset of symptoms, such circumscribed lesions appear in small number irregularly scattered through the gray matter. The neo- and olfactory cortices are the principal sites of predilection, although basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and lower olfactory centers may also be involved. The hippocampus is much less affected than other parts of the brain. A rough distinction is made between inflammatory and degenerative lesions, a distinction which depends on the relationship between the neuronal destruction and the exudative changes in any given site. These two types are described, and their significance is discussed. After intracerebral inoculation, the inflammatory changes are much less marked than after peripheral inoculation. This is due not to insufficient time for the development of lesions but to a different type of pathological process. Following intracerebral inoculation, there is primary destruction of neurones, involving especially the hippocampus, and also large areas of the neo-cortex. This change, similar to ischemic necrosis, is regarded in part as a non-specific reaction of especially vulnerable tissue.
Fabrication of monolithic a-Si:H-CuInSe/sub 2//CdS tandem solar cells

Monolithic two-terminal tandem solar cells using n-i-p a-Si CuInSe/sub 2//CdS solar cells have been prepared and characterized. A middle terminal permits diagnostic analysis of the component cells. The best two-terminal devices to date have open-circuit voltages above 1.0 V and efficiencies near 6%. The CuInSe/sub 2/ cell contributes up to 0.3 V to the open-circuit voltage. Short-circuit current in these tandem devices is limited by the a-Si:H cell, which has not been optimized for operation in the n-i-p mode. >
Floristic analysis of vascular plant genera of North America north of Mexico: spatial patterning of phytogeography

Aim This paper aims at determining and quantifying phytogeographical relationships between North America and the rest of the world at the regional level and identifying possible patterns of regional differentiation in phytogeographical relationships, particularly along latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. Location North America north of Mexico. Methods North America north of Mexico was divided into twelve geographical regions arrayed in a grid with three divisions east-to-west by four divisions north-to-south. Based on the similarity of their world-wide geographical distribution patterns, a total of 1904 indigenous genera of vascular plants found in North America north of Mexico were grouped into ten phytogeographical elements. Phytogeographical relationships of the twelve geographical regions of North America north of Mexico to the world flora were examined, based on the composition of phytogeographical elements. Multivariate analyses were used to determine the phytogeographical relationships. Results Along a latitudinal gradient from the Arctic to tropical North America, the proportions of the cosmopolitan and holarctic genera markedly increased, whereas the pantropical, amphi-Atlantic tropical, neotropical and North American endemic genera strikingly decreased. Along a longitudinal gradient from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast, the proportions of the pantropical, amphi-Pacific tropical, neotropical and North American–eastern Asian genera tended to decrease, whereas the North American–South American and North American endemic genera tended to increase. Main conclusions The spatial patterns of the phytogeography of North America could be to a large degree interpreted by the different effects of the direct land connections between North America and Eurasia and South America on intercontinental migration and by the different effects of regional geographical settings within North America on the speciation, dispersal and extinction of plant species.
Turning away from the television tape loop: Characterizing some local rock, pop, and country music radio stations’ responses to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks

This article identifies three types of response strategies used by local popular music radio stations and their listeners in the wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Qualitative surveys and telephone interviews with key informants were used to build on existing functionalist research. The study suggests that radio stations served as virtual community space for their listeners, providing a mode of interaction that television did not offer. Audiences and DJs actively constructed responses to the attacks and found opportunities for expression and emotional release through negotiation with popular music. Radio stations negotiated the problem of a lack of material that directly addressed the attacks by the creation of mix songs, which served as institutional interpretations of existing material and a reclamation of virtual space. Two additional categories of media function during crisis are suggested.
Solid-State Interface Reactions between Silver and 95.5Sn-3.9Ag-0.6Cu and 63Sn-37Pb Solders

The microstructure and rate kinetics were investigated for solid-state intermetallic compound (IMC) layer growth in Sn-Ag-Cu/Ag and Sn-Pb/Ag couples. The aging temperatures were 55 °C to 205 °C and 70 °C to 170 °C, respectively. The aging times were 1 day to 400 days. The Sn-Ag-Cu/Ag IMC layer included the phases: Ag3Sn (dominant), the ζ phase, and a solid-solution phase, xAg-ySn, (94 to 96 at. pct Ag). Void formation was observed at the solder/IMC (Ag3Sn) interface, which was attributed to the Kirkendall effect. The rate kinetics of IMC layer growth were expressed through tnexp(−ΔH/RT). The values of n and ΔH for the IMC layer phases were: (1) ζ + xAg-ySn, n = 0.68 ± 0.23, ΔH = 59 ± 15 kJ/mol; (2) Ag3Sn, n = 0.22 ± 0.05, ΔH = 28 ± 2 kJ/mol; and (3) total layer, n = 0.34 ± 0.06, ΔH = 45 ± 3 kJ/mol. The very low ΔH value for Ag3Sn suggested a very fast, fast-diffusion mechanism. The IMC layer of Sn-Pb/Ag couples was predominantly the Ag3Sn stoichiometry. The IMC layer growth was accompanied by the development of a Pb-rich phase layer at the solder/IMC interface. There was insignificant void development in these couples. The rate kinetics parameters, n and ΔH, were 0.44 ± 0.06 and 51 ± 4 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating a traditional fast-diffusion mechanism.
Generation of pure spin currents via spin Seebeck effect in self-biased hexagonal ferrite thin films

Light-induced generation of pure spin currents in a Pt(2.5 nm)/BaFe12O19(1.2 μm)/sapphire(0.5 mm) structure is reported. The BaFe12O19 film had strong in-plane uniaxial anisotropy and was therefore self-biased. Upon exposure to light, a temperature difference (ΔT) was established across the BaFe12O19 thickness that gave rise to a pure spin current in the Pt via the spin Seebeck effect. Via the inverse spin Hall effect, the spin current produced an electric voltage across one of the Pt lateral dimensions. The voltage varied with time in the same manner as ΔT and flipped its sign when the magnetization in BaFe12O19 was reversed.
Amphiphilic nanohybrid catalysts for reactions at the water/oil interface in subsurface reservoirs

5 ABSTRACT: A novel technique is proposed for potential use in oil reservoirs. The technique consists in incorporating 6 amphiphilic nanoparticles into the water injection. These hybrid nanoparticles can simultaneously act as emulsion stabilizers as 7 well as carriers for catalytic species, e.g., metals. They can be active for in situ reactions, such as partial oxidation and 8 hydrogenation, which may result in changes in rheological and interfacial properties of the oil, as well as modifying the wettability 9 of the walls. These changes might be efficiently used to improve the oil recovery process. Specifically, partial oxidation of organic 10 compounds lowers the water! oil interfacial tension and consequently increases the capillary number (Nc) of the system. 11 Alternatively, partial hydrogenation of polynuclear aromatics can enhance the viscosity of the oil phase in the emulsion, thus 12 improving the mobility ratio (MR). In addition, partial hydrogenation can be an effective pretreatment of the oil to favor the 13 subsequent partial oxidation.
Elevated CXCL1 expression in breast cancer stroma predicts poor prognosis and is inversely associated with expression of TGF-β signaling proteins.

CXCL1 is a chemotactic cytokine shown to regulate breast cancer progression and chemo-resistance. However, the prognostic significance of CXCL1 expression in breast cancer has not been fully characterized. Fibroblasts are important cellular components of the breast tumor microenvironment, and recent studies indicate that this cell type is a potential source of CXCL1 expression in breast tumors. The goal of this study was to further characterize the expression patterns of CXCL1 in breast cancer stroma, determine the prognostic significance of stromal CXCL1 expression, and identify factors affecting stromal CXCL1 expression. Stromal CXCL1 protein expression was analyzed in 54 normal and 83 breast carcinomas by immunohistochemistry staining. RNA expression of CXCL1 in breast cancer stroma was analyzed through data mining in http://www.Oncomine.org . The relationships between CXCL1 expression and prognostic factors were analyzed by univariate analysis. Co-immunofluorescence staining for CXCL1, α-Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA) and Fibroblast Specific Protein 1 (FSP1) expression was performed to analyze expression of CXCL1 in fibroblasts. By candidate profiling, the TGF-β signaling pathway was identified as a regulator of CXCL1 expression in fibroblasts. Expression of TGF-β and SMAD gene products were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and data mining analysis. The relationships between stromal CXCL1 and TGF-β signaling components were analyzed by univariate analysis. Carcinoma associated fibroblasts isolated from MMTV-PyVmT mammary tumors were treated with recombinant TGF-β and analyzed for CXCL1 promoter activity by luciferase assay, and protein secretion by ELISA. Elevated CXCL1 expression in breast cancer stroma correlated with tumor grade, disease recurrence and decreased patient survival. By co-immunofluorescence staining, CXCL1 expression overlapped with expression of α-SMA and FSP1 proteins. Expression of stromal CXCL1 protein expression inversely correlated with expression of TGF-β signaling components. Treatment of fibroblasts with TGF-β suppressed CXCL1 secretion and promoter activity. Increased CXCL1 expression in breast cancer stroma correlates with poor patient prognosis. Furthermore, CXCL1 expression is localized to α-SMA and FSP1 positive fibroblasts, and is negatively regulated by TGF-β signaling. These studies indicate that decreased TGF-β signaling in carcinoma associated fibroblasts enhances CXCL1 expression in fibroblasts, which could contribute to breast cancer progression.
Bone Marrow-Derived Cell Therapy Stimulates Endogenous Cardiomyocyte Progenitors and Promotes Cardiac Repair

Summary Cell therapy can improve cardiac function in animals and humans after injury, but the mechanism is unclear. We performed cell therapy experiments in genetically engineered mice that permanently express green fluorescent protein (GFP) only in cardiomyocytes after a pulse of 4-OH-tamoxifen. Myocardial infarction diluted the GFP + cardiomyocyte pool, indicating refreshment by non-GFP + progenitors. Cell therapy with bone marrow-derived c-kit + cells, but not mesenchymal stem cells, further diluted the GFP + pool, consistent with c-kit + cell-mediated augmentation of cardiomyocyte progenitor activity. This effect could not be explained by transdifferentiation to cardiomyocytes by exogenously delivered c-kit + cells or by cell fusion. Therapy with c-kit + cells but not mesenchymal stem cells improved cardiac function. These findings suggest that stimulation of endogenous cardiogenic progenitor activity is a critical mechanism of cardiac cell therapy.
Severe Hypophosphatemia in Postoperative Patients

Severe hypophosphatemia may develop in postoperative patients for several reasons including alcohol withdrawal, diabetic ketoacidosis, nutritional recovery (refeeding) syndrome, and severe respiratory alkalosis. Severe hypophosphatemia may result in central nervous system abnormalities, muscle weakness, and renal, hepatic, cardiac, and respiratory dysfunction. Hypophosphatemia may be prevented by close monitoring of phosphorus concentrations in serum, especially in patients predisposed to developing this problem. Proper techniques for the maintenance and repletion of phosphate for both enteral and parenteral use are described.
Towards Genoelectronics: Electrochemical Biosensing of DNA Hybridization

Innovative strategies for DNA diagnostics based on the interface of electronic and nucleic acid recognition systems are described. Particular attention is given to new routes for the direct electrical detection of hybridization events (illustrated here), and to the use of electrochemical fields for modulating DNA interactions. The new genoelectronic schemes offer great promise for large-scale genetic testing.
A comparison of logistic regression-based models of susceptibility to landslides in western Colorado, USA

The Paonia-McClure Pass area of Colorado has been recognized as a region highly susceptible to mass movement. Because of the dynamic nature of this landscape, accurate methods are needed to predict susceptibility to movement of these slopes. The area was evaluated by coupling a geographic information system (GIS) with logistic regression methods to assess susceptibility to landslides. We mapped 735 shallow landslides in the area. Seventeen factors, as predictor variables of landslides, were mapped from aerial photographs, available public data archives, ETM + satellite data, published literature, and frequent field surveys. A logistic regression model was run using landslides as the dependent factor and landslide-causing factors as independent factors (covariates). Landslide data were sampled from the landslide masses, landslide scarps, center of mass of the landslides, and center of scarp of the landslides, and an equal amount of data were collected from areas void of discernible mass movement. Models of susceptibility to landslides for each sampling technique were developed first. Second, landslides were classified as debris flows, debris slides, rock slides, and soil slides and then models of susceptibility to landslides were created for each type of landslide. The prediction accuracies of each model were compared using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve technique. The model, using samples from landslide scarps, has the highest prediction accuracy (85 %), and the model, using samples from landslide mass centers, has the lowest prediction accuracy (83 %) among the models developed from the four techniques of data sampling. Likewise, the model developed for debris slides has the highest prediction accuracy (92 %), and the model developed for soil slides has the lowest prediction accuracy (83 %) among the four types of landslides. Furthermore, prediction from a model developed by combining the four models of the four types of landslides (86 %) is better than the prediction from a model developed by using all landslides together (85 %).