cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation mechanisms of D0 22 ordered intermetallic phase in superalloys

Abstract High-temperature alloys in general and superalloys in particular are strengthened by ordered intermetallic phases that are relatively stable at elevated temperatures. Because of their low symmetry, however, these ordered intermetallic phases have rather complicated deformation mechanisms that are difficult to uncover by experiment alone. In this study we use a combination of ab initio calculation and phase field simulation at the elementary defect level to illustrate how dislocations interact with precipitates of an ordered intermetallic phase, γ″ (D022, tetragonal), the primary strengthening phase in Ni-Nb-Fe-Cr-Ti-Al-Mo alloy (Inconel 718 or IN718 superalloy). A rich variety of new and sophisticated deformation mechanisms are discovered, including a novel mechanism of dislocation generation (accompanied by a spontaneous stacking fault (SF) transition), formation of superlattice intrinsic SF ribbons (SISF-ribbons) and 1/3 -type compact super-dislocations, along with ISF shearing and Orowan looping. The predicted deformation microstructures seem to agree with recent electron microscopy observations in IN718. The detailed deformation mechanisms uncovered can be incorporated in constitutive microstructure-property relationships for advanced crystal plasticity modeling and the approach developed can be used to study plastic deformation of other intermetallic phases in different alloy systems.
Movement Organization in the Frog Spinal Cord: Prerational Intelligence?

This article will present a particular view of pre-rational intelligence as it pertains to pieces of neural circuitry. The subject of this article is the spinal cord. This is only a subsystem within the nervous system, albeit a critical one. Clearly, adaptive and fully intelligent behavior is only the domain of the full organism (see McFarland & Houston 1981; McFarland & Bosser 1994). However, it seems that some measure of ‘intelligent’ function can be ascribed to a neural subsystem. For the purpose of this discussion we will define an intelligent design and intelligent function of neural subsystems as those that minimize the whole organism’s computational load while maximizing the breadth of the system’s output possibilities. The outputs should clearly be of utility to the organism in the context of other neural systems. There is a trade-off between the two competing goals of flexibility and simplicity. We would suggest that optimizing this trade-off in an organism’s various neural subsystems must frequently involve modularity, encapsulation of function and restriction of system structures to designs that support extensibility. Dimensionality reduction at the interface of the subsystem with others is desirable since this reduces computation in other parts of the nervous system. Autonomous computation within neural modules is desirable to support asynchronous activation, concurrence, and extensibility and flexibility of the system.
Nitric Oxide and Platelet Function.

Nitric Oxide (NO) is a versatile messenger molecule of the vascular system. Three different NO synthase (NOS) isoforms found in the vasculature can synthesize NO: endothelial NOS, neuronal NOS, and inducible NOS. Once produced, NO can diffuse across cell membranes and modulate the cell biology of leukocytes, endothelial cells, and platelets. NO has several classes of molecular targets, including proteins with heme moieties, such as guanyly cyclase, cysteine residues of proteins, and radicals, such as superoxide. NO influences platelets through at least two distinct pathways. NO activation of a cGMP pathway mediates NO inhibition of eicosanoid metabolism, NO suppression of gpIIb/IIIa conformational changes, and NO deactivation of thromboxane receptors. However, NO also regulates platelets by chemically modifying cysteine residues of proteins critical to platelet activation. For example, NO modifies key cysteine residues of the enzyme N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor, thereby blocking exocytosis of alphagranules. Recent studies have shown that metabolites of NO such as nitrite may also regulate platelet function.
Longitudinal metastructure bar with an active vibration absorber (Conference Presentation)

This work addresses two issues in lightweight structural composites suitable for aerospace systems. The first is to add additional functionality to multifunctional composites and the second is to provide damping in structures that cover a wide range of frequencies and temperatures. Passive damping in all materials suffer from failing at certain temperature and in certain frequency ranges. The extreme environments often seen by aerospace structures provide high temperature, which is exactly where damping levels in structures reduce causing unacceptable vibrations. In addition, as loading frequencies decrease damping levels fall off, and many loads experienced by aerospace structures are low frequency. This work looks at the implementation of a control system to a longitudinal metastructure bar. A metastructure is a structure which has distributed vibration absorbers which provide passive damping to the system. The active control system will be implemented by adding piezoelectric materials to one of the absorbers to make the absorber active. The structure with the active vibration absorber will be compared to a structure of equal weight with no active components. Since the two comparison structures are of equal weight, the performance improvements are strictly due to the control system and not at the cost of additional weight.
Balint’s Syndrome, Visual Motion Perception, and Awareness of Space

Kant, Wittgenstein, and Husserl all held that visual awareness of objects requires visual awareness of the space in which the objects are located. There is a lively debate in the literature on spatial perception whether this view is undermined by the results of experiments on a Balint’s syndrome patient, known as RM. I argue that neither of two recent interpretations of these results is able to explain RM’s apparent ability to experience motion. I outline some ways in which each interpretation may respond to this challenge, and suggest which way of meeting the challenge is preferable. I conclude that RM retains some awareness of the larger space surrounding the objects he sees.
Attitudes toward clinical trials across the Alzheimer's disease spectrum.

Research has revealed that manifest Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia is preceded by preclinical and prodromal phases during which pathology is accumulating but function remains intact. This understanding and concern that disease-modifying interventions initiated at the dementia stage may come too late in the neurodegenerative process to be successful has led to a paradigm shift in AD clinical trials. AD trials now enroll patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and persons with no cognitive symptoms. Trial designs are similar to those enrolling dementia participants. We set out to test the hypothesis that attitudes towards trial design features differ among different potential AD trial populations. We sent a survey composed of 37 items assessing specific trial elements to 246 cognitively normal, MCI, and AD dementia participants at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (ADRC), from whom we received 91 responses (37 cognitively normal, 32 MCI, and 22 dementia). To quantify willingness to enroll, we created three composite scenarios by summing responses and fitting proportional odds models with a binary outcome variable for whether patients were highly willing to participate in low-, moderate-, or high-risk and burden trials. MCI participants less frequently correctly self-identified their diagnoses than those with dementia or normal cognition. Compared to dementia patients, the odds of participating in a low-risk, low-burden trial were 12% lower for MCI patients (odds ratio (OR) = 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23–3.29) and 70% lower (OR = 0.30, 95% CI 0.08–1.09) for cognitively normal participants. With increasing risk and burden, willingness to enroll decreased and the gap in relative willingness between diagnostic groups increased. In the medium-risk, medium-burden scenario, the estimated OR was 0.64 (95% CI 0.17–2.40) for MCI and 0.21 for the cognitively normal (95% CI 0.06–0.77). In the high-risk, high-burden scenario, the estimated OR indicated reduced willingness for MCI (OR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.06–1.15) and cognitively normal respondents (OR = 0.12, 95% CI 0.03–0.54). These results suggest that AD trials enrolling predementia populations, especially those requiring frequent visits and implementing biomarker testing procedures, may encounter challenges to enrollment.
Response by Erle G. Kauffman† for the 2014 Paleontological Society Medal

My first words this evening must of necessity be directed to the Paleontological Society and its selection committee for choosing me to receive this prestigious medal. I am profoundly grateful and deeply honored. I assure you that this award is one I shall treasure for the rest of my days and, although I have every intention of continuing my work in paleontology, I see it as a crowning tribute to a career that already has brought me boundless joy, pleasure, and satisfaction. On occasions such as this it is only natural to reflect on one’s career, to recall its high points, and to remember those who helped advance it through selfless gifts of time and knowledge, far exceeding that to be expected of any teacher or mentor. In my case, such reflection takes me back many years, to my initial ventures in paleontological research as a University of Michigan graduate student. There I first described a new Ordovician trilobite under the watchful eye of Professor Erwin Stumm and, based on that, published …
Septate uterus with double cervix and longitudinal vaginal septum. A case report

Background Congenital uterine anomalies in the general population are estimated to have an incidence of 0.001-10%. The septate uterus, the most common form of structural uterine anomaly, has the highest reproductive failure rate. A rare developmental variant is a septate uterus with cervical duplication and a complete longitudinal vaginal septum. The existence of this anomaly challenges classical mullerian developmental theory. Traditional transabdominal metroplasty has been replaced by operative hysteroscopy in the surgical correction of a septate uterus, with laparoscopy aiding in the diagnosis and contributing to the safety and efficiency of the procedure. Case A 28-year-old, nulliparous woman with a septate uterus with cervical duplication and complete longitudinal vaginal septum was diagnosed by combined laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Excision of the complete longitudinal vaginal septum followed by hysteroscopic partial resection of a thick uterine septum with laparoscopic assistance was performed. However, because of the septum's broad base and the rigidity of the operative resectoscope, we opted to proceed with transabdominal metroplasty. Conclusion Only six cases of septate uterus with cervical duplication and complete longitudinal vaginal septum have been reported. Although its counterpart, the septate uterus, has effects on preterm labor, fetal presentation, infertility and spontaneous abortion, its reproductive outcome has not been assessed. Review of the literature suggests that surgical correction in the setting of poor reproductive outcome has been beneficial. Laparoscopically assisted hysteroscopic resection of the uterine septum is a safe, effective surgical technique of uterine reunification and is preferable to transabdominal methods. However, in certain cases, conventional transabdominal metroplasty may still be required.
Farewell to Instantons

At the present time the instanton is being used in QCD to explain color confinement, dynamical symmetry breaking with fermion mass generation, and to resolve the U(1)-problem (Callan et al., 1978; Carlitz and Creamer,1979). In my lecture I would like to show that for some technical reasons it is doubtful that the instanton accomplishes these feats and that it is even possibly irrelevant to the structure of QCD altogether.
A practical guide to prescribing estrogen replacement therapy.

Discounting vaccinations, menopausal hormone replacement constitutes the most widely practiced form of long-term prophylactic therapy. Long acknowledged as a means of retarding net bone density loss, sufficient data have accumulated to document the cardioprotective aspects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Not surprisingly, new questions concerning long-term effects on various tissues and interaction with progestins have arisen. Given that ERT alone increases risk for endometrial cancer to unacceptable levels, addition of progestins can fully obviate that risk. To what extent, however, do various progestins mute the beneficial estrogen effect on cholesterol lipoproteins and locally in the arterial wall ? Does long-term ERT increase the risk for breast cancer and who is at greatest risk ? Does the route of ERT matter with respect to metabolic changes ? Considering that a woman may spend fully one third of her life in the postmenopausal state, it behooves physicians as primary care providers and as consultants to understand the pros and cons of ERT. Modulation of dose, route and agent, as well as the protocol for therapy, all affect long-term patient compliance. In order to sustain motivation, education of the patient is mandatory, and that process starts with the physician.
Chemical Transfer of Learned Information

The inclusion of problems related to memory and learning in a volume devoted to protein metabolism in the nervous system is a sign of progress. It shows a readiness to consider the possibility that information may be handled in the nervous system on a chemical principle. This possibility is still meeting considerable, even if steadily declining, opposition, and is in need of some spectacular breakthrough to gain full acceptance.
Learning to Lead at Toyota

Many companies have tried to copy Toyota's famous production system--but without success. Why? Part of the reason, says the author, is that imitators fail to recognize the underlying principles of the Toyota Production System (TPS), focusing instead on specific tools and practices. This article tells the other part of the story. Building on a previous HBR article, "Decoding the DNA of the Toyota Production System," Spear explains how Toyota inculcates managers with TPS principles. He describes the training of a star recruit--a talented young American destined for a high-level position at one of Toyota's U.S. plants. Rich in detail, the story offers four basic lessons for any company wishing to train its managers to apply Toyota's system: There's no substitute for direct observation. Toyota employees are encouraged to observe failures as they occur--for example, by sitting next to a machine on the assembly line and waiting and watching for any problems. Proposed changes should always be structured as experiments. Employees embed explicit and testable assumptions in the analysis of their work. That allows them to examine the gaps between predicted and actual results. Workers and managers should experiment as frequently as possible. The company teaches employees at all levels to achieve continuous improvement through quick, simple experiments rather than through lengthy, complex ones. Managers should coach, not fix. Toyota managers act as enablers, directing employees but not telling them where to find opportunities for improvements. Rather than undergo a brief period of cursory walk-throughs, orientations, and introductions as incoming fast-track executives at most companies might, the executive in this story learned TPS the long, hard way--by practicing it, which is how Toyota trains any new employee, regardless of rank or function.
Corrigendum: Combinatorial properties of integer matrices and integer matrices mod k

We correct an error in our paper “Combinatorial Properties of Integer Matrices and Integer Matrices mod k” that appeared in this journal (66, 1380–1402 (2017)).
Environmental cues received during development shape dendritic cell responses later in life.

Environmental signals mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) shape the developing immune system and influence immune function. Developmental exposure to AHR binding chemicals causes persistent changes in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses later in life, including dampened clonal expansion and differentiation during influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Naive T cells require activation by dendritic cells (DCs), and AHR ligands modulate the function of DCs from adult organisms. Yet, the consequences of developmental AHR activation by exogenous ligands on DCs later in life has not been examined. We report here that early life activation of AHR durably reduces the ability of DC to activate naive IAV-specific CD8+ T cells; however, activation of naive CD4+ T cells was not impaired. Also, DCs from developmentally exposed offspring migrated more poorly than DCs from control dams in both in vivo and ex vivo assessments of DC migration. Conditional knockout mice, which lack Ahr in CD11c lineage cells, suggest that dampened DC emigration is intrinsic to DCs. Yet, levels of chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), a key regulator of DC trafficking, were generally unaffected. Gene expression analyses reveal changes in Lrp1, Itgam, and Fcgr1 expression, and point to alterations in genes that regulate DC migration and antigen processing and presentation as being among pathways disrupted by inappropriate AHR signaling during development. These studies establish that AHR activation during development causes long-lasting changes to DCs, and provide new information regarding how early life environmental cues shape immune function later in life.
Rhodium(II) (S)-N-(arylsulfonyl)prolinate catalyzed asymmetric insertions of vinyl- and phenylcarbenoids into the SiH bond

Abstract Allylsilanes or benzylsilanes of high enantiomeric purity (77–95% ee) are formed from the rhodium(II) (S)-N-[p-(dodecylphenyl)sulfonyl]prolinate ( 1 ) catalyzed decomposition of vinyldiazomethanes or phenyldiazomethanes in the presence of dimethylphenylsilane ( 3 ).
Benchmarking Anticipated Wind Project Lifetimes: Results from a Survey of U.S. Wind Industry Professionals

Author(s): Wiser, Ryan H; Bolinger, Mark | Abstract: This paper draws on a survey of wind industry professionals to clarify trends in the expected useful life of land-based wind power plants in the United States. The expected useful life of a project affects expectations about its profitability, the timing of possible decommissioning or repowering, and its levelized costs. We find that most wind project developers, sponsors and long-term owners have increased project-life assumptions over time, from a typical term of ~20 years in the early 2000s to ~25 years by the mid-2010s and ~30 years more recently. Current assumptions range from 25 to 40 years, with an average of 29.6 years. The estimated average levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for new wind projects built in 2018 is $40.4/MWh (real 2018$), assuming a 20-year project life. With a 25-year useful life and no change in assumed operations and maintenance (OaM) expenditures or wind plant performance over time, LCOE declines by 10%, to $36.2/MWh, because capital costs are recovered over five additional years of production. At the now-common 30-year assumed life, levelized costs decrease another 7%, to $33.5/MWh (under the same unaltered assumptions about OaM and performance). Even longer assumed lifetimes lead to further (but diminishing) LCOE reductions—e.g., to $31.7/MWh and $30.3/MWh for 35- and 40-year lives, respectively. The data and trends presented here may inform assumptions used by electric system planners, modelers and analysts. The results may also provide useful benchmarks to the wind industry, helping developers and assets owners to compare their expectations with those of their peers.
Patient Preparation, Sedation, and Monitoring for Flexible Endoscopy

Proper patient preparation for any endoscopic procedure ensures procedure success and patient safety. Sedation is an integral part of endoscopy, as it aims to alleviate patient anxiety and discomfort, diminishes the patient’s memory of the event, and improves outcomes and patient experience. Continuous monitoring during and after the administration of sedatives detects early signs of distress and allows for timely intervention and rescue.
TCT-729 Short-Term Outcomes with Transcatheter vs. Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is an established treatment option in high- and intermediate-risk patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (AS). There are fewer data regarding the efficacy of TAVR in low-risk patients. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the short-term efficacy
Case 3: Unexpected Diagnosis in a Febrile Infant

1. Jacob Kolker, MD* 2. Kathryn Halyko, MD† 3. Cody Tigges, DO† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 2. †Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA A 34-day-old white boy presents to the emergency department with a fever (101.8°F [38.8°C]) and a 1-day history of poor feeding and fussiness. There is no other history of acute illness, although his older brother currently has oral ulcers secondary to a viral illness. He was born at term after an uncomplicated pregnancy. Maternal prenatal infection screening, including group B Streptococcus, was negative. He was discharged on the second day after birth and had been breastfeeding with good weight gain until the day before admission. Vascular access is obtained, a sepsis evaluation is initiated, and he is treated empirically with ampicillin, cefepime, and acyclovir. He is admitted to the PICU due to concern for sepsis, where on examination he is awake, alert, and crying. The anterior fontanelle is soft and flat, the tympanic membranes are normal, and the oral mucosa appears pink and moist without lesions. Neurologic examination demonstrates normal tone and strength, and there are no focal deficits. The remainder of the physical examination findings are normal. Laboratory studies are significant for a white blood cell count of 2,800/μL (2.8×109/L), with an absolute neutrophil count of 180/μL (0.18×109/L). Results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies show a total protein level of 0.118 g/dL (1.18 g/L), glucose level of 56 mg/dL (3.1 mmol/L), white blood cell count of 13/μL (0.013×109/L), and red blood cell count of 0.052×106/μL (0.052×1012/L). The Gram-stain showed no organisms. Herpes simplex and enterovirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results are negative. The remainder of the laboratory …
Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Polymer Precursors to LixPON and LixSiPON Glasses: Materials That Enable All-Solid-State Batteries (ASBs)

LiPON-like glasses that form lithium dendrite impenetrable interfaces between lithium battery components are enabling materials that may replace liquid electrolytes permitting production of all-sol...
Macroeconomics as Systems Theory: Setting the Stage

This chapter explores what happens to the material of macroeconomics once it is recognized that contemporary economies are far too complex to be treated plausibly as objects of aggregate planning. Macroeconomics is reconceptualized in terms of theories of emergence and spontaneous ordering. A macro economy is thus analyzed as a continually evolving ecology of plans. All action in society occurs on the micro and meso-levels, with macro outcomes emerging out of interactions at those lower levels. While the book affirms the significance of micro-foundations for macro analysis, it also affirms the significance of macro-foundations for micro analysis. In short, macroeconomics becomes a form of economic sociology.
An Interview with Gustavo Ricardo Parés Arce

Gustavo Pares is the CEO of Nearshore Delivery Solutions (www.nearshoremx.com) and NDS Cognitive labs (www.ndscognitivelabs.com), a leading company in cognitive computing and AI technology business...
Design and Characterization of a new OFR: The Particle FormationAccelerator (PFA)

Abstract. Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) are frequently used to study the formation and evolution of secondary aerosol (SA) in the atmosphere and have become valuable tools for improving the accuracy of model simulations and for depicting and accelerating realistic atmospheric chemistry. Driven by rapid development of OFR techniques and the increasing appreciation of their wide application, we designed a new all-Teflon reactor, the Particle Formation Accelerator (PFA), and characterized it in the laboratory and with ambient air. A series of simulations and experiments were performed to characterize: (1) flow profiles in the reactor using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, (2) the UV intensity distribution in the reactor and the influence of it and varying O3 concentration and relative humidity (RH) on the resulting equivalent OH exposure (OHexp), (3) transmission efficiencies for gases and particles, (4) residence time distributions (RTD) for gases and particles using both computational simulations and experimental verification, (5) the production yield of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from oxidation of α-pinene and m-xylene, (6) the effect of seed particles on resulting SA concentration, and (7) SA production from ambient air in Riverside, CA, U.S. The reactor response and characteristics are compared with those of a smog chamber (Caltech) and of other oxidation flow reactors (the Toronto Photo-Oxidation Tube (TPOT), the Caltech Photooxidation Flow Tube (CPOT), and quartz and aluminum versions of Potential Aerosol Mass reactors (PAMs)). Our studies show that: (1) OHexp can be varied over a range comparable to that of other OFRs, (2) particle transmission efficiency is over 75 % in the size range from 50 to 200 nm, after minimizing static charge on the Teflon surfaces, (3) the penetration efficiencies of CO2 and SO2 are 0.90 ± 0.02 and 0.76 ± 0.04, respectively, the latter of which is comparable to estimates for LVOCs, (4) a near laminar flow profile is expected based on CFD simulations and suggested by the RTD experiment results, (5) m-xylene SOA and α-pinene SOA yields were 0.22 and 0.37, respectively, at about 3 × 1011 molec. cm−3 s OH exposure, (6) the mass ratio of seed particles to precursor gas has a significant effect on the amount of SOA formed, and (7) during measurements of SA production when sampling ambient air in Riverside, the mass concentration of SA formed in the reactor was an average of 1.8 times that of the ambient aerosol at the same time.
Occurrence and Global Properties of Narrow CIV lambda 1549 Absorption Lines in Moderate-Redshift Quasars

A statistical study is presented of (a) the frequency of narrow CIV lambda 1549 absorption lines in 1.5 ~50%) of narrow CIV absorbers is detected for the radio-quiet and radio-loud quasars, and a constant ~25% of all the quasars, irrespective of radio type display associated CIV absorbers stronger than a rest equivalent width of 0.5A. Both radio-quiet and radio-loud quasars with narrow absorption lines have systematically redder continua, especially strongly absorbed objects. There is evidence of inclination dependent dust reddening and absorption for the radio quasars. An additional key result is that the most strongly absorbed radio quasars have the largest radio source extent. This result is in stark contrast to a recent study of the low-frequency selected Molonglo survey in which a connection between the strength of the narrow absorbers and the (young) age of the radio source has been proposed. The possible origin of these discrepant results is discussed and may be related to the higher source luminosity for the quasars studied here.
Religion, Politics, and U.S. Health Reform: An Empirical Examination of Christian Opposition to the Affordable Care Act

With the fierce debates over abortion and contraception coverage that occurred at the passage and implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), the role of conservative Christians in U.S. health care politics has taken center stage. Comprising over 75% of the American electorate, the majority of Christians (Catholics and Protestants) oppose the ACA. Yet, for some denominational groups — namely Mainline Protestants and Moderate Catholics — views tend to be more evenly split, while Evangelical Protestants and Devout Catholics hold more firmly negative views toward the law. Through a statistical analysis of national surveys on public attitudes, we systematically examine the distinct variation in views toward the ACA across Christian denominational groups, and offer a substantive explanation for why these significant differences in views exist. Our results show that, among white Christians in the U.S., individual views toward abortion policy, and toward blacks differentially influence opposition to the health care law for different denominational groups. These results suggest that groups that most vehemently oppose the law oppose ACA reforms on grounds that are rooted in a number of deeply held beliefs central to their group identity that will likely not be changed if the program is a technical success.
Patient Reported Outcomes and Financial Toxicity in Head and Neck Cancer (PaRTNer): Baseline financial toxicity and attitudes toward costs from a pilot study.

56Background: Cancer patients face considerable financial burden, but few studies have explored associations between radiation therapy (RT) and financial toxicity. This study assessed financial tox...
“So it Takes Extra Time and Effort, Pero, Vale la Pena”: A Bilingual Teacher’s Testimonio Revealing Pedagogical Clarity

This testimonio examines how a 3rd grade bilingual teacher unpacks the learning process as it relates to her agency in implementing culturally relevant (Ladson-Billings, Am Educ Res J, 32(3):465–491, 1995, Soc Stud Curric Purp Probl Possib, pp 201–215, 2001; Quiocho and Rios, Rev Educ Res, 70(4):485–528, 2000) and culturally sustaining (Paris, Educ Res 41(3):93–97, 2012) lessons with her culturally and linguistically diverse students. Utilizing ethnographic methods, data was collected through oral and written testimonios from Ms. Mendez (pseudonym), a bilingual 3rd grade teacher. Findings reveal how implementing culturally sustaining lessons along with teacher self-reflection supported how Ms. Mendez critically examined her teaching approaches. This article highlights how through testimonio a bilingual teacher can reflect on her pedagogical practices including how she used students’ funds of knowledge as a steppingstone into learning, how bilingual teachers use ingeniosidad/ingenuity by taking what students already know and growing new learning possibilities, and ultimately what we stand to learn from the voice of a teacher. This article concludes that when teachers utilize ideological and pedagogical clarity, they are able to make autonomous curricular decisions; and they are able to find innovative approaches that foster meaningful learning experiences for all their students.
Biomedical Image Processing

This chapter discusses electronic image processing in medicine. Electronic image processing includes: (1) electronic display; (2) automatic display enhancement; (3) automatic image analysis. The word ‘analysis’ implies operations which include image partitioning, object detection, and object identification. Although this chapter is primarily concerned with item (3), items (1) and (2) are briefly discussed.
An Analysis of the Vane Shear Test at Varying Rates of Shear

Vane shear tests were performed at varying rates of shear on three types of cohesive sediment: a clayey silt, a calcareous ooze, and a red clay. The shear strength was found to vary significantly for the range of shear rates typically used by researchers and practicing engineers. A standard rate of 0.0262 rad/s (90 deg/min) is recommended.
Single-stage revision from gastric band to gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy: 6- and 12-month outcomes

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is increasingly requiring revisional surgery for complications and failures. Removal of the band and conversion to either laparoscopic Roux-en-y gastric bypass (LRYGB) or laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is feasible as a single-stage procedure. The objective of this study is to compare the safety and efficacy of single-stage revision from LAGB to either LRYGB or LSG at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Retrospective analysis was performed on patients undergoing single-stage revision between 2009 and 2014 at a single academic medical center. Patients were reassessed for weight loss and complications at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Thirty-two patients underwent single-stage revision to LRYGB, and 72 to LSG. Preoperative BMIs were similar between the two groups (p = 0.27). Median length of stay for LRYGB was 3 days versus 2 for LSG (p = 0.14). Four patients in the LRYGB group required reoperation within 30 days, and two patients in the LSG group required reoperation within 30 days (p = 0.15). There was no difference in ER visits (p = 0.24) or readmission rates (p = 0.80) within 30 days of operation. Six delayed complications were seen in the LSG group with three requiring intervention. At 6 months postoperatively, percent excess weight loss (%EWL) was 50.20 for LRYGB and 30.64 for LSG (p = 0.056). At 12 months, %EWL was 51.19 for LRYGB and 34.89 for LSG (p = 0.31). There was no difference in diabetes or hypertension medication reduction at 12 months between LRYGB and LSG (p > 0.07). Single-stage revision from LAGB to LRYGB or LSG is technically feasible, but not without complications. The complications in the bypass group were more severe. There was no difference in readmission or reoperation rates, weight loss or comorbidity reduction. Revision to LRYGB trended toward higher rate and greater severity of complications with equivalent weight loss and comorbidity reduction.
Individual gene cluster statistics in noisy maps

Identification of homologous chromosomal regions is important for understanding evolutionary processes that shape genome evolution, such as genome rearrangements and large scale duplication events. If these chromosomal regions have diverged significantly, statistical tests to determine whether observed similarities in gene content are due to history or chance are imperative. Currently available methods are typically designed for genomic data and are appropriate for whole genome analyses. Statistical methods for estimating significance when a single pair of regions is under consideration are needed. We present a new statistical method, based on generating functions, for estimating the significance of orthologous gene clusters under the null hypothesis of random gene order. Our statistics is suitable for noisy comparative maps, in which a one-to-one homology mapping cannot be established. It is also designed for testing the significance of an individual gene cluster in isolation, in situations where whole genome data is not available. We implement our statistics in Mathematica and demonstrate its utility by applying it to the MHC homologous regions in human and fly.
Transient Dynamics for Neural Processing

A computational view of how perception and cognition can be modeled as dynamic patterns of transient activity within neural networks.
Effects of serotonin-3 receptor antagonists on the intracranial self-administration of ethanol within the ventral tegmental area of Wistar rats.

RATIONALE Previous work from our laboratory indicated that Wistar rats will self-administer ethanol (EtOH) directly into the posterior ventral tegmental area (VTA) and that 5-HT(3) antagonists will inhibit EtOH-stimulated somatodendritic release of dopamine within the VTA. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to use the intracranial self-administration procedure to determine the involvement of 5-HT(3)receptors in mediating the reinforcing effects of EtOH within the VTA, and to increase our understanding of central nervous system mechanisms involved in the rewarding effects of EtOH. METHODS Adult female Wistar rats were stereotaxically implanted with guide cannulae aimed at the posterior VTA. After 1 week, rats were placed into standard two-lever experimental chambers for a total of seven sessions (4-h sessions separated by 48 h) and allowed to self-administer vehicle alone, a 5-HT(3) antagonist alone, 200 mg% EtOH alone, or combinations of 200 mg% EtOH with different concentrations of a 5-HT(3) antagonist ( n=6-9 per group). RESULTS Throughout all seven sessions, Wistar rats self-infused more 200 mg% ETOH (25+/-5 infusions) than vehicle (5+/-4 infusions) or 5-HT(3) antagonist (6+/-4 infusions) ( P<0.05), and responded significantly more ( P<0.05) on the active than inactive lever (e.g., 50+/-12 vs 12+/-8 responses in session 1). Co-administration of 50 micro M or 100 micro M ICS 205,930 with 200 mg% EtOH completely prevented the acquisition and maintenance of EtOH self-infusion into the posterior VTA. Similarly, co-administration of either 25-100 micro M LY-278-584 or 10-100 micro M zacopride with 200 mg% EtOH completely blocked EtOH-maintained intracranial self-administration behavior. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the reinforcing effects of EtOH within the posterior VTA of Wistar rats require activation of local 5-HT(3) receptors.
Why is Chlamydia sensitive to penicillin in the absence of peptidoglycan

Most eubacteria are sensitive to penicillin because the antibiotic inhibits synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential constituent of their cell walls. A few eubacteria have no measurable peptidoglycan, and, with one exception, they are not susceptible to penicillin. The exception is the genus Chlamydia whose members are just as sensitive to penicillin as peptidoglycan-containing bacteria. A numbers of ways to resolve this anomaly, penicillin sensitivity without peptidoglycan, are proposed. It is concluded that there are serious objections to each one and that the chlamydial anomaly remains unresolved. However, examination of the relation between penicillin and chlamydiae is useful because it reveals how little is known of the evolutionary history of penicillin, penicillin-binding proteins, and peptidoglycan.
COSMOS: A Comprehensive Study of Galaxies at High Redshift with EMIR on the GTC

COSMOS is a scientific program designed for the GTC whose main goal is to characterize the galaxy population during the epoch of maximum star formation in the history of the Universe. According to recent studies, this critical epoch occurred when the Universe was 10–40% of its current age, which corresponds to redshifts 1 studied in nearby galaxies—is shifted into the near infrared (1–2.5 μm). Major spectroscopic surveys down to 1.8 μm are currently being planned to study the rest-frame optical properties of galaxies and the global star formation of the universe at redshifts up to 2. COSMOS will use EMIR on the GTC to become the first major survey to extend these studies to the high z Universe.
Development, Hormonal Control of

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses hormonal control in insects. The diversity of insect groups places limits on generalizations about hormonal control of development. The effects of hormones in one group may not be the same for other groups because of different patterns of growth and cellular specification. In the Lepidoptera, for example, larval epidermal cells change their cuticle secretion program at metamorphosis and switch to production of pupal and subsequently adult cuticle. Exogenous juvenile hormones (JH) application at this time maintains the larval secretory program, resulting in supernumerary (extra) instars. Similarly, properly timed application of JH in the early pupal stage of moths can cause a second pupal stage. However, the fruit fly Drosophila and other higher Diptera are largely resistant to such effects of JH. This may relate to differences in the developmental program of fly epidermal cells. The entire epidermis in the head and thorax is programmed for secretion of larval cuticle only and dies at metamorphosis. It is replaced by imaginal disc tissue, which remains undifferentiated throughout larval life in the presence of JH. Abdominal epidermal cells also die after pupation and are replaced by abdominal histoblasts. Thus, the development program of epidermis in higher flies is entirely distinct from the Lepidoptera, and its lack of response to JH in the early stages may be a consequence of this very different design.
Iron transporters in rat mammary gland: effects of different stages of lactation and maternal iron status

Background: Mechanisms regulating iron transfer from maternal circulation into milk are yet unknown. Whether intestinal iron transporters, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and ferroportin 1 (FPN1), are present in the mammary gland and are involved in iron transfer into milk are unknown. Objective: The objective was to examine DMT1 and FPN1 in rat mammary gland at different stages of lactation and to evaluate the effects of maternal iron status. Design: Rats were fed either 35 mg Fe (control rats) or 8 mg Fe (low-iron rats) per kg diet for 3 wk and were fed the same diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. Mammary gland DMT 1, FPN 1, transferrin receptor, and ferritin were examined in control rats on days 1, 5, 10, and 20 of lactation and in low-iron rats on days 10 and 20 of lactation. Tissue and milk iron were measured. Results: Milk iron, DMT1, and FPN1 decreased throughout lactation. Iron status was compromised in low-iron rats, whereas milk iron was maintained. On day 10 of lactation, mammary gland iron and ferritin were lower in the low-iron rats. DMT1, FPNI, and transferrin receptor values were unchanged; however, a smaller-size DMT1 protein was observed in the low-iron rats. On day 20, transferrin receptor increased in the low-iron rats, whereas mammary gland iron, ferritin, DMT1, and FPN1 were unchanged. Conclusions: The results show that DMT1 and FPNI concentrations are higher during early lactation and are possibly involved in iron transfer into milk. Mammary gland regulation of DMT and FPN1 during low iron status appears to be different from that in the intestine.
New Facultative Thiobacillus and a Reevaluation of the Heterotrophic Potential of Thiobacillus novellus

A new facultatively autotrophic Thiobacillus has been isolated in pure culture. The general physiological characteristics of the organism are described together with a redescription of Thiobacillus novellus. The new isolate differs from T. novellus in its ability to grow heterotrophically at faster rates and on a greater range of organic compounds. It can be transferred readily between autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. It can grow anaerobically by nitrate respiration on a number of organic compounds, but not on thiosulfate. Some problems in the nomenclature and taxonomy of the thiobacilli are discussed with reference to the new isolate.
Orchestrating neuronal differentiation: patterns of Ca2+ spikes specify transmitter choice.

Abstract Appropriate specification of neurotransmitters is a key feature of neuronal network assembly. There is much evidence that genetic programs are responsible for this aspect of cell fate and neuronal differentiation. Are there additional ways in which these processes are shaped? Recent findings demonstrate that altering patterned Ca 2+ spike activity that is spontaneously generated by different classes of embryonic spinal neurons in vivo changes expression of neurotransmitters in a homeostatic manner, as if to achieve a constant level of excitation. Activity-dependent changes in presynaptic transmitter expression pose a matching problem: are there corresponding changes in postsynaptic transmitter receptor expression, or are axons rerouted to novel targets with which functional synapses can be formed?
The Influence of Personal Safety and Other Environmental Concerns on Sense of Control and Emotional Well-Being

An instrument containing measures of personal safety and other environmental concerns, sense of control, and emotional well-being was administered to 334 undergraduates. The path analysis conducted on these data supported a model showing environmental concerns influencing emotional well-being directly and indirectly through sense of control. One of the implications of the model is that programs designed to reduce disjunctures between environmental needs and re sources can indirectly affect emotional well-being by enhancing sense of control.
Verbal Paraphasia as a

COMPETENCE in arithmetic is so universal that evaluation of this ability has become a standard part of the mental status determination. Even though loss of calculating ability is readily demonstrable and frequently seen in the neurologic clinic, there are few detailed studies of calculation disorder in the literature. Most studies emphasize the intellectual manipulation necessary for calculation but fail to detail other disturbances which may cause calculating errors. We wish to report two patients demonstrating calculation disturbance caused by paraphasic substitution of one number for another. Paraphasia, the inappropriate substitution of a phoneme or word, is a well known aphasic symptom, but the relationship of calculation disturbance and paraphasia has not previously been reported. Report of Cases CASE1.—A 58-year-old retired army sergeant was admitted to the Boston Veterans Administration Hospital in September of 1964 following the acute onset of right-sided hemiparesis and aphasia. Despite past history of myocardial
Riding the Tiger: The Politics of Economic Reform in Post-Mao China

List of tables List of figures Abbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The failure of the Maoist developmental state and the rise of the economic reformers 2. The political dynamics of Chinese economic reform: an overview 3. The politics of Agrarian reform 4. The politics of industrial reform 5. Economic reform and ideological decay: the decline 6. The party's over? economic reform and institutional decay 7. The social impact of economic reform: the rise of civil society? 8. From market socialism to social market? Notes Bibliography Index.
“A Quality of Light”: The Fiction of Paul Theroux

(1981). “A Quality of Light”: The Fiction of Paul Theroux. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 5-16.
A Very Accurate Test of Coulomb's Law of Force Between Charges

The exponent 2 in Coulomb's inverse square law of force between charges in empty space has been found experimentally to be correct to within 1 part in ${10}^{9}$. The wellknown electrostatic experiment of Cavendish and Maxwell with concentric metal globes was replaced by a quasistatic method in which the difficulties due to spontaneous ionization and contact potentials were avoided. A "resonance electrometer" (undamped galvanometer with amplifier) was placed within the globes, the input resistor of the amplifier forming a permanent link connecting them, so as to measure any variable potential difference between them. It was shown theoretically that the presence of the resonance electrometer would have no effect on the result and that it could replace electrically a part of the inner globe. The galvanometer was observed through a "conducting window" at the top, made so by covering it with salt water. No effect was observed when a harmonically alternating high potential $V$ (g3000 volts), from a specially designed "condenser generator" operating at the low resonance frequency of the galvanometer, was applied to the outer globe. The sensitivity was such that a voltage $v={10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ volt was easily observable above the small fluctuations due to Brownian motion.If the exponent in the law of force were not exactly 2 but rather $2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}q$ then $ql\frac{v}{\mathrm{VF}(a,b)}$ where $F(a,b)=0.169$, $a$ and $b$ being the radii of the globes. This gives $ql2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ in space remote from matter. The formula for $F(a,b)$ was derived by Maxwell's theory in which the effect of gravity is assumed negligible. Reasons are given for believing that this assumption does not invalidate the result.