cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roles of Aluminum Hydroxide and Monophosphoryl Lipid A Adjuvants in Overcoming CD4+ T Cell Deficiency To Induce Isotype-Switched IgG Antibody Responses and Protection by T-Dependent Influenza Vaccine

Vaccine adjuvant effects in the CD4-deficient condition largely remain unknown. We investigated the roles of combined monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and aluminum hydroxide (Alum) adjuvant (MPL+Alum) in inducing immunity after immunization of CD4 knockout (CD4KO) and wild-type (WT) mice with T-dependent influenza vaccine. MPL+Alum adjuvant mediated IgG isotype-switched Abs, IgG-secreting cell responses, and protection in CD4KO mice, which were comparable to those in WT mice. In contrast, Alum adjuvant effects were dependent on CD4+ T cells. MPL+Alum adjuvant was effective in recruiting monocytes and neutrophils as well as in protecting macrophages from Alum-mediated cell loss at the injection site in CD4KO mice. MPL+Alum appeared to attenuate MPL-induced inflammatory responses in WT mice, likely improving the safety. Additional studies in CD4-depleted WT mice and MHC class II KO mice suggest that MHC class II+ APCs contribute to providing alternative B cell help in the CD4-deficient condition in the context of MPL+Alum-adjuvanted vaccination.
The Singapore Mutiny of 1915: Global Origins in a Global War

On February 15, 1915, the right wing of the Indian Army's 5th Light Infantry mutinied on the island of Singapore. Although this mutiny did not affect most of the rest of the world, the rest of the world very definitely affected it. This book includes two chapters on the mutiny of the 5th because it encapsulates so clearly the ways World War I came to Southeast Asia. Indeed, two of its primary causes – German–Indian–Turkish anti-Allied propaganda and pro-German activists – played critical roles in the whole region for the duration of the war. Concern about pro-German, anticolonial schemes dominate the British, French, and Dutch official diplomatic and military archives from this period, and include an almost paranoid apprehension about the revolutionary potential for such schemes across Southeast and East Asia. For while activities intended to undermine colonial rule were never as successful, organized, or well-funded as colonial authorities imagined or feared, they nevertheless contributed to anticolonial unrest in many places during the war, including Malaya, the East Indies, and Indochina. Such anticolonial activity was doubly threatening because its networks of support went well beyond the orbit of colonial control, including places as close as Siam and China, and as distant as the Ottoman Empire, the United States, and Germany. And these networks did not respect colonial boundaries: Pan-Islamic, pro-German propaganda moved easily between the East Indies and Malaya, while pro-German activities originating in China were directed to Indochina, Malaya, Burma, and India. In this sense, the mutiny is also significant because it allows us to see the porousness of colonial and state territorial boundaries throughout the region, as well as the many avenues of connection between Southeast Asia and the rest of the world. As a case study, the mutiny of the 5th in Singapore also illustrates the ways global, anticolonial forces generated during the war were mediated by colonized subjects. In order to win people over, anti-Allied propaganda and pro-German activists not only had to target issues that spoke to actual grievances of colonized subjects, but they also had to convince people that acting against colonial rule was worth the risk.
The power and limits of personal change: When a bad past does (and does not) inspire in the present.

Observing other people improve their lives can be a powerful source of inspiration. Eight experiments explore the power, limits, and reasons for this power of personal change to inspire. We find that people who have improved from undesirable pasts (e.g., people who used to abuse extreme drugs but no longer do) are more inspiring than people who maintain consistently desirable standings (e.g., people who have never used extreme drugs to begin with), because change is perceived as more effortful than stability (Experiments 1a and 1b). The inspirational power of personal change is rooted in people’s lack of access to the internal struggles and hard work that many others may endure to successfully remain ‘always-good.’ Accordingly, giving observers access into the effort underlying others’ success in maintaining consistently positive standings restores the inspiring power of being ‘always-good’ (Experiments 2–4). Finally, change is more inspiring than stability across many domains but one: people who used to harm others but have since reformed (e.g., ex-bullies or ex-cheaters) do not inspire, and in many cases are indeed less inspiring than people who have never harmed others to begin with (Experiments 5–7). Together, these studies reveal how, why, and when one’s past influences one’s present in the eyes of others: having some “bad” in your past can be surprisingly positive, at least partly because observers assume that becoming “good” is harder than being “good” all along. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Expression of HopAI interferes with MAP kinase signalling in Magnaporthe oryzae

The Pmk1 and Mps1 MAP kinases are essential for appressorium formation and plant infection in Magnaporthe oryzae. However, their exact roles during invasive growth are not clear because pmk1 and mps1 mutants are defective in penetration. To further characterize their functions after penetration, in this study we expressed the Pseudomonas syringae effector HopAI known to inactivate plant MAP kinases in M. oryzae. Constitutive expression of HopAI with the RP27 or TrpC promoter resulted in defects in hyphal growth, conidiation, appressorium penetration and pathogenicity, which is similar to the phenotype of the mps1 mutant. HopAI interacted strongly with Mps1 in vivo and expression of dominant active MKK2 partially suppressed the defects of PRP27 -HopAI transformants, which were significantly reduced in Mps1 phosphorylation. When the infection-specific MIR1 (Magnaporthe-infection-related gene-1) promoter was used to express HopAI, PMIR1 -HopAI transformants were defective in the spreading of invasive hyphae and elicited strong defense responses in penetrated plant cells. Expression of HopAI in Fusarium graminearum also mainly affected the activation of Mgv1, an Mps1 orthologue. Taken together, our results showed that Mps1 is the major intracellular target of HopAI when it is overexpressed, and MAP kinase signalling is important for cell-to-cell movement of invasive hyphae in M. oryzae.
Twitter and Public Health (Part 2): Qualitative Analysis of How Individual Health Professionals Outside Organizations Use Microblogging to Promote and Disseminate Health-Related Information

Background: Twitter is the most popular form of microblogging that is being utilized in public health to engage audiences and to communicate health-related information. Although there is some research showing the various forms of Twitter use in public health, little is known about how individual public health professionals are using their personal Twitter accounts to disseminate health information. Objective: The purpose of this research was to categorize public health professionals’ tweets to evaluate how individual public health professionals are furthering the mission of public health. Methods: Twitter accounts held by public health professionals were identified, and researchers proceeded to record 6 months’ worth of each individual’s Twitter feed. During the 6-month period, a total of 15,236 tweets were collected and analyzed using the constant comparison method. Results: A total of 23 tweet categories among the 15,236 tweets were initially identified. Some of the most common topics among the 23 categories included the following: health nutrition (n=2008), conferences (n=815), Ebola (n=789), Affordable Care Act (ACA)/health care (n=627), and social justice (n=626). Each of these categories were then stratified into one of four themes: (1) informing and educating, (2) monitoring health statuses and trends, (3) social justice, and (4) professional development. Conclusions: Using Twitter, public health professionals are helping dispel misinformation through education and by translating technical research into lay terms, advocating for health inequalities, and using it as a means to promote professional development. [JMIR Public Health Surveill 2017;3(4):e54]
Ly6C expression on T cells is modulated by IL-27, interferon-gamma and TCR stimulation

Ly6C is a GPI-anchored glycoprotein expressed on a range of hematopoietic cell lineages. On T cells, its expression distinguishes short-lived effector CD4+ T cells from memory precursor effector cells. The function of Ly6C is unclear but this surface molecule is associated with homing to lymph nodes and crosslinking Ly6C with antibodies reduces T cell production of IL-2. We are investigating the factors that regulate the expression of Ly6C and their possible roles in infection. Using sorted Ly6C-negative naive T cells we found that TCR stimulation is not sufficient to induce Ly6C expression, whereas the cytokines IL-27 and interferon-gamma (IFNg) alone can induce Ly6C expression. However, this cytokine-mediated induction is enhanced by TCR stimulation. The in vivo significance of this pathway is seen during toxoplasmosis, when both naive and activated parasite specific effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upregulated Ly6C expression. This upregulation was reduced in mice that lack IL-27. While these results suggest that cytokines have a major role in the regulation of Ly6C expression, it remains unclear how this affects T cell function and what role cytokine-mediated expression plays in the specific expression of Ly6C on effector but not memory populations.
Evolution of Knowledge, Awareness, and Practices regarding Zika Virus from 2016 to 2017.

Objective. Our team created a knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) survey in order to assess changes over time in healthcare provider and community member awareness of Zika virus symptoms, transmission, treatment, and current and future concerns. Study Design. The cross-sectional survey was issued at an academic medical center in Washington, DC, and via an online link to healthcare providers and community members between June and August 2016. Survey distribution was then repeated the following year, from March to April 2017. Outcomes were compared by survey year and healthcare provider versus community member status using SAS Program Version 9.4. Results. Significant differences in knowledge, attitudes, and practices existed between 2016 and 2017 survey time points. By 2017, more respondents had knowledge of various Zika virus infection characteristics; however healthcare provider knowledge also waned in certain areas. Attitudes towards Zika virus infection displayed an overall decreased concern by 2017. Practice trends by 2017 demonstrated fewer travel restrictions to Zika-endemic areas and increased mosquito protective measures within the US. Conclusions. Our results provide novel insight into the transformation of knowledge, attitudes, and practice of community members and healthcare providers regarding Zika virus since its declaration as a public health emergency of international concern in 2016.
The Turkish Parliament

The political situation of Turkey is undoubtedly the most complicated in the world to-day. To begin with, it contains a full measure of internal problems of the usual sort but of unusual acuteness. It is further seriously conditioned by the actions and interactions of three sets of rival interests: the group of distinct nationalities within the country, unassimilated after centuries; the cluster of small but active neighboring states, formerly a part of Turkey, and not yet satisfied with the terms and bounds of separation; and the family of the distant great nations, seeking strenuously to apportion and regulate the world. In the presence of these numerous forces, the Ottoman Empire, once during a brief period of splendor the strongest state in the Mediterranean sphere of civilization, has for some generations hung balanced on the verge of destruction. Two years ago a new spirit seemed to be breathed into it, a new life to be begun whose precarious thread perhaps furnishes the only genuine hope for the permanence of the nation. This new spirit and life is striving to find a sure embodiment and an effective means of expression in and through the Turkish Parliament.
Encenando os Direitos Humanos durante a guerra ao terrorismo: a parada da Maré Cheia do Great Small Works

Na primavera de 2006, o Great Small Works foi contratado pelo Lower Manhattan Cultural Council [Conselho Cultural de Lower Manhattan2] para realizar uma parada artistica para dar inicio ao River to River Festival [Festival Rio a Rio], uma serie de concertos e performances no decorrer do verao que tinha como objetivo, me parece, trazer de volta um certo sentimento de cultura publica viva para a ainda traumatizada redondeza do “Ground Zero”3 de 2001. Enquanto em anos anteriores as paradas haviam sido colecoes de esculturas de procissao de artistas novaiorquinos, nos decidimos fazer da nossa parada River to River um evento teatral de rua, uma reflexao politica sobre o tema dos rios, as ruas e as dinâmicas de poder em comunidades que se confrontam com transformacoes e mudancas. Nisto, obviamente, estavamos seguindo tipos de tradicao ja perseguidas nos anos setenta por grupos como Bread and Puppet Theater, Welfare State International e outros, assim como as ricas tradicoes de procissao dos anos 20 e 30, seculos de carnaval de rua ultrajante, espetaculos de rua da Renascenca e ate mesmo as origens da tragedia grega em barcos de procissao sobre rodas – os carre navalis – que alguns consideram as raizes do carnaval europeu.
Homo technologicus

Some of most compelling application domains of the IoT and Swarm concepts relate to how humans interact with the world around it and the cyberworld beyond. While the proliferation of communication and data processing devices has profoundly altered our interaction patterns, little has been changed in the way we humans process inputs (sensory) and outputs (actuation). The combination of IoT and wearable devices offers the potential to fundamentally change all of this, and open the door for the "Next Human". At the core is a Human Intranet that provides an open scalable platform to seamlessly integrate an ever-increasing number of sensor, actuation, computation, storage, communication and energy nodes located on, in, or around the human body acting in symbiosis with the functions provided by the body itself. The traditional set of senses and interactions is to be augmented by a set of new capabilities, some of which are e hard to even imagine today. Yet, whenever we tinker with what it means to be human fundamental concerns arise ...
Hemochromatosis: Clinical Aspects and Response to Therapy

One hundred years ago, von Recklinghausen introduced the term hemochromatosis to describe the triad of diabetes mellitus, hyperpigmentation of the skin, and cirrhosis of the liver with iron overload. Since that time, a few milestones have greatly contributed to our understanding of the disorders of iron metabolism. In a classic monograph published in 1935, Sheldon1 reviewed 311 published cases of hemochromatosis and proposed that the disease was the result of a genetic abnormality in iron metabolism. Seven years later, Balfour et al.2 introduced venesection therapy as a method to deplete the excessive iron stores. During the early 1960s, MacDonald3 published a series of papers questioning the genetic concept of the disease and raising a possible role for alcohol. He argued that cirrhosis and iron deposition may occur together but were not causally related. The difficulties in developing an animal model for the disease raised doubts about the hepatotoxicity of iron.4 These concerns have been resolved by recent major advances. The toxicity of iron has been demonstrated at the cellular level, and histocompatability typing has verified the inheritance of hemochromatosis as an autosomal-recessive disorder in most, but not all, affected patients.5
A Multidisciplinary Clinic for the Management of Chiari I Malformations

This chapter describes the experiences of a multidisciplinary clinic specializing in the diagnosis and management of Chiari 1 malformations (C1M). Data were collected regarding reasons for referral and outcomes and indicate that approximately half of referred patients were appropriately diagnosed radiographically with CIM. Moreover, of patients who actually had consistent imaging, only about one-third reported symptoms attributable to C1M. These findings illustrate pertinent issues relating to health-care resources and delivery of multidisciplinary care.
Ensuring survival: how Mexican border service and World War I was vital for the survival of the National Guard system

Historians and military officials often consider the National Guard as the direct descendent of the colonial militia, and the transition between the two is described as natural. However, the Guard was not the only option available to replace the militia, and many Washington officials and prominent civilians supported European style replacements based on universal military training for all able bodied men. The National Guard maintained a successful lobby and Congress redefined and solidified the new National Guard system with a series of laws during the first two decades of the twentieth century. However, detractors continued to attack the new system and the Guard needed to prove its value. Mexican border duty and service in the First World War provided the Guard with this opportunity. The training the Guard received at the border provided the Guard with the skills necessary to perform in the trenches in France, and the Guard performed better than anticipated. The border duty proved vital for the overall survival of the Guard and it allowed the Guard to provide a quickly mobilized and highly trained force to aid in the American war effort.
The Cognitive Basis of Commonsense Morality

The established two tracks of neuroenhancement, moral and cognitive enhancements, rest on the characterization of commonsense morality as a set of static psychological dispositions. In this paper, I challenge this way of describing commonsense morality. I draw a parallel between commonsense psychology and commonsense morality, and I propose that the right way to characterize commonsense morality is as an empirically evaluable theory, with a structure similar to a scientific theory. I argue further that psychological dispositions to react in certain ways require the tacit endorsement of a commonsense moral theory. By adopting this view, I argue that the way to change our psychological dispositions is by changing the background theory that produces them. I conclude that when commonsense morality is construed as an empirically evaluable theory, the cleft between the abilities that support scientific progress and the abilities that promote moral progress closes and it becomes evident that the way to promote both types of advancements is through cognitive enhancement.
Receipt of pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder by justice-involved women in the Veterans Health Administration.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and unhealthy drinking are prevalent among women involved in the criminal justice system and women military veterans. Pharmacotherapy—including naltrexone, topiramate, acamprosate, and disulfiram—for AUD is one form of effective treatment that is associated with better health and criminal justice outcomes. The current study examined the association of justice involvement with receipt of pharmacotherapy for AUD, as well as other patient factors that may explain variation in receipt of pharmacotherapy for AUD among women veterans who receive care at Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities. Using national VHA clinical records, we examined all women VHA patients who received an AUD diagnosis during an outpatient or inpatient visit in fiscal years (FY) 2014–2017. We compared patient characteristics by justice status, defined as contact with one of the VHA’s justice outreach programs, and used a mixed-effects logistic regression model to test whether justice involvement was independently associated with odds of receiving pharmacotherapy for AUD. Of 10,511 women veterans diagnosed with AUD in FY2017, 852 (8%) met our definition of justice-involved. Since FY2014, the percentage of women veterans who received pharmacotherapy for AUD increased (14–21%). Women justice-involved veterans and those who were homeless had higher odds of receiving pharmacotherapy for AUD (OR 1.29, CI 1.15–1.45; OR 1.35, CI 1.25–1.47). Women veterans age 55 or older or who were African-American had lower odds of receiving pharmacotherapy (OR 0.74, CI 0.67–0.82; OR 0.73, CI 0.68–0.79). While women involved in the criminal justice system face many barriers to accessing health and social services, women justice-involved veterans had higher odds of receiving pharmacotherapy for AUD at VHA facilities compared to women veterans with no justice involvement. Legal mandates and supportive programming directed towards veterans in the criminal justice system may explain the higher rate of receipt of pharmacotherapy observed among justice-involved women veterans. Women veterans who are homeless may also have more opportunities to access and use pharmacotherapy for AUD compared to their housed counterparts.
Precision Food Safety: a Paradigm Shift in Detection and Control of Foodborne Pathogens.

ABSTRACT The implementation of whole-genome sequencing in food safety has revolutionized foodborne pathogen tracking and outbreak investigations. The vast amounts of genomic data that are being produced through ongoing surveillance efforts continue advancing our understanding of pathogen diversity and genome biology. Produced genomic data are also supporting the use of metagenomics and metatranscriptomics for detection and functional characterization of microbiological hazards in foods and food processing environments. In addition to that, many studies have shown that metabolic and pathogenic potential, antimicrobial resistance, and other phenotypes relevant to food safety can be predicted from whole-genome sequences, omitting the need for multiple laboratory tests. Nevertheless, further work in the area of functional inference is necessary to enable accurate interpretation of functional information inferred from genomic and metagenomic data, as well as real-time detection and tracking of high-risk pathogen subtypes and microbiomes.
A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of Salacia Chinensis, with alpha-glucosidase inhibitor properties, on post-prandial glycemia.

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are used as antidiabetic agents to slow carbohydrate absorption. We examined a medicinal plant, Salacia, with known α-glucosidase inhibitor properties. In this clinical...
Patient-centered care

Abstract With rise in life expectancy, as well as decreasing incidence of infectious diseases, chronic diseases have emerged focus areas in this new millennium. Existing methods to combat infectious diseases need to be modified to get the desired outcomes for chronic diseases. We also need to cater to issues like the rising cost of healthcare and expectations of better quality of life. Hence, it is necessary to find new models of care that suitably meet the needs of chronic patients. In this new model, patients and the ecosystem around them are vital pieces to consider for successful care provision. This chapter discusses the universe of chronic disease and telehealth, from the patients’ perspective.
Skeletal and Dental Development Preserve Evidence of Energetic Stress in the Moose of Isle Royale

Food shortages can leave diagnostic, and in the case of the dentition, irreversible changes in mineralized tissue that persist into historical and fossil records. Consequently, developmental defects of tooth enamel might be used to track ungulate population irruption but dental tissue capacity for preserving historical population density changes has yet to be investigated in wild populations. We test the ability of enamel defects, mandible and metapodial lengths to track changes in the well-known fluctuating moose population of Isle Royale National Park. Our study demonstrates that 1) a moose density threshold exists on the island above which there is a significant decrease in mandible and metatarsus length and a concomitant increase in enamel hypoplasias, 2) food limitation has a more pronounced effect on male than female skeletal growth, and 3) combined data from tooth enamel hypoplasias and bone lengths reflect the relative density of this ungulate population, and should be broadly applicable to other ungulate osteological samples. Developmental defects in dental enamel were among the highest recorded in a wild population, and even during low-density intervals the population density of Isle Royale moose has been high enough to negatively impact skeletal and dental growth, indicating the comparatively poor health of this century-old ecosystem.
Sex and age differentially affect GABAergic neurons in the mouse prefrontal cortex and hippocampus following chronic intermittent hypoxia.

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a chronic sleep disorder characterized by repetitive reduction or cessation of airflow during sleep, is widely prevalent and is associated with adverse neurocognitive sequelae including increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In humans, OSA is more common in elderly males. OSA is characterized by sleep fragmentation and chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), and recent epidemiological studies point to CIH as the best predictor of neurocognitive sequelae associated with OSA. The sex- and age- specific effects of OSA-associated CIH on specific cell populations such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons in the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), regions important for cognitive function, remain largely unknown. The present study examined the effect of 35 days of either moderate (10% oxygen) or severe (5% oxygen) CIH on GABAergic neurons in the mPFC and hippocampus of young and aged male and female mice as well as post-accelerated ovarian failure (AOF) female mice. In the mPFC and hippocampus, the number of GABA-labeled neurons increased in aged and young severe CIH males compared to controls but not in young moderate CIH males. This change was not representative of the individual GABAergic cell subpopulations, as the number of parvalbumin-labeled neurons decreased while the number of somatostatin-labeled neurons increased in the hippocampus of severe CIH young males only. In all female groups, the number of GABA-labeled cells was not different between CIH and controls. However, in the mPFC, CIH increased the number of parvalbumin-labeled neurons in young females and the number of somatostatin-labeled cells in AOF females but decreased the number of somatostatin-labeled cells in aged females. In the hippocampus, CIH decreased the number of somatostatin-labeled neurons in young females. CIH decreased the density of vesicular GABA transporter in the mPFC of AOF females only. These findings suggest sex-specific changes in GABAergic neurons in the hippocampus and mPFC with males showing an increase of this cell population as compared to their female counterparts following CIH. Age at exposure and severity of CIH also differentially affect the GABAergic cell population in mice.
L3.3 Role of Biomarkers in the Development of Targeted Cancer Therapeutics

ABSTRACT Success rates in oncology drug development have been challenging for a number of reasons, including issues with drugability and target validation, determination of the appropriate dose and schedule, tumor and patient heterogeneity, and drug resistance mechanisms. With an increased understanding of the genetic basis of cancer, the identification of specific biomarkers that help predict drug response in specific patient populations has become of critical importance. Drug development efforts are focusing on both pharmacodynamic markers to determine the ability of drugs to inhibit their specific target and predictive biomarkers to define subpopulations of patients who will respond to specific targeted agents. Predictive markers, including HER2 amplification in breast cancer, EGFR mutation and EML4-ALK translocation in lung cancer, BRAF V600E mutation in melanoma, and K-ras mutations in colorectal cancer, have been critical to the development of agents that target these genetic changes in tumors. A better understanding of cancer biology, specifically tumor heterogeneity coupled with novel technologies, will help facilitate the identification of patient populations more likely to respond to targeted therapeutics. Improving the application and utility of this detailed understanding of disease will increase both the success rate in cancer clinical development and the benefit to specific patients. This presentation will review efforts to better understand tumor heterogeneity and the development of novel cancer therapeutics and associated biomarkers. One example of this is the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) which is a pre-competitive consortium comprised of Lilly, Merck and Pfizer that was initiated in 2009 to study genomic profiling and clinical outcomes of prevalent cancers in Asia, including HCC, NSCLC and gastric cancer. The recent results of an ACRG HCC analysis, and the potential impact on drug development, will be presented. Next, the development of biomarkers for cancer therapeutics will be discussed, with a focus on targets involved in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment and tumor invasion, including cMET and TGFb. This discussion will include Lilly Oncology's approach to biomarker co-development with specific therapeutics against these targets.
Selective EMC subunits act as molecular tethers of intracellular organelles exploited during viral entry

Although viruses must navigate the complex host endomembrane system to infect cells, the strategies used to achieve this is unclear. During entry, polyomavirus SV40 is sorted from the late endosome (LE) to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to cause infection, yet how this is accomplished remains enigmatic. Here we find that EMC4 and EMC7, two ER membrane protein complex (EMC) subunits, support SV40 infection by promoting LE-to-ER targeting of the virus. They do this by engaging LE-associated Rab7, presumably to stabilize contact between the LE and ER. These EMC subunits also bind to the ER-resident fusion machinery component syntaxin18, which is required for SV40-arrival to the ER. Our data suggest that EMC4 and EMC7 act as molecular tethers, inter-connecting two intracellular compartments to enable efficient transport of a virus between these compartments. As LE-to-ER transport of cellular cargos is unclear, our results have broad implications for illuminating inter-organelle cargo transport. The endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) is known to play a role in SV40 viral infection but precise mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors report that the EMC acts as tether of late endosome–endoplasmic reticulum interorganellar membrane contact sites to promote SV40 viral infection.
Pathology of Thymic Carcinoma

Thymic carcinomas are rare tumors that most commonly occur in the prevascular (anterior) mediastinum. They behave more aggressive than thymomas with median time to death ranging from 2 to 3.6 years. Various subtypes, including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, NUT (nuclear protein in testis) carcinoma, and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, among others, are recognized by the WHO.
TAQ for Teaching

TAQ stands for the Trade and Quote Database and the time stamps of either second (MTAQ) or millisecond (DTAQ). The research area by using TAQ is called Market Microstructure. Many related findings help us understand how financial markets function. However, almost no instructors have discussed TAQ in their classrooms due to three reasons. First, TAQ’s huge size makes it difficult to process. Second, the price tag for the database is quite high. And finally, no good tool could be used to present the data to our students. In this paper, we discuss a simple way to show students both second-by-second and millisecond-by-millisecond high-frequency data. Students at various business schools, especially at teaching schools, can access sample high-frequency data and conduct some good term projects. For various Business Analytics/Data Analytics programs, the TAQ Database is an ideal database for them to practice dealing with big data.
Influence of sediment and stream transport on detecting a source of environmental DNA

Environmental DNA (eDNA) can be used for early detection, population estimations, and assessment of potential spread of invasive species, but questions remain about factors that influence eDNA detection results. Efforts are being made to understand how physical, chemical, and biological factors-settling, resuspension, dispersion, eDNA stability/decay-influence eDNA estimations and potentially population abundance. In a series of field and controlled mesocosm experiments, we examined the detection and accumulation of eDNA in sediment and water and the transport of eDNA in a small stream in the Lake Michigan watershed, using the invasive round goby fish (Neogobius melanostomus) as a DNA source. Experiment 1: caged fish (average n = 44) were placed in a stream devoid of round goby; water was collected over 24 hours along 120-m of stream, including a simultaneous sampling event at 7 distances from DNA source; stream monitoring continued for 24 hours after fish were removed. Experiment 2: round goby were placed in laboratory tanks; water and sediment were collected over 14 days and for another 150 days post-fish removal to calculate eDNA shedding and decay rates for water and sediment. For samples from both experiments, DNA was extracted, and qPCR targeted a cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) fragment specific to round goby. Results indicated that eDNA accumulated and decayed more slowly in sediment than water. In the stream, DNA shedding was markedly lower than calculated in the laboratory, but models indicate eDNA could potentially travel long distances (up to 50 km) under certain circumstances. Collectively, these findings show that the interactive effects of ambient conditions (e.g., eDNA stability and decay, hydrology, settling-resuspension) are important to consider when developing comprehensive models. Results of this study can help resource managers target representative sites downstream of potential invasion sites, thereby maximizing resource use.
Enhanced recovery after cystectomy in patients with preoperative narcotic use.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of radical cystectomy with an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol in patients with a history of chronic preoperative narcotic use compared to narcotic-naive patients. Methods: We identified 553 patients who underwent open radical cystectomy with ERAS. Preoperative narcotic use was identified in 34 patients who were then matched to 68 narcotic-naive patients. Postoperative outcomes, opioid use, and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores were analyzed and compared. All routes of opioid use were recorded and converted to a morphine equivalent dose (MED). Results: Patients with preoperative narcotic use reported higher median VAS pain scores per day (postoperative day [POD1]: 5.2 vs. 3.9, p=0.003; POD2: 5.1 vs. 3.6, p<0.001; POD3: 4.6 vs. 3.8, p=0.004) and used significantly more opioids (median MED) per day (POD1: 13.2 vs. 10.0, p=0.02; POD2: 11.3 vs. 6.4, p=0.003; POD3: 10.2 vs. 5.0, p=0.005) following surgery. Preoperative narcotic users were noted to have a significantly higher incidence of 90-day re-admissions (41.2% vs. 20.6%, p=0.03). There was no difference in median hospital stay (4 vs. 4 days, p=0.6), 30- or 90-day complications (64.7% vs. 60.3%, p=0.8 and 82.4% vs. 75.0%, p=0.4, respectively) or gastrointestinal complications (29.4% vs. 26.5%, p=0.8), including postoperative ileus (11.8% vs. 20.6%, p=0.2). Conclusions: Patients with preoperative narcotic exposure report higher pain scores and require more opioid use following radical cystectomy with ERAS and are more likely to be re-admitted within 90 days. However, there was no observed difference in hospital stay or complications.
Enhanced diffusivity and skewness of a diffusing tracer in the presence of an oscillating wall

We develop a theory of enhanced diffusivity and skewness of the longitudinal distribution of a diffusing tracer advected by a periodic time-varying shear flow in a straight channel. Although applicable to any type of solute and fluid flow, we restrict the examples of our theory to the tracer advected by flows which are induced by a periodically oscillating wall in a Newtonian fluid between two infinite parallel plates as well as flow in an infinitely long duct. These wall motions produce the well-known Stokes layer shear solutions which are exact solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations. With these, we first calculate the second Aris moment for all time and its long-time limiting effective diffusivity as a function of the geometrical parameters, frequency, viscosity, and diffusivity. Using a new formalism based upon the Helmholtz operator, we establish a new single series formula for the variance valid for all time. We show that the viscous dominated limit results in a linear shear layer for which the effective diffusivity is bounded with upper bound $$\kappa (1+A^2/(2L^2))$$ , where $$\kappa $$ is the tracer diffusivity, A is the amplitude of oscillation, and L is the gap thickness. Alternatively, for finite viscosities, we show that the enhanced diffusion is unbounded, diverging in the high-frequency limit. Non-dimensionalization and physical arguments are given to explain these striking differences. Asymptotics for the high-frequency behavior as well as the low viscosity limit are computed. We present a study of the effective diffusivity surface as a function of the non-dimensional parameters which shows how a maximum can exists for various parameter sweeps. Physical experiments are performed in water using particle tracking velocimetry to quantitatively measure the fluid flow. Using fluorescein dye as the passive tracer, we document that the theory is quantitatively accurate. Specifically, image analysis suggests that the distribution variance be measured using the full width at half maximum statistic which is robust to noise. Further, we show that the scalar skewness is zero for linear shear flows at all times, whereas for the nonlinear Stokes layer, exact analysis shows that the skewness sign can be controlled through the phase of the oscillating wall. Further, for single-frequency wall modes, we establish that the long-time skewness decays at the faster rate of $$t^{-3/2}$$ as compared with steady shear scalar skewness which decays at rate $$t^{-1/2}$$ . These results are confirmed using Monte-Carlo simulations.
Barriers and enablers to K-12 blended teaching

The attributes of post-pandemic blended teaching (BT) will more closely resemble pre-Coronavirus conditions than the outbreak’s emergency remote teaching. Thus, barriers and enablers for teachers t...
Altruism and anonymity: A behavioral analysis

The effect of anonymity on altruism was examined in a social discounting task with hypothetical rewards. Social discounting – the rate at which increases in social distance decrease value to the participant – was compared across three groups. Participants in the Anonymous group were told that recipients would not know who they were. Participants in the Observed group were asked to imagine that each of their choices was being observed by the recipient. Participants in the Standard group were given no special instructions with respect to anonymity or identity. Social discounting was measured at each of 7 social distances ranging from first closest friend or relative to the 100th closest. Social discount rates for all three groups were well described by hyperbolic functions. Participants in the Observed group were willing to forgo more money for the benefit of others (were more altruistic) than were those in the other two groups. Although participants in the Anonymous group, with no prospect of reciprocation, were willing to forgo less money for the sake of others than were those in the Observed group, they did express willingness to forgo significant amounts. This is some evidence that individual altruistic acts cannot be explained wholly by the possibility of reciprocation.
TRANSFORMATIONAL REMINISCENCE: LIFE STORY WORK By John Kunz and F. G. Soltys

The primary goal of this book is to open a pathway to enhancing the lives of mature and older adults. The pathway is provided by methods of encouraging the telling and sharing of life stories, a pr...
Dynamic modeling and measurement of personal computer motherboards

This paper addresses basic modeling issues regarding the mechanical shock and random vibration response of a typical personal computer motherboard. Finite element modeling of an ATX-style motherboard was used to estimate the modal characteristics and dynamic response. Locally stiffened regions, such as sockets and large components, were modeled as simple blocks. The elastic modulus for these regions was determined by performing a 3-point bend tests on samples removed from the motherboard. The mode shapes and natural frequencies of the motherboard were computed and correlated with measurement. The dynamic response, due to random base excitation of the motherboard, was predicted by the model and showed very good correlation with measured acceleration response values. Mechanical shock response analysis was approached using two methods: direct time integration and the shock response spectrum method. Both provided good correlation with the measured peak acceleration response to an applied half-sine shock pulse. In addition, the predicted transient response was well correlated with acceleration time history measurements made during shock loading. It was observed that the shock response was dominated by the fundamental mode of the motherboard. Simple guidelines are presented for modeling of personal computer motherboards subjected to random base excitation and shock loads.
Evaluation of pretreatment methods for primary recovery and capture of an antibody fragment (αCD22scFv) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii lysates

Abstract Optimum conditions for extraction of an acidic (pI 5.1) single-chain antibody fragment (αCD22scFv) produced in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were determined as function of pH, NaCl, and Tween 20. The maximum extraction yield of αCD22scFv was achieved at pH 8 with 400 mM salt and 0.5% Tween. The effectiveness of mechanistically different precipitation methods (polymer, isoelectric, and salt) for reduction of DNA, chlorophyll, and host cell protein in cell lysates and clarified cell lysates was compared. Acid and ammonium sulfate precipitation significantly reduced host cell protein and chlorophyll in cell lysates and clarified cell lysates with a minimal loss of αCD22scFv. Precipitation of cell lysates and clarified cell lysates with chitosan (cationic polymer) was the best overall pretreatment method and was accompanied by 10–15% lower αCD22scFv recovery yield compared to the other two methods. To check compatibility of pretreated extracts with non-affinity adsorption chromatography, batch adsorption experiments of αCD22scFv from pretreated extracts were performed. Ammonium sulfate (1 M) pretreated extracts were not suitable for direct capture of αCD22scFv by phenyl sepharose resin because the target protein could not be adsorbed completely even in the presence of 1.5 M ammonium sulfate. αCD22scFv completely adsorbed onto Capto Q resin at pH 8 from acid- and chitosan-pretreated extract after reducing the extracts ionic strength to 4 mS. Capture chromatography of αCD22scFv from chitosan- and acid-pretreated extracts resulted in 20- and 13-purification fold, respectively.
HIV sexual transmission risks in the context of clinical care: a prospective study of behavioural correlates of HIV suppression in a community sample, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Introduction : Antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves the health of people living with HIV and has the potential to reduce HIV infectiousness, thereby preventing HIV transmission. However, the success of ART for HIV prevention hinges on sustained ART adherence and avoiding sexually transmitted infections (STI). Objectives : To determine the sexual behaviours and HIV transmission risks of individuals with suppressed and unsuppressed HIV replication (i.e., viral load). Methods : Assessed HIV sexual transmission risks among individuals with clinically determined suppressed and unsuppressed HIV. Participants were 760 men and 280 women living with HIV in Atlanta, GA, USA, who completed behavioural assessments, 28-daily prospective sexual behaviour diaries, one-month prospective unannounced pill counts for ART adherence, urine screening for illicit drug use and medical record chart abstraction for HIV viral load. Results : Individuals with unsuppressed HIV demonstrated a constellation of behavioural risks for transmitting HIV to uninfected sex partners that included symptoms of STI and substance use. In addition, 15% of participants with suppressed HIV had recent STI symptoms/diagnoses, indicating significant risks for sexual infectiousness despite their HIV suppression in blood plasma. Overall, 38% of participants were at risk for elevated sexual infectiousness and just as many engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse with non-HIV-infected partners. Conclusions : Implementation strategies for using HIV treatments as HIV prevention requires enhanced behavioural interventions that extend beyond ART to address substance use and sexual health that will otherwise undermine the potential preventive impact of early ART. Keywords: HIV prevention; treatment as prevention; sexual HIV transmission; HIV suppression. (Published: 5 August 2015) Citation: Kalichman SC et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2015, 18 :19930 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/19930 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.1.19930
Reliability-centric hardware/software co-design

This paper proposes a reliability-centric hardware/software co-design framework. This framework operates with a component library that provides multiple alternates for a given task, each of which is potentially different from the others in terms of reliability, performance, and area metrics. The paper also presents an experimental evaluation of the proposed co-design framework using several example designs and a comparison to a conventional co-design method that does not consider reliability. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed framework can be used to study the tradeoffs between area, performance, and reliability and that it is important to include reliability as a first class parameter in optimization.
A longitudinal latent variable analysis of reciprocal relations between depressive symptoms and delinquency during adolescence.

In this longitudinal study, reciprocal relations between depressive symptoms and delinquent behavior were examined for a sample of 1,218 male and female adolescents (mean age, 15.51 years at Time 1). Associations were examined within a latent variable approach, controlling for indicator-specific tendencies, students' age and parental education, time-specific 3rd-variable influences, level of prior problem behavior, and measurement error. Findings thus provided relatively unbiased estimates of existing plausible causal relations. Analyses revealed a relatively small unidirectional effect of delinquency on depression for boys (at 1 of 3 time points), and bidirectional effects of comparable size for girls. The circular process for the girls was explained drawing on gender socialization theory and theories of offending behavior. Implications for preventive interventions are also discussed.