cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osteocyte lacunae tissue strain in cortical bone

Current theories suggest that bone modeling and remodeling are controlled at the cellular level through signals mediated by osteocytes. However, the specific signals to which bone cells respond are still unknown. Two primary theories are: (1) osteocytes are stimulated via the mechanical deformation of the perilacunar bone matrix and (2) osteocytes are stimulated via fluid flow generated shear stresses acting on osteocyte cell processes within canaliculi. Recently, much focus has been placed on fluid flow theories since in vitro experiments have shown that bone cells are more responsive to analytically estimated levels of fluid shear stress than to direct mechanical stretching using macroscopic strain levels measured on bone in vivo. However, due to the complex microstructural organization of bone, local perilacunar bone tissue strains potentially acting on osteocytes cannot be reliably estimated from macroscopic bone strain measurements. Thus, the objective of this study was to quantify local perilacunar bone matrix strains due to macroscopically applied bone strains similar in magnitude to those that occur in vivo. Using a digital image correlation strain measurement technique, experimentally measured bone matrix strains around osteocyte lacunae resulting from macroscopic strains of approximately 2000 microstrain are significantly greater than macroscopic strain on average and can reach peak levels of over 30,000 microstrain locally. Average strain concentration factors ranged from 1.1 to 3.8, which is consistent with analytical and numerical estimates. This information should lead to a better understanding of how bone cells are affected by whole bone functional loading.
The evolution of viscoelasticity near the gel point of end‐linking poly(dimethylsiloxane)s

The linear viscoelasticity of polymers near the gel point can be described by two scaling laws. The material at the gel point has a power-law linear viscoelastic relaxation modulus, and the relaxation exponent has been found to vary with the composition of the precursor materials, i.e., it is not universal for gelation. A second scaling law describes the evolution of the linear viscoelastic properties through the gel point. The rate of change of the dynamic mechanical modulus/viscosity is observed to scale as a power-law function of frequency. This power-law function defines a dynamic critical exponent, and this has been found to be independent of precursor composition for end-linking poly(dimethylsiloxane) polymers and equal to κ = 0.21 ± 0.02. This exponent may be a universal measure of gelation. The technique of Time Resolved Mechanical Spectroscopy is used to observe the evolution of linear viscoelastic properties of crosslinking polymers in situ in the rheometer. A stretched exponential relaxation modulus describes the evolution of mechanical properties in the vicinity of the gel point very well. The exponents which characterize the divergence of the zero-shear viscosity and the equilibrium modulus are not universal, since they are related to the relaxation exponent and the dynamic critical exponent.
11,12-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-EET): Structural determinants for inhibition of TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression

A series of 11,12-EET analogues were synthesized and compared using a human endothelial cell based TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression assay. The resulting data were used to map a putative recognition/binding domain for 11,12-EET.
School-Based Clinics: Their Role in Helping Students Meet the 1990 Objectives

Service statistics and observations from site visits across the country indicate that school-based clinics (SBCs) may be having an impact on several of the problems tar geted in the 1990 health objectives, including unplanned pregnancy and substance abuse. At least 120 junior and senior high schools in 61 communities are currently operating or developing clinics. Growth is attributed to increasing concern about high- risk youth, especially among educators in their roles of "surrogate parents"; to dis illusion with categorical interventions and a movement toward more comprehensive services; and to student, parent, school, and community approval of the new programs. This article describes the comprehensive school-based clinic model, including its history, organizational strategies, school/community partnerships, and services.
Toward self‐assembling dendritic macromolecules from conventional monomers by a combination of living radical polymerization and irreversible terminator multifunctional initiator

TERMINI stands for irreversible terminator multifunctional initiator and represents a new concept elaborated in our laboratory for the design of novel macromolecules with complex architecture from a diversity of commercial monomers. TERMINI is a masked multifunctional initiator that quantitatively interrupts a living polymerization. After demasking, the TERMINI-derived repeat unit provides access to a quantitative reinitiation of the same living polymerization in more than one direction, thus becoming a branching point. In this article, with a combination of self-regulated metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization and TERMINI, we demonstrate a new method for the divergent synthesis of dendritic poly(methyl methacrylate) containing a bifunctional core at its focal point. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 505–513, 2004
Tectonics of the Easter plate

A new model for the Easter plate is presented in which rift propagation has resulted in the formation of a rigid plate between the propagating and dying ridges. The distribution of earthquakes, eleven new focal mechanisms, and existing bathymetric and magnetic data are used to describe the tectonics of this area. Both the Easter-Nazca and Easter-Pacific Euler poles are sufficiently close to the Easter plate to cause rapid changes in rates and directions of motion along the boundaries. The east and west boundaries are propagating and dying ridges; the southwest boundary is a slow-spreading ridge and the northern boundary is a complex zone of convergent and transform motion. The Easter plate may reflect the tectonics of rift propagation on a large scale, where rigid plate tectonics requires boundary reorientation. Simple schematic models to illustrate the general features and processes which occur at plates resulting from large-scale rift propagation are used.
Population structure of the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus as revealed by field manipulation of allele frequencies

Allele frequencies in natural T. californicus populations were perturbed by introduction of copepods from neighboring differentiated populations. In five experiments, the Gpt F allele was introduced into single recipient pools at a frequency of approximately 20%. In each case, the introduced allele declined to low frequencies (<3%) in less than one month, apparently due to dilution by residents of other pools on the same outcrop. In a larger scale experiment, the Pgi F was introduced into four pools on a single small rock outcrop; all pools on the outcrop were subsequently monitored. While the allele frequency fell from approximately 40% to 10% during the first six weeks after the transplant, no further change in frequency was observed for the duration of the experiment (16 months). Within six weeks some spread of the allele to non-recipient pools on the same outcrop was observed; by eight months, allele frequencies in all pools on the outcrop were similar. Hence, despite the extensive turnover of subpopulations as single pools evaporate or are washed out, genetic homogeneity and stability of entire outcrops are maintained via extensive inter-pool gene flow; this contrasts sharply with the highly restricted levels of inter-outcrop gene flow.
Endoscopic removal of esophageal condylomata acuminatum containing human papilloma virus

A 35-year-old white man presented in September 1988 complaining of dysphagia. A barium esophagram (Fig. 1) showed a bulky, irregularly shaped, broad-based polypoid lesion and several smaller lesions in the mid-esophagus, at the level of the carina. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed multiple white, verrucous lesions of various sizes and shapes in the mid-esophagus at 30 cm from the lips (Fig. 2). Histologic examination showed papillomatosis, koilocytosis, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and nuclear hyperchromasia consistent with a diagnosis of condyloma acuminatum (Fig. 3). DNA analysis using a human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA probe (Roche Biomedical) confirmed the presence of HPV types 6 and 11. Immune studies revealed delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, suggesting humoral immunodeficiency and/or impaired cellular immunity. The patient denied homosexual activity, intravenous drug abuse, and blood transfusion but tested positive for hepatitis B virus surface antibody. Human immunodeficiency virus serology was negative. In November 1988, he was referred to Duke University Medical Center specifically for attempted laser ablation of the condylomata. Two separate treatments with a Nd:YAG laser (3000 joules) were performed with unsatisfactory results. Heater probe application was also ineffective. Injection sclerotherapy on two occasions (a total of 16 ml of 1% sodium tetradecyl sulfate) produced only minor shrinkage of the lesions, without significant sloughing. In February 1989 diathermy snare electrocautery was used successfully to remove all but two very small lesions. Repeat endoscopy 2 months later showed the esophagus to be clear of lesions. The patient experienced rapid relief of his dysphagia and after 1 year remains asymptomatic.
Absorption spectra of HCFC-22 around 829 cm-1 at atmospheric conditions

Spectral absorption coefficients of HCFC-22 have been measured around 829/cm in the laboratory at various temperature-pressure combinations chosen to represent tangent heights (as in solar-occultation experiments) or layers in the atmosphere. The data measured employing the Doppler-limited spectra resolution (about 10 exp -4/cm) of a tunable diode laser spectrometer are free of instrumental distortion and are more practical in this case than the spectral line parameters adapted in conventional line-by-line procedures for analyzing atmospheric spectra. The present data obtained with N2 as the broadening gas are shown to be directly applicable to the real atmosphere.
Ecological evidence against vertical transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Delmarva Peninsula, USA

Studies designed to test the hypothesis that EEE virus was transmitted transovarially by Culiseta melanura, Aedes cantator, and Coquillettidia perturbans were conducted on the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. In 1982, transmission of EEE virus to sentinel quail was detected concurrently with the isolation of EEE virus from female Cs. melanura. During the same season, virus was not obtained from 4,504 larval and 5,689 male Cs. melanura, 5,559 female Ae. cantator, and 1,044 female Cq. perturbans. Similarly, evidence of EEE virus was not detected in 6,441 female and 33,427 field-collected, laboratory-reared Ae. cantator during 1984 in the same vicinity. Despite suggestions to the contrary, no evidence was found of any role for these 3 mosquito species in the transovarial/transstadial maintenance of EEE virus.
Enzymatic esterification of alkane-2,3-diols by the microsomes of the uropygial glands of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

Abstract Extracts of uropygial glands of ring-necked pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus ) catalyzed diester formation from tritiated C 18 alkane-2,3-diol. Monoacylated diol was also tentatively identified in the enzymatic product. Subcellular fractionation showed that the esterifying activity was located mainly in the microsomal fraction. ATP and CoA were required for the esterification process, and this reaction was stimulated by Mg 2+ . Source of the acyl moieties for esterification was endogenous, and addition of exogenous fatty acid inhibited the reaction. When microsomes were treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in order to remove the endogenous source of acyl moieties, palmitoyl-CoA substituted for the ATP and CoA requirement. The pH optimum with ATP and CoA was between 6.0–9.0, while maximal rates of esterification were obtained with palmitoyl-CoA from pH 7.0 to 9.0. Borate ions stimulated esterification. The half maximal velocity was obtained with 2.0 × 10 −4 , m diol, and 7.2 × 10 −5 , m palmitoyl-CoA. Thiol reagents severely inhibited the esterification reaction with ATP and CoA, while much less inhibition was observed when palmitoyl-CoA was used. It is concluded that a microsomal acyl-CoA-diol transacylase catalyzes stepwise acylation of alkane-2,3-diols to give the diol diester which constitute the major component of the uropygial lipids of ring-necked pheasants.
Learning new words II: Phonotactic probability in verb learning.

Phonotactic probability, a measure of the likelihood of occurrence of a sound sequence, appears to facilitate noun learning (H. L. Storkel, 2001). Nouns and verbs, however, tend to differ in rate o...
Aberration fields of a combination of plane symmetric systems: erratum

An erratum is presented to correct the graphic of linear astigmatism in Table 4 in [Opt. Express 16, 15655-15670 (2008)].
Growth hormone responses to propranolol-glucagon stimulation: a comparison with other tests of growth hormone reserve.

The sequential administration of oral propranolol and intramuscular glucagon was evaluated as a test of growth hormone (GH) reserve in 73 children with growth retardation. Side effects related to hypoglycemia or to propranolol were noted in 13% of the patients studied. Twenty children who failed to attain GH levels > 6 ng/ml following arginine and insulin administration also failed to respond to propranololglucagon. Mean GH levels in 49 children who responded to propranolol-glucagon were 5.0 ng/ml at the beginning of the test, 10.9 ng/ml following propranolol, and rose to 20.8 ng/ml following glucagon. Ten of these children also received an arginine infusion followed by glucagon injection. Eight had a GH response to both stimuli, one failed to respond to arginine and another to glucagon. Mean GH responses to glucagon following arginine were significantly lower than to arginine following propranolol. Fourteen children with normal GH responses to propranolol-glucagon had blood drawn 60 and 90 min after the ...
Lessons from animal models of NASH

Studies of animals with obesity-related liver disease have taught us much about the mechanisms that mediate this pathology. Our work with genetically obese, insulin-resistant ob/ob mice demonstrates that hepatocytes become steatotic and die at increased rates. Thus, ob/ob mice develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) spontaneously. NASH is intimately related to the insulin resistance (i.e., metabolic) syndrome, a constellation of disorders that result from abnormal production of hormones and cytokines that regulate inflammatory responses. Like humans with the metabolic syndrome, ob/ob mice exhibit increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) but relatively low levels of adiponectin. Because TNF and adiponectin typically antagonize each other, the combination of increased TNF and decreased adiponectin promotes a state of high TNF activity. Consequently, hepatocytes generate excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), have altered viability, accumulate lipid and are resistant to insulin. Treatments that inhibit TNF activity or that increase adiponectin improve NASH in ob/ob mice, other mice and humans with NASH. Hence, there is no doubt that cytokine and hormonal imbalances play a key role in the pathogenesis of NASH. However, the fundamental cellular events involved are still poorly understood. Even within very small areas of livers with NASH, most hepatocytes are merely steatotic, while others are ballooned (pre-necrotic), and still others have succumbed to apoptosis. This observation suggests cell-to-cell variability in the response to chronic inflammatory stress. In NASH, most steatotic hepatocytes survive by inducing adaptive, cytoprotective factors. However, such cells respond to super-imposed toxic and mitogenic stimuli differently than (3)naive(2) (un-adapted) hepatocytes. Fatty hepatocytes tend to be more vulnerable to ATP depletion and less proliferative, perpetuating chronic liver injury while encouraging the expansion of liver progenitor populations that may become neoplastic. Finally, like other causes of chronic injury, NASH increases the risk for cirrhosis. Studies of ob/ob mice demonstrate that progression to cirrhosis is potentiated by leptin. Leptin probably acts at multiple levels to promote hepatic fibrosis, including direct activation of stellate cells via leptin receptors, regulation of pro- and anti-fibrogenic cytokine production by innate immune cells, and modulation of other neuronal factors that regulate stellate cell activation. The latter two mechanisms seem to dominate because stellate cell activation, fibrogenic cytokine production, collagen gene expression and fibrosis can all be induced by manipulating cytokines and neuronal factors in ob/ob mice (that are genetically deficient in leptin). Thus, studies in mice have uncovered several basic mechanisms that explain the dysfunction that occurs in different types of liver cells during the metabolic syndrome. This has important therapeutic implications for human NASH.
Characteristics of Thermal Cavitation on a Two-Dimensional Hydrofoil

Cavitation in cryogenic rocket propellants was simulated using a surrogate fluid exhibiting thermodynamic properties similar to liquid hydrogen. A NACA 0015 hydrofoil was chosen to represent the leading edge of a turbopump inducer, and it was installed in a closed-loop facility filled with a fluid that exhibits a strong thermodynamic effect at ambient conditions. Static pressures were measured at seven locations along the hydrofoil chord and along the wall of the test section. Flow at Reynolds numbers up to 2×106 and temperature high enough to produce ΔT* above unity exploited the thermosensitive properties of the surrogate fluid. Sensitivity to isolated effects of velocity, cavitation number, temperature, and angle of attack were studied, and behavior of the cavity growth and collapse cycle is described. Cavitation was observed at local static pressure both above and below the vapor point corresponding to the inlet temperature. Pressure and frequency analysis of these phenomena is described.
Temperature compensation of OTA-based filters and amplifiers

A simple but effective temperature compensation scheme for OTA-based filters and amplifiers is introduced. It reduces the temperature sensitivity of the OTA transconductance by a factor of 10 or more. Low-tolerance or matched resistors are not required.
Properties of the Sodium Extrusion Mechanism Controlled by Nerve Growth Factor in Chick Embryo Dorsal Root Ganglionic Cells

: Cell dissociates from embryonic chick dorsal root ganglia, incubated for 6 h with 22Na+, accumulated four to six times more radioactivity in the absence than in the presence of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). The accumulation of radioactivity paralleled the external Na+ concentration, indicating that the cells may have been reaching equilibrium with the medium. Delayed presentation of NGF to 22Na+-loaded cells caused a rapid loss of radioactivity, even with extracellular 22Na+ still present, demonstrating that NGF caused an overall efflux of Na+ rather than an accelerated equilibration. The Na+ exclusion from 22Na+-loaded cells was dependent upon NGF concentration. Use of nutrient-rich medium, serum, and certain hormones and other proteins did not prevent the Na+ accumulation in the absence of NGF or its reversion by delayed NGF administration. Incubation of the ganglionic cells with ouabain or dinitrophenol during the 22Na+ loading period (no NGF) increased the rate, but not the magnitude, of loading. The same incubation carried out in a Na+-free medium and followed by 22Na+ presentation resulted in fast radioactive loading that was identical to that occurring in drug-free, NGF-deprived cells and was not prevented by presentation of NGF together with the 22Na+. These data are consistent with a model in which NGF acts through a Na+ pump rather than by restricting Na+ influxes.
Sediment subduction and frictional sliding in a subduction zone

New experimental data for the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of clays at high pressure and high temperature are applied to model the frictional sliding in a subduction zone. The model is believed applicable because of the large volume of pelagic sediments that appear to have been subducted with the oceanic plate along active Pacific margins. This model also is used to interpret the seismicity in a subduction zone and the heat flow across an arc-trench system.
Erythrocyte depletion of ABO-incompatible bone marrow.

Bone marrow transplantation results in the infusion of 150 to 360 ml of erythrocytes. While this poses no problem to a recipient of marrow from an ABO-compatible donor, it clearly represents a serious risk of intravascular hemolysis for the recipient of an ABO-incompatible marrow. Thus, there is a need for removing incompatible erythrocytes from the marrow preparation. We removed erythrocytes from the marrow preparations by automated centrifugation. The erythrocyte-depleted marrow (EDM) contained a mean of 5 ml erythrocytes, representing an average reduction of 98%. The mean mononuclear cell recovery was 88%, resulting in a mean infusion of 0.6 X 10(8) cells/Kg of recipient's body weight in a final average volume of 155 ml. EDM was infused into 22 ABO-incompatible marrow recipients (21 patients with hematologic malignancies and one patient with aplastic anemia) without clinical evidence of hemolysis. The isohemagglutinin titers of recipients ranged from 4 to 4096 and were not lowered prior to infusion. Engraftment (i.e., recovery of peripheral leukocyte and platelet counts) and incidence of graft versus host disease were similar to those observed in recipients of ABO-compatible marrow transplantation. Erythrocyte engraftment was significantly delayed in only one patient who had a high isohemagglutinin titer. The post-transplantation red cell requirement was increased in EDM recipients: 9 units compared to 6 units in ABO-compatible bone marrow transplanted patients with neither hemolysis nor interference with successful engraftment.
071 TGF‐ß‐Mediated Paracrine Regulation of Keratinocyte Wound Closure

The importance of stromal-epithelial interactions in wound healing is well established. These interactions likely involve autocrine and paracrine action of multiple growth factors, including members of the TGF-s family. TGF-s1, s2 and s3 isoforms signal by sequentially binding to the TGF-s type II and type I receptors, respectively. We address the role of TGF-s signaling in dermal fibroblasts using a conditional fibroblastic TGF-s type II receptor knockout mouse model (termed FsKO). We found that the loss of TGF-s signaling in the dermal fibroblasts results in accelerated excision-wound closure compared with similar wounds in wild type mice. The mechanism of the altered rate of re-epitheliaization in the FsKO mice was examined with regard to keratiocyte motility and proliferation. The migration of keratinocytes through collagen I coated 8 μm pore filters in the presence or absence of fibroblast-conditioned media was tested. These experiments showed increased keratinocyte migration when incubated with FsKO dermal fibroblast conditioned media compared to media conditioned in wild type fibroblasts. Immuno-histochemical staining of paraffin embedded intact skin indicated both wild type and FsKO mice had similar low levels of keratinocyte proliferation, based on Ki67 staining. In healing wounds, only the distal wound edges of wild type mice were proliferative. In contrast, the FsKO mice exhibited elevated proliferation across the length of the wound, including the leading edge of epithelial closure. Together our results suggest TGF-s signaling by the dermal fibroblasts suppresses re-epithelialization of excision wounds by regulating keratinocyte motility and proliferation through paracrine mechanisms. Funding: DOD BC99184 and NIH CA85492.
Steady surficial core motions: An alternate method

A new method for deriving steady surficial core motions from geomagnetic field models is presented and applied. The original method determines the steady velocity field at the top of a frozen-flux core which best fits, in both the spatial and temporal linear least squares sense, a model of the large scale geomagnetic secular variation (SV) at the base of a source-free mantle (Voorhies, 1986). New method is based upon the same physical assumptions, but fits SV at earth's surface instead of the core-mantle boundary (CMB). The newly derived flow differs somewhat from prior solutions, and shows but slight westward drift; however, other key global properties are virtually unchanged. Over a 15 year interval the new method provides a better fit to the time-varying geomagnetic field at earth's surface than does the old.
Individual faults can't produce a Gutenberg-Richter earthquake recurrence

Abstract Individual faults within a region cannot have a Gutenberg-Richter recurrence if the total of earthquakes within the region follow a Gutenberg-Richter recurrence. Few faults have produced and adequate number of earthquakes to establish the nature of recurrence on them. Broad seismic regions, however, for which there is a statistically viable earthquake data set, have been shown to obey a Gutenberg-Richter recurrence with a slope of about 1. A Gutenberg-Richter recurrence is often assumed for faults in probabilistic seismic hazard analyses. The requirement that individual faults cannot produce earthquakes with this recurrence casts doubt on the validity of such probabilistic methods. Errors in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis tend to be amplified in the calculation of rare earthquake probabilities and it is these rare earthquakes for which critical facilities must be designed. Therefore, sole use of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for critical facilities is not recommended.
Is gastric electrical stimulation an effective therapy for patients with drug-refractory gastroparesis?

Gastroparesis is a poorly defined and poorly understood chronic digestive disorder that is difficult to treat. This Viewpoint article discusses evidence for the use of gastric electrical stimulation in patients with drug-refractory gastroparesis, and highlights directions for future research.
Chimeric evidence for a role of the connexin cytoplasmic loop in gap junction channel gating

Gap junction channels are regulated by gates that close upon exposure to 100% CO2, probably via an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i. For defining connexin (Cx) domain(s) involved in gating, we have studied chemical and voltage gating sensitivities of channels made of Cx38, Cx32 or chimeras of the above, expressed inXenopus oocytes. Cx38 channels are more sensitive to CO2 and voltage than those of Cx32. A 3-min exposure to 100% CO2 reduces Cx38 junctional conductance (Gj) to 0% of initial values at a maximum rate of 25%/min, whereas even a 15-min exposure to 100% CO2 reduces Cx32Gj by approximately 50% at the slow rate of 9%/min. Of the various Cx32 mutants and Cx32/38 chimeras constructed, two chimeras (Cx32/38I and Cx32/38N) expressed functional channels. Upon exposure to CO2, channels made of Cx32/38I (Cx32 inner loop replaced with that of Cx38) reproduced precisely the uncoupling behavior of Cx38 channels in uncoupling magnitude and in both uncoupling and recoupling rates, whereas channels made of Cx32/38N (N-terminus replaced) behaved closer to Cx32 than to Cx38 channels. Cx38 channels were more voltage sensitive than those of Cx32, withV0, i.e., the transjunctional voltage at which voltage-sensitive conductance is half maximal = 35.3 and 59.5 mV andn, i.e., equivalent gating charge = 3.3 and 2.1, respectively. Of the two chimeras, Cx32/38I channels were similar to Cx38 channels, withV0 = 40.6 mVGj min i.e., the theoretical minimal normalized junctional conductance = 0.35 andn = 3.0, whereas Cx32/38 N channels displayed very low voltage sensitivity, withV0 = 84.8 mVGj min = 0.5 andn = 1.1. The data suggest that the inner loop plays a major role in pH and voltage gating sensitivity, but whether other domains also participate in the gating mechanism cannot be excluded.
Population, Warfare, and the Male Supremacist Complex

A demographic analysis of 561 local band and village populations fro m 112 societies found that male-supremacy social patterns were overwhelmingly predominant and that this male supremacy complex leads to both overt and covert female infanticide. Patrilocal or virilocal residence patterns were found in 48% compared with 22% matrilocal or uxorilocal and 19% bilocal. Polygyny was found in 84.8% compared with .6% for polyandry and 14.6% for monogamy. This practice may actually provide a defense for female children because they are needed to supply multiple wives. Brideprice is found in 57% while no corresponding groomprice is found in any society. Demographic analysis of 160 band and village populations censused prior to modern contact and while they still practiced warfare showed average sex ratio in age group 14 and und er of 128 boys to 100 girls indicating postpartum selection. Many cultures with markedly skewed ratios deny they practice any infanticide at all indicating such covert selection as clandestine aggression and various forms of malign and/or benign neglect. It is hypothesized that the perpetuation of warfare in band and village society and its interaction with selective female infanticide is a response to the need to regulate population growth in the absence of effective or less costly alternatives. In these same societies after tribal warfare had been suppressed for 26 years or more male: female ratios approached a more b iological normal. A hypothesis following this is that any sudden shift from high-protein low-calorie diets to low-protein high-calorie diets among less developed peoples may produce a spurt of population growth followed by an increase in female infanticide and intensification of warfare. This hypothesis has yet to be tested.
Differential accrual of frequency in verbal-discrimination learning

The notion that Ss build up a different number of frequency units for correct and incorrect items of a verbal-discrimination task was tested. Following verbal-discrimination learning, Ss were given a recognition retention test. It was found that they correctly identified more of the correct than incorrect members of pairs. This is in support of the tested notion.
Anthraquinones with quinone reductase-inducing activity and benzophenones from Morinda citrifolia (noni) roots

Two new benzophenones, morintrifolins A ( 1) and B ( 2), together with 14 known anthraquinones and four other known compounds, were isolated from a chloroform-soluble extract of Morinda citrifolia roots. Of the isolated compounds, four known anthraquinones, namely, 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone ( 3), 1,3-dihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone ( 4), 2-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)anthraquinone ( 5), and 1,3,6-trihydroxy-2-methylanthraquinone ( 6), exhibited quinone reductase (QR)- inducing activity in Hepa lclc7 cells, with concentrations required to double QR activity of 12.0, 8.1, 0.94, and 0.56 microM, respectively.
THE ASSAY OF BITTERNESS IN BEERS FLAVOURED WITH ISOHUMULONE CONCENTRATES

The Rigby-Bethune rapid methods for determining bitterness in beer are compared with Moltke-Meilgaard measurements. A new assay is presented which is suitable for the determination of bitterness in beers flavoured with isohumulone concentrates.
The organizational science of disaster/terrorism prevention and response: Theory‐building toward the future of the field

The organizational science of disaster and terrorism is underdeveloped. In an effort to help promote it and, based on a review of existing literature as well as lessons learned from the process of developing the special issue, two models and derived sample propositions for future research are offered. The models span multiple levels and use system, network, and identity theories to tie together key constructs. Existing conceptual views of, and research on, organizations and disaster/terrorism are considered, and missing and under-researched concepts are identified. Proposed linkages among constructs are offered to produce nomological networks for the organizational science of disaster/terrorism intended to help guide the future development of the field. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convenient immunofixation electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane

Abstract Applying polyspecific antiserum onto cellulose acetate membrane after electrophoretic separation can result in a simultaneous fixation of multiple antigens as discrete bands with a resolving power of at least 30 ng protein per band.
Decreased levels of internalized thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors after uncoupling from guanine nucleotide-binding protein and phospholipase-C

Internalization of TRH receptor (TRH-R) is dependent on sequences/structures in the receptor carboxyl-terminal tail. Here, we studied whether coupling to guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein) and phospholipase-C (PLC) is involved in internalization. We constructed two mutant TRH-Rs: delta 218-263 TRH-R, in which most of the residues that form the putative third intracellular loop were deleted, and D71A TRH-R, in which an Asp in the putative second transmembrane helix was mutated to Ala; these TRH-Rs did not activate PLC when expressed transiently in COS-1 cells. In contrast to wild-type (WT) TRH-Rs, approximately 60% of which were internalized at steady state after binding methyl-HisTRH, only approximately 15% of delta 218-263 and D71A TRH-Rs were internalized. Thus, mutant TRH-Rs that do not activate PLC, most likely because they are uncoupled from G-proteins, are internalized to lesser extents than WT TRH-Rs. We also studied the effects of U73122 (1-[6-[[17 beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-1...
CYP1B1, a developmental gene with a potential role in glaucoma therapy.

The association of CYP1B1 gene alterations in primary congenital glaucoma individuals has been known for about a decade. Recent evidence has shown the involvement of CYP1B1 mutations in a number of...
Differential effects of classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on A9 and A10 dopamine neurons

Prolonged treatment with classical antipsychotic drugs decreased the number of spontaneously active dopamine neurons in both the substantia nigra (A9) and the ventral tegmental area (A10) of the rat brain. In contrast, treatment with atypical antipsychotic drugs selectively decreased the number of A10 dopamine neurons. Related drugs lacking antipsychotic efficacy failed to decrease dopamine activity. These findings suggest that the inability of atypical antipsychotic drugs to decrease A9 dopamine neuronal activity may be related to their lower potential for causing tardive dyskinesia and that the inactivation of A10 neurons may be involved in the delayed onset of therapeutic effects during treatment.
Dynamics of poly(methyl methacrylate)-montmorillonite nanocomposites: A dielectric study

Abstract The effect of varying amounts of montmorillonite (MMT) filler (in weight ratios of 100/0, 100/5, and 100/10) on the molecular dynamics and polarization of atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is investigated using broad-band dielectric spectroscopy from 10 −2 to 10 6 Hz and at temperatures from 30 to 140 °C. The experimental data were analyzed with the sum of Havriliak–Negami (HN) functions and a power-law conduction term. The characteristic frequency, activation energies, and dielectric strength of PMMA/MMT nanocomposites were analyzed. As MMT content increases, a Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars (MWS) relaxation emerges in the nanocomposites and the α-relaxation contributed by main-chain movements above T g occurs at lower temperatures as silicate layers in MMT segregate PMMA chains into smaller domains. The characteristic frequency of β-relaxations is influenced by the mergence with the α-relaxation above T g . Further, the strength of the β-relaxation is stable as a function of temperature in both pure PMMA and the PMMA/MMT nanocomposites whereas, in the nanocomposites, the strengths of the α- and MWS relaxations increase significantly with temperature up to approximately 120 °C.
Solvent effects on the physicochemical properties of the cross-linked histidine-tyrosine ligand of cytochrome c oxidase.

Density functional theory was used to explore the effects of aqueous solvation on the structure, vibrational frequencies, and the electronic absorption spectrum of 2-(4-methylimidazol-1-yl)-phenol (Me-ImPhOH), a chemical analogue of the cross-linked histidine−tyrosine CuB ligand of cytochrome c oxidase. In addition, the phenolic−OH pKa, the anodic redox potential for the biring radical/anion couple, and the phenolic−OH bond dissociation energy were calculated relative to phenol using a series of isodesmic reactions. In the gas phase, the imidazole moiety stabilizes the biring anion for all the models and greatly decreases the phenolic−OH pKa relative to phenol. Moreover, the conductor−like polarizable continuum model (C-PCM)-water-solvated reactions predict ΔpKa values that are five times smaller than the gas-phase reactions, in agreement with the proposed role of the cross-linked histidine−tyrosine as a proton donor in the enzyme. For the neutral biring radical solvation models, the imidazole moiety indu...
An Expert System For Labeling Segments In Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) Imagery

An expert system for labeling high priority potential targets, low priority potential targets, roads, trees, forests, and potential clearings in FLIR imagery is presented. This expert system consists of three stages: the initial labeling experts, initial label conflict resolution, and a final relaxation labeling stage. The techniques used in these stages are presented. Examples of segmentation and segment labeling are shown.
Exploiting Hybrid SPM-Cache Architectures to Reduce Energy Consumption for Embedded Computing

Scratch-Pad Memories (SPMs) have been increasingly used in embedded systems due to their time predictability and better energy efficiency as compared to caches. However, the SPM is typically controlled by software, which is less adaptive to runtime instruction/data access patterns that are dependent on the input data and hence may lead to performance degradation. In this paper, we study the energy dissipation of a number of hybrid on-chip memory architectures by combining both caches and SPMs without increasing the total on-chip memory size. In the hybrid SPM-cache architectures, the instructions/data in the SPMs can be accessed more energy-efficiently, while other instructions/data not stored into the SPMs can exploit the cache to take advantage of runtime locality for reducing energy consumption. Our experimental results indicate that with the equivalent total on-chip memory size, several hybrid SPM-cache architectures are more energy-efficient than either pure software-controlled SPMs or pure hardware-controlled caches. In particular, using the hybrid SPM-cache to store both instructions and data can achieve the best energy efficiency.
A two-parameter fracture mechanics model for fatigue crack growth in brittle materials

Nonstandard samples were used to conduct fatigue experiments on brittle material (PMMA) to study the effect of local state of stress at crack tip on fatigue crack propagation rate (FCPR). Results indicated that FCPR cannot be generally characterized by cyclic stress intensity factor range alone and that a second parameter representing the influence of K-dominance zone size and nonsingular stress field is needed. New phenomenological model based on the two-parameter fracture mechanics is proposed for FCPR prediction. Model allows accurate transferability of laboratory data to life prediction in service situations of defects in engineering components under fatigue conditions.
Projection of delay in Ge and Si high-speed switching circuits

This paper will describe a 1-dimensional transistor analysis program featuring Fermi statistics, saturated velocity and transient effects that predicts switching delays (loaded, packaged CSEF circuits) Of 50 ps(Ge) and 150 ps(SI) for near-ultimate impurity profiles, and at current densities of 105A/cm2.
Limited communication and management of emergency department hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients.

BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia is often overlooked and unaddressed in hospitalized patients, and early and intensive management may improve outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate communication and early management of emergency department (ED) hyperglycemia. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with an initial serum glucose ≥140 mg/dL at an urban, academic institution. We randomly selected cases from a consecutive sample of ED visits with at least 1 serum glucose result during a 1-year period. We recorded clinical data and compared the content of inpatient and ED-written discharge instructions. RESULTS: Of the 27,688 initial ED glucose results during the study period, 3517 (13%) were 140-199 mg/dL, and 2304 (8%) values were ≥200 mg/dL. In our sample of 385 patients, 293 (76%) patients were hospitalized. Inpatient or ED discharge instructions informed 36 (10%) patients of their hyperglycemia and 23 (6%) of a plan for further evaluation and management. There was no difference between inpatient and ED instructions for either of these variables (P = 0.73 and 0.16, respectively). Overall, 107 (55%) patients with glucose values 140-199 mg/dL and 31 (16%) patients with glucose ≥200 mg/dL had no prior diabetes diagnosis. Only 61 (16%) received insulin in the ED for their hyperglycemia, and hyperglycemia was charted as a diagnosis in 36 (9%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: Most ED patients with even mild hyperglycemia were hospitalized. Recognition, communication, and management of ED hyperglycemia were suboptimal and represent a missed opportunity to identify undiagnosed diabetes and to initiate early glycemic control for hospitalized patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:45–49. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
The Changing Relationship Between Nonprofit Organizations and Public Social Service Agencies in the Era of Welfare Reform

The implementation of welfare reform in the United States provides another opportunity to assess the relationship between nonprofits and public social service agencies. The primary goal of this analysis is to identify the major forces affecting the county social services agencies as they sought to implement welfare reform and how these forces can affect the agency’s relationship with community-based nonprofit service providers. The internal and external dimensions of the organizational change process are assessed in terms of the central concepts of devolution, privatization, and community building.
Age-dependent decreases of high energy phosphates in cerebral gray matter of patients with bipolar I disorder: A preliminary phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study

Abstract Objectives To identify abnormalities in high energy phosphate cerebral metabolism in euthymic bipolar disorder. Methods Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (31P MRSI) data were acquired from the entire brain of 9 euthymic adults with bipolar disorder and 13 healthy adults. Estimates of phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in homogeneous gray and white matter were obtained by tissue regression analysis. Results Analyses of covariance revealed the effect of age to be significantly different between bipolar and healthy groups for concentrations of PCr (p=0.0018) and ATP (p=0.013) in gray matter. These metabolites were negatively correlated with age in gray matter in bipolar subjects while PCr was positively correlated with age in gray matter of healthy subjects. Additionally, age-corrected concentrations of PCr in gray matter were significantly elevated in bipolar subjects (p=0.0048). Limitations Given that this cross-sectional study possessed a small sample and potentially confounding effects of medication status, we recommend a larger, longitudinal study to more robustly study relationships between bioenergetic impairment and duration of disease. Conclusions Our results suggest bioenergetic impairment related to mitochondrial function may be progressive in multi-episode bipolar subjects as they age.
Effect of chronic administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate on salt appetite of captopril-treated rats.

Chronic dietary administration of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril (1.0 g/kg food), induced an appetite for 0.15 m NaCl solution relative to distilled water in a two-bottle ad libitum access paradigm. Graded doses of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) were administered to the captopril-treated rats via Silastic tubes implanted sc. A Ushaped dose-response relationship was observed between dose of DOCA and intake of 0.15 m NaCl solution. The lowest intake of NaCl occurred with a dose of 102.1 ng DOCA/day (333 μg/kg·day). Water and food intakes were not affected significantly. At the end of the first week of treatment with DOCA, pilocarpine (3.0 mg/kg, ip.)-stimulated salivary chloride concentration was measured. The relationship between salivary chloride concentration and mean intake of 0.15 m NaCl solution was also U shaped, with the minimal NaCl intake associated with a salivary chloride concentration of 54 meq/liter. During the second week of treatment with DOCA, all rats were off...
Conduction electron spin resonance in acceptor-type graphite intercalation compounds☆

Abstract An initial survey of the conduction electron spin resonance is presented for a series of graphite compounds intercalated with acceptor molecules: stages 1–3 AsF 5 , stages 2–5 HNO 3 , and stage 2 Br 2 and ICl. The g-values and lineshapes were studied as functions of temperature and concentration. The results suggest metallic behavior but with very small density of states at the Fermi energy: N(E F ) ∼10 20 /cm 3 eV. The temperature dependence of the linewidth is dominated by an order-disorder transition of the intercalant layers, implying that the conduction electrons are not entirely confined to the graphite portion of the crystal. The decrease in g-value anisotropy upon intercalation can be understood in terms of Elliott's theory.
Cost and complexity: Selection for speech and language

The handicap principle has been applied to a number of different traits in the last three decades, but it is difficult to characterize its record, or even its perceived relevance, when it comes to an important human attribute-spoken language. In some cases, assumptions regarding the energetic cost of speech, and the veracity of linguistically encoded messages, have failed to recognize critical aspects of human development, cognition, and social ecology. In other cases, the fact that speech contains honest (physiological) information, and tends to be used honestly with family and friends, has been overlooked. Speech and language are functionally related but they involve different resources. Individuals can increase the attractiveness of their speech, and of more stylized vocal and verbal performances, without enhancing linguistic structure or content; and they can modify their use of language without significant changes in the physical form of speech. That its production costs are normally low enables speech to be produced extravagantly in bids for status and mating relationships, and in evolution, may have allowed its content--linguistic knowledge and structure--to become complex.