cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1H- and 13C-n.m.r. studies on naphtha and light distillate saturate hydrocarbon fractions obtained from in-situ shale oil

Shale oil, obtained from an in-situ oil shale experiment, from the Green River formation in Southwestern Wyoming was thermally fractionated into naphtha, light distillate, heavy distillate and residue fractions. The naphtha and light distillate fractions were further separated into saturates, olefins and aromatic subfractions. 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectra and mass spectral data were obtained for the saturated hydrocarbons of the naphtha and light distillate fractions. Resonances in the n.m.r. spectra were assigned to normal alkanes and to methyl- and dimethyl-branched alkanes. The composition as determined by n.m.r. of the naphtha saturates was found to be ≈82% straight-chain alkanes with an average carbon-chain-length of ≈C11 and ≈18% branched/cyclo-alkanes. The composition of the light distillate saturates was found to be ≈ 69% straight-chain alkanes with an average carbon-chain-length of ≈C15and ≈31% branched/cyclo-alkanes. The dimethyl-branched alkanes in both saturate fractions were proposed to have the molecular substructure of saturated isoprenoids. In the naphtha saturates the isoprenoid substructure is evident. However, in the light distillate saturates, both isoprenoid substructures, and , are evident. 13C spin-lattice re-laxation times also were determined for the dominant resonances observed in the spectra of the naphtha and light distillate saturates. Relaxation times for the molecular species in the naphtha saturate fraction were observed to be longer than those observed for the light distillate saturate fraction. It was found that the ratio of the overall average relaxation times for the naphtha and light distillate saturate fractions corresponded to the inverse ratio of the average molecular weights of each fraction as determined from average alkane carbon-chain-length determination. Intermolecular (segmental) motion of the carbon chain of the straight-chain alkanes in both saturate fractions is also evident from the relaxation time measurements.
Modeling and control of a micro-positioning tower

Abstract The design of a feedback controller for the z-motion of a positioning tower made up of a vertical motion micro-positioning stage situated on a pair of x−y Klinger stages is discussed. A three-degree of freedom dynamic model was built using frequency response experimental data to represent the dynamics of the micropositioning positioning tower system in the vertical direction. Based on this model, a controller was designed which combines a PID closed-loop controller and a 4th-order Chebyshev lowpass filter in series. Both simulation and real-time tests were performed for the designed control scheme, and the tracking control performance, disturbance rejection and oscillation suppression have improved using this controller. The settling time of the designed closed-loop control system is one third of that of the open-loop system, and frequency response tests on the real system show that a flat magnitude response with less than 3 dB attenuation is achieved over the frequency range of 0–75 Hz using this controller.
A Sociology of Religion and Homosexuality

Clashes of Christianity and sexuality have been front page news contenders for the past several months. Recently, a handful of U.S. Catholic Bishops indicated that they intend to take seriously a missive from the Pope stating that Catholics who disagree with church teaching on matters of abortion and same-sex marriage should not receive Holy Communion. In one extreme case, a Denver Bishop has proclaimed that Catholics who vote for politicians who support abortion and same-sex marriage should not be allowed Communion. Many observers of the current swell of evangelical activity being organized around anti-gay political initiatives are dismayed about what would appear to be an obvious conflict of church and state. At the same time, and sometimes in direct resistance to the anti-totem of homosexuality that seems to focus the minds and hearts of many evangelical Christians, several Christian groups are openly supporting lesbian and gay members, including the ordinations of these people to positions of religious leadership. If nothing else, this is a moment of historical foment, a social movement being played out in the pews as well as in the polls. The sociological literature currently available for making sense of this activity is sparse. The lack of analytical literature reinforces a stereotypical polarization of Christianity and (homo)sexuality with the result that a richly complicated field of social relations is being neglected. Three new books problematize the relationship between Christianity and homosexuality in useful and nuanced ways. Each provides a lens for viewing this complicated landscape critically and in terms of theoretically grounded empirical material that does much to refocus questions away from cultural stereotypes and toward sociological inquiry. In Weathering Change, Tom Linneman wants us to consider the significance of "political climates" and the relationship of these climates to people's perceptions of their sociopolitical context and their subsequent political activity (or lack thereof). As Weathering Change: Gays and Lesbians, Christian Conservatives, and Everyday Hostilities, by Thomas J. Linneman. New York: New York University Press, 2003. 267 pp. $55.00 cloth. ISBN: 0-81475187-3. $19.00 paper. ISBN: 0-8147-51881.
An improved and versatile synthetic route to 6,7:13,14-dibenzo-1,8,4,11-dioxadiazacyclotetradecane

A new and effective synthetic pathway to 6,7:13,14-dibenzo-1,8,4,11-dioxadiazacyclotetradecane (1) has been developed. Beginning from salicylic acid, this synthetic pathway involves five high yielding steps to afford the macrocycle 6,7:13,14-dibenzo-1,8,4,11-dioxadiazacyclotetradecane-3,10-dione. Reduction of this macrocycle afforded the dioxadiaza crown 1 with an overall yield of 60%.
Adaptive mesh simulations of multi-physics processes during pellet injection in tokamaks

We present the results of fully 3D adaptive mesh MHD simulations of fueling pellets injected into tokamaks. The Chombo framework for block structured local adaptive mesh refinement (AMR), extended to use the equilibrium magnetic coordinates, is employed to mitigate the problems due to the large range of spatial scales. Generalized upwinding techniques are employed to deal with sharp gradients. The modeling includes a semi-analytical kinetic treatment of the transport of electron energy flux which drives the ablation. We discuss the phenomenology of the mass redistribution processes involving the density equilibrating along field lines and transport across surfaces (in the large-major-radius direction).
5-HT1A and 5-HT1C/1D receptor agonists produce reciprocal effects on male sexual behavior of rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Research has indicated that serotonin (5-HT) is involved in regulating male sexual behavior in rodent, as well as primate species. The present study was designed to further characterize 5-HT influences on male sexual behavior of rhesus monkeys. Experiment 1 examined the effects of 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 1C/1D receptor stimulation on penile erections and yawning behavior. Administration of the 5-HT 1C/1D receptor agonist, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP, 0.8 and 3.0 mg/kg), facilitated the occurence of penile erections, and at doses greater than 0.2 mg/kg stimulated yawning. By contrast, the 5-HT 1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT,0.01–0.2 mg/kg) did not significantly influence penile erections or yawning behavior. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of m-CPP and 8-OH-DPAT on the behavior of male monkeys in the presence of a sexually receptive female monkey which the males could see, hear and smell, but not physically contact. Administration of m-CPP along with presentation of a receptive female stimulated penile erections to a greater extent than they were stimulated by either one of these manipulations alone. Administration of 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) produced a decrease in the percent of monkeys exhibiting penile erections in the presence of the female. In this experiment, yawning was affected in opposite directions, with m-CPP stimulating and 8-OH-DPAT decreasing the frequency of yawning. Experiment 3 assessed the effects of m-CPP on male copulatory behavior of rhesus monkeys. Administration of m-CPP (0.8–3.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent decline in the percent of males initiating copulation and achieving ejaculation. In sum, the results of this study suggest that with regards to 5-HT regulation of male primate sexual behavior, there appears to be a reciprocal relationship between 5-HT 1C/1D and 5-HT 1A receptor stimulation. Stimulation of 5-HT 1C/1D receptors facilitates penile erections and interferes with ejaculation, while stimulation of 5-H 1A receptors inhibits penile erections and promotes ejaculation.
Activity and subunit functions of immobilized bacterial luciferase.

Abstract Immobilized luciferase was studied with regard to its reactivity and subunit functions. When immobilized on a matrix (Sepharose 6B), neither the alpha nor the beta subunit alone exhibited luciferase activity. However, for both subunits (so attached), denaturation followed by renaturation in the presence of the second subunit resulted in the recovery of activity on the matrix. It was thus confirmed that both of the two different subunits (alpha and beta) are required for luciferase activity, even after immobilization. Recovery of activity was approximately the same or slightly less with alpha-immobilized luciferase compared with the beta-immobilized enzyme under our experimental conditions. Generally, immobilized luciferase exhibited both a lower FMNH 2 binding affinity and maximum light emission activity in comparison with free native luciferase, but surprisingly, it exhibited no change in the rate constant for the luminescence, this being a measure of the catalytic turnover time. The alpha-subunit-immobilized (renatured with beta) luciferase possessed a lower FMNH 2 binding affinity compared with beta-subunit-immobilized (renatured with alpha) luciferase. Since the protein attachment to the CNBr-activated Sepharose 6B occurs by way of an amino group of luciferase, it was suggested that the binding of FMNH 2 on luciferase, but not the subsequent catalytic steps, is dependent upon some exposed amino groups on both alpha and beta subunits.
Young Children's Understanding of Intention

Abstract Three studies were done to determine when children begin to understand people's intentions as mental-representational states (Searle's prior intentions) and as instantiated in purposive, goal-directed behaviors (Searle's intentions-in-action) that are distinguishable both from the people's desires or preferences and from the outcomes of the actions their intentions engender. Three- and four-year-olds were presented with stories in which the story characters' intentions differed both from their desires or preferences and from the outcomes of their efforts to carry out their intentions. The 3-year-olds, especially the younger ones, showed little ability to distinguish intentions from desires and outcomes. In contrast, most of the 4-year-olds were able to make these distinctions consistently. These and other recent differential studies suggest that children begin to develop a differentiated conception of intention at around 3 1/2 or 4 years of age.
A Survey of Expressive Communication Skills in Children With Angelman Syndrome

Angelman syndrome (AS) results from partial deletion of the 15th chromosome (Knoll et al., 1989) and occurs in approximately 1 per 10,000 live births (Petersen, Brondum-Nielsen, Hansen, & Wulff, 19...
Transitions between the multiple steady states in a natural ventilation system with combined buoyancy and wind driven flows

Abstract Natural ventilation systems may have multiple steady states in the combined buoyancy and wind driven mode due to the nonlinearity of the systems. Previous studies have shown that some of the steady states are locally stable for small disturbances. However, the system can flip over from one stable steady state to another under sufficiently strong perturbations. In this paper, the mechanism of such state transitions is quantitatively investigated by a dynamical system approach. The transition dynamics between the stable steady states is examined by the system's responses to two types of perturbations—heat source fluctuations and wind variations. Two important parameters—the minimum perturbation magnitude and the minimum perturbation time to switch from one stable steady state to another—are defined to describe the transition requirements. The result from a previous experimental study was discussed and explained by these state transition behaviors. The transition dynamics between two stable steady states under perturbations are found important to the robustness of the stable steady states, which can be quantitatively described by the minimum perturbation time and the minimum perturbation magnitude. The experimental and numerical simulation results from another existing study are successfully explained by these two parameters. The applications of the developed perturbation method are further discussed.
Experience with elective surgery in renal allograft recipients.

Abstract Twenty-one of 180 patients who had received renal allografts during a nine and a half year period underwent twenty-four elective procedures twenty-four hours to five years after transplantation. All survived operation, but two patients died within the postoperative period of conditions that existed before surgery. Two additional patients died of unrelated causes three and ten months after surgery. The remaining seventeen patients are alive and well and have satisfactory to excellent renal function, with the exception of one patient who is on maintenance hemodialysis after transplant nephrectomy for oxalosis. Data indicate that elective surgery can be undertaken with reasonable risk in renal allograft recipients.
Behavioural interactions between native smokey dace and introduced yellowfin shiner: implications from habitat selection theory for an ongoing invasion

The occupation of adjacent, non-overlapping positions along environmental gradients by closely related and ecologically similar species has drawn considerable attention from ecologists over the past decades. Condition-specific competition, wherein competitive superiority varies with the abiotic environmental gradient, has been proposed as the major structuring force behind such distributions. These concepts, however, are generally applied to explain the contemporary distribution of organisms that share an evolutionary history. Our aim was to apply these concepts to the naive interactions between native and introduced fishes. In 1990 yellowfin shiner (Notropis lutipinnis) were introduced into the headwaters of the Little Tennessee River of western North Carolina, U.S.A. where it exhibits microhabitat preferences that overlap significantly with those of a threatened native minnow, the smokey dace (Clinostomus funduloides raneyi). Previous research has established that these drift-feeding minnows: (1) differ in their average ability to intercept drifting prey as a function of water velocity; (2) generally occupy focal-point velocities that maximize the rate of prey capture; and, (3) occasionally defend the forward positions in foraging aggregations that form in high quality patches. We present the results of a series of experiments designed to: (1) evaluate the role of aggression in the establishment and maintenance of preferred foraging positions in drift-feeding minnows; (2) test the effects of prey availability, group size, and velocity on dominance rank, spatial position in groups, and feeding rates of individuals; and, (3) evaluate the potential for condition-specific competition to establish competitive refugia for the native within the natural heterogeneity of mountain streams.
Intraoperative esophageal dilation for TEE probe placement in a patient with an undiagnosed esophageal stricture

A H 0 RANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY (TEE) is an integral part of cardiothoracic monitoring. Although t is perceived as a safe and noninvasive form of monitoring the eart, there are serious complications that can occur. When aced with the inability to easily introduce and pass the probe istally in the esophagus, the usual conservative approach is to bort the procedure and resort to other imaging modalities. here are certain clinical scenarios in which TEE is essential to roper evaluation of the lesion and surgical repair. The followng is a case of a difficult TEE probe placement in a patient ith a postmyocardial infarction ventricular septal defect VSD), with a previously unknown esophageal stricture, who nderwent intraoperative direct esophagoscopy and esophageal ilation to facilitate successful TEE probe placement.
Milestones in mission: the work of the American Cancer Society's mission delivery.

Since its founding in 1913, the American Cancer Society (the Society) has played a prominent role in the fight against cancer. Through its presence in over 5,000 communities around the nation, the Society has explored and pursued innovative ideas, searched for breakthroughs, and pushed to have the nation understand the complexities of the disease. Ongoing assessment of the cancer problem, thoughtful strategic planning, and promotion of evidence-based cancer control programs are integral to the Society’s mission. This paper provides a summary of these efforts.
Fixed Drug Eruption in an Epileptic Patient Previously Receiving Treatment With Phenytoin for Seven Years

A 52-year-old African American female presented with severe left thigh pain of unknown etiology. She had a past medical history of generalized seizure disorder treated with phenytoin for 7 years without incident. During admission a nurse witnessed a seizure, and consequently loading and maintenance doses of phenytoin were administered to obtain a therapeutic serum concentration. The patient had a history of noncompliance with multiple subtherapeutic phenytoin levels. Subsequently, unifocal blue discolored spots appeared, progressing to a bullous component that was positive for skin sloughing. Drug-induced fixed drug eruption was diagnosed and attributed to phenytoin. Clinicians should be cognizant of drug-induced fixed drug eruption in patients just initiated and those receiving long-term treatment with phenytoin. The administration rate of phenytoin may be associated with the development of fixed drug eruption.
Crossing the Quality Chasm in Behavioral Health Care: The Role of Evidence-Based Practice.

The concept of evidence-based practice (EBP) is one receiving increasing attention from providers, managers, payers, and regulators of care, yet practical guidelines for professional psychologists who may be interested in incorporating EBPs into their own work settings are not available. The author explores the pragmatics of EBP adoption within the broad context of quality problems in American health care, particularly as described in a heralded 2001 publication by the Institute of Medicine. Concrete suggestions are offered to help practitioners locate EBP resources for specific clinical problems, use an evidence hierarchy to infer “best practices,” address the science-to-service management challenge, and generate outcomes data and feedback loops to continuously improve clinical effectiveness. Increasingly, clinical practitioners working in professional psychology, as well as in other areas of behavioral health care, are encountering the concept of evidence-based practice (EBP) along with implicit responsibility for assessing the applicability of EBPs for their own clinical setting. The context for these considerations is a health system with profound quality defects and a professional environment with little consensus about what role EBPs realistically might serve in overcoming quality problems.
Standard and research products from the AIRS and AMSU on the EOS aqua spacecraft

ABSTRACT The Earth Science and Meteorological communities are taking great interest in a new instrument released by NASA. The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) , launched on the EOS Aqua Spacecraft on May 4, 2002, is a high spectral resolution infrared imaging spectrometer with over 2300 distinct infrared wavelengths ranging from 3.7 P m to 15.4 P m. AIRS is unique in that it provides the highest infrared spectr al resolution to date while also providing coverage of over 95% of the Earths surface every day at 15 km spatial resolution. The AIRS project is currently managed by NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California 1 . The AIRS is providing a wealth of scientific data to the Earth Science community including upper atmospheric water vapor and atmospheric composition on key greenhouse gases. It is also improving weathe r forecasting and the studies of proce sses affecting climate and weather. KEYWORDS Remote Sensing, Infrared, Weather Forecasting, Humidity, Temperature Profiles, Greenhouse Gases
Anthropology Without Humanity

Keith F. Otterbein. The Ultimate Coercive Sanction. New Haven: HRAF Press, 1986. xii. 164. $14.00 (paper).
Bioavailability and Dissolution Behavior of Trisulfapyrimidine Suspensions

Abstract The bioavailability of seven commercial trisulfapyrimidine suspensions was studied in 14 adult male volunteers. Fifteen blood samples were collected over a 48‐hr period following administration of a 1‐g dose of each suspension. Serum was assayed for each component, (sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine) by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. Analysis of variance indicated several significant differences among the seven commercial preparations with respect to C max , T max , and AUC for sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine. The in vitro behavior of each suspension was then studied by the paddle method of the Food and Drug Administration. A 0.5‐ml sample was introduced into 900 ml of hydrochloric acid (2.2 × 10 −‐4 M ) at 37° and dissolved using a paddle speed of 25 rpm. Samples withdrawn at 15 and 30 min were analyzed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography, and the percent of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine was calculated. Significant correlation was obtained between an in vivo parameter ( C max for sulfadiazine) and an in vitro parameter (percent sulfadiazine dissolved in 30 min). Results indicate that this method is suitable for the in vitro screening of trisulfapyrimidine suspensions.
On the Irrelevance of Input Prices for Make-or-Buy Decisions

This paper demonstrates that input prices need not reflect the costs of an efficient incumbent supplier in order to induce entrants to implement efficient make-or-buy decisions. Because of strategic downstream considerations, entrants may always undertake efficient make-or-buy decisions, regardless of the prices at which they are authorized to buy key inputs from incumbent suppliers.
Bariatric surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity: a meta-analysis of weight loss outcomes for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and laparoscopic gastric bypass.

Bariatric surgery has emerged as an important tool in the fight against morbid obesity. However, reviewers have noted that there is a scarcity of long-term clinical surveillance data for bariatric surgery beyond 1-year follow-up and that a high percentage of patients are lost to follow-up, raising questions regarding the accuracy of current outcomes estimates. A meta-analysis of clinical reports providing bariatric surgery weight loss outcomes for morbidly obese patients was conducted over the period 2003–2007. Studies included were randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized controlled trials, and consecutive case series involving patients receiving either laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) or laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGB) surgery. Included studies involved n = 7,383 patients and were largely academic hospital-based (78.6%) and retrospective in design (71.4%). Weight loss outcome was defined by percent excess weight loss (%EWL). Composite estimates showed a significantly greater %EWL for LGB surgery (62.6%) compared to LAGB (49.4%). The superiority of LGB persisted at all three postsurgical time points examined (1, 2, and >3 years). Problems were identified regarding incomplete or suboptimal data reporting in many studies reviewed, and high patient attrition was evident at 2-year (49.8% LAGB, 75.2% LGB) and >3-year (82.6% LAGB, 89% LGB) end points. This meta-analysis confirms the superiority of LGB to LAGB in %EWL found in earlier studies. Although problems in study quality raised significant concerns regarding the validity of current weight loss estimates in this area, there was no evidence of publication bias.
Suppression of bimolecular recombination by UV-sensitive electron transport layers in organic solar cells

Incorporating UV-sensitive electron transport layers (ETLs) into organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaic devices dramatically impacts short-circuit current (Jsc) and fill factor characteristics. Resistivity changes induced by UV illumination in the ETL of inverted BHJ devices suppress bimolecular recombination producing up to a two orders of magnitude change in Jsc. Electro-optical modeling and light intensity experiments effectively demonstrate that bimolecular recombination, in the form of diode current losses, controls the extracted photocurrent and is directly dependent on the ETL resistivity.
Metamorphosis in the summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus: Thyroidal status influences salinity tolerance

Metamorphosis in the summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) is controlled by thyroid hormones (TH) and takes place as the larvae move from a salinity of about 35 parts per thousand (ppt) in the ocean to salinity ranging from 0-35 ppt in estuaries. Historically, the role of TH in juvenile and adult teleost osmoregulation has been ambiguous, and it is not known if TH influences larval teleost osmoregulatory development. This study addresses the influence of thy- roxine (T4) on the development of tolerance to low (5 ppt) and high salinity (45 and 50 ppt) as determined by salinity tolerance tests. In untreated larvae, tolerance to both low and high salinity was high during early premetamorphosis (early pre-M) and decreased or was very low from late prometamorphosis (late pro-M) through mid-metamorphic climax (mid-MC). Salinity tolerance in- creased 2-3-fold during late MC when whole-animal T4 levels are highest, and reached maximum tolerance at the juvenile stage. The early induction of metamorphosis by exposing larvae in pre-M to exogenous T4 reduced tolerance to low salinity during early and mid-MC, though tolerance of fish that had developed into juveniles was not impaired. In contrast, T4 increased high salinity tolerance during early and mid-MC, and the juvenile stage. This T4-induced heterochrony in sa- linity tolerance with regards to developmental stage suggests that the effects of T4 on salinity tolerance may be uncoupled from accelerated metamorphosis. Treatment of larvae with thiourea (TU, an inhibitor of T4 synthesis) inhibited metamorphosis and reduced tolerance to high salinity, but did not affect tolerance to low salinity. Reduced tolerance to high salinity by TU was only partially counteracted by T4 treatment, suggesting that TU also affects hypoosmoregulatory activ- ity by an extrathyroidal mechanism. Our findings suggest that in the summer flounder T4 plays a more important role in the development of hypoosmoregulatory ability than hyperosmoregulatory ability. J. Exp. Zool. 284:414-424, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sound propagation in suspensions and acoustic imaging of their microstructure

Abstract Ultrasound, as a technique for interrogating two-phase mixtures, has the advantages of being non-intrusive, it has good temporal resolution, and can be made to penetrate typically opaque, highly concentrated mixtures without resorting to acoustic impedance matching. Sound propagation characteristics in a mixture depend on the size of the particles, their concentration, the material properties of the two phases, and are sensitive to the wavenumber, k = 2π ψ , of sound. A combined theoretical and experimental investigation was conducted to quantify attenuation and sound speed in mono-disperse mixtures to provide a quantitative framework to interpret acoustic data and extract information on the microstructure of flowing, very concentrated solid—liquid mixtures. This paper builds upon this work to identify the role of microstructure on acoustic propagation in suspensions, in the limit of long wavelengths, and the results are then used to choose suitable operating frequencies to image a liquefaction event in a bed of 50 μm glass beads in water.
Role of side holes in guide catheters: Observations on coronary pressure and flow

When performing coronary angioplasty, guide catheter intubation of the ostium often leads to a damping of the pressure tracing. In contrast, when a guide catheter with side holes is used, the pressure tracing is most often superimposable to the pressure wave recorded through the side arm of a femoral artery sheath introducer. This pressure wave gives the reassuring impression of normal hemodynamics in the coronary artery. To illustrate the role of guide catheter side holes and that guide catheter pressure does not necessarily equal the actual coronary artery perfusion pressure, we report observations on trans-ostial pressure gradients at rest and during increased coronary flow rates. An abbreviated in vivo study of side holes on the maximal achievable blood flow, employing timed blood flow collections in 7F and 8F side hole guide catheters, was made in 10 patients. At high mean aortic pressure levels, the blood flow through the side holes did not exceed 80 and 60 mL/min for 8 and 7F guide catheters, respectively. These observations suggest that, under some conditions, the guide catheter may produce a resting or hyperemic trans-ostial gradient and that the flow provided only by the side holes of guide catheter is limited. Guide catheter interference with normal flow should be considered in interventional procedures even when arterial pressure appears normal.
Segmentation using models of expected structure

This paper outlines the framework of an image segmentation system based on the expected presenialion of objects in an image. The paradigm uses models that best characterize those objects that are likely to be present in a scene as captured by a given image formation process. We present the parameters for describing the expected presentations and show how they can be developed into a regionbased image algebra that is a generalized mechanism for reasoning and planning image segmentation and subsequent machine learning tasks. We present results of experiments with Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) serial sections aerial photographs of urban scenes Mill brain scans and dental radiographs.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spiroketal equilibration : interconversion of 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonanes and 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decanes. Implications for the synthesis of cephalostatin 7

Abstract Acid-catalyzed equilibration of spiroketals 55H ββ and 55H αβ involves a two stage process whereby the 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonanes can be equilibrated under mild conditions to a pair of 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decanes with preservation of the adjacent C-20 methyl stereocenter. Under more forcing conditions, both centers can be equilibrated in a reaction involving vinyl ether intermediate 10H .
Creating a learning environment for all children: are teachers able and willing?

Inclusive education is defined as educating students with disabilities in general education programmes with their non‐disabled peers. In order to create a successful learning environment for all children, general and special educators must be responsive to all students’ needs. Although inclusive education practices were developed over 15 years ago, some educators may be unwilling or unprepared to employ this model. A total of 546 teachers from 54 schools in southern New Jersey in the United States completed surveys to determine whether they displayed the dispositions, knowledge and skills necessary to implement inclusive education. Results of the surveys were analysed to determine whether significant differences in attitude and skill levels exist between special and general educators and the impact of their years of teaching on their readiness for inclusion. The analysis yielded an agreement that children with disabilities profit from interactions with non‐disabled peers. Although special educators appear...
Line strengths of N2O in the 1120-1440-cm-1 region.

Line strengths of N2O and its isotopic derivatives in the 1120-1440/cm region were measured at low pressure and high resolution (0.0054/cm). The band strength, rotationless dipole moment matrix elements, and F factor coefficients were considered. First-order nondegenerate perturbation theory was employed to derive explicit expressions for the rotationless dipole moment matrix elements and F factor coefficients. This made it possible to obtain general expressions for the F factor. The derived expressions were also applicable to CO2 bands.
Ensuring a responsive health care planning function in developing regions of the world

Abstract In their furious efforts to achieve ‘Health For All by the Year 2000,’ developing country governments are confronted with phenomena that often characterize the health and non-health care planning environments of more developed regions. These include longer-standing issues such as the rising cost of more sophisticated medical technologies and shifting socio-economics and demographics, as well as evolving factors such as increasing competition and a greater emphasis on social responsibility. Adding to the challenge, developing countries face issues that are not generally encountered in more advanced economies, such as weak logistical and communications infrastructures. The success of a government in supplying appropriate health services to its population under such challenging, multi-sectoral conditions requires the design of strategies/interventions that are at once population-responsive, technically effective, and logistically feasible. This paper develops a framework for identifying and evaluating such strategies based on a multi-disciplinary view of the health care planning environment. In this regard, the approach appreciates the generally limited technical support levels and fragile planning infrastructures found in less developed regions while recognizing the fundamental importance of these regions' cultural, ethnic, and religious diversities.
Radiological follow-up examination of the mineral salt content in the various vitamin D-resistant forms of rachitis of renal origin.

With experimental, facilities specially developed for paediatric requirements it is possible to determine the mineral salt content in the peripheral parts of the skeleton. Seven children with chronic phosphatic diabetes, 1 child with the De Toni-Fanconi syndrome, 1 child with distal tubular acidosis of the Albright type and 7 children with uraemic osteodystrophy have been studied. —The results of the long term follow-up show the differing response to treatment. In chronic phosphatic diabetes even long term treatment fails to replenish the calcium deposits in bones to any noticeable degree. Therapy has brought a rapid increase in the mineral salt content of the skeleton in both the patient with the De Toni-Fanconi syndrome and the patient with Albright's disease. In uraemic osteodystrophy treatment usually leads to a marked increase in the mineral salt content and estimated values may even be elevated.
Legacy and Impacts of the Computer Interchange of Museum Information (CIMI)

The Computer Interchange of Museum Information (CIMI), operating from 1990-2003, was charged with creating and introducing the international museum community to the concept of adopting metadata industry standards. The ClMI consortium exceeded its original mission by: creating a standards framework, profile, testbeds, important metadata publications, free downloadable metadata software and protocols, and providing instrumental guidance and support in development of new projects. However, CIMI's emphasis on the importance and utility of a standards-based approach and the necessity for implementing the CIMI Standards Framework is probably its most important achievement. During CIMI's tenure, museums reaped the benefits by learning how to apply the model and standards to meet their individual needs while not having to invent new ones or bear the cost of software development. Although CIMI operations ceased in 2003, its impacts on museum related metadata application and research were unprecedented in that it provided the standards prototype and foundations on which to build. This paper discusses what CIMI bequeathed to the next generation of museum metadata field developers and describes the anticipated realm of future projects and advancement.
Random-covariances and mixed-effects models for imputing multivariate multilevel continuous data

Principled techniques for incomplete-data problems are increasingly part of mainstream statistical practice. Among many proposed techniques so far, inference by multiple imputation (MI) has emerged as one of the most popular. While many strategies leading to inference by MI are available in cross-sectional settings, the same richness does not exist in multilevel applications. The limited methods available for multilevel applications rely on the multivariate adaptations of mixed-effects models. This approach preserves the mean structure across clusters and incorporates distinct variance components into the imputation process. In this paper, I add to these methods by considering a random covariance structure and develop computational algorithms. The attraction of this new imputation modeling strategy is to correctly reflect the mean and variance structure of the joint distribution of the data, and allow the covariances differ across the clusters. Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques, a predictive distribution of missing data given observed data is simulated leading to creation of multiple imputations. To circumvent the large sample size requirement to support independent covariance estimates for the level-1 error term, I consider distributional impositions mimicking random-effects distributions assigned a priori. These techniques are illustrated in an example exploring relationships between victimization and individual and contextual level factors that raise the risk of violent crime.
Temperature induced peripheral blood flow changes in lizards

The influence of local temperature changes within the posterior portion of the body on dorsal aorta blood flow (\(\dot Q_{da} \)), femoral arterial pressure (Pa), peripheral resistance (R), skin blood flow (\(\dot Q_s \)) and skeletal muscle blood flow (\(\dot Q_m \)) was examined in unanesthetized lizards (Iguana iguana andTubinambis nigropunctatus). In response to local heating of the hind legs and tail\(\dot Q_{da} \) and\(\dot Q_s \) increased,Pa was generally unchanged,R decreased and\(\dot Q_m \) decreased or was unchanged (Fig. 2). It is suggested that the acquisition of heat may be favored by diverting the increase in\(\dot Q_{da} \) away from the muscle to the warmer skin. In response to cooling\(\dot Q_{da} \) and\(\dot Q_s \) decreased,Pa was generally unchanged, R increased and\(\dot Q_m \) increased or was unchanged. Hence, during cooling the retention of heat may be favored by diverting blood away from the skin to the deeper muscle. The muscle-skin shunt is under sympathetic control since following blockade with phenoxybenzamine HCL (Dibenzyline) muscle blood flow changes in response to temperature were qualitatively similar to those of skin (Fig. 4). These changes in peripheral circulatory patterns are independent of changes in heart rate or deep body temperature.
Boundary asymptotics for solutions of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation

The Poisson-Boltzmann equation which arises in the theory of polyelectrolytes is an elliptic equation Δu = f(u) where f(u) is a nonlinear and nonlocal functional of u. Existence, uniqueness and asymptotic estimates are established.
Isolated neurosarcoidosis presenting as headache and multiple brain and spinal cord lesions mimicking central nervous system metastases

Sarcoidosis is uncommon in children. Although isolated neurosarcoidosis has been seen in 15% adults with sarcoidosis, pediatric neurosarcoidosis is rarely reported. Neurosarcoidosis may present with cranial neuropathy, including facial palsy, optic nerve or other cranial nerve involvement, peripheral neuropathy, or manifestations of the central nervous system affecting the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, meninges, and spinal cord. The useful diagnostic investigations include magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid studies, brain and meningeal biopsy if feasible, chest radiography to reveal sarcoidosis, angiotensin-converting enzyme level in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid, and Kveim test when available. We herein report a case of isolated brain biopsy-confirmed neurosarcoidosis in a 17-year-old boy presenting with severe unilateral headache and multiple brain and spinal cord MRI lesions mimicking central nervous system metastases.
Developmental Trajectories in Toddlers’ Self-restraint Predict Individual Differences in Executive Functions 14 Years Later: A Behavioral Genetic Analysis

We examined whether self-restraint in early childhood predicted individual differences in 3 executive functions (EFs; inhibiting prepotent responses, updating working memory, and shifting task sets) in late adolescence in a sample of approximately 950 twins. At ages 14, 20, 24, and 36 months, the children were shown an attractive toy and told not to touch it for 30 s. Latency to touch the toy increased with age, and latent class growth modeling distinguished 2 groups of children that differed in their latencies to touch the toy at all 4 time points. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we decomposed the 3 EFs (measured with latent variables at age 17 years) into a Common EF factor (isomorphic to response inhibition ability) and 2 factors specific to updating and shifting. Less-restrained children had significantly lower scores on the Common EF factor, equivalent scores on the Updating-Specific factor, and higher scores on the Shifting-Specific factor than did the more-restrained children. The less-restrained group also had lower IQ scores, but this effect was entirely mediated by the EF components. Twin models indicated that the associations were primarily genetic in origin for the Common EF variable but split between genetics and nonshared environment for the Shifting-Specific variable. These results suggest a biological relation between individual differences in self-restraint and EFs, one that begins early in life and persists into late adolescence.
Testicular metabolism and serum testosterone in aging male rats.

Male Long-Evans rats, 4 and 18 months old, were studied for age differences in competence of androgen production. Testes from these animals were incubated in vitro with labeled progesterone. In the older rats, testosterone production was significantly lower than in the young rats. Aging also resulted in a sharp decline in 5α-androstane- 3α,17β-diol production and a concomitant increase in a polar compound tentatively identified as 7α-hydroxytestosterone, but had no effects on the formation of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and 5α-dihydrotestosterone. Basal levels of serum testosterone were measured in a circadian time course in both 4 and 18 month old rats. Serum testosterone was significantly greater at all times in the younger animals with the exception of 2000 h and of 2400 h, the latter being the nadir for both age groups. Peak levels of serum testosterone were found at 0800 h and 1600 h in the young and at 0800 h and 2000 h in the older animals. Thus, the older rats exhibited reduced testos...
DETERMINING THE IMPACT OF CRAWFISH IMPORTS ON U.S. DOMESTIC PRICES

The study identifies the linkage between imports and the domestic price of crawfish. The results show a simultaneous increase in imports and domestic prices of crawfish while showing a negative relationship between domestic landings and price. Each model shows that there is a seasonality effect on the domestic price of crawfish. The study also shows that increases in the domestic supplies of shrimp, tilapia, and clams generated increases in the domestic crawfish price, while increases in imported and domestic supplies of beef and imported supplies of pork decreased the domestic crawfish price.
Photopatternable Superhydrophobic Nanocomposites for Microfabrication

In this paper, we first report on direct-photolithography-based microfabrication of transparent super-hydrophobic micropatterns using novel photodefinable nanocomposites, combining the nanomorphology and hydrophobicity of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanoparticles and the photopatternability and transparency of an SU-8 photoresist using both direct-mixing and coating-immobilization methods. The direct mixture of PTFE-SU-8 nanocomposite can be reliably spin-coated and photopatterned onto transparent substrates (e.g., glass or polymers) with a minimal feature resolution of 50 ?m. The resulting nanocomposite film possesses a contact angle of water at 150°, although its optical transparency is less than 30%. Furthermore, a modified coating-immobilization approach, employing spray coating and thermal immobilization of PTFE nanoparticles onto an SU-8 polymer matrix, significantly enhances superhydrophobicity, lithography resolution, as well as optical transparency. The highest optical transparency of 80% and a minimal feature resolution of 10 ?m have been achieved using the standard photolithography approach, while the contact angle of water above 165° enables extraordinary superhydrophobicity with low hysteresis. The novel PTFE-SU-8 nanocomposites provide a unique combination of superhydrophobicity, optical transparency, and photopatternability, along with excellent adaptability and simple processability, which offer great extension to rapidly evolving micro-nanoengineering applications.
Abdominal MR imaging

Diagnostic cross-sectional imagers should agree on certain principles with regard to future directions. The ultimate goals for our techniques should include the ability to safely and noninvasively make specific and accurate diagnoses of tissue pathology in living functional tissue and to replace the need for extracting tissue specimens for the purpose of histopathology that have been considered historically to represent a diagnostic gold standard. Clinical diagnostic MR imaging of the abdomen and pelvis has been shown to provide an imaging technology that may be optimal for diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for a wide range of applications compared with ultrasound or CT. Although MR imaging historically has been perceived as being more complex and less accessible than CT, there has been strong incentive to continue to pursue MR development to minimize the need for CT with associated ionizing radiation, to avoid the use of iodinated contrast agents with potentially greater health risks compared with MR contrast agents, and to exploit MR capabilities for tissues characterization, both morphologically and functionally. One of the major themes to which I would like to draw the attention of the reader of this issue of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America is that MR imaging provides more information about the tissues beyond