cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A follow-up study of the Commission on Chronic Illness morbidity survey in Baltimore. I. Tracing a large population sample over time.

Abstract This is a report of a follow-up study among 11,324 persons who were interviewed by the Commission on Chronic Illness in Baltimore City in 1953–1954. The interval between the original interview and the follow-up averaged between 6 and 7 yr. Information sought at follow-up included survivorship status and present address only. Tracing began with routine measures and later included methods such as home and neighborhood visits. A new staff was assembled for tracing the “hard-core”, a procedure we recommend. Tracing operations were discontinued after 24 months when it was believed additional persons could not be located. Altogether, 96.1 per cent of the total sample (97 for whites and 94 for non-whites) was traced and survivorship status confirmed. Most of the race difference derives from the smaller percentage of non-whites confirmed in the young and middle-aged groups. The success in tracing males and females in each race group was almost identical. The employment of intensive measures of tracing enabled us to locate a larger percentage of the sample and to greatly minimize certain biases. Had intensive measures not been employed, about one-fifth of the whites and one-third of the non-whites would not have been traced. Other types of bias, especially those of age and socioeconomic status, were also minimized. Certain other groups of persons presented special difficulties in tracing even when intensive methods were employed, especially persons unrelated to either the head of the household or to the wife of the head, and those divorced or separated. It was also shown that it was easier to trace the Commission's clinical evaluee group, definitely a “select” population, than the household survey population. This suggests that investigators attempting prospective studies among general population samples will have more difficulty in locating persons for follow-up than is the case when hospital and clinic populations are studied.
Sex-specific temperature dependence of foraging and growth of intertidal snails

Predicting the biological impacts of climate change requires an understanding of how temperature alters organismal physiology and behavior. Given differences in reproductive physiology between sexes, increases in global temperature may be experienced differently by the males and females of a species. This study tested for sex-specific effects of increased air temperature on foraging, growth, and survival of an intertidal snail, Nucella ostrina (San Juan Island, Washington, 48–30′44″N, 123–08′43″W). Snails exhibited periodic peaks in foraging. Subjecting snails to elevated low tide air temperatures did not alter the timing or magnitude of this pattern. Despite similar temporal patterns in foraging, females foraged more than males, even when the risk of thermal stress was high. While males and females appear to have a similar body temperature threshold for optimal growth, females were more likely to cross that threshold resulting in a loss of body mass when exposed to daily increases in air temperature. These results suggest that the consequences of a warming climate in the short term may be different for males and females of N. ostrina, but also imply longer-term costs of reduced reproductive output, abundance, and distribution of this ubiquitous intertidal predator. Generally, this study points to the possible significance of sex-specific responses in an increasingly warm world.
Notes on Symbolic Behavior in a Cebus Monkey (Capucinus appella)

* Accepted for publication by C. J. Warden of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office on February 18, 1937. 1 Experimentation was conducted at Bard College and in the Animal Laboratory, Department of Psychology at Columbia University. The authors are deeply appreciative of the encouragement, suggestions, and assistance given by Professor C. J. Warden.
Life history and behavior of Laelius pedatus, a gregarious bethylid ectoparasitoid of Anthrenus verbasci.

A laboratory study of the biology of Laelius pedatus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) and its relationship to its normal host, Anthrenus verbasci (L.) (Coleoptera:Dermestidae), indicates that at room temperature and humidity conditions, the life cycle in the summer takes ca. 40 days. The avg durations of the life stages are: egg, 3.7 days; feeding larva, 4 days; spinning larva, 3 days; cocoon, 30 days. The 2nd generation passes the winter in a prepupal diapause with a mean duration of 210 days. The observed behavior patterns of L. pedatus parallel closely those of other known Laelius spp. L. pedatus displays many characteristics of a potentially useful agent of biological pest suppression.
Social characters for computer games

Many current video games feature virtual worlds inhabited by autonomous 3D animated characters. These characters often fall short in their ability to participate in social interactions with each other or with people. Increasing the social capabilities of game characters could increase the potential of games as a platform for social learning. This article presents advances in the area of social autonomous character design. Specifically, a computational model of social relationship formation is described. This model formed the basis for a game entitled “AlphaWolf” that allows people to play the role of newborn pups in a pack of virtual wolves, helping the pups to find their place in the social order of the pack. This article offers the results from a 32‐subject user study that assessed the social relationship model, showing that it effectively represents the core elements of social relationships in a way that is perceivable by people. Additionally, this article proposes a game that will allow parents, teachers and children to experiment with computational social behavior through social virtual characters. This research contributes to the development of games for social learning by offering a set of viable algorithms for computational characters to form social relationships, and describing a project that could utilize this model to enable children to learn social skills by interacting with game characters.
Decay of correlations in a chaotic measure-preserving transformation

Abstract For a chaotic, area-preserving map on the torus, we study the decay of correlations in detail. Taking as observables the square-integrable functions, we find examples of decay rates which are algebraic, exponential, and faster than exponential. For correlations that decay exponentially the rate is sensitive to the choice of function. The implications for numerical experiments of this nonuniformity in the decay are discussed.
What is tensor analysis? Part II — Differential properties

Having procured in a previous part of this article∗ a good specimen in the “hunt” for the tensor, the author proceeds here to catalog most of the characteristics of the catch. Among other subjects, discussions of tensor fields, tensor notation, and rules for transformation are included in this part. The finale, part III, will give the reader an inkling of the importance of tensor applications in physics and engineering.
Longitudinal electric field in a Gaussian beam near focus

The longitudinal electric yields produced by a laser beam near its focus are considered. This information is important in the study of laser induced thermonuclear fusion. (AIP)
Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Characteristics in Supercritical Pressure Water

A series of integral heat transfer measurements in a square annular flow passage was performed for bulk water temperatures of 175―400°C with upward mass velocities of 300 kg/m 2 s and 1000 kg/m 2 s and heat fluxes of 0, 200 kW/m 2 , and 440 kW/m 2 , all at a pressure of 25 MPa. Mean and turbulent velocities measured with a two-component laser Doppler velocimetry system along with simulations using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT were used to explain the deterioration and enhancement of heat transfer in supercritical pressure water. At low mass velocities, the integral heat transfer measurements exhibited large localized wall temperature spikes that could not be accurately predicted with Nusselt correlations. Detailed mean and turbulent velocities along with FLUENT simulations show that buoyancy effects cause a significant reduction in turbulent quantities at a radial location similar to what is the law of the wall region for isothermal flow. At bulk temperatures near the pseudocritical temperature, high mass velocity integral heat transfer measurements exhibited an enhanced heat transfer with a magnitude dependent on the applied heat flux. Measured mean and turbulent velocities showed no noticeable changes under these conditions. FLUENT simulations show that the integrated effects of specific heat can be used to explain the observed effects. The experimentally measured heat transfer and local velocity data also serve as a database to compare existing CFD models, such as Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and possibly even large Eddy simulations (LES) and direct numerical simulations (DNS). Ultimately, these measurements will aid in the development of models that can accurately predict heat transfer to supercritical pressure water.
Kinetics of paused ribosome recycling in Escherichia coli.

Abstract The bacterial tmRNA·SmpB system recycles stalled translation complexes in a process termed ‘ribosome rescue.’ tmRNA·SmpB specifically recognizes ribosomes that are paused at or near the 3′ end of truncated mRNA; therefore, nucleolytic mRNA processing is required before paused ribosomes can be rescued from full-length transcripts. Here, we examine the recycling of ribosomes paused on both full-length and truncated mRNAs. Peptidyl-tRNAs corresponding to each paused translation complex were identified, and their turnover kinetics was used to estimate the half-lives of paused ribosomes in vivo. Ribosomes were paused at stop codons on full-length mRNA using a nascent peptide motif that interferes with translation termination and elicits tmRNA·SmpB activity. Peptidyl-tRNA turnover from these termination-paused ribosomes was slightly more rapid in tmRNA+ cells (T1/2 = 22 ± 2.2 s) than in ΔtmRNA cells (T1/2 = 32 ± 1.6 s). Overexpression of release factor (RF) 1 greatly accelerated peptidyl-tRNA turnover from termination-paused ribosomes in both tmRNA+ and ΔtmRNA cells, whereas other termination factors had little or no effect on recycling. In contrast to inefficient translation termination, ribosome recycling from truncated transcripts lacking in-frame stop codons was dramatically accelerated by tmRNA·SmpB. However, peptidyl-tRNA still turned over from nonstop-paused ribosomes at a significant rate (t1/2 = 61 ± 7.3 s) in ΔtmRNA cells. Overexpression of RF-1, RF-3, and ribosome recycling factor in ΔtmRNA cells failed to accelerate ribosome recycling from nonstop mRNA. These results indicate that tmRNA·SmpB activity is rate limited by mRNA cleavage, and that RF-3 and ribosome recycling factor do not constitute a tmRNA-independent rescue pathway, as previously suggested. Peptidyl-tRNA turnover from nonstop-paused ribosomes in ΔtmRNA cells suggests the existence of another uncharacterized ribosome rescue pathway.
A prospective study of herpes simplex virus infection in a defined population in Houston, Texas

A seroepidemiologic study was conducted to determine the incidence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus in a population of middle-class Caucasian women. In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol did not influence the frequency of herpes simplex virus infection. The frequency of infection increased with age and number of sex partners and a 50% increase in incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection was noted during the 4-year period of the study. Subclinical herpes simplex virus type 2 infections apparently occurred in some women without preexisting antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 1.
A comparison of isoconversional and model-fitting approaches to kinetic parameter estimation and application predictions

A variety of isoconversional and model fitting approaches, all of which use multiple heating schedules, are used to analyze selected data from the ICTAC kinetics and lifetime projects as well as additional simulated data sets created for this work. The objective is to compare the accuracy and suitability of various approaches for various types of chemical reactions. The various simulated data sets show that model fitting and isoconversional methods have comparable reliability for extrapolation outside the range of calibration. First, there is as much variability in prediction for various isoconversional methods as there is between isoconversional methods as a group and different plausible explicit models. Of the three isoconversional models investigated, the Friedman method is usually the most accurate. This is particularly true for energetic materials that have a drop in apparent activation energy in the latter stages of reaction, which leads to a delayed onset of rapid autocatalysis at lower temperatures. It is difficult to determine a priori whether isoconversional or model fitting approaches will give more accurate predictions. The greatest reliability is attained by using both the isoconversional and model fitting approaches on a combination of isothermal and constant heating rate data.
799 SEVERE ADENOVIRUS 7 PNEUMONIA IN A COMPROMISED HOST: IMMUNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION & SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME

Adenovirus pneumonia in immunologically compromised hosts is usually fatal. A 6 y.o. girl with partial combined immunodeficiency (CID) presented with failure to thrive,high fever,cyanosis & extensive bilateral pneumonia unresponsive to antibiotics. She was neutropenic,lymphopenic & hypogammaglobulinemic(IgG=110mg%) She developed abnormal LFT's & thrombocytopenia.Open lung biopsy was performed.Adenovirus 7 was isolated in 2 days.Histopathology revealed a severe interstitial necrotizing pneumonia with typical Adenovirus inclusions.Two units of fresh frozen plasma(FFP) failed to alter her course.She was given gammaglobulin(GG)(1.8cc per kg)IM.Within 48 hrs. she improved dramatically.By virus neutralization tests the GG contained a high titer (1:240) of Adenovirus 7 antibody(AB). No AB could be detected in either unit of FFP. Recovery coincided with a substantial rise in serum AB titer to Adenovirus 7. Her clinical condition has remained stable over 9 mos. She has received GG(0.7cc/kg) every 3 wks. Evidence of CID persists with poor lymphocyte responses to PHA, Con A, PWM,and in MLC, & no response to Adenovirus 7.Total T-cell E-rosettes have risen from 44% to 75%. That the administration of specific AB resulted in a successful outcome is strengthened by comparison with an almost identical situation in Arabian foals with CID. That the mechanism of recovery was due to AB neutralization or AB-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) remains to be determined.
The 100Mo(p, n)100Tc reaction cross section and its use as a normalization for shuttle-system measurements

Abstract The 100 Mo(p, n) 100 Tc reaction cross section was determined from 2 to 11 MeV (c.m.), by counting the delayed γ-rays from the 100 Tc decays (half-life = 15.8 s). These yields were measured with Ge(Li) and NaI(Tl) detectors and thick natural Mo targets. The use of this reaction as a normalizing reaction for cross-section measurements with a rapid target-transfer system is discussed. This technique was applied to the measurement of the astrophysically interesting 23 Na(p, n) 23 Mg cross section ( 23 Mg half-life = 11.57s). The results agree well with an independent 23 Na(p, n) 23 Mg cross-section measurement.
Infrared and Raman spectroscopy of graphite intercalation compounds

Abstract A summary is given of the characteristics of the infrared and Raman lattice mode spectra of both donor and acceptor graphite intercalation compounds. To explain these observations, a model for the lattice modes for graphite intercalation compounds is presented. The model, applicable to any intercalant and stage, is based on the form of the dynamical matrix used by Maeda et al. for graphite. In addition to the known force constants for graphite, two additional parameters are introduced to account for the effect of intercalation. Calculated phonon dispersion relations and density of states curves are presented and related to experimental observations of lattice mode spectra.
The radio diary of Mary Dyck, 1936–1955: The listening habits of a Kansas farm woman

From the earliest days of the radio era, the United States Department of Agriculture recognized radio's potential importance to rural families. What the USDA did not realize until later was radio's enormous significance to rural women. This article uses the diary of Kansas farm woman Mary Knackstedt Dyck (1884–1955) to trace the vital importance of radio to isolated farm women. Radio provided these women with information, entertainment, and religious programming. For individuals living literally at the margins of society, it provided a crucial link to the world beyond the farm and was a source of human contact that was otherwise unavailable.
3,800-Myr granitic gneiss in south-western Minnesota

WE have previously arrived at an age of 3,550 Myr for granitic1 gneiss in the vicinities of Morton and Montevideo in the Minnesota River valley, south-western Minnesota. We now report new Rb–Sr analyses (Table 1) and an age of 3,800 Myr for the fine grained foliated phase of the Montevideo Gneiss of Lund2. The rocks have undergone a complex history of metamorphism which remains to be deciphered, but the age determinations reveal that the geological mapping and previous interpretations did not provide a proper basis for sampling.
A test of goodness-of-fit based on extreme multinomial cell frequencies

For the problem of testing goodness-of-fit of a specified distribution, a new test based on the number of extreme cell frequencies is proposed. A cell is called "sparse" ("crowded") if the corresponding cell frequency is less than (greater than) or equal to a value u ≥ 0(v ≥ 0). Then, the proposed test statistic , is the number of sparse plus croweded, cells, where n denotes the sample and N is the number of mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive cells. The exact distribution of is derived under the null hypothesis. The asymptotic distribution of under a sequence of local alternatives is also derived. The efficiency of this test statistic with respect to several other test statistics is obtained. A discussion of the merits and shortcomings of the proposed test procedure is also given.
Microvessel hyperpermeability and thrombosis induced by light/dye treatment

To investigate the structural mechanisms by which light/dye treatment induces microvascular hyperpermeability and thrombosis, we quantified thrombus initiation time, thrombus growth rate, and microvessel occlusion time in post-capillary venule of rat mesentery. We also measured the microvessel hydraulic conductivity (Lp) under the same light/dye treatment. With the light intensity of 0.37 mW/mm2, thrombus was initiated in 3.8 ± 0.4 min, with a growth rate 3.9% ± 0.3% of the vessel mid-plane area/min, and microvessels were completely occluded in 29.3 ± 2.2 min (SE, n=8); in 3.5 ± 0.3 min, Lp increased from a mean of 0.98 ± 0.08 to 2.07 ± 0.21 × 10−7 cm/s/cmH 2 O (SE, n = 11). Lp didn't increase further after longer time exposure (up to 30 min). Combination of experimental results with predictions from an interendothelial cleft model [1] suggests that the most likely mechanism by which light/dye induces hyperpermeability and thrombosis is degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx layer of the microvessel wall.
Various Robotic Applications of Perturbation/Correlation Method

We propose a novel technique for acquiring effective information for obstacle avoidance in mobile robot navigation and for object detection in vision image. Instead of simply receiving data at a single point, we actively give perturbations to the system and measure the response from the system. Correlating the input and the output, we can formulate the correlation function and, useful information such as gradient can be obtained from this function. This algorithm is applied to the obstacle avoidance in mobile robot navigation and the object detection in vision image processing.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Lipid Encapsulation of Cationic Polymers in Hybrid Nanocarriers Reduces Their Non-Specific Toxicity to Breast Epithelial Cells

Purpose Clinical application of cationic polymers for delivery of nucleic acids has been limited by their toxicity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the polymer-in-lipid hybrid nanotechnology recently developed for controlled siRNA delivery can tackle this toxicity issue by reducing exposure of the cellular components to free cationic polymers.
MyCS: middle-years computer science (abstract only)

MyCS (Middle-years Computer Science) is a one-semester CS curriculum that engages middle schoolers in computational skill-building. Scratch programming serves as a touchstone throughout the eighteen-week syllabus. Students punctuate that foundation with hands-on activities leveraged from excellent resources such as Exploring Computer Science, CS Principles, webdev tools, and CS unplugged. Over twenty classrooms and 700 students participated in MyCS's pilot years within the Pomona, CA and Lihue, HI school districts; 2013-15 will see an NSF-supported expansion of its summer workshops, academic-year classes, and program evaluation. This poster highlights our experiences developing MyCS, deploying it widely, and soliciting feedback on students' evolving computational identities.
Cilia in cell signaling and human disorders

One of the most widespread cellular organelles in nature is cilium, which is found in many unicellular and multicellular organisms. Formerly thought to be a mostly vestigial organelle, the cilium has been discovered in the past several decades to play critical motile and sensory roles involved in normal organogenesis during development. The role of cilia has also been implicated in an ever increasing array of seemingly unrelated human diseases, including blindness, kidney cysts, neural tube defects and obesity. In this article we review some of the recent developments in research on cilia, and how defects in ciliogenesis and function can give rise to developmental disorders and disease.
Subcellular zinc distribution in livers and tumors of plasmacytoma-bearing mice

Abstract The subcellular distribution of zinc was determined in plasmacytoma cells obtained from BALB/c mice maintained on zinc adequate or zinc deficient diets. In addition, the zinc distribution in the liver was determined in the presence and absence of the tumor. In plasmacytoma cells from zinc deficient mice, the zinc concentration of the cytosolic fraction was significantly less than found in the same fraction from zinc adequate controls. This decrease may relate to decreased plasmacytoma growth seen in zinc deficient mice. The cytosolic fraction from the liver of zinc deficient mice without tumor also had decreased zinc levels compared to the same fraction from control mice. In the presence of tumor there was an increase in liver zinc and protein content in ad lib and pair fed controls which was not seen in zinc deficient tumor bearing mice. These increases were associated with all subcellular fractions prepared from the control animals. The presence of TEPC-183 plasmacytoma alters zinc and protein metabolism in the host liver and these changes are dependent on the zinc status of the host.
Lipid signaling in neural plasticity, brain repair, and neuroprotection.

The extensive networking of the cells of the nervous system results in large cell membrane surface areas. We now know that neuronal membranes contain phospholipid pools that are the reservoirs for the synthesis of specific lipid messengers on neuronal stimulation or injury. These messengers in turn participate in signaling cascades that can either promote neuronal injury or neuroprotection. Prostaglandins are synthesized as a result of cyclooxygenase activity. In the first step of the arachidonic acid cascade, the short-lived precursor, prostaglandin H2, is synthesized. Additional steps in the cascade result in the synthesis of an array of prostaglandins, which participate in numerous physiological and neurological processes. Our laboratory recently reported that the membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, is the precursor of oxygenation products now known as the docosanoids, some of which are powerful counter-proinflammatory mediators. The mediator 10,17S-docosatriene (neuroprotectin D1, NPD1) counteracts leukocyte infiltration, NF-κ activation, and proinflammatory gene expression in brain ischemia-reperfusion and is an apoptostatic mediator, potently counteracting oxidative stress-triggered apoptotic DNA damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells. NPD1 also upregulates the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and decreases pro-apoptotic Bax and Bad expression. Another biologically active messenger derived from membrane phospholipids in response to synaptic activity is platelet-activating factor (PAF). The tight regulation of the balance between synthesis (via phospholipases) and degradation (via acetylhydrolases) of PAF modulates the functions of this lipid messenger. Under pathological conditions, this balance is tipped, and PAF becomes a proinflammatory mediator and neurotoxic agent. The newly discovered docosahexaenoic acid signaling pathways, as well as other lipid messengers related to synaptic activation, may lead to the clarification of clinical issues relevant to stroke, age-related macular degeneration, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer’s disease, and other diseases that include neuroinflammatory components.
The Classroom Door

The classroom door is an important line of demarkation in the profession of a modern language teacher. H i s duties vary in relation to the specific side of the door. That is, what he does a s a teacher before and after he enters thedoor can be extremely different. It is not the purpose of this ar t ic le to exhaust the imperatives required of a modern language teacher. Rather it is to raise a few fundamental questions for the self-examination of such teachers. There a r e two questions the modern language teacher must without choice ask himself before he enters the classroom. The first one is, "Have I done a comparative linguistic analysis between the students' native language and the foreign language they a r e going to learn?" If the answer is "No, I ' it i s obvious that he has not given himself up-to-date preparation. If his answer i s "Yes, I t he must go on and ask himself a consequential question: "Is my comparative analysis an item-for-item one or i s it a related one?" An item-foritem comparimn is certainly better than no comparison. But it is not as satisfactory as a related one. Examples a r e given below to show the difference. In the matter of the comparison of sounds to be found in English and in Mandarin Chinese, one will notice that in both languages there is the sound [ f 1. But to know that the sound [ f ] is found in both languages is not enough. Further analysis will show that in English, [ f ] can occur in utterance'initial and utterance final as in f ine and knife. In Chinese, [ f ] occurs in utterance initial a s in "f&n"(cooked rice) but not in utterance final. Besides, in Enblish, there are also the following initial consonant clusters with [ f 1: frfreedom f lflee f Y fuel sf sphere 1 and the following final consonant clusters:
It's a pleasure: a tale of two cortical areas

Reward signals are widespread in the brain, but why? A study now identifies an important difference in the reward signals encoded by the neurons in the primate anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices during decision making, suggesting that reward-related activity in these areas is shaped by different contextual factors.
Target detection using radar images of an airport surface

Automation aids which increase the efficiency of the controller and enhance safety are being sought by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). This paper describes the target detection algorithms developed by the MIT Lincoln Laboratory as part of the airport surface traffic automation (ASTA) and runway surface safety light system (RSLS) programs sponsored by the FAA that were demonstrated at Logan International Airport in Boston, Mass. from September 1992 through December 1993. A companion paper to this conference describes the ASTA and RSLS system demonstration. Another companion paper describes the tracking algorithms. Real-time, parallel processing implementations of these surveillance algorithms are written in C++ on a Silicon Graphics Inc. Unix multiprocessor. The heavy reliance on commercial hardware, standard operating systems, object oriented design, and high-level computer languages allows a rapid transition from a research environment to a production environment.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Measuring the intensity and phase of high-order harmonic emission from aligned molecules

Abstract High-order harmonic emission from aligned molecules can be used as a probe of molecular structure with ultrafast time resolution. In this paper, we review past work, and also present new measurements of the intensity and phase of harmonic emission from N 2 O and N 2 molecules. We find that high harmonic emission from CO 2 and N 2 O molecules is well described by a simple two-center interference model. In contrast, high harmonic emission from N 2 exhibits a very different behavior, not readily explained by assuming that the electron responsible for the high-order harmonic emission recollides with the molecule as a plane wave. These data clearly emphasize the need for more comprehensive models of high harmonic generation from molecules.
Progressive dysfunction of twitcher Schwann cells is evaluated better in vitro than in vivo

The twitcher mutant (twi/twi) is an authentic murine model of globoid cell leukodystrophy, a genetic demyelinating disorder, where normally formed myelin degenerates due to a metabolic perturbation of myelin forming cells. We investigated the rate of Schwann cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro using thymidine autoradiography to evaluate cellular function of homozygous twitcher (twi/twi), and heterozygous (+/twi) and normal littermate (+/+) mice. At day 10 prior to onset of demyelination in twi/twi, the thymidine uptake by Schwann cells from sciatic nerves was similar regardless of genotype. In +/twi or +/+, the rate of proliferation in sciatic nerves sharply declined after day 10 and remained low at day 20 and thereafter. In contrast, in twi/twi nerve, in which myelin degeneration became progressively severe after day 10, Schwann cell proliferation persisted. Reflecting the in vivo status of Schwann cells as described by Clemence et al., thymidine uptake in vitro by Schwann cells from older twi/twi mice was transiently higher for the first 24 h in culture. When the rate of proliferation was determined for Schwann cells 1 to 8 days in vitro (DIV), twi/twi Schwann cells proliferated generally less than that of +/twi or +/+ and the rate progressively declined with age. The results of this study suggest that progressive dysfunction of twi/twi Schwann cells is better demonstrated in vitro than in vivo. We suggest that in vitro kinetic studies would provide useful methodology to evaluate the Schwann cell function in genetic or hereditary neuropathies in humans, in which intrinsic Schwann cell dysfunction is suspected as cause of demyelination and contribute to the understanding of their pathogenesis.
Reliability of selected psychomotor measures with mentally retarded adult males.

Reliability estimates were determined for 24 moderately mentally retarded adult males on three psychomotor tasks. For four consecutive days measures were taken on reaction time, auditory and visual, 15 trials daily for each; grip strength, dominant and non-dominant hand, two trials daily for each; and standing long jump, three trials daily. Analyses of variance, adjusted for day-to-day trend, were applied to the data. Intraclass reliability coefficients for both dominant (R = .96) and non-dominant (R = .94) handgrip strength were high. The reaction time scores for both the auditory (R = .87) and visual (R = .83) data were moderately reliable. A low reliability coefficient (R = .49) was obtained for the standing long jump.
GridFTP based real-time data movement architecture for x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy at the Advanced Photon Source

X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) is a unique tool to study the dynamical properties in a wide range of materials over a wide spatial and temporal range. XPCS measures the correlated changes in the speckle pattern, produced when a coherent x-ray beam is scattered from a disordered sample, over a time series of area detector images. The technique rides on “Big Data” and relies heavily on high performance computing (HPC) techniques. In this paper, we propose a highspeed data movement architecture for moving data within the Advanced Photon Source (APS) as well as between APS and the users' institutions. We describe the challenges involved in the internal data movement and a GridFTP-based solution that enables more efficient usage of the APS beam time. The implementation of GridFTP plugin as part of the data acquisition system at the Advanced Photon Source for real time data transfer to the HPC system for data analysis is discussed.
Intense hurricane activity over the past 5,000 years controlled by El Niño and the West African monsoon.

The processes that control the formation, intensity and track of hurricanes are poorly understood. It has been proposed that an increase in sea surface temperatures caused by anthropogenic climate change has led to an increase in the frequency of intense tropical cyclones, but this proposal has been challenged on the basis that the instrumental record is too short and unreliable to reveal trends in intense tropical cyclone activity. Storm-induced deposits preserved in the sediments of coastal lagoons offer the opportunity to study the links between climatic conditions and hurricane activity on longer timescales, because they provide centennial- to millennial-scale records of past hurricane landfalls. Here we present a record of intense hurricane activity in the western North Atlantic Ocean over the past 5,000 years based on sediment cores from a Caribbean lagoon that contain coarse-grained deposits associated with intense hurricane landfalls. The record indicates that the frequency of intense hurricane landfalls has varied on centennial to millennial scales over this interval. Comparison of the sediment record with palaeo-climate records indicates that this variability was probably modulated by atmospheric dynamics associated with variations in the El Nino/Southern Oscillation and the strength of the West African monsoon, and suggests that sea surface temperatures as high as at present are not necessary to support intervals of frequent intense hurricanes. To accurately predict changes in intense hurricane activity, it is therefore important to understand how the El Nino/Southern Oscillation and the West African monsoon will respond to future climate change.
Positron emission tomography imaging of the stability of Cu-64 labeled dipalmitoyl and distearoyl lipids in liposomes

Changes in lipid acyl chain length can result in desorption of lipid from the liposomal anchorage and interaction with blood components. PET studies of the stability of such lipids have not been performed previously although such studies can map the pharmacokinetics of unstable lipids non-invasively in vivo. The purpose of this study was to characterize the in vivo clearance of (64)Cu-labeled distearoyl- and dipalmitoyl lipid included within long circulating liposomes. Distearoyl and dipalmitoyl maleimide lipids (1mol%) in liposomes were labeled with a (64)Cu-incorporated bifunctional chelator (TETA-PDP) after the activation of pyridine disulfide to thiol by TCEP. Long circulating liposomes containing HSPC:DSPE-PEG2k-OMe:cholesterol: x (55:5:39:1), where x was (64)Cu-DSPE or (64)Cu-DPPE, or HSPC:DSPE-PEG2k-OMe:cholesterol:(64)Cu-DSPE:DPPC (54:5:39:1:1) were evaluated in serum (in vitro) and via intravenous injection to FVB mice. The time-activity curves for the blood, liver, and kidney were measured from PET images and the biodistribution was performed at 48h. In vitro assays showed that (64)Cu-DPPE transferred from liposomes to serum with a 7.9h half-life but (64)Cu-DSPE remained associated with the liposomes. The half clearance of radioactivity from the blood pool was 18 and 5h for (64)Cu-DSPE- and (64)Cu-DPPE liposome-injected mice, respectively. The clearance of radioactivity from the liver and kidney was significantly greater following the injection of (64)Cu-DPPE-labeled liposomes than (64)Cu-DSPE-labeled liposomes at 6, 18 and 28h. Forty eight hours after injection, the whole body radioactivity was 57 and 17% ID/cc for (64)Cu-DSPE and (64)Cu-DPPE, respectively. These findings suggest that the acyl chain length of the radiolabel should be considered for liposomal PET studies and that PET is an effective tool for evaluating the stability of nanoformulations in vivo.
Teaching and learning in rural Mexico: a portrait of student responsibility in everyday school life

Abstract In this study, we examined on the sociocultural environment and personal experiences of children from a rural Mexican escuela unitaria (one-room, one-teacher school), because many of our immigrant children come to the US from rural Mexican communities. We present a portrait of everyday school life in which students assume responsibility: (a) for oneself, (b) to classmates, (c) for making decisions related to curriculum, and (d) to family and community. The findings have implications for challenging teacher beliefs about culturally diverse students and for supporting educational professionals in developing more culturally responsive teaching.
Demand and supply integration: a conceptual framework of value creation through knowledge management

Strategy identifies two primary sets of processes through which the firm creates value for its customers by moving goods and information through marketing channels: demand-focused and supply-focused processes. Historically, firms have invested resources to develop a core differential advantage in one or other of these areas—but rarely in both—often resulting in mismatches between demand (what customers want) and supply (what is available in the marketplace). This paper suggests that successfully managing the supply chain to create customer value requires extensive integration between demand-focused processes and supply-focused processes that is based on a foundation of value creation through intraorganizational knowledge management. Integrating demand and supply processes helps firms prioritize and ensure fulfillment based upon the shared generation, dissemination, interpretation and application of real-time customer demand as well as ongoing supply capacity constraints. We draw upon literature in marketing, logistics, supply chain management and strategy to introduce a conceptual framework of demand and supply integration (DSI). We also offer insights for managerial practice and an agenda for future research in the relatively under-researched, but strategically important, area of demand and supply integration.
Design of Biomechanical Testing Methods and Metrics to Evaluate the Performance of Synthetic Spinal Implants Versus Bone Graft for Lumbar Corpectomy

The human spine is a mechanically complex system of joints crucial for stable posture and movement. The ultimate goal of a vertebral body replacement following a spinal injury that necessitates such a procedure is to have the replacement strut fully incorporate into the spine. This incorporation process is known as bony “fusion”, which facilitates the restoration of stability. Bone graft and metallic implants have been used for vertebral body replacement procedures. Both methods have been associated with failure of fusion and recurrence of instability. The development and rationale of the mechanical testing procedures implemented to best differentiate the stability afforded by bone graft versus expandable titanium cage is presented.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Ignition of a combustible solid with reactant consumption

The effects of excessive reactant consumption on the ignition of a combustible solid are introduced through a revised scaling of the heat release constant. Large activation energy asymptotics then yields a new one-parameter integral equation governing the temperature evolution near ignition. Analysis of the integral equation reveals a critical value of the parameter which distinguishes between the cases of ignition and nonignition.
A generator for INTEL 8080 microcomputer data management systems

Abstract A generator is described in this paper for generating quickly data management systems which are based on the INTEL 8080 microcomputer. The generated data management systems are intended for small scale problems where a sequential file organization is acceptable. They require simple hardware configurations, they can easily be implemented to different hardware configurations and they are very simple to be used even by the non-programmer.
The flow external to a non-Newtonian boundary layer

Abstract For the irrotational flow of an incompressible non-Newtonian fluid the viscous terms in the equation of motion are not identically zero (unless the fluid moves as a solid body). This suggests that (except for flow past a flat plate with zero angle of incidence) a non-Newtonian boundary-layer solution based upon the assumption that the external flow can be represented by a potential flow will be a poorer approximation to reality than the corresponding solution for a Newtonian fluid.
Crop yield—nitrate‐N, total N, and total K relationships: Leafy vegetables

Abstract Pot experiments were conducted to determine effects of applied N on NO3‐N and total N concentrations in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) and of applied N, P, and K on Bloomsdale spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and on curly mustard (Brassica pervirdis L.). Ammonium nitrate produced greater increases in NO3‐N and total N concentrations in chard than did sulfur‐coated urea at the same rates of applied N. Both N and K increased yields and NO3‐N accumulation in spinach and mustard; response to applied P resulted only in decreased NO3‐N. Both total and NO3‐N concentrations decreased with dilution and/or assimilation associated with time of growth and higher yields. An examination of published results with several spinach cultivars indicates that differences in NO3‐N accumulation attributed to leaf type can also be explained by the higher yields of the low NO3‐N accumulators. The same is true for differences in NO3‐N accumulations attributed to light and temperature effects.
Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Stimulated Mouse Gonadotrophs

GnRH receptor activation elicits release of intracellular Ca2+, which leads to secretion and also activates Ca2+-activated ion channels underlying membrane voltage changes. The predominant Ca2+-activated ion channels in rat and mouse gonadotrophs are Ca2+-activated K+ channels. To establish the temporal relationship between GnRH-induced changes in intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and membrane current (Im), and to identify specific Ca2+-activated K+ channels linking GnRH-induced increase in [Ca2+]i to changes in plasma membrane electrical activity, we used single female mouse gonadotrophs in the perforated patch configuration of the patch-clamp technique, which preserves signaling pathways. Simultaneous measurement of [Ca2+]i and Im in voltage-clamped gonadotrophs revealed that GnRH stimulates an increase in [Ca2+]i that precedes outward Im, and that activates two kinetically distinct currents identified, using specific toxin inhibitors, as small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) current (ISK) and large (bi...
Time of onset and selective response of chondrogenic core of 5-day chick limb after treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide.

Abstract Exposure of the chick embryo to the nicotinamide analog, 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), causes specific changes in chondrogenic cells that result in limb deformity. Autoradiography has further delineated these changes and relates them to altered utilization of molecular precursors of cartilage matrix and DNA. With 35SO4 to monitor synthesis of glycosaminoglycan, it was shown that, at 6 hr and persisting until 24 hr after treatment, 6-AN inhibited utilization of sulfate by cells in the chondrogenic core while having no detectable effect on cells in the chondrogenic periphery. Similarly, 6-AN suppressed incorporation of [3H]thymidine into core cells while having no effect to a slight enhancement effect on chondrogenic and nonchondrogenic cells surrounding the core. These observations support the view that, in response to 6-AN-inhibited NAD(P)-dependent reactions, limb chondrogenic cells (CORE) cease to produce matrix glycosaminoglycan, cease to synthesize DNA, and ultimately succumb. Conversely, presumably as a result of more efficient energy production because they lie closer to a vascular supply of oxygen, cells in the chondrogenic periphery withstand the teratogenic insult and continue proliferating to become the source where subsequent partial repair of the limb occurs.
Promoting educational innovation: lessons from the request for proposals for ACR Appropriateness Criteria Usage in Medical Education.

This article describes the development of a new ACR grant program, ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® Usage in Medical Education. Developed and funded over the course of a single year, the program provides grants totaling up to $60,000 annually to support innovation in radiology education. The development and implementation of this program provides lessons that can help radiology educators and leaders craft a brighter future for radiology education.
Apoptosis of t(14;18)-positive lymphoma cells by a Bcl-2 interacting small molecule.

Overexpression of Bcl-2 protein occurs via both t(14;18)-dependent and independent mechanisms and contributes to the survival and chemoresistance of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. HA14–1 is a nonpeptidic organic small molecule, which has been shown to inhibit the interaction of Bcl-2 with Bax, thereby interfering with the antiapoptotic function of Bcl-2. In this study, we sought to determine the in vitro efficacy of HA14–1 as a therapeutic agent for non-Hodgkin lymphomas expressing Bcl-2. Assessment of cell viability demonstrated that HA14–1 induced a dose- (IC50 = 10 μM) and time-dependent growth inhibition of a cell line (SudHL-4) derived from a t(14;18)-positive, Bcl-2-positive, non-Hodgkin lymphoma. HA14–1 effectively induced apoptosis via a caspase 3-mediated pathway but did not affect either the p38 MAPK or p44/42 MAPK pathways. Western blot analyses of Bcl-2 family proteins and other cell cycle-associated proteins were performed to determine the molecular sequelae of HA14–1-induced apoptosis. The results show down-regulation of Mcl-1 but up-regulation of p27kip1, Bad, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2 proteins, without change in Bax levels during HA14–1-mediated apoptosis. Our findings further elucidate the cellular mechanisms accompanying Bcl-2 inhibition and demonstrate the potential of Bcl-2 inhibitors as therapeutic agents for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
Cluster-impact fusion; New physics or experimental error

Deuteron-deuteron cluster-impact fusion at ~100 eV was demonstrated by Beuhler et al. Their results are analyzed to reduce a discrepancy which they note to be "more than 10 orders of magnitude". By their method of calculation, it is found to be 25 orders of magnitude, of which 10 orders of magnitude can be accounted for by compression and electron screening. Analysis is presented to show that the remaining 15 orders of magnitude discrepancy cannot reasonably be resolved by electron screening and proximity (degree of compression), or experimental errors in cluster energy and/or size.