cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congruity's role in website attitude formation

Abstract Retailers with physical stores that also have an online presence (one form of multi-channel retailers) have unique challenges. Consumers bringing their prior attitudes towards the retailer to the site is one such challenge. However, researchers studying website issues focus only on consumers' evaluations of website characteristics, failing to account for how prior attitudes towards the firm and congruity of the website with the retailer's physical store image might affect information processing and attitude formation. The current study draws on categorization theory, by proposing that increases in the congruity between the retailer's known offline and their online presence should decrease the emphasis new visitors place on website characteristics (a piecemeal process) and increase the influence of their prior attitudes towards the firm (an attitude transfer process). Results support predictions and provide guidance for multi-channel retailers.
If the proper study of mankind is man, the proper study of cholesterol is the liver

A two-year-old boy presented with severe failure to thrive, developmental delay, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, central cataracts, and dysmorphic features. Quantitative analyses of urinary organic acids revealed massive excretion of mevalonic acid, a metabolic precursor of cholesterol and nonsterol isoprenes: 46,000 to 56,200 mmol per mole of creatinine, as compared with 0.2 to 0.3 mmol per mole in normal children. The mevalonic acid concentration in plasma was also greatly increased at 440 μmol per liter (normal, <0.05). The activity of mevalonate kinase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in mevalonate metabolism, was severely deficient in the patient's fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and lymphoblasts. In the subsequent pregnancy of the patient's mother, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated a marked elevation of mevalonic acid in the mother's urine and a 3000-fold elevation, as compared with control levels in the amniotic fluid, suggesting that the fetus was affected. The diagnosis was confirmed by demonstration of the deficiency of mevalonate kinase in amniocytes and ultimately in liver from the abortus. Intermediate activities of the enzyme in both parents indicated an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. These observations identify an inherited disorder of cholesterol and nonsterol isoprene biosynthesis in humans.
Use of daptomycin to treat infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates having vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.5 to 2 μg/mL.

Objective: To evaluate daptomycin use for the treatment of infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates having vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1.5 to 2 µg/mL. Data Sources: The literature was retrieved through PubMed and EMBASE (January 2006 to August 2013).Study Selection and Data Extraction: English articles were reviewed. Studies that included separate daptomycin data (clinical outcome or in vitro surveillance) for MRSA isolates with vancomycin MICs of 1.5 to 2 µg/mL by any testing methodology were included. Data Synthesis: Clinical and microbiological outcomes associated with daptomycin used as first-line or subsequent therapy for MRSA infections with vancomycin MICs of 1.5 to 2 µg/mL were reported in 7 retrospective clinical studies; susceptibility information involving such isolates was reported from 12 surveillancestudies. Although not all studies demonstrated outcome differences between daptomycin and comparator treatments (usually vancomycin),...
Newly Synthesized Calsequestrin and Triadin-1 Traffic In Two Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Compartments In Heart Cells

Cardiac calsequestrin (CSQ) is a major protein of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (jSR) in the heart, where it may serve dual roles of Ca buffering and ryanodine receptor regulation. CSQ is probably a polymer in jSR, but it remains unclear whether CSQ serves its functions as a monomer or polymer, and whether its localization in heart cells is affected by its polymerization. To investigate CSQ trafficking and concentration in jSR in heart cells, we compared acute overexpression by adenoviral constructs where CSQ was fused to tetrameric DsRed (CSQ-tetRed), monomeric DsRed (CSQ-monoRed), or epitope tag (CSQ-HA). CSQ-tetRed exhibited a prominent and unique distribution pattern in ER cisternae surrounding the nucleus. Retention near its apparent site of biosynthesis likely reflected tetramerization of DsRed with loss of further trafficking. Interestingly, analyzed using either anti-CSQ antibodies or anti-DsRed antibodies, the bright perinuclear CSQ-tetRed fluorescence was virtually invisible, likely due loss of epitope accessibility when polymerized. In contrast to CSQ-tetRed localization as seen by DsRed fluorescence, the immunofluorescence pattern of CSQ-tetRed showed CSQ traversing the cardiac secretory pathway towards the cell periphery. Moreover,immunostaining patterns for newly-synthesized CSQ, compared with native rat CSQ, suggested that endogenous jSR sites were less likely to incorporate newly-synthesized CSQ. Newly synthesized cardiac triadin-1 (TRD) was distinguished from native rat triadin-1 using species-specific anti-TRD antibodies. Newly synthesized TRD associated with CSQ-tetRed in perinuclear cisternae, but also trafficked to junctional SR. Mutant TRD, lacking the CSQ-binding site, did not reside in early biosynthetic compartments but co-localized with native CSQ in junctional SR. These data indicate that SR proteins CSQ and TRD are synthesized in a perinuclear compartment, can bind to one another even in this proximal compartment, and traffic to SR junctions within the cellular periphery.
Intraarterial Use of Sodium Methohexital for Provocative Testing during Brain Embolotherapy

PURPOSE AND METHODS To assess its vascular effects and safety, we used sodium methohexital (Brevital)--an ultrashort-acting barbiturate--as the provocative intraarterial agent in a series of 30 patients with arteriovenous malformations at a 1% concentration and at doses of less than 5 mg per injection. Digital vascular imaging was performed just prior to and just after the injections. RESULTS No angiographic or clinical evidence of apparent vasospasm occurred in the trial population (66 vascular pedicle injections in 30 patients). When functional tissue was perfused with 1-6 mg of the 1% Brevital solution, evidence of altered neurologic status became immediately apparent, but cleared within 2 minutes in all cases. None of the patients experienced either prolongation of the induced clinical symptoms or seizures to suggest any adverse effects related to either crystallization of the Brevital or the effects of injecting an alkaline solution in the cerebral circulation. CONCLUSION Though the full effects of methohexital in the cerebral circulation remain to be elucidated, existing reports suggest it is a safe provocative agent for use prior to embolotherapy for brain arteriovenous malformations.
The calculation of Afρ and mass loss rate for comets

Abstract Ab initio calculations of Afρ are presented using Mie scattering theory and a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) dust outflow model in support of the Rosetta mission and its target 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (CG). These calculations are performed for particle sizes ranging from 0.010 μm to 1.0 cm. The present status of our knowledge of various differential particle size distributions is reviewed and a variety of particle size distributions is used to explore their effect on Afρ, and the dust mass production m ˙ . A new simple two parameter particle size distribution that curtails the effect of particles below 1 μm is developed. The contributions of all particle sizes are summed to get a resulting overall Afρ. The resultant Afρ could not easily be predicted a priori and turned out to be considerably more constraining regarding the mass loss rate than expected. It is found that a proper calculation of Afρ combined with a good Afρ measurement can constrain the dust/gas ratio in the coma of comets as well as other methods presently available. Phase curves of Afρ versus scattering angle are calculated and produce good agreement with observational data. The major conclusions of our calculations are: – The original definition of A in Afρ is problematical and Afρ should be: q sca ( n , λ ) × p ( g ) × f × ρ . Nevertheless, we keep the present nomenclature of Afρ as a measured quantity for an ensemble of coma particles. – The ratio between Afρ and the dust mass loss rate m ˙ is dominated by the particle size distribution. – For most particle size distributions presently in use, small particles in the range from 0.10 to 1.0 μm contribute a large fraction to Afρ. – Simplifying the calculation of Afρ by considering only large particles and approximating qsca does not represent a realistic model. Mie scattering theory or if necessary, more complex scattering calculations must be used. – For the commonly used particle size distribution, dn/da ∼ a−3.5 to a−4, there is a natural cut off in Afρ contribution for both small and large particles. – The scattering phase function must be taken into account for each particle size; otherwise the contribution of large particles can be over-estimated by a factor of 10. – Using an imaginary index of refraction of i = 0.10 does not produce sufficient backscattering to match observational data. – A mixture of dark particles with i ⩾ 0.10 and brighter silicate particles with i ⩽ 0.04 matches the observed phase curves quite well. – Using current observational constraints, we find the dust/gas mass-production ratio of CG at 1.3 AU is confined to a range of 0.03–0.5 with a reasonably likely value around 0.1.
Model Studies of Rayleigh Instabilities via Microdesigned Interfaces

The energetic and kinetic properties of surfaces play a critical role in defining the microstructural changes that occur during sintering and high-temperature use of ceramics. Characterization of surface diffusion in ceramics is particularly difficult, and significant variations in reported values of surface diffusivities arise even in well-studied systems. Effects of impurities, surface energy anisotropy, and the onset of surface attachment limited kinetics (SALK) are believed to contribute to this variability. An overview of the use of Rayleigh instabilities as a means of characterizing surface diffusivities is presented. The development of models of morphological evolution that account for effects of surface energy anisotropy is reviewed, and the potential interplay between impurities and surface energy anisotropy is addressed. The status of experimental studies of Rayleigh instabilities in sapphire utilizing lithographically introduced pore channels of controlled geometry and crystallography is summarized. Results of model studies indicate that impurities can significantly influence both the spatial and temporal characteristics of Rayleigh instabilities; this is attributed at least in part to impurity effects on the surface energy anisotropy. Related model experiments indicate that the onset of SALK may also contribute significantly to apparent variations in surface diffusion coefficients.
Amazon Forest Structure from IKONOS Satellite Data and the Automated Characterization of Forest Canopy Properties

We developed an automated tree crown analysis algorithm using 1-m panchromatic IKONOS satellite images to examine forest canopy structure in the Brazilian Amazon. The algorithm was calibrated on the landscape level with tree geometry and forest stand data at the Fazenda Cauaxi (3.75 ◦ S, 48.37 ◦ W) in the eastern Amazon, and then compared with forest stand data at Tapajos National Forest (3.08 ◦ S, 54.94 ◦ W) in the central Amazon. The average remotely sensed crown width (mean ± SE) was 12.7 ± 0.1 m (range: 2.0–34.0 m) and frequency of trees was 76.6 trees/ha at Cauaxi. At Tapajos, remotely sensed crown width was 13.1 ± 0.1 m (range: 2.0–38.0 m) and frequency of trees was 76.4 trees/ha. At both Cauaxi and Tapajos, the remotely sensed average crown widths were within 3 percen to f the crown widths derived from field measurements, although crown distributions showed significant differences between field-measured and automated methods. We used the remote sensing algorithm to estimate crown dimensions and forest structural properties in 51 forest stands (1 km 2 ) throughout the Brazilian Amazon. The estimated crown widths, tree diameters (dbh), and stem frequencies differed widely among sites, while estimated biomass was similar among most sites. Sources of observed errors included an inability to detect understory crowns and to separate adjacent, intermingled crowns. Nonetheless, our technique can serve to provide information about structural characteristics of large areas of unsurveyed forest throughout Amazonia.
Civil rights guidance and equity analysis methods for regional transportation plans: a critical review of literature and practice

Metropolitan planning organizations typically undertake an analysis of regional transportation plan equity to comply with federal anti-discrimination law, most prominently Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. In this critical review, we examine the law, regulatory guidance, academic research, and agency practice pertinent to equity analysis. We find that recommendations are extensive but generally lack specificity and are rarely enforceable. In the absence of detailed guidance, practice has become dominated by a single method that has foundations in the spatial analysis of environmental exposures and the neighborhood effects literature. We argue that this method is not appropriate for the analysis of transportation investment benefits, in part because target populations must be defined a priori based on demographic thresholds for areal units rather than on the basis of exposure. Further, it does not represent the travel behavior of Title VI-protected populations adequately, most notably people of color. Newer travel demand modeling paradigms are capable of sidestepping methodological problems, and legacy models can be adapted and improved. However, agencies generally have not shifted from traditional methods and planners do not view race as a variable relevant to travel behavior. By relying on an analytical technique that is not likely to reflect the travel behavior of people of color, planning agencies reduce the likelihood that racially disparate outcomes will be identified and mitigated. Meaningful transportation equity analyses must include an assessment of both current and near-term conditions and provide racially specific outcomes, while seeking to mitigate inequities through programming decisions.
Radiosyntheses and reactivities of novel [18F]2-fluoroethyl arylsulfonates

[18F]2-Fluoroethyl tosylate ([18F]FEOX, X=Ts) is widely used for labeling radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET). Little work has been reported on syntheses of other [18F]2-fluoroethyl arylsulfonates ([18F]FEOX) that bear a less electron-rich aryl group, even though these might offer enhanced reactivities. Thus, a series of novel [18F]FEOX (X=benzenesulfonyl, brosyl, nosyl, 3,4-dibromobenzenesulfonyl) were synthesized and reactivities compared to [18F]FEOTs. Precursors for radiolabeling (bis-ethylene glycol arylsulfonates) and reference FEOX were synthesized (alcohol+arylsulfonyl chloride+KOSiMe3 in THF). Regardless of substitution pattern, [18F]FEOX (110°C, 5 min, acetonitrile) were obtained in similar decay-corrected isolated radiochemical yields (RCY; 47–53%). All [18F]FEOX gave excellent RCYs (64–87%) of the dopamine uptake radioligand, [18F]FECNT (130°C, 10 min, acetonitrile). The 3,4-dibromobenzensulfonate gave the highest RCY of [18F]FECNT (87%) and this HPLC-purified labeling agent was used directly for efficient [18F]FECNT production. When the secondary aniline of an amyloid probe (HM-IMPY) or p-nitrophenol was reacted with [18F]FEOX, RCYs were appreciably higher for brosylate and nosylate than for tosylate, while 3,4-dibromobenzenesulfonate again gave the highest RCY. Owing to the high reactivity of the new [18F]FEOX and their ease of syntheses via stable precursors, such agents (particularly 3,4-dibromobenzenesulfonate) should be considered as alternatives to [18F]FEOTs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in finite element methods for microwave engineering

This paper reviews the recent advancements in finite element methods, particularly the H(curl) conforming vector finite element methods (FEMs), for solving three-dimensional time-harmonic Maxwell equations. Advances in six major technical areas have made commercial field simulation softwares, based upon the use of vector FEMs, widely accepted in microwave engineering community for analysing and designing RF/microwave devices. They are: automatic mesh generation, H(curl) conforming vector finite elements, fast and efficient matrix solution techniques, accurate mesh truncation methods, a-posteriori error estimate and adaptive mesh refinement, and fast frequency sweep algorithms. A brief account of the R&D activities in these areas is given.
Utility of intraoperative frozen section histopathology in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The accuracy of intraoperative periprosthetic frozen section histologic evaluation in predicting a diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection prior to microbiologic culture results is unknown. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of all longitudinal studies that compared frozen section histologic results with simultaneously obtained microbiologic culture at the time of revision total hip or total knee arthroplasty. The data sources were Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science, and SCOPUS, from the inception of each database to January 2010. Results: Twenty-six studies involving 3269 patients undergoing revision hip or knee arthroplasty met the inclusion criteria. A culture-positive periprosthetic joint infection was confirmed in 796 (24.3%) of the patients. Frozen section results, using any of the diagnostic criteria chosen by the investigating pathologist, had a pooled diagnostic odds ratio of 54.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 31.2 to 95.7), a likelihood ratio of a positive test of 12.0 (95% CI, 8.4 to 17.2), and a likelihood ratio of a negative test of 0.23 (95% CI, 0.15 to 0.35) for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. Fifteen studies utilizing a threshold of five polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) per high-power field to define a positive frozen section had a diagnostic odds ratio of 52.6 (95% CI, 23.7 to 116.2), and six studies utilizing a diagnostic threshold of ten PMNs per high-power field had a diagnostic odds ratio of 69.8 (95% CI, 33.6 to 145.0). There was no significant difference between the diagnostic odds ratio or likelihood ratios associated with these thresholds. The moderate to high heterogeneity among the included studies was unexplained by variability in the study design, diagnostic criteria for acute inflammation, reference standard for periprosthetic joint infection, or prevalence of infection. This heterogeneity could be due to differences in the inclusion and exclusion criteria, tissue sampling error, experience or technique of the pathologists, number of microscopic fields visualized, and field diameter examined. Conclusions: Intraoperative frozen sections of periprosthetic tissues performed well in predicting a diagnosis of culture-positive periprosthetic joint infection but had moderate accuracy in ruling out this diagnosis. Frozen section histopathology should therefore be considered a valuable part of the diagnostic work-up for patients undergoing revision arthroplasty, especially when the potential for infection remains after a thorough preoperative evaluation. The optimum diagnostic threshold (number of PMNs per high-power field) required to distinguish periprosthetic joint infection from aseptic failure could not be discerned from the included studies. There was no significant difference between the diagnostic accuracy of frozen section histopathology utilizing the most common thresholds of five or ten PMNs per high-power field.
Automating impurity-enhanced antiphase boundary energy calculations from ab initio Monte Carlo

Abstract The effect of impurities on antiphase boundary (APB) energies is studied using cluster expansion and Monte Carlo (MC) techniques from first-principles total-energy calculations. We present a code that automates the generation of APB structures for MC sampling within the Alloy Theoretic Automated Toolkit software package. The functionalities of the code is demonstrated by a case study on Ni 3 Al with Ti impurities.
Beyond the "English Learner" Frame: Transnational Funds of Knowledge in Social Studies.

Transnationalism is a phenomenon that has consequences for education, broadly defined. Even as youth engage in transnational practices that expand their knowledge across borders, immigrant students in U.S. schools are often framed narrowly as “English learners” and their forms of knowledge may be erased. Synthesizing literature at the intersection of transnationalism and education, citizenship education, and funds of knowledge, we argue for the necessity of recognizing immigrant youth’s transnational funds of knowledge. We draw from a qualitative study to illustrate how a high school social studies teacher created space for students’ transnational funds of knowledge in the classroom, focusing on a Pakistani student’s return visit to his country of origin. The teacher’s orientation toward students’ transnational funds of knowledge served to counter assimilationist discourses while teaching U.S. civics. This article contributes to understanding how immigrants’ transnational experiences can widen narrow visions of citizen-building in formal schooling and build upon their assets for a more inclusive society.
Generalization of Natural Bond Orbital Analysis to Periodic Systems: Applications to Solids and Surfaces via Plane-Wave Density Functional Theory.

Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis is a powerful analysis technique capable of generating intuitive chemical representations of otherwise complex quantum mechanical electronic structure results, yielding a localized “Lewis-like” description of bonding and reactivity. We generalize this algorithm to periodic systems, thus expanding the scope of NBO analysis to bulk materials and/or periodic surface models. We employ a projection scheme to further expand the algorithm’s applicability to ubiquitous plane-wave density functional theory (PW DFT) calculations. We also present a variety of example applications: examining bulk bonding and surface reconstruction and elucidating fundamental aspects of heterogeneous catalysis—all derived from rigorous underlying PW DFT calculations.
Mechanical performance of spider orb webs is tuned for high-speed prey

SUMMARY Spiders in the Orbiculariae spin orb webs that dissipate the mechanical energy of their flying prey, bringing the insects to rest and retaining them long enough for the spider to attack and subdue their meals. Small prey are easily stopped by webs but provide little energetic gain. While larger prey offer substantial nourishment, they are also challenging to capture and can damage the web if they escape. We therefore hypothesized that spider orb webs exhibit properties that improve their probability of stopping larger insects while minimizing damage when the mechanical energy of those prey exceeds the web9s capacity. Large insects are typically both heavier and faster flying than smaller prey, but speed plays a disproportionate role in determining total kinetic energy, so we predicted that orb webs may dissipate energy more effectively under faster impacts, independent of kinetic energy per se . We used high-speed video to visualize the impact of wooden pellets fired into orb webs to simulate prey strikes and tested how capture probability varied as a function of pellet size and speed. Capture probability was virtually nil above speeds of ~3 m s −1 . However, successful captures do not directly measure the maximum possible energy dissipation by orb webs because these events include lower-energy impacts that may not significantly challenge orb web performance. Therefore, we also compared the total kinetic energy removed from projectiles that escaped orb webs by breaking through the silk, asking whether more energy was removed at faster speeds. Over a range of speeds relevant to insect flight, the amount of energy absorbed by orb webs increases with the speed of prey (i.e. the rates at which webs are stretched). Orb webs therefore respond to faster – and hence higher kinetic energy – prey with better performance, suggesting adaptation to capture larger and faster flying insect prey. This speed-dependent toughness of a complex structure suggests the utility of the intrinsic toughness of spider silk and/or features of the macro-design of webs for high-velocity industrial or military applications, such as ballistic energy absorption.
Expression Patterns of the Wnt Pathway Inhibitors Dickkopf3 and Secreted Frizzled-Related Proteins 1 and 4 in Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma: An NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group Study

Objective The aim of the study was to determine the differential expression patterns of the wingless-type (Wnt) pathway inhibitors Dkk3 (Dickkopf 3), SFRP1 (secreted frizzled-related protein 1), and SFRP4 in normal mullerian tissue and endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma specimens. Methods Messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of the Wnt pathway inhibitors Dkk3, SFRP1, and SFRP4 were evaluated by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. A total of 87 human tissue specimens were obtained from 60 women who participated in Gynecologic Oncology Group protocol 210. Twenty-seven normal mullerian tissues, 32 early-stage, and 28 advanced-stage endometrial endometrioid cancer specimens were analyzed. Results Median age for this cohort was 60 years, with median body mass index of 32 kg/m2. There was a difference in Dkk3 protein expression between normal mullerian tissues and primary endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma samples (P = 0.05). There was down-regulation of Dkk3, SFRP1, and SFRP4 mRNA expression in patients with high-grade disease (P = 0.08, 0.06, and 0.05, respectfully). Furthermore, a decrease in SFRP1 and SFPR4 mRNA expression was noted in patients with a diagnosis of locoregional and distant disease recurrence. Lastly, a trend toward decreased progression-free survival in patients with low Dkk3, SFRP1, and SFRP4 mRNA expression levels was noted. Conclusions Wnt pathway inhibitor (Dkk3, sFRP1, and/or sFRP4) expression was down-regulated in patients with high-grade disease and was associated with locoregional and distant disease recurrence. Despite sample size (power) limitations, these results support previous preclinical studies and may suggest a therapeutic role for Wnt signaling in endometrial cancer.
Sputum Smear Microscopic Examination of Tuberculosis in Nanchong

Objective To analyze the sputum smear situation of the registered cases of tuberculosis in Nanchong in 2010,provide reference to ensure the quality of sputum examination.Methods Sputum smear test was conducted according to Sputum Smear Mcroscopy and Quality Assurance Standard Handbook from China Tuberculosis Research Programme.Results There were 6 439 newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Nanchong in 2010,in which 2 382 were positive,the smear-positive detection rate was 37%,the highest detection rate of cheese sputum in different kinds of sputum specimens was 62.9%,and the highest detection rate of morning sputum in different kinds of time left was 35.6%.Conclusion The detection rates varies in different kinds and different time of lefting samle.It is necessary to guide patients left sputum sample correctly to improve the detection rate of tuberculosis.
Effect of Eastern Oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) and Seasonality on Nitrite Reductase Gene Abundance ( nirS , nirK , nrfA ) in an Urban Estuary

The influence of oysters on nitrogen (N) cycling has received increased research attention. Previous work focused on fluxes of N solutes and gases, but the effects on microbes responsible for N transformations are unknown. In May 2010, we deployed eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in mesh cages above sand-filled boxes at four sites across a nutrient gradient in Jamaica Bay, New York City. In fall and winter, we used quantitative PCR to measure abundance of 16S rRNA and nitrite reductase genes for denitrification (nirS and nirK) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (nrfA) in sediment. We measured water column nutrients and chlorophyll a, sediment C:N and organic matter (OM), exchangeable ammonium (NH4 +), ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification potential (DNP). Oysters did not affect gene abundance in fall, when we predicted that their influence would be strongest, or in winter. However, gene abundance was significantly different among sites and seasons. Factors which explained 16S rRNA, nirS, and nirK gene abundance included sediment OM, water column N, and chlorophyll a, similar to previous research. Abundance of nrfA was lower than that of nir genes and positively related to sediment C:N, suggesting OM lability may drive the balance between nir and nrfA. Finally, nirS and nirK abundance was unrelated to DNP, which is consistent with variable results from the literature. More studies that combine molecular techniques with N transformation rates in the context of oyster reefs are needed. Results will advance models which predict the ecosystem effects of reef conservation and restoration under variable environmental conditions.
Development of Wire 3D (Wir3D) Printing Parameters

Currently additive manufacturing techniques offer great detail in small, difficult to produce parts. They are also relatively slow, limited in scale and very expensive (especially so in the additive manufacturing of metals realm). Wire and arc additive manufacturing enables manufacturers to build parts by depositing metal in layers using welding techniques. The extremely inexpensive Wire 3D (Wir3D) printing process, in development by the authors, uses an electric arc to melt metals at higher deposition rates than other additive techniques in metals. Large parts can be created quicker with less material waste or total machining time than subtractive manufacturing. Unique metal alloys can also be quickly and economically produced without worry of tool wear and the other drawbacks that are related to super alloy manufacturing as with subtractive techniques. A Wir3D additive machine was designed, constructed and evaluated at Auburn University. The wire deposition machine features a modular, open frame design allowing for easy access and continuous upgrades. The machine, which is based upon gas metal arc welding (GMAW) technology, is extremely rapid compared to other additive processes currently available at producing metal objects. Although it cannot currently compete with laser or electron beam additive methods in terms of resolution, these methods will never be able to compete with Wir3D in terms of speed for bulky print jobs, or especially material costs. During the literature review of this emerging technology, it became apparent that a standard reporting format would greatly increase future developments in the field by all researchers. A standard parametric data sheet was developed to establish a common data set for future researchers (included at end) during the experiments’ execution incorporating all of the parameters reported variously in the scattered literature. The printer described in this paper constructed for very little money by students working together. In the development, voltage and current requirements for different wire diameters were analyzed along with resulting wall widths and heights. The tensile strengths of deposited steel structures were measured in multiple orientations achieving up to 90% of standard material values in one orientation. Deposited steel structures were found to be heat treatable. With improved controls and in-process feedback, one-off castings can be easily replaced using this process in a wide array of metals. The wire 3D printing process is a viable option for low cost and rapid manufacturing of metallic objects [1].Copyright © 2016 by ASME
The Codification of Vernacular Theories of Metallic Generation in Sixteenth-Century European Mining and Metalworking

This essay explores a number of structuring frameworks for the practical knowledge of mining and metalworking, including the place and economic structures of material production in mining, the entanglement of the human body with matter in the landscape, and the constraining and affording properties of the materials themselves. Larger belief and knowledge systems, such as understandings about the relationship of earth and the heavens, as well as analogies to the human body and its processes, also structured practices and practical knowledge. Objects, too, could structure and reinforce practical knowledge systems.
Aroma Encapsulation and Controlled Delivery

The area of protecting and delivering aroma compounds in a food application is most challenging. At this time, well over 8000 aroma compounds have been found in nature and they vary widely in physical and chemical properties which makes their protection and delivery very problematic (evaporation and chemical reactivity). Thus, one attempts to design encapsulation systems that protect the key aroma compounds but yet deliver them when needed using cost-effective and legally approved materials and methodologies. This chapter provides strategies used to accomplish these goals. Overviews of materials and methods used in encapsulation and controlled delivery are presented. The final section offers insights into unmet needs in this area.
Tools of the Trade: A Survey of Technologies in End-User Development Literature

The fundamental ideas core to the field of end-user development (EUD) emerged in the early 1990s with influential authors advocating for the need for modifiable software that could be crafted by the end user. The modern technology landscape that emerged in the intervening years is vastly different – with technology interwoven into every aspect of our lives and becoming increasingly malleable. In pursuit of building our understanding of what technology tools currently demonstrate EUD concepts and how this has changed over time, this work reports on the results of an assessment of 73 research articles from EUD publication venues, from 2004 to 2016, which emphasize the original development or extension of a technology tool. The technology tools largely fell into the categories of programming environments and frameworks, web and information authoring tools, mashup-creation and spreadsheet tools, with a diverse range of relatively infrequent tool types observed as well.
Loss of p16 INK4A stimulates aberrant mitochondrial biogenesis through a CDK4/Rb-independent pathway

// Ethika Tyagi 1,* , Bin Liu 1,* , Chelsea Li 1 , Tong Liu 1 , Jared Rutter 3,4 and Douglas Grossman 1,2 1 The Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake, Utah, USA 2 The Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake, Utah, USA 3 The Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake, Utah, USA 4 The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake, Utah, USA * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Douglas Grossman, email: // Keywords : p16, mitochondria, CDK4, migration, fibroblast Received : May 24, 2017 Accepted : July 09, 2017 Published : August 03, 2017 Abstract The tumor suppressor p16INK4A (p16) inhibits cell cycle progression through the CDK4/Rb pathway. We have previously shown that p16 regulates cellular oxidative stress, independent of its role in cell cycle control. We investigated whether loss of p16 had a direct impact on the mitochondria. We found that p16-null primary mouse fibroblasts (PMFs) displayed increased mitochondrial mass and expression of mitochondrial respiratory subunit proteins compared to wild-type (WT) PMFs. These findings in p16-null PMFs were associated with increased expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis transcription factors PRC and TFAM. On the other hand, p16-deficient PMFs demonstrated reduced mitochondrial respiration capacity consistent with electron microscopy findings showing that mitochondria in p16-deficient PMFs have abnormal morphology. Consistent with increased mitochondrial mass and reduced respiratory capacity, p16-deficient PMFs generated increased mitochondrial superoxide. One biological consequence of elevated ROS in p16-deficient PMFs was enhanced migration, which was reduced by the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine. Finally, p16-deficient PMFs displayed increased mitochondrial membrane potential, which was also required for their enhanced migration. The mitochondrial and migration phenotype was restored in p16-deficient PMFs by forced expression of p16. Similarly, over-expression of p16 in human melanocytes and A375 melanoma cells led to decreased expression of some mitochondrial respiratory proteins, enhanced respiration, and decreased migration. Inhibition of Rb phosphorylation in melanocytes and melanoma cells, either by addition of chemical CDK4 inhibitors or RNAi-mediated knockdown of CDK4, did not mimic the effects of p16 loss. These results suggest that p16 regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and function, which is independent of the canonical CDK4/Rb pathway.
Understanding Full-Cell Evolution and Non-chemical Electrode Crosstalk of Li-Ion Batteries

Summary The confined, sealed design of a commercial lithium-ion battery makes it difficult to probe and understand how the system evolves during cycling. In this work, we investigate the full-cell evolution of lithium-ion batteries using two complementary techniques, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and ultrasonic time-of-flight analysis, which make it possible to couple electrochemical and material property changes during cycling. It is found that there is a post-formation "break-in" period before full-cell behavior stabilizes. This period is signified by an increased swelling of the graphite anode, likely caused by side reactions, which increases the pressure within the cell. The increased pressure forces electrolyte to wet previously inactive portions of the lithium cobalt oxide cathode, lowering the cell impedance. The results demonstrate how the full-cell performance can be greatly affected by non-chemical crosstalk between the two electrodes and indicates the importance of using multiple complementary experimental techniques.
Forensic Sciences | Hair

Abstract As a biological matrix, hair is unique in that it provides a linear history of metabolism and uptake. Soft tissues are more ephemeral as substrates and bone is reworked, albeit slowly. Hair, however, is robust and an excellent “recording” of diet, environmental intake, and location. Used in disciplines from archeology to forensic science to public health to medicine, hair is a complex structural matrix that provides numerous opportunities for morphological and chemical analysis.
Poor Rhythm Outcome of Catheter Ablation for Early-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Women ― Mechanistic Insight ―

BACKGROUND Catheter ablation is a good treatment option for atrial fibrillation (AF) in young symptomatic patients. However, there is little information on the efficacy of catheter ablation of early-onset AF between sexes. Methods and Results: This study included 1,060 patients under the age 60 years old (837 men, 49.8±7.7 years old, 70.8% paroxysmal AF) who underwent catheter ablation for AF. Sex differences in clinical presentation and ablation outcomes were compared with and without propensity score-matching. During 24.5±18.9 months of follow-up, women showed significantly higher clinical recurrence of AF than men (log-rank, P=0.002). Female sex was independently associated with post-ablation clinical recurrence of AF (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.58 [1.06-6.30], P=0.037). Women had a higher proportion of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (E/Em, P<0.001), higher prevalence of heart failure (P=0.017), greater left atrial (LA) volume index (P=0.001), lower LA endocardial voltage (P<0.001), and higher parasympathetic nervous activity (root-mean square of differences, P<0.001; high-frequency (HF), P=0.010) than men. After a second ablation procedure (n=111), women still showed a higher clinical recurrence rate than men (log-rank, P=0.003) during 22.9±15.0 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with early-onset AF who underwent catheter ablation, women showed poorer clinical outcomes than men after de novo and second procedures. Left ventricular dysfunction, LA remodeling, and autonomic nervous function may be potential mechanisms underlying sex differences in catheter ablation outcomes of early-onset AF.
Causation and Distinct Events

If a specific event c can properly be called a cause of another specific event e, then c and e must be distinct events. This general principle seems agreed upon by virtually everyone who works on causation. Moreover, it seems generally agreed, or at least assumed, that ‘distinct’ is synonymous with ‘not identical’; indeed, the above principle is often put by saying that no event can be a cause of itself. Recent work1 has suggested, however, that there are various pairs of events (such as ‘Cambridge events’) which are distinct in the sense of not being identical, but which are such that they cannot be causally related. Moreover, these pairs of events appear to be counterexamples to a number of the main approaches to defining causation. In this paper I want to suggest that all of these problematic cases can be dealt with in an intuitively straight-forward and appealing way. The principle that only distinct events can be causally related needs to be understood in a much broader way than the way in which it is usually understood. Specifically, I shall argue that this principle, to be fully adequate, requires a notion of distinctness of events which is broader than the notion of nonidentity. Once this broad notion of distinctness has been outlined, it will be seen that the troublesome cases are excluded by the principle in question.
Tactile recognition by probing: identifying a polygon on a plane

An outstanding problem in model-based recognition of objects by robot systems is how the system should proceed when the acquired data are insufficient to identify uniquely the model instance and model pose that best interpret the object. In this paper, we consider the situation in which some tactile data about the object are already available, but can be ambiguously interpreted. The problem is thus to acquire and process new tactile data in a sequential and efficient manner, so that the object can be recognised and its location and orientation determined. An object model, in this initial analysis of the problem, is a polygon located on a plane; the case of planar objects presents some interesting problems, and is also an important prelude to recognition of three-dimensional (polyhedral) objects.
A model to evaluate mild analgesics in oral surgery outpatients

A model was developed to evaluate mild analgesics in an oral surgery outpatient clinic population. On a report form, patients recorded starting pain and then pain intensities, relief responses, and side effects hourly for 3 hr after drug administration. The treatments were randomly allocated to patients on a single-dose-only basis, and the double-blind technique was used. The first of two studies compared codeine 30 mg, aspirin 650 mg, codeine 30 mg with aspirin 650 mg, and placebo in 128 subjects. The second study compared codeine 60 mg, acetaminophen 600 mg, and codeine 60 mg with acetaminophen 600 mg and placebo in 160 subjects. Time-effect curves were generated for both pain relief and pain relief and pain intensity difference (PID). First-hour scores, peak scores, and total scores were statistically analyzed by parametric and nonparametric factorial analysis. Both aspirin 650 mg and acetaminophen 600 mg proved superior to placebo (p less than 0.01) for all measures of effect with both parametric or nonparametric analyses, while codeine 30 mg was not significantly superior to placebo in any analysis. Codeine 60 mg proved significantly superior to placebo for certain measures of effect when analyzed with the nonparametric model. There was no significant interaction between either aspirin or acetaminophen and codeine.
Systeme mit mehreren Freiheitsgraden

Wir haben oben bei der Erorterung der Schwingungsvorgange bei Systemen mit einem Freiheitsgrad das d’Alembertsche Prinzip haufig angewandt (s. § 1). Dieses Prinzip kann auch bei Systemen mit mehreren Freiheitsgraden benutzt werden.
Response of embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus to aqueous petroleum waste includes the expression of a high molecular weight glycoprotein

The present study investigated the sublethal effects of the largest aqueous waste associated with offshore oil development, produced water (PW), on sea urchin embryo development. PW inhibited normal gastrulation in purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) embryos exposed at the hatching stage. The exposed embryos did not form complete archenterons, and secondary mesenchyme cells exhibited an unusual behavior with respect to the wall of the blastocoelic cavity. In addition, an abundance of extracellular matrix was observed in the blastocoelic cavities in the embryos exposed to higher concentrations of PW. An inhibition of the development of embryos through the pluteus stage was observed as a result of PW exposure. This was manifested by inhibition of normal spicule formation with concomitant abnormal pluteus morphology. To determine if a biochemical stress response occurs as a result of PW exposure, embryos at the early gastrula stage were exposed to PW for 2 h, followed by an additional 1 h in 3H-leucine and PW. These embryos expressed a 253 kDa protein as observed by one-dimensional SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. This protein could occasionally be observed in gels stained for protein, and was glycosylated as demonstrated by staining with periodic acid Schiff (PAS). The 70 to 73 kDa heat-shock proteins previously described in sea urchin embryos (and other organisms) as a result of stress were not synthesized as a result of PW exposure. Heat shock did not induce synthesis of the 253 kDa glycoprotein. Combined PW and heat-shock exposure elicited both the heat-shock response (73 kDa protein) as well as expression of the 253 kDa glycoprotein. These data demonstrate the use of expression of endogenous macromolecular markers to distinguish exposures of embryos to different perturbations. Arsenic (as sodium arsenite), a metal constituent of PW, also induced the 253 kDa glycoprotein in early gastrula-stage embryos. We suggest that this glycoprotein may be a marker for PW (and a metal constituent) exposure in sea urchin embryos, and may be related to morphological abnormalities.
Republican Auctoritas: Harrington’s dual theory of political legitimacy:

Neo-republicans position James Harrington (1611–1677) as a seminal figure in a tradition that asks what set of institutions grant the individual freedom from domination. This article argues that th...