cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RIVET: comprehensive graphic user interface for analysis and exploration of genome-wide translatomics data

Translatomics data, particularly genome-wide ribosome profiling and polysome profiling, provide multiple levels of gene regulatory information that can be used to assess general transcription and translation, as well translational efficiency. The increasing popularity of these techniques has resulted in multiple algorithms to detect translational regulation, typically distributed in the form of command line tools that require a basic level of programming ability. Additionally, due to the static nature of current software, dynamic transcriptional and translational comparative analysis cannot be adequately achieved. In order to streamline hypothesis generation, investigators must have the ability to manipulate and interact with their data in real-time. To address the lack of integration in current software, we introduce RIVET, Ribosomal Investigation and Visualization to Evaluate Translation, an R shiny based graphical user interface for translatomics data exploration and differential analysis. RIVET can analyze either microarray or RNA sequencing data from polysome profiling and ribosome profiling experiments. RIVET provides multiple choices for statistical analysis as well as integration of transcription, translation, and translational efficiency data analytics and the ability to visualize all results dynamically. RIVET is a user-friendly tool designed for bench scientists with little to no programming background. RIVET facilitates the data analysis of translatomics data allowing for dynamic generation of results based on user-defined inputs and publication ready visualization. We expect RIVET will allow for scientists to efficiently make more comprehensive data observations that will lead to more robust hypothesis regarding translational regulation.
Effect of Endomycorrhizal Inoculum on Root Initiation and Development of Viburnum dentatum L. Cuttings

Viburnum dentatum L. cuttings were inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerdemann and Trappe spores, hyphae and associated soil and root segments at 5 spores/cm3 of medium. Fresh weight of...
Cooling The Hot Spots Where Child Hospitalization Rates Are High: A Neighborhood Approach To Population Health.

Improving population health requires a focus on neighborhoods with high rates of illness. We aimed to reduce hospital days for children from two high-morbidity, high-poverty neighborhoods in Cincin...
Assessment of groundwater resources in Siwa Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt

Abstract One of the major challenges facing Egypt is limited water resources associated with rapid increase in population. In 1960s, Egyptian government started to use groundwater from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) in the Western Desert to expand agricultural sector. Siwa Oasis is the focus of this study to assess the efficiency of groundwater use and corresponding impacts from 1980 to 2012. Results show that from 1980 to 1998, withdrawal from poorly designed wells increased rapidly causing an increase in excess water about 336%. The increase of excess water with the usage of poor drainage produced lakes. Remote Sensing showed in 2000, there were 21,348 acres of lakes with an increase of 89% since 1987 due to unmanaged withdrawal. After management intervention, excess water decreased about 94.7% from 1998 to 2012 causing a decrease in lakes area by 24%. Groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) increased from 4.5 to 10.5 ds/m in 1996 and 2013, respectively. Yields of olives and date palms decreased about 46% and 55%, respectively from 2000 to 2011 resulting in net revenue decrease of more than 60%. Results show that salinity has a strong negative correlation with yield and net revenue. Findings showed the importance of developing a meaningful groundwater resources management plan for Siwa region.
Strategies for prediction of drug-resistant pathogens and empiric antibiotic selection in community-acquired pneumonia.

Purpose of review Although most patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are appropriately treated with narrow-spectrum antibiotics, predicting which patients require coverage of drug-resistant pathogens (DRP) remains a challenge. The 2019 American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America CAP guidelines endorse using locally validated prediction models for DRP. Here we review risk factors for DRP and provide a summary of available risk prediction models. Recent findings Both inadequate initial empiric spectrum as well as unnecessary broad-spectrum antibiotic use are associated with poor outcomes in CAP. Multiple prediction models for DRP-based patient-level risk factors have been published, with some variation in included predictor variables and test performance characteristics. Seven models have been robustly externally validated, and implementation data have been published for two of these models. All models demonstrated better performance than the healthcare-associated pneumonia criteria, with most favoring sensitivity over specificity. We also report validation of the novel, risk factor-based treatment algorithm proposed in the American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines which strongly favors specificity over sensitivity, especially in nonsevere pneumonia. Summary Using patient-level risk factors to guide the decision whether to prescribe broad-spectrum antibiotics is a rational approach to treatment. Several viable candidate prediction models are available. Hospitals should evaluate the local performance of existing scores before implementing in routine clinical practice.
Randomized Controlled Trials of Headache Treatments in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review.

Objective Headaches affect 88% of reproductive-aged women. Yet data are limited addressing treatment of headache in pregnancy. While many women experience improvement in pregnancy, primary and secondary headaches can develop. Consequently, pregnancy is a time when headache diagnosis can influence maternal and fetal interventions. This study was aimed to summarize existing randomized control trials (RCTs) addressing headache treatment in pregnancy. Study Design We searched PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and SCOPUS from January 1, 1970 through June 31, 2019. Studies were eligible if they were English-language RCTs addressing treatment of headache in pregnancy. Conference abstracts and studies investigating postpartum headache were excluded. Three authors reviewed English-language RCTs addressing treatment of antepartum headache. To be included, all authors agreed each article to meet the following criteria: predefined control group, participants underwent randomization, and treatment of headache occurred in the antepartum period. If inclusion criteria were met no exclusions were made. Our systematic review registration number was CRD42019135874. Results A total of 193 studies were reviewed. Of the three that met inclusion criteria all were small, with follow-up designed to measure pain reduction and showed statistical significance. Conclusion Our systematic review of RCTs evaluating treatment of headache in pregnancy revealed only three studies. This paucity of data limits treatment, puts women at risk for worsening headache disorders, and delays diagnosis placing both the mother and fetus at risk for complications.
Surface-wave-assisted nonreciprocity in spatio-temporally modulated metasurfaces

Emerging photonic functionalities are mostly governed by the fundamental principle of Lorentz reciprocity. Lifting the constraints imposed by this principle could circumvent deleterious effects that limit the performance of photonic systems. Most efforts to date have been limited to waveguide platforms. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a spatio-temporally modulated metasurface capable of complete violation of Lorentz reciprocity by reflecting an incident beam into far-field radiation in forward scattering, but into near-field surface waves in reverse scattering. These observations are shown both in nonreciprocal beam steering and nonreciprocal focusing. We also demonstrate nonreciprocal behavior of propagative-only waves in the frequency- and momentum-domains, and simultaneously in both. We develop a generalized Bloch-Floquet theory which offers physical insights into Lorentz nonreciprocity for arbitrary spatial phase gradients, and its predictions are in excellent agreement with experiments. Our work opens exciting opportunities in applications where free-space nonreciprocal wave propagation is desired.
Gradient boosting in crowd ensembles for Q-learning using weight sharing

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a double-edged sword: it frees the human trainer from having to provide voluminous supervised training data or from even knowing a solution. On the other hand, a common complaint about RL is that learning is slow. Deep Q-learning (DQN), a somewhat recent development, has allowed practitioners and scientists to solve tasks previously thought unsolvable by a reinforcement learning approach. However DQN has resulted in an explosion in the number of model parameters which has further exasperated the computational needs of Q-learning during training. In this work, an ensemble approach which improves the training time, in terms of the number of interactions with the training environment, is proposed. In the presented experiments, it is shown that the proposed approach improves stability of during training, results in improved average performance, results in more reliable training, and faster learning of features in convolutional layers.
Adenosine deaminase-1 enhances germinal center formation and functional antibody responses to HIV-1 Envelope DNA and protein vaccines

Adenosine deaminase-1 (ADA-1) plays both enzymatic and non-enzymatic roles in regulating immune cell function. Mutations in the ADA1 gene account for 15% of heritable severe-combined immunodeficiencies. We determined previously that ADA1 expression defines and is instrumental for the germinal center follicular helper T cell (TFH) phenotype using in vitro human assays. Herein, we tested whether ADA-1 can be used as an adjuvant to improve vaccine efficacy in vivo. In vitro, ADA-1 induced myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) maturation as measured by increased frequencies of CD40-, CD83-, CD86-, and HLA-DR-positive mDCs. ADA-1 treatment also promoted the secretion of the TFH-polarizing cytokine IL-6 from mDCs. In the context of an HIV-1 envelope (env) DNA vaccine, co-immunization with plasmid-encoded ADA-1 (pADA) enhanced humoral immunity. Animals co-immunized with env DNA and pADA had significantly increased frequencies of TFH cells in their draining lymph nodes and increased HIV-binding IgG in serum. Next, mice were co-immunized with subtype C env gp160 DNA and pADA along with simultaneous immunization with matched gp140 trimeric protein. Mice that received env gp160 DNA, pADA, and gp140 glycoprotein had significantly more heterologous HIV-specific binding IgG in their serum. Furthermore, only these mice had detectable neutralizing antibody responses. These studies support the use of ADA-1 as a vaccine adjuvant to qualitatively enhance germinal center responses and represent a novel application of an existing therapeutic agent that can be quickly translated for clinical use.
A Plan for a Long‐Term, Automated, Broadband Seismic Monitoring Network on the Global Seafloor

Establishing an extensive and highly durable, long‐term, seafloor network of autonomous broadband seismic stations to complement the land‐based Global Seismographic Network has been a goal of seismologists for decades. Seismic signals, chiefly the vibrations from earthquakes but also signals generated by storms and other environmental processes, have been processed from land‐based seismic stations to build intriguing but incomplete images of the Earth’s interior. Seismologists have mapped structures such as tectonic plates and other crustal remnants sinking deep into the mantle to obtain information on their chemical composition and physical state; but resolution of these structures from land stations is not globally uniform. Because the global surface is two‐thirds ocean, increasing the number of seismic stations located in the oceans is critical for better resolution of the Earth’s interior and tectonic structures. A recommendation for a long‐term seafloor seismic station pilot experiment is presented here. The overarching instrumentation goal of a pilot experiment is performance that will lead to the installation of a large number of long‐term autonomous ocean‐bottom seismic stations. The payoff of a network of stations separated from one another by a few hundred kilometers under the global oceans would be greatly refined resolution of the Earth’s interior at all depths. A second prime result would be enriched understanding of large‐earthquake rupture processes in both oceanic and continental plates. The experiment would take advantage of newly available technologies such as robotic wave gliders that put an affordable autonomous prototype within reach. These technologies would allow data to be relayed to satellites from seismometers that are deployed on the seafloor with long‐lasting, rechargeable batteries. Two regions are presented as promising arenas for such a prototype seafloor seismic station. One site is the central North Atlantic Ocean, and the other high‐interest locale is the central South Pacific Ocean.
Staying Isolated in Order to Stay Safe: Exploring Experiences of the MIT AgeLab 85+ Lifestyle Leaders during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Dear Editor,In a special issue of the Journal of Gerontological Social Work on disaster preparedness, Kusmaul et al. (2018) explained that one role of gerontological social workers in disaster prep...
Self-Regulation, Empathy, and Compassion: A Critical Triad to Develop Anti-Racist Digital Citizenship in the Time of Pandemic.

The coronavirus has unleashed another pandemic - xenophobia. This article aims to counter the xenophobic narrative that affects many Asians and people of Asian descent due to COVID-19 pandemic. To counter this narrative, we offer an anti-racist digital citizenship framework in social studies. This illustrates a critical triad of self-regulation, empathy, and compassion. Self-regulation is the ability to develop cognitive control of emotional reactivity to facilitate self-directed change. Empathy is the understanding of another person’s emotional state and the projection of oneself into the other’s situation. Compassion is taking a mindful action to alleviate the struggles and sufferings of others.
A Systematic Review of Research Evaluating the Use of Preference Assessment Methodology in the Workplace

Preference assessment methodology has largely been utilized to inform behavior-analytic treatment for clinical populations. However, the use of preference assessments has been extended to organizat...
“It hurts so much to live for nothing”: Lived Experiences of Substance Use Among Refugee Youth in Displacement

Tremendous traumas relating to refugee situations have substantially hindered the mental and behavioral health of refugee youth. Prolonged and cumulative adversities during forced migration have led refugee populations to be exposed to a high risk of substance misuse as part of a coping mechanism. This study aims to explore the role played by substances within the lives of Somali refugee youth who are displaced in low-resource, urban settings. We conducted in-depth individual interviews with twenty Somali refugee youth who are involved in gang activities in urban Kenya. Using a thematic analysis, this study revealed how substances have been used to cope with the negative impacts of trauma and how substances operate as a strategic tool for survival within the lives of displaced Somali refugees. This study discussed the implications for breaking the cycle of substance use.
Micro CMOS Design

Amplifier Basics Driving-Point and Transfer Functions Frequency Response Stability Criteria Operational Amplifier (Opamp) in Negative Feedback Phase Margin Transient Response Feedback Amplifier Feedback Effect Left-Half or Right-Half Plane Zero Stability of Feedback Amplifiers Amplifier Design Abstract Low-Frequency Model of Transistors Driving-Point Resistances at Low Frequencies Resistance Reflection Rules Three Basic Amplifier Configurations Nine Amplifier Combinations Differential Pair Gain Boosting Biasing Voltage and Current Sources Operational Amplifier (Opamp) Small-Signal Model of the Operational Amplifier Opamp Frequency Compensation Phase Margin of Two-Stage Miller-Compensated Opamps Right-Half Plane Zero Cancellation in Two-Stage Opamps Transient Response of Opamp in Feedback Opamp Design Examples Common-Mode Feedback Offset Cancellation Opamp Input Capacitance Opamp Offset Opamp Noise Opamp Common-Mode Rejection Data Converter Basics Analog-to-Digital Converter Basics Sample and Hold Flash Analog-to-Digital Converter Comparator ADC Testing Averaging and Interpolation Techniques Low-Voltage Circuit Techniques Digital-to-Analog Converter Basics Nyquist-Rate Data Converters Analog-to-Digital Converter Architectures Slope-Type ADC Successive Approximation Register ADC Subranging and Multistep ADC Pipelined ADC Folding ADC Other ADCs Stand-Alone DACs Oversampling Data Converters Concept of Quantizer in Feedback DELTASIGMA Modulator High-Order Architectures Discrete-Time (DT) versus Continuous-Time (CT) Modulators Discrete-Time Modulator Design Band-Pass Modulator Design Continuous-Time Modulator Design Interpolative Oversampling DAC High-Resolution Data Converters Nonlinearity of the Analog-to-Digital Converter Evolution of High-Resolution ADC Design Digital Calibration of ADC Digital Background Calibration Digital Processing for Gain Nonlinearity Calibration by Zero-Forcing Least-Mean-Square Feedback Calibration of Time-Interleaving ADC Calibrated Continuous-Time (CT) DELTASIGMA Modulators Calibration of Current-Steering DAC Phase-Locked Loop Basics Phase Noise Phase-Locked Loop Operation Phase Noise Transfer Function Phase Detector Charge-Pumped Phase-Locked Loop PLL Bandwidth Constraints High-Q LC VCO Low-Q Ring-Oscillator VCO Prescaler Frequency Synthesis and Clock Recovery Phase-Locked Loop Applications Digital PLL Frequency Synthesis Spur-Canceled Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer Data Symbols Data Channel Equalization Clock and Data Recovery NRZ Phase Detector
Conceptual convergences: Positioning information systems among the business disciplines

The structure and interrelationships of formal knowledge produced in the scientific disciplines have long been of interest to academics. One increasingly important domain of Information Systems (IS) research is the study of the creation and evolution of knowledge. Recent discourse about the intellectual structure of IS has revealed Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) as an analytic technique that reduces problems associated with human categorization and citation analysis. This exploratory research positions IS within a ‘science of business’ using LSA to analyze semantic relationships in 24,841 abstracts from core business journals and begins to chart research concepts around which IS and other business disciplines converge. Results indicate that IS research has greater conceptual similarity to the disciplines of Management, Operations, Strategy, and Marketing than previously thought, and that these disciplines are converging on semantically similar research topics and concepts. This organizational-behavior-technical domain is distinct from an economics focused domain dominated by Finance and Accounting. The convergence suggests that IS is contributing to research and knowledge creation useful to other business disciplines and that strategic and functional dependence among the disciplines is increasing. This potentially leads to more integrated systems-oriented knowledge and greater practical relevance for both IS and other business disciplines.
Recouping Returns Through Increased Retention: An Explanation for Why Firms Offer Tuition Reimbursement

Using administrative data from a large establishment, this paper examines two channels by which tuition reimbursement programs, a type of employer-sponsored general training program, increase employee retention. The first channel operates through the type of workers that sort into ﬁrms with tuition reimbursement programs versus firms without a program. The second channel is the direct effect on retention through participation of employees in the program. I find that 80 percent of the program’s overall effect on retention comes from worker sorting and that the cost-savings from reduced turnover more than covers the cost of the program. Furthermore, this paper exploits information on degree ma jor to evaluate potential mechanisms outside of standard human capital for how general training directly increases retention.
Spatiotemporal Coherent Control

Spatially shifted and temporally delayed pulses and pulse pairs are used for phase-coherent manipulation of phonon-polariton wavepackets as they propagate at light-like speeds. Spatiotemporal coherent control is conducted manually or through automated spatiotemporal pulse shaping, and is guided by spatiotemporal imaging of the propagating responses.
The analysis of clonal expansions in normal and autoimmune B cell repertoires

Clones are the fundamental building blocks of immune repertoires. The number of different clones relates to the diversity of the repertoire, whereas their size and sequence diversity are linked to selective pressures. Selective pressures act both between clones and within different sequence variants of a clone. Understanding how clonal selection shapes the immune repertoire is one of the most basic questions in all of immunology. But how are individual clones defined? Here we discuss different approaches for defining clones, starting with how antibodies are diversified during different stages of B cell development. Next, we discuss how clones are defined using different experimental methods. We focus on high-throughput sequencing datasets, and the computational challenges and opportunities that these data have for mining the antibody repertoire landscape. We discuss methods that visualize sequence variants within the same clone and allow us to consider collections of shared mutations to determine which sequences share a common ancestry. Finally, we comment on features of frequently encountered expanded B cell clones that may be of particular interest in the setting of autoimmunity and other chronic conditions.
Quantifying Trace 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in Polymer Microspheres

Well characterized test materials are essential for validating the performance of current trace explosive detection systems. Explosive encapsulated microspheres have proven to be a valuable test material for trace explosive detection because of their precise size, shape, and composition. Presented herein is the quantification of explosives in the polymer microspheres by high performance liquid chromatography with UV/Vis detection (HPLC-UV/Vis). A size exclusion separation is employed to quantify the amount of explosive encapsulated in cured microspheres. Complete quantification was achieved by simultaneously separating and quantifying the explosive and polymer components. Results indicate that approximately 30 % of the TNT is lost in the manufacturing of the microspheres and subsequent loss from the cured microspheres is minimal if stored at 4 °C.
The Naval Seafloor Engineering Research Program at California State University, Los Angeles

The Naval Seafloor Engineering Research Program at California State University, Los Angeles, is a result of a 2003 Research and Education grant from the Office of Naval Research. During the past one and a half years, the authors have been working with engineers at the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center in Port Hueneme, California to conduct research in seafloor engineering. The nature of the research is multifaceted and provides the participating students an opportunity to further their education and conduct research important to the Department of the Navy. The students unanimously agree that it has been a great learning experience and that they have reaped many benefits as a result of their involvement with the Naval Seafloor Engineering Research Program. They have been provided an in-depth view of what Navy engineers actually do in the real world and have reinforced the theories and subjects taught in their engineering coursework. Most importantly, this experience has allowed the student researchers a more informed career choice and has simultaneously exposed them to academic research and professional work important to the Navy. Involvement in the program has allowed them to share their experiences with other students and professionals.
Hesperophylax occidentalis (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae): Electroantennogram structure-activity study of sex pheromone component 6-methylnonan-3-one

Electroantennogram (EAG) analyses ofHesperophylax occidentalis male and female antennae were used to generate dose-response curves for synthetic, racemic 6-methylnonan-3-one and to demonstrate the chemical specificity of male antennal olfactory cells. Male antennae responded to 6-methylnonan-3-one, the main female pheromone component. Females also demonstrated a response to 6-methylnonan-3-one, but a smaller one than males. The chemical specificity of male antennal receptors was determined by comparing EAG activity of synthetic, racemic 6-methylnonan-3-one and a series of structural analogs. The three structural parameters considered, including keto position, chain length, and methyl-group position, were demonstrated to contribute significantly to the reception of synthetic, racemic 6-methylnonan-3-one by male antennae. For straight-chain nonanones with keto groups at different positions, nonan-3-one elicited the greatest EAG responses from male antennae. For straight-chain alkan-3-ones with different chain lengths, the EAG responses of male antennae to nonan-3-one and decan-3-one were the same, but greater than those to other chain lengths. For methyl-branched nonan-3-ones, 6-methylnonan-3-one elicited greater EAG responses from antennae than analogs with the methyl group at another position.
Spontaneous Ignition of Pressurized Releases of Hydrogen and Natural Gas into Air

This paper demonstrates the "spontaneous ignition" (autoignition/inflammation and sustained diffusive combustion) from sudden compressed hydrogen releases that is not well documented in the present literature, for which little fundamental explanation, discussion or research foundation exists, and which is apparently not encompassed in recent formulations of safety codes and standards for piping, storage, and use of high pressure compressed gas systems handling hydrogen. Accidental or intended, rapid failure of a pressure boundary separating sufficiently compressed hydrogen from air can result in multi-dimensional transient flows involving shock formation, reflection, and interactions such that reactant mixtures are rapidly formed and achieve chemical ignition, inflammation, and transition to turbulent jet diffusive combustion, fed by the continuing discharge of hydrogen. Both experiments and simple transient shock theory along with chemical kinetic ignition calculations are used to support interpretation of observations and qualitatively identify controlling gas properties and geometrical parameters. Although the phenomenon is demonstrated for pressurized hydrogen burst disk failures with different internal flow geometries, similar phenomena apparently do not necessarily occur for sudden boundary failures of storage vessel or transmission piping into open air that have no downstream obstruction. However, subsequent reflection of the resulting transient shock from surrounding surfaces through mixing layers of hydrogen and air may have the potential for producing ignition and continuing combustion. Much more experimental and computational work is required to quantitatively determine the envelope of parameter combinations that mitigate or enhance spontaneous ignition characteristics of compressed hydrogen as a result of sudden release, particularly if hydrogen is to become a major energy carrier interfaced with consumer use. Similar considerations for compressed methane, for mixtures of light hydrocarbons and methane (simulating natural gas), and for larger carbon number hydrocarbons show similar autoignition phenomena may occur with highly compressed methane or natural gas, but are unlikely with higher carbon number cases, unless the compressed source and/or surrounding air is sufficiently pre-heated above ambient temperature. Spontaneous ignition of compressed hydrocarbon gases is also generally less likely, given the much lower turbulent blow-off velocity of hydrocarbons in comparison to that for hydrogen.
Moderating effects of age, education, and tenure on the job satisfaction-job performance relationship

An exploratory investigation was conducted to clarify the role of age, education level attained, and tenure as potential moderators of the relationship of job satisfaction and job performance for information systems personnel. Participants in an empirical study included 202 individuals from twelve computer centers.No support was found for age, education level attained, and tenure as moderators. This lack of support extended beyond a summated measure of total job performance to each of the component performance measures: quantity of work, quality of work, job knowledge, job judgment, job initiative, adaptability, cooperation, and innovativeness. A small statistically significant relationship was found for these variables on job knowledge and job judgment.
A relative molecular weight series derived from the nucleic acid of bacteriophage T2

Sedimentation velocity was measured for the following materials: (1) T2 DNA isolated without mechanical breakage and purified by ion-exchange chromatography; (2) the first breakage product produced by stirring T2 DNA; (3) subfractions of (2) separated by chromatography, including putative half molecules; and (4) the quarter-length analogues to (2) and (3) produced by stirring half molecules. Some of these materials were also studied by capillary viscometry and by density gradient centrifugation. Results are summarized in Table 1 and Fig. 6. The results establish a relation between relative molecular weight, sedimenta- tion coefficient, and viscosity over a fourfold range higher than that of DNA preparations studied previously. Quarter length fragments of T2 DNA are similar in physical properties to preparations of bacterial DNA to which a molecular weight of 16 million has been assigned. This and other facts set limits to the molecular weight of T2 DNA, which must lie between 50 and 120 million but cannot be further specified at this time.
Reanalysis of the C1Πu state of Na2 based on ultraviolet argon ion laser fluorescence

Abstract Six uv lines of an argon ion laser (CR-18 UV) are used to excite the C1Πu state of the Na2 molecule. There are nine fluorescence series observed, two of which are excited from a fairly high vibrational level (v″ ≥ 11) in the ground state. A careful study of the intensities of these transitions reveals that the previous vibrational assignments of the energy levels in the C1Πu state are incorrect (too high by 2). A new analysis for this state was carried out and resulting molecular parameters are presented.
The Advanced Architecture On-board Processor signal processing testbed

The Advanced Architecture On-board Processor (AAOP) is a fault-tolerant signal processor developed for advanced space and avionics missions. A ten processor element breadboard, funded by Rome Air Development Center, has been constructed to prove the architecture concept and to provide a testbed for applications development. In addition, the testbed has allowed the development of fault tolerance approaches that are compatible with the signal processing missions. Work is on-going to apply the AAOP to evolving space missions and to reduce the AAOP to a VLSI implementation capable of space qualification.
Conversion to a consumption tax in a growth model with heterogeneity

Conversion of an income tax to an equally progressive consumption tax can increase aggregate saving because of “heterogeneity,” even if each household maintains a constant propensity to save. Heterogeneity, the variation in the propensity to save among households, implies that conversion shifts disposable income within each income class from low savers to high savers, thereby raising aggregate saving. Using a growth model and U.S. data, we estimate an upper bound of the short-run and long-run increase in the saving rate due to heterogeneity.
Thrombin Causes Cell Spreading and Redistribution of β‐Amyloid Immunoreactivity in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Culture of rat embryonic hippocampal neurons in serum-free B27/Neurobasal for 4 days enabled tests of the effect of added thrombin on differentiated cell morphology and processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). By fluorescence microscopy of neurons labeled with dil and by scanning electron microscopy, an increase in spreading of the neuron soma was clearly seen in cells treated with 1 microg/ml (27 nM) of thrombin for 24 h. This treatment also caused a dose-dependent increase in immunoreactive area/cell, detected with antibody 4G8 binding to the beta-amyloid region of APP. Thrombin treatment also produced a dose-dependent increase in immunoreactive brightness detected with the Alz-50 antibody. Thrombin did not affect viability or cause neurite retraction. The thrombin effect on 4G8 immunoreactivity required 24 h for full effect and could be blocked by the thrombin inhibitor antithrombin III or hirudin. A thrombin receptor appeared to be activated because a full immunoreactive response was observed by treatment of neurons with the thrombin receptor-activating peptide SFL-LRNPNNKYEPF. When cytoplasmic extracts were analyzed by western immunoblots or by pulse-chase radiolabeling, no thrombin-dependent changes in processing of 127- and 120-kDa bands were seen. Material migrating in the region of synthetic betaA4 was not found. Together, these results suggest that thrombin acts on neurons through a thrombin receptor to stimulate cell spreading and redistribution of APP without amyloidogenic changes. The adhesion responsible for this spreading could be important in altering synaptic connections in the brain.
The discovery of CP-96,021 and CP-96,486, balanced, combined, potent and orally active leukotriene D4 (LTD4)/platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists.

The combination of key structural pharmacophores found in known leukotriene D4 (LTD4) receptor antagonists with those of potent platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist UK-74,505 has led to the synthesis of hybrid compounds CP-96,021 and CP-96,486. These compounds represent the first known balanced, combined and orally active LTD4/PAF receptor antagonists.
Stability of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Micelles in the Presence of a Range of Water-Soluble Polymers: A Pressure-Jump Study

The effects of a range of nonionic and ionic water-soluble polymers on the micellar stability of sodium dodecyl sulfate were investigated by the pressure-jump method. The presence of polymer that interacts with SDS was found to decrease the micellar stability drastically. Surface activity of the polymers was correlated with their ability to reduce the micellar stability. The decrease in micellar stability was explained by the formation of premicellar aggregates (or submicelles) of surfactants in the presence of polymer, which facilitated the micelle formation−disintegration process.
Generalized discrimination of positive facial expressions by seven- and ten-month-old infants.

The ability of 7- and 10-month-old infants to generalize their discrimination of facial expressions lacking featural consistency was investigated in a series of 4 experiments. Infants were habituated to models posing either prototypically positive displays (e.g., happy expressions) or positive expression blends (e.g., mock surprise). They were then tested for their ability to recognize a positive expression on the face of a novel model and to discriminate positive and negative facial expressions. Only in Experiment 1, in which infants were familiarized to a mix of happy and surprised facial expressions, did 10-month-olds demonstrate generalized discrimination of positive affect. When positive blends or happy expressions alone served as familiarization stimuli, both 7- and 10-month-old infants failed to dishabituate to a change in affective tone. 7-month-olds, in particular, showed consistent recovery of looking to the introduction of novel models. The pattern of results suggests that it is not until sometime after 7 months of age that dependence on the presence of expression-specific features for affect recognition and discrimination diminishes. By 10 months of age, however, infants are beginning to recognize the affective similarity of familiar positive facial expressions.
Genetic Demonstration of a Role for PKA in the Late Phase of LTP and in Hippocampus-Based Long-Term Memory

To explore the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in the late phase of long-term potentiation (L-LTP) and memory, we generated transgenic mice that express R(AB), an inhibitory form of the regulatory subunit of PKA, only in the hippocampus and other forebrain regions by using the promoter from the gene encoding Ca2+/ calmodulin protein kinase IIalpha. In these R(AB) transgenic mice, hippocampal PKA activity was reduced, and L-LTP was significantly decreased in area CA1, without affecting basal synaptic transmission or the early phase of LTP. Moreover, the L-LTP deficit was paralleled by behavioral deficits in spatial memory and in long-term but not short-term memory for contextual fear conditioning. These deficits in long-term memory were similar to those produced by protein synthesis inhibition. Thus, PKA plays a critical role in the consolidation of long-term memory.
Fetal alcohol syndrome: neuropsychiatric phenomics☆

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a common developmental disorder with impairments in multiple neuropsychiatric spheres of varying severity. Few population-derived studies of the behavioral phenotype are available. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders in three groups: subjects who met criteria for FAS (n=152); subjects who met criteria for partial FAS/ARND (n=150); and referred subjects who did not meet criteria for either FAS or partial FAS/ARND (n=86). Each subject had a standardized evaluation by a medical geneticist. All subjects were from North Dakota. We found increases in the prevalence rates of neuropsychiatric disorders in subjects with FAS compared to subjects with partial FAS/ARND and the lowest rates in the group that did not meet criteria for either FAS or partial FAS/ARND. Comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder occurred in 73% of cases with FAS, in 72% cases with partial FAS/ARND, and in 36% subjects who did not meet criteria for either. For other neuropsychiatric disorders, a similar distribution of comorbidity was found. This study supports the concept of a continuum of impairment resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure. The presence of complex cognitive, behavioral, and physical symptomatology in the affected subjects with prenatal alcohol exposure would seem to fit well under the diagnostic rubric of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Diagnosis and long-term management will require increasing access to multidisciplinary child development teams including mental health professionals who treat children and adolescents. Adults will require care primarily from teams with expertise in mental health and developmental disabilities.
ACTIVATION ENERGIES FOR CREEP OF PYROLYTIC AND GLASSY CARBON.

IN an investigation of the high temperature (2,500° to 2,900° C) creep behaviour of glassy (vitreous) carbon, Fischbach1 obtained apparent activation energies for creep in the range 306 to 382 kcalories mol−1. These values are unexpectedly high for a non-graphitizing carbon with a disordered structure, especially when compared with the activation energies of 250 and 260 kcalories mol−1 reported earlier for pyrolytic carbon for creep2,3 and graphitization4, respectively. It is therefore appropriate to examine whether an important contribution to the activation energy may arise through the temperature dependence of the shear modulus5,6.
Stereotactic radiotherapy for pediatric and adult brain tumors: Preliminary report

Abstract Purpose: Stereotactic radiotherapy is a new modality that combines the accurate focal dose delivery of stereotactic radiosurgery with the biological advantages of conventional radiotherapy (1.8–2.0 Gy/day using 25–30 fractions). The modality requires sophisticated treatment planning, dedicated high-energy linear accelerator, and relocatable immobilization devices. We report here our early experience using stereotactic radiotherapy for intracranial neoplasms. Methods and Materials: Between June 1992 and September 1993, we treated 82 patients with central nervous system lesions using stereotactic radiotherapy, delivered from a dedicated 6 MV stereotactic linear accelerator. A head fixation frame provided daily relocatable setup using a dental plate for all patients over 8 years of age. A modified head frame, which does not require a mouthpiece, was used for children requiring anesthesia. The patients ranged in age from 9 months to 76 years. Thirty-three patients were children less than 21 years of age. Selection criteria for the protocol included: (a) focal, small ( Results: Although follow-up is 16 months (range 3–16 months), posttreatment radiographic studies in 77 patients have been consistent with changes similar to those found after conventional radiation therapy. To date, reduction of up to 50% of the original volume has been noted in 19 out of 77 patients, and 4 patients had a complete response, 2 with dysgerminoma, and 1 each with astrocytoma and retinoblastoma. In 56 patients disease was either stable or the follow-up was too short for evaluation. While the follow-up is relatively short, there have been no in-field or marginal recurrences. The only unexpected radiographic findings were in three patients with pilocytic astrocytomas, who developed asymptomatic edema in the treatment volume. Accuracy in daily fractionation was excellent. In over 2000 patient setups with 41,000 scalp measurements, reproducibility was found to be within 0.41 mm (median) of baseline readings, allowing for precise immobilization throughout the treatment course. The treatment in all cases was well tolerated with minimal acute effects. Our stereotactic radiotherapy facility can provide fractionated therapy for 10–12 patients a day efficiently and accurately. Conclusions: The treatment and relocatable stereotactic head frames were well tolerated with minimal acute effects. No long-term sequelae have been noted, although the observation period is short. To fully define the role of stereotactic radiotherapy, we are conducting prospective studies to evaluate neurocognitive and neuroendocrine effects. We expect that this innovative approach will make a significant impact on the treatment of intracranial neoplasms, particularly in children.
Binding of alkaline and alkaline earth cations in lecithin mesophases

Abstract The binding of ions in aqueous dimyristoyl lecithin mesophases was determined from the concentrations of electrolyte in the mesophase and in the purely aqueous electrolyte solution phase that coexists in equilibrium with the mesophase when large amounts of solution are present. Electrolytes studied included LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgC1 2 , CaC1 2 , and BaCl 2 . No evidence of binding was found with NaCl and KCl. Association “constants” computed for the binding of the other cations varied irregularly with the aqueous electrolyte solution phase concentration. The computed “constants” were about 0.4 for Li + and 1, 2 and 0.6, respectively, for Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and Ba 2+ ions, for a complex consisting of 1 phosphocholine group per cation, and 0.5, 1 and 0.4 for a complex consisting of 2 phosphocholine groups per cation.
Replacement ion chromatography with flame photometric detection

Abstract Replacement ion chromatography (r.i.c.) is a new detection scheme for ion chromagraphy with the potential of very low detection limits and universal application. In this first example of r.i.c., a counter-cation associated with an eluting anion is stoichiometrically replaced in a cation-exchange column by a flame-photometrically-active cation (e.g., Li+) which is then directed into a total-consumption burner. Measured atomic emission from the replacement ion (Li+) in the flame thus provides an indirect but quantitative measurement of eluting anion concentration. It is demonstrated that the reduction of the concentration of free ions in the eluting solvent is crucial to r.i.c.; otherwise detection limits and precision are degraded. Cation concentrations can be similarly quantified when separated sample cations are replaced by Li+. The conditions for useful operation of the new r.i.c. instrument are presented and examples are provided of sensitive and efficient ion replacement. Detection limits for monovalent ions (e.g., chloride) are at the low micromolar level. The limitations and capabilities of the technique are critically appraised and possible extension are considered.
Improving the effectiveness of persuasive communications: Matching message with functional profile

Abstract The functional approach to improving communication strategy has received little attention. This research attempts to partially correct this oversight by experimentally verifying the major functional hypothesis: matching message with functional profile brings about attitude change. Working adults were integrated into an experiment which was a before-after with control. The major functional hypothesis was confirmed at the 0.10 level. An associated hypothesis regarding the relative ease of changing value- expressive attitudes compared to utilitarian attitudes was confirmed at the 0.10 level. The results show the importance of matching message with functional profile and highlight the potential inherent in the functional approach.
Effect of intraclass correlation among training samples on the misclassification probabilities of bayes procedure

Abstract The sample mean and sample covariance matrix are unbiased and consistent estimates of population mean and covariance matrix only if the samples are independent. In practical applications of Bayes' procedure these estimates are used in place of population means and covariance matrices on the assumption of independence among the training samples. This practice has often given, especially in remote sensing data analysis, misclassification probabilities much higher than that can be accounted for theoretically. The reason may be that the assumption of independence may not be valid. In reality, the samples are rarely independent, they are rather dependent, at best equicorrelated. This paper investigates how such intraclass correlation among the training samples affects the misclassification probabilities of the Bayes' procedure.