cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) initiated from the thermal degradation of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) in N2 atmosphere.

This study has been carried out to characterize the thermal decomposition of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled to online GC/MS, and to investigate the formation and ultimate fate of chemical species produced during gasification of SBR. A preliminary mechanistic understanding has been developed to explain the formation and relationship of light hydrocarbons (C1–C4), substituted aromatics, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the decomposition of SBR in a N2 atmosphere. Identification and absolute concentrations of over 50 major and minor species (from hydrogen to benzo[ghi]perylene) have been established, and the measurements have been carried out between 300 and 500 at 10 °C/min heating rate in a N2 atmosphere. The concentration of styrene reached 120 PPMV and the concentration of other substituted aromatics, such as toluene and ethyl benzene reached 20 and 5 PPMV, respectively. These measurements indicate PAH formation at a relatively lower temp...
Calibration for measurements with background correction applied to uranium-235 enrichment

Abstract In enrichment measurement by gamma-ray counting, two spectral regions are observed: In one, the response is due to the enrichment and the background, and in the other, to the background alone. Calibration consists of determining not only the relation between the response and the enrichment but also the relation between the two background levels. A calibration procedure with this property is developed under the assumption that the random errors have constant variance and the assumption that the two background levels are proportional. This procedure provides a consistent estimator for the calibration curve and interval estimates for the unknowns measured after calibration. These intervals have stated percent coverage of the true values when large numbers of measurements are made on the basis of the same calibration experiment. The two assumptions may not adequately fit some enrichment measurements. The first assumption is never strictly valid since the random error depends in part on the level. The second assumption is valid for some but not all sources of background radiation. The calibration procedure is applied to enrichment measurements made with the SAM-2 enrichment meter. With these measurements as illustrations, techniques for judging the validity of the assumptions are presented.
DETECTION OF CIRCULATING UROPLAKIN-POSITIVE CELLS IN PATIENTS WITH TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER

AbstractPurpose: Although transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCC) metastasizes frequently with devastating consequences, no marker has been available to monitor this process. Uroplakins are a group of specific markers for normal urothelium and are continuously expressed by the majority of TCCs. Detection of uroplakin-positive cells in the circulation would be a strong indication of hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells in patients with TCC.Materials and Methods: Total RNAs were extracted from peripheral blood of 60 patients with TCC (50 non-metastatic and 10 metastatic) and 10 healthy controls, reverse-transcribed and subjected to polymerase chain reaction amplification (RT-PCR) using oligonucleotide primers of human uroplakin II gene. A uroplakin-expressing human bladder cancer cell line (RT4) was used as a positive control to establish the sensitivity of the RT-PCR assay.Results: We showed that the PCR-amplification of the mRNA encoding uroplakin II (UPII), a 15-kDa urothelium-specific mark...
Identification of Bartonella using PCR; genus- and species-specific primer sets

Four Bartonella species cause a variety of emerging infectious diseases in humans that can be difficult to diagnose. A PCR-based identification system using amplimers designed from internal portions of the 16S-23S intergenic spacer (ITS) region is described. A genus-specific primer set can distinguish Bartonella species from Escherichia coli or closely-related α-Proteobacteria including Brucella abortus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium meliloti. Species-specific primer sets for bartonellae that cause human disease (B. bacilliformis, B. elizabethae, B. henselae and B. quintana) produce single, unique amplicons from their respective target and do not react with DNA from other Bartonella species, close bacterial relatives, or E. coli. The described system streamlines current PCR-based identification of pathogenic bartonellae by generating genus- or species-specific amplicons, obviating the need for subsequent RFLP or sequence analysis of the PCR product.
Fixed implant‐supported prostheses in the edentulous maxilla. A five‐year follow‐up report.

There is increasing interest in how pathways of tissue destruction around dental implants are similar as for teeth and how these pathways can be modulated to slow loss of supporting bone. The purposes of this study were to develop a short-term animal model to study the effect of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen, on slowing the rate of induced peri-implant bone resorption. A total of 20 cylindrical titanium implants were placed in 2 beagle dogs using a low-trauma surgical technique. During the 3-month healing period without functional loading of the implants, daily oral hygiene was performed to maintain a Gingival Index of 0 to 0.5. At completion of the healing period, a baseline evaluation was performed which included the uptake of the bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical (BSRU)99mtechnetium-tin-diphosphonate (99mTc-Sn-MDP) in peri-implant bone and standardized radiographs. Peri-implantitis was induced with 4-O silk ligatures, cessation of oral hygiene and soft diet. One beagle was given 0.02 mgikg of flurbiprofen by mouth; the other received a placebo. BSRU and radiographic height of bone were remeasured to calculate the rate of bone loss during the 60-day treatment period. The percent rate of bone loss during the study period was calculated from the radiographs using a computer-assisted method. The radiopharmaceutical uptake for the flurbiprofen-treated implants remained unchanged. However, BSRU for placebo-treated implants was significantly increased from baseline. Radiographic measurements of bone height revealed that the mean rate of bone loss around implants in the flurbiprofen-treated dog (0.066±0.351%/month) was significantly lower than the rate around implants in the placebo-treated dogs (5.729±0.384%/month) over the 60-day treatment period. These data indicate that peri-implant bone loss can be rapidly induced and measured in the beagle and that flurbiprofen. administered orally, can significantly decrease the rate of induced peri-implant bone loss.
Shape Fluctuations of Red Blood Cells

Abstract The hydrodynamics of shape fluctuations of red blood cells is solved in a model that treats the geometry of the equilibrium shape exactly. The membrane is assumed to be a viscoelastic solid. The consequences for quasi-elastic light scattering are derived, including translational, rotational, and shape fluctuation effects. A light scattering experiment is described which appears to show discrete hydrodynamic modes of the sort predicted by the theory. A detailed comparison shows that the observed amplitudes of the hydrodynamic modes are not correctly given by the viscoelastic solid model. An alternative model is postulated, in which there would be two kinds of hydrodynamic shape fluctuations, corresponding to the two components of the composite membrane, the lipid and the cytoskeleton, moving in some sense independently but constraining each other.
Inhibition of nuclear factor κB induces apoptosis following treatment with tumor necrosis factor α and an antioxidant in human prostate cancer cells

Abstract Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), an activator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), modulate apoptosis and/or cell growth. This study was designed to investigate the activity of NF-κB and its regulation of inhibitor of apoptosis gene (c-IAP2) in two human prostate cancer cell lines, DU-145 (which is androgen unresponsive) and ALVA-101 (which is moderately androgen responsive). These cells were treated with and without various concentrations of a strong antioxidant, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC), and TNF-α at various time intervals. Following treatments, cell growth and apoptosis were determined by ELISA techniques. NF-κB activity was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and c-IAP2 mRNA production was determined with Northern blot analysis. PDTC treatment significantly reduced cell growth up to 80% in both DU-145 and ALVA-101 cells. TNF-α and lower but not higher doses of PDTC combined demonstrated an additive inhibition of cell growth in both cell lines. Active NF-κB and c-IAP2 was blocked significantly following PDTC treatments, whereas treatments with TNF-α alone showed increased NF-κB activity and c-IAP2. However, when both PDTC and TNF-α were combined, nuclear presence of NF-κB and c-IAP2 were reduced significantly ( P
CARS study of the OH(2Π) radical product of the photodissociation of H2O2 AT 266 nm

Abstract The nascent quantum state distribution of the OH radical product of the photodissociation of H 2 O 2 at 266 nm has been measured using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy. The OH radical is produced in ν=0 with a fairly narrow rotational state distribution and with high translational energy. These results agree with previous experiments using laser-induced fluorescence detection, confirming the ability of CARS spectroscopy to measure the quantum state distributions of radical species like OH. This represents the first comparison of a product state distribution measured by CARS with that measured by a more established spectroscopic technique, and demonstrates that accurate quantum state distributions can be obtained via CARS.
Psychopathic attributes and achievement dispositions in a college sample

Abstract A poverty of studies have addressed the relationship between psychopathic attributes and dispositions contributing to individual differences in achievement motivation. The current investigation focused on the relationships among these constructs in a noninstitutionalized population. Multiple regression analyses indicated that hypercompetition (+), personal development competition (−), and self-handicapping (−) were the strongest predictors of primary psychopathy. In contrast, self-handicapping (+), goal engagement (−), and cooperation (−) significantly predicted secondary psychopathy. These findings extend the distinction between primary and secondary psychopathy to achievement dispositions and contribute to an understanding of these attributes as representing dimensions related to successful and unsuccessful achievement outcomes.
200Gb/s 10-channel miniature optical interconnect transmitter module for high performance computing (HPC)

A major breakthrough to alleviating the interconnect bottleneck in intra cabinet system in HPC may happen by bringing optics directly to the processor package. In order to do so efficient and compact optical interconnect subassembly modules that utilize simple optical and electrical interfacing schemes are needed. In our current work the development of a novel 10-channel, miniature 7mm(W)x1.8mm(L)x3mm(H), optical interconnect transmitter subassembly module is described. The module consists of a high precision molded optical alignment unit with integrated microlens arrays, highspeed coplanar waveguide (CPW) electrical interfaces and a VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) array chip which is flip chip mounted. The module is designed to uniquely interface vertically with high-speed electrical I/O lines on a microprocessor style package or a motherboard to convert electrical signals to optical for transmission to other similar units using a standard (Multi-Terminal) MT style optical connector. We report on optical coupling efficiency, misalignment tolerance and high-speed electrical and optical measurements of the module. We have measured 40Gb/s electrical eye for the CPW interfaces on the module and 20Gb/s clear optical eyes for VCSEL assembled module from all the 10 channels to produce an aggregate transmitter bandwidth of 200Gb/s. We also measured 30Gb/s electrical and 20Gb/s optical eyes for the optical subassembly module that is bonded onto a microprocessor style package substrate.
Fracture toughness evaluation of polytetrafluoroethylene

The objective of this preliminary work was to explore the fracture resistance of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (DuPont tradename Teflon) as part of materials characterization work related to the development of “reactive” material projectiles. Little mechanical property data is available on this material since it is commonly used only as a coating material with the dominant properties being its low friction coefficient and high application temperature. Additional end products of the “7C” derivative, however, includes sheet, gaskets, bearing pads, piston rings, and diaphragms. In this work, standard ASTM E1820 fracture toughness specimens were machined from a 14-mm-thick sheet of this material obtained from NSWC Dahlgren Laboratory. These specimens were tested at three test temperatures and four test rates to determine if fracture would occur in this material, and if so, how the fracture toughness depends on the test temperature and specimen loading rate. Standard axial tensile specimens were also tested at quasi-static and elevated loading rates at temperatures from ambient to −73°C. The major results are that while crack extension is difficult at ambient (20°C) temperature, for temperatures slightly below ambient, a rapid degradation of fracture resistance occurs. This reduction in fracture resistance is enhanced by rapid loading, and the material loses approximately 75% of its toughness (fracture energy absorption ability) at −18°C if the crack opening loading rate of the C(T) specimen approaches 0.25 m/s. Further reductions in temperature or increases in the loading rate appear to result in a reduced rate of degradation of fracture toughness.
Poor Beard!! Charcot's internationalization of neurasthenia, the "American disease".

Objective: To analyze the role of the seminal 19th-century neurologist, Jean-Martin Charcot, in the internationalization of neurasthenia, previously known as “the American disease.” Background: The New York neurologist, George Beard, first described neurasthenia in 1869 and considered it a disorder related to the particular stress of modern civilization, most typified in the United States. Methods: Charcot’s personal files on neurasthenia from the Bibliotheque Charcot, Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, were studied and his teaching lessons and lectures were examined. Results: Charcot presented numerous cases of neurasthenia, always crediting Beard with the original name and description. Calling Beard’s 1880 work a “remarkable monograph,” Charcot emphasized that patients with neurasthenia also comprised the bulk of his own private practice. Focusing on the signs of sexual impotency, fatigue, and a tight band of pressure around the head, Charcot categorically distinguished patients with neurasthenica from patients with hysteria. Like Beard, Charcot concluded that the origin of neurasthenia was psychological stress and felt the European society also fostered the environment to precipitate the disease. Charcot adamantly opposed extrapolations that called for early childhood educational reforms to reduce current classroom stress. Charcot sympathized more with the treating physician than the patient, calling neurasthenics insufferable ( insupportables ). On the front sheet of his neurasthenia file, he wrote in large script, “Poor Beard!!” Conclusion: By emphasizing the prevalence of neurasthenia and extending Beard’s observations, Charcot internationally legitimized the new diagnosis. Adding neurasthenia to the other neurologic descriptions from the United States by Hammond, Mitchell, and Dana, Charcot helped to foster the recognition of the American Neurologic School.
Numerical simulation of ion beam propagation in z-pinch plasma channels

Propagation of intense ion beams in preformed z-pinch plasma channels, a scenario of interest for inertial confinement fusion devices, has been studied with a 2½-dimensional (r, z, vr, vθ , vz; ∂/∂θ = 0) hybrid simulation model. In the code, ions are represented by particles and electrons by an inertialess thermal fluid which obeys a generalized Ohm's law. Fields are solved in the quasi-neutral Darwin approximation. Several collisional and atomic processes are included. The simulations of this paper are performed with collisional effects scaled down by a factor of ten. The results are then extrapolated to estimate that propagation efficiencies in the 70% range are possible using 5–7 MeV, 1–2 MA proton beams with initial divergences in the range of 1.5° to 7° in a 4-m hydrogen channel. Current neutralization in excess of 99% is found, and no gross axisymmetric instabilities are observed.
Coping with mortality: An essay on self-mourning

Abstract The idea of “self-mourning” can be extended to shed light on the existential challenge of coping with life in the shadow of death. Coming to terms with personal finiteness and mortality can be understood as a grieving process. Just as grieving the death of another is an extremely complex and multifaceted experience with emotional, physical, spiritual, intellectual, and social impacts challenging the very integrity of the grieving person, so confrontation with and coming to terms with one's own finiteness (self-mourning in the extended sense proposed) has a similar range of impacts and poses a comparable challenge to personal integrity. Just as grieving persons coping with the death of another must work through the tasks of grieving, so persons coping with their own mortality must work through similar tasks. The extended concept of self-mourning illuminates the potentially lifelong struggle to cope with the finiteness, impermanence, uncertainty, and vulnerability that mortality entails. In conclus...
12th Annual Learning Technologies Showcase at the University of Arizona

Purpose – To highlight the latest technologies that were showcased as this annual event of learning technologies in higher education.Findings – Several different technologies were emphasized that can be scaled with relative ease and others that require more commitment to learn and use creatively and appropriately. The range included very practical technologies as well as virtual reality platforms such as SL, now increasingly used for different collaborative exchanges and learning opportunities that promote visual queues and interactions.Originality value – Most campuses today have such a technology forum to promote how technology can be used in new instructional and administrative capacities. This showcase emphasized the instructional methods and introduced attendees to podcasting, Voice Over Internal Protocol and other communication technologies that can be used in the classroom and in distance education programs.
Acute dermal capillary rupture associated with noninvasive blood pressure monitoring

We report a case of Rumpel-Leede phenomenon, or acute dermis capillary rupture, secondary to noninvasive blood pressure monitoring in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The most likely cause was increased venous pressure during cycling of the blood pressure cuff during a hypertensive state. Anesthesiologists need to be aware that acute dermal capillary rupture, although rare, can occur in patients with thrombocytopenia and/or long-standing diabetes.
Oncogenic fusions involving exon 19 of ALK.

Penzel et al.1 recently described a lung adenocarcinoma patient with an EML4-ALK fusion between exon 6 of echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4 (EML4) and exon 19 of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) (E6;A19) as a novel molecular variant. It should be noted that this EML4-ALK (E6;A19) fusion has been previously reported by our group in a 62-year-old woman also with lung adenocarcinoma.2 The second finding of this atypical EML4-ALK breakpoint (the majority of ALK gene fusions occur at exon 20 of ALK) suggests that it may not be an isolated event, and highlights the great diversity of fusion events involving this gene. Furthermore, an FN1-ALK gene fusion was previously identified in a malignant stromal sarcoma patient, in which the fusion also occurs at exon 19 of ALK.3 The significance of these ALK exon 19 fusion variants is currently unknown, but is interesting as it expresses the ALK transmembrane domain. The subcellular localization of these exon 19-containing variants should be further investigated to better understand the implications of this finding; prior evidence suggests EML4-ALK (E13;A20) is localized within the cytoplasm.4 Oncogenic fusions involving ROS1 and RET in lung cancer have been shown previously to also include the transmembrane domain in some instances.5 The patient described by our group demonstrated a partial response to crizotinib and experienced a progression free survival of approximately 6.5-months, supporting the argument that these patients be considered for ALK inhibitor therapy like other patients who are positive for ALK rearrangements.2
Seeing a State: National Commemorations and the Public Sphere in India and Turkey

Through a comparative discussion of public rituals of national commemoration in India and Turkey, this essay examines the relationship between the formation of the public sphere, the production of national identity, and the establishment of state sovereignty. The central organizing principle is the notion of the “creation of the public” as a historically specific political and cultural project. This departs from the evolutionary understanding of the public sphere as a derivative byproduct or “unintended, rolling effect”1 of social, economic, and political “structural transformations” that took place in the course of the longue duree of European history.2 By theorizing the formation and reproduction of the Indian and Turkish public spheres as deliberate projects or strategies of nationalization and etatization,3 I draw attention to several significant aspects of political modernity that have been obscured in prevailing theories of public sphere formation and transformation.
Nondiscrimination and monotonicity in fair division

Conditions one might impose on fair allocation procedures are introduced. Nondiscrimination requires that agents share an item in proportion to their entitlements if they receive nothing else. The “price” procedures of Pratt (J. Risk Uncertain. 35:203–236, 2007), including the Nash bargaining procedure, satisfy this. Other prominent efficient procedures do not.
A compiler approach to scalable concurrent-program design

We describe a compilation system for the concurrent programming language Program Composition Notation (PCN). This notation provides a single-assignment programming model that permits concurrent-programming concerns such as decomposition, communication, synchronization, mapping, granularity, and load balancing to be addressed separately in a design. PCN is also extensible with programmer-defined operators, allowing common abstractions to be encapsulated and reused in different contexts.The compilation system incorporates a concurrent-transformation system that allows abstractions to be defined through concurrent source-to-source transformations; these convert programmer-defined operators into a core notation. Run-time techniques allow the core notation to be compiled into a simple concurrent abstract machine which can be implemented in a portable fashion using a run-time library. The abstract machine provides a uniform treatment of single-assignment and mutable data structures, allowing data sharing between concurrent and sequential program segments and permitting integration of sequential C and Fortran code into concurrent programs.This compilation system forms part of a program development toolkit that operates on a wide variety of networked workstations, multicomputers, and shared-memory multiprocessors. The toolkit has been used both to develop substantial applications and to teach introductory concurrent-programming classes, including a freshman course at Caltech.
Perceived risk and the precautionary demand for money

Abstract Keynes contended that individuals hold money for fear of being unable to meet unforeseen future cash requirements. This ‘precautionary demand’ for money has long been an accepted part of monetary theory, but has played a subservient role because of our inability to measure an individual's degree of aversion to risk. This study, however, employs a risk taking scale, similar to that developed by Zuckerman, to empirically investigate Keynes's precautionary demand for money. The results are sufficiently encouraging to suggest that this scale might successfully be applied to other economics subfields in which risk plays a role.
The quadrilateral analysis: a differential diagnosis for surgical orthodontics.

The integration of the diagnostic and treatment skills of both the orthodontist and the maxillofacial surgeon has become a standard procedure in the treatment of severe dentofacial dysplasias. Orthognathic surgery, surgery without prior tooth movement, is being replaced by an interdisciplinary approach as the treatment of choice. When a proper tooth-to-denture-base relationship is obtained, an ideal maxillomandibular relationship can be achieved surgically. The quadrilateral analysis enables the practitioner to obtain an individualized skeletal, dental, and soft-tissue assessment of each patient requiring treatment. It determines the direction and extent of the skeletal dysplasia in millimeter measurements and allows the clinician to outline the appropriate surgical orthodontic procedures. The quadrilateral analysis indicates that in a balanced facial pattern a 1:1 ratio exists between the maxillary bony base length (Max.Lth.) and the mandibular bony base length (Mand.Lth.); also that the average of the anterior lower facial height (ALFH) and the posterior lower facial height (PLFH) equals these bony base lengths. Simply stated, the Max.Lth. = Mand.Lth. = (formula; see text) An accurate diagnosis locates the area and quantifies the magnitude of skeletal dysplasia. Then the correct placement of a dentition within the denture bases and the appropriate surgery in the area of dysplasia can produce an individualized, balanced facial pattern.
Iron-Catalyzed Oxidation of Menhaden Oil as Affected by Emulsifiers

The ability of Tween 20 and whey protein isolate (WPI) to influence lipid oxidation was investigated by evaluating the effects of emulsifier concentration and physical location on iron-catalyzed oxidation of emulsified Menhaden oil. Addition of Tween 20 or WPI to the aqueous phase of a 0.5 wt% Tween 20 stabilized emulsion increased lipid oxidation as determined by both thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid peroxides. Tween 20 (2.0 wt%) and WPI (0.05-1.0 wt%) combinations inhibited TBARS formation 23-60%. Oxidation of a WPI-stabilized emulsion decreased with decreasing pH (3-7) but in a Tween 20 stabilized emulsion oxidation increased with decreasing pH. The low oxidation rate for the WPI-stabilized emulsion at pH 3 was increased when Tween 20 displaced WPI from the droplet interface. Results indicate that the oxidative stability of emulsifed Menhaden oil could be increased by controlling emulsifier type, location and concentration.
From digital user to analog airwaves and back

The Microsystems Technology Office (MTO) of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) leads pioneering research in integrated microsystems to enable revolutionary performance and novel functionality for future military and commercial systems. The core functionality of an integrated microsystem is the ability to sense, process, and quickly act on or communicate data, as depicted by the typical defense sensor system in Figure 1. Many MTO programs access and build upon the unique features of photonics to address numerous technical challenges associated with interfacing with the electromagnetic media (“the airwaves”) from low frequency to optical frequencies. From a defense system point of view, concerns emanating from the airwaves are due to highly advanced electronics, easily available electronics, high power emissions, modern tactics, and the proliferation of radio frequency and microwave (RFM) devices. The consequences of all these developments are the needs to sense weaker signals in the presence of strong ones, continuously sense and rapidly process, sense more signals from more locations, transmit more information and at higher power levels, reject and withstand unwanted signals, and, generally, make advanced RFM capabilities widely available. DARPA/MTO continues to address these needs with advanced microsystems that often rely on the photonics-based enablers.
Progestin, estrogen, and insulin-like growth factor-I stimulate the prolactin receptor mRNA in human endometrial stromal cells.

To identify the expression of the prolactin receptor (PRL-R) mRNA in human endometrial stromal and glandular epithelial cells in order to ascertain the autocrine/paracrine actions of PRL and to determine the effect of steroid hormones and growth factor on PRL-R mRNA during decidualization. Human endometrial stromal cells and glandular epithelial cells were isolated from tissue fragments by collagenase digestion and total RNA was isolated. Stromal cells were cultured with or without progesterone (P) or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for various periods of time. Prolactin receptor and in mRNA were determined by Western blot analysis and solution hybridization/ribonuclease protection assay. The effects of estrogen insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and PRL on PRL-R mRNA were also studied. Both types of endometrial cells expressed PRL-R mRNA. Prolactin receptor mRNA content in glandular cells was consistently much less than that in stromal cells (1 versus 5-12). Progesterone or MPA stimulated the PRL-R mRNA expression two- to greater than ten-fold in the stromal cells of eight endometrial specimens. Stimulation by progestin was concentration dependent and required at least 1-2 days’ incubation. A high level of PRL-R mRNA was maintained in stromal cells beyond 10 days’ incubation withprogestin. The stimulatory effect of progestin was inhibited by RU 486 and by cycloheximide, suggesting that progestin-receptor interaction and de novo protein synthesis mediate the up-regulation. In addition, estradiol and IGF-I stimulated PRL-R mRNA. Western blot analysis showed that progestin increased the PRL-R protein. A 90-kd band previously identified as PRL-R was ubiquitously distributed in the soluble and particulate fractions of the stromal cells. The study demonstrated that PRL-R mRNA is expressed in both types of endometrial cells and that PRL-R mRNA and its protein are up-regulated by progestin, estrogen, and IGF-I during decidualization of endometrial stromal cells.
A case of gonadal dysgenesis, breast development, Graves' disease, and low bone mass.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe a case of XY gonadal dysgenesis with Tanner stage 4 breast development in the absence of a hormone-producing gonadal neoplasm and with Graves’ disease and low bone mass. Methods The clinical features, laboratory results, and cytogenetic findings in the patient are presented, and the potential mechanisms of breast development are discussed. A MEDLINE search was performed, and related articles in the English-language literature published between 1955 and 2001 were reviewed. Results A 23-year-old African American woman was referred to the University of Louisville Hospital for evaluation of hyperthyroidism. About 4 months before this referral, hyperthyroidism was diagnosed, and treatment with methimazole was initiated. She continued to have thyrotoxicosis. Additionally, systemic review disclosed a history of primary amenorrhea. Physical examination revealed a tall phenotypic female patient with Tanner stage 4 breast development. Pelvic examination showed normal findings except for sparse pubic hair. Laboratory evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of Graves’ disease as well as primary gonadal failure. Pelvic ultrasonography revealed a small uterus and bilateral adnexal masses (0.9 by 0.6 cm). On chromosomal analysis, a 46,XY karyotype was found. Further analysis of Y-DNA by polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of an intact Y chromosome, and no microdeletions were identified. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry demonstrated a Z-score of -4.7 and -4.2 at the lumbar spine and right hip, respectively. Graves’ disease was successfully treated with 131I. Laparoscopy was performed to resect streak gonads. On histologic examination, no typical ovarian, testicular, or neoplastic tissue was identified. The breast development in this patient remains unexplained. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a tall XY female patient with breast development in the absence of a hormone-producing gonadal neoplasm and without clearly identifiable gonads. Breast development was most likely related to estrogens, possibly produced by either streak gonads at the time of puberty or peripheral conversion of androgens, or to increased sensitivity of breast tissue to estrogens. Graves’ disease is likely coincidental and could contribute to bone loss in such subjects. (Endocr Pract. 2003;9:220-224)
Individual differences in the biological odors of the mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

A habituation-preference testing situation was employed in order to determine if 32 intact adult male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) could detect individual differences in the biological odors from 31 intact male conspecifics. Results demonstrated that there exist individual differences in the biological odors of Mongolian gerbils in the case of ventral gland secretions, urine, and gerbil-soiled shavings, and also that conspecifics are capable of discriminating these differences. There was no evidence for the discrimination of individual differences in the odors of fresh fecal pellets. These results provide a basis for hypothesizing that one important function for the biological odors of Mongolian gerbils may be individual identification, and that approach-avoidance responses to odors may have to be learned and may depend on previous positive or negative experiences with the individual producing any one odor.
Pilot-plant preparation of an αvβ3 integrin antagonist. Part 2: Synthesis of N-[2-(5-hydroxy-4,6-tetrahydropyrimidine)]-3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid

Studies directed toward the process research and development of a scalable method for preparing tetrahydropyrimidine 2, a key intermediate to the αvβ3 integrin antagonist 1, are described. A linear approach employing 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl isothiocyanate, and 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol as key reagents is detailed. The results of process development research, a successful pilot run, and a production campaign are explained.
Smart Divert: A New Mars Robotic Entry, Descent, and Landing Architecture

This study investigates the performance and feasibility of a new entry, descent, and landing architecture onMars, termed Smart Divert, for landing in one of a number of small safe zones surrounded by hazardous terrain. Smart Divert consists of a ballistic entry followed by supersonic parachute deployment. After parachute release, the vehicle diverts to one ofmany predefined, fuel-optimal safe zone sites. The Smart Divert concept does not require hypersonic guidance or real-time terrain recognition. Instead, it relies on a priori orbital observations to identify small, multiple safe zones within a larger hazardous region and additional terminal descent propellant to land at the fuel-optimal safe zone.Before launch,mission designers could trade thenumber and size of the safe zones as part of the landing site selection process.Reasonable propellantmass fractions of 0.3 canbe achievedby initiating the divert at 5 kmaltitude, providing a 10 km horizontal divert capability. The number of safe zones is shown to be a function of landing ellipse size. Assuming Mars Science Laboratory state-of-the-art interplanetary navigation, four safe zone sites, randomly placed throughout the landing ellipse to simulate unknowndestinations of futuremissions, require a propellantmass fraction less than 0.3 for 97% of the cases analyzed. The unconstrained optimal arrangement of four safe zone sites within the same landing ellipse reduced the required propellant mass fraction from 0.3 to 0.22. The propellant mass fraction may be further reduced as the number of safe zone sites is increased. An example scenario using rock count data for the Phoenix landing site region demonstrates that Smart Divert can be implemented to land in previously unreachable terrain for a propellant mass fraction of 0.2.
Texture-strength relationships in a deformation processed Al-Sn metal-metal composite

Abstract A powder mixture of 80 vol.% face centered cubic (fcc) Al and 20 vol.% body centered tetragonal (bct) Sn was heavily deformed by extrusion and swaging to form a composite consisting of Sn filaments in an Al matrix. The fiber texture was determined by orientation imaging microscopy to be 〈1 0 0〉 for the Al and 〈1 0 0〉 for the Sn. The Sn phase deformed into a convoluted ribbon shape; a microstructure which has usually been attributed to texture of the filaments constraining their deformation to plane strain. Texture in a Sn filament deforming at room temperature is unlikely to limit Sn to a plane straining mode, which suggests that a different mechanism may be producing the ribbon-shape of these filaments. The 290 MPa ultimate tensile strength of the composite was greater than the rule-of-mixtures prediction. Comparisons are made with Al–Nb, Al–Ti and Al–Mg deformation processed metal–metal composites and to various strengthening models for metal–metal composites.
μ-Opioid receptor mRNA expression in the rat CNS : comparison to μ-receptor binding

Abstract The distribution of cells expressing μ-receptor mRNA and μ-receptor binding sites were compared in brain and spinal cord tissue sections using a combination of in situ hybridization and receptor autoradiographic techniques. μ-Receptor mRNA was visualized with a 35S-labeled cRNA probe directed to transmembrane III–VI of the rat μ-receptor, while μ-receptor binding sites were labeled with the μ-selective ligand [3H]DAMGO. A high correspondence between the μ-receptor mRNA and receptor binding distributions was observed in the nucleus of the accessory olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nuclei, striatal patches of the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen, endopiriform nucleus, claustrum, diagonal band of Broca, globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, most thalamic nuclei, medial and posteriocortical medial amygdala, lateral, dorsomedial, posterior and mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus, presubiculum, subiculum, rostral interpeduncular nucleus, median raphe, inferior colliculus, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, central grey, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, and the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus. Differences in μ-receptor mRNA and receptor binding distributions were observed in several regions, including the olfactory bulb, cortex, hippocampus, superior colliculus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, cochlear nucleus and spinal cord, and may be due to μ-receptor transport to presynaptic terminals.
Diffusion of small molecules in metal organic framework materials.

Ab initio simulations are combined with in situ infrared spectroscopy to unveil the molecular transport of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ in the metal organic framework MOF-74-Mg. Our study uncovers---at the atomistic level---the major factors governing the transport mechanism of these small molecules. In particular, we identify four key diffusion mechanisms and calculate the corresponding diffusion barriers, which are nicely confirmed by time-resolved infrared experiments. We also answer a long-standing question about the existence of secondary adsorption sites for the guest molecules, and we show how those sites affect the macroscopic diffusion properties. Our findings are important to gain a fundamental understanding of the diffusion processes in these nanoporous materials, with direct implications for the usability of MOFs in gas sequestration and storage applications.
Cbf genes of the Fr-A2 allele are differentially regulated between long-term cold acclimated crown tissue of freeze-resistant and -susceptible, winter wheat mutant lines.

In order to identify genes that might confer and maintain freeze resistance of winter wheat, a comparative transcriptome analysis was performed between control and 4 wk cold-acclimated crown tissue of two winter wheat lines that differ in field freeze survival. The lines, generated by azide mutagenesis of the winter wheat cultivar 'Winoka' were designated FR (75% survival) and FS (30% survival). Using two winter lines for this comparative analysis removed the influence of differential expression of the vernalization genes and allowed our study to focus on Cbf genes located within the Fr-A2 allele independent of the effect of the closely mapped Vrn allele. Vernalization genes, (Vrn-A1, B1 and D1), and the transcription factor gene, TaVrt-2, were up-regulated to the same extent in FR and FS lines with cold acclimation thus confirming that azide mutagenesis had not modified the winter habitat of the lines. One category of Cbf genes, (Cbf-2, -A22 and B-22) reflected an increase in level of expression with cold acclimation in both FR and FS lines. Another category of Cbf genes (Cbf-3, -5, -6, -12, -14 and -19) were differentially expressed between cold-acclimated FR and FS lines relative to the non-acclimated controls. Comparison of expression patterns of the two categories of Cbf genes with the expression patterns of a set of ABA-dependent and -independent Cor/Lea genes revealed similar patterns of expression for this sample of Cor/Lea genes with that for Cbf-2 and -22. This pattern of expression was also exhibited by the Vrn genes. Some Cor/Lea genes may be co-regulated by the Vrn genes during cold acclimation and the Vrn genes may also control the expression of Cbf-2, -A22 and -B22. The increased freeze survival by the FR line and the increase in expression levels of wheat Cbf genes, Cbf-3, -5, -6, -12, -14 and -19 with cold acclimation in the FR line suggests a possible gain of function mutation resulting in higher levels of expression of these Cbf genes and increased freeze survival.
A Specific Response to Toxic Cadmium Levels in Red Kidney Bean Embryos

Cadmium salts are highly toxic to excised embryos of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Red Kidney, inhibiting growth at concentrations in excess of 3 mg/L Inhibition is accompanied by specific toxic responses, namely inhibition of greening and induction of acute curvature in the embryonic axis. Comparisons among some 24 elements at 10 mg/l for cadmium-like effects showed silver to affect curvature, but not greening, while cobalt and nickel were the converse.
Planar velocity measurement in symmetric flow fields with laser-induced iodine fluorescence.

A laser-induced fluorescence technique for time-averaged planar velocity measurements in nonreacting compressible flow is reported. The technique is based on the detection of fluorescence from a Doppler-shifted absorption line of iodine molecules seeded into the flow field. We exploit the symmetry of the investigated flow field to eliminate the collisional impact shift from the measured total frequency shift of the iodine absorption spectrum. This reduces the amount of spectral data required for measuring two velocity components by a factor of 2 yet retains the accuracy of a counterpropagating laser sheets approach. The demonstration of this technique in a highly three-dimensional supersonic flow field represents what is to our knowledge the first planar velocity measurement with laser-induced fluorescence in which the contribution of the collisional shift is eliminated.
Supernormality: recent developments.

Le plus grand progres dans l'etude de la conduction supernormale derive de l'hypothese suivante: les accumulations focales de potassium dans les cryptes “calmes” (invaginations du milieu extracellulaire des fibres de Purkinje) font baisser le seuil de stimulation en raison de l'effet precoce de l'hyperkaliemie, c'est-a-dire baisse du seuil et acceleration de la conduction. Ces effets disparaissent rapidement en diastole puisque l'equilibre ionique a lieu; le seuil augmente et reprend sa valeur en fin de diastole. On ne sait pas connu si ce mecanisme est applicable a la conduction supernormale des fibres atriales specialisees. En comparant les courbes de puissance-duree de la conduction supernormal et de l'automaticite declenchee, la chute du seuil pendant la montee du post-potentiel tardif a lieu plus tard que la phase supernormale et est suivie par une hausse du seuil (sur la descente du post-potentiel). La conduction supernormale en revanche ne montre pas ce changement biphasique de la courbe puissance-duree. The major advance in our understanding of supernormality is the following hypothesis. Focal accumulations of extruded potassium ion in unstirred-clefts (invaginated extensions of the extracellular space in Purkinje fibers) cause threshold to fall by virtue of the early effects of hyperkalemia: lowering of threshold and acceleration of conduction. These effects rapidly dissipate in diastole as ionic equilibration takes place; threshold rises and assumes its late diastolic value. It is not known if this mechanism is applicable to the supernormality of specialized atrial fibers. Comparing the strength interval curves of supernormality and triggered automaticity the fall in threshold during the upstroke of the late after-depolarisation occurs later than the supernormal phase and is followed by a threshold rise (during the downstroke of the after-potential). Supernormality does not correspondingly show this biphasic change in the strength interval curve.
Domain-wide regulation of DNA replication timing during mammalian development

Studies of replication timing provide a handle into previously impenetrable higher-order levels of chromosome organization and their plasticity during development. Although mechanisms regulating replication timing are not clear, novel genome-wide studies provide a thorough survey of the extent to which replication timing is regulated during most of the early cell fate transitions in mammals, revealing coordinated changes of a defined set of 400–800 kb chromosomal segments that involve at least half the genome. Furthermore, changes in replication time are linked to changes in sub-nuclear organization and domain-wide transcriptional potential, and tissue-specific replication timing profiles are conserved from mouse to human, suggesting that the program has developmental significance. Hence, these studies have provided a solid foundation for linking megabase level chromosome structure to function, and suggest a central role for replication in domain-level genome organization.
When educators attempt to make “community” a part of classroom learning: The dangers of (mis)appropriating students' communities into schools

Abstract In this article, we explore the ambiguous associations of the term “community” within one professional development (PD) program that engaged teachers in using mobile technologies to learn about data. We argue that multiple meanings of “community” are embedded in competing ideological discourses that reproduce and/or contest relationships of power that shape the educational experiences of students of color. We examine how the norms, representational artifacts, and tools in the PD we studied co-constructed various meanings of “community.” Lastly, we explore the implications of our findings for PD facilitators by disambiguating other analyses that are often conflated with “community.”