cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospective Predictors of Technology-Based Sexual Coercion by College Males.

Objective: Technology-based coercive behavior (TBC) represents an emerging public health problem. This study contributes to the literature by identifying prospective individual-, social-, and community-level predictors of TBC. Method: Data were collected from 795 men who participated in a prospective study on attitudes and behaviors regarding relationships with women. Variables across multiple ecological layers were used to predict TBC. Results: Bivariate analyses indicated that most all of the assessed risk variables across all three ecological domains significantly predicted TBC. Multivariate regression analyses indicated five variables uniquely accounted for TBC behaviors, including rape supportive beliefs, peer approval of forced sex, number of sexual partners, exposure to pornography, and participation in student government. Conclusions: Our findings that TBC can be prospectively predicted by these risk factors suggest that computer-based technology interventions focusing on these factors through social network ads that promote reflection on healthy social and romantic relationship behaviors and attitudes could help prevent and reduce TBC.
Formation energies of carbon related defects in Cu 2 ZnSnS 4

Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) is one of the most promising absorber materials for highly efficient and low cost solar cells. A cost-effective method for the production of high quality CZTS makes use of the growth of nanocrystals in an amine solution of the involved metals, which can lead to considerable carbon incorporation in the final sample. In this study, preferred configurations and formation energies of carbon related defects in CZTS are calculated, leading to the finding, that two carbon atoms on a sulfur vacancy are a dominant defect, with minor influence on carrier lifetime, since it shows no mid-gap trapping states.
Quantitative Analysis of the Crystalline Phases in Β-alumina-based Solid Electrolytes Using X-ray Powder Diffraction

The resistivity of β”-alumina-based solid electrolytes is partially determined by the relative concentration of the phases present in the electrolyte. In order to determine the concentrations of the phases within such electrolytes, several methods of quantitative phase analysis using X-ray powder diffraction data were investigated. Several analytical equations found in the literature specifically addressing the assay of phases in these systems have been found to be inconsistent. New equations, extended to accommodate the often present sodium aluminate phase, were derived and applied successfully in the calculation of the relative abundance of each phase in calcined electrolyte powders. Verification of the accuracy of these equations was obtained by comparing the results to those obtained from a Rietveld whole-pattern fitting algorithm.
Making Decisions: The Process of HIV Disclosure for Rural African American Men

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the process of HIV disclosure for rural African American men—a population disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. Forty men were interviewed ...
A neural optimization framework for zoom lens camera calibration

Camera systems with zoom lenses are inherently more useful than those with passive lenses due to their flexibility and controllability. However, calibration techniques for active-cameras, still, lag behind those developed for calibration of passive-lens cameras. In this paper, we present a neural framework for zoom-lens camera calibration based on our proposed neurocalibration approach, which maps the classical problem of geometric camera calibration into a learning problem of a multi-layered feedforward neural network (MLFN). After discussing the features and advantages of the neurocalibration network, we present how this neural framework can capture the complex variations in the camera model parameters, both intrinsic and extrinsic, while minimizing the calibration error over all the calibration data across continuous ranges in the lens control space. The framework consists of a number of MLFNs learning concurrently, independently and cooperatively, the perspective projection transformation of the camera over its optical setting ranges. The calibration results of this technique applied to Hitachi CCD cameras with H10x11E Fujinon active lenses are reported.
Implementation of a MCM brokerage service

An innovative approach to providing access to low cost commercial multichip module (MCM) prototype fabrication through the use of a brokerage service is discussed. This service will be patterned after the existing IC prototyping service MOSIS. Benefits include cost sharing between the users of the service as well as simplified interfaces to MCM fabricators. >
Development of Hypothalamic Control of Growth Hormone Secretion in the Rat

The development of hypothalamic control of GH in the late prenatal and early postnatal periods in the rat was studied by employing a static system for the incubation of pituitaries. The basal secretion of GH into the medium after a 3-h incubation period showed a gradual increase from day 18 prenatally to day 1 postnatally. This was followed by a gradual decline in GH release on postnatal days 5 and 8. There was a sustained rise in the total pituitary GH content from prenatal day 18 to postnatal day 8. The percentage of the total GH that was released into the medium was high from fetal pituitaries and lower from neonatal pituitaries. TRH (100 ng/ml) stimulated GH secretion starting on prenatal day 21. This TRH effect persisted through day 8 postnatally. Hypothalamic extracts from fetuses and neonates stimulated the secretion of GH when coincubated with pituitaries of the same age and with adult male rat pituitaries. Similarly, adult male rat hypothalamic extract stimulated the secretion of GH from pituitaries of 1-day-old neonates. Pronase treatment of neonatal hypothalamic extract completely abolished its stimulatory effect on GH release. Incubation of 1-day postnatal pituitaries with cerebral cortical extract obtained from neonates of the same age did not alter the secretion of GH; however, cerebral cortical extract from adult males did cause a significant stimulation of GH release from the neonatal pituitaries. Somatostatin (100 ng/ml) failed to inhibit GH release by pituitaries until day 5 postnatally, but a 10-fold increase in the concentration of somatostatin significantly inhibited GH secretion from pituitaries of rats as early as day 21 prenatally. Coincubation of hypothalamic extract with the high concentration of somatostatin significantly attenuated the effect of the extract in stimulating GH release from pituitaries of 1-day-old rats. The results suggest that the high circulating levels of GH during the late prenatal and early neonatal periods are maintained by a combination of factors including the release of a hypothalamic peptidergic GH-releasing factor, the relative insensitivity of the pituitary to somatostatin, and changes in the relative size of storage vs. releasable pools of GH during development.
Energy levels in 23Na

Abstract The energy levels in 23Na have been investigated by means of the reaction 25Mg(d,α)23Na. Deuterons with energy of 10.0 MeV were accelerated with the ONR-CIT tandem accelerator and the reaction products were analysed with a double-focussing magnetic spectrometer at 20°, 30° and 60°. The level density agrees with that for 23Mg. No evidence for levels at 2.405 and 2.870 MeV in 23Na was found.
Resistance drift in aluminum to gold ultrasonic wire bonds

It is noted that the literature contains many instances of reliability problems associated with the aluminum wire to gold bond system. The authors, in evaluating the potentials of this technology, experienced similar problems and initiated some fundamental studies to enhance their knowledge base. The system of interest consisted of 0.002-in. diameter Al-1% wire ultrasonically bonded to Ni-Au electroplated Cu printed circuit pads. The reliability problems observed manifested themselves as resistance drifting associated with thermal aging of the sample. It was found that plating thickness, plating current density, and bath agitation strongly influenced the resistance drift phenomenon. A simple four-wire resistance test was developed to monitor for out-of-control gold plating. >
Ecological Theory and Restoration

Ecological theory, disturbance, species colonization, succession, and ecosystem development are powerful tools to improve our ability to restore wetlands. Disturbance, its size, intensity, and duration, is important to predict how quickly the system is restored once the (anthropogenic) stressors are removed. Life history traits such as generation time, propagule production, and modes of dispersal are needed to understand which species will colonize a site and which will need assistance. Succession, how plant and animal communities change over time, offers concepts such as facilitation, nurse plants, and beneficial mycorrhizae that can accelerate restoration. Concepts describing the individualistic nature of succession include assembly rules and the environmental sieve whereby physical constraints, flooding, salinity, and other factors can predict which species will colonize and persist. Life history traits and succession theory are powerful tools to identify potential invaders and offer ways to exclude them. An understanding of ecosystem development, energy flow, and nutrient cycling, especially N, is needed to set realistic expectations for rates at which many wetland-dependent functions are restored.
JA&WMA dedicates this issue to its exceptional reviewers and editors.

Rigorous peer review is critical to maintaining the high quality and integrity of the research papers published in the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (JA&WMA). The Associate Edit...
The History of IRM and SPA

This article reviews the history of how the IRM was formed in the United States, and what led to the development of the IRM coordinating committee which ultimately was responsible for the development of the Standardized Performance Analysis (SPA). Specifically, activities, committees, people, and programs are reviewed with an indication of how these impacted the formation of IRM and where it is today.
Re-anchoring capital in disaster-devastated spaces: Financialisation and the Gulf Opportunity (GO) Zone programme

This paper contributes to scholarship on the relationship between financialisation and the production of urban space by examining the implementation of the Gulf Opportunity (GO) Zone Act of 2005 (P...
Immunology of Nasal Polyposis and Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) represent two common diseases associated with significant morbidity and socioeconomic burden. Both of these diseases are characterized by type 2 inflammatory responses, but the mechanisms that drive each of these diseases appear to be distinct. While allergic rhinitis is driven by multiple cycles of classic early- and late-phase allergic responses, CRSwNP is driven by unknown chronic inflammatory mechanisms. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms that result in the formation of chronic type 2 inflammatory responses versus classic allergic reactions. Importantly, new tools and/or animal models are needed to aid mechanistic studies in CRSwNP, which would help to address many of these questions and ultimately improve patient care and quality of life. This article will focus on the epidemiology and the current understanding of the immunologic mechanisms associated with each of these diseases.
This is Not a Novel: The Crying of Lot 49

Near the middle of The Crying of Lot 49, which for the time being I shall call a "novel," Oedipa Maas encounters the word "Trystero," which, also for the time being, I will agree with Molly Hite in describing as "a center to the interwoven references" (75) that yield themselves as clues (signifiers) in Oedipa's search for revelation. This encounter with the Word, itself a minor revelation, is soon stripped of significance by none other than the one who spoke it, Randolph Driblette. In the oft-quoted passage spoken from behind "the veil of shower-steam," Driblette lashes out against the basic assumption that words have meaning, undermining our very notions of what constitutes literature, textuality and signification: "'You guys, you're like Puritans are about the Bible. So hung up with words, words … The words, who cares? They're rote noises to hold line bashes with'" (79). At its structural center, the "novel" seems to undermine its ontological status as "literature" and its privilege as a "text." A "novel" belonging to a "novelistic tradition" – the notion is dribbled away, dunked into an epistemological loophole. The novel "speaks," in the sense in which Michel Foucault uses the word in reference to what he calls "modern fiction" (MB 9). Its "neutral space" is a degree zero of speaking at which "the 'subject' of literature (what speaks in it and what it speaks about) is less language in its positivity than the void language takes as its space when it articulates itself in the nakedness of ' I speak'" (12). Nietzsche's autocritique does not quite achieve this nakedness of language; how do we know, Foucault might ask, Zarathustra is not lying about lying? Pynchon goes beyond the self-referentiality of Nietzsche's discourse and of modern ist fiction to question, not simply novelistic form, but the elements of form, the vocabulary of narrative, what it signifies and what it communicates.
Vascular contractile potency of endothelin-1 is increased in the presence of monocytes or macrophages

Accumulation of inflammatory cells and altered responsiveness to vasoactive mediators are commonly observed events in atherosclerotic vessels. We studied the effect of monocytic cells on endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced contraction of strips of guinea pig carotid artery. The vascular contractile potency of ET-1 was increased markedly in the presence of human peripheral blood monocytes, guinea pig alveolar macrophages (M phi), and the human monocytic cell line, THP-1. Specific binding of 125I-labeled ET-1 to these cells was detected, and Scatchard analysis indicated a dissociation constant value of approximately 1 nM. In contrast, the human monocytic cell line, U-937, failed to bind 125I-ET-1 and did not alter ET-1 potency, suggesting that the ability of monocytic cells to increase ET-1 potency requires expression of ET receptors. Selective inhibition of ET-1 binding to vascular smooth muscle with BQ-123, an ETA receptor antagonist that does not inhibit ET-1 binding to monocytes, resulted in complete inhibition of vascular contraction. These data indicate that ET-1-induced vasoconstriction may be increased by monocytic cells via stimulation of monocyte endothelin receptors.
Method for measuring mRNA decay rate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Eukaryotic mRNA degradation is an essential aspect of gene regulation. Properly turning off transcript generation ensures that protein synthesis does not occur indefinitely. By ensuring that all mRNAs are destroyed, cells can adapt quickly to changing physiological and environmental conditions. Eukaryotic cytoplasmic mRNA degradation is predominately initiated by removal of the poly(A) tail at the 3′ end (deadenylation). Following deadenylation, either the mRNA is degraded in a 3′–5′ manner or the cap is removed and the mRNA is degraded 5′–3′ (reviewed in Coller and Parker, 2004 ). Determining mRNA decay rates, as indicated by mRNA half-life, is vital to understand how mRNA stability is modulated under various physiological conditions.
Thermodynamische Grundlagen des Kältevorganges

Die Kaltemaschine hat die Aufgabe die Temperatur eines Korpers unter diejenige der Umgebung zu bringen und sie auf dieser tieferen Stufe dauernd zu erhalten.
THE STRUCTURE OF Be 37.5 Ti 62.5 METALLIC GLASS

The structure of an amorphous Be-Ti alloy with 62.5at% Ti was determined using x-ray and neutron diffraction. Assuming that the number-concentration structure factor can be approximated by the hard-sphere model, the partial number-number and concentration-concentration structure factors were calculated. The results indicate that this alloy exhibits chemical short-range order. The interatomic distances of Re-Be, Re-Ti and Ti-Ti are about 2.25, 2.65 and 2.85A, respectively.
Neutron spectrometer automation at the Lujan Center

The Lujan Center at the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) is a spallation neutron source where research in materials and biological sciences is conducted on time-of-flight neutron scattering spectrometers on eleven beam lines. Execution of an experiment on a neutron spectrometer involves 1) control of the sample environment equipment, 2) measurement of the scattered neutrons, and 3) operation of the beam line itself. This paper describes the automation and coordination of these functions that is essential to effective conduct of experiments.
Cyberspace and Organizational Structure: An Analysis of the Critical Infrastructure Environment

Now, more than ever, organizations are being created to protect the cyberspace environment. The ability of cyber organizations tasked to defend critical infrastructure assets has been called into question by numerous cyber security experts. Organizational theory states that organizations should be constructed to fit their operating environments properly. Little research in this area links organizational theory to cyber organizational structure. Because of the cyberspace connection to critical infrastructure assets, the factors that influence the structure of cyber organizations designed to protect these assets warrant analyses to identify opportunities for improvement.
Moral Distress and Conflict of Interest.

Although they recognize that “moral distress” is fundamentally a term of art, Campbell and colleagues (2016) provide a conceptual analysis that steps away from the term's origins of art, arguing th...
Randomized controlled trial of different aspirin regimens for reduction of niacin-induced flushing

Purpose Results of a study to test the hypothesis that taking niacin simultaneously with different forms of aspirin would reduce the occurrence of niacin-induced flushing are reported. Methods Traditionally, taking enteral absorbed aspirin 30 minutes before a niacin dose has been shown to reduce flushing by 30–50% relative to nonuse of aspirin. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of enteral absorbed and orally dissolved aspirin, taken at the same time as niacin, in reducing the frequency of moderate-to-severe flushing. In a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, healthy adult male and female volunteers were asked to take aspirin or a placebo (both agents were taken in both orally dissolved and swallowed formulations) immediately before niacin administration. Subjects then self-evaluated flushing symptoms on a validated scale. Results Simultaneous administration of swallowed aspirin and niacin reduced moderate-to-severe flushing events by a mean of 36.1%, from 2.35 to 1.5 events per subject ( p = 0.003), relative to event rates with use of niacin alone. In a subset of subjects who had experienced moderate-to-severe flushing symptoms despite taking swallowed aspirin, flushing in response to subsequent niacin use was decreased by 20.5% ( p = 0.05) with coadministration of orally dissolved aspirin and by 18.0% with a regimen containing both orally dissolved and swallowed aspirin ( p = 0.03). Conclusion Novel regimens of niacin and aspirin, including orally dissolved aspirin, were effective in reducing niacin-induced flushing in a small sample of healthy adult volunteers.
Evaluating a Kinematic Method for Generating Broadband Ground Motions for Great Subduction Zone Earthquakes: Application to the 2003 Mw 8.3 Tokachi‐Oki Earthquake

Abstract We compare broadband synthetic seismograms with recordings of the 2003 M w 8.3 Tokachi‐Oki earthquake to evaluate a compound rupture model, in which slip on the fault consists of multiple high‐stress‐drop asperities superimposed on a background slip distribution with longer rise times. Low‐frequency synthetics ( 1 Hz) stochastic synthetics using a matched filter at 1 Hz. We show that this compound rupture model and overall approach accurately reproduces waveform envelopes and observed response spectral accelerations (SAs) from the Tokachi‐Oki event. We find that sufficiently short subfault rise times (i.e., Electronic Supplement: Additional waveforms and subevent slip distributions.
Dog Training Laboratory: Applied Animal Behavior

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews dog training by principles using operant conditioning, or instrumental learning, in which reinforcement plays a role in the learning process. Dog trainers do not have to be professionals; dog owners also can and should be adept at training their dogs. Even puppies can accomplish learning, although oftentimes not to the extent or perfection of adults. Conversely, older dogs may have difficulty in learning particular tasks. Consistency is important; if the trainer is vague with commands or expectations, then the dog's performance will be poor and inconsistent. Commands that are simple and easy for the dog to detect are best and it is easiest to start with basic learning tasks (such as sit, stay, down, and come) before advancing to others. Researchers have found that the sooner reinforcement follows a response, the better learning progresses. Beginning trainers often reinforce a behavioral response too late and learn that consistent training is not as easy as it may appear.
Interpersonal Contact and Attitudes toward Adolescents Who Abuse Substances.

Only 7.6% of adolescents in need of substance abuse treatment actually receive it. Many adolescents are hesitant to seek treatment due to public stigma (i.e., negative attitudes and beliefs of the general public toward individuals who abuse substances). However, decades of research indicate that interpersonal contact with stigmatized groups helps reduce stigma. This study used structural equations and data from 638 undergraduate students to test the relationships between students' total interpersonal contact with individuals who abuse substances and their attitudes toward those individuals. We found that total contact did not have significant effects on stigma and was associated with better helping attitudes toward adolescents who abuse alcohol but not marijuana. In addition, African Americans and females endorsed greater stigmatization of adolescents who abuse alcohol but better helping attitudes toward those who had received treatment. Increasing contact with individuals who abuse substances, irrespective of type and valence, may not be widely useful as a way of improving attitudes toward such people.
Maternal urinary phthalate metabolites during pregnancy and thyroid hormone concentrations in maternal and cord sera: The HOME Study.

Abstract Background Phthalates, endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are commonly found in consumer products, may adversely affect thyroid hormones, but findings from prior epidemiologic studies are inconsistent. Objectives In a prospective cohort study, we investigated whether maternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and phthalate mixtures measured during pregnancy were associated with thyroid hormones among pregnant women and newborns. Methods We measured nine phthalate metabolites [monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate, mono-isobutyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), and four monoesthers of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] in urine collected at approximately 16 and 26 weeks’ gestation among women in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment Study (2003–2006, Cincinnati, Ohio). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free and total thyroxine and triiodothyronine were measured in maternal serum at 16 weeks’ gestation (n = 202) and cord serum at delivery (n = 276). We used multivariable linear regression to assess associations between individual urinary phthalate metabolites and concentrations of maternal or cord serum thyroid hormones. We used weighted quantile sum regression (WQS) to create a phthalate index describing combined concentrations of phthalate metabolites and to investigate associations of the phthalate index with individual thyroid hormones. Results With each 10-fold increase in 16-week maternal urinary MEP, maternal serum total thyroxine (TT4) decreased by 0.52 μg/dL (95% CI: −1.01, −0.03). For each 10-fold increase in average (16- and 26-week) maternal urinary MBzP, cord serum TSH decreased by 19% (95% CI: −33.1, −1.9). Among mothers, the phthalate index was inversely associated with maternal serum TT4 (WQS beta = −0.60; 95% CI: −1.01, −0.18). Among newborns, the phthalate index was inversely associated with both cord serum TSH (WQS beta = −0.11; 95% CI: −0.20, −0.03) and TT4 (WQS beta = −0.53; 95% CI: −0.90, −0.16). Conclusion Our results suggest that co-exposure to multiple phthalates was inversely associated with certain thyroid hormones (TT4 in pregnant women and newborns, and TSH in newborns) in this birth cohort. These findings highlight the need to study chemical mixtures in environmental epidemiology.
Tissue factor and oxidative stress.

In this issue of Blood , Ebert et al conclude that endothelial cell (EC) tissue factor (TF) activity induces a prothrombotic state in mice that lack the antioxidant paraoxonase-2 (PON2). 1
7 – Effects of resin and reinforcement variations on fatigue resistance of wind turbine blades

: This chapter explores the influence of resin and reinforcing fabric variations on the fatigue sensitivity for a wide range of typical blade laminates reported recently in the SNL/MSU/DOE database. Test results are presented for static and fatigue property variations with resin type, reinforcing fabric construction and weight, fiber content and laminate construction. Critical resin/fabric interactions and damage mechanisms are identified. The effects of resin and fiber type are also explored for material transitions at ply drops, where ply delamination is the dominant damage.
Religious Practice and the Ethics of Tax Evasion

One might assume that the more religious a person is, the more likely he/she is to pay taxes, but such an assumption must be tested. The purpose of this chapter is to do that. Religiosity may be estimated by the frequency with which someone attends religious services. The World Values surveys collected data on this variable. The results are reported below.
Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation of motor cortical areas in freely-moving awake rats.

Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) has emerged as a new non-invasive modality of brain stimulation with the potential for high spatial selectivity and penetration depth. Anesthesia is typically applied in animal-based tFUS brain stimulation models; however, the type and depth of anesthesia are known to introduce variability in responsiveness to the stimulation. Therefore, the ability to conduct sonication experiments on awake small animals, such as rats, is warranted to avoid confounding effects of anesthesia. We developed a miniature tFUS headgear, operating at 600 kHz, which can be attached to the skull of Sprague–Dawley rats through an implanted pedestal, allowing the ultrasound to be transcranially delivered to motor cortical areas of unanesthetized freely-moving rats. Video recordings were obtained to monitor physical responses from the rat during acoustic brain stimulation. The stimulation elicited body movements from various areas, such as the tail, limbs, and whiskers. Movement of the head, including chewing behavior, was also observed. When compared to the light ketamine/xylazine and isoflurane anesthetic conditions, the response rate increased while the latency to stimulation decreased in the awake condition. The individual variability in response rates was smaller during the awake condition compared to the anesthetic conditions. Our analysis of latency distribution of responses also suggested possible presence of acoustic startle responses mixed with stimulation-related physical movement. Post-tFUS monitoring of animal behaviors and histological analysis performed on the brain did not reveal any abnormalities after the repeated tFUS sessions. The wearable miniature tFUS configuration allowed for the stimulation of motor cortical areas in rats and elicited sonication-related movements under both awake and anesthetized conditions. The awake condition yielded diverse physical responses compared to those reported in existing literatures. The ability to conduct an experiment in freely-moving awake animals can be gainfully used to investigate the effects of acoustic neuromodulation free from the confounding effects of anesthesia, thus, may serve as a translational platform to large animals and humans.
The Importance of User Experience

Back in January of 2012, Jakob Nielsen published an article, “Usability 101: Introduction to Usability” [ https://www.nngroup.com/articles/usability-101-introduction-to-usability/ ]. In it, Nielsen states, “usability is a necessary condition for survival.” If a user is unable to find what they’re looking for, if they find the product difficult to use, or simply get lost in trying to achieve their goal, they will leave.
Resilience and Opportunity in Outdoor Programming

The 10th volume of the Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership (JOREL) marks a year of transition. Dr. Bruce Martin has been selected as the next editor-in-chief, beginning with the first issue in 2019; we are confident in his leadership and vision for the journal. He is currently working with the editors and the staff at Sagamore–Venture in a transition phase during 2018 and will take over this role completely at the end of the year. We welcome Dr. Anja Whittington of Radford University as the journal’s newest associate editor and look forward to her contributions. As we welcome the newest members of the editorial team, we want to express our gratitude to Dr. Raymond Poff, who served as managing editor from 2008 through 2017, and Dr. Eric Frauman, who served on the JOREL Advisory Board from 2008 through 2017. Both Dr. Poff and Dr. Frauman were a part of the original team that envisioned and nurtured the unique partnership between the three organizations that sponsor JOREL, and they provided invaluable leadership during the first 10 years of the journal’s development. Dr. Poff will remain an active member of the JOREL Advisory Board. On behalf of the journal’s advisors, editorial team, and others who have been involved with the journal since its inception, we thank you for your leadership that moved JOREL from concept to reality, doubling the number of issues published per year and impacting scholarship and practice in the diverse areas represented in its content. Subscribe to JOREL
Natural speech statistics shift phoneme categorization

All perception takes place in context. Recognition of a given speech sound is influenced by the acoustic properties of surrounding sounds. When the spectral composition of earlier (context) sounds (e.g., more energy at lower first formant [F1] frequencies) differs from that of a later (target) sound (e.g., vowel with intermediate F1), the auditory system magnifies this difference, biasing target categorization (e.g., towards higher-F1 /ɛ/). Historically, these studies used filters to force context sounds to possess desired spectral compositions. This approach is agnostic to the natural signal statistics of speech (inherent spectral compositions without any additional manipulations). The auditory system is thought to be attuned to such stimulus statistics, but this has gone untested. Here, vowel categorization was measured following unfiltered (already possessing the desired spectral composition) or filtered sentences (to match spectral characteristics of unfiltered sentences). Vowel categorization was biased in both cases, with larger biases as the spectral prominences in context sentences increased. This confirms sensitivity to natural signal statistics, extending spectral context effects in speech perception to more naturalistic listening conditions. Importantly, categorization biases were smaller and more variable following unfiltered sentences, raising important questions about how faithfully experiments using filtered contexts model everyday speech perception.
Teaching a Parent in the Home to Train Self-Help Skills and Increase Compliance in Her Profoundly Retarded Adult Daughter.

The purpose of this study was to teach behavior management skills to the mother of a 24-year old, noninstitutionalized, profoundly retarded, noncompliant, and aggressive woman. Through the use of written instructions and verbal feedback, the mother was trained to apply a positive reinforcement and time-out program. In contrast to previous studies using this approach, this instructional program contained extensive sequenced directions that enabled the mother to systematically apply the procedures in teaching her daughter basic self-help and preacademic skills. These included hair brushing, tooth brushing, face washing, bead stringing, and ring stacking. Results indicated the program was successful in reorienting the mother's behavioral “style” of interaction with her daughter, in increasing the daughter's compliance, and in decreasing her noncompliance and aggressive responses during the self-help and preacademic training.
Data and Methods

Our basic approach for tracing the development of the seven head and neck cancer networks involved placing the networks within a historical context. The fact that the seven networks (each funded for five or six years prior to the award of our contract) were about to be terminated as we began our study limited the observation of the network programs to a retrospective view. Our research problem suggested two methodologies simultaneously: (1) a descriptive historical case study of each network, and (2) a comparative analysis of the networks. Through the first analysis, the foci for the latter analysis emerged. The latter analysis, in turn, confirmed the conclusions reached through the first. Since the comparative analysis presented in this report is based on case studies, the methods followed to compile those studies need to be described. These case studies are available upon request; however, thumbnail sketches of each network based on these comprehensive case studies are included in this chapter.
Magnesium and Risk of Bleeding Complications From Ventriculostomy Insertion

Background and Purpose: Hemorrhages are a serious complication of brain surgery, and magnesium has shown hemostatic properties in hemorrhagic stroke and non-neurological surgeries. External ventric...
Efficacy of Remdesivir in COVID-19.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has strained health care systems across the globe, necessitating drastic public health measures and prompting a
Complications associated with erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs) in patients with metastatic breast cancer: A surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER)-Medicare study

1034 Background: Results of recent clinical trials suggest that the use of ESAs is associated with adverse outcomes. ESAs increase the risk for thrombotic events and have the potential of decreasing survival. Guidelines recommend the use of ESAs in patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia being treated with non curative intent. In this population-based study, we sought to evaluate the thromboembolic effects associated with the use of ESAs in patients receiving chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Methods: Retrospective cohort study using the SEER-Medicare linked database. Patients with stage IV breast cancer diagnosed from 1995–2002, who were 66 and older, were treated with chemotherapy, and had full coverage of Medicare A and B were identified. Patients with end stage renal disease were excluded. ICD-9 and HCPCS codes were used to identify the use of ESAs, chemotherapy, comorbidities, and complications of therapy. Analyses were conduced using descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and Cox pr...
Frequency of thrombolytic targets in stroke patients presenting in an extended time window.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of stroke patients presenting in an extended time window who have a thrombolytic treatment target. BACKGROUND: Patients presenting up to 24 h after stroke onset have been found to have penumbral tissue on multimodal imaging. Stroke patients presenting in this extended time window without a large vessel occlusion (LVO) may benefit from reperfusion therapy using thrombolysis. METHODS: Patients seen at our institutions from 2011 through 2015 were reviewed to identify those who presented >4 h and RESULTS: During the study period, 3469 patients were evaluated by our stroke service, with 893 seen 4–24 h from LSN who were not treated. MRI was performed with diffusion and perfusion imaging in 439 patients, of whom 26 were excluded due to hemorrhage and 37 were excluded due to LVO. This left 376 patients who potentially could have been treated with thrombolysis in an extended time window and were included in the analysis. Of these, 156 (42%) demonstrated a mismatch ratio >1.2. Patients with a mismatch presented earlier (P = 0.012), were more likely to be female (P = 0.03), and had higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (P CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of the patients presenting 4–24 h from LSN had a target for thrombolysis in our study. Multimodal imaging may be able to expand the population of treatable stroke patients given the results of recent clinical trials.
Therapeutic effects of exosomes from angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 -overexpressed endothelial progenitor cells on intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke

Abstract Objective We have previously demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) could boost the therapeutic effects of endothelial progenitor cells (ACE2-EPCs) on stroke. However, where this effect comes from is still unclear. Here, we investigated whether the exosomes (EXs) released from ACE2-EPCs could provide the benefit for acute intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke (ICH). Methods: The C57BL/6 mice were induced ICH by collagenase injection, followed by intravenously administration of ACE2-EPC-EXs. ACE2 blocker, DX600 was used to verify the effects of ACE2. The neurological deficit score (NDS), hemorrhage volume, brain water content, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability were measured at day 2 after injection. The levels of ACE2 and inflammatory factors/genes in the brain were also measured. Results: EPC-EXs decreased hemorrhage volume, brain edema, BBB permeability, and improved NDS, which were enhanced by ACE2-EPC-EXs treatment; 2) As compared to EPC-EXs, ACE2-EPC-EXs resulted in an up-regulation of ACE2 in the brain, associating with the down-regulated expressions of TNF-α and NFкB and up-regulated level of IκBα. 3) DX600 blocked the above mentioned protective effects of ACE2-EPC-EXs in ICH mice. Conclusion: These data suggest that the infusion of ACE2-EPC-EXs could provide the therapeutic effect on acute ICH by alleviating the post-stroke inflammation via transferring ACE2.
The Adaptive Learning Landscape

BackgroundPersonalizing education by adapting learning opportunities and instructional practices to individual abilities and dispositions has been a long-standing objective among educators and inde...
Role of two metacaspases in development and pathogenicity of the Rice Blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae

ABSTRACT Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a devastating disease of cultivated rice worldwide. Infections by this fungus lead to a significant reduction in rice yields and threats to food security. To gain better insight into growth and cell death in M. oryzae during infection, we characterized two predicted M. oryzae metacaspase proteins, MoMca1 and MoMca2. These proteins appear to be functionally redundant and can complement the yeast Yca1 homologue. Biochemical analysis revealed that M. oryzae metacaspases exhibited Ca2+-dependent caspase activity in vitro. Deletion of both MoMca1 and MoMca2 in M. oryzae resulted in reduced sporulation, delay in conidial germination, and attenuation of disease severity. In addition, the double ΔMomca1mca2 mutant strain showed increased radial growth in the presence of oxidative stress. Interestingly, the ΔMomca1mca2 strain showed an increased accumulation of insoluble aggregates compared to the wild-type strain during vegetative growth. Our findings suggest that MoMca1 and MoMca2 promote the clearance of insoluble aggregates in M. oryzae, demonstrating the important role these metacaspases have in fungal protein homeostasis. Furthermore, these metacaspase proteins may play additional roles, like in regulating stress responses, that would help maintain the fitness of fungal cells required for host infection. IMPORTANCEMagnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast disease that threatens global food security by resulting in the severe loss of rice production every year. A tightly regulated life cycle allows M. oryzae to disarm the host plant immune system during its biotrophic stage before triggering plant cell death in its necrotrophic stage. The ways M. oryzae navigates its complex life cycle remain unclear. This work characterizes two metacaspase proteins with peptidase activity in M. oryzae that are shown to be involved in the regulation of fungal growth and development prior to infection by potentially helping maintain fungal fitness. This study provides new insights into the role of metacaspase proteins in filamentous fungi by illustrating the delays in M. oryzae morphogenesis in the absence of these proteins. Understanding the mechanisms by which M. oryzae morphology and development promote its devastating pathogenicity may lead to the emergence of proper methods for disease control.
Post-Trial Feedback Alters Landing Performance in Adolescent Female Athletes Using a Portable Feedback System.

# Background Post-performance verbal and visual feedback based on data collected via lab-based instruments have been shown to improve landing patterns related to non-contact ACL injury. Biomechanical methods are often complex, difficult to transport and utilize in field settings, and costly, which limits their use for injury prevention. Developing systems that can readily provide feedback outside of the lab setting may support large scale use of feedback training for ACL injury prevention. # Purpose/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a single training session using a custom portable feedback training system that provides performance cues to promote changes in impact kinetics and lower extremity position during landing in female athletes. # Study Design Repeated measures # Methods One hundred fifty female athletes (ages 13-18 years old) landed from a 50 cm platform with and without feedback related to vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), vGRF symmetry and lower extremity position. Feedback was provided via a portable, low-cost system that included two custom-built force plates interfaced with a digital camera. Each athlete performed six pre-test trials followed by two blocks of six trials where they received visual feedback from the training system and individualized verbal cues from an investigator. Following training blocks, athletes completed six post-test trials without feedback and then six dual-task trials where a ball was randomly thrown to the performer during the landing (transfer task). vGRF and knee to ankle (K:A) separation ratio were measured and the average responses were reported for each trial block. # Results Differences in vGRF between baseline, post-test and transfer task trial blocks were observed (F(2,298)=181.68, p < .0001). Mean (SD) peak vGRF (body weight) were 4.43 (0.90), 3.28 (0.61), and 3.80 (0.92), respectively. Differences in K:A ratio between baseline, post-test and transfer task trial blocks were shown (F(2,298)=68.47, p < .0001). Mean (SD) K:A ratio were 0.87 (0.21), 0.98 (0.19), and 0.92 (0.19), respectively. # Conclusion A portable feedback system may be effective in reducing peak vGRFs and promoting a more desirable K:A ratio during landing and transfer task landing in adolescent female athletes. # Level of Evidence 3b
Interaction dynamics and virus-host range for estuarine actinophages captured by epicPCR

Viruses impact microbial diversity, gene flow and function through virus-host interactions. Although metagenomics surveys are rapidly cataloguing viral diversity, methods are needed to capture specific virus-host interactions in situ. Here, we leveraged metagenomics and repurposed emulsion paired isolation-concatenation PCR (epicPCR) to investigate viral diversity and virus-host interactions in situ over time in an estuarine environment. The method fuses a phage marker, the ribonucleotide reductase gene, with the host 16S rRNA gene of infected bacterial cells within emulsion droplets providing single-cell resolution for dozens of samples. EpicPCR captured in situ virus-host interactions for viral clades with no closely related database representatives. Abundant freshwater Actinobacteria lineages, in particular Rhodoluna sp., were the most common hosts for these poorly characterized viruses, with interactions correlated with environmental factors. Multiple methods used to identify virus-host interactions, including epicPCR, identified different and largely non-overlapping interactions within the vast virus-host interaction space. Tracking virus-host interaction dynamics also revealed that multi-host viruses had significantly longer periods with observed virus-host interactions, whereas single-host viruses were observed interacting with hosts at lower minimum abundances, suggesting more efficient interactions. Capturing in situ interactions with epicPCR revealed environmental and ecological factors shaping virus-host interactions, highlighting epicPCR as a valuable technique in viral ecology.
Refugees and the Radical Right: Evidence from Post-WWII Forced Migrations

Do refugees reshape long-term political behavior in receiving areas? To investigate this question, I examine the expulsion of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe into West Germany at the end of WWII. Expellees were strangers to the cultural practices in their new surroundings. Tensions with natives forced expellees to rely on each other and helped foster a strong group identity. I argue that this shared identity, coupled with political circumstances specific to Germany, engendered support for the radical right among expellees. Using district-level data from 32 elections spanning 100 years, I find that communities which received greater shares of expellees remain more supportive of the radical right in the short, medium, and long term. This legacy of forced migration responds to changes in the political context within Germany, and is driven primarily by districts that received greater shares of expellees who were not citizens of the Reich during the interwar period.
DNA stability: a central design consideration for DNA data storage systems.

Data storage in DNA is a rapidly evolving technology that could be a transformative solution for the rising energy, materials, and space needs of modern information storage. Given that the information medium is DNA itself, its stability under different storage and processing conditions will fundamentally impact and constrain design considerations and data system capabilities. Here we analyze the storage conditions, molecular mechanisms, and stabilization strategies influencing DNA stability and pose specific design configurations and scenarios for future systems that best leverage the considerable advantages of DNA storage. DNA has the potential to store vast amounts of data but it is subject to physical decay. In this Perspective, the authors propose that the stability of DNA should be a key consideration in how it is used for data storage.