cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Agriculture

Hydraulic fracturing (or “fracking”) is a method of extracting oil and natural gas trapped in deep rock layers underground by pumping water, sand, and other chemicals/additives at high pressures into a well drilled vertically, and then horizontally into the rocks. Advocates of fracking in U.S. have skillfully positioned domestic natural gas as a sensible alternative energy to the country’s goals of reducing carbon emissions and dependence on foreign oil, while simultaneously creating jobs locally. Opponents to fracking, however, alleged that the process pollutes the air, contaminates the soil and water, particularly in farming/rural communities. Due to page limitson this paper, we discussed only the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on water, and consequently, agriculture. Any impact on agriculture extends beyond the perimeter of a farm or plot of rural land where fracking operations occur. Fruits, vegetables, dairy, and meats from an impacted farming region may be shipped to other parts of the country, or even internationally. Fracking challenges stakeholders to confront the trade-offs between economic development and public health/safety; thus multiple viewpoints and issues were raised. Keywords: Hydraulic Fracking; Environmental Sustainability; Water Contamination; Agriculture vs. Energy; Shale Gas.
Information: Problems, Paradoxes, and Solutions

The information age is upon us and the main paradox is that there is no satisfactory and commonly accepted answer to the crucial question what information is. This results in a quantity of contradictions, misconceptions, and paradoxes related to the world of information. We consider the existing situation in information studies, which is very paradoxical and inconsistent, in the first part of this paper. To remedy the situation, a new approach in information theory, which is called the general theory of information, is developed. The main achievement of the general theory of information is explication of a relevant and adequate definition of information. This theory is built on an axiomatic base as a system of two classes of principles and their consequences. The first class consists of the ontological principles, which are revealing general properties and regularities of information and its functioning. Principles from the second class explain how to measure information.
Abstract 364: Coat color mutations alter angiogenic responsiveness

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from existing vessels. Mammalian populations, including humans and mice, harbor genetic variations that alter angiogenesis. Angiogenesis-regulating gene variants can result in increased susceptibility to multiple angiogenesis-dependant diseases in humans. Our efforts to dissect the complexity of the genetic diversity that regulates angiogenesis have used laboratory animals due to the availability of genome sequence for many species and the ability to perform high volume controlled breeding. Using the murine corneal micropocket assay, we have observed more than ten-fold difference in angiogenic responsiveness among various mouse strains. This degree of difference is observed with either bFGF or VEGF induced corneal neovascularization. Ongoing mapping studies have identified multiple loci that control angiogenic responsiveness in several mouse models. We have identified the polymorphism responsible for two of these loci. Using composite interval mapping and multiple interval mapping in crosses involving C57BL/6J, A/J, and SJL/J strains, we have confirmed the existence of multiple angiogenesis-response loci on chromosome 7. One of these (AngVq4) localized to the middle of the chromosome and was centered on tyrosinase. Congenic animals confirmed this locus, but could not demonstrate that the classical tyrosinase albino (c) mutation was causative because of the existence of additional linked loci in the congenic. In 1970, a second tyrosinase albino mutation (c-2J) arose in the C57BL/6J background at Jackson Labs. Testing this strain (C57BL/6J ) demonstrated that the albino mutation is sufficient to completely explain the alteration in angiogenic response that we observed in congenic animals. Thus, we conclude that the classical tyrosinase mutation is responsible for AngVq4. Similar methods have identified the classical pink-eyed dilution mutation as the genetic change responsible for AngFq5. Characterizing novel angiogenesis regulating genes detected by QTL mapping may identify additional therapeutic targets for antiangiogenic agents. These experiments also reveal the important effect of the host genetics on angiogenesis and tumor growth. The identification of “high angiogenic” individuals which are at risk for angiogenesis dependent diseases will allow for increased monitoring and better clinical management. Further, new antiangiogenic therapies with low toxicity may allow for the pretreatment of such individuals rendering them “low angiogenic” and thereby increase survival. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 364.
Effects of hand termination and accuracy requirements on eye-hand coordination in older adults.

This study investigated how aging compromises the control of saccades and eye-hand coordination when accuracy constraints and termination requirements of hand movement are altered. Seventeen older adults and seventeen young controls performed two-segment aiming movements. The first segment had two target sizes to alter accuracy constraints. Two-segment eye movements were always made to first and second targets, whereas hand movements were varied across three hand-movement types with different termination requirements: 1) stop both at the first and second targets, 2) stop at the first target and discontinue, and 3) move through the first target and discontinue. Compared to the young adults, the older adults produced hypometric primary saccades and delayed gaze fixation to the first target. The older adults also modified eye movements less depending on the hand termination and accuracy requirements. After pointing completion to the first target, the older adults maintained their gaze fixation to that target for a longer duration than young adults. However, this prolonged gaze fixation was minimized when a hand termination was not required. Conversely, the prolongation of gaze fixation was magnified when the hand termination was required at the first target while the eye movement was continuing to the next target. Thus, older adults have difficulties in concurrent control of inhibiting hand movement and initiating eye movement at a target within a sequence. Taken together, it is suggested that aging reduces the ability to modify eye movements to meet various behavioral constraints imposed on manual aiming tasks.
Clinical pharmacy in rural practice environments

Summary The clinical roles of non-physician providers of health care in rural environments are of particular interest due to the maldistribution of health care resources, particularly physicians, in the U.S.A. The results of a demonstration study with the aim of focusing on the determination of a clinical role model for the rural pharmacist are reported. Four types of rural practice settings were investigated, and twelve clinical pharmacy residents (Pharm Ds) provided services on a rotational basis. The four community sites demonstrated considerable differential need and demand for clinical pharmacy services. Virtually all persons contacted during the course of the project found the clinical pharmacy resident to be a valuable addition to rural health care. Success in outpatient counselling was less than expected, suggesting possible role constraints for rural clinical pharmacists. Clinical pharmacy residents often found rural practice roles undesirable for many of the same reasons that physicians are reluctant to practice in rural areas. The methodolody employed in planning, design, implementation and control in the provision of clinical pharmacy services in a rural environment are also described in detail.
An Examination of High-Injection Physics of Silicon P-N Junctions With Applications in Photocurrent Modeling

Techniques for modeling radiation-induced junction photocurrents often rely on assumptions that require the device remain in low-level injection; however transient radiation events can induce high-level injection conditions. Due to a combination of physical accuracy and computational efficiency, analytical models are often preferred to empirical and numerical modeling techniques. A more thorough understanding of the physical response can help improve the efficacy of simple modeling techniques, e.g. equivalent circuit modeling. This work explores the fundamental physical response of a p-n junction as it approaches, and after it reaches high-level injection (HLI) conditions through analysis of TCAD simulations. From the TCAD simulations and experimentally obtained data, this physical response is presented as a simple equivalent circuit model that acts as a hybrid between numerical and empirical modeling methodologies.
Using Mnemonics and Visual Imagery to Teach the New Neonatal Resuscitation Program

Mnemonics have long been used to help learners remember facts in various disciplines of medicine. With the introduction of the revised Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP), it is vital for learners to know and remember important changes to the NRP curricula. While teaching the new curricula, we found that learners appeared confused, being unable to provide the correct sequence of answers to the questions posed during the assessment phase of the course. Mnemonics were developed to aid memory recall and optimize resuscitation skills.
Reactor Monitoring with Antineutrinos - A Progress Report

Abstract The Reactor Safeguards regime is the name given to a set of protocols and technologies used to monitor the consumption and production of fissile materials in nuclear reactors. The Safeguards regime is administered by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and is an essential component of the global Treaty on Nuclear Nonproliferation, recently renewed by its 189 remaining signators. (The 190th, North Korea, withdrew from the Treaty in 2003). Beginning in Russia in the 1980s, a number of researchers worldwide have experimentally demonstrated the potential of cubic meter scale antineutrino detectors for non-intrusive real-time monitoring of fissile inventories and power output of reactors. The detectors built so far have operated tens of meters from a reactor core, outside of the containment dome, largely unattended and with remote data acquisition for an entire 1.5 year reactor cycle, and have achieved levels of sensitivity to fissile content of potential interest for the IAEA safeguards regime. In this article, I will describe the unique advantages of antineutrino detectors for cooperative monitoring, consider the prospects and benefits of increasing the range of detectability for small reactors, and provide a partial survey of ongoing global research aimed at improving near-field and far field monitoring and discovery of nuclear reactors.
Engineering the nonlinear phase shift

We treat the nonlinear phase shift response in the weak perturbation limit as a linear digital filter that can be synthesized into the values of its poles and zeros and mapped onto an optical architecture. This procedure results in a significant enhancement in the nonlinear sensitivity with a response that is robust to frequency changes within the filter passband. A precompensation technique can be used to reduce distortions under strongly driven nonlinear operation to achieve a larger phase shift. We also show that nonlinear sensitivity improves with increasing filter group delay and can be increased within constant linear bandwidth by use of higher-order filters.
Raman spectroscopic studies of the tetramethylammonium ion in zeolite cages

Abstract The skeletal Raman modes of tetramethylammonium ions are influenced by the size of the zeolite cages in which they are trapped. These changes in the Raman spectra are used to study the role of this cation in the synthesis of the zeolite ZK-4.
Changes in sexual activity following substance dependence treatment

Individuals who abuse alcohol and other drugs are at increased risk for HIV/AIDS, although time of greatest risk is unclear. Although many studies have documented decreased sexual risk behaviours following substance abuse treatment, some evidence indicates that sexual risk behaviours may actually increase with sobriety. In this study, individuals involved in a substance abuse treatment programme were asked about their sexual activity for the month prior to treatment and 6 months after treatment. Results showed higher levels of sexual activity, including risky sexual activity, 6 months after discharge from treatment. This increase was found for individuals regardless of whether they were abstaining from substance use at follow-up, with highest levels of sexual activity and risky sexual activity reported by those still consuming alcohol or other drugs. These findings support the need for inclusion of HIV/AIDS prevention and educational programmes during substance abuse treatment.
Ground-Water pollution and its sources

Everybody wants clean water for drinking, bathing and other domestic uses, but not everybody appreciates the fact that our own actions are often the worst enemy in achieving that goal. Ground water is one of the most misused and misunderstood resources. Because ground water and its movement, and consequently also its pollution, is hidden from view beneath the land surface, the seriousness of ground-water pollution problems has not been recognized until recently.
The synthesis of mevinic acids

Article de synthese en 3 parties: synthese totale des mevinoline et compactine; synthese des fragments «hexaline» et «octaline» des composes precedents et de leurs derives dihydrogenes; synthese de la partie lactone
Facility of motor unit control during tasks defined directly in terms of unit behaviors.

Abstract The phenomenon of recruitment order reversal among pairs of motor units during “single motor unit training” was studied in 11 normal subjects in abductor pollicis brevis, first dorsal interosseus, and extensor digitorum muscles of the hand. Feedback provided by visual and auditory cues allowed all subjects to control single-unit behavior directly, such as the production of single spikes, doublets, and steady firing at various frequencies. However, verified recruitment order reversal among motor unit pairs, recorded from the same fine-wire bipolar intramuscular electrode was obtained only during contractions of markedly different orientation in a multifunctional muscle. These results suggest that limited control of motor unit recruitment order is possible only in anatomically defined muscles that have multiple physiologic functions. Single motor unit frequency modulation was tested during an eight-target tracking task. The calculated information outflow rate achieved with motor unit frequency modulation performance was comparable to that obtained by modulation of the full-wave rectified surface electromyogram.
Nutrition status, education participation, and school achievement among Kenyan middle-school children

Abstract Objective The intervening effects of nutrition status on school attendance rates among Kenyan middle school pupils were assessed. The study also examined the effects of nutrition status on primary school achievement scores for the eighth-grade class of 1997. Methods Data were obtained on 851 pupils enrolled in the five indexed schools. Anthropometric measures included weight for age, height for age, and relative weight for height, and the values were derived from the raw data. Percentage of attendance rates derived from daily school attendance and raw scores on the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education were the measures of educational participation and achievement. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, analyses of variance, correlation, and linear regression analyses. Results Twenty-nine percent of the children fell below the 90% cutoff value for acceptable relative weight for height. The percentages of the population falling below −2 standard deviations on indices for height for age and weight for age were 16.64 and 3.78, respectively. Univariate analyses showed that anthropometric assessment varied by school and sex. School attendance rates varied by school and grade. Achievement scores on the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education varied by school and the interaction of sex by school. Regression analysis showed attendance rate to be the strongest predictor of achievement, followed by relative weight for height. Conclusion Prevalence of nutritional stress is a significant educational problem in this population. The association between attendance rate and nutrition status is a function of socioeconomic status. The predictive effect of nutrition status on educational achievement is more evident for girls with poor socioeconomic status.
2n gametes in potato species and their function in sexual polyploidization

The extent and pattern of polyploidy in the tuber-bearing Solanums varies among the many taxanomic series that have been identified in this subsection of Solanum. While several series appear to be entirely diploid, others exhibit a range of ploidy levels from 2x to 6x, and some contain only polyploid species. In many diploid, triploid and tetraploid species 2n gametes (gametes or gametophytes with the sporophytic chromosome number) have been detected. Both 2n eggs and 2n pollen occur. 2n gametes provide the opportunity for unilateral and bilateral sexual polyploidization. The genetic determination and consequences of sexual polyploidization strongly suggest that 2n gametes have been the major instrument in the polyploid evolution of the tuber-bearing Solanums. Somatic doubling of species and interspecific hybrids appears to be of very limited importance. New evidence for the occurrence of 2n eggs and 2n pollen in many species is reported, and data from the literature are added to illustrate the widespread distribution of 2n gametes throughout the subsection. A very high correlation is found between polyploidy and 2n gametes, and its significance is discussed. Proof is presented for the occurrence of alleles governing 2n pollen production in the cultivated tetraploids, providing additional evidence for the hypothesis that 2n gametes have been involved in their origin. Multiple unilateral and bilateral sexual polyploidizations are proposed for the origin of the cultivated tetraploids: this accounts for the large variability encountered in this group, which closely resembles that of the related diploids. Similar evolutionary pathways are hypothesized for the other polyploid complexes in the subsection. A scheme is proposed in which participation of both 2n and n gametes link together all ploidy levels in the tuber-bearing Solanums, thus overcoming the ploidy barriers and providing for gene flow throughout the sympatric species of the subsection.
On incentive problems

Abstract This note discusses some conceptual issues concerning the incentive optimization problem. In particular, the relationship between closed-loop and feedback Stackelberg solution concepts for multistage problems are clarified.
Use of an improved radiation amplification factor to estimate the effect of total ozone changes on action spectrum weighted irradiances and an instrument response function

Multiple scattering radiative transfer results are used to calculate action spectrum weighted irradiances and fractional irradiance changes in terms of a power law in ozone OMEGA, U(OMEGA/200)(sup -RAF), where the new radiation amplification factor (RAF) is just a function of solar zenith angle. Including Rayleigh scattering caused small differences in the estimated 30 year changes in action spectrum-weighted irradiances compared to estimates that neglect multiple scattering. The radiative transfer results are applied to several action spectra and to an instrument response function corresponding to the Solar Light 501 meter. The effect of changing ozone on two plant damage action spectra are shown for plants with high sensitivity to UVB (280-315 run) and those with lower sensitivity, showing that the probability for plant damage for the latter has increased since 1979, especially at middle to high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. Similarly, there has been an increase in rates of erythemal skin damage and pre-vitamin D3 production corresponding to measured ozone decreases. An example conversion function is derived to obtain erythemal irradiances and the UV index from measurements with the Solar Light 501 instrument response function. An analytic expressions is given to convert changes in erythemal irradiances to changes in CIE vitamin-D action spectrum weighted irradiances.
The long view of nanotechnology development: the National Nanotechnology Initiative at 10 years

A global scientific and societal endeavor was set in motion by the ­nanotechnology vision formulated in 1999 that inspired the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) and other national and international R&D programs. Establishing foundational knowledge at the nanoscale has been the main focus of the nanotechnology research community in the first decade. As of 2009, this new knowledge underpinned about a quarter of a trillion dollars worldwide market, of which about $91 billion was in U.S. products that incorporate nanoscale components. Nanotechnology is already evolving towards becoming a general-purpose techno­logy by 2020, encompassing four generations of products with increasing ­structural and dynamic complexity: (1) passive nanostructures, (2) active nanostructures, (3) nanosystems, and (4) molecular nanosystems. By 2020, the increasing integration of nanoscale science and engineering knowledge and of nanosystems promises mass applications of nanotechnology in industry, medicine, and computing, and in better comprehension and conservation of nature. Nanotechnology’s rapid development worldwide is a testimony to the transformative power of identifying a concept or trend and laying out a vision at the synergistic confluence of diverse scientific research areas.
Analyzing complex gaze behavior in the natural world

The history of eye-movement research extends back at least to 1794, when Erasmus Darwin (Charles' grandfather) published Zoonomia, including descriptions of eye movements due to self-motion. But research on eye movements was restricted to the laboratory for 200 years, until Michael Land built the first wearable eyetracker at the University of Sussex and published the seminal paper "Where we look when we steer" [1]. In the intervening centuries, we learned a tremendous amount about the mechanics of the oculomotor system and how it responds to isolated stimuli, but virtually nothing about how we actually use our eyes to explore, gather information, navigate, and communicate in the real world. Inspired by Land's work, we have been working to extend knowledge in these areas by developing hardware, algorithms, and software that have allowed researchers to ask questions about how we actually use vision in the real world. Central to that effort are new methods for analyzing the volumes of data that come from the experiments made possible by the new systems. We describe a number of recent experiments and SemantiCode, a new program that supports assisted coding of eye-movement data collected in unrestricted environments.
Expression and translocation of the chlamydial major outer membrane protein in Escherichia coli.

Abstract The entire gene encoding the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) from Chlamydia psittaci strain GPIC has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli . A tightly regulated T7 promoter is used to control expression of the protein in Escherichia coli . Upon induction of expression, the precursor (pre-MOMP) is synthesized in the cell. This is followed by the appearance of a lower molecular weight protein that comigrates with mature MOMP from chlamydial elementary bodies by both one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. When E. coli cells expressing MOMP are converted to spheroplasts and subjected to protease treatment, MOMP is quantitatively degraded while cytoplasmic pre-MOMP is protected from degradation. Whole cells subjected to the same protease treatment show no degradation of MOMP. Furthermore, MOMP is not detected in surface-labeling experiments using several MOMP-specific antibodies. These data indicate that pre-MOMP is translocated to the periplasmic space and processed but is not surface exposed in E. coli . Expression of MOMP in this system causes a significant reduction in cell viability. In addition, coexpression in E. coli of MOMP or a MOMP-PhoA fusion with various chaperone proteins does not alter the level of MOMP translocation.
Randomized, controlled trials of interventions to improve communication in intensive care: a systematic review.

Background Communication between families and providers in the ICU affects patient and family outcomes and use of health-care resources. Recent research studies have tested interventions designed to improve communication quality and outcomes between providers and families of patients in the ICU. We conducted a systematic review of these studies. Methods We searched the MEDLINE, PsychInfo, Cochrane, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases from 1995 to July 2010. We included studies that reported controlled clinical interventions designed to improve communication between providers and families of patients in the ICU aged 18 years or older. We abstracted all selected studies to a standardized data collection instrument and completed a quality checklist based on recommendations from the Consolidated Standards for Reporting Trials (CONSORT) investigators. Results In all, 2,841 articles were identified. Of those articles, 180 met the criteria for full review, and 21 articles of 16 distinct interventions met the full inclusion criteria, of which five were randomized. Interventions studied included printed information or structured family conferences, with or without additional family support. Conferences aimed to communicate the diagnosis and prognosis, elicit patient values, assess family understanding, and clarify the goals of treatment. Printed information, palliative care or ethics consultation, or regular, structured communication by the usual ICU team reduced family distress, improved comprehension, and decreased the use of intensive treatments. Conclusions The evidence supports the use of printed information and structured communication by the usual ICU team, ethics consultation, or palliative care consultation to improve family emotional outcomes and to reduce ICU length of stay and treatment intensity. Evidence that these interventions reduce total costs is inconclusive. A comprehensive research agenda should ensure the future study of a full range of patient-centered outcomes.
Maintenance tendency in co-ordinated rhythmic movements: relative fluctuations and phase.

Abstract Evidence from the oscillatory behavior fish fins and the crayfish swimmeret system suggests that local rhythmic-pattern generators preserve their characteristic properties over the various locomotory co-ordinations in which they participate. This maintenance tendency, as von Holst termed it, was investigated in an experiment in which human subjects swung, through motions at the wrists, hand-held pendulums of variable mass and length. In the experiment (comprising six sessions over 21 months with the same three subjects) the context for the maintenance tendency was steady-state absolute co-ordination: two rhythmic units oscillating at a single, common period and at a bounded phase relation. The experimental methodology permitted systematic control of (a) the characteristic periods of the individual rhythmic units and (b) the deviations from these periods. Relative fluctuations in periodic timing and amplitude were least when a rhythmic unit's period in absolute co-ordination approximated its characteristic period and increased with departures from the characteristic period. Rates of increase in timing fluctuations were approximately the same for deviations on either side of the characteristic period; the rate of increase in spacing fluctuations was substantially greater for the range in which periods were less than the characteristic period. The phase relation between two co-ordinated rhythmic movement units in absolute co-ordination depended on the difference between their characteristic periods. The intended phase relation of 180 was attained only when the characteristic periods were identical. When the characteristic periods differed, the departure from 180 increased systematically with the difference. The fluctuation results are discussed in terms of the relation between relaxation and harmonic dynamics in producing rhythmic movements, with particular emphasis on the harmonic tuning of relaxation oscillations. The phase results are discussed in terms of whether or not the very many stable phase relations in absolute co-ordination are reflective of the nervous system or of differences in response latencies in left and right muscle systems induced by different degrees of inertial compensation.
ABSENTEEISM IN A SINGLE CLASS AS A PREDICTOR OF FUTURE COLLEGE PERFORMANCE

In the fall of 1985 the total number of absences from a single community college class was obtained as part of a study of 402 subjects. The present study, conducted three years later, examined the relationship between absenteeism and four measures of academic performance for a subsample of 187. Absenteeism was negatively related to both cumulative GPA and the ratio of courses passed to courses attempted since 1985. Absenteeism was negatively but weakly related to the tendency to graduate, but not significantly related to the tendency to withdraw from courses. The author suggested that absenteeism may be viewed as a stable trait that has reasonably good, long‐term, predictive power. Suggestions for future research were offered.
Esteval phenology of an Acanthocyclops (Crustacea, Copepoda) in a Colorado tarn with remarks on the vernalis-robustus complex

Weekly mean lenghts of adult female Acanthocyclops robustus ranged between 1.14 and 1.41 mm in a Colorado alpine lake during the summer of 1966. The smallest animals occurred in late September and the largest in mid-August, corresponding to development in warm and cool water, respectively. The males also declined in mean length during the course of the summer and were about 70% of the length of the females on any date. About 75% of the females possessed a 3.4.4.4 spine formula; 8%, 2.3.3.3 and 17% an anomalous formula. Eight-one percent of the males had a 3.4.4.4 formula; 7%, 2.3.3.3 and 12% were anomalous. Morphological variation, and breeding experiments performed by Price (1958) suggest that A. robustus and A. vernalis as defined by Kiefer (1976) are likely species complexes, rather than just two species.
Police training strategies and the role perceptions of police recruits

There has been much debate regarding basic police training and its effect on the attitudes of police recruits. Some critics argue that academy training creates negative attitudes in police recruits that favor arrest and crime attack orientations. The data presented in this article suggest that police recruits from a large urban police training program possess attitudes unfavorable toward crime attack or strict enforcement policing roles. The article examines a Los Angeles Police Department recruit training class, and the perceptions these recruits have toward selected policing roles. The study suggests police recruits do not perceive their role as simply being one of crime attack and strict enforcement.
Radiolabeled 9- or 10-monoiodostearic acid and 9- or 10-monoiodostearyl carnitine--I. Synthesis and purification.

The purpose of this investigation was to synthesize and purify radiolabeled 9- or 10-monoiodostearyl carnitine for potential use as a perfusion and metabolic imaging agent for the heart. Oleic acid was iodinated via a free radical addition reaction of HI across the double bond to give 9- or 10-monoiodostearic acid which in turn was esterified with carnitine. The identify of 9- or 10-monoiodostearic acid and 9- or 10-monoiodostearyl carnitine was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (i.r.), ultraviolet (u.v.), and mass spectroscopy. The purity of the fatty acid and carnitine ester was established by thin layer chromatography. 9- or 10-Monoiodo[125I]stearic acid and 9- or 10-monoiodo[125I]stearyl carnitine were synthesized via the isotopic exchange of 125I for cold iodine bonded to 9- or 10-monoiodostearic acid and 9- or 10-monoiodostearyl carnitine.
The Reaction of Hydrogen with Cerium Metal at various temperatures

The rate of formation of cerium hydride was found to increase with temperature from 120–265 °C, decrease between 370–500 °C, and then rise again at 625 °C. Induction periods for the reaction were observed at 370 and 500 °C. At 120 °C the reaction was found to follow the parabolic rate law, which indicates that the reaction was diffusion controlled. For reactions at 310 and 500 °C, the H/Ce vs, time curves were sigmoidal corresponding to four stages: induction, autoacceleration, linear and deceleration. Speculations are made as to the possible reaction mechanism. Die Bildung von Cerhydrid aus Ce und H2 nimmt bei 120–265 °C zu, bei 370–500 °C wieder ab und steigt bei 625 °C erneut an. Bei 120 °C ist die Reaktion diffusionsbestimmt, wahrend die Reaktionen bei 370 und 500 °C mit einer Induktionsperiode ablaufen, der laut H/Ce-Zeit-Kurven eine Selbstbeschleunigung, ein linearer Anstieg und dann eine Verzogerung folgen. Mogliche Reaktionsmechanismen werden diskutiert.
Virazole prevents production of Sindbis virus and virus-induced cytopathic effect in Aedes albopictus cells.

Abstract The nucleoside analogue virazole (1-β- d -ribofuranosyl 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) at a concentration of 150 μg/ml inhibited the production of Sindbis virus (SV) and prevented virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) in Aedes albopictus LT C-7 cells. The drug had no effect on net viral RNA synthesis, the production of infectious RNA, or on nucleocapsid assembly. All viral structural proteins (E 1 , E 2 , and C) were synthesized and glycosylated in apparently normal amounts in the presence of virazole (Vz). However, most cells contained little or no reactive viral antigens as measured by an indirect immunofluorescent test. In contrast to the minimal effect on the synthesis of viral RNA and proteins, Vz markedly inhibited host macromolecular synthesis, as well as the growth of mosquito cells. In BHK21 cells the situation was different. As in C-7 cells, the drug caused a marked reduction in host macromolecular synthesis. However, CPE was not prevented and virus production was not inhibited. It is suggested that certain host functions may be required in the late stages of viral maturation and for expression of CPE and that these host functions are inhibited by Vz.
Trainee Competence in Master's-Level Counseling Programs: A Comparison of Counselor Educators' and Students' Views

Forty-five counselor educators and 62 master's-level counseling students were surveyed to compare faculty members' perceptions of trainee competence with students' own views. As anticipated, students reported higher deficiency rates than did their faculty. Combined with the intervention rates reported by corresponding faculty, students' reports suggested that as many as 21% of their peers may be professionally deficient and that the majority of these may progress through their training without remediation. Together with students' anticipated reactions to their own identification for remediation or dismissal, these findings underscore the importance of implementing effective procedures for reviewing the professional fitness of counselors-in-training.
Small lunar lander/hopper navigation analysis using linear covariance

This paper1,2 uses linear covariance analysis to investigate the expected navigation performance and corresponding parameter sensitivities for lunar landing and surface mobility (via “hopping”). The Draper Linear Covariance (LinCov) tool is a statistical simulation that approximates the state error covariance results of a six-degree-of-freedom Monte Carlo simulation in a fraction of the time. This ability to quickly analyze navigation performance for a wide variety of sensor suite configurations given any landing or hopping trajectory allows for increased vehicle and mission design flexibility, as well as insight into sensor and vehicle cost, mass, and power sizing.
Incubation of metanephroi with vitamin D3 increases numbers of glomeruli

To characterize actions of vitamin D3 on metanephroi transplanted from rat embryos to adult recipients, we incubated metanephroi with or without 0.01, 0.1 or 1 ug/ml vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] or 1, 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)2D(3)] prior to implantation. The number of glomeruli in developed metanephroi three weeks post-transplantation that had been incubated with 1.0 ug/ml vitamin D(3) was increased relative to the number in metanephroi that were not incubated with vitamin D(3) (control), an effect that was not recapitulated by administration of vitamin D(3) directly to hosts at the time of transplantation. Incubation of metanephroi with 1.0 ug/ml vitamin D(3) also enhanced inulin clearances of metanephroi measured at 12 weeks post-transplantation. The hydroxylated derivative of vitamin D(3), 25(OH)D(3), increased glomerulus number when applied at 0.01 ug/ml but not at higher concentrations, while the twice-hydroxylated derivative 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), failed to increase glomerulus number at any concentration tested. We conclude that incubation with vitamin D(3) prior to implantation enhances inulin clearance possibly by increasing the number of glomeruli that develop post-transplantation.Our findings suggest the vitamin D(3) effect is mediated locally.
Cortico-cortical and cortico-amygdaloid projections of the rat occipital cortex: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study

The efferent projections of the occipital cortex of the rat were investigated using the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tract tracing technique. Particular attention was focused on projections to the amygdala and amygdalopetal cortical areas. The primary visual cortex had projections to the medial and lateral portions of occipital area 2 and other cortical regions, but no projections to the amygdala or amygdalopetal cortical areas. The only occipital area that had direct projections to the amygdala was the most ventral portion of lateral occipital area 2, located just dorsal to temporal area 2. This occipitotemporal junction region, which received projections from secondary visual cortical areas but not from the primary visual cortex, had projections to the lateral nucleus, magnocellular basal nucleus, and lateral capsular subdivision of the central nucleus of the amygdala. Occipital area 2 had projections to seven amygdalopetal cortical regions: temporal area 2, temporal area 3, frontal area 2, ventrolateral orbitofrontal area, occipitotemporal junction region, lateral entorhinal area, and the perirhinal cortex. Projections to the perirhinal cortex targeted regions located adjacent to the parietal cortex and caudal temporal cortex, but not regions adjacent to the rostral temporal cortex. Other cortical regions receiving projections from medial and lateral portions of occipital area 2 included the presubiculum, retrosplenial areas, and caudal portions of the parietal cortical areas 1 and 2. The results of the present investigation, in conjunction with previous anatomical and neurobehavioral studies, support the concept that rodent cortical visual pathways, like those of primates, consist of a dorsal system involved with visuospatial functions and a ventral system involved with object recognition. As in primates, the ventral pathway projects to the temporal-perirhinal region in a cascading manner; only highly processed information from tertiary visual cortical areas reaches the amygdala. Unlike primates, however, cortical areas in the rat brain that receive highly processed visual information appear to be regions of multisensory convergence.
Characterization of the human blood lymphocytes that produce a histamine-induced suppressor factor (HSF)

Abstract The cells which elaborate a soluble suppressor factor in vitro in response to histamine (histamine-induced suppressor factor or HSF) were partially characterized in the present studies. Human blood T- and B-cell populations were purified by affinity chromatography with rabbit anti-human F(Ab′)2 and examined for their ability to make HSF. Highly purified populations of T cells, but not B cells, produced HSF in response to varying concentrations of histamine (10−4 to 10−4M). The HSF-producing cells were characterized further by means of affinity chromatography with columns containing conjugates of insolubilized histamine as well as by rosette formation with IgG (Tγ)- or IgM (Tμ)-coated ox red blood cells. These studies revealed the following: (a) Cells that synthesize HSF are retained on histamine (but not control) columns; (b) cells with histamine receptors comprise approximately 50% of the Tγ subpopulation but are not found in the Tμ subpopulation; (c) cells not retained by histamine columns have a reduced capacity to develop into suppressor cells following stimulation by concanavalin A or specific antigen (compared to unfractionated or control column passed cells). In addition, it was shown that cells synthesizing HSF predominantly express histamine type 2 receptors: (d)4-Methyl histamine (H2 agonist), but not 2-methyl histamine (H1 agonist), was capable of inducing HSF production; (e) cimetidine (H2 antagonist) inhibited HSF production but chlorpheniramine (H1 antagonist) did not. Taken together, these experiments suggest that T lymphocytes capable of expressing suppressor function following activation by histamine, specific antigen, concanavalin A, or perhaps through their Fc receptors may either be heterogeneous within the same subpopulation or more likely be the same cell with the complement of receptors described above.
Gene expression and internalization following vector adsorption to immobilized proteins: dependence on protein identity and density

Background Gene delivery by non-specific adsorption of non-viral vectors to protein-coated surfaces can reduce the amount of DNA required, and also increase transgene expression and the number of cells expressing the transgene. The protein on the surface mediates cell adhesion and vector immobilization, and functions to colocalize the two to enhance gene delivery. This report investigates the mechanism and specificity by which the protein coating enhances gene transfer, and determines if the protein coating targets the vector for internalization by a specific pathway.
Optical properties of Cr O 2 and Mo O 2 from 0.1 to 6 eV

The reflectivities of single crystals of Mo${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and oriented films of Cr${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ grown on rutile substrates have been measured from 0.1 to 6 eV. A Kramers-Kronig analysis has been performed to obtain the dielectric functions and optical conductivities. A rise in the absorption coefficient above 1.7 eV for Cr${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and 3 eV for Mo${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ suggests that these energies separate the highest oxygen $2p$ levels from the Fermi level in the cation $d$ bands. The conduction-electron response is fit by $\frac{{m}^{*}}{{m}_{e}}\ensuremath{\sim}10$ for Cr${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and \ensuremath{\sim}5 for Mo${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, assuming one carrier per cation. A peak in the optical conductivity at 0.8 eV in both materials is compared with similar features in V${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. A possible interpretation of these peaks is discussed based on a recent calculation of the optical conductivity using the Hubbard model. If this interpretation is valid, an estimate may be made of the intraion Coulomb energy, ${U}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}0.8$ eV.
Growth suppression of Kenblue Kentucky bluegrass using plant growth regulators and degree day application timing

Application of PGR between 25 and 125 GDD provided excellent (>86%) seedhead control. Mefluidide and amidochlor applications at 150 GDD gave 31 and 24% seedhead control, respectively, indicating that seedhead control was lost with this application timing. Application timing of PGR appeared to have no significant effect on the degree of vegetative growth suppression. However, GDD timed PGR applications are a valid technique for seedhead control in Kentucky bluegrass
Blind frequency-dependent IQ imbalance compensation scheme using CMA for OFDM system

Frequency-dependent IQ imbalance will be one of the degrading factors for future wideband wireless communication systems. This paper presents a blind compensation scheme for the frequency-selective IQ imbalance that occurs in wideband OFDM transceivers. The proposed scheme uses 2-tap filters having weights calculated by a constant modulus algorithm, which does not require any training or pilot signals. We verified by computer simulation that our proposed scheme compensates for frequency-dependent IQ imbalance in OFDM transceivers. We also show some experimental results, in which a frequency-dependent IQ imbalance over 6 GHz is compensated for by our proposed scheme.
Corrigendum to "Life cycle assessment perspectives on delivering an infant in the US" [Stoten 452 (2013) 191-198]

The authors regret an error in ‘Fig. 2: Environmental impacts of cesarean section and vaginal births’ of the original publication. The wasteimpacts in the non-carcinogenic category of Fig. 2 were shown as the same (88%) for both the cesarean section and vaginal births.Non-carcinogenic impacts (kg toluene eq) for the waste portion of the vaginal birth column in Fig. 2 should read 20%, not 88%, as shown inthe updated Fig. 2, as this ﬁgure normalizes to cesarean sections. The authors found no errors in any other impact categories and would liketo apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Reviews of the Literature

This book is primarily a case study of colonial administration in Burma and its effects on Burmese society. Comparative data are given in a chapter on Netherlands India and several chapters are devoted to problems of colonial administration in general, utilizing data from Africa as well as from Southeast Asia.
Quark–gluon soup — The perfectly liquid phase of QCD

At temperatures above about 150 MeV and energy densities exceeding 500 MeV/fm3, quarks and gluons exist in the form of a plasma of free color charges that is about 1000 times hotter and a billion times denser than any other plasma ever created in the laboratory. This quark–gluon plasma (QGP) turns out to be strongly coupled, flowing like a liquid. About 35 years ago, the nuclear physics community started a program of relativistic heavy-ion collisions with the goal of producing and studying QGP under controlled laboratory conditions. This article recounts the story of its successful creation in collider experiments at Brookhaven National Laboratory and CERN and the subsequent discovery of its almost perfectly liquid nature, and reports on the recent quantitatively precise determination of its thermodynamic and transport properties.