cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genome-Wide Association Study of Ionomics Traits on Diverse Soybean Populations from Germplasm Collections

The elemental content of a soybean seed is determined by both genetic and environmental factors and is an important component of its nutritional value. The elemental content is stable, making the samples stored in germplasm repositories an intriguing source of experimental material. To test the efficacy of using samples from germplasm banks for gene discovery, we analyzed the elemental profile of seeds from 1653 lines in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection. We observed large differences in the elemental profiles based on where the lines were grown, which lead us to break up the genetic analysis into multiple small experiments. Despite these challenges, we were able to identify candidate SNPs controlling elemental accumulation as well as lines with extreme elemental accumulation phenotypes. Our results suggest that elemental analysis of germplasm samples can identify SNPs in linkage disequilibrium to genes, which can be leveraged to assist in crop improvement efforts.
On the Extrapolation of Accelerated Stress Conditions to Normal Stress Conditions of Germanium Transistors

ACCELERATED stressing has become a popular method of evaluating high reliability devices in short periods of testing time. However, the convenience of accelerated testing should not be the prime factor for use. Tl he modes of failure generated by normal (within rating) and accelerated (exceeding rating) stressing should be compared before failure rates created bv accelerated stressing are accepted as valid. It has been found for moisture gettered PNP germanium mesa transistors that the predominant modes of failure created during accelerated stressing are different from the predominant modes of failure created during normal stressing. During accelerated unpowered thermal stressing, parameter changes are exactly opposite to parameter changes during normal unpowered thermal stressing. The direction and irreversibility of parameter changes, the dependence of amount of parameter change on the stabilization bake temperature and internal package vapor pressure, anid a good fit of hFiE decay to Wallmark's equation: 1/hFE = C1 e-Cs/T t1/3+C3, all point to oxidation of the germanium surface. The activation energy as determined from the above equation is discussed. Oxidation of the germanium surface is negligible at temperatures less than stabilization bake temperatures. Accelerated powering produced several predominant failure modes not observed during normal power stressing. Electrical overstressilng characterized by lead wire melting and junction shortinig were first-orler failures. Failures by junction shorting through the bulk vere reverse collector voltage dependent as well as power dependent. Tlhe failures were attributed to operation in a negative resistance mode.
Pseudo principal components analysis for feature extraction and pattern recognition of time-series data

We proposed a novel method to extract a feature from time-series data by principal components analysis (PCA) with time-delay embedding, and showed its usefulness in pattern recognition. We first resampled from the original time series data and constructed a new data with time-delay embedding. Then we applied PCA to the new data to get a pseudo principal component (PPC), which now represents the newly constructed data and hence the original time series data as well. The PPC was used as a feature vector for the original data, and the pattern classification of was performed upon PPC. In order to improve the performance of the classification, we incorporated with the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to the newly constructed data before we take the PPCs. The results showed that the new method is useful for classification tasks of time series data, and that the performance is improved when well combined with the CWT technique.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Intracranial Hemorrhage in Californians with Immune Thrombocytopenia

Abstract 1161 Introduction: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is thought to be an uncommon event in patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), with reported cumulative incidences of approximately 1%. Most studies have drawn from single institution experiences. We determined the incidence using a large population-based administrative database. Methods: Using the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Patient Discharge Dataset, we identified all the records of Californians discharged with a diagnosis of ITP from 1991–2009. We then limited analysis to cases with ITP as the principal diagnosis. Similarly, all cases with a diagnosis of ICH (see types below) in any of the first 5 diagnosis fields were identified and merged with the ITP cohort. Univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazard modeling were then done to determine associations with ICH. Results: A total of 37,780 unique patients were initially identified with an ITP code, of which 13,651 were in the principal position and comprise the analysis cohort. This cohort was 60% female, 60% White, 22% Hispanic, 8% Asian, and 7% African-American with a median age of 53 years. Three hundred sixty-four cases had an ICH (cumulative incidence 2.67 %) at a median of 844 days after the first admission for ITP; 109 occurred with the first hospitalization for ITP. The median age of patients with ICH was 67 years. One hundred thirty-five cases with ICH had a splenectomy a median of 296 days prior to their hemorrhage. Of the ICH cases, 65 were known to have died (death statistics available only through 2007); 41 of these deaths were during the admission for the intracranial hemorrhage. Discussion: The cumulative incidence of ICH in this large cohort of Californians with ITP was 2.67%, higher than that reported from another population-based study with a smaller number of patients, and from single institution studies. The median age in this study is older than in other reports. The death rate for ICH hospitalization was 11.3% (41/364). Increasing age and certain medical co-morbidities were associated with increased hazard of ICH, as was diagnosis of lupus. Splenectomy was not associated with either increased or decreased hazard, but as this procedure was likely performed only in more severely affected but otherwise healthier patients this result is difficult to interpret. The finding of increased hazard of ICH in Hispanics and Asians with ITP is novel and unexplained. Intracranial hemorrhage may be a more common complication of ITP than previously appreciated. Disclosures: Wun: Daiichi Sankyo Company, Ltd. and Eli Lilly and Company: Research Funding.
Characteristics of Non-postoperative Pediatric Pericardial Effusion: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study from the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS).

Little is known about the causes and risks of non-postoperative pericardial effusion (PCE) in pediatric patients. We sought to assess the diagnoses most frequently associated with admissions for PCE, and to determine if certain conditions were associated with higher in-hospital mortality and rates of readmission. Nationally distributed data from 44 pediatric hospitals in the 2004–2015 Pediatric Health Information System database were used to identify patients with hospital admissions for International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes for PCE and/or cardiac tamponade. Children with congenital heart disease were excluded. ICD-9 codes for conditions associated with PCE were grouped into eight categories: neoplastic, renal, autoimmune/inflammatory, pneumonia, viral, bacterial, hypothyroidism, and idiopathic. Multivariable models were used to evaluate odds of in-hospital mortality and readmission within 30 and 90 days. There were 9902 patients who met inclusion criteria. Total in-hospital mortality was 8.2% (n = 813); of those without a neoplastic diagnosis, mortality was 6.5% (n = 493/7543). Idiopathic PCE accounted for the most admissions (36%), followed by neoplasms (24%), pneumonia (20%), and autoimmune/inflammatory disease (19%). In multivariable models, odds of death were highest for neoplasms (adjusted odds ratio 3.83, p < 0.001) and renal disease (adjusted odds ratio 2.86, p < 0.001). Children with a neoplasm, renal disease, and those undergoing pericardiocentesis had the highest rates of readmission at 30 and 90 days. Children admitted with non-postoperative PCE have multiple associated conditions. Neoplasm and renal disease in the setting of PCE are associated with the highest odds of in-hospital mortality among concomitant conditions; children with a neoplasm, renal disease, and those undergoing pericardiocentesis have the highest odds of readmission.
Androgen receptor polymorphisms (CAG repeat lengths) in androgenetic alopecia, hirsutism, and acne.

Background:The androgen receptor (AR) is a structurally conserved member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The amino-terminal domain is required for transcriptional activation and contains a reg...
Parainfluenza Virus Infection Sensitizes Cancer Cells to DNA-Damaging Agents: Implications for Oncolytic Virus Therapy

A parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) with mutations in the P/V gene (P/V-CPI-) is restricted for spread in normal cells but not in cancer cells in vitro and is effective at reducing tumor burdens in mouse model systems. Here we show that P/V-CPI- infection of HEp-2 human laryngeal cancer cells results in the majority of the cells dying, but unexpectedly, over time, there is an emergence of a population of cells that survive as P/V-CPI- persistently infected (PI) cells. P/V-CPI- PI cells had elevated levels of basal caspase activation, and viability was highly dependent on the activity of cellular inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins (IAPs) such as Survivin and XIAP. In challenge experiments with external inducers of apoptosis, PI cells were more sensitive to cisplatin-induced DNA damage and cell death. This increased cisplatin sensitivity correlated with defects in DNA damage signaling pathways such as phosphorylation of Chk1 and translocation of damage-specific DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1) to the nucleus. Cisplatin-induced killing of PI cells was sensitive to the inhibition of wild-type (WT) p53-inducible protein 1 (WIP1), a phosphatase which acts to terminate DNA damage signaling pathways. A similar sensitivity to cisplatin was seen with cells during acute infection with P/V-CPI- as well as during acute infections with WT PIV5 and the related virus human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2). Our results have general implications for the design of safer paramyxovirus-based vectors that cannot establish PI as well as the potential for combining chemotherapy with oncolytic RNA virus vectors.IMPORTANCE There is intense interest in developing oncolytic viral vectors with increased potency against cancer cells, particularly those cancer cells that have gained resistance to chemotherapies. We have found that infection with cytoplasmically replicating parainfluenza virus can result in increases in the killing of cancer cells by agents that induce DNA damage, and this is linked to alterations to DNA damage signaling pathways that balance cell survival versus death. Our results have general implications for the design of safer paramyxovirus-based vectors that cannot establish persistent infection, the repurposing of drugs that target cellular IAPs as antivirals, and the combined use of DNA-damaging chemotherapy agents in conjunction with oncolytic RNA virus vectors.
Nominal structure in a language without articles: The case of Estonian

It is standardly assumed that nominals in the languages of the world are syntactically complex in the typical case, being made up of not just NP, but one or more functional projections, e.g., DP (Abney 1987). Recently, this assumption has been questioned, especially for languages without articles (Boskovic 2005, et seq.). The alternative proposal holds that nominals in Serbo-Croatian (and more strongly, languages without articles in general) lack the DP projection, and that this difference has a variety of syntactic consequences. In this paper, I investigate the nominal extended projection of another language without articles, Estonian (Finno-Ugric). On the basis of a number of facts about Estonian’s system of adnominal genitives, I conclude that nominals in Estonian should not be given the same analysis as those in Serbo-Croatian. I propose instead that Estonian’s nominals are DPs. I then propose that indefinite pronouns and wh-determiners instantiate the category D0 in the language, arguing that DP does more cross-linguistically than host articles. I conclude that nominal structure in languages without articles can be just as complex as nominal structure in languages with articles.
The role of the Avant Garde in linguistic diffusion

The spread of the new quotative be like throughout the English-speaking world is a change from above for each community that receives it. Diffusion of this form into Philadelphia is traced through the yearly interviews of the Philadelphia Neighborhood Corpus, beginning with young adults in 1979 and spreading to adolescents in 1990, a generation later. The first users of be like form the Avant Garde, young adults with extensive awareness of linguistic patterns within and without the city. The use of this quotative in Philadelphia is favored by constraints that are found elsewhere, particularly to introduce inner speech that is not intended to be heard by others and to cite exemplars of a range of utterances. Not previously reported is a strong tendency to be favored for quotations with initial exclamations, prototypically expressions of surprise and alarm such as “Oh” and “Oh my god!”.
The best of both worlds with on-demand virtualization

Virtualization offers many benefits such as live migration, resource consolidation, and checkpointing. However, there are many cases where the overhead of virtualization is too high to justify for its merits. Most desktop and laptop PCs and many large web properties run natively because the benefits of virtualization are too small compared to the overhead. We propose a new middle ground: on-demand virtualization, in which systems run natively when they need native performance or features but can be converted on-the-fly to run virtually when necessary. This enables the user or system administrator to leverage the most useful features of virtualization, such as or checkpointing or consolidating workloads, during off-peak hours without paying the overhead during peak usage. We have developed a prototype of on-demand virtualization in Linux using the hibernate feature to transfer state between native execution and virtual execution, and find even networking applications can survive being virtualized.
Matching sensible qualities: A skeleton in the closet for representationalism

The intransitivity of matching sensible qualities of color isa threat not only to the sense-data theory, but to allrealist theories of sensible qualities, including thecurrent leading realist theory: representationalism.I save representationalism from this threat by way ofa novel yet empirically plausible hypothesis about theintrospective classification of sensible qualities of color.I argue that due to limitations of the visual system's abilityto extract fine-grained information about color fromthe environment, introspective classification of sensiblequalities of color is sensitive to features of context.I finish by arguing for the superiority of mysolution over two alternative solutions: one by NelsonGoodman, the other by C.L. Hardin.
Durability Evaluation of Highly Stressed Wing Box Structure

Durability and damage tolerance issues for graphite-epoxy wing structure are explored within the framework of the 800 element tests and 21 full-scale box-beam tests performed during the Life Assurance of Composite Structures program.
Finite Dimensional Representations of a Semi-Simple Lie Group

Let G be a connected semi-simple Lie group with finite center, say — then it is not necessarily the case that G possesses enough finite dimensional representations to separate points (cf. 3.1.1). In fact G will, in general, admit no non-trivial finite dimensional unitary representations (cf. number 4.3.2). Nevertheless, despite these apparently discouraging facts, the finite dimensional representations of G are important — this will be elaborated on below.
Recent Developments in Statistical Signal Processing

Publisher Summary Determining optimal algorithms and implementing the optimal algorithms are the two major aspects of statistical signal processing. There is considerable scope for application of ideas from linear system theory. One way to restrict complexity is to make further assumptions on the problem. A very common one in the last two decades has been to assume that there is an underlying finite-dimensional state-space model for the problem, in which case the memory can be fixed at the size of the state vector; however, the resulting filters will still be time variant. In any case, the important point is that these new results make for a much more direct link between signal processing theory and digital circuit implementations. This offers some promise in significantly reducing the software bottlenecks encountered in fitting all algorithms into simple general purpose architecture.
Class v. United States: Bargained Justice and a System of Efficiencies

In 2018, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Class v. United States that a defendant does not inherently waive his or her right to appeal constitutional claims simply by entering an unconditional plea of guilty. Rather, the Court determined such waivers must be express. While the issue decided in Class was relatively straightforward, the case stands more importantly as another pillar in the growing body of modern plea-bargaining jurisprudence. In particular, Class is of note because the facts of the case and the discussions surrounding the appeal raise fundamental questions regarding the operation of the plea-bargaining machine, the psychology of defendant decision-making, and the voluntariness of plea bargaining given our growing understanding of the phenomenon of factually innocent defendants falsely pleading guilty. This article begins with an examination of Class, including the incentives that led the defendant to plead guilty despite his belief that the statute of conviction infringed his constitutional rights. The article then examines the shadowy rise of plea bargaining during the 19th and 20th centuries and the recent focus on plea bargaining by the Supreme Court since its 2010 decision in Padilla v. Kentucky. This analysis of recent plea-bargaining case law will illustrate that fundamental issues are beginning to rise to the surface regarding defendant decision-making and voluntariness in the plea context, including the reliability of admissions of guilt in return for plea bargains and the phenomenon of false pleas. The article, therefore, next examines recent psychological research on these topics, including research demonstrating that factually innocent individuals will falsely confess in return for the benefits of a bargain and research finding that pretrial detention is a driver of false pleas. Finally, the piece considers the ramifications of growing evidence that plea bargaining has a voluntariness and reliability problem. Along with considering ways to address these concerns, the article proposes that these revelations will inevitably lead us to face a broader question. What does it mean if we have adopted a criminal justice system that embraces efficiency at the expense of accuracy?
Using Ecosystem Services to Engage Students in Public Dialogue About Water Resources

Stormwater management under a changing climate will need to address more frequent and more intense extreme rainfall events. One way to mitigate the costs associated with stormwater runoff is to take advantage of ecosystem services already provided by the natural environment or mimicked through low-impact development practices. We developed a 3-week InTeGrate module, An Ecosystem Services Approach to Water Resources, to enable students to evaluate the impact of urban development on ecosystem services and stormwater runoff. In the module, authentic data (aerial imagery, rainfall and runoff data, the EPA’s National Stormwater Calculator) are used to connect classroom knowledge to real-world problems. Modeling exercises are employed to engage students in actual or hypothetical campus- and community-based land-use decisions. The module was piloted in three different types of universities, programs, and courses. Student attitudes in all three environments were measurably changed by their participation in the module: interest in sustainability, intention to declare a related major, the importance of using knowledge gained from the course in their future careers, and the importance that the organization for which they worked was committed to sustainable practices all increased. Notably, students indicating that they were motivated to “take action in their personal and professional lives to create a more environmentally sustainable society” increased from 48% to more than 90%, and almost a quarter of the students became more interested in pursuing a career in earth or environmental sciences by the end of the courses.
The synthesis of 2,6,7-trioxa-1,4-diphosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane revisited: the synthesis of 2,6,7-triphenyl-2N,6N,7N-triaza-1,4-diphosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and the synthesis of 1λ5-phosphiranol

We report herein a reliable synthesis of P(OCH2)3P in a study aimed at understanding the factors that control its formation. We also report the serendipitous synthesis of the novel phosphiranol (CH2)2PO2H and the synthesis of P(PhNCH2)3P in good yield. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:114–117, 2001
Integrative Molecular Characterization of Resistance to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation in Rectal Cancer.

Purpose: Molecular properties associated with complete response or acquired resistance to concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (CRT) are incompletely characterized. Experimental Design: We performed integrated whole-exome/transcriptome sequencing and immune infiltrate analysis on rectal adenocarcinoma tumors prior to neoadjuvant CRT (pre-CRT) and at time of resection (post-CRT) in 17 patients [8 complete/partial responders, 9 nonresponders (NR)]. Results: CRT was not associated with increased tumor mutational burden or neoantigen load and did not alter the distribution of established somatic tumor mutations in rectal cancer. Concurrent KRAS/TP53 mutations (KP) associated with NR tumors and were enriched for an epithelial–mesenchymal transition transcriptional program. Furthermore, NR was associated with reduced CD4/CD8 T-cell infiltrates and a post-CRT M2 macrophage phenotype. Absence of any local tumor recurrences, KP/NR status predicted worse progression-free survival, suggesting that local immune escape during or after CRT with specific genomic features contributes to distant progression. Conclusions: Overall, while CRT did not impact genomic profiles, CRT impacted the tumor immune microenvironment, particularly in resistant cases.
Anesthesia Assistance in Screening Colonoscopy and Adenoma Detection Rate Among Trainees

The use of anesthesia assistance (AA) for screening colonoscopy has been increasing substantially over the past decade, raising concerns about procedure safety and cost without demonstrating a proven improvement in overall quality indicators such as adenoma detection rate (ADR). The effect of AA on ADR has not been extensively studied among trainees learning colonoscopy. We aimed to determine whether type of sedation used during screening colonoscopy affects trainee ADR. Using the electronic endoscopy databases of two hospitals in our medical center, we identified colonoscopies performed by 15 trainees from 2014 through 2018, including all screening examinations in which the cecum was reached. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with adenoma detection. We identified 1420 unique patients who underwent screening colonoscopy by a trainee meeting the inclusion criteria. Of these, 459 (32.3%) were performed with AA. Overall trainee ADR was 39.6%, with ADR increasing from 35.0% in year one of training to 42.8% in year three (p = 0.047). ADR for cases with AA was 37.9%, while ADR for conscious sedation cases was 32.0% (p = 0.374). Despite this 5.9% absolute difference, the use of AA was not associated with finding an adenoma on multivariable analysis when controlling for patient age, sex, smoking status, body mass index, trainee year of training, mean withdrawal time, supervising attending ADR, and bowel preparation quality (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.67–1.09). Despite providing the ability to more consistently sedate patients, the use of AA did not affect trainee ADR. These results on trainee ADR and sedation type suggest that the overall lack of association between AA use and ADR is applicable to the trainee setting.
Paints and Coatings

Some paints look like solids or very viscous liquids when at rest in the container and become thin when stirred. They recover their original appearance when allowed to rest. These complex responses are related to the rheological properties of the material. Resistance to weather is an important performance aspect, which affects durability. This is critical for paints applied to the exteriors of houses and buildings, ships, chemical plants, agricultural implements, and cars. This chapter deals with the applicability of thermoanalytical techniques for characterizing paints and coatings. Generally, the basic chemical components of paint and coating materials can be considered the same regardless of the field of application. Considerable work has been published on the use of the thermoanalytical techniques for characterizing coatings and paints for many applications. However, these have not been extensively applied to paints and coatings for construction applications.
Eating Disorders in Youth with Diabetes

Eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors are seen more commonly in youth than adults and can be associated with serious morbidity and mortality. Youth with diabetes mellitus are at a higher risk for developing eating disorders than their peers without diabetes, and youth with diabetes and eating disorders are at risk for diabetes-related metabolic complications, making eating disorders especially concerning in this population. The unique attention given to food, and specifically carbohydrate intake, in diabetes management may increase patients’ risk for development of an eating disorder. Providers therefore need to be cognizant of the risk of eating disorders in this population. Eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors are seen in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, although the types of problems may vary. In this chapter, we review the different types of eating disorders, the specific eating disorders seen in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the signs and symptoms of these disorders, potential treatment options, and future directions in this important field.
Fundaments of Radar

This chapter gives an elementary account of radar’s principles and goes over essential of radar as a detecting device. Radar was one of the elements that helped Britain in their air war against German Luftwaffe during the peak of the Battle of Britain, and they managed to survive during such invasion. The subject is simple, the methods are powerful, and the results have broad applications. Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects, and it can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, or motor vehicles or even to be able to forecast the weather formations and terrain. Today with all the stealth technologies that is pushing state of new generation of fighter planes to the stage of sixth generation and new threats hypersonic objects that are flying faster than speed of sound to level 5–15 Mach number; thus, the radar warfare is taking a different innovative level.
Prevalence of idiopathically elevated ESR and CRP in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty as a function of body mass index.

Abstract Background Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are commonly used inflammatory markers utilized to aid in the diagnosis of periprosthetic infection (PJI). Patients with obesity, however, are known to have elevated baseline levels of these inflammatory markers. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to determine the relationship between elevated ESR and CRP and body mass index (BMI) in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In doing so, physicians can better determine whether BMI should be taken into account when evaluating the prognostic value of elevated preoperative ESR and CRP levels for risk of PJI in primary TKA patients. Methods This is a retrospective case series of 181 patients who had undergone primary TKA at a single institution. Patients undergoing primary unilateral TKA were eligible unless they had undergone previous TKA, contralateral knee symptoms, or elevated white blood cell (WBC) count. A linear regression model was utilized to demonstrate the relationship between proportions of patients with elevated biomarker values and categories of BMI. Analysis of variance and independent two-sample t-tests were utilized to assess differences in mean ESR, CRP, and WBC levels between the “healthy patients” and “patients with comorbidities” subgroups within each BMI category. Results Eligible patients (n = 181) were stratified by BMI category. Elevated ESR was associated significantly with BMI (ESR: r2 = 0.89, P Conclusion Caution is advised when utilizing ESR and CRP to diagnose periprosthetic joint infection without considering BMI given that increasing preoperative levels of ESR and CRP are correlated with higher BMI.
From immersion to collaborative embodiment: extending collective interactivity in built environments through human-scale audiovisual immersive technologies

This paper discusses the use of human-scale immersive virtual environments as a platform for developing technologies for embodied digital interaction. We propose a three-body framework of spatial t...
Surface pressure reduces stability in bilayered systems under compression

Abstract Buckling instabilities of layered materials are an important phenomenon that has been analyzed both analytically and numerically, but generally only in the absence of surface pressure. In this study, we present a linear stability analysis of the wrinkling of an inhomogeneous bilayer made up of dissimilar neo-Hookean elastic materials, under uniaxial compression with pressure applied to the top surface. Using a variational method, we investigate the effects of stiffness ratio and pressure boundary condition on buckling instabilities. In all cases, the addition of surface pressure decreases the stability of the system to some extent. For softer films, the pressure is the dominant influence on the instability of the system. In stiffer films, however, pressure loading and stiffness ratio interact to affect the unstable state of the bilayer system. Our results indicate that for a sufficiently high value of stiffness ratio μ f ∕ μ s ≳ 10 , the instability of the system does not depend on pressure.
Impurity driven corrosion behavior of HAYNES® 230® alloy in molten chloride Salt

Abstract The impurity-driven corrosion behavior of HAYNES® 230® alloy in the molten KCl-MgCl2-NaCl salt was studied at 800 °C for 100 h with different salt purity conditions. It was found that HAYNES® 230® alloy exhibited better corrosion resistance in the salt with lower impurities. Furthermore, the corrosion (non-immersion) due to molten salt vapors was more severe at higher temperature. The attack was localized and driven by outward diffusion of chromium through the grain boundaries. The presence of Mg in its metal form in the salt resulted in an even higher mass-loss in HAYNES® 230® alloy due to Mg-Ni interaction.
The ultra-high efficiency gas turbine engine, UHEGT, part III: Dynamic behavior of the system in variable performance conditions:

This paper investigates the dynamic behavior of an Ultra-High Efficiency Gas Turbine Engine (UHEGT) with Stator Internal Combustion. The UHEGT-technology was introduced for the first time to the ga...
Sustainable stormwater management using rain gardens in urban areas

Stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows in urban areas are the leading causes of flood and water quality degradation. Green infrastructures (GI) were introduced to treat stormwater runoff onsite to reduce these effects. A project was conducted in St. Louis, Missouri, US to assess the impact of installing one type of GIs (rain gardens) on the volume reduction of stormwater runoff from urban streets served by a combined sewer system. The rain gardens were installed in a six-block area between late 2013 to early 2014. After separating stormwater runoff flow from base flow in the sewer system, rain gardens efficiency was evaluated based on comparing the pre-installation condition in 2011/2012 and the post-installation condition in 2014. A reduction in the volume of stormwater runoff by installing the rain gardens was significant only at two sites. However, analysis was hampered by the high variability of the flow data and the difficulty in measuring flows in the sewers. For this type of field experiment, it is important to develop advanced flow measurement devices to overcome the problems of high variation in data and pay high attention to selecting the proper statistical tests to evaluate the stormwater runoff reduction.
Interview with Michelle Albert, MD MPH.

Dr Michelle Albert is the current president of the Association of Black Cardiologists, the 60th president of the Association of University Cardiologists, and the president-elect of the American Heart Association. She is the first cardiologist to hold these three leadership positions simultaneously and is a recipient of multiple awards for her research and advocacy work. She attributes much of her career passion to her early upbringing in Guyana and exposure to the effects of economic, educational, and health disparities. Her grandfather’s sudden death in his early 60s, coupled with her experience growing up in a resource-limited country and her love of science, ultimately led her down the physician-scientist career path. She moved to Brooklyn, New York, as teenager and her experiences in a second resource-poor environment further fortified her passion for medicine and to make a difference in the lives of vulnerable populations. ­ Michelle Albert, MD MPH During my upbringing in Guyana, I witnessed poverty and how it links to health conditions. Everyone faces adversity in life, however not all adversity leads to poor health outcomes. Experiencing adversity is something people can relate to. Due to my chemistry background, my initial research projects were rooted in basic science. However, I wanted to translate this work to the community. My goal was to use my interest in biochemical mechanisms and molecules, and relate these to population science. As my work evolved, …
Generalized Energy Storage Model-In-the-Loop Suitable for Energy Star and CTA-2045 Control Types

The paper proposes a generalized energy storage (GES) model for battery energy storage systems (BESS), electric water heaters (EWH) and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. The analogies, including state of charge versus water temperature differential, are identified and explained, and models-in-the-loop (MIL) are introduced, which are compatible with the Energy Star and CTA-2045 general specifications and command types. Emphasis is placed on the proposed EWH model as it needfully fulfills a gap in present literature. The corresponding MIL has been implemented in the DER integration testbed, which was originally developed by EPRI, and satisfactorily validated against experimental results. A case study is included to illustrate that the daily “energy content” and “energy take” for BESS and EWH with mixing valve technology are comparable for typical residential ratings. The BESS, which requires more initial investment, has advantages in terms of flexibility for contributing to grid services, which are illustrated through a combined simulation and experimental study based on data collected from a field demonstration site with four smart homes.
Comparative study of wavelength conversion schemes using semiconductor optical amplifiers

Summary form only given. Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) provide very high gain non-linearity. Gain saturated SOAs have been employed for all-optical wavelength conversion up to 20 Gb/s and for all-optical TDM demultiplexing at higher bit rates. Studies have indicated that with optimization of signal power and bias current even higher speeds of operation can be achieved. In this paper we study two schemes of (using SOA based) wavelength converters by comparing their performance on on-off ratios, recovery times and generated phase shift.
Diffusion of Drag Reducing Polymers in a Turbulent Boundary Layer

Abstract : The diffusion of diluted drag reducing polymers and the effect of the diffusing polymers on the development of the boundary layer are analyzed. The analysis suggests that the diffusion rate is reduced together with the drag. However, in most practical situations the reduction in the diffusion rate is small. Polymers ejected near the wall will diffuse over the entire turbulent boundary layer within a distance of the order of 1000 boundary layer thicknesses. (Author)
Nonlinear Surface Polaritons

Surface polaritons are electromagnetic waves guided by a single interface between two semi-infinite media, or by single or multiple films bounded by two semi-infinite media. In all cases the electromagnetic fields decay with distance from the boundary into the semi-infinite media in an exponential-like fashion, resulting in fields localized near or at the surface(s). The 1/e penetration distances are typically less than one optical wavelength. For all surface guided waves, the propagation wavevector parallel to the surface is always larger than that for plane wave propagation in the bounding media. There are two polarization states possible in optically isotropic media: s-polarized (p-polarized) for which the electric (magnetic) field lies in the plane of the interface and is orthogonal to the propagation wavevector. Such surface guided waves have been investigated both theoretically and experimentally for many years now. In fact, waves guided by thin dielectric films have evolved into the field of integrated optics, which has many applications in electro-optics and all-optical devices.
Winning Over Future Scientists

A review of existing pre-college science programs for young women in high school is presented,with emphasis on the University of Rochester Pre-College Experience in Physics summer program for 9th and 10th grade high school women (PREP-CMS). A new model for such programs is proposed.
Measurements in vivo of parameters pertinent to ROS/RNS using EPR spectroscopy.

The technique ofin vivoEPR spectroscopy can provide useful and even unique information pertinent to the study of oxygen/ nitrogen radicals and related processes. The parameters that can be measured include: (a) Oxygen centered radicals (by spin trapping); (b) carbon centered radicals (by spin trapping and sometimes by direct observation); (c) sulfur centered radicals (by spin trapping and sometimes by direct observation); (d) nitric oxide (by spin trapping); (e) oxygen (using oxygen sensitive paramagnetic materials); (f) redox state (using metabolism of nitroxides); (g) thiol groups (using special nitroxides); (h) pH (using special nitroxides); (h) perfusion (using washout of paramagnetic tracers); (i) some redox active metal ions (chromium, manganese). The current state of the art for these and other measurements is discussed, especially in relationship to experiments that are likely to be useful for studies of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or reactive nitrogen species (RNS). (Mol Cell Biochem 234/235:341-357, 2002)
The Clinical Behavior of Sprue in the United States

Summary The findings have been presented from a detailed study of 124 cases of primary or idiopathic sprue—mostly of the nontropical variety. The disease, which was found to occur more than twice as commonly among women as among men, was characterized by abnormal absorptive and motor functions of the small intestine which were associated with multiple and often serious nutritional deficiencies. It was found to be a chronic remittent disease and was not completely or permanently cured by any treatment that we employed, including adrenal steroids or the gluten-free diet. However, the disease was found to be compatible with a long life of many of the affected patients, particularly if adequate treatment was administered. In some cases, nontropical sprue apparently began in infancy or childhood as celiac disease which persisted into adult life. Even patients whose disease began during their adult years were usually underweight prior to the onset of sprue, suggesting the presence of an underlying constitutional defect in the function of the small bowel, possibly of lifelong duration.
Obesity and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Pathways for Programming in Mouse, Monkey, and Man—Where Do We Go Next? The 2014 Norbert Freinkel Award Lecture

Obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus continue to increase worldwide and span the spectrum of age, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Alarmingly, 1 in 10 infants and toddlers is obese, and 1 in 5 youths is both obese and at risk for metabolic syndrome prior to puberty. The mechanisms underlying how poor maternal health imparts risk for future metabolic disease in the offspring are beginning to emerge in deeply phenotyped human and nonhuman primate models. Maternal diet and obesity impact fuels, hormones, and inflammation with powerful effects on fetal metabolic systems. These are accompanied by persistent changes in the infant microbiome and epigenome and in offspring behavior. These results suggest that gestational and lactational dietary exposures are driving health risks in the next generation. Whether maternal diet can prevent changes in the womb to alter infant life-course disease risk is still unknown. Controlled, mechanistic studies to identify interventions are sorely needed for a healthier next generation.
Are multilingualism, tolerance of ambiguity, and attitudes toward linguistic variation related?

This article explores the links between multilingualism, the personality trait Tolerance of Ambiguity (TA), and attitudes toward linguistic variation among 379 mono-, bi-, and multilingual adults who completed an online questionnaire. A self-reported high level of proficiency in multiple languages, short- and long-term residence abroad, and high education levels are linked to TA and positive attitudes toward linguistic variation. In addition, higher levels of TA are linked to more positive attitudes toward variation in language. In the discussion, a multidirectional causal relationship between multilingualism, TA, and language attitudes is discussed, and implications for research into the sociolinguistic development of second language learners are sketched out.
Mice: Progesterone stimulates aggression in pregnancy-terminated females

Three experiments were conducted in order to assess the role of progesterone (P) in the aggressive behavior displayed by late pregnant Rockland-Swiss mice toward adult male intruders. In Experiment 1, hysterectomy on the 15th day of gestation reduced the aggressive behavior normally displayed by pregnant mice toward male intruders. In Experiment 2, Silastic implants of P stimulated aggression in hysterectomized mice but did not fully restore the behavior to the level of fighting normally observed in pregnant animals. In Experiment 3, aggressive behavior in P-treated hysterectomized animals was inhibited by simultaneous exposure to estradiol (E). Also, treatment with E alone did not stimulate aggression in hysterectomized mice. While pregnancy-induced aggression is promoted by P, other neuroendocrine factors may act in concert with the steroid to fully stimulate aggression in gravid mice.
Fatigue and fracture toughness of a Nb-Ti-Cr-Al-X single-phase alloy at ambient temperature

The fatigue and fracture resistance of a commercially made, single-phase Nb-base alloy with 35 at. pct Ti, 5 at. pct Cr, 6 at. pct Al, and several elements to increase solid solution strengthening have been investigated. The threshold for fatigue crack growth was determined to be ≈7 MPa√m and fracture toughness ≈35 MPa√m. Crack growth was intermittent and sporadic; the fracture path was tortuous, crystallographic, and appeared to favor the {100} and {112} planes. Fatigue crack closure was measured directly at the crack tip. The fatigue and fracture properties of the commercial alloy are compared against those of Nb-Cr-Ti and Nb-Cr-Ti-Al alloys. The comparison indicated that Ti addition is beneficial for, but Al addition is detrimental to, both fracture toughness and fatigue crack resistance.
Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in fish follicles by a phorbol ester and calcium ionophore

The effects of the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), and the calcium ionophore, A23187, on prostaglandin E (PGE) and F (PGF) levels were investigated using incubates of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) ovarian tissue. The combination of PMA (0.1 μg/ml) and A23187 (0.1 μg/ml) synergistically stimulated an increase in PGE and PGF levels in incubates of brook trout follicles obtained from females prior to germinal vesicle breakdown, prior to ovulation and postovulation. The highest levels were observed in incubates of follicles taken just prior to ovulation. By itself, PMA also stimulated PGE and PGF accumulation while A23187 was much less effective. A23187, but not PMA, stimulated in vitro ovulation of brook trout follicles. Both cycloheximide and actinomycin inhibited PGE and PGF accumulation in incubates of preovulatory brook trout follicles stimulated with PMA but these inhibitors did not block ovulation induced by A23187 or PMA/A23187. The effect of PMA and A23187 were tested on the following 3 yellow perch tissue preparations: 1) isolated follicles [free of extrafollicular tissue (EF)], 2) EF tissue, and 3) intact tissue (containing undissected follicles attached to EF tissue). Incubates with all tissue types were performed in the presence or absence of 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20β-PG, 0.1 μg/ml). PMA (0.1 μg/ml) in combination with A23187 (0.01 μg/ml) stimulated PGE and PGF accumulation in all tissue types though the greatest increase was generally observed in intact preparations. There was a lower accumulation of PGE in intact and EF tissue incubates stimulated with 17,20β-PG and PMA. In addition, in incubates of ovarian tissue from several perch there was a higher accumulation of PGF in intact preparations stimulated by PMA or PMA/A23187 in the presence of 17,20β-PG. The results for both species indicate that phorbol esters (PEs) can stimulate prostaglandin synthesis in follicles and, given that PEs have been shown to stimulate protein kinase C, it is possible that this enzyme is naturally involved in the control of ovarian PG synthesis in fish. It also appears that the stimulation is related to maturational stage in brook trout and steroid stimulation in yellow perch.