cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Present and past smoking history and other predisposing factors in 100 lung cancer patients.

This study assessed the accuracy of obtaining smoking history, relationships between smoking and the histologic subtypes of lung cancer, past and present smoking history, and co-carcinogen history in 100 patients seen between 1982 and 1989. A standard questionnaire filled out by the patients, a data base filled out by the physician, and medical records were abstracted, and detailed information on smoking and co-carcinogen history was obtained. Eleven percent of the patients were nonsmokers and another 41 percent were former smokers who had quit smoking more than one year prior to the diagnosis of lung cancer. Mean ages at onset and cessation of smoking and diagnosis were 17, 59, and 62 years, respectively. The histologic subtypes were as follows: adenocarcinoma, 34; squamous, 18; small cell, 24; adenosquamous, nine; large cell, nine; and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, six. Mean pack-years of cigarette smoking for the subtypes were as follows: squamous, 82; small cell, 78; large cell, 72; adenocarcinoma, 65; adenosquamous, 48; and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, 41. The patient and physician questionnaires had comparable data on smoking status in continued smokers and never smokers. Many former smokers filled out the patient questionnaire as a nonsmoker, but on query by the physician admitted to smoking in the past. The physician data set was more accurate in former smokers than questionnaires completed by the patients. Patients with squamous and small cell carcinomas were heavier smokers than patients with adenosquamous and bronchioloalveolar carcinomas. About 50 percent were active smokers until the diagnosis of lung cancer, but only 18 percent of patients continued to smoke after the diagnosis. About 10 percent were never smokers and about 40 percent were former smokers. Most former smokers quit smoking less than five years antecedent to the diagnosis of lung cancer. (Chest 1992; 101:19-25)
ADOLESCENTS' PERCEIVED ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE. † 20

OBJECTIVE: Adolescents face financial and non-financial barriers to use of health care. This study assesses whether adolescents: 1) are able to use their own health insurance, and 2) perceive availability of or use confidential care. DESIGN: We approached adolescents in 6 shopping malls in upstate NY while recruiting 18 and 19 year olds for a study of health services use. Ability to use insurance was measured by whether or not an adolescents had their own health insurance card. RESULTS: More than half (53%) of 486 11 to 21 year old adolescents reported having their own health insurance card. The proportion of adolescents with their own insurance card did not vary by age, gender, ethnicity, or site of recruitment. Of 110 eligible 18 and 19 year olds, 80 (72%) enrolled in the survey and 57 (71%) completed telephone interviews. Nearly half (44%) were female, 26% were non-white, and 93% reported good or excellent health status. Most (91%) adolescents reported having a regular source of health care, and 84% reported having health insurance; however, only 40% of insured youth reported being able to independently use their insurance. Nearly two thirds (65%) reported being able to use their primary care source confidentially. Only 17% of adolescents had used a confidential care source other than their primary care provider. However, 32% were unable to identify any source of confidential care. Those with and without their own insurance cards were equally likely to identify an available source of confidential care. Females were much more likely than males to have used a confidential care source. More then half (56%) of all adolescents were sexually active; of these, 67% reported having ever discussed sexually transmitted diseases or their relationships with their provider(s). Many (41%) sexually active youth and only 6% of non-sexually active youth had used confidential care sources (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Although half of all adolescents have their own insurance cards, many older adolescents remain unable to use their own insurance, obtain confidential primary care, or identify other available sources of confidential health care. Knowledge of available services and ability to use their health insurance remain substantial non-financial barriers to access for many adolescents.
Building a Collaborative Climate for Multinational Projects

Abstract It's easy to lose sight of what really drives project performance in large, complex project environments. While technical skill sets, management tools and effective work processes are absolutely critical, the quality of the work environment and the leadership style that fosters commitment and collaboration are equally important. This is one of the lessons learned from field research of 120 culturally diverse and globally dispersed project teams. The study explores the specific barriers, drivers, critical success factors, and the organizational conditions most conducive to high team performance in complex, multinational and technology-intensive project environments. The results provide insight into the dynamics and the specific project management skill sets needed to foster a culture of collaboration and commitment across intricate organizational boundaries connecting support functions, suppliers, customers and partners.
Photographic Support in Laser Technology

Anomalies occurring in laser experiments have been documented for evaluation with the aid of motion pictures. One problem involved the need to photographically prove that a nuclear reactor-activated laser was capable of lasing, or firing. A 16mm Fastax camera, focused through a perioscope into the underground reactor chamber, was activated at top speed to obtain six laser-exposed frames, gathering enough data to calculate the gain of the laser system. In another experiment, while testing a laser illuminator in a desert area, the laser beam on the target was characterized by light and dark areas in the laser beam. 16mm techniques have been used to demonstrate the three-dimensional aspects of the spatially-reconstructed hologram image. Film footage was taken to evaluate the laser encoder equipment during operation and testing.
Renormalization and radiative corrections at finite temperature

We discuss the renormalization prescription for fermions at finite temperature and describe the procedure for calculating radiative corrections. Novel features arise, such as a lack of explicit Lorentz invariance, $\frac{1}{{k}^{2}}$ singularities, and the absorption of soft photons from the background heat bath. The methods are illustrated by explicit calculation of the electron renormalization and the radiative corrections to $H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ (with $H$ being spin zero) in finite-temperature QED.
Transparent interface between classical molecular dynamics and first‐principles molecular dynamics

A distinctive approach that combines first-principles Born–Oppenheimer local spin density molecular dynamics (BO-LSD-MD) with classical molecular dynamics is formulated, developed, and implemented to study silicon dioxide. Compared with previous hybrid schemes, our Hamiltonian is constructed to optimize the description of local chemistry in the center of the quantum region and mechanical properties at the quantum–classical boundary. With this method, the interface between the quantum and classical regions reflects faithfully the interatomic forces derived from quantum and classical descriptions, respectively. Ground-state structures obtained using our hybrid approach are compared with those calculated via quantum and classical methods. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Dental diagnosis and treatment (DDx & Tx): interactive videodisc patient simulations for dental education.

Abstract Judgement skills and critical thinking in dentistry are developed through: (1) a systematic approach to gathering and processing information, and (2) an essential amount of practical experience. A new system of interactive videodisc patient simulations titled ‘Dental Diagnosis and Treatment’ or ‘DD x &T x ’ has been developed to provide students or practicing dentists an opportunity to develop and practice their critical thinking skills. The DD x &T x system consists of patient simulation software, a laser-reflective videodisc with its accompanying database, a patient simulation management system, and documentation. An authoring tool is under development. Faculty-authored simulations require students to gather information, formulate diagnoses, order appropriate treatments and properly sequence those treatments. The students' performance is automatically scored and a critique is provided as a review.
Glutamine deamidation: differentiation of glutamic acid and gamma-glutamic acid in peptides by electron capture dissociation.

Due to its much slower deamidation rate compared to that of asparagine (Asn), studies on glutamine (Gln) deamidation have been scarce, especially on the differentiation of its isomeric deamidation products: α- and γ-glutamic acid (Glu). It has been shown previously that electron capture dissociation (ECD) can be used to generate diagnostic ions for the deamidation products of Asn: aspartic acid (Asp) and isoaspartic acid (isoAsp). The current study explores the possibility of an extension of this ECD based method to the differentiation of the α- and γ-Glu residues, using three human Crystallin peptides (αA (1-11), βB2 (4-14), and γS (52-71)) and their potentially deamidated forms as model peptides. It was found that the z•-72 ions can be used to both identify the existence and locate the position of the γ-Glu residues. When the peptide contains a charge carrier near its N-terminus, the c+57 and c+59 ions may also be generated at the γ-Glu residue. It was unclear whether formation of these N-terminal diagn...
ERAAP customizes peptides for MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum

The ability of killer T cells carrying the CD8 antigen to detect tumours or intracellular pathogens requires an extensive display of antigenic peptides by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on the surface of potential target cells1. These peptides are derived from almost all intracellular proteins and reveal the presence of foreign pathogens and mutations. How cells produce thousands of distinct peptides cleaved to the precise lengths required for binding different MHC class I molecules remains unknown2,3. The peptides are cleaved from endogenously synthesized proteins by the proteasome in the cytoplasm4,5 and then trimmed by an unknown aminopeptidase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)6,7,8. Here we identify ERAAP, the aminopeptidase associated with antigen processing in the ER. ERAAP has a broad substrate specificity, and its expression is strongly upregulated by interferon-γ. Reducing the expression of ERAAP through RNA interference prevents the trimming of peptides for MHC class I molecules in the ER and greatly reduces the expression of MHC class I molecules on the cell surface. Thus, ERAAP is the missing link between the products of cytosolic processing and the final peptides presented by MHC class I molecules on the cell surface.
Heme requirement and acquisition by extracellular and intracellular stages of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis.

The inability to synthesize heme, a well known metabolic defect of trypanosomatid protozoa, accounts for their growth requirement for heme compounds in vitro. We now extend this finding to a pathogen Leishmania mexicana amazonensis, especially the intracellular replicative stage of amastigotes in the macrophage. We measured the level of heme and its biosynthetic enzymes, aminolevulinate dehydratase and porphobilinogen deaminase in the parasites and in infected and non-infected macrophages of J774G8 line. Succinylacetone was used to inhibit heme biosynthesis. Leishmanias transform and grow only in medium containing either heme (usually supplied as hemin) or protoporphyrin IX (the latter is leishmanicidal at high concentrations). We detected 1.2, 8.5 and 25 pmol mg-1 protein of heme in amastigotes, promastigotes and macrophages, respectively. The activities of porphobilinogen deaminase and aminolevulinate dehydratase in macrophages were 70 and 2400 pmol h-1 mg-1 protein, respectively. Leishmania-infected macrophages gave the same results and leishmanias had negligible activities of these enzymes. Succinylacetone at 10(-9)-10(-3) M had no effect on leishmanias, but dose-dependently inhibited the activity of aminolevulinate dehydratase to a negligible level and lowered that of porphobilinogen deaminase in macrophages, resulting in a maximum of 66% reduction in intracellular heme. Amastigotes grew equally well in succinylacetone-treated and control untreated macrophages. The results suggest that L. m. amazonensis, incapable of heme biosynthesis, acquires heme exogenously from the culture medium, i.e., fetal bovine serum, independent of the heme synthesized by the macrophages.
Constructing and reading mosaicplots

Mosaicplots have been around now for quite some time, however, they are not very well understood. This may both be due to their high dimensionality as well as their hierarchical construction, which makes it hard to figure out what exactly can be seen in a picture as well as to decide which plot to draw given a specific problem. This paper will discuss these problems by giving yet another approach to mosaicplots, based on the underlying geometrical model. We will have a closer look at the popular statement that mosaicplots are the "graphical equivalent of contingency tables".This paper gives a wrap-up of mosaicplots in default construction mode as well as for some of their variations, such as fluctuation mode, Doubledecker plots and same-bin-size display.
Proof of gridlock in a polymer model

It has been suggested that some lattice models of polymers, especially ones that incorporate more realistic excluded volume interactions extending to further neighbors, may be subject to gridlock. A model is defined to have the property of gridlock if it cannot melt at any temperature unless a density decrease is allowed. Classical theories of polymer melting are incompatible with the property of gridlock. This paper proves rigorously that a two-dimensional square-lattice model of polymer chains that have nearest-neighbor excluded volume interactions (called the X1S model) has the gridlock property. The proof uses elementary concepts from graph theory. Also, different interpretations of the X1S model are given in terms of real polymers. This leads to a discussion of a number of different classes of melting depending upon whether the intramolecular rotameric energies and the attractive intermolecular energies are antagonistic to or supportive of the melting transition.
How enteric pathogens know they hit the sweet spot.

EVALUATION OF: Ng KM, Ferreyra JA, Higginbottom SK et al. Microbiota-liberated host sugars facilitate post-antibiotic expansion of enteric pathogens. Nature 502(7469), 96–99 (2013). The human gut microbiota is a complex system of commensal microorganisms required for normal host physiology. Disruption of this protective barrier by antibiotics creates opportunities for enteric pathogens to establish infections. Although the correlation between the use of antibiotics and enteric infections have been known for some time, the specific signals that allow enteric pathogens to recognize a susceptible host have not been determined. In a recent article, Ng et al. demonstrated that the expansion of both Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium difficile infections is enhanced by the availability of host-specific sugars liberated from the intestinal mucus by commensal bacteria. These results show how antibiotic removal of specific species from the gut microbiome allows symbiotic functions to be hijacked by pathogenic ...
Calculation of two-dimensional shear-driven cavity flows at high Reynolds numbers

The time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are numerically integrated for two-dimensional incompressible viscous flow in a shear-driven square cavity. Using a time-splitting method and finite differences on a staggered mesh, the momentum and pressure equations are directly solved by a tensor product method where one finite difference direction is diagonalized by eigenvalue decomposition. The effects of increasing Reynolds number are studied and the developing boundary layer is captured by using a finely clustered mesh. At Re = 30,000 the flow is in a continuously developing unsteady regime. Power spectrum plots indicate that the unsteady flow oscillates with one fundamental frequency and exhibits some characteristics of transition between laminar and turbulent states.
Implementing preinstallation environment media for use in user support

The creation and usage of a Preinstallation Environment (PE) media for use as a User Services tool for cleaning/repairing security attacks, data recovery and repairing Windows installations. As happens occasionally, a Windows installation is corrupted and a user receives an error indicating the inability to logon to the system. While in some cases a simple Check Disk (ChkDsk /r) at the command prompt is sufficient to fix the error. At times, a Master Boot Record needs to be fixed (FixMBR) or a reconfiguration of the boot settings (BootCFG) is needed. Still other times, the operating system needs to be completely reinstalled. In cases such as these, a user's data needs to be accessed. In our environment the hard drive is usually pulled from the chassis and transported to another office on campus to attach to a secondary system and recovery tools are then run at that location. From a security standpoint, an infected/hacked machine is often also pulled or an expensive Winternals CD must be used to identify the infected files. While this is in theory now, we are building and testing a bootable PE device in which a system can boot from this CD or USB device and then tools can be run or data recovered at the location of the system itself. We then propose to create additional devices for the members of the desktop support staff who are dispatched to identify security breaks or malfunctioning hardware.
Neurotensin inhibits the activation of midbrain serotonergic neurons produced by random inescapable sound

Previous studies indicate that exposure of rats to randomly presented, inescapable loud sound, referred to as sound stress, increases central serotonin turnover as well as the ex vivo activity of tryptophan hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.4), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of neurotensin (NT), a tridecapeptide found within the midbrain raphe, influences the activation of the midbrain serotonergic neurons by sound stress. Accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in vivo, in the presence of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, NSD 1015 (m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine, 100 mg/kg i.p.) given immediately before a 30 min sound stress, was used as an index of in vivo tryptophan hydroxylase activity. Sound-stressed rats had significantly higher levels of 5-HTP in cortex and midbrain compared to sham-stressed controls. NT (0.01-3.3 nmol total), given i.c.v., 5 min prior to 30 min sound stress, completely blocked the enhanced accumulation of 5-HTP, but had no effect on basal accumulation of 5-HTP, except at the highest doses of 1.0 or 3.3 nmol, which others have previously shown to inhibit basal serotonergic metabolism. NT (0.3 and 3.3 nmol) blocked the increase in cortical tryptophan hydroxylase activity, ex vivo, in response to 30 min sound stress, without affecting basal enzyme activity. These and other recent data suggest a possible role for endogenous NT in the regulation of serotonergic neuronal activity within the midbrain raphe.
Teaching the Spin Selection Rule: An Inductive Approach

In the group exercise described, students are guided through an inductive justification for the spin conservation selection rule (ΔS = 0). Although the exercise only explicitly involves various states of helium, the conclusion is one of the most widely applicable selection rules for the interaction of light with matter, applying, in various ways, to atoms and molecules of all sizes. Connections are made among several concepts routinely covered in physical chemistry courses including the Pauli Principle, orthonormal wave functions, overlap integrals, atomic term symbols, multiplicity, radiative lifetimes, fluorescence, and phosphorescence. Detailed student directions are included in the Supporting Information.
Concerted Systems for Increasing the Survivability of the Aircraft against Terrorist Threats

The paper explores the threat posed by terrorism in aviation domain, especially surface-to-air missile attacks against transport aircraft. While the focus of this paper is the mitigation of security risks in the aviation domain, the proposed solution based on concerted countermeasure systems discussed here may be developed in the context of homeland security policy promoting the principle of flight safety. The reception and the processing of data through the detection of signals emitted by various sources are proceeding in the absence of users interest about the form of the wave of the message. The detection of the presence / absence of the signal or the identification of its value is proceed by identifying the signal associated to each value of the message, considered a discrete variable, hence triggering of the adequate defence mechanism.
Correlation Between the Binding of β-Lactam Antibiotics to Staphylococcus aureus and Their Physical-Chemical Properties

The rate of 14 C-benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) binding to Staphylococcus aureus Oxford cells increased with increasing hydrogen ion concentration. The extent of inhibition of 14 C-penicillin G binding caused by a competing 12 C-β-lactam antibiotic is a function of hydrogen ion concentration and can be correlated both with net charge of a competing 12 C-molecule and net charge of the S. aureus cell at a given p H. The ability of a β-lactam antibiotic to compete for 14 C-penicillin G-binding sites can generally be correlated with its hydrophobic nature. It is proposed that, although semisynthetic cephalosporins are chemically less reactive than penicillins, they are superior to benzylpenicillin in their ability to permeate the outer surface of the Staphylococcus cell wall and irreversibly bind to reactive sites.
Pharmacological treatment of biliary cirrhosis with ursodeoxycholic acid.

Importance of the field: Primary biliary cirrhosis is a cholestatic liver disease that at one time was the leading indication for liver transplantation. Treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid has clearly improved the natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis.Areas covered in this review: The treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis with a focus on ursodeoxycholic acid is covered. Papers related to treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis and associated conditions, using a variety of drugs but with a focus on ursodeoxycholic acid, are included. The papers reviewed date from 1984 – 2009.What will the reader gain: The reader will gain an up-to-date understanding of current treatment strategies for primary biliary cirrhosis using ursodeoxycholic acid and an appreciation of what conditions are improved with this therapy and what associated conditions are not.Take-home message: Ursodeoxycholic acid in a dose of 13 – 15 mg/kg/day should be considered in all patients with primary biliary cirrhosis who have abnormal l...
Crosswell seismic interpretation and reservoir characterization; an offshore case history

In January 1993, we were planning data acquisition to better characterize a carbonate reservoir in a major offshore oil field (Figure 1). The southern Arabian (Persian) Gulf has a thick shallow layer of finely interbedded anhydrites and shales known as the Lower Fars Formation. Because these interbeds absorb energy and generate interbed multiples, the southern Arabian Gulf is a challenging area in which to acquire high‐resolution surface seismic data.
Short-period and long-period perturbations of a spherical satellite due to direct solar radiation

On the basis of expressions derived by Kozai (1961) and those developed in this paper, a detailed semianalytic algorithm is presented for calculating radiation-pressure perturbations in the Keplerian elements. Through some simple modifications, the algorithm is also made to hold when e = 0, i = 0, or both. The perturbations are obtained by summing over the sunlit segment of the satellite's orbit during each revolution or part thereof. The end points of this segment are evaluated numerically once per revolution. The effect of the inherent uncertainties in the boundaries of the earth's shadow is discussed. The algorithm is tested by means of numerical integration of the equations of motion and through comparisons with observations of the balloon satellite 1963 30D during a 200-day interval.
Group 6: Pleiotropy and multivariate analysis.

Analysis techniques using data on several traits simultaneously allow researchers to dissect the genetic architecture affecting correlated traits, and can increase the power to detect pleiotropic genes, i.e., genes that influence two or more traits. Several of the papers in this group from Genetic Analysis Workshop 13 presented promising univariate summaries of multiple traits that detected linkage signals that standard single-trait univariate methods did not. Other papers found linkage signals using multivariate techniques that univariate techniques missed, although this was not uniformly the case. Some papers also considered the correlation among measurements of a single trait taken at different ages to assess whether the genetic architecture of the trait changed over age. Applications of the Framingham Heart Study data identified major loci jointly influencing body mass index and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, total cholesterol and triglycerides, and various combinations of four traits involved in metabolic syndrome.
The transcriptional mediator component Med12 is required for hindbrain boundary formation.

Background Rhombomere boundaries form during hindbrain segmentation and are critical for maintaining segmental integrity and regulating migration in the hindbrain. Some genetic models affecting hindbrain boundary formation have been described, but involvement of components of the transcriptional mediator complex in boundary formation has not reported so far. Principal Findings The kto/med12 mutant zebrafish, which affects the Mediator component Med12, causes specific loss of rhombomere boundary cells even though segmentation of the hindbrain takes place at least in part. In kto mutant embryos, cells forming rhombomere boundaries were largely absent as indicated by the use of several marker genes. While no obvious increase in cell death was observed, we found a notable reduction of cell proliferation in the hindbrain of kto mutant zebrafish. Conclusions The kto/med12 mutation results in specific defects of boundary cell formation in the zebrafish hindbrain.
Two tryptic peptide differences among the subunits of δ-crystallin of the embryonic chick lens

Abstract Chicken δ-crystallin can be resolved into two bands with molecular weights near 50 000 (50K) and 48 000 (48K) daltons by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the present study, two-dimensional fingerprints were made of the methionine-containing tryptic peptides of the 50K and the 48K subunits of δ-crystallin of the embryonic chick lens. The 50K subunits synthesized in the cultured embryonic lens or in a reticulocyte lysate supplemented with δ-crystallin mRNA had two acidic tryptic peptides which were absent from the 48K subunits. Newly synthesized tetramers consisting mostly of 50K subunits were generated by culturing embryonic lenses in the presence of ouabain. Limited trypsin treatment of these tetramers converted the 50K subunits into 48K polypeptides; this conversion was associated with the selective removal of the two tryptic peptides confined to the larger subunits. These experiments reveal the first peptide differences among the δ-crystallin subunits.
Recent advances in parametric amplification and processing

Recent advances in parametric processing are reviewed. All optical multicasting based on data driven pump parametric amplifier is used as used as example of scalable networking function provided by parametric platform.
Cellular network location estimation via RSS-based data clean enhanced scheme

Cellular network based context-aware applications and location based services (LBSs) have drawn significant attention in both research and industry for many years. A key aspect that influences the quality of context-aware applications and LBSs is the localization accuracy of the mobile terminal (MT). The empirical location estimation method, also known as the fingerprint method, is a popular location estimation technique proposed for providing high accuracy position results. According to this method, the observed signals are compared with signals of known locations in the database. The closest location is determined to be the position of the unknown target. Most of the proposed algorithms for this method focus on predicting coordinate vectors of an unknown location using various prediction models and the empirical data. In this paper, we present a data clean scheme enhanced empirical learning algorithm (DCSEEL) which first minimizes the error that exists in the estimated distance between the target point and each reference base station (BTS). Then, the trilateration method [1] is used to calculate joints according to these distances. Unqualified joints will be excluded through a direction filter (DF). Synthetic experiment results confirm the superior performance of the proposed DCSEEL algorithm compare to the deterministic fingerprint techniques.
Moving Forward in HIV-Associated Cancer

Cancer has been linked to HIV since the earliest days of the epidemic. The unusually frequent occurrence of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in 1981 was a sentinel observation leading to the inclusion of KS in the first AIDS case definition.1,2 More than three decades later, major research investments have led to striking advances in understanding HIV pathogenesis, with antiretroviral therapy (ART) reducing AIDS complications and allowing HIV-infected individuals to experience life expectancy approaching that of persons without HIV.3,4
Recommendations for the Inclusion of Training about Persons with HIV Disease in Counseling Psychology Graduate Programs

Historically, exposing future mental health professionals to diversity has primarily meant preparation for different racial and ethnic groups. Recently, however, thanks in large measure to the efforts of counseling psychologists, there has been an increasing interest in acknowledging the special needs of other underrepresented groups, such as the elderly, gay men and lesbians, and persons with disabilities. This article presents a rationale for including training about persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in psychology graduate programs. Some of the reasons why students need training about HIV include the prevalence of the disease, ethical obligations, and competency considerations. A specific way to introduce students to the many issues related to HIV disease is to include persons with HIV disease in courses on providing services for diverse populations. Specific information that should be covered includes the epidemiology of HIV disease, confidentiality concerns, the issue of rat...
Brane-localized kinetic terms in the Randall-Sundrum model

We examine the effects of boundary kinetic terms in the Randall-Sundrum model with gauge fields in the bulk. We derive the resulting gauge Kaluza-Klein (KK) state wavefunctions and their corresponding masses, as well as the KK gauge field couplings to boundary fermions, and find that they are modified in the presence of the boundary terms. In particular, for natural choices of the parameters, these fermionic couplings can be substantially suppressed compared to those in the conventional Randall-Sundrum scenario. This results in a significant relaxation of the bound on the lightest gauge KK mass obtained from precision electroweak data; we demonstrate that this bound can be as low as m{sub 1} {approx}> 5 TeV. Due to the relationship between the lightest gauge KK state and the electroweak scale in this model, this weakened constraint allows for the electroweak scale to be near a TeV in this minimal extension of the Randall-Sundrum model with bulk gauge fields, as opposed to the conventional scenario.
Changes in Relation Between Refractive Index and Young's Modulus as the Result of Successive Heat Treatments

The relation between refractive index and elastic modulus is found to be a sensitive indicator of the nucleation and separation of submicroscopic phases in glass. In a study of the changes in properties with heat treatments of a wide variety of glasses containing SOa, B20s, and ZnO as major constituents, it was observed that large decreases in Young's moduli were not accompanied by decreases in refractive indices of the magnitude usually observed. The abnormal changes in properties resulted from a sequence of two heat treatments. The results indicate that during the first heat treatment an immiscible phase is nucleated which, on subsequent heat treatment at a higher temperature, develops into heterogeneous regions producing changes in the relation between the refractive index and the elastic modulus.
Low hardware overhead scan based 3-weight weighted random BIST

Two noble scan based BIST architectures, namely parallel fixing and serial fixing BIST, which can be implemented at very low hardware cost even for random pattern resistant circuits that have large number of scan elements, are proposed. Both of the proposed BIST schemes use 3-weight weighted random BIST techniques to reduce test sequence lengths by improving detection probabilities of random pattern resistant faults. A special ATPG is used to generate suitable test cube sets that lead to BIST circuits that require minimum hardware overhead. Experimental results show that the proposed BIST schemes can attain 100% fault coverage for all of benchmark circuits with drastically reduced test sequence lengths. This reduction in test sequence length is achieved at low hardware cost even for benchmark circuits that have large number scan inputs.
High frequency chest wall oscillation for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a randomized sham-controlled clinical trial

High frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO) is used for airway mucus clearance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of HFCWO early in the treatment of adults hospitalized for acute asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Randomized, multi-center, double-masked phase II clinical trial of active or sham treatment initiated within 24 hours of hospital admission for acute asthma or COPD at four academic medical centers. Patients received active or sham treatment for 15 minutes three times a day for four treatments. Medical management was standardized across groups. The primary outcomes were patient adherence to therapy after four treatments (minutes used/60 minutes prescribed) and satisfaction. Secondary outcomes included change in Borg dyspnea score (≥ 1 unit indicates a clinically significant change), spontaneously expectorated sputum volume, and forced expired volume in 1 second. Fifty-two participants were randomized to active (n = 25) or sham (n = 27) treatment. Patient adherence was similarly high in both groups (91% vs. 93%; p = 0.70). Patient satisfaction was also similarly high in both groups. After four treatments, a higher proportion of patients in the active treatment group had a clinically significant improvement in dyspnea (70.8% vs. 42.3%, p = 0.04). There were no significant differences in other secondary outcomes. HFCWO is well tolerated in adults hospitalized for acute asthma or COPD and significantly improves dyspnea. The high levels of patient satisfaction in both treatment groups justify the need for sham controls when evaluating the use of HFCWO on patient-reported outcomes. Additional studies are needed to more fully evaluate the role of HFCWO in improving in-hospital and post-discharge outcomes in this population. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00181285
Graft-versus-host-reactive donor CD4 cells can induce T cell-mediated rejection of the donor marrow in mixed allogeneic chimeras prepared with nonmyeloablative conditioning

Murine mixed hematopoietic chimerism can be achieved following nonmyeloablative conditioning with cyclophosphamide, T cell–depleting monoclonal antibodies, and thymic irradiation. Donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) 35 days after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) convert mixed to full donor chimerism and mediate graft-versus-lymphoma effects without graft-versus-host disease. We evaluated the role of T-cell subsets in DLIs in converting mixed to full donor chimerism in a fully major histocompatibility complex–mismatched strain combination. Whereas DLIs administered on day 35 converted 100% of mixed chimeras to full donor chimerism, conversion was less frequent when either CD4 or CD8 cells were depleted, indicating that both subsets contribute to the conversion. Surprisingly, administration of CD8-depleted DLIs led to complete loss of donor chimerism in a high proportion (54%) of recipients compared with CD4-plus CD8-depleted DLIs (15%) or CD4-depleted DLIs (0%) ( P < .05). DLIs administered at early time points after BMT (eg, day 21) also precipitated rejection of donor marrow by recipient αβ T cells, in association with donor CD4 cell expansion and high production of interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-4, and interferon-γ. Thus, DLIs can paradoxically induce marrow rejection by residual host αβ T cells. These results have implications for the timing of and use of subset depletion of DLIs in recipients of nonmyeloablative transplants.
River otter population size estimation using noninvasive latrine surveys

ABSTRACT Across much of North America, river otter (Lontra canadensis) populations were extirpated or greatly reduced by the early 20th century. More recently, reintroductions have resulted in restored populations and the recommencement of managed trapping. Perhaps the best example of these river otter reintroductions occurred in Missouri, regarded as one of the most successful carnivore recovery programs in history. However, abundance estimates for river otter populations are difficult to obtain and often contentious when used to underpin management activities. We assessed the value of latrine site monitoring as a mechanism for quantifying river otter abundance. Analyses of fecal DNA to identify individual animals may result in an improved population estimate and have been used for a variety of mammal species. We optimized laboratory protocols, redesigned existing microsatellite primers, and calculated genotyping error rates to enhance genotyping success for a large quantity of river otter scat samples. ...
Long-term follow up of revascularization using platelet-rich fibrin.

Introduction Trauma is one of the primary causes of tooth loss and pulpal injury in adolescents and children. Prior to regenerative endodontics, treatment of necrotic, immature teeth with open apices was limited to long-term calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) apexification and subsequent root canal therapy or extraction. Through revascularization, retention of these teeth can be achieved and the elimination of patient symptoms and the radiographic appearance of continued root development were obtained. Case Review This report illustrates a revascularization protocol through a case where platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) was utilized as an autologous scaffold for traumatized, necrotic, immature teeth with incomplete root development. Through consistent follow-up reports, comprising of both clinical examination and radiographs, marked improvement in the condition of the traumatized tooth was noted. Discussion This case demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing PRF as an effective treatment protocol for traumatized teeth in lieu of traditional treatment protocols, such as long-term calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) apexification or extraction. The choice of utilizing PRF, as opposed to other platelet concentrates, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or a blood clot, lies in PRF's ability to allow for a slow, long-term release of autologous growth factors.
Driving Under the Influence (of Mass Media): A Four‐Year Examination of NASCAR and West Virginia Aggressive‐Driving Accidents and Injuries1

To assess the impact of televised, competitive, dangerous automobile racing (NASCAR) mass media on viewers' driving behaviors, all automobile accidents and injuries as a result of aggressive driving on file at the West Virginia Division of Highways for the years 2003 through 2006 were subjected to a regression analysis controlling for confounding variables, such as weather and road conditions. While the number of accidents declined on the day of the televised events, the number of accidents and injuries increased 5 days following the events. A priming theory of mass-media influence is discussed.
Control of mammalian translation by mRNA structure near caps

The scanning model of RNA translation proposes that highly stable secondary structures within mRNAs can inhibit translation, while structures of lower thermal stability also affect translation if close enough to the 5 9 methyl Gc ap. However, only fragmentary information is available about the dependence of translation efficiency in live mammalian cells on the thermodynamic stability, location, and GC content of RNA structures in the 5 9 -untranslated region. We devised at wo-color fluorescence assay for translation efficiency in single live cells and compared aw ide range of hairpins with predicted thermal stabilities ranging from " 10 to " 50 kcal/mol and 5 9 Gc ap-to-hairpin distances of 1–46 bases. Translation efficiency decreased abruptly as hairpin stabilities increased from D G = " 25 to " 35 kcal/mol. Shifting ah airpin as little as nine bases relative to the 5 9 cap could modulate translation more than 50-fold. Increasing GC content diminished translation efficiency when predicted thermal stability and cap-to-hairpin distances were held constant. We additionally found naturally occurring 5 9 -untranslated regions affected translation differently in live cells compared with translation in in vitro lysates. Our study will assist scientists in designing experiments that deliberately modulate mammalian translation with designed 5 9 UTRs.
Use of parasitic strip to produce circular polarisation and increased bandwidth for cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna

An experimental investigation is undertaken to determine the effect on the bandwidth and polarisation of a cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna when a parasitic strip is attached to its surface. Particular configurations are found that increase the bandwidth and produce circular polarisation.
Surface chemistry of room-temperature ionic liquids

In many applications of room-temperature ionic liquids, it has been recognized that the interface is a vital component. In electrochemistry, for instance, the electron transfer is significant to the efficiency of the solar cell and is very much dependent on the behavior of a given interface. This review presents the current state of knowledge of room-temperature ionic liquids in contact with solids, liquids, and gas phases. Experimental and molecular modeling studies have been conducted to investigate the surface structure and composition of ions in pure ionic liquids. However, surface studies on these liquids are still in its infancy and as the range of the available surface techniques and systematic investigations are increased, our understanding will improve which will lead to advances on this field.
HIV-1 envelope trimer elicits higher neutralizing antibody responses than monomeric gp120

Background HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is the primary target for HIV1-specific antibodies. The native HIV-1 envelope spike on the virion surface is a trimer, but trimeric gp140 and monomeric gp120 are currently believed to induce comparable immune responses. Indeed, most studies on the immunogenicity of HIV-1 envelope oligomers have revealed only marginal improvement over monomers. We report here that stable and homogenous envelope trimers with characteristics expected for the native viral spikes are substantially superior at eliciting neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs. Methods Stable envelope gp140 trimer derived from clinical isolate sequences were stabilized with the T4-fibritin C-terminal trimerization tag and produced in stablely transfected 293T cells. Characterization of Env trimers was performed by Western blotting, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), analytical-ultra centrifugation (AUC), multi-angle light scattering (MALS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Guinea pigs were immunized six times with 100 µg of protein trimer or monomer in CpG/Emulsigen adjuvants. Antibody responses were determined by ELISA and TZM.bl neutralizing antibody assays. Results Homogeneous trimer and monomer preparations exhibited high purity as measured by SEC and SDS-PAGE. AUC and MALS analyses revealed expected molecular weight for both trimer and monomer. SPR analyses revealed expected binding with CD4 and multiple broadly neutralizing antibodies. These trimers have markedly different antigenic properties than those of monomeric gp120s derived from the same sequences. They induce potent, cross-clade neutralizing antibody responses with titers substantially higher than those elicited by the corresponding gp120 monomers for a diverse set of both tier 1 and tier 2 viruses. Conclusion We have demonstrated the importance of generating highquality envelope trimers for antigenic and immunogenic studies; furthermore these results highlight the immunologic differences between monomers and high-quality envelope trimers, illustrating important implications for HIV-1 vaccine development and immunogen selection in large clinical trials.
Insights into nanoparticle formation mechanisms

Nanoparticles and nanoparticle-based devices are of interest in numerous industrial applications due to their unique and often advantageous properties. However, a major obstacle to the full exploitation of nanoscale materials is the lack of production processes that yield specific materials reproducibly. A fundamental understanding of nanoparticle formation in candidate production systems is critical to achieving both product specificity and uniformity. The present work uses observations from transmission electron microscopy to elucidate the formation processes occurring for silicon and titanium nanoparticles produced from a thermal plasma process. The structure, chemistry, and defect morphology of the nanoparticles are consistent with a rapid cooling and crystallization from a liquid droplet. The observation of surface faceting on some nanoparticles suggests a transition between different crystalline growth regimes.
Application of multiclass support vector machines for fault diagnosis of field air defense gun

This paper introduces multiclass support vector machines (SVM) and a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) for fault diagnosis of a field air defense gun. These intelligent methods preclude human error in fault diagnosis, and they make it possible to diagnose a new failure precisely and rapidly. Our experimental results show that both SVM and BPNN provide excellent fault diagnosis accuracy when sufficient training samples are examined, and multiclass SVM models have better fault diagnosis accuracy than BPNN models when numbers of training sets are small. Our multiclass SVM approach also offers advantages of solution stability and requires fewer control parameters; it is easier to apply it to fault diagnosis problems than BPNN.