cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation of the E2F transcription factor in adenovirus-infected cells involves E1A-dependent stimulation of DNA-binding activity and induction of cooperative binding mediated by an E4 gene product.

Abstract Previous experiments have demonstrated that the DNA-binding activity of the E2F transcription factor is increased upon adenovirus infection and that both the E1A and E4 genes are required for activation. In this study, we demonstrated that this enhanced binding of E2F to the E2 promoter is the result of two events. (i) There is stimulation of the DNA-binding activity of the E2F factor; this stimulation is E1A dependent but independent of E4. (ii) There is also induction of a stabilized interaction between E2F molecules bound to adjacent promoter sites; induction of stable E2F binding requires E4 gene function. This two-step activation process was also demonstrated in vitro. A heat-stable fraction from extracts of adenovirus-infected cells, which contains the 19-kilodalton E4 protein, was capable of stimulating stable E2F binding in an ATP-independent manner and appeared to involve direct interaction of the E4 protein with E2F. An extract from virus-infected cells devoid of the E4 19-kilodalton protein stimulated E2F DNA binding without forming the stable complex. This reaction required ATP. We conclude that activation of E2F during adenovirus infection is a two-step process involving a change in both the DNA-binding activity of the factor and the capacity to stabilize the interaction through protein-protein contacts.
Repair of partial atrioventricular septal defect in children less than five years of age: late results

Abstract Background . Presently, surgical correction of partial atrioventricular septal defects is an extremely viable option giving good results. An aggressive approach toward operating on these patients at an early age may be warranted given the otherwise unfavorable natural history. Methods . A retrospective study was done in 38 consecutive patients from 3 to 58 months of age, who underwent correction between 1981 and 1997. Preoperatively, moderate to severe mitral regurgitation was present in 45% of the patients. Congestive cardiac failure was noted in 41% of the cases. Closure of the left atrioventricular valve cleft was performed in 92% of the cases. A need for mitral annuloplasty was felt in 28% of the cases. Majority of the ostium primum defects in our series were closed by a pericardial patch. Results . The early, 30 day mortality was 7.9%. A significantly low incidence of late mitral regurgitation (0.9%) was noted on a follow-up extending up to 14 years. There was only one reoperation during late follow-up. On their last follow-up, 87% of the patients are asymptomatic. Conclusion . An aggressive approach toward operating at an early age on children with this malformation is safe, effective, and yields excellent long term results.
Separation and partial purification of agglutinins from coelomic fluid of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris

Abstract 1. 1. Agglutinins from coelomic fluid of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris were separated by gel chromatography. Fluid from erythrocyte-injected (induced) worms contained five agllutinin peaks with molecular wts ranging from 4000 to 400,000, whereas fluid from untreated (naturally occurring) worms contained only one agglutinin peak of mol. wt 30,000. 2. 2. Gel chromatography-separated agglutinin from naturally occurring fluid was unaffected by heating at either 60 or 100°C. Three of the agglutinins from induced fluid were unaffected by heating whereas two were reduced in titer by 36.5 to 88%. 3. 3. Affinity chromatography of induced coelomic fluid using bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM), conjugated affigel 15, eluted with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN), resulted in a purification factor of 105-fold, while bovine submaxillary mucin-Sepharose, eluted with 1 M NaCl, purified agglutinin(s) 93-fold.
Linkage of oxidative and nonoxidative ethanol metabolism in the pancreas and toxicity of nonoxidative ethanol metabolites for pancreatic acinar cells.

Abstract Background. Alcohol abuse is a major cause of pancreatic damage. Recent experimental evidence suggests that fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), nonoxidative ethanol metabolites, injure pancreatic acinar cells. Linkage between oxidative and nonoxidative metabolism of ethanol in the pancreas may contribute to increased FAEE levels. Methods. To study the association between oxidative and nonoxidative ethanol metabolism, FAEE concentration and FAEE synthase activity in rat pancreatic and liver homogenates incubated with ethanol were evaluated with and without inhibitors of oxidative ethanol metabolism. For toxicity studies, trypsinogen activation peptide synthesis as a measure of pancreatic cell injury was quantitated in unstimulated and cerulein-stimulated isolated pancreatic acinar cells incubated with ethanol or FAEE. Results. Inhibition of oxidative ethanol metabolism results in a 2- to 3-fold increase in nonoxidative ethanol metabolism to FAEE in pancreas and in liver. Both ethanol and FAEE induce increased intracellular trypsinogen activation by more than 50% in the presence of physiologic concentrations of cerulein in vitro. Conclusions. These findings demonstrate that the inhibition of oxidative ethanol metabolism results in an increase in flux through the nonoxidative pathway and support the proposition that alcohol-induced pancreatic injury is mediated at least in part by FAEE, which are important products of pancreatic ethanol metabolism.(Surgery 2001;129:736-44.)
Meta-Discourse: Plato's Timaeus according to Calcidius

This paper brings Calcidius' 4th. c. AD Latin commentary on Plato's Timaeus into the fold of research on the methodological assumptions and hermeneutical practices of the ancient commentary tradition. The first part deals with the question of how Calcidius sees his role as a commentator in relation to the original text, to his audience, and to the Platonist tradition. The second part examines the organizing principles and structuring devices of the commentary, and what these can tell us about connections between exegesis and worldview. As with many other commentaries, Calcidius' purpose becomes clearer if we approach him from a pedagogical angle. His practice, like most of the content of his commentary, appears to connect him to older layers of Platonism, pre-dating so-called Neoplatonism. It reveals a distinct authorial voice, of someone who is very conscious of his role as a cultural mediator and who has a philosophical line to pursue.
The “Response-to-Failure” Scale: Predicting Behavior Following Initial Self-Control Failure

Abstract Whereas most existing self-control research and scales focus on singular self-control choice, the current work examines sequential self-control behavior. Specifically, this research focuses on behavior following initial self-control failure, identifying a set of key cognitive and emotional responses to initial failure that jointly underlie post-failure behavior. The tendency to experience these responses is captured in a new scale, the Response-to-Failure scale, which the authors develop and test in three consumer domains: eating, spending, and cheating. The results support the use of the same emotional and cognitive factors to predict post-failure behavior across these three domains, providing evidence of the generalizability of the scale structure. The data support the scale's structure, nomological and discriminant validity, and test–retest reliability across five studies. In five additional studies, the scale's predictive validity is demonstrated beyond other existing relevant scales. The aut...
Preparation and properties of hydrogen storage alloys microencapsulated by copper

Abstract Fine particles of LaNi 5 were coated with a thin porous copper layer about 1 μm thick by a chemical plating method. The encapsulated alloy powder had a hydrogen storage capacity almost equal to that of the original alloy powder and its compacted pellet had a high thermal conductivity, leading to fast reaction kinetics. The pellet was able to withstand more than 5000 repeated hydriding-dehydriding cycles without disintegration.
Collisional broadening of spectral line shapes in two-photon and multiphoton processes

Abstract The dressed atom picture and the tetradic T matrix are used to develop a unified theoretical framework for the microscopic description of collisional broadening in multiphoton processes. We consider ordinary absorption (single photon processes), two photon processes (absorption and Raman spectra) and saturation effects in multiphoton processes (absorption and Raman spectra in a strong radiation field). Various approximation schemes such as the cluster and the perturbative expansion, semiclassical and stochastic methods and the static and the impact limits are discussed. Special attention is given to the factorization approximation which appears in the present formalism in a natural way, and allows us to use the enormous progress made in the studies of single photon line shapes to construct useful approximations for multiphoton processes. The inclusion of nonimpact phenomena is therefore straightforward within the present approach. Some numerical calculations are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the methods developed in this article.
Spherical, polyfunctional molecules using poly(bromophenylsilsesquioxane)s as nanoconstruction sites

Poly(bromooctaphenylsilsesquioxane)s (BrxOPS) are easily synthesized from octaphenylsilsesquioxane (OPS) via bromination with Br2/Fe in dichloromethane. For Br:OPS ratios less than 8:1, singly brominated products are obtained with 65−70% para substitution, 25−20% meta substitution and the remainder ortho. Higher ratios provide dibrominated products up to Br16OPS. Surprisingly, the disubstitution pattern is completely different with 80% 2,5 substitution (meta and ortho to Si), indicating extensive rearrangement with addition of the second bromine. BrxOPS bromo functionality is readily transformed via low temperature catalytic coupling reactions with para-substituted styrenes, tetraphenylborate, methyl methacrylate, or toluidine into the corresponding fully substituted p-stilbenes, p-biphenyls, methyl cinnamates, and diarylamines. The p-stilbenes offer unusually large red shifts and order of magnitude increases on photoluminescence quantum efficiencies over stilbene itself. Methyl methacrylate addition prov...
Upper extremity arterial injuries in athletes

Upper extremity arterial injury resulting in hand and digit ischemia can occur in athletes who perform repetitive, high-stress, overhead arm motions. The initial presentation of these injuries often mimics the more common musculoskeletal injuries found in these athletes, and therefore, a high index of suspicion is essential to establish the diagnosis in a timely fashion. There are several described mechanisms of injury, most of which involve extrinsic compression and injury to the axillary artery or its branches from the humeral head. The clinical diagnosis is confirmed with noninvasive vascular laboratory testing, and the anatomy is generally confirmed using contrast arteriography. Surgical repair is almost always successful in these patients, allowing full recovery with return to competition.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MULTI-DETECTOR CARDIAC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY PRIOR TO REOPERATIVE CARDIAC SURGERY LENGTH OF STAY AND HOSPITAL CHARGES

While multi-detector cardiac computed tomography angiography (MDCCTA) prior to reoperative cardiac surgery (RCS) has been associated with improved clinical outcomes, its impact on hospital charges and length of stay remains unclear. We studied 364 patients undergoing RCS at Washington Hospital Center between 2004 and 2008, including 137 clinically referred for MDCCTA. Baseline demographics, procedural data, and perioperative outcomes were recorded at the time of the procedure. The primary clinical endpoint was the composite of perioperative death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and hemorrhage-related reoperation. Secondary clinical endpoints included surgical procedural variables and the perioperative volume of bleeding and transfusion. Length of stay was determined using the hospital’s electronic medical record. Cost data were extracted from the hospital’s billing summary. Analysis was performed on individual categories of care, as well as on total hospital charges. Data were compared between subjects with and without MDCCTA, after adjustment for the Society of Thoracic Surgeons score. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. MDCCTA was associated with shorter procedural times, shorter intensive care unit stays, fewer blood transfusions, and less frequent perioperative MI. There was additionally a trend towards a lower incidence of the primary endpoint (17.5 vs. 24.2 %, p = 0.13) primarily due to a lower incidence of perioperative MI (0 vs. 5.7 %, p = 0.002). MDCCTA was also associated with lower median recovery room [$1,325 (1,250–3,302) vs. $3,217 (1,325–5,353) p < 0.001] and nursing charges [$6,335 (3,623–10,478) vs. $6,916 (3,915–14,499) p = 0.03], although operating room charges were higher [$24,100 (22,300–29,700) vs. $23,500 (19,900–27,700) p < 0.05]. Median total charges [$127,000 (95,000–188,000) vs. $123,000 (86,800–226,000) p = 0.77] and length of stay [9 days (6–19) vs. 11 days (7–19), p = 0.21] were similar. Means analysis demonstrated a strong trend towards lower mean total hospital charges [$163,000 (108,426) vs. $192,000 (181,706), p = 0.06] in the MDCCTA group. In conclusion, preoperative MDCCTA is associated with a number of improved perioperative outcomes and does not significantly effect the length of stay or total hospital charges during the index hospitalization.
Tight worst-case performance bounds for next- k -fit bin packing

The bin packing problem is to pack a list of reals in $( {0,1} ]$ into unit-capacity bins using the minimum number of bins. Let $R[A]$ be the limiting worst value for the ratio ${{A(L)} / {L^ * }}$ as $L^ * $ goes to $\infty $, where $A(L)$ denotes the number of bins used in the approximation algorithm A, and $L^ * $ denotes the minimum number of bins needed to pack L. Obviously, $R[A]$ reflects the worst-case behavior of A. For Next-k-Fit($NkF$ for short, $k \geqslant 2$), which is a linear time approximation algorithm for bin packing, it was known that $1.7 + \frac{3}{{10(k - 1)}} \leqslant R[NkF] \leqslant 2$. In this paper, a tight bound $R[NkF] = 1.7 + \frac{3}{{10(k - 1)}}$ is proved.
Partitions of trees and {{\sf ACA}^\prime_{0}}

We show that a version of Ramsey’s theorem for trees for arbitrary exponents is equivalent to the subsystem \({{\sf ACA}^\prime_{0}}\) of reverse mathematics.
Pulse wave analysis to assess vascular compliance changes in stable renal transplant recipients.

Abstract Background Calcineurin inhibitor drugs (cyclosporine and tacrolimus) given to renal transplant recipients to prevent rejection are associated with an increased incidence of hypertension. Reduced arterial compliance, which is a consequence of hypertension, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and can be measured noninvasively using pulse wave analysis technology. The purpose of the study was to determine whether calcineurin inhibitor drugs have any effect on arterial compliance. Methods A total of 36 stable renal transplant recipients were evaluated using pulse wave analysis to determine large and small vessel compliance. Of the patients, 18 were receiving cyclosporine and 18 tacrolimus. Patients were matched for age and sex. Results No significant differences in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, or small vessel compliance were observed. There was a significant decrease in large vessel compliance in patients receiving tacrolimus versus those receiving cyclosporine, respectively (13.5 ± 4.0 mL/mm Hg × 10 v 9.9 ± 3.3 mL/mm Hg × 10; P = .005). Conclusions Differences in large vessel compliance in renal transplant subjects may depend on the choice of calcineurin inhibitor. Specifically, decreased large vessel compliance in tacrolimus-treated subjects may be associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. This may be due to a difference in vascular collagen accumulation or to elastin loss in large elastic arteries.
Structural Characterization and Solution Properties of a Galacturonate Polysaccharide Derived from Aloe vera Capable of in Situ Gelation

A series of highly purified galacturonate polysaccharides have been extracted from the Aloe vera plant and analyzed in terms of chemical composition and molecular weight. This Aloe vera polysaccharide (AvP) has been found to exist as a high molecular weight species and possess a unique chemical composition, including a high galacturonic acid (GalA) content and low degree of methyl ester substitution. These factors facilitate gel formation upon exposure to low concentrations of calcium ions, leading to potential application in formulations designed for in situ nasal or subcutaneous protein delivery. Thorough examination of classic dilute solution properties, the [eta]-M(w), and R(g)-M(w) relationships, persistence length (L(p)), and inherent chain stiffness (B parameter), indicate an expanded random coil in aqueous salt solutions. The critical concentration for transition from dilute to concentrated solution, C(e), was determined by measuring both the zero shear viscosity (eta(o)) and fluorescence emission of the probe molecule 1,8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid (1,8-ANS) as a function of polymer concentration. Examination of zeta potential and C(e) as a function of ionic strength indicates that the shift in C(e) from 0.60 to 0.30 wt % is related to an increased occurrence of intermolecular interactions at high salt concentrations. Additionally, dynamic rheology data are presented highlighting the ability of AvP to form gels at low polymer and calcium ion concentrations, exemplifying the technological potential of this polysaccharide for in situ drug delivery.
Spirit Lifting: Hope and Recovery in Case Management Practice:

Case managers play an important role in the recovery process for consumers with severe mental illness. This study sought to capture the perspectives of case managers in two Midwestern states regarding the consumers they serve and their beliefs about the concept, process, and possibility of recovery from mental illness. Interviews from 50 mental health case managers were reviewed and rated on the basis of their perceived hopefulness about the prospects of recovery from mental illness. The study revealed that case managers hold divergent views on the definition and likelihood of recovery. The results suggest that practitioners may benefit from additional training and support to further develop their perspectives on recovery, which may also increase their hopefulness toward consumer outcomes.
Changes in the management of benign liver tumours: an analysis of 285 patients

Objectives Benign liver tumours (BLTs) are common and their management remains controversial. This study assesses the safety of a selective management approach.
The use of abstract data types to simplify program modifications

If a program is structured using abstract data types as the basic unit of modularity, then that program is much easier to extend or modify. This thesis is illustrated by the staged development of a program to compute prime numbers based on the sieve of Eratosthenes. This paper includes an extensive introduction to the concept of abstract data types and can be used as a tutorial survey. It includes discussions on the use of abstract data types in connection with recent approaches to data abstractions, heirarchical structure, and program design. Abstract data types are an extension and modification of the traditional concept of data type. An abstract data type defines not only a data representation for objects of the type but also the set of operations that can be performed on objects of the type. Furthermore, the abstract data type can protect the data representation from direct access by other parts of the program.
Is the mammalian cell plasma membrane a barrier to oxygen transport

Oxygen transport in the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) plasma membrane has been studied by observing the collision of molecular oxygen with nitroxide radical spin labels placed in the lipid bilayer portion of the membrane at various distances from the membrane surface using the long-pulse saturation-recovery electron spin resonance (ESR) technique. The collision rate was estimated for 5-, 12-, and 16-doxylstearic acids from spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) measured in the presence and absence of molecular oxygen. Profiles of the local oxygen transport parameters across the membrane were obtained showing that the oxygen diffusion-concentration product is lower than in water for all locations at 37 degrees C. From oxygen transport parameter profiles, the membrane oxygen permeability coefficients were estimated according to the procedure developed earlier by Subczynski et al. (Subczynski, W. K., J. S. Hyde, and A. Kusumi. 1989. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 86:4474-4478). At 37 degrees C, the oxygen permeability coefficient for the plasma membrane was found to be 42 cm/s, about two times lower than for a water layer of the same thickness as the membrane. The oxygen concentration difference across the CHO plasma membrane at physiological conditions is in the nanomolar range. It is concluded that oxygen permeation across the cell plasma membrane cannot be a rate-limiting step for cellular respiration. Correlations of the form PM = cKs between membrane permeabilities PM of small nonelectrolyte solutes of mol wt less than 50, including oxygen, and their partition coefficients K into hexadecane and olive oil are reported. Hexadecane: c = 26 cm/s, s = 0.95; olive oil: c = 23 cm/s, s = 1.56. These values of c and s differ from those reported in the literature for solutes of 50 less than mol wt less than 300 (Walter, A., and J. Gutknecht. 1986. Journal of Membrane Biology. 90:207-217). It is concluded that oxygen permeability through membranes can be reliably predicted from measurement of partition coefficients.
The association between patella alignment and knee pain and function: an MRI study in persons with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis.

Summary Objective The aim of the study was to examine the association between patellofemoral (PF) alignment (using standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of extended knees) and knee pain and function. Design Subjects were recruited to participate in a natural history study of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis, called the Boston Osteoarthritis of the Knee Study (BOKS). The association of predictive variable (patellar alignment in sagittal and transverse planes) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain and function were examined using a linear regression model while adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score and Kellgren and Lawrence score. Results Increasing trochlear angle (TA) was associated with both WOMAC ( P =0.06) pain and WOMAC function subscale ( P =0.04). Increasing lateral patellar title angle (LPTA) and decreasing bisect offset (increasing lateral subluxation) appeared to be associated with increasing WOMAC pain. However, no such an association was observed for other predictors. Conclusions The findings of the present study suggest that increasing TA is associated with increased functional impairment. Other measures of PF malalignment were not significantly associated with either knee pain or functional impairment.
Online public deliberation for a regional transportation improvement decision

This paper investigates the potential for deliberation as a means for public participation in shaping public policy. The paper begins with a summary of deliberative democracy and other concepts that recently have motivated an interest for online deliberation. Next, the paper describes a case study in which 133 public participants deliberated over a regional transportation improvement decision. The deliberation occurred entirely over the internet and lasted for 31 days. The participants wrote hundreds of posts (comments) and made thousands of post-ratings (statements of agreement or disagreement). The posts and three questionnaires are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively to assess the nature of the deliberation and the participants’ perception of their experience. A negative binomial regression is used to examine which participant characteristics are associated with writing more posts.
Patient-centered care and breast cancer survivors’ satisfaction with information

Satisfaction with information is an important patient outcome and may be related to the physician's ability to elicit the patients' concerns, to consider the patients' psychosocial needs, and to involve patients in treatment decision making; these communication techniques have been described under the umbrella of "patient-centered." The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between patient-centered care and satisfaction with information among women with a history of breast cancer. We administered a questionnaire to 182 women who had completed treatment for breast cancer. Our findings suggest that, while breast cancer survivors are highly satisfied with information related to treatment, they are less satisfied with information related to the long-term physical, psychological, and social sequelae of the disease and its treatments. In multivariate analysis, patients' perception of patient-centered behaviors was strongly associated with patients' satisfaction with information. These results provide support for the theory that patient satisfaction is improved when physicians incorporate patient-centered behaviors into their care.
Regulatory Review of Acetaminophen Clinical Pharmacology in Young Pediatric Patients

ABSTRACT The acetaminophen dosage schedule in pediatric patients below 12 years of age for the over‐the‐counter (OTC) monograph is one of the many issues being evaluated and discussed in the development of the Proposed Rule for Internal Analgesic, Antipyretic, and Anti‐rheumatic drug products. The dosage regimen based on age and weight, with instructions that weight‐based dosage should be used if a child's weight is known, is currently being assessed by the agency. This review summarizes the available pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (fever reduction) data of oral acetaminophen in pediatric patients of 6 months to 12 years of age. Acetaminophen is metabolized in the liver mainly through glucuronidation, sulfation, and to a lesser extent oxidation. Because of the difference in the ontogeny of various metabolizing pathways, the relative contribution of each pathway to the overall acetaminophen metabolism in children changes with age. The sulfation pathway plays a more important role in metabolizing acetaminophen than the glucuronidation pathway in younger children as compared with older children and adults. The pharmacokinetic exposure of acetaminophen in pediatric patients of 6 months to 12 years of age given oral administration of 10–15 mg/kg is within the adult exposure range given the OTC monograph dose. The antipyretic effect of acetaminophen is dose dependent and appears to be better than placebo at the dose range of 10–15 mg/kg in pediatric patients of 6 months to 12 years of age.
Using protein abundance to indicate underlying mRNA expression levels in E.coli: an SEM modelling approach.

Do steady-state protein levels accurately predict mRNA levels? Based on the central dogma (DNA → RNA → protein) current protein levels are representative of mRNA present at an earlier time. However, most cellular mRNA – protein comparative studies try to relate steady-state protein levels to current mRNA levels in cells. Protein steady-states are more correctly related to protein production, protein degradation and other complex cellular conditions. Using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) we relate linear protein measurements to latent mRNA in E.coli. This method can be used to find the optimal protein measurements that explain underlying mRNA expression, and better understand the proteomic and transcriptomic relationship in E.coli. gene expression.
A New Method to Monitor the Contribution of Fast Food Restaurants to the Diets of US Children

Background American adults consume 11.3% of total daily calories from foods and beverages from fast food restaurants. The contribution of different types of fast food restaurants to the diets of US children is unknown. Objective To estimate the consumption of energy, sodium, added sugars, and solid fats among US children ages 4–19 y by fast food restaurant type. Methods Analyses used the first 24-h recall for 12,378 children in the 2003–2010 cycles of the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2003–2010). NHANES data identify foods by location of origin, including stores and fast food restaurants (FFR). A novel custom algorithm divided FFRs into 8 segments and assigned meals and snacks to each. These included burger, pizza, sandwich, Mexican, Asian, fish, and coffee/snack restaurants. The contribution of each restaurant type to intakes of energy and other dietary constituents was then assessed by age group (4–11 y and 12–19 y) and by race/ethnicity. Results Store-bought foods and beverages provided 64.8% of energy, 61.9% of sodium, 68.9% of added sugars, and 60.1% of solid fats. FFRs provided 14.1% of energy, 15.9% of sodium, 10.4% of added sugars and 17.9% of solid fats. Among FFR segments, burger restaurants provided 6.2% of total energy, 5.8% of sodium, 6.2% of added sugars, and 7.6% of solid fats. Less energy was provided by pizza (3.3%), sandwich (1.4%), Mexican (1.3%), and chicken restaurants (1.2%). Non-Hispanic black children obtained a greater proportion of their total energy (7.4%), sodium (7.1%), and solid fats (9.5%) from burger restaurants as compared to non-Hispanic white children (6.0% of energy, 5.5% of sodium, and 7.3% of solid fat). Conclusions These novel analyses, based on consumption data by fast food market segment, allow public health stakeholders to better monitor the effectiveness of industry efforts to promote healthier menu options.
Six-quark compound state in deuteron

Based on a recently proposed method of incorporating quark degrees of freedom in nuclei, we estimate the probability of the six-quark compound state of deuteron using the experimental data and quantum chromodynamics prediction for the deuteron form factor, and also using the partial width of the dibaryon resonance of Kamae et al. Both estimates are consistent with each other.
Confounding in the Association of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use With Risk of Community-Acquired Pneumonia

BACKGROUND Use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), an association which may be confounded by unobserved patient and prescriber characteristics.
Electrons in perturbed periodic lattices

It is shown that the motion of an electron in a periodic potential, such as is found in a solid, plus a slowly varying perturbative potential, can be derived from the energy in the periodic lattice alone, as a function of momentum or wave number. A Schr\"odinger equation is set up, in which the Hamiltonian is the sum of this energy in the periodic lattice---the momentum being replaced by a differential operator---and of the perturbative potential energy. The resulting wave function modulates atomic functions to provide a solution of the perturbed problem. This method is applied to give proofs of simple theorems in conduction theory, to discuss the energy levels of impurity atoms in a semiconductor, and to consider excitons; all are problems which have been considered before, but which are treated more straightforwardly by the present method. Applying the method statistically, the combined Poisson's equation and Fermi-Dirac statistics is set up for impurities in metals and semiconductors, and for the theory of rectifying barriers.
The effects of focus of attention and task objective consistency on learning a balancing task.

(2011). The Effects of Focus of Attention and Task Objective Consistency on Learning a Balancing Task. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 574-579.
Evaluation of Highly Reliable Cloud Computing Systems Using Non-sequential Monte Carlo Simulation

The cloud computing paradigm has ushered in the need for new methods of evaluating the performance in a given cloud computing systems (CCS) in order to ensure customer and service level agreement satisfaction. This study proposes a method for evaluating the reliability of a CCS alongside the corresponding performance metrics. Specifically, and for the first time, non-sequential Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is used to evaluate CCS reliability at a system-wide scale. Results demonstrate that the proposed method is promising and may apply to systems at a large scale.
Gender and depression

This paper briefly reviews several recent lines of psychosocial research on the gender difference in depression. By the middle of adolescence and continuing at least until age 55, females are about twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression and exhibit twice as many depressive symptoms as males. Researchers have recently begun to propose models that specify complicated relationships among variables to explain the gender difference in depression and why it emerges in adolescence. These models need to be tested empirically and new models need to be formulated based on the data that emerge. Additionally, research is needed to explore whether there are gender differences in the chronicity and recurrence of depression as well as in initial episodes and whether the models that explain the gender difference in depression during adolescence also explain the continuing gender difference in young and middle-aged adults.
The use of pharmacological prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in hospitalised patients with severe active ulcerative colitis.

Summary Background Hospitalised patients with inflammatory bowel disease are 1.5- to 3.5-fold more likely to develop venous thromboembolism compared to controls. Clinical guidelines recommend pharmacological prophylaxis. Aim To determine the rate of pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis prescription and administration in a cohort of hospitalised patients with severe active ulcerative colitis and to assess predictors of failure to order pharmacological prophylaxis at 24 h. Methods This is a retrospective review of hospitalised patients with severe active ulcerative colitis, identified by ICD-9-CM discharge code 556.x, admitted to a single tertiary care hospital from 1 January 2005 to 31 August 2012. Adequate thromboembolism prophylaxis was defined as an order for low-dose unfractionated heparin two to three times daily, low-molecular weight heparin 40 mg daily or fondaparinux 2.5 mg daily ordered and administered for >80% of the admission. Patient related factors associated with failure to order prophylaxis at 24 h were accessed as secondary outcomes. Results Three hundred and thirty-six patients were hospitalised with severe active ulcerative colitis. Hospitalists had prescribed appropriate pharmacological prophylaxis by 48 h in only 37% of cases. Of these, nurses administered all prescribed doses in 18% of cases. Only 7% of patients (22/304, 95% CI: 5–11%) received adequate pharmacological prophylaxis for >80% of their hospitalisation. Hematochezia (P = 0.002), elevated platelets (P = 0.008), male gender coupled with younger age (P = 0.005) and admission on a biologic (P = 0.03) were associated with failure to order prophylaxis. Conclusion Hospitalised patients admitted with severe active ulcerative colitis are not receiving appropriate pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis.
Tracing the interaction of acid mine drainage with coal utilization byproducts in a grouted mine: Strontium isotope study of the inactive Omega Coal Mine, West Virginia (USA)

Abstract In order to ameliorate acidic discharge, the inactive Omega Coal Mine, West Virginia was partially filled by injection of a grout consisting of 98% coal utilization byproducts (CUB), including fluidized bed combustion ash and fly ash, and 2% Portland cement. In this study, discharge chemistry and Sr isotope ratios were determined to identify and quantify the extent of interaction between mine waters and the CUB–cement grout. Eight sampling sites were monitored around the downdip perimeter of the mine. The major and trace element chemistry of the discharges was generally not sufficient to distinguish between discharges that interacted with grout and those that did not. Elements that showed the most separation include K and As, which were elevated in some waters that interacted with CUB–cement grout. In contrast, the Sr isotope ratios clearly distinguished discharges from grouted and non-grouted areas. Discharges that bypassed the grouted portions had 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios ranging from 0.71510 to 0.71594, while two discharges that interacted with grout had ratios in the range of 0.71401–0.71456. The Treatment Inlet, which includes both grouted and ungrouted discharges, yielded intermediate isotopic ratios. Leaching experiments on CUB–cement grout, coal and surrounding rocks are consistent with the isotopic trends observed in the discharges. Based on these results, waters that interacted with grout received 30–40% of their Sr from the CUB–cement grout material. These results suggest that the grout material is chemically eroding at a rate of approximately 0.04% per year. This novel application of the Sr isotope system illustrates its ability to sensitively track and quantify fluid interaction with coal and CUB-based grout.
Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders

Movement disorders remain the primary indication for the use of intracranial neurostimulation techniques. This review will discuss the history of this technology as well as the mechanisms of action, current clinical indications, and future prospects for the treatment of movement disorders.
Physical Property Variation of a Soil and Saprolite Continuum at Three Geomorphic Positions

Effective land use planning for waste disposal purposes requires knowledge of water movement in the vadose zone in and below the soil solum. This study was conducted to assess the changes in the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K sat ), water retention, particle-size distribution, and bulk density of a Typic Kanhapludult soil and its underlying gneiss-schist saprolite across a typical landscape in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. Intact cores (6.6-cm diam., 8.0-cm length) were collected from Bt, B/C, and C (saprolite) horizons at the center of 15 by 30 m areas located at three adjacent geomorphic positions (ridge top, shoulder, and ridge nose). Large L-shaped observation pits were then excavated over the sample locations for profile description and other data collection. In situ K sat of the three horizons was also determined by the constant-head well permeameter technique around each of the observation pits. Regression analysis was employed to assess the relationship between K sat and depth at each geomorphic position, and an analysis of variance was used to compare K sat values between horizons and geomorphic positions. At all three geomorphic positions, the laboratory-determined K sat was consistently the highest in the clayey Bt horizon (arithmetic mean values 1.56 x 10 -6 to 2.19 x 10 -6 m s -1 ), diminished with depth until reaching a minimum value in the transitional, less clayey B/C horizon (arithmetic mean values 7 x 10 -8 to 2.3 x 10 -7 m s -1 ), and then increased with depth into the upper part of the massive, low clay content saprolite (arithmetic mean values 8.1 x 10 -7 to 1.57 x 10 -6 m s -1 ). The patterns of K sat with depth were consistently associated with major horizons and not strongly influenced by texture or bulk density.
The politics of industrial restructuring: NAFTA and beyond

This paper examines the background to the introduction of NAFTA, paying particular attention to broader trade issues, the presumed benefits of regional trading agreements and the problems associated with increased economic integration. It then discusses the general effects of NAFTA on US and Mexican textile and apparel companies.
Techniques for the design of linear digital simulations

This paper presents an operational approach to the design of digital simulations of linear dynamic systems which allows the design to be carried out using concepts familiar to the engineer. Traditional evaluations of numerical ap proximations to continuous operations are generally diffi cult to interpret in the engineering environment, and the operational approach presented allows discrete system evaluation using more familiar methods.A method of digital modeling is derived which allows the digital transfer function of the discrete model to be obtained directly from the transfer function to be simu lated. From this digital transfer function can be obtained information on stability, frequency response, transient response, root mean square modeling error, as well as the numerical algorithm itself. The method is illustrated by examples of the digital simulation of several linear systems using several traditional numerical integration algorithms.
An approach to assessing multicity implementation of healthful food access policy, systems, and environmental changes.

Local governments play an increasingly important role in improving residents’ access to healthful food and beverages to reduce obesity and chronic disease. Cities can use multiple strategies to improve community health through, for example, land use and zoning policies, city contracting and procurement practices, sponsorship of farmers markets and community gardens, and vending and concession practices in parks and recreation facilities. With 41 cities in the Hennepin County Human Services and Public Health Department jurisdiction, the county undertook to measure the extent to which cities were engaged in making policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) changes to increase residents’ access to healthful food. The results revealed that some cities, particularly those with higher resident demand for healthful food, are making nationally recommended PSE changes, such as sponsoring farmers markets and community gardens. Cities have moved more slowly to make changes in areas with perceived negative cost consequences or lesser public demand, such as parks and recreation vending and concessions. This article describes the assessment process, survey tools, findings, and implications for other health departments seeking to undertake a similar assessment.
On the dependence of the zeros of an entire function and its factorization

Abstract Some criteria for testing whether certain types of entire functions are prime or not are given in this paper. Most of the studies are based upon the distribution of the zeros of the function or its derivative.
Far-infrared absorption profiles for shallow donors in GaAs- Al x Ga 1 − x As quantum-well structures

Previous variational calculations of the ground and 2p-like excited states of a shallow donor in a quantum well are extended to include the effects of an applied magnetic field and arbitrary donor position. The extended wave functions are then used in a theory for the absorption profiles of shallow donor transitions in quantum wells. Absorption profiles for several donor-impurity distributions are calculated and compared with recent far-infrared absorption experiments. The comparison with experiment is somewhat ambiguous, but the theory does suggest that some experimental samples may possess thin donor-impurity layers at the interfaces between semiconductors.
Elements of a psychology of human diversity

Despite new movements in psychology that are supportive of human diversity, there is no general framework for relating significant social-psychological markers like gender, race, age, sexual orientation, and other aspects of human diversity to theory, research, and action in community psychology. This article reviews four perspectives that can contribute to a general psychology of human diversity: the population-specific psychologies (e.g., Asian-American psychology, the psychology of women, African-American psychology), sociopolitical perspectives (emphasizing historical, economic, and systems analysis and the dynamics of oppression), cross-cultural psychology (emphasizing culture, and inter- as well as intragroup methods), and ecological psychology (emphasizing the dynamics of specific settings and the people in them). Using tenets of social constructionist philosophy and an emphasis on social equity and cultural relativism to create a value stance, the relevant concepts from each perspective are discussed. The implications of this emerging diversity-conscious worldview for research, action, and theory in community psychology are also considered.
LCI Pariser-Parr-Pople calculations of π-electron systems in nitrogen-heterocyclic molecules. Correlation with spectral data

Abstract Limited configuration interaction Pariser-Parr-Pople calculations were performed for 19 nitrogen heterocyclic aromatic molecules. After optimizing the semiempirical parameters for six “test” molecules, calculations were performed for the remaining thirteen molecules. Strong correlations were made with experimentally observed ionization potentials, singlet-singlet transition energies, polarizations and oscillator strengths as well as ground state molecular geometries for cases where these observations have been made. These correlations indicate spectral features which should be carefully examined experimentally to determine the effect of nitrogen substitution in aromatic hydrocarbon molecules.
BH3 Response Profiles From Neuroblastoma Mitochondria Predict Activity of Small Molecule Bcl-2 Family Antagonists

Bcl-2 family proteins regulate mitochondrial apoptosis downstream of diverse stressors. Cancer cells frequently deregulate Bcl-2 proteins leading to chemoresistance. We have optimized a platform for solid tumors in which Bcl-2 family resistance patterns are inferred. Functional mitochondria were isolated from neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines, exposed to distinct BH3-domain peptides, and assayed for cytochrome c release. Such BH3 profiles revealed three patterns of cytochrome c response. A subset had a dominant NoxaBH3 response implying Mcl1 dependence. These cells were more sensitive to small molecules that antagonize Mcl1 (AT-101) than those that antagonize Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w (ABT-737). A second subset had a dominant BikBH3 response, implying a Bcl-xL/-w dependence, and was exquisitely sensitive to ABT-737 (IC50 <200 nM). Finally, most NB cell lines derived at relapse were relatively resistant to pro-death BH3 peptides and Bcl-2 antagonists. Our findings define heterogeneity for apoptosis resistance in NB, help triage emerging Bcl-2 antagonists for clinical use, and provide a platform for studies to characterize post-therapy resistance mechanisms for NB and other solid tumors.
Brassica Biofumigants Improve Onion (Allium cepa L.) and Celery (Apium graveolens) Production Systems.

Four experiments evaluated effects of brassica cover crops on onion and celery. Treatments included oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), oriental mustard (Brassica Juncea L. Czerniak), brown mustard (Brassica Juncea L. Czerniak), yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.), and a bare ground control. All brassica cover crops increased celery yield, while only oilseed radish increased onion marketable yield. The brassica cover crops enhanced the population of beneficial microorganisms in the soil of both celery and onion fields. At the same time, the population of plant-parasitic nematodes was reduced, but only in the commercial field that was in continuous celery for many years.
A critical examination of recent studies on colour inheritance in horses

It seems probable that chestnut always breeds true. Therefore the placing ofC (chestnut or yellow) at the bottom of the scale probably represents the condition of nearly all breeds of horses. Epistatic to It isH (black). Next comes, in the breeds studied,B (bay or brown), epistatic to both the preceding.G (gray) is next higher. Next isR (roan), which is probably always evident when present1 and which probably merely causes a sprinkling of white hairs, without otherwise affecting the colour. Finally, we haveW (white).