cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The acquisition of biological knowledge during childhood: Cognitive conflict or tabula rasa?

Clinical interviews were conducted with three elementary school children, who varied in age but not in family or school environment, to determine the extent to which they held naive misconceptions about important biological topics and to determine agewise trends in the development of biological knowledge. Does early biological knowledge acquisition follow a pattern of spontaneous naive theory construction and cognitive conflict or does it follow a pattern of gradual accretion to an initially blank slate? Contrary to findings in the physical sciences, little evidence was found for biological “misconceptions” as knowledge acquisition appeared to more directly follow the gradual accretion hypothesis with the primary source of that knowledge adult authority rather than personal experience. However, “conceptual change teaching” is still advocated due to its ability to provoke students to consider and test alternative conceptions (even if they are not their own) as a means of encouraging the development of important general reasoning patterns utilized in the testing of causal hypotheses.
Flavor and the Formation of Category-Specific Processing in Olfaction

The perception of flavor occurs when objects, such as food and drink, are placed in the mouth. Although the sensation that ensues depends upon inputs from multiple sensory modalities, due to a combination of oral referral and common sensory qualities (e.g., odors and tastes can both be sweet), it is experienced as a unitary flavor perception. In this paper, it is proposed that neural processing within the somatomotor mouth area of the Rolandic operculum mediates oral referral and causes the neural binding of multimodal inputs to create a flavor percept. It is further proposed that unimodal taste and unimodal smell neurons alter the selectivity of bimodal taste/smell cells only if the binding mechanism in the somatomotor mouth area is active. The encoded flavor object is thus represented by a bounded pattern of response that includes the sculpted bimodal cells as well as the unimodal responses distributed across the insula, operculum, anterior cingulate cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. Once an odor is encoded in this way, the odor acquires the ability to reactivate this encoded percept, whether experienced orthonasally or retronasally. Finally, it is proposed that one manifestation of this process is the existence of category-specific processing in olfaction.
A 440pJ/bit 1Mb/s 2.4GHz multi-channel FBAR-based TX and an integrated pulse-shaping PA

A 2.4GHz TX in 65nm CMOS defines three channels using three high-Q FBARs and supports OOK, BPSK and MSK. The oscillators have −132dBc/Hz phase noise at 1MHz offset, and are multiplexed to an efficient resonant buffer. Optimized for low output power ≈−10dBm, a fully-integrated PA implements 7.5dB dynamic output power range using a dynamic impedance transformation network, and is used for amplitude pulse-shaping. Peak PA efficiency is 44.4% and peak TX efficiency is 33%. The entire TX consumes 440pJ/bit at 1Mb/s.
Making Sense of Crime and the Life Course

This article reflects on the progress of research on developmental and life-course criminology, comments on the status of some unresolved issues, and offers recommendations for the future. The first sections relate these articles and the current status of the field to two themes from the criminal careers debate of the 1980s and 1990s: generalization versus disaggregation as approaches to advancing science and continuous versus categorical conceptions of variation in criminal careers. The article also discusses the use of the growth curve models that are so prominent in developmental and life-span research, emphasizing the aspects of change that they do and do not capture, pointing out implications of that limitation for the need for expanding theories andmodels of change, and explaining the simple steps needed to enhance growth curve models to accomplish that purpose.
The constrained Lyapunov problem and its application to robust output feedback stabilization

Given a dynamical system whose description includes time-varying uncertain parameters, it is often desirable to design an output feedback controller leading to asymptotic stability of a given equilibrium point. When designing such a controller, one may consider static (i.e., memoryless) or dynamic compensation. In this paper, we show that solvability of various output feedback design problems is implied by existence of a solution to a certain constrained Lyapunov problem (CLP). The CLP can be stated in purely algebraic terms. Once the CLP is described, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for its solution to exist. Subsequently, we consider application of the CLP to a number of robust stabilization problems involving static output feedback and observer-based feedback.
Standing before the portals: non‐profit Websites in an age of commercial gatekeepers

Explores what the domination of commercial interests online means for the visibility of non‐profit content on the Web. Makes specific recommendations to site owners on ways of achieving greater popularity. Concludes with an old phrase by online media experts – If content is king, then distribution is King Kong!
Effect of a School-Based Intervention on Parents' Nutrition and Exercise Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors.

BackgroundParents exert a significant effect on children's eating behaviors and physical activity levels, so it is imperative to find successful obesity prevention programs that target whole families in underserved communities.PurposeTo investigate the effects of a Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP) on parents in the program over a 2-year period.MethodsParents of kindergarteners (n = 277) in 7 schools participating in a CSHP that served an underserved, predominantly minority community were surveyed at 3 time points regarding their nutrition and physical activity knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KABs). Results after years 1 and 2 were compared with pre-intervention results using t tests. Effects of socioeconomic variables were investigated using multivariate linear regression.ResultsReported unhealthy behaviors were lower at the end of both year 1 (P = .03) and year 2 (P = .04). Numerous factors were associated with changes in KABs in the parents, including parental gender.DiscussionA CSHP may ha...
The Power to Hurt: Costly Conflict with Completely Informed States

According to common explanations of war, since war is costly and risky, rational states have incentives to strike a bargain and avoid conflict. War is then the result of private information about capabilities or resolve and incentives to misrepresent this information, or inability to make credible commitments (Fearon 1995). This article presents another rationalist explanation, which does not depend on either of these mechanisms. By modeling warfare as a costly bargaining process, the paper demonstrates that inefficient fighting can occur in equilibrium under very general assumptions favoring peace. Specifically, it is assumed that peace can be supported in equilibrium, and that fighting brings no benefits to either state, only costs. Despite the fact that there exist many agreements that Pareto-dominate the final settlement, states are unable to agree to them and fighting can occur in equilibrium. The equilibrium is driven by the ability of states to impose costs on their opponent, and bear costs. The power to hurt the opponent establishes a range of acceptable settlements, and the existence of such a range makes inefficient equilibria possible. The article suggests that (1) states may fight if they believe that seeking peace means accepting an unpalatable settlement; and (2) a diminished ability to hurt the enemy is a major reason for war termination. Historical examples are provided to illustrate these results.
Fabrication and Characterization of Chromium Oxide Nanoparticles/Thin Films

Abstract : Well-dispersed nanoscale textured chromium oxide particles/thin films can be fabricated under certain conditions by laser-induced solution deposition (LISD) from organic solutions and by using selective organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD). The fabricated nanoparticles/thin films are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), EDX, X-ray diffraction, and magnetic measurements. We have successfully demonstrated that the LISD and OMCVD are unique techniques for fabricating uniformly-distributed thin films but anisotropic chromium oxide particles, which can be used in electro-magnetic devices. The magnetization measurements show that both types of chromium oxides are presented and that the Curie temperature T(sub c) and the saturation magnetization field may be adjustable by controlling the stoichiometry.
Long Term Effect of Decitabine (DAC) Dose Delay (DD) and Dose Reduction (DR) on Survival and Progression of Patients (pts) with Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

S374 403 Long Term Effect of Decitabine (DAC) Dose Delay (DD) and Dose Reduction (DR) on Survival and Progression of Patients (pts) with Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) Hady Ghanem, A. Megan Cornelison, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Hagop Kantarjian, Farhad Ravandi, Tapan Kadia, Jorge Cortes, Susan O'Brien, Gautam Borthakur, Elias Jabbour Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
Discriminating Coercive from Sadomasochistic Sexuality

Sadomasochistic (SM) sexual interest is reported by a wide range of individuals. Within the sex offender literature, the presence of SM interest is often viewed as a herald of criminal sexual behavior; however, research indicates that SM interests are not predictive of coercive sexual behavior. In the current study, we measured a range of sexual fantasies and behaviors, and then applied cluster analyses to determine (1) if individuals endorsed elevated SM interests also endorsed coercive fantasies and, (2) to explore cluster membership correlates using measures of sensation seeking, externalizing and antisocial behaviors, attitudes toward rape, and empathic capacity. A total of 550 participants were recruited through a variety of on-line discussion areas. A four cluster solution best fit the data with distinct clusters observed for those endorsing SM behaviors and those reporting coercive sexual behavior. Additional analyses revealed greater endorsement of victim blaming attitudes and lower empathic concern among members of the coercive sexual behavior cluster. Elevated sensation seeking and externalizing behaviors were reported by members of clusters marked by SM and coercive sexual behavior. Results provide further support for the differentiation between SM and coercive sexual behaviors as representative of individuals with divergent attitudes, traits, and behaviors.
Therapeutics to block autoantibody initiation and propagation in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis

Most current therapies for the autoimmune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as many of the drugs in the therapeutic pipeline, reduce the autoimmune inflammatory process but lead to a general immunosuppression. The goal of the next generation of therapies should be to reduce autoimmunity while at the same time better maintain immunocompetence. We propose three approaches for accomplishing this goal: (i) modulate antigen presentation to the adaptive immune system, (ii) alter B cell selection in the germinal center, and (iii) use decoy antigens to prevent the formation of proinflammatory immune complexes. These approaches are based on recent advances in the field: We now appreciate the role of dendritic cell function in autoimmune disease and the importance of citrullinated proteins as neoantigens in RA. There is also new recognition that most pathogenic autoantibodies are produced by B cells that have matured within the germinal center and that immune complexes in both diseases contain ligands for Toll-like receptors. We propose that treatments that target these newly revealed aspects of RA and SLE will decrease systemic inflammation with less immunocompromise.
Shaping spontaneous emission from a single quantum dot into a narrow beam pattern

We experimentally observe directional spontaneous emission with angular half-width of ∼10 degrees from a single CdSe/ZnS quantum dot positioned in a slit nanoaperture surrounded by periodic corrugations.
Light and peptidergic eclosion hormone neurons stimulate a rapid eclosion response that masks circadian emergence in Drosophila.

SUMMARY Light signals can entrain circadian clocks, but they can also mask aspects of the circadian output. We have analyzed the masking effects of a lights-on (LOn) signal on Drosophila eclosion. The LOn response results in 12–21% of the flies that emerge on a given day eclosing within 10 min of the LOn signal. Flies that lack the neuropeptide eclosion hormone (EH), or in which its release is inhibited by the tetanus toxin light chain, lack the response. Optic photoreceptors in both the ocelli and the compound eyes appear to be required for the response. The LOn signal has two effects: (1) it drastically reduces the interval between EH release and eclosion, presumably by suppressing a transient descending inhibition that immediately follows EH release, and (2) it stimulates premature EH release. The LOn signal does not influence the latency of wing spreading, an EH-regulated post-ecdysis behavior.
Why Teach Applied Sociology? Four Reasons to Consider:

Why teach applied sociology? This paper attempts to answer this question by focusing on a variety of advantages and benefits that an applied approach provides to those who teach in traditional clas...
Geographic variations in access and utilization of cancer screening services: examining disparities among American Indian and Alaska Native Elders.

Despite recommendations for cancer screening for breast and colorectal cancer among the Medicare population, preventive screenings rates are often lower among vulnerable populations such as the small but rapidly growing older American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) population. This study seeks to identify potential disparities in the availability of screening services, distance to care, and the utilization of cancer screening services for Medicare beneficiaries residing in areas with a higher concentration of AIAN populations. Using the county (n =3,225) as the level of analysis, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of RTI International’s Spatial Impact Factor Data (2012) to determine the level of disparities for AIAN individuals. The outcomes of interest include: the presence of health care facilities in the county, the average distance in miles to the closest provider of mammography and colonoscopy (analyzed separately) and utilization of screening services (percent of adults aged 65 and older screened by county). Counties with higher concentrations of AIAN individuals had greater disparities in access and utilization of cancer screening services. Even after adjusting for income, education, state of residence, population 65 and older and rurality, areas with higher levels of AIAN individuals were more likely to see disparities with regard to health care services related to mammograms (p ≤ .05; longer distance, lower screening) and colonoscopies (p ≤ .05; longer distance, lower screening). These findings provide evidence of a gap in service availability, utilization and access facing areas with higher levels of AIAN individuals throughout the US. Without adequate resources in place, these areas will continue to have less access to services and poorer health which will be accelerated as the population of older adults grows.
Automated global-to-local programming in 1-D spatial multi-agent systems

A spatial computer is a distributed multi-agent system that is embedded in a geometric space. A key challenge is engineering local agent interaction rules that enable spatial computers to robustly achieve global computational tasks. This paper develops a principled approach to global-to-local programming, for pattern formation problems in a one-dimensional multi-agent model. We present theoretical analysis that addresses the existence, construction, and resource tradeoffs of robust local rule solutions to global patterns, and which together form a "global-to-local compiler".
Analysis of the HD-GYP Domain Cyclic Dimeric GMP Phosphodiesterase Reveals a Role in Motility and the Enzootic Life Cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi

HD-GYP domain cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) phosphodiesterases are implicated in motility and virulence in bacteria. Borrelia burgdorferi possesses a single set of c-di-GMP-metabolizing enzymes, including a putative HD-GYP domain protein, BB0374. Recently, we characterized the EAL domain phosphodiesterase PdeA. A mutation in pdeA resulted in cells that were defective in motility and virulence. Here we demonstrate that BB0374/PdeB specifically hydrolyzed c-di-GMP with a Km of 2.9 nM, confirming that it is a functional phosphodiesterase. Furthermore, by measuring phosphodiesterase enzyme activity in extracts from cells containing the pdeA pdeB double mutant, we demonstrate that no additional phosphodiesterases are present in B. burgdorferi. pdeB single mutant cells exhibit significantly increased flexing, indicating a role for c-di-GMP in motility. Constructing and analyzing a pilZ pdeB double mutant suggests that PilZ likely interacts with chemotaxis signaling. While virulence in needle-inoculated C3H/HeN mice did not appear to be altered significantly in pdeB mutant cells, these cells exhibited a reduced ability to survive in Ixodes scapularis ticks. Consequently, those ticks were unable to transmit the infection to naive mice. All of these phenotypes were restored when the mutant was complemented. Identification of this role of pdeB increases our understanding of the c-di-GMP signaling network in motility regulation and the life cycle of B. burgdorferi.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immune globulin and palivizumab for prevention of RSV infection

The efficacy, safety, administration, and advantages and disadvantages of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immune globulin and palivizumab for preventing RSV infection are discussed. Prevention of RSV infection has attracted considerable attention because of its dinical and economic impact. Studies have shown respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin intravenous (RSV-IGIV) and palivizumab to be effective in decreasing the number of hospitalizations and hospital days attributable to RSV. The number of intensive-care-unit admissions and the severity of RSV infection in high-risk children decreased with the use of these agents. Both agents have been well tolerated, with few adverse effects; however, their high cost necessitates strict guidelines on use. The patient populations at greatest risk are those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, those with congenital heart disease, those with a history of apnea or respiratory arrest, immunocompromised patients, those with pulmonary consolidation on chest radiography, and those born prematurely. American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines do not preferentially recommend use of either agent; each has advantages and disadvantages. Prophylactic therapy with RSV-IGIV or palivizumab may reduce the likelihood of RSV infection in high-risk patients.
Direct writing of polymer thick film resistors using a novel laser transfer technique

Polymer thick film (PTF) resistors were fabricated using a new laser-based transfer technique called matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation direct write (MAPLE-DW). MAPLE-DW is a versatile direct writing technique capable of writing a wide variety of materials on virtually any substrate in air and at room temperature. Epoxy-based PTF resistors spanning four decades of sheet resistances (10 Ω/sq. to 100 kΩ/sq.) were deposited on alumina substrates under ambient conditions. Electrical characteristics of these MAPLE-DW deposited resistors were studied at a wide frequency range (1 MHz to 1.8 GHz), and the results were explained through an equivalent circuit model and impedance spectroscopy. Temperature coefficient of resistance measurements for the PTF resistors were performed between 25 and 125 °C. The results based on the percolation theory were used to explain the temperature dependence of the resistance behavior of the PTF resistors.
Abnormal crowd behavior detection using social force model

In this paper we introduce a novel method to detect and localize abnormal behaviors in crowd videos using Social Force model. For this purpose, a grid of particles is placed over the image and it is advected with the space-time average of optical flow. By treating the moving particles as individuals, their interaction forces are estimated using social force model. The interaction force is then mapped into the image plane to obtain Force Flow for every pixel in every frame. Randomly selected spatio-temporal volumes of Force Flow are used to model the normal behavior of the crowd. We classify frames as normal and abnormal by using a bag of words approach. The regions of anomalies in the abnormal frames are localized using interaction forces. The experiments are conducted on a publicly available dataset from University of Minnesota for escape panic scenarios and a challenging dataset of crowd videos taken from the web. The experiments show that the proposed method captures the dynamics of the crowd behavior successfully. In addition, we have shown that the social force approach outperforms similar approaches based on pure optical flow.
Estimating influence of stocking regimes on livestock grazing distributions

Livestock often concentrate grazing in particular regions of landscapes while partly or wholly avoiding other regions. Dispersing livestock from the heavily grazed regions is a central challenge in grazing land management. Position data gathered from GPS-collared livestock hold potential for increasing knowledge of factors driving livestock aggregation patterns, but advances in gathering the data have outpaced advancements in analyzing and learning from it. We fit a hierarchical seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model to explore how season of stocking and the location where cattle entered a pasture influenced grazing distributions. Stocking alternated between summer on one side of the pasture one year and fall on another side of the pasture the next year for 18 years. Waypoints were recorded on cattle for 50 d each year. We focused our analysis on the pasture's 10 most heavily grazed 4-ha units, because these units were the most prone to negative grazing impacts. Though grazing of the study units was always disproportionately heavy, it was much heavier with the summer than fall stocking regime: Bayesian confidence intervals indicate summer grazing of study units was approximately double the average fall grazing value. This is our core result, and it illustrates the strong effect stocking season or date or both can have on grazing distributions. We fit three additional models to explore the relative importance of stocking season versus location. According to this analysis, stocking season played a role, but stocking location was the main driver. Ostensibly minor factors (e.g. stocking location) can greatly influence livestock distributions.
An Integrated Framework for Innovation Management in Cyber Security and Privacy

This paper is concerned with increasing the impact of publicly funded research and development (R&D) in cyber security and privacy. In the context of a high level of threat, there is a pressing need for firms and institutions to implement innovative and robust cyber security and privacy technologies. This particular challenge requires a systematic coordinated approach across both the public and private sectors. The innovation ecosystem involves complex interactions between key actors such as policy makers, incumbent service providers, and new innovators, each with their own view of how to increase the impact of R&D in cyber security and privacy. Drawing on R&D literature and roadmapping theory, this paper presents a framework and research tool for establishing an integrated view of innovation management in cyber security and privacy.
Participants and Study Decliners’ Perspectives About the Risks of Participating in a Clinical Trial of Whole Genome Sequencing:

An increasing number of individuals are being recruited to whole genome sequencing (WGS) research. When asked hypothetically, the majority of the public express willingness to participate in this t...
Solvent Selective Hydrogen–Deuterium Exchange on Saturated Polyolefins

A heterogeneous Pt–Re/SiO2 catalyst was used to perform H–D exchange reactions on the linear saturated polyolefins poly(ethylene), poly(ethylene-alt-propylene), and isotactic poly(propylene) in the saturated hydrocarbon solvents decalin, decane, heptane, and isooctane. Exchange reactions using deuterium gas were selective toward the polymer in the case of linear and branched alkane solvents for poly(ethylene) and poly(ethylene-alt-propylene), whereas reactions conducted in decalin result in virtually no isotope exchange with the polymer. Essentially, no exchange occurred with poly(propylene) in either linear (decane) or branched (isooctane) solvents. In all cases, polymer backbone bonds were unperturbed, preserving the molecular weight distribution. These results suggest that competitive adsorption between the polymer and solvent plays a significant role in heterogeneous catalysis of polymers. Furthermore, this strategy provides a simple and efficient method for postsynthesis labeling selected polyolefins...
Assessment of Genetic Information in Morphometric Traits: Geographic Patterns and Evolutionary Interpretation

Comparative studies often indicate a lack of concordant geographic patterns for morpho­ metric and genic traits. Herein, it is shown that the genetic variance of morphometric traits can be partitioned into within- and among-group components as is traditionally done with genic data. Employing these methods demonstrates that there is considerable congruence for estimates of differentiation from genic and morphometric data for populations of the Texas mouse, Peromyscus attwateri. Within-group genetic variances of morphometric traits, relative to that of genic traits, also can be estimated. From these estimates, a pseudo­ heritability can be obtained. Pseudo-heritabilities generally are low, indicating that evolu­ tionary forces have removed much of the genetic variation within groups, or that environ­ mental variation is considerable for morphometric traits. The combined use of genic and morphometric traits offer greater insight into past evolution that has lead to geographic patterns.
"A long time ago, in a context far, far away": retrospective time estimates and internal context change.

This investigation aimed to establish retrospective time judgments as markers of internal context change across 2 memory paradigms, the effects of which have been attributed to internal context change by some researchers. Experiment 1 involved the list-method directed forgetting paradigm and established that the forget group significantly overestimated the duration of the experiment compared with the remember group. Experiment 2 involved the list-before-last paradigm, whereby participants studied 3 lists, and in between encoding of List 2 and List 3, some participants retrieved List 1, whereas the control participants restudied List 1. The results showed that the retrieval group significantly overestimated the duration of the experiment compared with the restudy group. Overall, these results support the context-change interpretation of these paradigms, and they also support the contextual-change hypothesis of retrospective timing (Block & Reed, 1978). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Abstract 4764: The Bromodomain inhibitors regulate long noncoding RNAs controlling glioblastoma progression

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins have emerged as promising therapeutic targets in glioblastoma and many other cancers. Small molecule mimics of acetylated histones inhibit BET protein function and reduce expression of several oncogenes required for glioblastoma (GBM) progression. However, the mechanism through which BET protein inhibition reduces GBM growth is not completely understood. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important epigenetic regulators with critical roles in cancer initiation and malignant progression but mechanistic insight into their expression and regulation by bromodomain inhibitors remains elusive. In this study we utilized single molecule sequencing (SMS) to comprehensively profile lncRNAs differentially expressed in GBM and we identified a subset of GBM-specific lncRNAs whose expression is regulated by BET proteins. Treatment of GBM cells with the BET protein inhibitor I-BET151 reduced levels of the tumor-promoting lncRNA HOTAIR and restored the expression of several other GBM-down-regulated lncRNAs. Conversely, overexpression of HOTAIR in conjunction with I-BET treatment rescues the antiproliferative activity of I-BET151. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated binding of Brd4 to the HOTAIR promoter suggesting that BET proteins can directly regulate lncRNA expression. Our data unravel a previously unappreciated mechanism through which BET proteins control tumor growth of glioblastoma cells and suggest that lncRNA networks may, in part, mediate the anti-proliferative effects of many epigenetic inhibitors currently in clinical trials for cancer and other diseases. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Chiara Pastori, Philip Kapranov, Clara Penas, Georges St.Laurent,Nagi Ayad, Claes Wahlestedt. The Bromodomain inhibitors regulate long noncoding RNAs controlling glioblastoma progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4764. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4764
Trafficking of surfactant protein A in fetal rabbit lung in organ culture

Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a major protein component of pulmonary surfactant, is a developmentally and hormonally regulated sialoglycoprotein expressed in type II pneumonocytes. Surfactant proteins and glycerophospholipids are transported to multilamellar structures termed lamellar bodies, which serve to store surfactant lipoprotein until secretion by exocytosis into the alveolar lumen. The cellular mechanism(s) for targeting of SP-A and other surfactant components to lamellar bodies is unknown. In the present study, we have investigated the transport of SP-A to lamellar bodies in fetal rabbit lung tissue in organ culture using pulse-chase analysis of [35S]-methionine-labeled SP-A protein. SP-A accumulated in lamellar bodies within 1-3 h of synthesis; lamellar body SP-A was found to be endoglycosidase H resistant and represented 30-40% of the radiolabeled SP-A recovered from the tissue for periods of up to 12 h postlabeling. Based on our estimates of lamellar body recovery from tissue homogenates, lamellar body-associated SP-A may account for 60-80% of the SP-A present in the fetal lung explants. Treatment of fetal rabbit lung explants with inhibitors of oligosaccharide addition (tunicamycin) and processing (castanospermine), which act within the endoplasmic reticulum, significantly reduced the rate of transport of newly synthesized SP-A to lamellar bodies. An inhibitor of oligosaccharide processing that acts on a processing step that takes place within the Golgi apparatus (swainsonine) reduced the rate of transport of radiolabeled SP-A to lamellar bodies by approximately 50%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Z-cad dual fluorescent sensor detects dynamic changes between the epithelial and mesenchymal cellular states

The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated in metastasis and therapy resistance of carcinomas and can endow cancer cells with cancer stem cell (CSC) properties. The ability to detect cancer cells that are undergoing or have completed EMT has typically relied on the expression of cell surface antigens that correlate with an EMT/CSC phenotype. Alternatively these cells may be permanently marked through Cre-mediated recombination or through immunostaining of fixed cells. The EMT process is dynamic, and these existing methods cannot reveal such changes within live cells. The development of fluorescent sensors that mirror the dynamic EMT state by following the expression of bona fide EMT regulators in live cells would provide a valuable new tool for characterizing EMT. In addition, these sensors will allow direct observation of cellular plasticity with respect to the epithelial/mesenchymal state to enable more effective studies of EMT in cancer and development. We generated a lentiviral-based, dual fluorescent reporter system, designated as the Z-cad dual sensor, comprising destabilized green fluorescent protein containing the ZEB1 3′ UTR and red fluorescent protein driven by the E-cadherin (CDH1) promoter. Using this sensor, we robustly detected EMT and mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) in breast cancer cells by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Importantly, we observed dynamic changes in cellular populations undergoing MET. Additionally, we used the Z-cad sensor to identify and isolate minor subpopulations of cells displaying mesenchymal properties within a population comprising predominately epithelial-like cells. The Z-cad dual sensor identified cells with CSC-like properties more effectively than either the ZEB1 3′ UTR or E-cadherin sensor alone. The Z-cad dual sensor effectively reports the activities of two factors critical in determining the epithelial/mesenchymal state of carcinoma cells. The ability of this stably integrating dual sensor system to detect dynamic fluctuations between these two states through live cell imaging offers a significant improvement over existing methods and helps facilitate the study of EMT/MET plasticity in response to different stimuli and in cancer pathogenesis. Finally, the versatile Z-cad sensor can be adapted to a variety of in vitro or in vivo systems to elucidate whether EMT/MET contributes to normal and disease phenotypes.
Are testosterone levels and depression risk linked based on partnering and parenting? Evidence from a large population-representative study of U.S. men and women.

Partnered adults tend to have lower risks of depression than do single individuals, while parents are more commonly depressed than non-parents. Low testosterone men, and possibly women, are also at greater risk of depression. A large body of research has shown that partnered parents have lower testosterone than single non-parents in some cultural settings, including the U.S. Here, we drew on a large (n = 2438), U.S.-population representative cohort of reproductive aged adults (age: 38.1 years ± 11.1 SD) to test hypotheses regarding the intersections between partnering and parenting, testosterone, socio-demographic characteristics, and depression outcomes. Men and women's depression prevalence did not vary based on testosterone. Partnered fathers had lower testosterone than single (never married, divorced) non-fathers, but were less commonly depressed than those single non-fathers. Partnered mothers had reduced testosterone compared to never married and partnered non-mothers. Never married mothers had higher depression prevalence and elevated depressive symptomology compared to partnered mothers; these differences were largely accounted for by key health-related covariates (e.g. cigarette smoking, BMI). We found significant three-way-interactions between socioeconomic status (SES), testosterone, and parenting for adults' depression risks. High testosterone, high SES fathers had the lowest prevalence of mild depression, whereas low testosterone, low SES non-fathers had the highest. Compared to other mothers, low SES, low testosterone mothers had elevated prevalence of mild depression. Overall, low SES, high testosterone non-mothers had substantially elevated depression risks compared to other women. We suggest that psychobiological profiles (e.g. a male with low testosterone) can emerge through variable psychosomatic and psychosocial pathways and the net effect of those profiles for depression are influenced by the social (e.g. partnering and parenting status; socioeconomic gradients), cultural (e.g. gender and family life domains), and ecological (e.g. the lived environment, particularly related to low SES and poverty) contexts in which individuals find themselves.
Impact of Race/Ethnicity on Pain Management Outcomes in a Community-Based Teaching Hospital Following Inpatient Palliative Care Consultation.

OBJECTIVE To examine race/ethnicity differences in pain management outcomes following inpatient palliative care consultation. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study based on data from a community-based teaching hospital in Fresno, CA, USA, from April 2014 to July 2015. One hundred sixty-one patients with life-limiting diagnoses and palliative care pain-related consultations were included. The patients were categorized into four racial groups: Caucasians, African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians/Others. Demographics and baseline pain scores using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were obtained. The outcome measures included the length of stay, time to consult, and pain scores at admission, 24 hours before the consultation, 24-48 hours after consultation, and at discharge. RESULTS The initial median pain scores were not significantly different between the groups, however, the Asians had slightly higher pain scores compared to the other groups. African-Americans, Caucasians, and Hispanics had significant differences in pain outcomes after consultation compared to 24 hours prior to consultation (p = 0.01, p < 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). Caucasians and Hispanics had significant differences in pain outcomes after palliative consultation compared to initial admission assessment (p < 0.01). The differences between discharge and admission pain scores were significant only for Asians, Caucasians, and Hispanics (p = 0.04, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, respectively) but not African-Americans. There were no significant pain score differences across the racial groups following consultations. CONCLUSION There were no significant differences in pain reduction amongst the racial groups, suggesting that pain can adequately be managed in individual racial groups after inpatient palliative care consultations.
Focal therapy for prostate cancer: Attitude and practice patterns.

e541Background: Focal therapy (FT) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) has been shown to have encouraging short term oncological outcomes, excellent preservation of functional outcomes and is increasing in popularity in Urologic community. We aim to evaluate the preferences and practice trends among urologists regarding this upcoming treatment strategy. Methods: An anonymous online questionnaire was designed to collect information on urologists’ views and use of focal therapy. The survey was sent to members of the Endourological Society (ES) and American Urological Association (AUA). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to determine predictors for utilization of FT for localized prostate cancer. Results: A total of 383 responses were received [AUA: 342, ES: 41]. Mean age of respondents was 43(±11.2) years. Although about half of the respondents (51.4%) believed FT to be moderate to extremely beneficial in the treatment of PCa, only 23% (89) of the respondents currently utilize FT in their pr...
Mastery Learning of Second Language through Asynchronous Modeling of Native Speakers in a Collaborative Mobile Game

Acquiring Chinese tones is often considered as the most difficult task in learning Chinese as a Second Language (CSL). Recently, ToneWars, a collaborative mobile learning game, demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of connecting CSL learners with native speakers for tone learning. However, the synchronous gameplay nature in ToneWars can be hard to scale due to the time constraint and limited availability of native speakers. We present principled research to make ToneWars scalable and sustainable. First, we address the scalability issue via asynchronous modeling of native speakers. Second, we quantify whether a CSL learner achieves native level mastery for a specific phrase, and explore the use of fine-grained feedback on language mastery as a sustainable motivator for language learning. The insights in this research are generalizable to designing second language learning technologies beyond Chinese. In a longitudinal study with 18 CSL learners, we found that asynchronous gameplay significantly improved learning with an average gain of 29.7 tones and 16.4 syllables, and helped participants achieve native level mastery on 58.2 out of 69 phrases.
‘I'm not envious, I'm just jealous!’: On the Difference Between Envy and Jealousy

I argue for the view that envy and jealousy are distinct emotions, and the crucial difference between them is that envy involves a perception of lack while jealousy involves a perception of loss. I start by noting the common practice of using ‘envy’ and ‘jealousy’ almost interchangeably, and I contrast it with the empirical evidence that shows that envy and jealousy are distinct, albeit similar and often co-occurring, emotions. I then argue in favor of a specific way of understanding their distinction: the view that envy is a response to a perceived lack of a valuable object, while jealousy is a response to a perceived loss of a valuable object. I compare such a view with the most compelling alternative theories and show that it accounts better for paradigmatic cases. I conclude by showing how the lack versus loss model can handle complications: ambiguous cases, that is, when it is epistemically unclear whether one experiences lack or loss; hybrid cases, that is, when one seems to experience both lack and loss; and borderline cases, that is, when it is metaphysically unclear whether one experiences lack or loss.
The role of political economy in framing and producing transformative adaptation

We show how transformative adaptation research can reproduce existing political-economic structures and processes. We review research on transformative adaptation to illustrate the need for a systematic understanding of the role of political-economic structures and processes in transformative adaptation. We argue that it is necessary for two reasons. First, we must be cognizant of the relationship between economic hegemony and efforts to understand and initiate transformative adaptation. We show that transformative adaptation should consider this economic backdrop because it may undermine the normative goals of transformation. Second, transformative adaptation should be conceptualized as a challenge to specific social structures and processes that support economic hegemony. If the goal of this research is to allow groups to adapt and overcome systematic inequity and marginalization, we must incorporate human agency in transformative adaptation to allow people to determine their own transformations.
Ex vivo validation of a stoichiometric dual energy CT proton stopping power ratio calibration.

A major source of uncertainty in proton therapy is the conversion of Hounsfield unit (HU) to proton stopping power ratio relative to water (SPR). In this study, we measured and quantified the accuracy of a stoichiometric dual energy CT (DECT) SPR calibration. We applied a stoichiometric DECT calibration method to derive the SPR using CT images acquired sequentially at and . The dual energy index was derived based on the HUs of the paired spectral images and used to calculate the effective atomic number (Z eff), relative electron density (), and SPRs of phantom and biological materials. Two methods were used to verify the derived SPRs. The first method measured the sample's water equivalent thicknesses to deduce the SPRs using a multi-layer ion chamber (MLIC) device. The second method utilized Gafchromic EBT3 film to directly compare relative ranges between sample and water after proton pencil beam irradiation. Ex vivo validation was performed using five different types of frozen animal tissues with the MLIC and three types of fresh animal tissues using film. In addition, the residual ranges recorded on the film were used to compare with those from the treatment planning system using both DECT and SECT derived SPRs. Bland–Altman analysis indicates that the differences between DECT and SPR measurement of tissue surrogates, frozen and fresh animal tissues has a mean of 0.07% and standard deviation of 0.58% compared to 0.55% and 1.94% respectively for single energy CT (SECT) and SPR measurement. Our ex vivo study indicates that the stoichiometric DECT SPR calibration method has the potential to be more accurate than SECT calibration under ideal conditions although beam hardening effects and other image artifacts may increase this uncertainty.
E. coli preprotein translocase: A 6 stroke engine with 2 fuels and 2 piston rods

The elucidation of the pathway for preprotein transit across the plasma membrane of E. coli is a fine example of the synergy between genetic, biochemical, and physiological approaches to study a common problem. Early physiological studies of secretion by Ito and by Randall established important boundary parameters; secretion requires metabolic energy and is not coupled to ongoing polypeptide chain growth. Genetic efforts in the labs of Beckwith and Silhavy were focused on obtaining prl supressor mutants with enhanced capacities to export proteins with mutant leader sequences and sec mutants which were temperature sensitive in the export process itself. In our lab, the biochemical studies of this era focused on the sec-independent Ml3 procoat protein and on the isolation of leader peptidase.
Use of halothane and isoflurane in the horse.

This article presents the advantages and limitations of both halothane and isoflurane as inhalation agents for equine anesthesia. A review of research and clinical studies that elucidate the major characteristics of halothane and isoflurane in the horse is provided. Effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and visceral organs will be covered. Guidelines for the clinical delivery of these two inhalation anesthetics are also presented.
CATECHOLAMINE RECEPTOR BINDING IN BRAIN

ABSTRACT Catecholamine receptors in the brain can be labeled by various 3 H-agonists and 3 H-antagonists including the natural 3 H-catecholamines, 3 H-epinephrine, 3 H-norepinephrine and 3 H-dopamine. Binding studies have differentiated distinct populations of dopamine, α-noradrenergic and β-noradrenergic receptors. Guanyl nucleotide regulation of catecholamine receptor binding may provide a link between recognition sites and second messengers. Guanyl nucleotides interact with divalent cations in receptor regulation.
Cetuximab for treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma in solid organ transplant recipients

Survival of solid organ transplant patients has been prolonged, leading to increased incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma is an increasing problem in these patients. This paper reviews the evidence available for the treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma with the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, cetuximab.
Comparison of Euler Estimate using Extended Kalman Filter, Madgwick and Mahony on Quadcopter Flight Data

A magnetic and inertial measurement unit (MIMU) provides raw, real-time acceleration, angular velocity, and a measure of earth's magnetic field. By itself, this data is subject to significant noise, bias, and drift (without constant re-calibration). A data fusion algorithm can be applied to significantly reduce these errors. In the past, many approaches have been adopted for filtering gyroscope data with inertial measurements, and the most commonly used techniques are Extended Kalman filtering and complementary filters. Thus, this paper compares three methods: two complementary filters known as Madgwick and Mahony, and the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Simulation experiments are conducted using quadcopter data and results show that Mahony provides better orientation estimation than both Madgwick and EKF when using optimum parameters.