cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid QM/MM study of propene insertion into the RhH bond of HRh(PPh3)2(CO)(η2-CH2CHCH3): the role of the olefin adduct in determining product selectivity

Abstract A hybrid QM/MM computational investigation of propene insertion into the RhH bond of HRh(PPh 3 ) 2 (CO)(η 2 -CH 2 CHCH 3 ) was performed to address the issue of kinetic (transition state) versus thermodynamic (ground state) determination of regioselectivity in hydroformylation catalysis. Two propene adduct isomers; one having an equatorial–axial arrangement of the two PPh 3 co-ligands (ea- 3 ) and the other having a bis-equatorial arrangement (ee- 1 ), were predicted to be the most stable. The adduct ea- 3 was predicted to be more stable than ee- 1 , by 1.0 kcal mol −1 , and based on the computed Boltzmann populations ea- 3 is expected to be present in roughly a three-fold excess over ee- 1 . Based on the computed energy barriers leading to the corresponding linear and branched Rh–propyl products, ea- 3 generates the linear insertion product almost exclusively, while ee- 1 produces primarily the branched product. The 1.6 kcal mol −1 difference in their respective activation energies translates into a fifteen-fold greater reactivity for ee- 1 than ea- 3 . Hence, two separate reaction channels exist, one leading to the branched insertion product which is derived from the more active, minor propene adduct (ee- 1 ), and one leading to the linear insertion product which originates from the less active, major propene adduct (ea- 3 ). Thus the regioselectivity in hydroformylation catalysis may be rationalized in terms of ground state discrimination between the two most stable isomers of the propene adducts.
Floral and faunal differences between fragmented and unfragmented bahamian tidal creeks

We characterized biota in two unfragmented and two fragmented mangrove-lined tidal creeks on Andros Island, Bahamas, in May 2003, to examine particular effects of tidal creek fragmentation by road blockage. Total number of plant and fish species was significantly different between fragmented and unfragmented creeks, and species composition was significantly different both between unfragmented and fragmented creeks, and between downstream and upstream areas within fragmented creeks. More reef-associated, economically important and ecologically critical plant, macroinvertebrate, and fish species were observed in unfragmented tidal creeks, while fragmented creeks contained: 1) plant species typical of higher elevation estuarine habitat, 2) terrestrial and aquatic macroinvertebrate species typical of upland habitats, 3) macroinvertebrate species adapted to low flow, and 4) temperature- and salinetolerant macroinvertebrate and fish species. Furthermore, fragmented tidal creeks had different size distributions of common organisms, e.g., smaller sizes of two economically important fish species (Lutjanidae). This study suggests that fragmentation of tidal creeks and the subsequent loss of hydrologic connectivity influences the diversity and composition of aquatic flora and fauna, and may considerably inhibit nursery function and other ecosystem services provided by these coastal systems. These data also provide a baseline with which community- and ecosystem-level responses to restoration of hydrologic connectivity in fragmented tidal creeks will be assessed.
Multiple modes of care: internet and migrant caregiver networks in Israel

In this article, I explore how migrant caregivers in Israel/Palestine use internet communication technology (ICT) to contest and navigate the gendered and racialized naturalization of their work and social and legal discrimination. I argue that, within the asymmetrical migrant caregiver/citizen–employer relationship, caregivers use ICT as a coping mechanism, for self-expression, to fortify relationships of support with family and friends and to strengthen networks of community solidarity and activism. I conclude by suggesting how each of these strategies and daily modes of contestation can be seen as a ‘diagnostic of power’ that reveals the multiple forms that structural violence against migrants can take.
Endoscopic Treatment for Bleeding Esophageal Varices

John Brown, Royal Physician at Saint Thomas Hospital in London, was the first clinician to describe the gross appearance of the liver in a patient with cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and ascites. He noted marked ascites in his patient, a soldier of the King’s Guard. Following multiple unsuccessful paracenteses, the solider expired. At autopsy, a nodular liver was observed by Dr. Brown. It was left, however, to Rene Laennec to first use the term “cirrhosis” to describe a shrunken tawny-colored liver with a nodular granular consistency.
Counter-Flow Liquid Injection Plasma Synthesis (CF LIPS) of Spinel Fine Powders

Fine powders of aluminate, ferrite, and chromite spinels were successfully produced by a novel Counter-Flow Liquid Injection Plasma Synthesis (CF LIPS) method using a DC plasma jet. CF LIPS has been demonstrated to be an excellent method to produce fine ceramic powders with a narrow particle size distribution. The spinels produced by this techniques, both magnetic and non-magnetic, have a very similar particle size distribution. The powders produced were spherical, non-agglomerating and dispersable with average sizes of 1 µm.
Modeling wall influence on solid-fuel flame spread in a flow tunnel

Concurrent-flow flame spread over a thin solid in a low-speed flow tunnel is investigated theoretically to support a proposed space experiment. By modifying a previous flame-spreading model, valid for unbounded domain, the effects of flow confinement due to finite tunnel height and the radiative interaction between the tunnel wall and the flame and solid fuel are studied. Computed results show that, as tunnel height is decreased, the flow is accelerated to a higher velocity in the downstream due to thermal expansion. This presses the flame closer to the solid fuel, and increases the heat conduction rate to the solid, the flame length, and the spread rate. When the channel height became too small, however, conductive heat loss to the wall became substantial, which reverses the trend and decreases the flame length. Radiative interaction between the tunnel wall and the flame system is found to be a strong function of the wall radiation reflectivity. When the wall reflectivity is increased, the total radiative loss from the flame system (including the solid fuel) is decreased. This substantially increases the flame length and spread rate and hence becomes an important parameter in the experimental design. (Author)
Community, Identity, and Social Memory at Moundville

In this paper I highlight the potential of social memory research to enhance our archaeological understanding of Mississippian social organization and identity politics. Mississippian communities commemorated and invoked the past through the creation and manipulation of landscapes, places, and things. To demonstrate the utility of this approach I examine and discuss Mississippian architectural and mortuary data from the Moundville site in west-central Alabama. On the basis of this examination I argue that social memory played an important role in the negotiation of social identities and the organization of community space at the Moundville site and the Mississippian Black Warrior Valley.
Homologous desensitization of substance-P-induced inositol polyphosphate formation in rat parotid acinar cells

Maximal concentrations of substance P and methacholine induced a rapid increase in [3H]inositol trisphosphate ([3H]IP3) formation. After about 1 min, the [3H]IP3 in the substance-P-treated cells ceased to increase further, whereas in the methacholine-treated cells [3H]IP3 continued to increase. Addition of methacholine to the substance-P-treated cells caused a rapid increase in [3H]IP3, whereas a second addition of a 10-fold excess of substance P had no effect. Pretreatment of cells with substance P, followed by removal of the substance P by washing, resulted in a decreased response to a second application of substance P. A similar protocol involving pretreatment with methacholine had no effect on subsequent responsiveness to substance P. Analysis of [3H]substance P binding to substance-P-treated cells indicated that the number of receptors for substance P was decreased, but the affinity of the receptors for substance P was unaffected. After substance P pretreatment, a prolonged incubation (2 h) restored responsiveness of the cells to substance P, measured as [3H]IP3 formation, and restored the number of binding sites to control values. These findings indicate that, in the rat parotid gland, substance P induces a homologous desensitization of its receptor, which involves a slowly reversible down-regulation or sequestration of substance-P-binding sites.
The NYU Osteoporosis Model of Care Experience

Introduction:Participants who sustain a fragility fracture are at increased risk for subsequent fractures. Despite the consequences of recurrent fractures, bone mineral density (BMD) testing and tr...
Prediction of daily protein accretion rates of pigs from estimates of fat-free lean gain between 20 and 120 kilograms live weight.

The objective of this study was to evaluate a method for predicting daily protein accretion rates of various genotypes of pigs reared in different environmental conditions using easily obtained mean daily fat-free growth rates. Data were obtained for seven genotype-environment groups of gilts and nine groups of barrows. Daily empty body protein accretion rates were estimated at 1.0-kg intervals between 20 and 120 kg live weight. The estimates were fitted to a generalized exponential function, PA = A e (B x WT + C/WT + D x WT2) , where WT is kilograms of live weight and A, B, C, and D are estimated parameters for each sex. Nonlinear least squares methods were used to estimate the intercept and regression coefficients expressing each parameter estimate (A, B, C, and D) as a linear function of the mean fat-free lean gain for each sex-genotype-environment group. The mean percentage absolute errors were 3.5% for gilts and 6.1% for barrows. The largest errors occurred between 110 and 120 kg live weight. From 20 to 110 kg, mean percentage errors averaged 2.7% for gilts vs 4.8% for barrows. These results offer encouraging evidence that a generalized equation can be used to predict daily protein accretion rates from mean fat-free lean growth data. Further research, with additional genotype-environment populations, is needed to increase accuracy of the generalized growth functions.
Surgical Therapy for Vocal Dysfunction

In general, misuse and abuse of the voice in the form of using the voice too loudly and too long and affecting a fundamental frequency that is too low produce chronic changes in the lamina propria while inhalation of irritants produces changes in the epithelium of the true vocal cords. Voice therapy plays an essential role in the preoperative and postoperative management of the patient. The use of the operative microscope under general anesthesia has permitted the regular preservation of the external elastic lamina, which is necessary for the restoration of the voice to its full dynamic and frequency ranges. Resection of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is of great value in the treatment of spastic dysphonia. In the paralyzed larynx, injection of Teflon paste is of proven value in restoring the voice in permanent unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Reinnervation procedures for unilateral and bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal nerve paralysis must at this time be considered developmental.
Looking at oogenesis.

Publisher Summary The analysis of oogenesis in Drosophila has proved to be invaluable in dissecting diverse cell biological processes. Oogenesis requires carefully regulated interactions between the germline-derived nurse cells and oocyte, and the somatically derived follicle cell populations. This chapter describes the commonly used techniques applied for examining the ovarian tissue. These techniques are particularly useful for determining the phenotype of mutations, as a first step in characterizing the function of a gene required during oogenesis. The ovary is ideal for the study of cell biology since relatively few cell types are involved and their morphology and behavior are well characterized. The nurse cells are synthetically active and they have a complex and dynamic cytoskeleton. The somatic follicle cells are polarized secretory epithelial cells that undergo cellular rearrangements as they carry out their various migrations around the developing oocyte. To examine the egg chambers, ovaries need to be dissected out of adult flies. To stimulate egg production, females are fed a wet yeast paste before dissecting them. The optimal amount of time for yeast feeding can be 24–48 hr but should be determined empirically for each mutant line. The goal is to obtain ovaries as healthy as possible to avoid assigning nonspecific consequences of undernourishment to the mutant phenotype description.
Parent-Reported Deficits in Executive Function and Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Adolescent Behavioral Weight Loss Program Participants

Children and adolescents with obesity are at increased risk for developing sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and SDB has been associated with cognitive deficits including executive dysfunction. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between executive functioning and SDB among adolescents participating in a behavioral weight loss intervention. Adolescents (n = 37) and their caregivers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Sleep was characterized by the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). The Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder scale on the PSQ was used to classify participants as at risk or not at risk for SDB. The Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) was also administered. Significant correlations were found between SDB and executive functioning (r = 0.75; p 0.05). The PSQ was predictive of the PDSS as well as the composite BRIEF score while the inhibition scale of the BRIEF predicted weight loss at 1 year. Overweight or obese adolescents participating in a behavioral weight loss program that were at increased risk for SDB were rated by caregivers as demonstrating clinically significant executive dysfunction. Furthermore, ratings of inhibitory control predicted weight loss at 1 year.
Slip and Dislocations

Plastic deformation of crystalline materials usually occurs by slip , which is when the sliding of planes of atoms slide over one another (Figure 8.1). The planes on which slip occurs are called slip planes and the directions of the shear are the slip directions . These are crystallographic planes and directions, and are characteristic of the crystal structure. The magnitude of the shear displacement by slip is an integral number of inter-atomic distances, so that the lattice is left unaltered by slip. If slip occurs on only a part of a plane, there remains a boundary between the slipped and unslipped portions of the plane, which is called a dislocation . It is the motion of these dislocations that cause slip. Slip lines can be seen on the surface of deformed crystals. The fact that we can see these indicates that slip is inhomogeneous on an atomic scale. Displacements of thousands of atomic diameters must occur on discrete or closely spaced planes to create steps on the surface that are large enough to be visible. Furthermore, the planes of active slip are widely separated on an atomic scale. Yet the scale of the slip displacements and distances between slip lines are small compared to most grain sizes so slip usually can be considered as homogeneous on a macroscopic scale.
Circulating Tumor Cells, Cancer Stem Cells, and Emerging Microfluidic Detection Technologies With Clinical Applications

Metastasis is at the root of over 90% of cancer deaths, making the cells in the intermediate step of traveling through the bloodstream an area of active research. A subset of these circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may exhibit the highly plastic properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Given parallels between these important subsets of tumor cells, technologies have been developed for their isolation and study. Improvements on initial macroscale technologies occurred with the introduction of microfluidics to the field. Successive technologies have used different materials, chemistries, antigen expression patterns, and physical properties to separate CTCs with high specificity, sensitivity, purity, and throughput. Simultaneously, a main objective in the field is to enable the downstream analysis necessary to obtain the most information from these cells and demonstrate their use in the clinic. Addressing heterogeneity is a major challenge in this promising, but still young, field of research.
Urban and rural mortality and survival in Medieval England

Background: Late medieval England underwent intensive urbanisation, particularly in its largest city: London. Urban dwellers were exposed to factors such as high population density, elevated risk o...
Visión fantástica de la muerte en algunos poemas de Oscar Hahn

Este articulo analiza como Oscar Hahn utiliza el elemento de lo fantastico en su tratamiento del tema de la muerte. Mediante un analisis estilistico de las imagenes poeticas de Hahn, se revelan las varias mascaras que el poeta crea para el fantasma. El poeta chileno demitifica a la muerte, retratandola como una figura alegorica que posee una dimension realista. This article analyze how Oscar Hahn uses the element of the fantastic in his treatment of the subject of death. Through a stylistic analisys of Hahn's poetic images the various masks that the poet creates for the apparition are revealed. The Chilean poet demythifies death and portrays it as an allegorical figure with a realistic dimension.
Preoperative Nomograms for Predicting Renal Function at 1 Year After Partial Nephrectomy.

Abstract Introduction: Partial nephrectomy (PN) reduces the risk of postoperative chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). However, some patients still develop CRI after PN, and may eventually require dialysis. Being able to predict renal function before PN helps in counseling patients and managing expectations. We aimed to construct nomograms that predict estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs), defined by the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) and the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) formulae, at 1 year after PN, using only preoperative covariates as predictors. Patients and Methods: We identified patients who underwent PN in our institution between 2004 and 2016, with known postoperative serum creatinine levels at 1 year. The preoperative covariates included patients' demographics, chronic comorbid conditions, tumor characteristics, and preoperative renal status. The endpoints were eGFRs at 1 year after PN, calculated using the MDRD and the CKD-EPI formulae. We firs...
Details on the Mechanism of High-Frequency Swirl Coaxial Self-Pulsation

In this paper, lower boundaries at which a liquid-centered swirl coaxial injector switches from nonpulsatile behavior to self-pulsation are experimentally resolved under water and air flow conditio...
Abstract 16991: Cardiosphere-derived Cell Exosomes Confer Acute Cardioprotection Following Ischemia-reperfusion Injury Through Macrophage Polarization (Best of Basic Science Abstract)

Introduction: Cardiosphere-Derived Cells (CDCs) exert both regenerative and cardioprotective effects following ischemic insult to the myocardium. The regenerative effects are mimicked by human CDC ...
Predicting demand for 311 non-emergency municipal services: An adaptive space-time kernel approach

Abstract Many cities in the United States and Canada offer a 311 helpline to their residents for submitting requests for non-emergency municipal services. By dialing 311, urban residents can report a range of public issues that require governmental attention, including potholes, graffito, sanitation complaints, and tree debris. The demand for these municipal services fluctuates greatly with time and location, which poses multiple challenges to effective deployment of limited resources. To address these challenges, this study uses a locally adaptive space-time kernel approach to model 311 requests as an inhomogeneous Poisson process and presents an analytical framework to generate predictions of 311 demand in space and time. The predictions can be used to optimally allocate resources and staff, reduce response time, and allow long-term dynamic planning. We use a bivariate spatial kernel to identify the spatial structure and weigh each kernel by corresponding past observations to capture the temporal dynamics. Short-term serial dependency and weekly temporality are modeled through the temporal weights, which are adaptive to local community areas. We also transform the computation-intensive parameter estimation procedure to a low dimensional optimization problem by fitting to the autocorrelation function of historical requests. The presented method is demonstrated and validated with sanitation service requests in Chicago. The results indicate that it performs better than common industry practice and conventional spatial models with a comparable computational cost.
Feeder Cells Free Rabbit Oral Mucosa Epithelial Cell Sheet Engineering.

The optimal cell culture method of autologous oral mucosal epithelial cell sheet is not well established for a safe transplantation on to the patients’ ocular surface. Animal serum and 3T3 mouse feeder cells are currently being used to stimulate the growth of the epithelial cells. However, the use of animal compounds can have potential side effects for the patient after transplantation of the engineered cell sheet. In the present study, we focused on engineering a rabbit oral mucosal epithelial cell sheet without 3T3 mouse feeder cells using a mix of Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium/Bronchial Epithelial Cell Growth Medium culture media (DMEM/BEGM). Autologous oral mucosal epithelial cell sheets, engineered with DMEM/BEGM feeder cell free culture media, were compared to those cultured in presence of serum and feeder cells. Using a DMEM/BEGM mix culture media, feeder cell free culture condition, autologous oral mucosal epithelial cells reached confluence and formed a multilayered sheet. The phenotype of engineered cell sheets cultured with DMEM/BEGM were characterized and compared to those cultured with serum and feeder. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed the formation of a similar stratified multilayer cell sheets, in both culture conditions. The expression of deltaN-p63, ABCG2, PCNA, E-cadherin, Beta-catenin, CK3, CK4, CK13, Muc5AC, was similar in both culture conditions. We demonstrated that rabbit autologous oral mucosal epithelial cell sheet can be engineered, in feeder cell free conditions. The use of the DMEM/BEGM culture media to engineer culture autologous oral mucosa epithelial cell sheet will help to identify key factors involved in the growth and differentiation of oral mucosal epithelial cells.
A Transgenic Approach to Characterize the Plastid Transcription Machinery in Higher Plants

The plastid genes of higher plants are transcribed by two RNA polymerases: the plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase or PEP and the nuclear-encoded plastid RNA polymerase or NEP. Below is a brief summary of what we know about the two plastid RNA polymerases, highlighting recent data from this laboratory. Most of the data were obtained using transgenic approaches, facilitated by the development of technology for plastid transformation in tobacco [1, 2].
The Roberts-Kennedy Court and Post-Political Democracy

This Essay focuses on four neoliberal ideological tendencies of the Roberts-Kennedy Court. First, and most striking, is the complacency about corruption, which has been a central threat in western political theory since the Enlightenment. This reveals itself mostly in contrast to a history of anxiety about corruption, but also in the way that the First Amendment speech interests are valued when weighed against the corruption threat, as compared to other threats. Relatedly, the cases suggest that a person in democratic society is primarily a consumer, instead of a citizen, and that the job of the court is to protect the material condition of the person, as opposed to her political position. Third, despite rhetoric about a wide open marketplace, they endorse a vision of a regulated political marketplace, unregulated only as regards the spending of money. Finally, they show a surprising lack of commitment to federalism, suggesting that their federalism cases are more about taking certain decisions out of democratic, collective choice than relocating those decisions in the states. Taken together, the Roberts-Kennedy decisions suggest a vision of a post-political democratic theory, democratic in form but not in practice.
Soil respiration and microbial biomass in a pecan - cotton alley cropping system in Southern USA

Little information is available on soil respiration and microbial biomass in soils under agroforestry systems. We measured soil respiration rate and microbial biomass under two age classes (young and old) of a pecan (Carya illinoinensis) — cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) alley cropping system, two age classes of pecan orchards, and a cotton monoculture on a well-drained, Redbay sandy loam (a fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Rhodic Paleudult) in southern USA. Soil respiration was quantified monthly during the growing season from May to November 2001 using the soda-lime technique and was corrected based on infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) measurements. The overall soil respiration rates ranged from 177 to 776 mg CO2 m−2 h−1. During the growing season, soil respiration was higher in the old alley cropping system than in the young alley cropping system, the old pecan orchard, the young pecan orchard, and the monoculture. Microbial biomass C was higher in the old alley cropping system (375 mg C kg−1) and in the old pecan orchard (376 mg C kg−1) compared to the young alley cropping system (118 mg C kg−1), young pecan orchard (88 mg C kg−1), and the cotton monoculture (163 mg C kg−1). Soil respiration was correlated positively with soil temperature, microbial biomass, organic matter, and fine root biomass. The effect of alley cropping on soil properties during the brief history of alley cropping was not significant except in the old systems, where there was a trend of increasing soil respiration with short-term alley cropping. Over time, different land use and management practices influenced soil properties such as soil temperature, moisture, microbial biomass, organic matter, and fine root biomass, which in turn affected the magnitude of soil respiration. Our results suggest that trees in agroforestry systems have the potential to enhance soil fertility and sustainability of farmlands by improving soil microbial activity and accreting residual soil carbon.
Hypoxia and Radioresistance in Head and Neck Cancer

Despite advances in radiotherapy, disease control in locally advanced (LA) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has seen marginal improvement. Hypoxia, a common occurrence in HNSCC, is associated with poor prognosis through protection of cells from radiation-induced DNA damage and alteration of tumor biology to promote a malignant progression. Significant effort has been devoted to targeting hypoxia in radiotherapy, including modification of tumor oxygenation, modification of the tumor vasculature, manipulation of tumor oxygen consumption and developing agents to either sensitize hypoxic cancer cells to radiation or to destroy them altogether. However, these approaches have had limited success in the clinic. Subsequent analyses of these studies revealed the importance of appropriate patient selection for hypoxia-targeted therapies. For example, it is now known that patients with human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC) do not benefit from hypoxia-targeted therapy. The future of hypoxia-targeted treatment in HNSCC radiotherapy lies in establishing a reliable and reproducible biomarker(s) or an imaging approach that can reflect tumor oxygenation and serve to select patients with aggressive tumors for therapy intensification.
Separating Cycles in Doubly Toroidal Embeddings

We show that every 4-representative graph embedding in the double torus contains a noncontractible cycle that separates the surface into two pieces. As a special case, every triangulation of the double torus in which every noncontractible cycle has length at least 4 has a noncontractible cycle that separates the surface into two pieces.
Future of Cell-Based Therapies in Orthopedic Sports Medicine

Orthopedic Sports Medicine involves the treatment of complex injuries in both the acute and chronic setting. Massive tears of soft tissue, large hard tissue breaks, or malalignments or catastrophic collapse of both soft and hard tissue structures require clever surgical intervention both as open or arthroscopic procedures. Small tears or fractures or resistant chronic, nonhealing, and often painful conditions are a challenge to the orthopedic practitioner. My prediction for the future is that cellbased therapies will provide the key to these clinically challenging situations. Specifically, the use of either autologous or allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can and will provide clinical solutions (Caplan 2009; Caplan and Correa 2011).
Characterization of load reduction while lifting drywall using an unpowered drywall lifting device.

Background Drywall installation has an injury rate four times that of the construction industry average. Workers are exposed to hazards related to slips, falls, and falling objects, in addition to the large and awkward loads they must carry. Drywall sheets can weigh more than 100 lb. and contribute to disabling musculoskeletal injuries of the shoulders and back. Objective In this study, an unpowered lift assist device was developed to manage the load of a drywall sheet during the installation process. Methods In order to measure the effect of the lift assist device, a laboratory study with 10 healthy male participants performing two lifts, lifting from ground to erect and lifting from erect to ceiling, with and without the help of the device, was performed. These lifts were chosen to simulate a drywall installer's frequent lifting motions. Participants were fitted with electromyography (EMG) on the erector spinae, latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominus, and external oblique muscles to measure activation. Mean, peak, and effort data for the lifting exercises were extracted and compared to the unassisted lift. Results The lift assist device resulted in a reduction in mean EMG signal of 69% average over both lifts and muscle groups. Peak EMG and effort (i.e., area under the curve) were reduced by 78% and 75%, respectively. Conclusions These data demonstrate the effectiveness of the device in reducing compressive back loads during drywall installation, which warrants future development.
Managing Relationships with a Platform: An Empirical Study of Publishers’ e-Book Offerings on Amazon Kindle

Tension between value creation and value appropriation can arise when firms enter relationships with a platform. While creating value collectively, these relationships strengthen the network effects which increase the platform’s ability to appropriate value. This shift in bargaining position could restrain cooperation between the firms and the platform, thereby diminishing joint value creation. We analyze e-book data to study product offerings as a strategic mechanism that publishers use when managing relationships with Amazon Kindle. We find that publishers make product offering choices that increase value creation while alleviate appropriation risks. Compared to small publishers, large publishers make product decisions that are more protective of their own interests and less conducive to Kindle’s success. We discuss our findings in relation to theory and future research.
Implementing Advance Care Planning: Barriers and Facilitators

An article by Izumi et al. (2019) in the current issue describes the effect of a brief educational intervention for nurses to increase confidence in their knowledge of advance care planning (ACP). The description of this project offers a useful exemplar for those wishing to implement ACP interventions. This commentary raises questions about the role of nurses in ACP and the design of effective, sustainable ACP programs within complex health systems.
THE SOUND AND MEANING OF GOD'S WORD: AFFIRMATION IN AN OLD CAIRO QURʾAN LESSON

For centuries Muslims have asked whether the Qurʾan should be recited and memorized first and foremost, or whether one must prioritize understanding the meaning of its complex language. What is the best way to encounter God's Word? To explore this question, a women's Qurʾan lesson in a slum of Old Cairo illustrates modern Muslim anxieties over the place of discursive meaning in encounters with the Qurʾan. This article elaborates the concept of affirmation as an analytic to grasp how the women relate to the truth of revelation. Affirmation is a performative and discursive hermeneutic practice that deploys Qurʾanic citation, situates Qurʾanic concepts in daily life, and sutures the efficacy of Qurʾan education with correct language and with right action. Their lessons are indicative of reformist trends in Qurʾan education that open onto questions of meaning and understanding in relation to human interactions with divine speech.
Performance Comparison of Residential Hot Water Systems; Period of Performance: January 30, 2001 through July 29, 2002

A laboratory test experiment was conducted to measure the energy performance of two different types of water heaters--electric storage tank and demand (tankless)--in two types of plumbing distribution systems--copper piping in a tree configuration and cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) piping in a parallel configuration. Two water-usage patterns were used in the week-long experiments and in the annual simulations: one representing a high-usage home and the other representing a low-usage home. Results of weekly performance testing and annual simulations of electric water-heating systems are presented.
Immunopathology of Pulmonary Granulomas

Granulomatous-type inflammations can be divided into two general categories: (a) nonimmunologic or foreign body type and (b) immunologic or hypersensitivity type. The foreign body type granulomas are readily produced experimentally with substances like carrageenan, plastic beads, bentonite, talc and certain microbial cell-wall products, such as mycobacterial cord factor. The major principle involved in these types of granulomas is that the irritant is usually water insoluble and slowly digestible or nondigestible. Accordingly, it represents the basic cellular response of chronic inflammation which is dominated by macrophage mobilization to the site of the irritant. As a rule, the lymphocyte response is minimal and the level of macrophage activation is limited. The characteristic response in this case is that repeated injections of these types of irritants produce the same time course in the evolution of the lesion (1).
Patrick Lo, Dickson K.W. Chiu, Allan Cho, and Brad Allard. Conversations with Leading Academic and Research Library Directors: International Perspectives on Library Management . Cambridge, MA: Chandos Publishing, 2019. 524p. Paperback. $120.00 (ISBN 978-0-08-102746-2).

Library directors are uniquely positioned in academic and research librarianship. They are leaders of libraries, driving internal change and progress, and they also liaise at the institutional and global level to orient the library in evolving practice. Conversations with Leading Academic and Research Library Directors examines both of these roles deeply through semistructured interviews with directors and leaders of research libraries in the United States and abroad. The book contains 30 interviews representing leaders from American university libraries including Harvard, Yale, MIT, and UCLA and global research libraries with a primary focus on Europe and Asia. Together, these interviews provide a contemporary look at some of the top libraries around the world. The interviews do not follow a set form, yet all delve deeply into the career trajectories of academic library directors, provide a general overview of how they work and how their library is organized, and serve as a platform for their priorities and interests in guiding the work of their organizations. Each chapter concludes with a short image section showing the interviewee and the library the director leads.
Untargeted Differential Metabolomics Analysis Using Drift Tube Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics is being increasingly applied to a number of applications, including the fields of clinical, industrial, plant, and nutritional science. Several improvements have advanced the field considerably over the past decade, including ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (uHPLC), column chemistries, instruments, software, and molecular databases. However, challenges remain, including how to separate small molecules that are part of highly complex samples; this can be accomplished using chromatographic techniques or through improved resolution in the gas phase. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) provides an extra dimension of gas phase separation that can result in improvements to both quantitation and compound identification. Here we describe a typical drift tube IM-MS metabolomics workflow, which includes the following steps: (1) Data acquisition, (2) Data preprocessing, (3) Molecular feature finding, and (4) Differential analysis and Molecular annotation. Overall, these methods can help investigators from a variety of scientific fields use IM-MS metabolomics as part of their own workflow.
Maturity of the accident-tolerant fuel concepts: the fuel cycle and used fuel disposition

Abstract This chapter presents an educated, yet subjective maturity evaluation of the five accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) concepts discussed in Chapters 4–7. The five evaluated fuel concepts include three cladding concepts (chromium-coated zirconium alloy, FeCrAl alloys, and silicon carbide composites) and two fuel concepts including modified urania fuel and high-density fuels. The rating of the maturity level of the concepts has been conducted using metrics from technical readiness level principles by a panel of international nuclear materials experts, mainly from the nuclear energy agency. Not surprisingly the highest maturity level corresponded to the two evolutionary concepts which may have a better chance to obtain near-term licensing from the regulatory entities. These two nearest term concepts include chromium-coated zirconium alloy for cladding and chromia-doped urania for fuel. The second nearest term cladding concept was the monolithic iron–chromium–aluminum FeCrAl alloy. The other two concepts, namely silicon carbide for cladding and higher uranium density for fuel, have a much longer term possibility of implementation in a commercial power reactor owing to the many technical issues that still need to be solved. A positive twist is that a ceramic silicon carbide design can be first implemented for channel boxes in BWRs as a near- to mid-term ATF concept. This will allow for data gathering in an actual reactor environment, which may accelerate the subsequent implementation of SiC/SiC CMC as cladding for the fuel.
Genetic Reprogramming of the Ergot Alkaloid Pathway of Metarhizium brunneum.

ABSTRACT Ergot alkaloids are important specialized fungal metabolites that are used to make potent pharmaceuticals for neurological diseases and disorders. Lysergic acid (LA) and dihydrolysergic acid (DHLA) are desirable lead compounds for pharmaceutical semisynthesis but are typically transient intermediates in the ergot alkaloid and dihydroergot alkaloid pathways. Previous work with Neosartorya fumigata demonstrated strategies to produce these compounds as pathway end products, but their percent yield (percentage of molecules in product state as opposed to precursor state) was low. Moreover, ergot alkaloids in N. fumigata are typically retained in the fungus as opposed to being secreted. We used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) and heterologous expression approaches to engineer these compounds in Metarhizium brunneum, representing an alternate expression host from a different lineage of fungi. The relative percent yields of LA (86.9%) and DHLA (72.8%) were much higher than those calculated here for previously engineered strains of N. fumigata (2.6% and 2.0%, respectively). Secretion of these alkaloids also was measured, with averages of 98.4% of LA and 87.5% of DHLA being secreted into the growth medium; both values were significantly higher than those measured for the N. fumigata derivatives (both of which were less than 5.6% secreted). We used a similar approach to engineer a novel dihydroergot alkaloid in M. brunneum and, through high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses, provisionally identified it as the dihydrogenated form of lysergic acid α-hydroxyethylamide (dihydro-LAH). The engineering of these strains provides a strategy for producing novel and pharmaceutically important chemicals in a fungus more suitable for their production. IMPORTANCE Ergot alkaloids derived from LA or DHLA are the bases for numerous pharmaceuticals with applications in the treatment of dementia, migraines, hyperprolactinemia, and other conditions. However, extraction of ergot alkaloids from natural sources is inefficient, and their chemical synthesis is expensive. The ability to control and redirect ergot alkaloid synthesis in fungi may allow more efficient production of these important chemicals and facilitate research on novel derivatives. Our results show that Metarhizium brunneum can be engineered to efficiently produce and secrete LA and DHLA and, also, to produce a novel derivative of DHLA not previously found in nature. The engineering of dihydroergot alkaloids, including a novel species, is important because very few natural sources of these compounds are known. Our approach establishes a platform with which to use M. brunneum to study the production of other ergot alkaloids, specifically those classified as lysergic acid amides and dihydroergot alkaloids.
Projecting the Specific Energy of Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries

Commercial primary zinc–air batteries provide 450 Wh kgcell–1 (at the cell level), but the practical specific energy of secondary zinc–air batteries remains unclear. Using a specific-energy model a...
Multithermal Analysis of a SOHO/CDS Coronal Loop

The observations from 1998 April 20 taken with the Coronal Diagnostics Spectrometer (CDS) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) of a coronal loop on the limb have shown that the plasma was multithermal along each line of sight investigated, both before and after background subtraction. The latter result relied on emission measure (EM) loci plots, but in this Letter, we used a forward-folding technique to produce differential emission measure (DEM) curves. We also calculate DEM-weighted temperatures for the chosen pixels and find a gradient in temperature along the loop as a function of height that is not compatible with the flat profiles reported by numerous authors for loops observed with the EUV Imaging Telescope (EIT) on SOHO and the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE). We also find discrepancies in excess of the mathematical expectation between some of the observed and predicted CDS line intensities. We demonstrate that these differences result from well-known limitations in our knowledge of the atomic data and are to be expected. We further show that the precision of the DEM is limited by the intrinsic width of the ion emissivity functions that are used to calculate the DEM, which for the EUV lines considered is of the order d log T = 0.2-0.3. Hence, we conclude that peaks and valleys in the DEM, while in principle not impossible, cannot be confirmed from the data.
Musical Engagement and Parent-Child Attachment in Families With Young Children During the Covid-19 Pandemic

The onset of the Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted the lives of families in the United States and across the world, impacting parent mental health and stress, and in turn, the parent-child relationship. Music is a common parent-child activity and has been found to positively impact relationships, but little is known about music's role in parent-child interactions during a pandemic. The current study utilized an online questionnaire to assess the use of music in the home of young children and their parents in the United States and Canada during Covid-19 and its relationship with parents' affective attachment with their child. Musical activity was high for both parents and children. Parents reported using music for both emotion regulation and to socially connect with their children. Parent-child musical engagement was associated with parent-child attachment, controlling for relevant parent variables including parent distress, efficacy, education, and parent-child engagement in non-musical activities. These results indicate that music may be an effective tool for building and maintaining parent-child relationships during a period of uncertainty and change.
The First Stage of Professionalization: Education

This chapter focuses on education and training of dental care professionals (DCPs). It discusses the topic from the perspective of all members of the dental team which includes dentists, dental hygienists, dually qualified dental hygienists-therapists, dental technicians, clinical dental technicians, and dental assistants/nurses. It also discusses dentists’ education in light of EU policies. In addition, it considers student attitudes and behavior, the learning environment, faculty, curricula, interprofessional training, as well as other programs and teaching methods.
Very long chain fatty acid-containing lipids: a decade of novel insights from the study of ELOVL4.

Abstract Lipids play essential roles in maintaining cell structure and function by modulating membrane fluidity and cell signaling. The fatty acid elongase-4 (ELOVL4) protein, expressed in retina, brain, Meibomian glands, skin, testes and sperm, is an essential enzyme that mediates tissue-specific biosynthesis of both VLC-PUFA and VLC-saturated fatty acids (VLC-SFA). These fatty acids play critical roles in maintaining retina and brain function, neuroprotection, skin permeability barrier maintenance, and sperm function, among other important cellular processes. Mutations in ELOVL4 that affect biosynthesis of these fatty acids cause several distinct tissue-specific human disorders that include blindness, age-related cerebellar atrophy and ataxia, skin disorders, early-childhood seizures, mental retardation, and mortality, which underscores the essential roles of ELOVL4 products for life. However, the mechanisms by which one tissue makes VLC-PUFA and another makes VLC-SFA, and how these fatty acids exert their important functional roles in each tissue, remain unknown. This review summarizes research over that last decade that has contributed to our current understanding of the role of ELOVL4 and its products in cellular function. In the retina, VLC-PUFA and their bioactive "Elovanoids" are essential for retinal function. In the brain, VLC-SFA are enriched in synaptic vesicles and mediate neuronal signaling by determining the rate of neurotransmitter release essential for normal neuronal function. These findings point to ELOVL4 and its products as being essential for life. Therefore, mutations and/or age-related epigenetic modifications of fatty acid biosynthetic gene activity that affect VLC-SFA and VLC-PUFA biosynthesis contribute to age-related dysfunction of ELOVL4-expressing tissues.