cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY: A METHOD TO STUDY NORMAL AND ABNORMAL VENTRICLES

The authors describe an atraumatic diagnostic test apt to reveal the presence of hydrocephalus and other intracerebral anomalies in the child. It utilizes a multilevel, two-dimensional (B-mode) ultrasonic technique that is painless, safe, and easily repeatable. The use of ultrasound in neurological investigation is reviewed briefly and the advantages and disadvantages of A-mode (unidimensional) versus B-mode scanning (two-dimensional) are considered. Standards for the technique of multilevel B-mode scanning are proposed. Their validity was tested by visual and statistical correlation between ventricular measurements obtained by this technique and those obtained by classic radiological investigation. High values of the correlation coefficient were found. The results collected in scanning a group of approximately 600 infants and children are described for each of the following ventricular portions: the third ventricle, the anterior horns and the bodies of the lateral ventricles, and the trigone-temporal horn complex. Other indices of significance were those relating to the midline structures, whose shifts can be accurately predicted, and the Brain Mantle Index, which can give a rough estimate of regional or diffuse atrophic processes. While certain landmarks (such as those pertaining to the midline, third and lateral ventricles) are frequently obtained and measurable, others like those pertaining to the trigone and temporal horns are much less easily detected. Illustrative scans in normal and abnormal subjects are presented. It was concluded that this technique, although unable to outline the contour of the ventricles, lends itself to a general anatomical survey of the ventricular system both for normative purposes as well as detection of important anomalies.
Moving Crucifixes in Modern Spain

Moving Crucifixes in Modern Spain. William A. Christian. Jr. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. 220 pp. $24.95 (cloth).
3D flame topography obtained by tomographic chemiluminescence with direct comparison to planar Mie scattering measurements

This work reports the measurements of 3D flame topography using tomographic chemiluminescence and its validation by direct comparison against planar Mie scattering measurements. Tomographic measurements of the 3D topography of various well-controlled laboratory flames were performed using projections measured by seven cameras, and a simultaneous Mie scattering measurement was performed to measure a 2D cross section of the 3D flame topography. The tomographic measurements were based on chemiluminescence emissions from the flame, and the Mie scattering measurements were based on micrometer-size oil droplets seeded into the flow. The flame topography derived from the 3D tomographic and the Mie scattering measurement was then directly compared. The results show that the flame topography obtained from tomographic chemiluminescence and the Mie measurement agreed qualitatively (i.e., both methods yielded the same profile of the flame fronts), but a quantitative difference on the order of millimeters was observed between these two methods. These results are expected to be useful for understanding the capabilities and limitations of the 3D tomographic and Mie scattering techniques in combustion diagnostics.
Direct monitoring of reactor biomass in fermentation control

Abstract A wide-range, high-resolution method for the determination of microbial mass suitable for real-time monitoring of fermentation systems using the principle of acoustic resonance densitometry is reported. A similar non-invasive technique for the direct analysis of the dielectric properties of high-conductivity microbial suspensions has been made possible by the development of a novel magneto-inductive measurement principle.
Identification and contribution of wild and hatchery steelhead stocks in Lake Michigan tributaries

Abstract We developed and validated a simple and accurate assignment rule, based on one quantified scale characteristic, for the identification of wild and hatchery stocks of Great Lakes steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri). A ratio between the first winter and spring growth rates, inferred from scale circulus patterns, met the criteria of being both distinct between wild and hatchery adults and consistent among life stages, years, and geographic locations within respective wild and hatchery groups. This rule was applied to samples of unknown-origin adult steelhead collected in seven rivers in the northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan during 1983–1984, to estimate the percentage of wild fish in each river and its variance. Adults returning during these periods were representative of pre-1983 hatchery production in Michigan, when yearling parr was the typical life stage stocked. The percentage of wild fish in the adult population was estimated to be 100% for an unstocked trout river,...
Delayed neurotoxicity of O-ethyl O-4-cyanophenyl phenylphosphonothioate (cyanofenphos) in hens

Abstract Oral administration of a single dose of cyanofenphos ( O -ethyl O -4-cyano-phenyl phenylphosphonothioate) between 10 and 500 mg/kg, caused delayed neurotoxocity in hens similar to that reported for other organophosphorus esters. The severity of the clinical condition depended upon the size of the administered dose. Hens given small doses showed only ataxia, while some of those treated with large doses developed paralysis and died. Hens given 500 mg/kg oral dose of tri- o -cresyl phosphate (TOCP) became paralysed, while those given parathion showed early weakness but subsequently recovered without developing delayed neurotoxicity. Control hens receiving atropine sulfate or gelatin capsules remained normal.
Structure of food attitudes: replication of Aikman, Crites, and Fabrigar (2006)

Recent research by Aikman, Crites, and Fabrigar [(2006). Beyond affect and cognition: Identification of the informational bases of food attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 340-382] suggests that food attitudes are comprised of five distinct informational bases: positive affect (e.g., calm, comforted), negative affect (e.g., guilty, ashamed), abstract cognitive qualities (e.g., healthy, natural), general sensory qualities (e.g., taste, smell), and specific sensory qualities (e.g., salty, greasy). The Aikman et al. (2006) research was conducted at a university on the US-Mexican border and consisted primarily of self-reported Latino participants. The present research replicates the previously identified food attitude structure at a university in the Northeast US with a sample primarily composed of self-reported Anglo American participants.
Postnatal myosin heavy chain isoform expression in normal mice and mice null for IIb or IId myosin heavy chains.

The patterns of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression in the embryo and in the adult mouse are reasonably well characterized and quite distinct. However, little is known about the transition between these two states, which involves major decreases and increases in the expression of several MyHC genes. In the present study, the expression of seven sarcomeric MyHCs was analyzed in the hindlimb muscles of wild-type mice and in mice null for the MyHC IIb or IId/x genes at several time points from 1 day of postnatal life (dpn) to 20 dpn. In early postnatal life, the developmental isoforms (embryonic and perinatal) comprise >90% of the total MyHC expression, while three adult fast isoforms (IIa, IIb, and IId) comprise 90% of the total MyHC. Expression of each of the three adult fast isoforms occurs in a spatially and temporally distinct manner. We also show that alpha MyHC, which is almost exclusively expressed in the heart, is expressed in scattered fibers in all hindlimb muscles during postnatal development. Surprisingly, the timing and localization of expression of the MyHC isoforms is unchanged in IIb and IId/x null mice, although the magnitude of expression is altered for some isoforms. Together these data provide a comprehensive overview of the postnatal expression pattern of the sarcomeric MyHC isoforms in the mouse hindlimb.
Casson-Gordon invariants of some 3-fold branched covers of knots

Abstract In this paper the Casson-Gordon invariants of certain knots are computed using threefold branched covers. These knots provide examples of (4n+3)-dimensional doubly sliced knots which are not the double of a disk. Examples are also given of (4n+3)-dimensional knots which are algebraically doubly sliced but not geometrically doubly sliced.
Loading Rate Effect Investigation of Through-Hole-Mounted Solder Joints

This paper presents two simple and unique tests to extract shock-level loading limits for eutectic and lead free solders. A wide range of loading rates, from quasi-static to high speed, was applied to a through-hole-mounted anchor assembly test coupon. The high speed shock tests were conducted on a drop shock table where the impacting velocities were derived through table input adjustments. The quasi-static tests were done using controlled hydraulic linear actuator with a load cell. As would be assumed, the dynamic load to cause solder joint failure was found to increase with higher loading rate. However, at such a high loading rate range, the impact velocity did not change the load to failure. This study leads to an interesting hypothesis that at high loading rates, the solder joint strain rate may not see a significant change as observed at low rates.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Measuring disease burden in the older population using the slope-intercept method for population log-linear estimation (SIMPLE)

Estimating disease burden in the older population can be problematic, due to a dearth of measurements that take into account population dynamics, small population sizes, and age-related disease distribution issues. Age itself explains a substantial amount of the variability in population disease rates. However, in many common techniques to account for age, such as age standardization and age categorization, age is treated as a nuisance parameter. In this paper, we present a method, the slope-intercept method for population log-linear estimation (SIMPLE), to assess disease burden in the Medicare population of the US. We demonstrate the utility and potential limitations of this straightforward and crude method in assessing age-related morbidity, mortality, and case-fatality on multiple geographic levels. We highlight several examples of when this measure is most applicable using examples abstracted from a comprehensive administrative database of hospitalizations in older adults. Traditional measurements of disease burden are compared with the measurements extracted from this modeling method for comparison purposes. We also present spatial and temporal associations between the two measurements the SIMPLE method produces.
Tendosynovial sarcoma: a clinicopathological study of 136 cases.

A series of 136 cases of tendosynovial sarcomas were studied from the histologic point of view. All of the primary, recurrent and metastatic tumors were reclassified according to histologic type, anatomic site and size; age and sex of the patients and modality of surgical treatment. The overall 5-year survival rate was 40%. Among the factors which most favorably influenced the prognosis were: small size (74%, 5-year survival), “exposed” primary site (53%, 5-year survival), and histologic type (biphasic form: 55%, 5-year survival and epithelioid sarcoma: 58%, 5-year survival). Children and elderly patients had also better than the average prognosis. Sixty percent of the sarcomas recurred after wide local excision. Twelve percent of the tumors metastasized to regional lymph nodes and 10% to bones. Almost all of the 24 patients who were autopsied died because of cardio-pulmonary insufficiency due to massive pleuropulmonary metastasis. It is hoped that better understanding of the natural history of these tumors will lead to optimal local and systemic therapy and better survival.
Integrating non-intering versions of programs

The need to integrate several versions of a program into a common one arises frequently, but it is a tedious and time consuming task to integrate programs by hand. The main contribution of this paper is an algorithm, called integrate, that takes as input three programs A, B, and Base, where A and B are two variants of Base. Whenever the changes made to Base to create A and B do not “interfere” (in a sense defined in the paper), Integrate produces a program M that integrates A and B.
4QMMT, RABBI ISHMAEL, AND THE ORIGINS OF LEGAL MIDRASH

The publication of 4QMMT in 1994 has created a boom of interest in Qumran legal interpretation.' Not surprisingly, scholars have approached the question comparatively, examining Qumran legal interpretation in relation to the more established field of rabbinic legal midrash, but the terms of comparison are not uniform. While some scholars emphasize the continuity and similarity between Qumran and the rabbis' legal interpretation, others point to significant differences between Qumran and the rabbis. S. Fraade, for instance, notes that "for all the midrash and halakhah found within the scrolls, textually they evidence very little midrash halakhah: the explicit citation and interpretation of Scripture as a source or justification for law."2 In a recent article, A. Schremer argues that Qumran legal interpretation is dissimilar to midrash halakhah since the Qumran texts anchor legal decisions in a plain sense of Scripture and do not require a reworking of the biblical text.3 So different are the modes of legal interpretation that Schremer recommends that, as a rule, the term "midrash" not be applied to Qumran legal exegesis since "only when deviating from the
Signaling pathways in ascidian oocyte maturation: effects of various inhibitors and activators on germinal vesicle breakdown

The Ascidiacea, the invertebrate chordates, includes three orders; the Stolidobranchia is the most complex. Until the present study, the onset of oocyte maturation (germinal vesicle breakdown) had been investigated in only a single pyurid (Halocynthia roretzi), in which germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) begins when the oocyte contacts seawater (SW); nothing was known about internal events. This study strongly suggests the importance of protein phosphorylation in this process. Herdmania pallida (Pyuridae) functions like H. roretzi; GVBD occurs in SW. Oocytes of Cnemidocarpa irene (Styelidae) do not spontaneously undergo GVBD in SW but must be activated. Herdmania oocytes are inhibited from GVBD by pH 4 SW and subsequently activated by mastoparan (G-protein activator), A23187 (Ca2+ ionophore) or dimethylbenzanthracene (tyrosine kinase activator). This requires maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors roscovitine and olomoucine are inhibitory. It also entails dephosphorylation as demonstrated by the ability of the phosphatase inhibitor vitamin K3 to inhibit GVBD. GVBD is also inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors tyrphostin A23 and genistein, and LY-294002, a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor previously shown to inhibit starfish GVBD. LY-294002 inhibits strongly when activation is by mastoparan or ionophore but not when activated by dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). The DMBA is hypothesized to phosphorylate a phosphatase directly or indirectly causing secondary activation, bypassing inhibition.
Acid content of common beverages

Data are presented on the pH and acid content of beverages in common use in American hospitals at this time. Pineapple and citrus juices, and most carbonated drinks, have a pH low enough to activate pepsin and have an acid content comparable to or exceeding the basal gastric secretion. Suggestions are made for elimination of some of these products from the diet of the patient with an active peptic ulcer.
The follicular cycle in the sexually mature thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus Mitch.)†

The germinal epithelium was studied in an effort to determine its role in postpubertal ovogenesis. Active and inactive areas of epithelium were observed regardless of the oestrous periods. The active areas, exemplified by numerous mitoses and a frequent stratification of the epithelium, are foci for egg cell production. Egg cells are produced from the germinal epithelium by: activation, migration and transformation of single germinal epithelial cells; migration and differentiation of nests of cells; ingrowths of cords of cells. Young ova in the cortex of the ovary are at first surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells of germinal epithelial origin. In the subsequent development of the follicle stratified layers make their appearance. The zona pellucida appears as a well-defined structure coincident with the stratification of the follicular layers. The follicular cavity develops as a split between the follicular cells at one side of the follicle. In the mature follicle the cavity is broad and contains liquor folliculi. The theca interna and externa are not distinguishable until the follicle is highly cellular.
Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm: diagnosis and management

Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm is defined as a focal and localized dilatation of the aorta 1.5 to 2 times the diameter of the normal adjacent aorta and containing all three layers of the arterial wall. Conventional open surgical repair remains the gold standard for the majority of the patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. Endovascular stent-graft aortic repair is a promising emerging therapy, which at present is considered an alternative to surgery in the elderly and in those with significant comorbid conditions. Adjunctive s-blocker therapy should be used in all patients to reduce the shear force on the aortic wall.
Africana in the Indexes

For this study "index" is interpreted in its broadest sense: any bibliographic list arranged in some order to allow a subject approach. Therefore, abstracts and bibliographies were included, as well as current contents and advanced contents indexes, in addition to the more "traditional" indexes, but machinereadable data banks were excluded. Also, I sought indexes that are current and that appear on a regular basis, at least annually. 1975 volumes (or the most recent) were used for comparison. Of 52 indexes consulted, I finally chose 25 which seemed to cite sufficient Africa-related articles to produce a satisfying search. I included some which indexed very few Africa-related journals, but whose number of Africa-related articles was extensive. Also, I included two all-French indexes because of their breadth of coverage and their frequency. I counted the number of "Africa-related" journals covered by each index. "Africa-related," for this study includes those journals whose primary concern is sub-Saharan Africa; those
Diversity in Prehistoric Burials and Cemeteries in the Western Yuman Region

AbstractEmerging evidence concerning prehistoric mortuary practices within the Western Yuman region of southern California and northern Baja California attests to patterns of change through time as well as to diversity across other dimensions. Several aspects of such practices — the prevalent cultural attitudes toward the dead, the various methods of disposition for human remains, the materials that were deposited together with burials, and the locations where mortuary practices occurred — all offer potentially important insights into regional prehistory that need to be considered by archaeologists.
Chronic cadmium intake results in dose-related excretion of metallothionein in urine

Urinary excretion of metallothionein was measured by radioimmunoassay in rats given drinking water containing 5 or 50 mg cadmium/1 for up to 2 years. The metallothionein levels corresponded to the concentration of cadmium in the drinking water and increased linearly over the course of the study. These results demonstrate that urinary metallothionein is a sensitive biological indicator of oral cadmium exposure.
Stereoselectivity of macrocyclic ring-closing olefin metathesis.

Macrocyclic ring-closing olefin metathesis using ruthenium catalyst 3 was performed to produce a 14-membered lactone. The E/Z ratio of lactone was high regardless of the R group (auxiliary) or the initial alkene stereochemistry. A kinetic study demonstrates that the high E/Z ratio is due to secondary metathesis reactions that isomerize the product to the thermodynamic E/Z ratio.
A reduction in body mass index lowers risk for bilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

Background Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is occurring in greater numbers, at increasingly younger ages, and more frequently bilaterally (BL-SCFE). Obesity is one risk factor for SCFE. However, it is unclear whether postoperative decreases or increases in body mass index (BMI) alter the risk of subsequent contralateral SCFE.
Effect of graded anesthesia on laryngeal-induced central apnea.

Abstract To examine the interaction between laryngeal reflex-induced central apnea and anesthesia, we stimulated the superior laryngeal nerves (SLNs) bilaterally in chronically instrumented piglets (N = 18, age 5–17 days) in the presence of various anesthetic dosages. The SLNs were placed in cuff electrodes and wires were exteriorized in the neck for stimulation. A cannula placed in the aorta was used for blood pressure recording and arterial blood sampling. During each experiment, 1–2 days following surgery, ventilation was recoded using whole body plethysmography, and EEG and ECG were recorded using acutely placed subcutaneous electrodes. Following baseline recordings and before administration of anesthesia, the SLNs were electrically stimulated for 15 min. Following recovery from stimulation, pentobarbital (5–15 mg/kg) was infused and the SLN was stimulated with the same variables for 5 min. Before anesthesia, SLN stimulation caused respiratory frequency (Rf) to fall from 44 ± 5 (mean ± SEM) to 16 ± 2 breaths/min; under anesthesia Rf fell from 33 ± 7 to 9 ± 1 (pentobarbital dose a = 16 mg/kg) or from 36 ± 4 to 3 ± 1 breaths/min (pentobarbital dose b = 28 mg/kg). PaO2 decreased from 110 ± 4 to 74 ± 4 mmHg during stimulation before anesthesia and fell from 100 ± 6 to 40 ± 4 with dose a or from 98 ± 10 to 19 ± 4 mmHg with dose b under pentobarbital anesthesia. Similarly, chloralose/ urethane and ketamine anesthesia enhanced SLN-induced respiratory depression. These results suggest that anesthesia impairs the mechanism responsible for initiating breathing during laryngeal reflex activation.
Robust economic control chart design

Designing a control chart involves making fundamental decisions about the control chart parameters. Traditionally, practitioners select design parameters using ad hoc procedures. Academic research has been challenging this tradition by introducing a more rigorous criterion for selecting the design parameters based on economic criteria. However, there has been limited success in implementing economic designs. This research develops the concept of Robust Economic Design of control charts where multiple economic and process scenarios are considered in control chart design. By developing a robust optimization technique for economic control chart design, we hope to promote a better understanding of industrial implementation of economic designs of control charts. The effectiveness of this technique is illustrated through examples and a sensitivity analysis.
Fatty acid composition of myelin isolated from the brain of a patient with cellular deficiency of co-enzyme forms of vitamin B12.

Abstract Myelin fractionation and subsequent lipid isolation have been carried out on a brain from a patient who suffered from a cellular deficiency of the adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin co-enzyme forms of vitamin B12. Examination of the fatty acid composition of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids indicated a relative enrichment of odd-chain fatty acids which were identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy as C15, C15:1, C17 and C17:1. A mixture of methyl branched C17 fatty acids was also identified. Odd-chain fatty acids accounted for 9.8% of the total fatty acid in the myelin choline phospholipid compared to control values of 1.2%. The affected brain myelin phospholipids had a lower unsaturated fatty acid content. Examination of the myelin sphingolipids, sphingomyelin, cerebroside and sulfatide, yielded abnormal fatty acid profiles. The sphingomyelin contained only small amounts of C24:1 fatty acid. Both normal and hydroxy fatty acid containing cerebroside and sulfatide had reduced levels of C24 fatty acid. Determination of the relative hydroxy and normal fatty acid content of the galactolipids indicated an abnormally high hydroxy fatty acid level. Abnormal fatty acid profiles of brain cerebral sphingolipids have not been previously described in cases of vitamin B12 deficiency. Whether or not these alteration are characteristic will only be established by estimating sphingolipids in other such cases.
Big Names and Fragmented Experiences: Deductive and Inductive Sensemaking

The origins of strategy have received limited research attention to date Gavetti and Rivkin (2007). Using an inductive theory-building case study, our study examines the process of strategy making in nascent firms. Specifically, we seek to understand how entrepreneurs converge on a set of choices among a vast set of possibilities. The abundance of possibilities is a characteristic of the ambiguity surrounding early strategy formulation, as multiple aspects of strategy are undefined. In ambiguity, entrepreneurs engage in sensemaking as they try to construct choices for their strategies. We observe two distinct modes of sensemaking that have differential affects on attention and choice. A deductive reasoning process stabilizes attention and analysis. An inductive reasoning process generates new options and possibilities, thereby diverting attention and postponing choice. These findings have important implications for understanding the specific sensemaking processes in start-ups under ambiguity and their eff...
Industrial strategy in Malaysia: the role of export processing zones

Industrial strategies and policies play a fundamental role in the overall development goal. The basic arguments and models surrounding industrialization in the developing countries are reviewed. Malaysia's industrial progress is atypical in the Third World and reflects the recent attempt to achieve an export orientation. A primary tool in the industrial strategy has been the export processing zone. The utility and function of this mechanism is discussed and evaluated within the Malaysian context. Employment in the zones represented about 8 % of manufacturing in 1980. Despite a recent deficit, exports and the zones' contribution to total exports display an upward trend. However, technology transfer and linkage creation have not been great. The lack of these developments results from the impact of the international product cycle mechanism. On an international scale, the locational pattern of zones is unstable since many firms are footloose and may, therefore, shift location in response to strong incentives. Housing and administration problems of the zones must be solved. In addition, a new package of incentives and a viable bargaining position must be developed in order for success to continue.
Modeling the neurovascular niche: Murine strain differences mimic the range of responses to chronic hypoxia in the premature newborn

Preterm birth results in significant cognitive and motor disabilities, but recent evidence suggests that there is variable recovery over time. One possibility that may explain this variable recovery entails variable neurogenic responses in the subventricular zone (SVZ) following the period of chronic hypoxia experienced by these neonates. In this report, we have characterized the responses to chronic hypoxia of two mouse strains that represent a wide range of susceptibility to chronic hypoxia. We determined that C57BL/6 pups and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from them exhibit a blunted response to hypoxic insult compared with CD-1 pups and NPCs. Specifically, C57BL/6 pups and NPCs exhibited blunted in vivo and in vitro proliferative and increased apoptotic responses to hypoxic insult. Additionally, C57BL/6 NPCs exhibited lower baseline levels and hypoxia-induced levels of selected transcription factors, growth factors, and receptors (including HIF-1α, PHD2, BDNF, VEGF, SDF-1, TrkB, Nrp-1, CXCR4, and NO) that determine, in part, the responsiveness to chronic hypoxic insult compared with CD-1 pups and NPCs, providing insight into this important and timely problem in perinatology.
The demographic role of soil seed banks. I. Spatial and temporal comparisons of below- and above-ground populations of the desert mustard Lesquerella fendleri

Summary 1 Although seed banks may often affect the colonization, succession and structure of surface plant communities, few studies have investigated the demographic relationship between seeds in the soil and above-ground plant populations over space and time. We examined this relationship in the perennial mustard Lesquerella fendleri between 1991 and 1994 within a New Mexico desert ecosystem characterized by open patches of soil (intershrub areas) interspersed with dominant creosote (Larrea tridentata) shrubs (subshrub areas). 2 For the first 2 years of the study, Lesquerella soil seed, surface plant and seed production densities were greater in subshrub vs. intershrub areas. Within the subshrub areas, there were more Lesquerella soil seeds and surface plants in the northern and central microsites, compared with the southern and perimeter microsites, respectively. The mean density of the subshrub seed bank did not increase following large inputs of new seeds (2400 seeds m−2) in the summer of 1992. In contrast, virtually all of the relatively modest Lesquerella intershrub seed production at this time (169 seeds m−2) appeared to survive, so that for the remainder of the study most soil seeds were found in the intershrub sites. This spatial reversal of seed bank densities preceded a similar switch in the relative densities of the Lesquerella sub- and intershrub surface plant populations in the last 2 years of the study. 3 This study supports the hypothesis that desert seed bank patchiness contributes to surface plant patchiness, but does not support the idea that seed banks are comprised primarily of seeds produced during favourable reproductive periods. Because there was a closer spatial match between Lesquerella soil seeds and surface plants than between soil seeds and seed production, the above-ground population may be limited to sites favourable for soil seed persistence.
Influence of Microorganisms on the Flavor of Selected Precooked Frozen Foods

SUMMARY —Macaroni and cheese, blueberry. pie, and beef gravy served as carriers for various bacteria including Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas geniculata, or a mold, Chrysosporium pannorum. The foods were inoculated with l,000,000 bacterial cells per gram or 250 mg, wet weight, of mold and compared with uninoculated samples after various intervals of frozen storage. Special effort was made to reduce the holding period both previous to freezing and for thawing to a minimum. A taste panel evaluated storage time and types of microorganisms for their effects on flavor and aroma, and found that in a limited number of instances the presence of certain microorganisms appeared to influence the flavor and aroma of food directly. More frequently, however, alterations in flavor or aroma developing during frozen storage seemed to be attributable either partially or wholly to factors other than the presence of or reactions incited by the microorganisms.
Calming the nerves that guide the hand: state activities to manage information

Abstract This article examines interagency activities that oversee and manage information production and use at the state level. A 50-state survey was conducted by the National Governors' Association (NGA) in December 1983 and updated in December 1985. Forty-nine states responded to the 1983 structured telephone interview and 35 states responded to the 1985 mailed questionnaire. Additional information is included from a state survey conducted by the National Association of State Information Systems and from the work of the Council of State Governments. Evidence suggests that emerging state efforts to manage information fall along a continuum that ranges from agency-specific to formalized central management activities. These activities have been of increasing interest as the federal role has shifted, state responsibilities have expanded and technological advances continue to be made. Management of the nation's decentralized statistical system however cannot rest on increased state activities alone. The states have a vested interest in federal activities to coordinate statistics and manage information resources. It is suggested that a wholistic approach is needed to move the system forward that includes a strong coordinating role at the federal level and continuing progress at the state level.
Dopamine may influence striatal GABA release via three separate mechanisms

We have examined the influence of dopamine (DA) on the spontaneous and electrically evoked release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from striatal slices prepared from rat brain. We observe that DA has at least 3 separate effects on GABA release. These effects include both excitatory and inhibitory influences, and involve DA receptors of the D1- and D2-subtypes as well as a mechanism that is not mediated by either of these receptors.
Analysis of Temporal Variability in Hydrogeochemical Data Used for Multivariate Analyses

During the time over which the data for a regional hydrogeocheimical survey are collected, the physical and chemical attributes of the ground-water flow regime may exhibit appreciable temporal variation. A case study is presented in which the temporal variance of many physical and chemical attributes of ground water at single locations was close to or even exceeded the spatial variance of concentrations measured over the region at a single point in time. Thus, the results of a multivariate analysis of the spatial variability could have led to incorrect inferences had the regional sampling not been done within a period of time that was short enough so that no appreciable temporal variation occurred. A methodology using both spectral and multi variate analyses was used in determining: (a) the window of time allowable in collecting the water samples so that the temporal variability of the attributes did not affect the spatial analyses, and (b) the dominant factors that explain the spatial variability of physical and chemical attributes at that particular period in time.
Birkat Ha-Minim Revisited

J. Louis Martyn and others have argued that a decision by late first-century rabbis to introduce a liturgical curse against heretics (Birkat Ha-Minim) provides the background for early Christian passages about Christians being excluded from and cursed in synagogues. More recent scholars, however, have challenged the assumption that the earliest form of Birkat Ha-Minim referred to Christians and that the rabbis controlled the synagogues. The present article defends the basics of Martyn's reconstruction while nuancing the extent of rabbinic control in the early Christian centuries. It also suggests, however, that the original of Birkat Ha-Minim may have been a Qumranian curse on the Romans.
The influence of molten fraction on the uniaxial deformation behavior of polypropylene: Real time mechano-optical and atomic force microscopy observations

In this study, we have coupled the real time mechano-optical measurements with the off-line structural characterization techniques including AFM, WAXS, and DSC to establish the quantitative relationships between the "true mechano-optical behavior and developed morphology" as influenced by the fraction of molten phase present in the polypropylene films. Stretching PP in the solid state invariably leads to formation of fibrillar texture. The evolution of surface morphology in partially molten state was found to depend on the fraction of the molten phase present at the start of the deformation. If the samples are strained past the yielding in partially molten state, the birefringence begins a rapid rise. Concurrent with this, the equatorial zones of the spherulites begin to crack while meridional regions remaining intact. This leads to temporary reduction of crystallinity because of destruction of some of the crystals. If held in this strained state, the crystallite thickening was observed while the birefringence increases while the lost crystallinity is recovered. If the films are strained past the strain hardening point, the microfibrillar structure was found to dominate the surface morphology. When the films are stretched in the melting temperature range, they exhibit substantial nodular surface topology. These nodules that were absent in the solid state deformed samples are hard lamellae buried inside amorphous "soft matter". The tangential lamellae increasingly become dominant as the processing temperature approaches substantially molten state leading to the observation of a* oriented crystallites in the X-ray analysis.
Larval feeding experience influences adult predator acceptance of chemically defended prey

Generalist predatory paper wasps, Polistes dominulus, experience plant secondary defensive compounds as developing larvae through their herbivorous lepidopteran caterpillar prey and as adults through attacking caterpillars while foraging. We evaluated the role that larval and early adult experience with unpalatable prey plays in subsequent foraging choices by adult wasps. For periods of two or four weeks, caged wasps were raised exclusively on caterpillars of either unpalatable Buckeye, Junonia coenia, that sequester substantial levels of iridoid glycosides (IG) or on Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui, that contain very low levels of IG. Wasps were then allowed to forage on both caterpillar species simultaneously. Patterns of prey capture differed significantly based on previous prey experience. Regardless of previous feeding experience, adult wasps overwhelmingly preferred to take Vanessa. Yet Junonia-experienced wasps continued to attack and take back to the nest over 50% more Junonia than did Vanessa-experienced wasps. The longer the wasps’ larval experience with Junonia, the more likely they were to capture Junonia caterpillars. However, the life stage at which the wasps experienced Junonia was also influential as young adult experience with the unpalatable prey was more of a deterrent than was experience strictly as larvae for Junonia-experienced wasps. The results demonstrate that, in these predators, previous experience with deterrent chemicals during their larval development alters patterns of prey acceptability to the adult insects.
3571 Preliminary results of a multicenter randomized trial of urgent vs. elective endoscopy in acute nonvariceal upper gi bleeding (ugib).

Therapeutic endoscopy improves clinical outcomes in a subset of patients with active or recurrent UGIB. The endoscopic appearance of bleeding lesions is an accurate predictor of recurrent bleeding. Single-center trials have suggested that urgent endsocopy (UE) may also identify patients who are unlikely to have recurrent bleeding and may be treated less aggressively, with associated cost savings. The aim of this prospective multicenter trial was to determine the impact of UE on healthcare resource utilization and costs of care. METHODS: We prospectively studied 93 outpatients who presented with new onset UGIB, in the absence of severe comorbidity or refractory hemodynamic instability at three medical centers. After evaluation and volume resuscitation patients were randomized with concealed allocation to either UE (prior to hospitalization) or elective endoscopy (EE) after admission. Endoscopic therapy (coagulation or injection) was delivered as clinically indicated. The initial disposition of the patient was recommended (but not mandated) based upon combined endoscopic and clinical criteria. Care decisions were made by the attending physician. Medical outcomes and resource utilization were determined for each patient. RESULTS: The age and gender of patients undergoing UE (n=47) and EE (n=46) were similar (57 and 52 years, respectively). The timing of endoscopy did not affect either healthcare resource utilization or patient outcomes. The total length of stay was similar (3.98 [95%CI 2.84- 5.11] and 3.26 [2.32-4.21] days for UE and EE, p=0.45). The number of ICU days was the same (mean 1.2 days). One UE and 2 EE patients died. One patient in each group required surgery. Endoscopy was repeated in 4 UE patients and 1 EE patient (p = 0.12). The use of blood products and other interventions was similar. The UE group had more high-risk endoscopic lesions (11 with active bleeding and 4 visible vessels vs. 6 and 3, respectively, for the EE group, p = 0.031). It is unclear if this resulted from the timing of the endoscopy or underlying patient risk. Only 4 patients in the UE group were able to avoid hospitalization, compared to over 20% in other studies. CONCLUSIONS: Urgent endoscopy in selected patients with UGIB and without severe comorbidities did not impact the use of healthcare resources or patient outcomes. The information from UE did not result in a significant reduction in hospitalization of patients, as seen in other studies. Further subset and cost analyses are in progress.
A radioautographic study of the migration and fate of cranial neural crest cells in the chick embryo.

The migration and fate of cranial neural fold cells of the chick embryo (White Leghorn strain) were followed radioautographically after replacing crestcontaining fold segments with comparable segments from donor embryos labeled with tritiated thymidine. The behavior of the neural crest cells was found to be remarkably similar to that of their amphibian counterparts. The movements of labeled crest cells into the upper facial region of the chick embryo, in conjunction with their proliferative activity, apparently gave rise to the embryonic facial (medial and lateral nasal, and maxillary) processes. As the cells moved into the visceral arches, they surrounded the core- like mescdermal muscle plates. In the upper face and visceral arch regions, labeled crest cells participated in the formation of cartilage. Judging from the distribution of these cells in the remaining mesenchyme, it appears that the still undifferentiated skeletal and connective tisues of these regions are also of neural crest origin. Labeled crest cells were also found in the root ganglia of the VIIth and of the IXth and Xth nerves and the trigeminal and ciliary ganglia. While labeled neural crest contributed extensively to the formation of sheath cells, it made rather limited contributions to the meninges of the brain.
The Role of Nonseparable Utility and Nontradeables in International Business Cycle and Portfolio Choice

This paper analyzes the role of nonseparable utility and nontradables in business cycles and portfolio choice. I find that nonseparability in utility can change the portfolio choice significantly. Unlike previous results in literature, the optimal portfolio of the traded-good sector equities is no longer a well diversified portfolio and becomes sensitive to parameter values. As a result, the model often generates extreme home bias or anti-home bias portfolios implying that some frictions in asset markets, which prevent agents from holding these extreme portfolios, can explain the lack of international risk sharing.
The Child as Proband for Future Parental Cardiometabolic Disease: The 26-Year Prospective Princeton Lipid Research Clinics Follow-Up Study

Objective To evaluate children’s cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors as predictors of parents’ subsequent CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and high blood pressure (HBP). Study design We conducted a 26-year prospective follow-up of 852 5- to 19-year-old black and white schoolchildren (mean age, 12 years; Lipid Research Clinics, 1973-8), and parents (mean age, 40 years) from 519 families in Princeton Schools, Cincinnati, Ohio. Schoolchildren were reassessed in the Princeton Follow-up study 1999-2003 at mean age 39 years; CVD, T2DM, and HBP history of their 1038 parents were reassessed by mean age 66 years. We assessed relationships of childhood risk factors with parental CVD, T2DM, and HBP. Child-probands identified with triglyceride (TG) levels, blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, body mass index (BMI), and glucose level greater than and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels less than established cutoff points. Results Pediatric HBP (P = .006) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = .018) were predictive of parental CVD at age ≤50 years. Pediatric HBP (P = .02) and high TG (P = .03) were predictive of parental CVD at age ≤60 years. Pediatric high TG (P = .009) and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = .04) were predictive of parental CVD by age 66 years. Pediatric high BMI (P = .0006) were predictive of parental T2DM. Pediatric high BMI (P = .003) and black race (P = .004) were predictive of parental HBP. Conclusions Pediatric risk factors identify families with parents at increased risk for CVD, T2DM, and HBP, emphasizing the usefulness of the child as proband.
Balancing international risk and profit

Transnational corporations (TNCs) are recognizing the necessity of stratifying countries according to level of risk exposure so that they may optimize planning for:
Soft breaking of N=4 supersymmetry

Abstract We consider the addition of soft breaking terms to the N =4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills lagrangian. N =1 supersymmetric mass terms and mass terms of the form ( A 2 − B 2 ) do not give rise to any new divergence, which implies that in a gauge in which the massless theory is completely finite, this finiteness is preserved. All other soft terms give rise to at most logarithmic divergences.
Transgene Expression and Repression in Transgenic Rats Bearing the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase-Simian Virus 40 T Antigen or the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase-Transforming Growth Factor-α. Constructs

Transgenic Sprague-Dawley rats expressing either human transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) or simian virus 40 large and small T antigen (TAg), each under the control of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) promoter, were developed as an approach to the study of the promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis in the presence of a transgene regulatable by diet and/or hormones. Five lines of PEPCK-TGFα transgenic rats were established, each genetic line containing from one to several copies of the transgene per haploid genome. Two PEPCK-TAg transgenic founder rats were obtained, each with multiple copies of the transgene. Expression of the transgene was undetectable in the TGFα transgenic rats and could not be induced when the animals were placed on a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. The transgene was found to be highly methylated in all of these lines. No pathological alterations in the liver and intestine were observed at any time (up to 2 years) during the lives of these rats. One line of transgenic rats expressing the PEPCK-TAg transgene developed pancreatic islet cell hyperplasias and carcinomas, with few normal islets evident in the pancreas. This transgene is integrated as a hypomethylated tandem array of 10 to 12 copies on chromosome 8q11. Expression of large T antigen is highest in pancreatic neoplasms, but is also detectable in the normal brain, kidney, and liver. Mortality is most rapid in males, starting at 5 months of age and reaching 100% by 8 months. Morphologically, islet cell differentiation in the tumors ranges from poor to well differentiated, with regions of necrosis and fibrosis. Spontaneous metastasis of TAg-positive tumor cells to regional lymph nodes was observed. These studies indicate the importance of DNA methylation in the repression of specific transgenes in the rat. However, the expression of the PEPCK-TAg induces neoplastic transformation in islet cells, probably late in neuroendocrine cell differentiation. T antigen expression during neoplastic development may result in a pervasive change in the islet cell growth properties with selection of a transformed phenotype as a possible requirement for cell viability.