cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Chaos in Mitochondrial Dynamics

The triggering of post-ischemic arrhythmias and heart contractile dysfunction at acute levels of oxidative stress and energetic failure represents a new paradigm in pathophysiology. Mitochondrial network oscillations are able to drive the excitability of the heart cell setting the stage of cardiac fibrillation. Not known is whether chaotic mitochondrial dynamics can give rise to fibrillation, considered as a form of spatio-temporal chaos in electrical activity. Thus, herein we seek for evidence of the existence of mitochondrial chaos. An upgraded computational model of mitochondrial redox-energetics including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ROS scavenging in both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic compartments was utilized to search for chaotic dynamics under oxidative stress. Stability analysis of the model showed that mitochondrial oscillations can be observed when the superoxide, O2.−, scavenging capacity is compromised in energized mitochondria. The transition between stable steady states and oscillatory dynamics is characterized by a series of Hopf bifurcations (HB), from which subcritical ones are observed with large positive maximum Lyapunov exponents. This behavior is a signature of sensitivity to initial conditions, a hallmark of chaos. Return plots show that the oscillatory regime comprises large amplitude cycles of membrane potential, NADH, O2.−, and H2O2 with complex wave forms. A three dimensional phase plane plot of mitochondrial ADP, NADH, and O2.− at the subcritical HB shows a strange attractor. The power spectrum of the corresponding time series exhibits a power law distribution, characterized by a broad spectrum of frequencies (spectral exponent = −2.3), while other mitochondrial state variables such as O2.− showed exponential decay. Detrended fluctuation analysis of the time series indicated that the signals do not correspond to colored noise. Taken together our results suggest that mitochondria can exhibit chaotic dynamics under conditions of reduced O2.− scavenging capacity.
Effects of Inhomogeneities in Atmospheric Turbulence on the Dynamic Response of an Aircraft

The power-spectral density of the dynamic response of an aircraft to inhomogeneous turbulence is formulated. In order to facilitate the analysis of the response the inhomogeneous turbulence is decomposed into two parts—a part whose statistics, viz. the scale and the intensity, are spatially constant and a part whose statistics are spatially varying. The effects of the inhomogeneities on the response are analyzed through a 'correction factor" whose numerical value is a measure of the percent error introduced into the response powerspectrum whenever the effects of the inhomogeneities are neglected. Numerical results are obtained for the cases of an airplane flying through turbulence whose intensity varies sinusoidally in space and an airplane flying through turbulence whose integral scale varies sinusoidally in space.
Universal quantum-critical dynamics of two-dimensional antiferromagnets.

The universal dynamic and static properties of two-dimensional antiferromagnets in the vicinity of a zero-temperature phase transition from long-range magnetic order to a quantum-disordered phase are studied. Random antiferromagnets with both N\'eel and spin-glass long-range magnetic order are considered. Explicit quantum-critical dynamic scaling functions are computed in a 1/N expansion to two-loop level for certain nonrandom, frustrated square-lattice antiferromagnets. Implications for neutron scattering experiments on the doped cuprates are noted.
Inhibition of prokaryotic translation by the Shiga toxin enzymatic subunit

Shiga toxin, produced by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, is a member of the large family of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) which are primarily produced by plants. All RIPs are rRNA N-glycosidases which inactivate ribosomes through the removal of a specific adenine residue from the well-conserved aminoacyl-tRNA-accepting loop of rRNA. As a type II RIP, STX is believed to have little effect on prokaryotic ribosomes. However, we have demonstrated that over-expression of the STX enzymatic (A1) polypeptide which lacks a signal sequence caused a reduced rate of growth of its Escherichia coli host. Over-expression of the same StxA1 polypeptide with a catalytic site substitution had no effect on the growth of E. coli. In addition, purified StxA1 was an inhibitor of prokaryotic protein synthesis as assessed using an in vitro transcription and translation assay. The specific activity of StxA1 was significantly higher than ricin, which is another type II RIP, with both eukaryotic and prokaryotic translation systems.
The assessment of anxiety and fear in persons with chronic pain: a comparison of instruments

Instruments used to study anxiety and fear responses related to chronic pain vary along two dimensions. They differ in terms of the stimuli or situations that evoke anxiety responses and the types of anxiety responses included (i.e. cognitive, motoric, and physiological). This study examined relations of variables from the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS), the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), the Fear of Pain Questionnaire (FPQ), and the trait version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) with variables related to pain severity, perceived disability, and pain behavior. Subjects were 45 consecutive referrals to a university pain clinic who completed these measures during their evaluation. Results suggested that anxiety responses directly related to the patient's particular pain sensations are more relevant to the understanding of chronic pain than are more general tendencies to respond anxiously or fear more varied pain stimuli. Regression analyses showed that empirically selected subsets of the anxiety variables predict from 16 to 54% of the variance in pain severity, disability and pain behavior. Also, assessment of multiple anxiety response types appears useful for understanding pain behavior and disability. Further study of fear and anxiety responses of persons with pain is likely to benefit from careful selection of measures dependent on the stimulus and response dimensions assessed.
Immunologic cross reaction between human growth hormone and a tryptic digest of bovine growth hormone.

The plasma of a patient who was treated with a biologically active trypsin digest of bovine growth hormone (TBGH) was studied. Antibodies were present which reacted not only with TBGH but also with human growth hormone (HGH). The binding of 131I-labeled human growth hormone by the plasma was inhibited by a variety of primate and subprimate growth hormones.
The flow behavior of the liquid/powder mixture, theory and experiment II: Effect of the friction force

Abstract The analytical theoretical formula for calculating the unconfined yield shear strength (fc) of the powder/oil mixture obtained earlier in our previous paper [1] is modified, taking into account the work required not only to rupture the liquid bridge, but also to move particles relative to each other against the inter-particle friction force. This formula is valid for powder/oil mixtures with homogeneously distributed oil, as well as for dry powders. Experimental results obtained for dry narrowly sized silica particles in a Schulze cell agree with the developed formula, suggesting experimental value for the friction coefficient and accounting for the effect of the roughness on the adhesion and friction forces.
Discrepancy between objective and subjective profile measures

— As a part of an overall project to develop an index of “psychologic need” for orthodontic treatment, a method was devised to determine how accurately one perceives his own profile. In a preliminary study, 21 unselected Swedish females (Ss), aged 18 to 30, were asked to recreate their own and desired profiles from three adjustable cardboard pieces representing the nose, upper lip, and lower lip/chin. Angular and linear measurements were obtained from soft tissue profile landmarks of cephalometric tracings. To discern differences in perceptual-motor ability, and to provide practice in manipulating the device, each S performed replicated simulation of an idealized test profile. A semantic differential self-evaluation of attractiveness of each facial feature was also completed for comparison with subjective and subjective-objective discrepancy measures. The results indicated that Ss differed in their ability to recreate their own profiles as a function of some combination of intervening psychologic, perceptual, or motor variables. In general, Ss underestimated less desirable features. The significant correlations between simulation measures of one's own and desired profiles, and between the simulation of desired profile and idealized test figure suggested the Ss were satisfied with their own appearance and/or were more influenced by the idealized test profile.
Estimation of Graywater Constituent Removal Rates in Outdoor Free-Water-Surface Wetland in Temperate Climate

AbstractAlthough constructed wetlands have become an accepted technology for the treatment of graywater for nonpotable reuse, little guidance is available on the design and sizing of wetlands specifically for graywater treatment. A common practice for sizing constructed wetlands is to apply the first order plug flow k-C* model. The objective of this work was to estimate k and C* parameters in a free-water-surface wetland processing graywater during summer, fall, and winter months for five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen (TN), and ammonia. Mass removal rates were consistently higher during summer months than winter months. Estimated values for k were higher in summer than winter for BOD5 (15.9 m year−1 compared to 2.5 m year−1) and TN (16.4 m year−1 compared to 5.5 m year−1). Additionally, estimates of k for BOD5 removal during all seasons was lower for graywater than typically observed for domestic and livestock wastewaters. The parameter (k and C*) estimates provided here can be ...
Coexisting communication disorders in a random sample of school-aged stutterers

Abstract A group of 24 stutterers in grades 1–12 were chosen randomly from a large, nationwide database and analyzed for speech, language, and hearing variables. Overall, the results suggest that a substantial proportion of typical school-aged stutterers are likely to manifest coexisting communication disorders, at least in the areas of articulatory and voice deviations.
The Evolution of Combinatorial Gene Regulation in Fungi

It is widely suspected that gene regulatory networks are highly plastic. The rapid turnover of transcription factor binding sites has been predicted on theoretical grounds and has been experimentally demonstrated in closely related species. We combined experimental approaches with comparative genomics to focus on the role of combinatorial control in the evolution of a large transcriptional circuit in the fungal lineage. Our study centers on Mcm1, a transcriptional regulator that, in combination with five cofactors, binds roughly 4% of the genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and regulates processes ranging from the cell-cycle to mating. In Kluyveromyces lactis and Candida albicans, two other hemiascomycetes, we find that the Mcm1 combinatorial circuits are substantially different. This massive rewiring of the Mcm1 circuitry has involved both substantial gain and loss of targets in ancient combinatorial circuits as well as the formation of new combinatorial interactions. We have dissected the gains and losses on the global level into subsets of functionally and temporally related changes. One particularly dramatic change is the acquisition of Mcm1 binding sites in close proximity to Rap1 binding sites at 70 ribosomal protein genes in the K. lactis lineage. Another intriguing and very recent gain occurs in the C. albicans lineage, where Mcm1 is found to bind in combination with the regulator Wor1 at many genes that function in processes associated with adaptation to the human host, including the white-opaque epigenetic switch. The large turnover of Mcm1 binding sites and the evolution of new Mcm1-cofactor interactions illuminate in sharp detail the rapid evolution of combinatorial transcription networks.
How do physicians teach empathy in the primary care setting

To explore how primary care clinician-teachers actually attempt to convey empathy to medical students and residents, the author carried out a qualitative study in 1999-2000 in which 12 primary care physicians reflected on their views of empathy, how they demonstrated empathy to patients, and how they went about teaching empathy to learners. Interview data were triangulated with observations of actual teaching sessions and informal questioning of students and residents who had been taught by the faculty participants. Grounded theory was used to interpret the data. The faculty had clear conceptualizations of what empathy meant in clinical practice, but differed as to whether it was primarily a measurable, behavioral skill or a global attitude. Respondents stressed the centrality of role modeling in teaching, and most used debriefing strategies, as well as both learner- and patient-centered approaches, in instructing learners about empathy. Findings suggest that limiting the teaching of empathy to a skill-based approach does not reflect the richness of what actually occurs in the clinical setting, and that it is important to teach empathy comprehensively, acknowledging both behavioral and attitudinal tools.
Watering Up the Curriculum for Adolescents with Learning Disabilities: Goals of the Knowledge Dimension

Many accommodations, though designed to ensure success of adolescents with learning disabilities in content area classes, water down the curriculum by reducing opportunities to learn and emphasizing memorization of facts. This article explores how watering up the curriculum to create "thought-full" classrooms can facilitate achievement of learning and development of deep knowledge structures. six basic principles associated with making knowledge construction more meaningful and robust are examined, and examples of specific instructional techniques particularly appropriate for use in inclusive classroom settings are provided. These techniques focus on teaching big ideas, promoting elaboration, relating to real-world contexts, and integrating thinking skills and strategies into the curriculum.
Activation of D4 Dopamine Receptor Decreases Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Expression in Rat Renal Proximal Tubule Cells

The dopaminergic and renin-angiotensin systems interact to regulate blood pressure. Disruption of the D4 dopamine receptor gene in mice produces hypertension that is associated with increased renal angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor expression. We hypothesize that the D4 receptor can inhibit AT1 receptor expression and function in renal proximal tubule cells from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, but the D4 receptor regulation of AT1 receptor is aberrant in renal proximal tubule cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The D4 receptor agonist, PD168077, decreased AT1 receptor protein expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in WKY cells. By contrast, in SHR cells, PD168077 increased AT1 receptor protein expression. The inhibitory effect of D4 receptor on AT1 receptor expression in WKY cells was blocked by a calcium channel blocker, nicardipine, or calcium-free medium, indicating that calcium is involved in the D4 receptor-mediated signaling pathway. Angiotensin II increased Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity in WKY cells. Pretreatment with PD168077 decreased the stimulatory effect of angiotensin II on Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity in WKY cells. In SHR cells, the inhibitory effect of D4 receptor on angiotensin II-mediated stimulation of Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity was aberrant; pretreatment with PD168077 augmented the stimulatory effect of AT1 receptor on Na(+)-K(+) ATPase activity in SHR cells. This was confirmed in vivo; pretreatment with PD128077 for 1 week augmented the antihypertensive and natriuretic effect of losartan in SHRs but not in WKY rats. We suggest that an aberrant interaction between D4 and AT1 receptors may play a role in the abnormal regulation of sodium excretion in hypertension.
Suspending Disbelief: Improving Writing, Research, and Team-Building Skills in a Peer-Centered Learning Environment:

The author presents a timetable for assigning and completing research papers. The timetable tasks include a feasibility study, a performance appraisal, and an on-going peer-centered revision process. The timetable provides a means for improving students' research, writing, and presentation skills and involves the whole class in a simulation of a complex work environment by requiring students to work collaboratively on projects composed of several components. During the semester, students gain confidence in their ability to analyze problems, gather and sort through a variety of source material, and work cooperatively with their peers. Students discover that the timetable process helps them overcome resistance to change and procrastination. Finally, students develop management skills that will help them in their careers.
Implant‐bone interface characteristics of bioglass dental implants

Three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) has been used to determine the implant-bone interface characteristics of bioglass dental implants. The results of the FEA were verified by comparison with the results of mechanical testing performed on animal implant specimens. The results of the study showed that the assumption of a discontinuous change of elastic properties at the bone-implant interface was a poor assumption for the bioglass implants. Interface elastic moduli of 354.0, 155.0, and 47.0 MPa for conditions of 25, 50, and 100% tissue attachment were determined for the bioglass implants.
Intrinsic functional connectivity of amygdala-based networks in adolescent generalized anxiety disorder.

Objective Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) typically begins during adolescence and can persist into adulthood. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disorder remain unclear. Recent evidence from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) studies in adults suggests disruptions in amygdala-based circuitry; the present study examines this issue in adolescents with GAD. Method Resting state fMRI scans were obtained from 15 adolescents with GAD and 20 adolescents without anxiety who were group matched on age, sex, scanner, and intelligence. Functional connectivity of the centromedial, basolateral, and superficial amygdala subdivisions was compared between groups. We also assessed the relationship between amygdala network dysfunction and anxiety severity. Results Adolescents with GAD exhibited disruptions in amygdala-based intrinsic functional connectivity networks that included regions in medial prefrontal cortex, insula, and cerebellum. Positive correlations between anxiety severity scores and amygdala functional connectivity with insula and superior temporal gyrus were also observed within the GAD group. There was some evidence of greater overlap (less differentiation of connectivity patterns) of the right basolateral and centromedial amygdala networks in the adolescents with, relative to those without, GAD. Conclusions These findings suggest that adolescents with GAD manifest alterations in amygdala circuits involved in emotion processing, similar to findings in adults. In addition, disruptions were observed in amygdala-based networks involved in fear processing and the coding of interoceptive states.
Effect of Correlated tRNA Abundances on Translation Errors and Evolution of Codon Usage Bias

Despite the fact that tRNA abundances are thought to play a major role in determining translation error rates, their distribution across the genetic code and the resulting implications have received little attention. In general, studies of codon usage bias (CUB) assume that codons with higher tRNA abundance have lower missense error rates. Using a model of protein translation based on tRNA competition and intra-ribosomal kinetics, we show that this assumption can be violated when tRNA abundances are positively correlated across the genetic code. Examining the distribution of tRNA abundances across 73 bacterial genomes from 20 different genera, we find a consistent positive correlation between tRNA abundances across the genetic code. This work challenges one of the fundamental assumptions made in over 30 years of research on CUB that codons with higher tRNA abundances have lower missense error rates and that missense errors are the primary selective force responsible for CUB.
Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated With Detection of Noninfluenza Respiratory Viruses in Seasonal Studies of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness

BACKGROUND: The test-negative control study design is the basis for observational studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE). Recent studies have suggested that influenza vaccination increases the risk of noninfluenza respiratory virus infection. Such an effect could create bias in VE studies using influenza-negative controls. We investigated the association between influenza infection, vaccination, and detection of other respiratory viruses among children <5 years old and adults ≥50 years old with acute respiratory illness who participated in seasonal studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness. METHODS: Nasal/nasopharyngeal samples collected from 2004–2005 through 2009–2010 were tested for 19 respiratory virus targets using a multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) platform. Vaccination status was determined using a validated registry. Adjusted odds ratios for influenza and vaccination status were calculated using three different control groups: influenza-negative, other respiratory virus positive, and pan-negative. RESULTS: Influenza was detected in 12% of 2010 children and 20% of 1738 adults. Noninfluenza respiratory viruses were detected in 70% of children and 38% of adults without influenza. The proportion vaccinated did not vary between virus-positive controls and pan-negative controls in children (P = .62) or adults (P = .33). Influenza infection was associated with reduced odds of vaccination, but adjusted odds ratios differed by no more than 0.02 when the analysis used influenza-negative or virus-positive controls. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination was not associated with detection of noninfluenza respiratory viruses. Use of influenza-negative controls did not generate a biased estimate of vaccine effectiveness due to an effect of vaccination on other respiratory virus infections.
Rosuvastatin but not ezetimibe improves endothelial function in patients with heart failure, by mechanisms independent of lipid lowering.

Abstract Introduction Congestive heart failure (HF) is characterised by increased proinflammatory stimulation and impaired endothelial function. Statin treatment exerts a beneficial effect on endothelial function and inflammatory process in patients with atherosclerosis. However, its effect in patients with HF is not well studied. Therefore, in the present study we compared the effect of short-term treatment with rosuvastatin or ezetimibe on endothelial function in patients with HF. Methods In this double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over trial, 22 patients with HF were randomised to receive ezetimibe 20 mg/d or rosuvastatin 10 mg/d for 4 weeks, with 4 weeks wash-out period between the two interventions. Endothelial function was evaluated by flow mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery at the beginning and at the end of each treatment period. Results There was no change in the baseline brachial diameter after treatment with either ezetimibe ( p =NS) or rosuvastatin ( p =NS). However, there was a significant improvement of FMD in the rosuvastatin group ( p p =NS). The changes in lipid levels were similar between groups ( p =NS). The change in FMD was not significantly correlated with the decrease of serum LDL in either the ezetimibe or rosuvastatin treated groups. Conclusions Rosuvastatin improves endothelial function in patients with congestive heart failure, by mechanisms independent of lipid-lowering. On the contrary, lipid-lowering treatment achieved by ezetimibe is unable to affect endothelial function in these patients. These findings indicate a direct beneficial effect of statins in patients with congestive heart failure, further to lipid-lowering.
Working Women, Working Men: Sao Paulo and the Rise of Brazil's Industrial Working Class, 1900-1955

In Working Women, Working Men , Joel Wolfe traces the complex historical development of the working class in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Latin America's largest industrial center. He studies the way in which Sao Paulo's working men and women experienced Brazil's industrialization, their struggles to gain control over their lives within a highly authoritarian political system, and their rise to political prominence in the first half of the twentieth century. Drawing on a diverse range of sources—oral histories along with union, industry, and government archival materials—Wolfe's account focuses not only on labor leaders and formal Left groups, but considers the impact of grassroots workers' movements as well. He pays particular attention to the role of gender in the often-contested relations between leadership groups and thee rank and file. Wolfe's analysis illuminates how various class and gender ideologies influenced the development of unions, industrialists' strategies, and rank-and-file organizing and protest activities. This study reveals how workers in Sao Paulo maintained a local grassroots social movement that, by the mid–1950s, succeeded in seizing control of Brazil's state-run official unions. By examining the actions of these workers in their rise to political prominence in the 1940s and 1950s, this book provides a new understanding of the sources and development of populist politics in Brazil.
Manufacturing Development of the NCSX Modular Coil Windings

The modular coils on the National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX) present a number of significant engineering challenges due to their complex shapes, requirements for high dimensional accuracy and the high current density required in the modular coils due to space constraints. In order to address these challenges, an RD the epoxy impregnation system (VPI) plus the tooling and equipment required to manufacture the modular coils will be presented
Can O2 Dysregulation Induce Premature Aging

Chronic intermittent or episodic hypoxia, as occurs during a number of disease states, can have devastating effects, and prolonged exposure to this hypoxia can result in cell injury or cell death. Indeed, intermittent hypoxia activates a number of signaling pathways that are involved in oxygen sensing, oxidative stress, metabolism, catecholamine biosynthesis, and immune responsiveness. The cumulative effect of these processes over time can undermine cell integrity and lead to a decline in function. Furthermore, the ability to respond adequately to various stressors is hampered, and this is traditionally defined as premature aging or senescence. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are involved in the response to intermittent hypoxia and the potential interplay among various pathways that may accelerate the aging process.
Economic and Sociodemographic Influences on Autolessness: Are Missing Variables Skewing Results?

The factors that influence whether a household will be without a vehicle, termed herein as "autolessness," are examined. First, national survey data in logistic regression models are used to examine the strength of three variables identified in the literature as key influences on autolessness: income, transit access, and urban residence. In a second model, however, the inclusion of social and demographic variables representing race, sex, and age of the household head and life-cycle status of the household reveals that they, too, exert substantial influence on the likelihood of a household being without a car. Furthermore, inclusion of these variables reduces the magnitude of the influence of the key variables. They exert influence along sociodemographic lines; for instance, female-headed households are more likely to be without a car than maleheaded households, controlling for the three key variables referred to above. However, these sociodemographic variables do not directly influence autolessness. It is...
Cardiac-Specific Overexpression of Melanoma Differentiation–Associated Gene-5 Protects Mice From Lethal Viral Myocarditis

Background—Viral myocarditis is among the most common causes of heart failure in children and young adults. The RNA helicase melanoma differentiation–associated gene-5 (MDA5) is critical for host antiviral responses against members of the Picornaviridae family, such as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). MDA5-knockout mice are highly susceptible to EMCV infection and develop significant myocardial injury and left ventricular dysfunction. However, the mechanisms by which MDA5 signaling within cardiac myocytes contributes to the host response against viral infection have not been defined. Methods and Results—We generated cardiac-specific MDA5 transgenic (alpha-myosin heavy chain [αMHC]-MDA5) mice. These mice showed increased baseline cardiac expression of antiviral cytokines and increased cellular infiltration but no alterations in cardiac function and structure. αMHC-MDA5 mice were less susceptible to EMCV infection and had a significantly lower cardiac viral load compared with littermate control mice. The ...
The C++ Hybrid Imperative Meta-Programmer: CHIMP

Neither the C nor the C++ languages support reflection and their meta-programming capabilities are very limited. Both of these problems can be addressed by adding a preprocessing step, which can analyze and modify the code before it is passed to the actual compiler. By using this method, we can simplify many typical C/C++ tasks without having to change the languages at all. In order to investigate this, we have created CHIMP, a meta-programming tool that demonstrates the concept and can be used to explore the full capacity of the proposed programming technique. This paper presents CHIMP and demonstrates the benefits of this kind of meta-programming by applying it toa frequently encountered XML problem.
STUDIES ON THE PERMEABILITY OF LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES

The passageway for interstitial fluids and large molecules across the connective tissue lymph interface has been investigated in dermal lymphatic capillaries in the ears of guinea pigs. Numerous endothelial cells overlap extensively at their margins and lack adhesion devices at many points. The observations suggest that these sites are free to move as a result of slight pressure changes. Immediately following interstitial injections of tracer particles (ferritin, thorium, carbon, and latex spheres), many of the overlapped endothelial cells are separated and thus passageways are provided between the interstitium and lymphatic lumen. Tracer particles also occur in plasmalemmal invaginations along both connective tissue and luminal fronts. All of the tracer particles accumulate within large autophagic-like vacuoles. Very few particles of ferritin are observed in the endothelium after 24 hr; however, the vesicles containing the nonprotein tracer particles (carbon, thorium, and latex) increase in size and content and remain within the lymphatic endothelial cells up to 6 months. The role of vesicles in the transport of large molecules and particles is discussed in relation to the accretion of tracer particles within large vesicles and autophagic-like vacuoles in the endothelial cytoplasm.
A crossed molecular beams study on the formation and energetics of the resonantly stabilized free i-C4H3(X2A′) radical and its isotopomers

Abstract The chemical dynamics of the formation of the i -C 4 H 3 (X 2 A′) radical together with its partially deuterated isotopomers were investigated in eight crossed molecular beams experiments of dicarbon molecules in their X 1 Σ g + electronic ground and in first excited a 3 Π u state with (partially deuterated) ethylene at collision energies between 12.1 and 40.9 kJ mol −1 . The center-of-mass angular distributions suggest that the reaction dynamics on the singlet and triplet surfaces are indirect and involve butatriene reaction intermediates. In case of the C 2 /C 2 H 4 reaction, the ‘symmetric’ singlet butatriene intermediate would lead solely to a symmetric center-of-mass angular distribution; however, in combination with isotopically labeled reactants, we deduced that triplet butatriene intermediates excited to B/C like rotations likely account for the observed asymmetries in the center-of-mass angular distributions at higher collision energies. The translational energy distributions are also indicative of the involvement of both the triplet and singlet surfaces which lead both to the i -C 4 H 3 (X 2 A′) radicals through lose (singlet) and tight (triplet) exit transitions states. Also, our experiments helped to determine the enthalpy of formation of the i -C 4 H 3 (X 2 A′) radical to be about 504 ± 10 kJ mol −1 in good agreement with previous computational studies suggesting 498–499 kJ mol −1 . The explicit identification of the resonance-stabilized i -C 4 H 3 (X 2 A′) radical proposes that the reaction of dicarbon with ethylene can lead to formation of i -C 4 H 3 (X 2 A′) in combustion flames; the n -C 4 H 3 (X 2 A′) isomer is not formed in this reaction. This conclusion correlates nicely with Hansen’s et al. flame experiments at the advanced light source observing only the i -C 4 H 3 (X 2 A′) radical in hydrocarbon flames.
Influence of Within-Orchard Trap Placement on Catch of Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Sex Pheromone–Treated Orchards

The influence of trap placement on catches of codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., was examined in a series of studies conducted in orchards treated with Isomate-C Plus sex pheromone dispensers. Mark-recapture tests with sterilized moths released along the interface of pairs of treated and untreated apple and pear plots found that significantly more male but not female moths were recaptured on interception traps placed in the treated plots. In a second test, significantly higher numbers of wild male and female moths were caught on interception traps placed in treated versus untreated plots within a heavily infested orchard. The highest numbers of male moths were caught on traps placed along the interior edge of the treated plots. Trap position had no influence on the captures of female moths. In a third test, north-south transects of sex pheromone-baited traps were placed through adjacent treated and untreated plots that received a uniform release of sterilized moths. Traps on the upwind edge of the treated plots caught similar numbers of moths as traps upwind from the treated plots. Moth catch was significantly reduced at all other locations inside versus outside of the treated plots, including traps placed on the downwind edge of the treated plot. In a fourth test, five apple orchards were monitored with groups of sex pheromone-baited traps placed either on the border or at three distances inside the orchards. The highest moth counts were in traps placed at the border, and the lowest moth counts were in traps placed 30 and 50 m from the border. In a fifth test, the proportion of traps failing to catch any moths despite the occurrence of local fruit injury was significantly higher in traps placed 50 versus 25 m from the border. The implications provided by these data for designing an effective monitoring program for codling moth in sex pheromone-treated orchards are discussed.
New observations on bone fragility with glucocorticoid treatment. Results from an in vivo animal model

Glucocorticoid treatment frequently is associated with an increase in the risk of bone fracture, especially in the spinal vertebrae and the femoral head 1-3 . Individuals treated with glucocorticoids have alterations in bone remodeling 4-6 . These alternations in bone remodeling include an increase in bone resorption and reductions in bone formation such that reductions in trabecular bone mass and architecture occur, including reductions in trabecular thickness and trabecular number 5-8 . The mechanism behind these changes have been proposed to be alterations in bone cell viability, i.e., glucocorticoids reduce the lifespan of osteoblasts and osteocytes through apoptosis while increasing osteoclast viability 7,8 . While these proposed alterations in bone cell lifespan could explain the reduction in bone formation markers and trabecular bone architecture, neither of these observations completely explains the increased bone fragility observed in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis when compared to postmenopausal osteoporosis 4 . Methods We assessed the changes in the fifth lumbar vertebral body and/or distal femur for trabecular bone structure (micro-CT and histomorphometry), elastic modulus of lumbar vertebrae trabeculae (Scanning Probe Microscopy), whole bone strength (compression testing), mineral to matrix ratio of the trabeculae (MicroRamen Spectroscopy), and bone turnover (serum and urine biochemical markers and histomorphometry) for prednisolone-treated mice and controls; and estrogen deficient mice and sham-operated controls after 21 days of treatment.
Knowledge and Language a Human Right in Aid: The Case of Education in Tanzania

The continued use of English, French and Portuguese for educational purposes in Africa monopolizes the control of national educational policies and goals. This paper explores the constraints of these linguistic choices, which are core to quality schooling and inclusive development based on a study of a curriculum change in Zanzibar in which English has replaced Kiswahili as the language of instruction. This paper will critically examine the debates for considering the use of a local language in Mathematics and Science as a right in education. Relying on several field visits over a period of three years, involving observation in classrooms and interviews with policy makers, primary teachers and tertiary institution scholars. The study further investigates the reasons behind the curriculum change, the extent to which teachers and schools are prepared for the change, and the consequences of the change for the learning environment. The findings of the study show that local language use and localized curriculum are at the core of quality education - right in education. From the perspective of a rights-capability-based educational approach, the study concludes that non-localized curriculum or the non-preservation of local language or at the other end, the promotion of foreign language policies violate right in education in Zanzibar.
Identification of a candidate tumor suppressor gene, Del-ALL, embedded on the opposite strand of the HMGA2 gene at the 12q14.3 locus

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 2856 We have recently reported submicroscopic deletions (using PCR based microsatellite markers analyses) at the 12q14.3 locus in 20 of 78 (26%) cases of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The minimal boundary of these deletions was mapped to a 170-kb region that harbors the HMGA2 gene (a member of the high mobility group of architectural transcription factors, consisting of five exons and oriented centromeric to telomeric), and a novel gene (as assembled from ESTs localized within the 113-kb intron 3 of HMGA2 gene), that we have named Del-ALL (deleted in ALL). Del-ALL consists of four exons embedded on the opposite strand of the HMGA2 gene in telomeric to centromeric orientation. Lack of tumorigenesis in HMGA2 knockout mice argues that the HMGA2 gene is unlikely to be the target for these deletions. We hypothesize that the Del-ALL gene is the target for these deletions, and a candidate tumor suppressor gene in ALL pathogenesis. Del-ALL gene expresses two transcripts (consisting of 3 of the 4 exons, and carrying the common exons 1 and 2) generated as a result of alternate splicing. These transcripts encode novel proteins of 160 and 149 amino acids. Expression of both the transcripts have been evaluated using RT-PCR in human normal hematopoietic tissues, 16 ALL patient specimens, and 12 different hematopoietic cell lines. Both the transcripts are expressed preferentially in normal human bone marrow and fetal liver (major site for hematopoiesis in adult, and fetal stage, respectively); and moderately in lymph node, spleen and thymus. Del-ALL transcripts are not detected in terminally differentiated peripheral blood leukocytes (suggesting a possible role in hematopoietic cell differentiation), and ALL patient specimens and cell lines (demonstrating loss of expression in ALL patients, and cell lines). Preliminary results showed induction of this gene in response to 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine (which promotes hypomethylation at the CpG islands of the promoter region of a gene) in cell lines expressing low or no Del-ALL transcripts. These results argue that Del-ALL is a candidate tumor suppressor gene at the 12q14.3 locus.
Thinking Otherwise: Derrida’s Contribution to Philosophy of Religion

Derrida’s early deconstructive project did not simply entail reading texts against the grain but involved profound attention to that which had been excluded by the binary logic that influenced much of Western thought. His later work undertook more searching investigations into the nature of friendship, hospitality, the gift. Religious themes – such as messianism and infinite justice also feature in Derrida’s later thought, though he maintained his accustomed equivocal stance and refrains from supporting any position associated with established religious doctrines or tradition.
The Child in the Nonconventional Family

In this volume on nonconventional children, the question repeatedly raised is what factors produce a nonconventional child? In some cases mutant chromosomes have been implicated, in others biochemical dysfunctions. Discovery of such clear-cut indices for certain childhood conditions that make for nonconventional growth has intensified the search for other biological markers. However it has not diminished the question of whether or not, in the absence of such biological pathogenicities, unusual external environmental or milieu conditions will also produce nonconventional children and childhoods.
Ciprofloxacin-Induced Extensor Tendon Rupture in the Hand: A Case Report.

Case: An eighty-one-year-old man had begun taking ciprofloxacin one week prior to the sudden inability to extend the metacarpophalangeal joint of the ring finger of the dominant right hand. He presented to us three months after he initially noticed this finding. Conclusion: Ciprofloxacin-induced tendon rupture appears to be possible in the extensor digitorum communis tendons of the hand. Our patient was managed operatively and had a good functional outcome.
Shooting with sound: optimizing an affordable ballistic gelatin recipe in a graded ultrasound phantom education program.

Objectives The goal of this study was to investigate the durability and longevity of gelatin formulas for the production of staged ultrasound phantoms for education. Methods Gelatin phantoms were prepared from Knox gelatin (Kraft Foods, Northfield, IL) and a standard 10%-by-mass ordinance gelatin solution. Phantoms were durability tested by compressing to a 2-cm depth until cracking was visible. Additionally, 16 containers with varying combinations of phenol, container type, and storage location were tested for longevity against desiccation and molding. Once formulation was determined, 4 stages of phantoms from novice to clinically relevant were poured, and clinicians with ultrasound training ranked them on a 7-point Likert scale based on task difficulty, phantom suitability, and fidelity. Results On durability testing, the ballistic gelatin outperformed the Knox gelatin by more than 200 compressions. On longevity testing, gelatin with a 0.5% phenol concentration stored with a lid and refrigeration lasted longest, whereas containers without a lid had desiccation within 1 month, and those without phenol became moldy within 6 weeks. Ballistic gelatin was more expensive when buying in small quantities but was 7.4% less expensive when buying in bulk. The staged phantoms were deemed suitable for training, but clinicians did not consistently rank the phantoms in the intended order of 1 to 4 (44%). Conclusions Refrigerated and sealed ballistic gelatin with phenol was a cost-effective method for creating in-house staged ultrasound phantoms suitable for large-scale ultrasound educational training needs. Clinician ranking of phantoms may be influenced by current training methods that favor biological tissue scanning as easier.
Influence of alpha-naphthyl thiourea on gastric evacuation.

SummaryIntraperitoneal injection of fatal or near-fatal doses of alpha-naphthyl thiourea (ANTU) markedly lengthened gastric emptying time in rats, as determined by comparing the weights of stomach contents in ANTU-poisoned rats to those of controls. In some rats only minimal evacuation of the stomach had occurred after 24 hours. The chemical vagotomizing agent banthine, in sublethal doses, and epinephrine, in near fatal doses, also delayed gastric evacuation, although the effect of epinephrine wore off before that of ANTU. The explanation for this finding and its relation to other effects produced by ANTU are still unknown.
Influence of Temperature on Development and Reproduction of Geocoris atricolor, G. pallens, and G. punctipes (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) from California

The effects of various constant temperatures on development of eggs and nymphs and on fecundity and fertility of G. atricolor Montandon, G. pallens Stal, and G. punctipes (Say) are presented. Eggs and nymphs of all species failed to complete development at 37.8°C. The egg incubation period decreased with increased temperature and was consistently shorter for G. pallens and consistently longer for G. punctipes at each temperature tested. The duration of the nymphal stages also decreased with increased temperature, but at 23.9°C, G. punctipes developed in the shortest time and G. pallens developed in the longest time. At the other temperatures tested the duration of nymphal stages followed the same order as eggs (G. pallens < G. atricolor < G. punctipes). Oviposition and fertility were maximal in G. atricolor and G. punctipes at 32.2°C. Oviposition by G. pallens was maximal at 35.0°C. Females of G. atricolor and G. pallens, but not G. punctipes, oviposited at 35.0°C. At 23.9°C, only females of G. punctipes oviposited.
Anonymity and fairness in packet scheduling: a quantitative tradeoff

Fairness among multiple users sharing a common resource is an important criterion in the design and evaluation of scheduling algorithms in networks. Anonymous networking, where sources of transmitted packets are undecipherable to an eavesdropper, requires packets arriving at routers from multiple sources to be randomly reordered prior to transmission, which works against the notion of temporal fairness in packet scheduling. Consequently, it is important to understand the relationship between temporal fairness and achievable anonymity. In this paper, this relationship is investigated for three fair scheduling paradigms: First-Come--First-Serve (FCFS), Fair Queuing, and the Proportional Method. Using an information-theoretic metric for anonymity and a common temporal fairness index that measures the degree of out-of-order transmissions, the anonymity achievable under these scheduling paradigms is characterized and their anonymity-fairness tradeoffs are compared. The FCFS and Fair Queuing algorithms have little inherent anonymity, and a significant improvement in anonymity is achieved by relaxing their respective fairness paradigms. The analysis of the relaxed FCFS criterion, in particular, is accomplished by modeling the problem as a stochastic control system that is solved using dynamic programming. The proportional method of scheduling, while unpopular in networks today, is shown to outperform the other fair scheduling algorithms when trading temporal fairness for anonymity, and is also proven to be asymptotically optimal as the buffer size of the scheduler is increased.