cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AMILORIDE DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECTS INFLAMMATORY- AND NEUROLOGIC-INDUCED AIRWAY TONE. 1788

Nebulized amiloride (AMIL) is used in cystic fibrosis (CF) to block Na+ hyperabsorption and dehydration of mucus. CF patients often have inflammation and reactive airways. Bovine and canine airways relax to AMIL in vitro, suggesting a benefit as a bronchodilator, but we found (Pediatr Res 1996;39:387A) that guinea pig (GP), mouse, and human fetal airways contract to AMIL when tone is induced by acetylcholine (ACh, neurotransmitter), independent of airway epithelium. However, the effect of AMIL on airway tone induced by inflammatory mediators, such as leukotriene D4 (LTD4), is not known. Thus, we further defined the mechanism of AMIL-mediated airway contraction, and compared this to the response on airway tone induced by other agonists. Methods. GP (n=6-16), mouse (n=5-9), and human fetal (6 fetuses, 11-16 wks gestation) airway ring segments were constricted with an EC50-75 of ACh, KCl, or LTD4. Changes in isometric tension to cumulative additions of AMIL (0.01-100 μM) were measured. Results. Developmental regulation was not detected. AMIL-mediated contraction was attenuated by inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) with GF109203X (p<0.01) and staurosporine (p<0.01). However, after constriction with KCl, AMIL relaxed GP (108±15%), mouse (57±32%), and human fetal airway tone (137±58%), and after constriction with LTD4, AMIL relaxed GP(82±10%) and human fetal airway tone (62±23%). Mice did not respond to LTD4. Conclusions. After constriction with ACh, airways from all three species contracted to AMIL in vitro, and this contraction may be mediated by PKC. However, after constriction with KCl and LTD4, AMIL caused relaxation. AMIL may be useful clinically as a bronchodilator when airway hyperresponsiveness is mediated by leukotrienes. Funded by: US Army HSC, NIH RR/AI11091, and NIH HL-45220.
On the loss of low-energy positive ions from the inner radiation zone

Low energy, positive ion flux from inner radiation zone, noting losses due to charge exchange, night sky emissions and lifetimes
Investigation of hetero-interface and junction properties in silicon heterojunction solar cells

The amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) - crystalline silicon (c-Si) heterojunction (SHJ) solar cell fill factor (FF) is very sensitive to the properties of c-Si surface, process parameters of thin a-Si:H layers, properties of transparent conducting front electrode, and all of their interfaces. In this work, quality of hetero-interface and junction properties in n-type SHJ solar cells were investigated by; (i) suns V OC under white, blue, and infrared light; (ii) dark and light JV; and (iii) quantum efficiency (QE) with and without voltage and light bias. Analysis of all these measurements suggest an anomalous “S” shape JV curve can arise due to at least two separate reasons; (a) existence of a large barrier for hole transport with excellent front surface passivation, and (b) existence of an opposing diode/Schottky barrier in the hetero emitter side of a SHJ solar cell. Both of the above-mentioned interface and/or junction properties severely affect minority carrier collection in SHJ cells.
Variation Within and Between Vitis spp. for Foliar Resistance to the Downy Mildew Pathogen Plasmopara viticola

Cadle-Davidson, L. 2008. Variation within and between Vitis spp. for foliar resistance to the downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola. Plant Dis. 92:1577-1584. To complement existing control strategies, grape growers in humid climates desire cultivars with resistance to downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola. Numerous disease resistance screens of diverse Vitis germplasm have been conducted previously to identify downy mildew resistance; however, ratings of named cultivars were inconsistent and identities of resistant individuals in wild species were not typically provided. Inconsistencies among previous studies could be due to race-specific resistance. In the current study, controlled inoculations of two single isolates onto two leaf ages of 883 Vitis accessions were used and these results compared with natural infection in a fivefold replicated vineyard of 80 Vitis accessions in 2006 and 2007. Of the accessions rated in both assays, 16.2% were resistant to a single isolate but susceptible in the vineyard. Otherwise, there was good correlation of ratings between the field assay and the rating of older leaves (r = 0.62 to 0.71). Five accessions from Vitis cinerea, V. labrusca, and Vitis × champinii averaged zero severity in both vineyard years, yet some individuals of V. cinerea and V. labrusca were moderately or highly susceptible in the field. Similarly, although significant differences in mean severity separated V. vinifera, Vitis hybrid, V. riparia, and V. labrusca for single-isolate inoculations (from susceptible to resistant), notable intraspecies variation was identified for all well-represented species. Resistant individuals were identified in most species with the prominent exceptions of V. vinifera and V. acerifolia. Single-isolate, detached-leaf resistance ratings in 2006 corresponded well (94.6%) to 2007 ratings using a separate isolate collected from the same vineyard. Categorizing the ratings for this and previous studies, ratings infrequently corresponded among previous studies (31.9%) as well as between previous studies and the current single-isolate (34.9%) or vineyard (46.4%) ratings. These results highlight important factors for downy mildew resistance screens: leaf age, pathogen genotype, and host species and accession. The results further underscore the importance to breeders of uniform testing in multiple environments.
TRANSPERITONEAL LAPAROSCOPY INTO THE PREVIOUSLY OPERATED ABDOMEN: EFFECT ON OPERATIVE TIME, LENGTH OF STAY AND COMPLICATIONS

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated the effect of previous abdominal surgery on perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing a renal/adrenal laparoscopic procedure via a transperitoneal approach.Materials and Methods: Renal/adrenal laparoscopic procedures via a transperitoneal approach were assessed. Medical records were reviewed to obtain operative and perioperative data.Results: Of the 190 patients 76 (40%) had previously undergone abdominal surgery. Patients with versus without an earlier abdominal operation had a longer mean hospital stay (3.8 versus 2.6 days, p = 0.002) but not longer median operative room time (median 220 versus 210 minutes, p >0.05). Operative and major complication rates were greater in patients with previous operations (16% versus 4%, p = 0.009 and 16% versus 5%, p = 0.022, respectively). Access and total complication rates were not altered (4% versus 2% and 33% versus 24%, respectively, p >0.1). An upper midline scar/ipsilateral upper quadrant scar was associated with a greater acces...
Study tissue polarization with polarization-sensitive OCT by linearly and circularly polarized probing light

We designed a polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) system to study the tissue polarization properties. The system has a dual-configuration scheme with the capability of easily switching the state of probing beam in the sample arm between linear polarization (LP) and circular polarization (CP). This setup will give four sets of 2-D tomographic data for each sample measurement, thus reveal more polarization information embedded in the biological tissue than a standard two-channel CP-configured PS-OCT system. The imaging results of LPCP-OCT for dentin and enamel of tooth samples are compared and discussed.
Halifax clamps: efficacy and complications in posterior cervical stabilization.

Abstract BACKGROUND Trauma, neoplasia, rheumatoid arthritis. Down's syndrome, and inflammatory conditions are well-known causes of spinal instability. The Halifax clamp is a method of posterior cervical stabilization that is attached to the adjoining laminae and tightened until no movement between involved vertebrae is possible. Our experience with cases that have utilized Halifax interlaminar clamps, their results and complications are presented. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of patients with spinal instability in whom Halifax interlaminar clamps were utilized for posterior spinal stabilization. RESULTS Over a 5-year period, 38 patients in our institution underwent posterior stabilization of the cervical spine utilizing the Halifax interlaminar clamp. The patients represent a mix of motor vehicle and sports-related traumas, rheumatoid subluxation, and a single cancer patient. Average follow-up has been 29 months (range 3 to 36 months) Thirty (78.9%) patients have had good results (i.e. stable fusion and regression of symptoms) and no complications. Three patients from our institution, and a fourth patient referred to us postoperatively, developed complications related to the Halifax clamps. Four patients died from unrelated causes. CONCLUSIONS Halifax interlaminar clamps are a safe and effective method for posterior stabilization of various causes of cervical spinal instability.
Re-Examining Evelyn Hooker: Setting the Record Straight with Comments on Schumm's (2012) Reanalysis

Evelyn Hooker's research comparing the mental health of 30 male homosexuals to 30 male heterosexuals may be the most influential study in the history of social science. The American Psychological Association (APA) claims her work was the major reason it began advocating for acceptance of homosexuality. It led the American Psychiatric Association in 1973 to eliminate homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. And it impacted the U.S. Supreme Court's 2003 legalization of sodomy in Lawrence v Texas. Hooker reportedly believed experts would be unable to distinguish homosexuals from heterosexuals on psychological tests. Re-examination of her work indicates that Hooker's study was neither rigorous nor reliable. Among other problems, homosexual subjects were easily identified on test protocols; her reports of how she obtained her samples were incomplete and contradictory; and her study generated results supportive of obsession/compulsivity in homosexuals. Thus Hooker's study wa...
Testing Mixed-Phase Cloud Water Vapor Parameterizations with SHEBA/FIRE–ACE Observations

The parameterization of in-cloud water vapor pressure below 08C is examined using in situ aircraft observations from Canadian National Research Council (NRC) Convair-580 flights during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA)/First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment‐ Arctic Cloud Experiment (FIRE‐ACE) campaign. The accuracy of in-cloud water vapor measurements is evaluated against the saturated water vapor pressure in liquid water clouds as derived from measured temperatures, which have a mean bias of about 21%. This study reveals that the parameterization used in the ECMWF cloud scheme, which employs a temperature-weighted average of the values with respect to ice and liquid water underestimates the saturated water vapor by ;9% when applied to all in-cloud data from the campaign. It is found that a parameterization that relates the weighting to the cloud liquid and ice water contents agrees well with the observations. This study also reveals that it is incorrect to assume that water vapor is in equilibrium with liquid water in mixed-phase clouds.
Antibody binding measurements with hapten-selective membrane electrodes

Direct antibody-hapten binding measurements were carried out with the use of a hapten-selective membrane electrode. Potentiometric titrations of rabbit antibody to the hapten trimethylphenylammonium ion demonstrate the speed and convenience of the new method for the determination of binding equilibria. Average intrinsic binding constants obtained agree well with those measured by equilibrium dialysis techniques.
Delivering popular web pages using cyclic multicast

The World Wide Web has gained tremendously in popularity over the last several years. One solution to the problem of overloaded WWW servers is to use multicast for the delivery of pages. In this work we explore the use of UDP, best- effort multicast as a delivery option. Reliability is achieved through repetitive, cyclic transmission of a requested page. We describe the cyclic multicast technique and consider the various procedures needed for its successful operation. We characterize the gains in performance achieved by our proposal through an extensive performance analysis and reference our ongoing work in simulating and implementing a cyclic multicast server.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quick Analysis Methods for Random Balance, Screening Experiments

A short expository account of random balance ia given, in which some different types of sampling are distinguished. As a quick significance test of effectiveness of single factors, a simple analysis of variance method is recommended. For the sake of sensitivity, it is suggested that the number of levels of quantitative factors should preferably be less than five. The degree of unbalance of a random balance design is studied, largely through an example, and a desirable upper bound is suggested for the number of levels of any factor, namely one eighth of the total number of observations.
On ambient embeddings in the Hilbert cube

Abstract It is shown that for each closed subset X of codimension at least three in the Hilbert cube Q there is a Cantor set C in Q so that no homeomorphism of Q onto itself takes C into X
Repression and Terrorism: A Cross-National Empirical Analysis of Types of Repression and Domestic Terrorism

While some scholars have theorized that repression reduces terrorism because it raises the costs of participating in terrorist activity by dissidents, others argue that repression stimulates terrorism by either closing off nonviolent avenues for expressing dissent or by provoking or sharpening grievances within a population. This study investigates these contradictory sets of expectations by considering whether or not different specific types of repression yield different effects on patterns of terrorism in 149 countries for the period 1981 to 2006. By assessing the impact of nine specific types of repression on domestic terrorism, the study produces some interesting findings: while, as expected, forms of repression that close off nonviolent avenues of dissent and boost group grievances increase the amount of domestic terrorism a country faces, types of repression that raise the costs of terrorist activity have no discernible suppressing effect on terrorism.
Adolescent pregnancy: occurrence and consequences.

The proportion of adolescents who report having sexual intercourse has increased steadily since the 1970s. The proportion of females aged 15- 19 years reporting such activity increased from 26.6% in 1970 to 51.5% in 1988 with the percentage of 15 year olds rising from 4.6% to 25.6% over the period. Data from the 1988 National Survey of Adolescent Males indicate that 64% of males aged 15-18 years had sexual intercourse at least once. Adolescents however tend to delay using contraception until 1 year after the initiation of sexual intercourse. Youths seen at family planning clinics have cited being afraid of their parents finding out about their visit fear of pelvic exams and fear of health consequences from the pill as reasons for their delay. This degree of sexual intercourse without contraception has led to annual pregnancies for more than 1 million women under age 20. Approximately 50% bear their children while 40% abort their fetuses. Births to these young mothers increase their risk of delivery-related mortality and subsequent long-term economic and educational underachievement. The children born to these mothers also share similar risks in addition to the possibility of being born underweight and bearing infants themselves as teenagers. Teenage pregnancy and childbearing therefore comes at great social and public economic costs. Medical practitioners counselors policymakers and the general public must realize however that teenage sexuality and its consequences are not the most alarming of social ills in the US. Of greater concern is the failed continuation of declines in the rate of adolescent childbearing began in the 1970s and the recent increase among younger adolescents. Central to these trends is the continually declining age of initial sexual intercourse among youths and the particular tendency among younger adolescents to delay using contraceptives. 18% of US adolescents have sexual intercourse before reaching age 15 and 66% do so by age 19 yet only 33% of those who are sexually active use contraceptives. Despite similar levels of sexual activity across countries the US has higher rates of adolescent pregnancy births and elective abortions than Canada France the Netherlands Great Britain and Sweden. US efforts to prevent unwanted pregnancies among youths are therefore comparatively weak. Pediatricians are in a good position to speak out about the realities of adolescent sexuality educate youths about their sexuality and promote adolescents access to contraceptives. Pediatricians are also well- situated to encourage discussion of these issues with their young male clients who generally avoid seeking contraceptives in traditional family planning settings.
1175 ACTIVE EXPIRATORY WORK OF BREATHING IN THE NEWBORN

The small lung volume and low total lung compliance of the newborn lung leads to a different pattern of respiration from that of the older child and adult. Respiratory rates are higher and inspiration-expiration times shorter in order to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. These parameters are best mediated through a work of breathing pattern which requires active expiratory mechanical work in order to prevent air trapping and to stabilize resting lung volume. Transpulmonary pressure (esophageal balloon), air flow (pneumotachograph), and tidal volume enabled·determination of dynamic pressure volume loops. Expiratory work of breathing was studied by planimetry on pressure-volume diagrams obtained from 100 normal newborn infants in the first three days of life. Mean birthweight was 3.39 kg (range 2.91-5.26 kg.), gestational age 38.6 wks. (range 37-42 wks.). Dynamic lung compliance was 1.68 ± 0.06 ml/cm H2O/kg mean ± S.E., resting lung volume 26.1 ± 0.7 ml/kg, respiratory rate 49 ± 1 per min., total work of breathing 32.7 ± 0.4 gm/cm/kg and active expiratory work per breath 2.9 ± 0.3 gm/cm/kg. Active expiratory work was performed in 98% of infants studied. It is concluded that active mechanical work is required even in the normal newborn during quiet respiration in order to overcome the resistive forces to expiration and that insufficient potential energy is stored during inspiration to perform this passively.
Parent-of-Origin Testing for 15q11-q13 Gains by Quantitative DNA Methylation Analysis

The Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome critical region (PWS/ASCR), located at chromosome 15q11-q13, is associated with several diseases. Absence of paternally expressed genes in this region cause Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), whereas absence of the maternally expressed UBE3A gene causes Angelman syndrome (AS). In addition, duplications and triplications of this region are also associated with distinct clinical features, indicating that the overexpression of genes within the PWS/ASCR can also lead to distinct phenotypes. Maternally inherited increases in copy number generally lead to a more severe phenotype do than paternally inherited increases. We describe a real-time methylation-sensitive PCR (Q-MSP) assay that quantifies methylation at the promoter of the differentially methylated SNRPN gene located within the PWS/ASCR. Q-MSP can detect both PWS and AS, as well as determine the parent of origin for the allele that carries the PWS/ASCR gains. In addition, Q-MSP requires only a small amount of DNA, is amenable to high-throughput analysis, and can be used in clinical testing as a reflex test to determine the parent of origin after identification of a gain of this region on chromosome 15.
A framework for earthmoving blade/soil model development

This paper presents a framework for earthmoving blade/soil model development that combines the advantages of both the analytical and numerical methods. This framework greatly expands the limitations of traditional analytically formulated models and can be effectively used to tackle the technical issues that are faced with complex dozing. This model has a lot of new capabilities compared to other models that can be found in the open literatures. Some of the new capabilities are (1) it is a three-dimensional model and is able to account for the tilted and angled blade operations on different terrain conditions: level, uphill, and downhill; (2) uneven cutting can be effectively handled by the proposed model; (3) the transient soil piling, spillage process, and earthmoving productivity can be predicted and animated; (4) the forces and moments can be predicted as well as their centroids; (5) the cutting soil volumetric expansion and transient surcharge effect on resultant forces and moments acting on blade are well established; (6) many systematic relationships involving the dynamic dozing are well established through this framework. Numerical examples and qualitative validations are provided to demonstrate and verify the capabilities of this newly developed framework.
Transduction of donor hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells with Fas ligand enhanced short-term engraftment in a murine model of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Fas-mediated apoptosis is a major physiologic mechanism by which activated T cells are eliminated after antigen-stimulated clonal expansion generates a specific cellular immune response. Because activated T cells are the major effectors of allograft rejection, we hypothesized that genetically modifying allogeneic bone marrow (BM) cells prior to transplantation could provide some protection from host T-cell attack, thus enhancing donor cell engraftment in bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We undertook studies to determine the outcome of lentiviral vector-mediated transduction of Fas ligand (FasL) into lineage antigen-negative (lin−) mouse BM cells (lin− BMs), in an allogeneic BMT model. FasL-modified lin− BMs killed Fas-expressing T cells in vitro. Mice that received transplants of allogeneic FasL+ lin−BMs had enhanced short-term engraftment, after nonmyeloablative conditioning, as compared to controls. We observed no major hepatic toxicity or hematopoietic or immune impairment in recipient mice at these time points. These results suggest potential therapeutic approaches by manipulating lymphohematopoietic stem-progenitor cells to express FasL or other immune-modulating genes in the context of BMT.
Determination of contaminant levels and remediation efficacy in groundwater at a former in situ recovery uranium mine

There has been increasing interest in uranium mining in the United States via in situ recovery techniques. One of the main environmental concerns with in situ uranium mining is the potential for spreading groundwater contamination. There is a dearth of detailed analysis and information regarding the outcome of in situ uranium mine remediation to ascertain the environmental impacts. Regulatory measurements performed at a Wyoming in situ uranium mine were collected and analysed to ascertain the efficacy of remediation and potential long term environmental impact. Based on the measurements, groundwater sweeping followed by reverse osmosis (RO) treatment proved to be a highly efficient method of remediation. However, injection of a reductant in the form of H2S after groundwater sweeping and RO did not further reduce the aqueous concentration of U, Mn, or Fe. Low concentrations of target species at monitoring wells outside the mined area appear to indicate that in the long term, natural attenuation is likely to play a major role at reductively immobilizing residual (after remediation) concentrations of U(VI) thus preventing it from moving outside the mined area. Our analysis indicates the need for additional monitoring wells and sampling in conjunction with long term monitoring to better understand the impacts of the different remediation techniques.
The chromosomes of the giant scale Aspidoproctus maximus louns. (Coccoidea-Margarodidae) with special reference to asynapsis and sperm formation

1. The chromosomes of the African scale, Aspidoproctus maximusLouns., number 5 in the male, 6 in the female; sex chromosomes are of the XO male, XX female type. 2. Male meiosis is similar to that found in the Neotropical Llaveiini, with vesiculation of prophase nuclei, broadly dispersed polar centers, and divergent chromosomal fibers. The usual sequence of co-orientation and auto-orientation in meiosis is inverted; the chromosomes are autooriented at Metaphase I, and co-oriented at Metaphase II. 3. Asynapsis of one pair of autosomes occurs in from 14% to 52% (in different individuals) of the primary spermatocytes. Regular segregation of asynaptic chromosomes is ensured by a secondary pairing during interkinesis. 4. In spermiogenesis the chromosomes, linearly aligned, move out of the nucleus into the tail filament which forms a non-flagellated sperm.
Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XLIV. A method for chromosome analysis of solid tumors

Mechanical and enzymatic disaggregation procedures have been utilized for the preparation of materials suitable for chromosome examination of tissues from various kinds of solid tumors. A great number of the cells disaggregated with the latter procedure were observed to attach to the bottom of culture flasks after 2 days in vitro; cells obtained with the former method were not attached. In general, the enzymatic procedure yielded a significantly larger number of viable cells that would undergo mitosis after short term culture and considerably improved the quality of banding as compared to the mechanical method. However, there were no significant differences among the basic karyotypes observed in the cells obtained by the mechanical approach versus those seen following the enzymatic method. This evidence, together with the high success rate of karyotyping in the enzyme-treated preparations, suggest that this should be the procedure of preference for cytogenetic examination of various tumors, particularly where in the past karyotypic examination has been very difficult, e.g., the early stages of tumor development.
Assessment of Student Interprofessional Education (IPE) Training for Team-Based Geriatric Home Care: Does IPE Training Change Students’ Knowledge and Attitudes?

Our study assesses changes in students' knowledge and attitudes after participation in an interprofessional, team-based, geriatric home training program. Second-year medical, physician assistant, occupational therapy, social work, and physical therapy students; third-year pharmacy students; and fourth-year dental students were led by interprofessional faculty teams. Student participants were assessed before and after the curriculum using an interprofessional attitudes learning scale. Significant differences and positive data trends were noted at year-end. Our study suggests that early implementation, assessment, and standardization of years of student training is needed for optimal interprofessional geriatric learning. Additionally, alternative student assessment tools should be considered for future studies.
Arthroscopic resection of olecranon and prepatellar bursae

This article presents a new method of excision of olecranon and prepatellar bursae using an arthroscopic technique. Six cases, three in each anatomic location, are retrospectively reviewed with an average follow-up of 6.25 months (1.5-15 months). When the etiology of the bursitis was traumatic, all four cases did well. Unsatisfactory results were obtained, for both a patient with CREST syndrome (Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, Esophageal hypomobility, Sclerodactyl, Telangietasia) and a patient with gouty bursitis. The results from this limited series would suggest reserving this technique for those cases of bursitis secondary to trauma, and not responding to conservative treatment.
Selective feeding determines patterns of nutrient release by stream invertebrates

AbstractOne common stoichiometric approach to predicting patterns of nutrient release (excretion + egestion) by animals in aquatic ecosystems is to base predictions on elemental mass-balance constrained by homeostatic maintenance. An easily measured resource composite (i.e., seston, epilithon, or leaf litter) often is used to represent ingested stoichiometry, but whether such a composite is a good indicator of food actually ingested is a relatively unexplored assumption. We examined the application of a stoichiometric model to the diets of 4 generalist stream invertebrates. We fed 3 trichopteran and 1 amphipod taxa rations consisting of cultured algae, stream epilithon, and several species of conditioned leaf litter. The rations ranged widely in C∶N from 10 to 69 (molar) and in C∶P from 165 to 3500. After a 2-d feeding period, we measured NH4+ and PO43− excretion, and C, N, and P egestion rates. The relationships observed between the stoichiometries of release and ration were unexpected. Total N∶P release...
Crystal properties of α-quartz type GeO2

The crystal properties of α-quartz type GeO2 were studied ia lattice energy minimization calculations using shell model and Buckingham potential.
The induction of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in mice using single and multiple treatments

Studies are reviewed in which the effect of treatment/sample protocol on the induction of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MN-PCE) in male B6C3F1 mice by 3 carcinogens (benzidine, dimethylbenzanthracene and mitomycin C) were evaluated. 3 different treatment/sampling protocols were used, involving from 1 to 3 consecutive daily treatments and from 3 to 1, respectively, consecutive daily samplings beginning 24 h after the last injection. The results indicate that the 3-day injection/single sample time protocol eliminates the need for multiple sample times, minimizes the number of animals required in a study, decreases the time needed for data collection and simplifies data analysis. A comparison of the frequency of induced MN-PCE in peripheral blood and bone marrow suggests that, following a 3-injection protocol, either tissue can be used with equal efficiency.
Contributions of Temperament to Buffering and Sensitization Processes in Children's Development

Temperament refers to relatively stable, early appearing, biologically rooted individual differences in behavioral traits. Individual differences in temperament are multidetermined encompassing both biological and experiential influences. Evidence indicates that certain temperament traits, such as impulsivity, inhibition, and negative emotionality, can serve as developmental risk factors. Evidence also indicates that other temperament traits, such as flexible self-regulation, sociability, and task orientation, can serve to increase children's resilience. Five potential mechanisms through which individual differences in temperament can increase vulnerability or facilitate resilience are presented: (1) Differential treatment of children with different temperaments by caregivers or teachers (reactive covariance). (2) Children with different temperament styles seeking out environments that may increase risk or promote resilience (active covariance). (3) Goodness or poorness of fit between child temperament characteristics and environmental demands. (4) Children with different temperaments reacting to similar levels or types of stress in different ways. (5) Different coping strategies used by children with different temperaments.
Limited Learning on College Campuses

Politicians, policymakers, and private foundations have united in recent years around achieving a common goal: college for all. As President Barack Obama pledged in his first speech to a joint session of Congress in February 2009: “We will provide the support necessary for you to complete college and meet a new goal: by 2020, America will once again have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world.” At the beginning of the 21st century, increasing and ensuring individual access to college presents itself not just as a moral imperative, but an economic necessity. As employment opportunities in manufacturing continue to grow scarcer in the United States, both individual and national global economic competitiveness requires mastery of what many commentators have termed “21st century skills.” These skills, generally thought uniformly taught at U.S. colleges and universities, are defined as including critical thinking, complex reasoning, and written communication. But what if sending students to college did not necessarily ensure that much was learned once there? What if at the beginning of the 21st century many colleges and universities were not focused primarily on undergraduate learning, but instead had become distracted by other institutional functions and goals? We have systematically investigated the state of undergraduate learning in contemporary colleges and universities. Following more than 3,000 traditional-age students as they enrolled in coursework from Fall 2005 to Spring 2009, across a wide range of 29 four-year colleges and universities, we found a set of conditions suggesting that something indeed is seriously amiss in U.S. higher education. In Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses (University of Chicago Press, 2011), we have described some of these disturbing conditions and documented the extent to which many students show little if any growth over the first 2 years of college in their ability to perform tasks requiring critical thinking, complex reasoning, and written communication as measured by the Collegiate Learning Assessment (CLA). In the report Improving Undergraduate Learning: Findings and Policy Recommendations from the SSRC-CLA Longitudinal Project on which this summary is based, we extend those findings to document the rate of growth on the CLA for the full 4 years of college, academic practices associated with improved student performance, as well as differences across individuals and institutions in the level of learning. The 4 year results confirmed the broad patterns and trends based on 2 years of data analysis identified in Academically Adrift.
Epithelium — connective tissue junction in follicular ameloblastoma and ameloblastic fibroma: An ultrastructural analysis

The ameloblastoma and ameloblastic fibroma are tumors of odontogenic origin. During odontogenesis, there is a sequence of inductive stimulations, or interactions, between the epithelium of the enamel organ and the connective tissue of the dental papilla. We review 7 cases of follicular ameloblastoma and 1 case of ameloblastic fibroma under the electron microscope to investigate possible induction-stimulated changes at the epithelium-connective tissue junction. Thickening of the basal lamina by a granulo-filamentous material was a universal finding. Horizontal proliferation and convolutions of this thickened material were found in 2 ameloblastomas. The ameloblastic fibroma evidenced fine aperiodic fibers perpendicular to the basal lamina. These changes are consistent with attempted inductive stimuli directed toward tooth formation.
Removal of CCA from treated wood by oxalic acid extraction, steam explosion, and bacterial fermentation

Most preservative-treated wood produced and consumed in the United States is treated with toxic inorganic compounds containing copper, chromium, and arsenic. Because chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is fixed to the wood, CCA-treated wood has not been considered toxic or hazardous and it is currently disposed of in approved landfills. Growing public concern about environmental contamination from treated wood combined with the removal of greater quantities of CCA-treated wood from service have presented a disposal challenge for this fiber source. In this study, CCA-treated wood was processed by acid extraction, steam explosion, and bacterial fermentation and evaluated for removal of copper, chromium, and arsenic. Copper was the easiest to remove by these treatments and chromium the most resistant to removal. Exposing CCA-treated wood to steady-state bacterial growth by continuous culture with Bacillus licheniformis CC01 did not enhance removal of CCA components compared to standard mixed culture when acid extraction preceded bacterial fermentation. Nor did steam explosion, alone or in conjunction with acid extraction and bacterial fermentation, enhance removal of CCA components; the chromium and arsenic components resisted removal. Grinding CCA-treated wood chips into 20-mesh sawdust provided greater access to and removal of CCA components by all processes. However, grinding the chips was unnecessary if they were treated with acid prior to bacterial fermentation. Extraction with oxalic acid as a precursor to bacterial fermentation with B. licheniformis CC01 removed 90% copper (CuO), 80% chromium (CrO3), and 100% arsenic (As2O5) from treated chips. The combination of acid extraction and bacterial fermentation removed 80–100% of these metals from CCA-treated wood.
VEGFR-2 inhibition augments cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses leading to endothelial dysfunction

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces phosphorylation of VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and activates the downstream signaling pathway resulting in endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and survival. Cigarette smoking is associated with abnormal vascular and endothelial function, leading to airspace enlargement. Herein, we investigated the mechanism of cigarette smoke (CS) -induced endothelial dysfunction by studying the VEGF-VEGFR-2 signaling in mouse lung and human endothelial cells. CS exposure caused oxidative stress, as shown by increased levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-adducts in mouse lung and reactive oxygen species generation in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-Ls). Inhibition of VEGFR-2 by a specific kinase inhibitor (NVP-AAD777) enhanced the CS-induced oxidative stress, causing augmented inflammatory cell influx and proinflammatory mediators release in mouse lung. The levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and phosphorylated (p) -eNOS in the lungs of mice ...
Distributed Joint Routing and Medium Access Control for Lifetime Maximization of Wireless Sensor Networks

A distributed joint routing and medium access control (MAC) algorithm is proposed for lifetime maximization of wireless sensor networks. By adopting the flow contention graph model and the resulting MAC constraints, the problem can be formulated into a linear programming problem, which can be solved distributively using dual decomposition. However, the message passing overhead of such a solution is high, since the information exchange must occur among the interfering links as well as the communicating links. In this work, the MAC layer constraints are relaxed in the form of a penalty function, which facilitates distributed optimization using only the collision statistic that each node can accumulate essentially at no extra cost. The resulting algorithm solves a convex optimization problem by a distributed primal-dual approach, where the network layer problem is solved in the dual domain, and the MAC layer problem is solved in the primal domain.
Ebf1-dependent control of the osteoblast and adipocyte lineages

Ebf1 is a transcription factor essential for B cell fate specification and function and important for the development of olfactory sensory neurons. We show here that Ebf1 also plays an important role in regulating osteoblast and adipocyte development in vivo. Ebf1 mRNA and protein is expressed in MSCs, in OBs at most stages of differentiation, and in adipocytes. Tibiae and femora from Ebf1(-/-) mice had a striking increase in all bone formation parameters examined including the number of OBs, osteoid volume, and bone formation rate. Serum osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, was significantly elevated in mutant mice. The numbers of osteoclasts in bone were normal in younger (4 week-old) Ebf1(-/-) mice but increased in older (12 week-old) Ebf1(-/-) mice. This correlated well with in vitro osteoclast development from bone marrow cells. In addition to the increased osteoblastogenesis, there was a dramatic increase in adipocyte numbers in the bone marrow of Ebf1(-/-) mice. Increased adiposity was also seen histologically in the liver but not in the spleen of these mice, and accompanied by decreased deposition of adipose to subcutaneous sites. Thus Ebf1-deficient mice appear to be a new model of lipodystrophy. Ebf1 is a rare example of a transcription factor that regulates both the osteoblast and adipocyte lineages similarly.
What the Party Wanted to Know Citizen Complaints as a “Barometer of Public Opinion” in Communist Bulgaria

Authoritarian governments produce internal assessments of the quality of governance that allow them to identify and address brewing problems before they threaten regime stability. This paper provid...
The use of second order descriptors for document retrieval

It is proposed that one way to increase the efficacy of document retrieval is to define to the computer the descriptors used to index the file. A computer program written in COMIT to implement the proposal and to facilitate testing its capabilities is described. Definitions are given to the computer as a string of terms called a “definitor.” These terms, which act as “second order descriptors,” are not normally those used as file descriptors. Their introduction provides a controllably broader base for link-finding and matchcounting operations by the computer. It also makes possible such things as introducing new terminology and biasing existing descriptor indexes towards special interests or languages without having to re-index the file. The program computes a “pseudometric distance” between a query and each document and prints an ordered list of those documents closer to the query than some chosen cut-off value. (Large files would probably require some preselection, such as that which would result from use of a concordance.) It then substitutes for each descriptor its definitor and repeats the above process. The result is that the subjective human judgment required to evaluate the efficacy of introducing the definitors is reduced to a statement as to which list would be considered more useful. Use of the program to date has been only as a demonstration so no conclusions can be stated other than that the demonstration results would seem to indicate that testing on a serious scale should be undertaken. (This paper is a result of work sponsored by The MITRE Corporation's Educational Assistance Program).
Key distance effects on perceived harmonic structure in music.

Two experiments provide convergent evidence for the hypothesis that listeners interpret chords in terms of their harmonic functions in a system of interrelated keys. The perceived associations between chords undergo significant changes depending on the broader tonal framework in which they are embedded. Three independent context effects are identified, and their magnitude is found to be a systematic function of the distance between the context key and the key lot keys) of which the chords are members. In the first experiment, listeners rate how musically related one chord is to a second chord; the chords are those that function within two maximally distant major keys (C major and F# major). All possible chord pairs from this set are presented in each of three context keys: G major which is close to C major and distant from F# major), A major (which is moderately distant from both C major and F# major), and B major (which is close to F# major and distant from C major). The second experiment measures recognition memory for the same chords embedded in tonal sequences in C, G, A, or B major keys, or random sequences. In the two experiments, the distance between the context key and the key of the chords on the circle-of-fifths affects: (1) the probability that a repeated chord is correctly recognized, (2) the strength of association between chords from the same key measured in terms of both confusion errors and direct relatedness judgments, and (3) asymmetries in confusion errors and relatedness judgments when the chords are in different keys. Perceived harmonic relations are thus found to be strongly context dependent, but the context effects are lawful functions of interkey distance. We conclude that listeners possess a highly articulated system of knowledge about the harmonic functions of chords in musical keys and an appreciation of musical structure at the level of abstract tonal centers.
Effect of pH and Salt Preblending on Emulsifying Characteristics of Mechanically Deboned Turkey Frame Meat

Abstract THE utilization of mechanically deboned poultry meat in emulsified products has been of concern to processors in recent years. The variable composition and quality of mechanically deboned poultry meat has hindered predictable performance in emulsified products. Froning (1970) has indicated that sausage-type products made from mechanically deboned poultry meat has somewhat less emulsification stability than those made from hand-deboned sources. Emulsions made from mechanically deboned meat sources had less of a protein matrix. Mechanically deboned meat further produced emulsions with somewhat larger fat globule size than that found from hand-deboned sources. The higher fat and lower protein content of mechanically deboned meat appeared to be a contributing factor. Froning and Neelakantan (1971), indicated that prerigor meat had much improved emulsifying capacity and emulsifying stability over that obtained from postrigor meat. Results further showed that pH was perhaps a significant factor in the improved emulsifying characteristics of prerigor muscle. Nevertheless, the…
Memory for prenominal adjectives in ordinary English sentences

Abstract S s have been found to remember the gist of English sentences quite well while having little or no memory for structural features unrelated to the basic meaning. This research examines the representation of meaning in memory using adjective-noun phrases embedded in ordinary sentences. S s studied a long series of sentences and were later tested for memory of certain of the adjectives in these sentences. Tested with a specially constructed forced-choice recognition procedure, S s made significantly more recognition errors to distractors from the same predicative class as the correct choice than they did to distractors from different classes. This effect was highly significant when the correct choice was a nonpolar adjective but was not different from chance when a polar was correct. Data from a recall test procedure suggested this difference was due to S s remembering the denotative or referential meaning of the adjective. The results showed that S s remember abstract aspects of the predicative meaning of adjectival modification.
State Policy Regimes and Charter School Performance.

The policy diffusion framework is critical to understanding the spread of policy innovations such as charter schools in the United States. This framework, however, is less instructive in explaining the state-by-state configuration of these policies. What explains the wide variation in charter school policy among states? This study addresses this question by introducing the concept of policy regimes. Policy regimes capture dominant and distinct approaches to policy innovations that are informed by common institutional environments among states. This article applies this concept to charter schools by studying state charter school policies and their effects on academic performance. Factor analysis of different charter school policies identifies four unique policy regimes: independence, support, accountability, and mandate. These four regimes are linked to a series of state characteristics. This article then examines the relationships between regime type and charter school performance using ordinary least squ...