cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proteomic identification of tumor- and metastasis-associated galectin-1 in claudin-low breast cancer

Abstract Background Metastasis and mortality remain high among breast cancer patients with the claudin-low subtype because these tumors are aggressive, chemoresistant, and lack targeted therapies. Our objective was to utilize discovery-based proteomics to identify proteins associated with claudin-low primary and metastatic tumors to gain insight into pathways and mechanisms of tumor progression. Methods We used nano-LC-MS/MS proteomics to analyze orthotopic and metastatic tumors from the syngeneic murine T11 tumor model, which displays gene expression profiles mirroring human claudin-low tumors. Galectin-1 identity, expression and spatial distribution were investigated by biochemical and immunochemical methods and MALDI/IMS. RNA seq data from mouse and human tumors in our study and publicly available microarray data were analyzed for differential galectin-1 expression across breast cancer subtypes. Results Galectin-1, an N-acetyllactosamine-binding protein, exhibited the highest sequence coverage and high abundance rank order among nano-LC-MS/MS-identified proteins shared by T11 claudin-low tumors but not normal tissue. Label-free quantitation, Western immunoblot and ELISA confirmed galectin-1 identity and significant differential expression. MALDI/IMS spatial mapping and immunohistochemistry detected galectin-1 in T11 metastatic lung foci. Immunohistochemistry of human claudin-low tumors demonstrated intermediate-to-high intensity galectin-1 staining of tumor and stroma. Gene expression analysis of mouse and human tumors found the highest galectin-1 levels in the claudin-low breast cancer subtype. Conclusions Proteomics and genomics reveal high expression of galectin-1 protein and RNA in primary and metastatic claudin-low breast cancer. General significance This work endorses proteomic approaches in cancer research and supports further investigations of the function and significance of galectin-1 overexpression in claudin-low tumor progression.
Addressing uncertainty in census estimates

Abstract Data from the American Community Survey (ACS) provides a wealth of information useful for learning more about social determinants of health and their spatial distributions within a defined region. Although available data includes quantified indicators of uncertainty in aggregated location-specific estimates for a range of variables, this uncertainty is often ignored, the consequences of which may include estimate bias and reduced statistical power. Fortunately, the measurement error literature provides a range of useful tools for handling such error. We propose and demonstrate a new application of existing, well-supported measurement error models to spatial regression models. We show that the existing solution of ignoring the measurement error inherent in these data precludes precise effect estimation and that straightforward modifications to traditional estimators can be made to correct for this error. We intend for this work to establish the basic principles of error correction in spatial data and a new method for applying corrected regression estimators to such data.
An unrecognized inertial force induced by flow curvature in microfluidics

Modern inertial microfluidics routinely employs oscillatory flows around localized solid features or microbubbles for controlled, specific manipulation of particles, droplets, and cells. It is shown that theories of inertial effects that have been state of the art for decades miss major contributions and strongly underestimate forces on small suspended objects in a range of practically relevant conditions. An analytical approach is presented that derives a complete set of inertial forces and quantifies them in closed form as easy-to-use equations of motion, spanning the entire range from viscous to inviscid flows. The theory predicts additional attractive contributions toward oscillating boundaries, even for density-matched particles, a previously unexplained experimental observation. The accuracy of the theory is demonstrated against full-scale, three-dimensional direct numerical simulations throughout its range.
Biomedical Research COVID-19 Impact Assessment: Lessons Learned and Compelling Needs.

The COVID-19 pandemic, a public health emergency of unprecedented scale and consequences, has revealed vulnerabilities in our health care system and public health infrastructure, yet also serves as a remarkable learning opportunity for transformational changes. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic touch every aspect of life in ways not previously imagined—the biomedical and health research enterprises are no exception. Preexisting stresses in the research sector’s workforce, processes, and organizations have been exacerbated in the sector’s quest to effectively generate meaningful information in response to the pandemic and deliver research in new and innovative ways. The COVID-19 pandemic revealed the necessity to enhance the ability for researchers to share data through interoperable and customizable systems to enable rigor, reproducibility, and efficiency. This properly stewarded data essential for research is available and actionable, but trust remains a critical issue in establishing and maintaining data sharing entities [147]. Despite the rapid innovation occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic, longstanding problems remain. The disproportionate burden of COVID-19 cases and outcomes amongst lower-income populations and communities of color underscores the need to address the lack of diversity of clinical research participants as a top priority. The type of causal, clinical, and population-related intervention studies that may have a critical impact on outcomes in this pandemic necessitated the inclusion of a large, diverse pool of participants most adversely affected and traditionally underrepresented in research. Government funding focused on community engagement in research can certainly be a lever to promote diversity in study participation, as regulatory bodies seek to ensure the safety and efficacy of therapies across diverse populations [151]. This paper describes the current status of research and the challenges, lessons learned, and the potential, if the challenges are overcome, for a longer-term impact beyond the pandemic to enhance the resilience and diversity of the biomedical research workforce. These lessons learned can also be applied to help advance the rapid translation of research into practice (from basic science to clinical and population settings to applied public health), promote the sharing of data for delivering near real-time results in a clinical setting, and elevate community and participants as equal partners in research.
Evolution of three streambanks before and after stabilization and record flooding

Abstract Stabilization projects are increasingly used to mitigate the effects of anthropogenic streambank erosion, yet the effectiveness of stabilization has been insufficiently measured. Sound monitoring practices inform adjustments in implementation and maintenance, which improve engineered effectiveness. Thus, the objectives of this study were to: 1) measure streambank migration from in three reaches stabilized with wooden jetties following a major flooding event, and 2) quantify deposition around the jetties between pre-flood and post-flood. Streambank deposition was measured in 2019 with a River Surveyor and Global Positioning System (GPS). Bank erosion rates in Reaches 1, 2 and 3 were 0.41, 0.96 and 0.07 m2 m−1 yr−1, respectively, from pre-installation of wooden jetties. After streambanks in these reaches were stabilized, Reach 1 experienced 0.11 m2 m−1 yr−1 of erosion while Reaches 2 and 3 had 0.13 and 0.01 m2 m−1 yr−1 of deposition. Deposition increased in 2019 (1.61 and 0.81 m2 m−1) following a high magnitude flood. We utilized a new method for quantifying accumulated sediment in stream beds and banks. Our application of this new method demonstrates that jetties in the Cedar River have decreased streambank migration and increased sediment deposition at the point of implementation. The quantification of stream-sediment dynamics near jetties provides crucial information for stream-restoration design and decision-making, specifically for bioengineering design implementation.
Via-Avoidance-Oriented Interposer Routing for Layer Minimization in 2.5-D IC Designs

It is well known that interposer-based 2.5-D integrated circuit (IC) designs have become one of the most promising solutions for providing yield improvement, enhancing system performance, decreasing power consumption, and supporting heterogeneous integration. In this article, given a set of nets including some inter-chip or through-silicon buses between chips and package, inside a silicon interposer, a via-avoidance-oriented routing algorithm can be proposed to minimize the number of the used layers by satisfying the noncrossing constraint between two nets and the constraint of using no via on the inter-chip sub-nets and no vertical detour on the through-silicon sub-nets in multiple-layer interposer routing. The routing process in our proposed algorithm can be divided into two sequential steps: iterative routing step and refinement step. In the iterative routing step, the routing process of all the given nets can be completed for layer minimization in a top-down layer-by-layer manner. In each iteration, based on the definition of the obstacle-aware routing pattern for the inter-chip sub-net on one given net, the assignment of the obstacle-aware routing patterns can be firstly obtained in single-layer routing. Furthermore, the routing paths of some inter-chip sub-nets and the partial or full routing paths of some through-silicon sub-nets can be assigned and routed onto the available layer by using a maze routing process under the detour constraints. In the refinement step, based on the routing result of the given nets on the used layers, the detoured inter-chip or through-silicon sub-nets can be firstly reassigned and rerouted for the detour reduction of the given nets. Furthermore, a set of zigzag paths can be inserted onto some nets inside the given inter-chip or through-silicon buses for skew minimization. Compared with the combination of the iterative routing using Cadence’s automatic router and the detouring-path insertion on the number of the used layers, the experimental results show that our proposed routing algorithm can use reasonable CPU time and shorter wirelength to decrease 19.3% of the number of the used layers for eight tested examples on the average.
Black Women Mayors: Agenda Setting for Whom?

We examine whether African American female mayors, relative to their white counterparts, have differing representative agendas. Given the studied differences in black candidacy, it is also important to discuss differences in governance after successful election. And, while much of the past work on women and minorities in office focus on white women and blacks separately; Black women present a unique intersectional prospective. Although, it is true, this has been studied at the national and state level, there is a dearth of literature on the effects of race and gender at the local level. Building upon on intersectionality and representation literature, we hypothesize that Black women mayors should focus more on minority and minority-women’s issues than their white counter parts; the level of focus also being dependent on a city’s racial/ethnic composition. Voters have been found to be more likely to elect descriptively representative officials, and Black women carry multiple identities as racial and gender minorities. Hence, we expect them to be especially responsive to the constituents they most identify with; less so when doing so goes against the collective majority. We study these intersectionality effects using a newly developed dataset tracing the change in mayors of the top 100 most populous cities (as of 2018) from 1960 to 2018 and the mayors’ expressed budget priorities, as these priorities should speak to their policy interests. The analysis of the effects of intersectionality on city governance has implications for the effective candidacy and governance of and by intersectional minorities.
Observations of the beam-beam interaction in Hadron colliders

The beam-beam issues in three hadron colliders were reviewed. The beam-beam interaction was not a major problem in the ISR since it collided unbunched beams. The performance of bunced beam colliders, however, was seriously limited by the beam-beam interaction. Observations at the CERN SPS showed that the beam-beam interaction excites resonances up to order 16. The SPS experiments demonstrated the “self-scraping” phenomenon which was reproduced in the TEVATRON later. Other beam-beam experiments in the SPS showed the detrimental effects of having different emittances for protons and antiprotons, and the excitation of the 13th-order resonance in the case of separated beams.
A Process Catalog for Workflow Generation

As AI developers increasingly look to workflow technologies to perform complex integrations of individual software components, there is a growing need for the workflow systems to have expressive descriptions of those components. They must know more than just the types of a component's inputs and outputs; instead, they need detailed characterizations that allow them to make fine-grained distinctions between candidate components and between candidate workflows. This paper describes ProCat , an implemented ontology-based catalog for components, conceptualized as processes , that captures and communicates this detailed information. ProCat is built on a layered representation that allows reasoning about processes at varying levels of abstraction, from qualitative constraints reflecting preconditions and effects, to quantitative predictions about output data and performance. ProCat employs Semantic Web technologies RDF, OWL, and SPARQL, and builds on Semantic Web services research. We describe ProCat's approach to representing and answering queries about processes, discuss some early experiments evaluating the quantitative predictions, and report on our experience using ProCat in a system producing workflows for intelligence analysis.
Accessory proteins for heterotrimeric G-proteins in the kidney

Heterotrimeric G-proteins play a fundamentally important role in regulating signal transduction pathways in the kidney. Accessory proteins are being identified as direct binding partners for heterotrimeric G-protein α or βγ subunits to promote more diverse mechanisms by which G-protein signaling is controlled. In some instances, accessory proteins can modulate the signaling magnitude, localization, and duration following the activation of cell membrane-associated receptors. Alternatively, accessory proteins complexed with their G-protein α or βγ subunits can promote non-canonical models of signaling activity within the cell. In this review, we will highlight the expression profile, localization and functional importance of these newly identified accessory proteins to control the function of select G-protein subunits under normal and various disease conditions observed in the kidney.
Utilization of maternal health-care services in Peru: the role of women's education.

The hypothesis that maternal education influences use of maternal health care services in Peru was analyzed by 4 logistic regression models using data from the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey of September-December 1986. Peru has one of the highest child-mortality rates in the region with extreme variation across regions of the country ranging from 34/1000 in Lima to 110/1000 in the Andean mountains. The conceptual framework for this study was the health-seeking model of Kroger who proposed that utilization depends on predisposing factors including education characteristics of the illness and of the health-care system. This study analyzed 1925 births the last births to 4999 ever-married women in the 5 years before the survey. The 2 dependent variables were sources of prenatal care and assistance at delivery. 60.1% of the women had formal prenatal care and 54.9% had formal delivery assistance for their last birth. The bivariate effects of maternal schooling were strongly associated with use of health care with relative odds of 47.47 for delivery assistance and 25.37 for prenatal care. Controlling for the womans childhood background in Model 2 reduced the odds to 13.6 and 19.69 respectively. In model 3 access to care reduced relative odds to 8.33 for prenatal care and 10.70 for delivery assistance. Taking into account the household socioeconomic status in Model 4 reduced significance of the results. The results indicated that maternal education has a profound effect on seeking medical care but in Peru the lack of access to care in the outlying rural areas supersedes maternal education.
Analysis of learner performance on a tutoring system for Java

This chapter presents a teaching methodology, programmed instruction, that provides a series of interactive and cumulative learning experiences that teach a student how to understand and write a simple Java Applet. Fine-grain performance records of three students' interactions with the tutoring system show the individual patterns of skill acquisition and retention over five successive observational occasions. The tutoring system is also used as the first technical exercise in a course entitled "Graphical User Interface Systems Using Java." Performance and self-reported ratings of programming confidence by 17 graduate students show the benefit of programmed instruction to generate a history of competency and confidence in all students. The positive initial experience prepares and motivates information systems students for the presentation and mastery of advanced programming techniques.
Stumble, Predict, Nudge: How Behavioral Economics Informs Law and Policy

Research in the field of behavioral economics indicates that humans stumble in their decisionmaking in predictable ways that can often be corrected by a gentle nudge from the appropriate regulatory authority. Two new books -- Dan Ariely's Predictably Irrational and Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein's Nudge -- recount the findings of behavioral research on predictable patterns in human decisionmaking and lay the foundation for regulation through choice architecture that recognizes these human stumbles. In this Review Essay, we provide a critical account of remaining gaps in behavioral economics research and suggest that some types of behavioral insights may be better translated into law and policy reforms than others. We further argue that Nudge's concept of libertarian paternalism both understates and exaggerates the jurisprudential and policy implications of regulatory innovation. While key insights from the behavioral field may lead to effective regulation systems with minimal intervention, these systems entail costs, have distributional effects, solve macro coordination problems, and are inevitably value driven. Moreover, policy nudges serve merely as a first stage of sequenced regulation where, inevitably, more coercive measures are required in later stages. The idea of choice architecture is then related to the growing body of regulatory studies collectively termed new governance. We conclude with a call for a more nuanced account of the range of mechanisms as well as the limits, costs, and consequences of applying lessons from the field of behavioral economics to law.
A Socio-cultural Perspective on Cancer Control Issues for Asian Americans.

PURPOSE: Eighty­five to ninety percent of cancer incidence is attributable to lifestyle choices, such as diet, life habits such as smoking, and environmental factors. Culture is the single force most influential on lifestyles. This paper provides a framework to understand the potential contribution of sociocultural factors to cancer control. METHODS: This literature review of culture and cancer control provides a perspective on Asian American populations. Culture is defined in a manner that enables researchers and practitioners to begin to focus on the fundamental elements of culture that directly influence health behavior. FINDINGS: Only four studies were found that address sociocultural factors in cancer control for Asian Americans. Each of these studies found significant variations in the response to cancer than Euro­American populations. Only mainstream researchers or practitioners, who are knowledgeable enough about Asian American cultures to be sensitive to these differences, would recognize these variations. CONCLUSIONS: The widening disparities in cancer outcomes between Asian- and Euro­Americans challenges the current research and practice paradigms for cancer control. A Cultural Systems Approach would strengthen future studies. This paradigm requires multi­level analyses of individuals and populations within specific contexts in order to identify culturally based strategies to improve practice along the cancer care continuum.
(R)‐(+)‐2‐(Diphenylhydroxymethyl)Pyrrolidine

(R)-(+)-2-(diphenylhydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine intermediate: N-Boc-pyrrolidine intermediate: (R)-(+)-2-(diphenylhydroxymethyl)-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine byproduct: sparteine product: (R)-(+)-2-(Diphenylhydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine Keywords: acylation; deprotection, nitrogen; Grignard and related reactions; hydrolysis, amides; assay methods, for sec-butyllithium, with 2-butanol and 2,2′-biquinoline indicator; assay methods, of enantiomeric purity by chiral column HPLC
3D perception for accurate row following: Methodology and results

Rows of trees such as in orchards, planted in straight parallel lines can provide navigation cues for autonomous machines that operate in between them. When the tree canopies are well managed, tree rows appear similar to corridor walls and a simple 2D sensing scheme suffices. However, when the tree canopies are three dimensional, or ground vegetation occludes tree trunks, it is necessary to use a three dimensional sensing mode. An additional complication in prolific canopies is that GPS is not reliable and hence is not suitable to register data from sensors onboard a traversing vehicle. Here, we present a method to register 3D data from a lidar sensor onboard a vehicle that must accurately determine its pose relative to the rows. We first register point cloud into a common reference frame and then determine the position of tree rows and trunks in the vicinity to determine the vehicle pose. Our method is tested online and with data from commercial orchards. Experimental results show that the accuracy is sufficient to enable accurate traversal between tree rows even when tree canopies do not approximate planar walls.
Ion microprobe mass spectrometry using sputtering atomization and resonance ionization

Resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) has recently been developed into a useful technique for isotope ratio measurements. Studies performed in our laboratory [1–6] have been reported for a variety of elements using thermal vaporization sources to produce the atom reservoir for laser-induced resonance ionization.
Developing a Technical Writing Theory and Pedagogy Course in an English Department

As technical writing programs grow, English departments may alleviate the problems of the unprepared instructor by offering technical writing theory and pedagogy courses. Such courses should combine theory and pedagogy with assignments that are practical and introduce graduate students to the theoretical issues in the field. This article provides a syllabus and the reactions of students who completed such a course.
COUNTER-CURRENT REACTOR IN ACID CATALYZED CELLULOSE HYDROLYSISdagger;

A mathematical model was developed for a counter-current reactor to investigate its performance in acid catalyzed cellulose hydrolysis. The results indicated that use of this reactor would be advantageous particularly in obtaining high product yield. The predicted yield of above 70% under normal reaction conditions was substantially higher than those achievable from plug flow (28%) or percolation reactor (54percnt;).
Tespa1: another gatekeeper for positive selection.

A previously unknown protein, Tespa1, that regulates the thymocyte positive-selection checkpoint has now been identified. The phenotype of Tespa1-deficient mice and the role of Tespa1 in thymocyte signaling are very similar to those of Themis-deficient mice and Themis itself, another recently described but unrelated protein.
Mastication of Rubber An Oxidation Process

Abstract The effects of milling and of exposure to light are similar in altering smoked sheet, pale crepe, and balata so that they affect a photographic plate in the dark. This effect is due to the formation of a volatile peroxide, probably hydrogen peroxide. No image is formed by sprayed latex, fine Para, anode rubber, or guayule after being milled or exposed to the light. The order of the intensity of the images formed by smoked sheets, pale crepe, and sprayed latex is the same as the order of their rate of change of plasticity on milling. Cold-milling is more effective than hot-milling, both in the formation of the peroxide and the breakdown of the rubber. Milling on a cold mill produces a luminous discharge from the blanket to the bank, but this disappears when the rolls are heated. Sprayed latex and fine Para contain some material which decomposes hydrogen peroxide. This accounts for the fact that peroxides could not be detected in these rubbers, either after exposure to light or after milling, even ...
Sequestration of fermentation CO2 from ethanol production

Abstract Renewable energy from biomass is conventionally thought to avoid emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2 by replacing the roles of fossil fuels. We show that if the off-gases produced during the fermentation of sugars to fuel–ethanol were captured and, for example, injected deep underground to keep them from the atmosphere, then the production of ethanol could lead to the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere in addition to avoiding gasoline-related CO2 emissions by using the ethanol as a transportation fuel. We give estimates of net CO2 emissions for current systems for the production of fuel–ethanol, these systems modified to sequester fermentation CO2, and gasoline-related CO2 emission offsets. We consider future developments that might affect the scope and economic feasibility of the sequestration of fermentation CO2.
The Effect of Meanders on the Kinetic Energy Balance of the Gulf Stream

Calculations have been made, using surface velocity observations, of the horizontal transfer of kinetic energy from meanders to mean flow at two separate localities in the Gulf Stream System. In both cases, it was found that there was a surface flow of kinetic energy from the meanders to the mean flow, exactly opposite to what would be expected if the meanders were frictionally driven. The observations suggest that the meanders derive energy from sources other than the kinetic energy of the mean flow. The role of the meanders in relation to the mean Gulf Stream appears analogous to that of large-scale eddies in relation to the general circulation of the atmosphere. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1961.tb00100.x
The Shape of Things to Come: Seven Imperatives for Winning in the New World of Business

The article reviews the book “The Shape of Things to Come: Seven Imperatives for Winning in the New World of Business,” by Richard W. Oliver.
Identification of Collapsible Soil Using the Fall Cone Apparatus

Soils that go through a great loss of volume upon wetting with or without additional loads are identified as collapsible. In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of this type of soil due to the expansion of urban developments to arid regions. Also man-made earth structures often exhibit collapsing behavior when compacted at water content less than the optimum moisture content., In the literature, methods can be found to predict this behavior based on field and laboratories test results. These methods, however, are time consuming and developed for the type of soils tested., This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on collapsible soils using the fall cone and the oedometer apparatuses. The fall cone method, originally developed to determine liquid and plastic limits of soils, was adopted in this investigation to identify its collapse potential. A cone penetration limit (Plim) is introduced to identify collapsible soil and a correlation between the collapse potential, CP, and the cone penetration, P, was developed and validated with the present experimental results and those available in the literature. Furthermore, a simple procedure is introduced to determine the optimum Proctor Moisture Content for collapsible soils from the results of the cone test. The proposed procedure is simple and fast to evaluate soil collapsibility by a single reading of the cone penetration.
Multichannel microchip electrophoresis device fabricated in polycarbonate with an integrated contact conductivity sensor array.

A 16-channel microfluidic chip with an integrated contact conductivity sensor array is presented. The microfluidic network consisted of 16 separation channels that were hot-embossed into polycarbonate (PC) using a high-precision micromilled metal master. All channels were 40 μm deep and 60 μm wide with an effective separation length of 40 mm. A gold (Au) sensor array was lithographically patterned onto a PC cover plate and assembled to the fluidic chip via thermal bonding in such a way that a pair of Au microelectrodes (60 μm wide with a 5 μm spacing) was incorporated into each of the 16 channels and served as independent contact conductivity detectors. The spacing between the corresponding fluidic reservoirs for each separation channel was set to 9 mm, which allowed for loading samples and buffers to all 40 reservoirs situated on the microchip in only five pipetting steps using an 8-channel pipettor. A printed circuit board (PCB) with platinum (Pt) wires was used to distribute the electrophoresis high-vo...
The Linear Array Multi-Band Selection Device Role In Remote-Sensing Instrument Design

This paper presents a figure-of-merit parameter for the scientific utility of multi-spectral linear array (MLA) instruments for civil remote sensing. The utility parameter is based on the observation that most analyses of earth resource satellite data are based on algorithms which combine measurements from two different spectral bands. Thus, the number of spectral band-pair choices available to the user of a given MLA instrument is offered as one very useful measure of the flexibility and overall utility of that particular instrument design. Also, the cost of a MLA instrument is a strong function of the number of linear arrays due to the requirement for additional electronics, larger optics, added thermal-controls and increased power requirements. However, research requirements currently project a need for a highly flexible instrument with a large number of spectral bands (arrays) for future earth remote sensing. Newly developing algorithms will undoubtedly continue to increase the number of desired spectral bands. Conversely, the bandwidth limitations of data-retrieval systems support an instrument design that has fewer linear arrays and changeable filters. This paper analyzes the Multi-band Selection Device capability mathematically, and provides a basis for a cost-benefit comparison of alternative multi-spectral instrument designs.
Hippocampal lesions: Effects on memory in rats

Frequency of spontaneous alternation in a T-maze as a function of intertriai interval was determined for rats with dorsal hippocampal lesions and for controls. The slopes of these two functions were identical, but the curve for the animals with the hippocampal lesions had a lower y intercept, suggesting that hippocampal lesions impair learning rather than forgetting.
Automated detection and verification of parity-protected memory elements

With technology scaling and complexity, better error detection and correction mechanisms within chips and systems are becoming increasingly important in order to provide sufficient protection against both soft and hard errors. Verifying the correctness of error detection circuits and ensuring they provide enough design coverage is a hard problem which usually involves substantial amount of manual work. This problem is even more challenging in the presence of different design methodologies, such as with the inclusion of third party IP blocks where functional descriptions of logic designs may not be available. This paper addresses the problem by proposing a completely automated RTL-based verification flow for error detection and correction circuits. Several related challenges are solved: first, that of identification of potential error detection circuits in logic designs where no functional description or methodology hints are given. Second, identification of structures of the latches that are potentially protected by such error detection circuits. Third, using formal verification for ensuring that the implemented circuits for resiliency indeed detect all single bit errors in the latches they are intended to cover. The approach is described with parity detection as an example, although it is extensible to other coding methods such as ECC and state orthogonality checking. Novel algorithms are given and results on industrial designs are presented.
Effects of Parameter Distributions and Correlations on Uncertainty Analysis of Highway Capacity Manual Delay Model for Signalized Intersections

The uncertainty analysis of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) delay model often assumes parameter variances and distributions. In light of the difficulty in specifying distributions and estimating correlations, the present study investigated (a) the possibility of assumed distributions' major effect on the results and (b) the effects of correlations on the accuracy of delay estimates. Field data from one intersection approach in Hawaii and nine intersection approaches in Illinois were used. All input variables in the delay model except for the analysis period were considered uncertain; the analysis period remained fixed at 15 min for consistency with HCM. The simulation results showed that the confidence intervals of delay can be large even if the variability of each input parameter is small. The degree of saturation (X) has a significant effect on the uncertainty of delay estimates for X values 0.9. The standard deviation of input parameters is the main factor affecting the uncertainty of delay estimates...
The missing link: Structured dialogue between the payer and provider communities on the costs and benefits of medical rehabilitation

Abstract The costs of medical rehabilitation for catastrophically injured people are significant. To be competitive in the marketplace, third-party payers must provide high quality care to their insured populations while guarding against paying for unnecessary or ineffective services. The provider community, meanwhile, has developed new, lower-cost treatment programs for their patient populations. The proper use of all treatment options relative to acuity and complexity of patient disability and handicap is being measured and evaluated now. This article proposes the establishment of Rehabilitation Research Application Forums that would have the purpose of fostering dialogue regarding rehabilitation outcome research and its policy implications for the payer community. It also proposes the routine publication in industry journals of rehabilitation outcomes articles, accompanied by commentary written by individuals who are appointees to the Forum. The purpose would be more rapid and appropriate application of rehabilitation outcomes research.
Potentiometric oxygen sensor based on mixed potential of cobalt wire electrode

Abstract A novel and simple potentiometric oxygen sensor suitable for the measurement of partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) in flowing blood is described. The sensor is based on measuring a steady-state mixed potential that originates at the surface of a cobalt wire electrode. This mixed or corrosion potential arises from the slow oxidation of cobalt and simultaneous reduction of oxygen at the electrode surface, and changes as a function of sample Po2 levels. The probe is fabricated with an outer gas permeable silicone rubber tubing (1.06 mm o.d.), which contains an internal buffer solution (25.0 mM potassium hydrogen phthalate, pH 4.0, containing 1.0 mM KCl), a cobalt wire (0.1 mm o.d.) as the working electrode and an Ag/AgCl wire as the reference electrode. The sensor characteristics (slope, detection limits, linear range, drift rates, etc.) along with the response mechanism based on mixed potential are discussed in detail. In vitro evaluation of catheter forms of the sensors performed in a blood loop indicate that the proposed sensor design can closely follow Po2 changes induced in blood during 2–3 h of continuous monitoring.
Gating of acetylcholine receptor channels: Brownian motion across a broad transition state

Acetylcholine receptor channels (AChRs) are proteins that switch between stable “closed” and “open” conformations. In patch clamp recordings, diliganded AChR gating appears to be a simple, two-state reaction. However, mutagenesis studies indicate that during gating dozens of residues across the protein move asynchronously and are organized into rigid body gating domains (“blocks”). Moreover, there is an upper limit to the apparent channel opening rate constant. These observations suggest that the gating reaction has a broad, corrugated transition state region, with the maximum opening rate reflecting, in part, the mean first-passage time across this ensemble. Simulations reveal that a flat, isotropic energy profile for the transition state can account for many of the essential features of AChR gating. With this mechanism, concerted, local structural transitions that occur on the broad transition state ensemble give rise to fractional measures of reaction progress (Φ values) determined by rate-equilibrium free energy relationship analysis. The results suggest that the coarse-grained AChR gating conformational change propagates through the protein with dynamics that are governed by the Brownian motion of individual gating blocks.
Treatment of severe theophylline toxicity with hemodialysis in a preterm neonate.

Theophylline, a drug frequently used to treat apnea of prematurity, has a prolonged half-life of 30 h in neonates. Severe overdoses of theophylline have an associated 10% mortality and significant morbidity. We describe a 1220-g neonate who developed status epilepticus due to a theophylline overdose. Hemodialysis was instituted to increase elimination of theophylline. The patient tolerated the procedure without complication. The half-life of theophylline was 0.7 h during dialysis. No reported therapies used in neonates have achieved this magnitude of clearance. In fact, the clearance of theophylline in this neonate approached that obtained with hemoperfusion, the standard therapy for theophylline overdose in adult patients. This case demonstrates that hemodialysis is a safe and effective means of enhancing theophylline elimination for neonatal theophylline overdose.
Linear programming and the Newton barrier flow

In this note we report a simple characteristic of linear programming central trajectories which has a surprising consequence. Specifically, we show that given a bounded polyhedral setP with nonempty interior, the logarithmic barrier function (with no objective component) induces a vector field of negative Newton directions which flows from the center ofP, along central trajectories, to solutions of every possible linear program onP.
Identification of hibernating myocardium by acoustic microscopy

Abstract Hibernating myocardium is viable myocardium that recovers after revascularization. The observation of loss of contractile proteins (myofibrils) and accumulation of glycogen in hibernating cardiomyocytes provide the basis for diagnosing hibernating myocardium. In this pilot study, acoustic microscopy was used to identify the cellular structure of normal vs. hibernating myocardium. Sections cut at 5-μm of archival paraffin blocks on glass slides were used for this study. Acoustic microscopy of normal cardiomyocytes showed intracellular linear echoes suggestive of myofibrils, and cardiomyocytes of hibernating myocardium revealed absence of myofibrils and dense intracellular echoes that corresponded to glycogen accumulation on optical microscopy. This modality of visualization allows a definitive diagnosis of hibernating myocardium. (E-mail: premindra.chandraratna@med.va.gov )
United States research and development effort on ITER magnet tasks

Abstract The paper presents the status of research and development (R&D) magnet tasks that are being performed in support of the U.S. ITER Project Office (USIPO) commitment to provide a central solenoid assembly and toroidal field conductor for the ITER machine to be constructed in Cadarache, France. The following development tasks are presented: winding development, inlets and outlets development, internal and bus joints development and testing, insulation development and qualification, vacuum-pressure impregnation, bus supports, and intermodule structure and materials characterization.
Effects of inositol, LiCl, and heparin on the antibody responses to SRBC by normal and immunodeficient XID mice.

Spleen cells from naive adult immunocompetent and immunodeficient XID mice were cultured on agar containing sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with and without myo-inositol, scyllo-inositol, lithium chloride, or heparin, and after 1 or 2 days the number of colonies of antiSRBC antibody-forming cells (PFC) were determined. It was found that myo-inositol and scyllo-inositol at one-tenth the concentration were equally effective in increasing the number of specific PFC. Myo-inositol, scyllo-inositol, and lithium chloride accelerated the appearance of direct foci in cultures of spleen cells from normal and XID mice. When heparin was added to cultures of XID spleen cells, PFC were found to be increased on Day 1; however, PFC and foci were not increased in cultures of spleen cells from competent mice until 1 day later. The addition of combinations of these agents to cultures of spleen cells had no positive or negative effect on the generation of foci or PFC. Normal mice given heparin intraperitoneally with SRBC had increased splenic PFC on Days 3 and 4 but not on Day 7. The results suggest that these agents modulate B-cell responses by increasing the rate of proliferation and/or secretion through a signaling pathway(s) distal to, or more likely, independent of Bruton's tyrosine Kinase (BTK). It is not clear that the mechanism is the same with each agent.
Applications of Kramers—Kronig transforms in the analysis of electrochemical impedance data—III. Stability and linearity

Abstract The application of the Kramers—Kronig (K—K) transforms in the analysis of electrochemical impedance data is examined with reference to the conditions of stability and linearity. We show that for iron in 1 M H2SO4, with the impedance being measured using a frequency response analyzer, the K—K transforms are insensitive to violation of linearity but they are very sensitive to interfacial instability. Thus, we conclude that if a system is linear, stable, and causal and if the impedance is finite over the frequency domain, the impedance data will transform according to the K—K relationships. However, if experimental impedance data are found to transform the four conditions noted above are not necessarily satisfied, but if the impedance data do not transform, we can stipulate that all four conditions do not hold simultaneously. It can be shown that this is a direct consequence of the complex function (impedance, Z) being analytical and hence obeying Cauchy's integral. However, the converse of Cauchy's theorem is not true; that is, if Z obeys Cauchy's theorem is not necessarily analytical. We also discuss the “tails” and “singularity” problems that arise when numerically evaluating the K—K transforms. If these problems are not properly recognized, they may lead to the erroneous conclusion that the K—K transforms cannot be used to validate impedance data when the imaginary component does not tend to zero as the frequency tends to zero or infinity.
Bulk negative resistance device operated in a relaxation mode

Abstract A bulk GaAs semiconductor negative resistance device has been operated in a relaxation mode analogous to tunnel diode operation. The output consists of a closely-packed train of narrow, high-voltage pulses. The circuit consists of an inductor in series with the parallel combination of the active device and the load resistor, driven by a low impedance generator. By shunting the device with a suitable load resistor, avalanche breakdown, which would normally occur, is prevented and the generated voltage pulses are impressed directly across the load. The circuit is constructed in a coaxial line and operates without a cavity or other tuning elements. By driving this circuit with a pulse of about 100 ns duration, an output pulse train having an amplitude of over 200 V (10 times Gunn threshold) was obtained across a 3000 Ω load. The output pulses were of about 1 ns duration and spaced about 10 ns apart. Since the pulse spacing varies with the amplitude of the drive voltage, pulse frequency modulation is possible. The ramifications of a time-variant characteristic caused by the formation of a traveling Gunn domain during part of the cycle are discussed.
Large-scale concurrent computing in artificial intelligence research

Research in AI is slowly maturing, and body of accepted techniques for reasoning and for representing knowledge in simple, circumscribed domains now exists. But with the maturity of AI has come a growing awareness of the severe limitations of current techniques for constructing more complex problem solving or interpretation systems. We currently have inadequate means to gather, represent, store, organize, access, and manipulate the huge collections of knowledge required for complex problem solving. Existing systems can't reconfigure themselves in changing situations, nor can they incrementally adjust to new knowledge or new techniques. Large scale problem solvers (e.g. factory automation systems) cannot in principle completely model the world in which they exist, and must face problems of inconsistency, asynchrony, control and geographic distribution, etc. — they will have to work in “open systems.”Many solutions under consideration rely on concurrent computation, using either very fine grained “connectionist,” “neural computing” or “data parallel” approaches, or using larger grain collections of “objects,” “agents,” or “problem solving nodes” — techniques collectively termed “Distributed AI.” In this paper we characterize the needs for concurrency and parallelism in AI, with special attention to building medium to large grain adaptive problem solvers in open systems. In these systems the overriding concern is organizing the problem solving system's behavior — the “coordination problem.” Conventional distributed computing and parallel algorithms approaches allow a programmer to solve the coordination problem, and provide language constructs and concurrency control mechanisms with which a program can enact his solution. In Distributed AI, we attempt to improve adaptability by designing problem solvers which can both solve the coordination problem and enact the solution themselves.