cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bilateral hippocampal interictal spiking and kindling expression in rabbits

Abstract The temporal/spatial dissemination of interictal spikes among different brain structures was studied during the course of kindling to determine if the long-term dissemination pattern reflects the rate and expression of kindling. The experiments were conducted on adult rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes (dorsal hippocampus, amygdala, caudate, all bilateral, sensory motor and occipital cortices). Rabbits ( n = 13) were subjected to once daily electrical stimulation in the left hippocampus. Kindling resulted in the development of two different epileptic phenomena: 7 animals quickly (in 2–3 weeks) achieved a fully kindled state, characterized by generalized seizures, whereas the remaining 6 rabbits did not reliably progress beyond partial seizures even after more prolonged stimulation. Animals were accordingly divided into two groups referred to as generalized seizure and partial seizure. The temporal/spatial dissemination pattern, particularly in the two hippocampi, was very different between the groups. In both groups interictal spiking originated in one of the hippocampi independent of site stimulated and represented formation of the primary hippocampal epileptic focus. The generalized seizure group demonstrated stability of the primary hippocampal epileptic focus with permanent predominance of spiking in it over the course of kindling, and a high level of bilateral synchronous hippocampal interict spiking. In the partial seizure group the primary hippocampal epileptic focus was established during the first 2–3 weeks of stimulation. This was later suppressed upon the development of an independent secondary focus in the opposite hippocampus. These animals also displayed very low levels of synchronous bilateral hippocampal interictal spiking. We suggest that an antagonistic relationship can develop between mirror hippocampal epileptic foci. This can be associated with a low level of bilateral hippocampal synchronous spiking, kindling retardation, and manifestation of partial seizures.
Facile Synthesis of Glycol Metabolites of Phenethylamine Drugs1

High yields of potential glycol metabolites of p-synephrine, epinephrine, octopamine, and normacromerine can be obtained from the readily available monosubstituted and disubstituted acetophenones. The general procedure involves alpha-bromination followed by displacement with acetate ion and reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. Yields ranged from 46 to 91%. Furthermore, the procedure minimizes some problems inherent in aromatic glycol synthesis which include dimerization and pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement.
Embossing of high‐aspect‐ratio‐microstructures using sacrificial templates and fast surface heating

A new embossing method based on sacrificial templates and fast surface heating was developed, in which the de-embossing step was avoided to prevent deformation or damage of polymer microstructures. The microstructures of interest have a high feature density, high aspect ratio, and/or undercuts. Soft lithography was used to prepare a water-soluble mold, using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in the hot embossing process. Arrays of microchannels and microgrids with an aspect ratio greater than five were replicated on poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). In conjunction with localized surface heating of the polymer surface by a laser/IR system, this technique was able to micromold high temperature polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with high aspect ratios. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:830–840, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cardiac metabolism in the Myxinidae: physiological and phylogenetic considerations.

Abstract 1. 1. Cardiac muscle hearts of Atlantic hagfish continuously function under hypoxic conditions that would lead to cardiac failure in most other vertebrates. 2. 2. Contractile performance of hagfish systemic hearts is resistant to anoxia and respiratory poisons but shows a significant decrement when carbohydrate catabolism is blocked by 0.5mM iodoacetic acid. 3. 3. Enzyme activity profiles of hagfish ventricle reveal a robust capacity for glycolysis of carbohydrate in comparison to that for general aerobic metabolism and catabolism of alternate metabolic fuels. 4. 4. Isolated working hagfish ventricles preferentially oxidize radiolabeled glucose even when fatty acid fuels are present in the incubation medium. 5. 5. Work output of the isolated ventricular preparation is maintained only in the presence of exogenous glucose. 6. 6. The results indicate that energy metabolism of the hagfish myocardium is predominantly carbohydrate-based and that energy demand of the tissue can be sustained by anaerobic glycolysis during extended periods of extreme hypoxia. 7. 7. Cardiac metabolism of this primitive species is compared with that of hearts from higher vertebrates and an evolutionary hypothesis relating cardiac workload to preferred metabolic fuel is discussed.
Two-dimensional isotropic scattering

Abstract An exact formulation for the source function, the radiative flux, and the intensity is presented for a two-dimensional, finite, planar, isotropically scattering medium. Exact expressions are obtained for both collimated and diffuse radiation. Cosine varying collimated and diffuse radiation is considered in detail. The solution for the cosine varying collimated radiation model is used to construct the solutions for the other boundary conditions. The two-dimensional integral equations are reduced to one-dimensional equations by the method of separation of variables.
InGaAs/InP negative feedback avalanche diodes (NFADs)

In recent years substantial effort has been made in material growth, device design and fabrication, and driving circuitry to improve the performance of InGaAs/InP single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) operated in Geiger mode. Despite these efforts, InGaAs/InP SPADs are constrained by certain performance limitations due to the inherent positive feedback involved in the avalanche process. With the goal of overcoming some of these performance limitations, we have successfully designed and implemented thin film resistors monolithically integrated with InGaAs/InP SPADs to provide a negative feedback mechanism to regulate the avalanche sizes. The monolithic integration scheme ensures very small parasitic effects, results in fast quenching of avalanches, and allows for wafer-level integration which facilitates the fabrication of array structures. We will discuss the design and operation of NFAD devices and performance characterization of these devices. Basic characteristics of NFADs such as pulse response, quenching and recovery dynamics will be described. We will also present device performance parameters such as photon detection efficiency (PDE), dark count rate (DCR) and afterpulsing probability (Pap). InGaAs/InP negative feedback avalanche diodes with different device sizes and quenching resistances have been designed and fabricated. Devices with ~10% PDE and acceptable Pap has been realized, which provides a simple, practical solution for certain photon-counting applications.
The social history of the natural history of an interview: A multidisciplinary investigation of social communication

(1987). The social history of the natural history of an interview: A multidisciplinary investigation of social communication. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 20, Multichannel Communication Codes: Part I, pp. 1-51.
Distinct effects of perceptual quality on auditory word recognition, memory formation and recall in a neural model of sequential memory.

Adults with sensory impairment, such as reduced hearing acuity, have impaired ability to recall identifiable words, even when their memory is otherwise normal. We hypothesize that poorer stimulus quality causes weaker activity in neurons responsive to the stimulus and more time to elapse between stimulus onset and identification. The weaker activity and increased delay to stimulus identification reduce the necessary strengthening of connections between neurons active before stimulus presentation and neurons active at the time of stimulus identification. We test our hypothesis through a biologically motivated computational model, which performs item recognition, memory formation and memory retrieval. In our simulations, spiking neurons are distributed into pools representing either items or context, in two separate, but connected winner-takes-all (WTA) networks. We include associative, Hebbian learning, by comparing multiple forms of spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP), which strengthen synapses between coactive neurons during stimulus identification. Synaptic strengthening by STDP can be sufficient to reactivate neurons during recall if their activity during a prior stimulus rose strongly and rapidly. We find that a single poor quality stimulus impairs recall of neighboring stimuli as well as the weak stimulus itself. We demonstrate that within the WTA paradigm of word recognition, reactivation of separate, connected sets of non-word, context cells permits reverse recall. Also, only with such coactive context cells, does slowing the rate of stimulus presentation increase recall probability. We conclude that significant temporal overlap of neural activity patterns, absent from individual WTA networks, is necessary to match behavioral data for word recall.
The heterotrophic uptake of dissolved organic carbon by eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) and its epiphytes

The uptake of 14C-labeled organic compounds by Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) and its epiphytes was examined in an eelgrass community near Beaufort, North Carolina. Assimilation and respiration by new leaf growth (few epiphytes), heavily colonized Zostera, and an epiphytized artificial substratum were determined. Glutamic acid was removed from the medium most rapidly, followed by acetate, glucose, and glycine, which were removed at approximately equal rates. The compound with the highest assimilation efficiency was glucose (90.4%), but all compounds were incorporated with efficiencies of > 75%. Incorporation by epiphytes on the artificial substratum was greater than uptake by epiphytes on eelgrass. The leaves of Zostera also accumulated radioactive material, but at low rates, and when combined with uptake by the epiphytic community, resulted in average turnover times for the tested compounds of < 7 h. Artificial epiphyte communities had similar turnover times. Kinetic analysis showed no saturation effect, with uptake being linear for the concentrations of substrata tested. We hypothesize that heterotrophic epiphytes are potentially a significant source of new particulate matter in estuarine food webs, and that the microbial communities play a significant role in seagrass carbon cycles.
Attosecond Stimulated X-ray Raman Probes of Energy and Electron Transfer in Porphyrin Dimers and Proteins

Energy and electron transfer processes in molecular complexes can be measured at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution by novel X-ray spectroscopy techniques. Multidimensional broadband X-ray signals are simulated for a metalloporphyrin dimer and a Re-modified azurin model system of long-range biological electron transfer.
The interpretation of urogenital findings in children with straddle injuries

Because urogenital trauma frequently raises the question of sexual abuse, it is important to be able to relate the mechanism of injury to expected examination findings. This study was undertaken to characterize the trauma that results from straddling and correlate such injuries with the history, examination, and patient characteristics. The charts of 100 patients examined in an urban pediatric emergency department were reviewed; their conditions met the criteria of straddle injury--a blow to the perineum as a result of falling or striking a surface or an object with the force of one's own body weight. Ages ranged from 9 to 187 months (mean, 77.9; median, 67.2); 72% were female. Most injuries were minor lacerations and abrasions of the genitalia. Eleven percent had injury to the posterior fourchette. Hymenal and vaginal injuries were primarily caused by penetrating mechanisms. Five patients who presented with a history of straddling subsequently received the diagnosis of sexual assault based on disclosure by the patient or a witness and inconsistency of physical findings. There were no urethral or perianal injuries resulting from nonpenetrating straddle mechanisms. Straddle injuries include a variety of mostly minor urogenital injuries. Perianal, hymenal, or vaginal trauma suggests a penetrating mechanism, either unintentional or from sexual assault. An investigation for sexual assault should be initiated in the following cases: infants younger than 9 months of age; perianal, hymenal, or vaginal injury; extensive or severe injury; concurrent nonurogenital injuries; and whenever there is lack of correlation between history and physical findings.
Lifetime studies of the 19-channel hybrid photodiode for the CMS hadronic calorimeter

A subset of the ∼1000 CMS hybrid photodiode tubes which passed through our quality assurance program was subjected to long term testing of their properties as a function of time. Over the course of several years, the tubes were operated under non-uniform illumination at rates up to 3.75 nW per pixel and for total integrated charges of up to 7 C at the anode. In situ measurements of quantum efficiency and gain, coupled with periodic photocathode uniformity scans, dark current and cross talk, provide information on expected time-dependent changes in the tube photosensitivity and some indication of possible failure modes.
Socialization and adolescent reckless behavior: A reply to Jessor

Abstract An elaboration is given here of the developmental theory of adolescent reckless behavior presented previously. The emphasis in this paper is on the socialization environment and how it acts to restrict or allow adolescent reckless behavior. Socialization is conceived here as having multiple dimensions: not just parents and peers but also school, community, the legal system, the media, and the cultural belief system. A comparison of the developmental basis of this theory and Jessor's theory is made. A research agenda is also included.
Microcalorimetric studies of ammonia adsorption on γ-Al2O3, HNa-Y zeolite, and H-mordenite

The acidities ofγ-Al2O3, HNa-Y zeolite, and H-mordenite have been examined by microcalorimetric measurements of ammonia adsorption at 423 K. The differential heat of adsorption on γ-Al2O3 decreases continuously with ammonia coverage from an initial value of 165 kJ/ mol at low coverages to a value of 70 kJ/mol at higher coverages. The differential heat of adsorption on HNa-Y zeolite shows similar behavior, with a plateau of nearly constant heat at 115 kJ/mol. H-mordenite exhibits a nearly constant heat of adsorption equal to 155 kJ/mol. The results from these microcalorimetric measurements are in agreement with thermogravimetric and temperature-programmed desorption results collected at higher temperatures. Adsorbed ammonia has sufficient mobility at 423 K to equilibrate with the catalyst surface on the time scale of microcalorimetric measurements, and these measurements provide an effective method for quantifying acid site distributions of solid-acid catalysts.
The Comparability and Adequacy of Financial Support for Schools of Education.

Three questions are addressed: (a) Has funding, in both constant and real dollars, for schools of education changed over the last 10 years? (b) Where do schools of education stand relative to other academic units with respect to funding? and (c) Has this rank changed over time? Results from data collected from six major research universities over the last 10 years indicate that schools of education do not hold a favorable position in the research university. With minor exceptions they are the lowest funded unit on campus and have lost ground over the last 10 years in both constant dollars and in relation to the majority of other disciplines. The results from this study raise questions about the ability of schools of education to afford major revision efforts that might result in better prepared teachers and administrators.
Efficiency of Protein Production from mRNA

Abstract Adapting arguments from queuing theory, we investigate a mathematical model for protein production efficiency from mRNA. Our model involves six parameters: The mRNA length, the clearance distance a ribosome must travel from the initiation site before another ribosome can attach, the ribosomal attachment rate, the ribosomal traveling speed along the mRNA, the mRNA degradation rate, and the probability that a ribosome prematurely disengages from the mRNA. The model allows for different mechanisms of mRNA degradation; the more complicated mechanisms postulate a functional role for the mRNA poly A tail. We determine the probability generating function of the number N of fully formed proteins from a single mRNA. This function yields the moments of N exactly and the entire distribution of N numerically via the finite Fourier transform. Using biologically plausible estimates, we examine the sensitivity of protein production to the model parameters and degradation mechanisms. Model predictions are most s...
The use of BeO in advanced reactor concepts

Abstract Consideration is given to the use of beryllium oxide as a moderating material in high-temperature, gas-cooled reactor systems. One of the areas of interest has been in the use of various combinations of beryllium oxide and graphite in General Atomic's HTGR's. This has involved studies of beryllium oxide as structural and non-structural material and of BeO-UO2-ThO2 dispersion type fuel bodies. An enhanced conversion ratio coupled with slightly higher optimized power densities are the primary advantages of adding beryllium oxide to these systems. The paper presents physics, engineering and materials data on a proposed design using cylindrical fuel elements consisting of BeO spines and annular UO2-ThO2BeO fuel bodies encased in graphite sleeves and end fittings. Breeding is feasible with this type of system in large sizes. Another area of interest has been the use of plutonium fuel as makeup in smaller sized uranium-thorium systems and as the initial fuel in plutonium-thorium conversion systems and in straight plutonium burner systems. Several potential advantages are indicated for these types of systems, e.g., (1) Pu240 acts both as a fertile material and a burnable poison, (2) the prompt temperature coefficient due to thermal spectrum hardening is large and negative in a homogeneous or nearly homogeneous system, (3) U233, which is the best fuel for thermal neutron systems, is generated in the Pu-Th reactor without having U235 also present, and (4) isotopic separation processes are eliminated in the processing of fuel for the initial loading and subsequent reloading. The status of the Experimental Beryllium Oxide Reactor (EBOR) being designed by General Atomic and its use as a testing facility for beryllium oxide and advanced beryllium oxide concept components is discussed.
Distributed learning environments

Distributed learning is an instructional model that gives students access to a wide range of resources-teachers, peers, and content such as readings and exercises - independently of place and time. The popularity of distributed learning environments (DLEs) in both professional and academic settings has steadily increased due to 1) the rising demand from traditional students as well as working adults for postsecondary and professional education, 2) advances in information technologies, 3) the Internet's ubiquity, 4) the emergence of high-capacity wire and wireless networks, and 4) the pervasiveness of networked personal computers in both businesses and homes. DLEs must balance with student attributes and instructional strategies. Many universities and colleges, for-profit organizations, and corporate training departments now offer DLE courses and programs. Online distributed learning uses information technologies to provide students with Web-based access to content and resources such as assignments, software simulations, and tests exercises. This approach lets students choose the time, pace, and frequency of their learning activities.
Spline-based tests in survival analysis

This paper examines a method for testing hypotheses on covariate effects in a proportional hazards model, and also on how effects change over time in regression analysis of survival data. The technique used is very general and can be applied to testing many other aspects of parametric and semiparametric models. The basic idea is to formulate a flexible parametric alternative using fixed knot splines, together with a penalty function that penalizes noisy alternatives more than smooth ones, to focus the power of the tests toward smooth alternatives. The test statistics are the analogs of ordinary likelihood-based statistics, only computed from a penalized likelihood formed by subtracting the penalty function from the ordinary log-likelihood. Large-sample approximations to the distributions are found when the number of knots is held fixed as the sample size increases. Numerical results suggest these approximations may be adequate with moderate sized samples.
Target-sensitive construction of diagnostic programs for procedure calling sequence generators

Building compilers that generate correct code is difficult. In this paper we present a compiler testing technique that closes the gap between actual compiler implementations and correct compilers. Using formal specifications of procedure calling conventions, we have built a target-sensitive test suite generator that builds test cases for a specific aspect of compiler code generators the procedure calling sequence generator. By exercising compilers with these target-specific test suites, our automated testing tool has exposed bugs in every compiler tested. These compilers include ones that have been in heavy use for many years. The detected bugs cause more than 14,000 test cases to fail.
Water vapor sorption behavior of smectite-kaolinite mixtures

An experimental program was conducted to investigate the water-vapor sorption characteristics of smectite and kaolinite mixtures. End-member smectite and kaolinite were slurry-mixed together at mass-controlled ratios corresponding to 0%, 20%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% smectite. Vapor desorption isotherms for the mixtures were measured at 24°C for relative humidity (RH) ranging from ∼95% to 0%. Results show that the amount of water adsorbed by the clay mixtures at a given RH increases systematically with increasing smectite content. Derivative analysis of the sorption isotherms shows evidence of transitions between the two-, one- and zero-layer hydrate-states for the smectite-rich mixtures. The transitions become less apparent as the smectite content decreases. Monolayer coverage, specific surface area, and heat of adsorption were estimated from the isotherms using BET theory. It is shown that monolayer coverage and specific surface for the clay mixtures can be reasonably approximated by weighted averaging of the end-member clay properties. General methodologies are presented for predicting the sorption behavior (i.e. soil-water characteristics) and effective specific surface area from measurements of the end-member sorption isotherms.
Atypical development of the executive attention network in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Impairment in the executive control of attention has been found in youth with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). However, how this impairment is modified by other factors, particularly age, is unknown. Forty-six typically developing and 53 children with 22q11.2DS were tested with the attention networks task (ANT) in this cross-sectional study. We used logarithmic transform and linear modeling to assess age effects on the executive index of the ANT. Mixed modeling accounted for between subject variability, age, handedness, catecholamine-O-transferase (COMT; codon 158) genotype, and gender on performance for all experimental conditions (cue × flanker) and their two-level interactions. Children with 22q11.2DS showed a relative, age-dependent executive index impairment but not orienting or alerting network index impairments. In factorial analysis, age was a major predictor of overall performance. There was a significant effect of the 22q11.2DS on overall performance. Of note, children with 22q11.2DS are specifically vulnerable to incongruent flanker interference, especially at younger ages. We did not find an overall effect of COMT genotype or handedness. Children with 22q11.2DS demonstrated age-related impairment in the executive control of attention. Future investigation will likely reveal that there are different developmental trajectories of executive attentional function likely related to the development of schizophrenia in 22q11.2DS.
Dynamic Symmetries in Nuclei, Atoms and Molecules

I summarize recent applications of symmetry considerations to the study of complex spectra of nuclei, atoms and molecules.
On-line simulation techniques for real-time management of systems

Summary form only given, as follows. On-line simulation refers to the use of simulation tools to aid in the management of operational systems. For example, faster-than-real-time simulation of the air transportation network can be used to aid air traffic controllers in managing traffic flows to reduce congestion and improve safety. Live feeds from air traffic control centers are used to build a situation database indicating the current status of the transportation network. This database is used to initialize faster-than-real-time simulations that are used to explore the impact of decisions made by traffic controllers in order to determine appropriate courses of action. Other applications of on-line simulation include use in managing military engagements, communication networks, or supply chains. I will describe techniques that we have developed to realize efficient on-line simulations. Parallel execution is used to achieve fast execution of simulation models. Techniques to incrementally clone running parallel simulations enable rapid, concurrent evaluation of alternate courses of action in order to aid in decision making processes. Our experiences in applying these techniques to applications such as air traffic control are described.
Top-down and Bottom-up: A Combined Approach to Slot Filling

The Slot Filling task requires a system to automatically distill information from a large document collection and return answers for a query entity with specified attributes (‘slots’), and use them to expand the Wikipedia infoboxes. We describe two bottom-up Information Extraction style pipelines and a top-down Question Answering style pipeline to address this task. We propose several novel approaches to enhance these pipelines, including statistical answer re-ranking and Markov Logic Networks based cross-slot reasoning. We demonstrate that our system achieves state-of-the-art performance, with 3.1% higher precision and 2.6% higher recall compared with the best system in the KBP2009 evaluation.
The Role of the Androgen Receptor in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer:

Greater than 70% of human breast cancers express the androgen receptor (AR). Emerging preclinical and clinical data suggest that AR may play a role in breast cancer pathogenesis and may serve as a therapeutic target in certain more difficult-to-treat breast cancer subtypes, such as triple-negative breast cancer. Although this is an area of active investigation, the clinical significance of this hormone receptor as a prognostic/predictive marker and its functional role in tumorigenesis is unclear. This review provides an update on the advances made in the last several years regarding the role of AR as a prognostic/predictive biomarker in breast cancer, the underlying biology of AR signaling in breast cancer development and the available clinical data for the use of androgen inhibition in the treatment of AR(+) triple-negative breast cancer.
Learning Sum-Product Networks with Direct and Indirect Variable Interactions

Sum-product networks (SPNs) are a deep probabilistic representation that allows for efficient, exact inference. SPNs generalize many other tractable models, including thin junction trees, latent tree models, and many types of mixtures. Previous work on learning SPN structure has mainly focused on using top-down or bottom-up clustering to find mixtures, which capture variable interactions indirectly through implicit latent variables. In contrast, most work on learning graphical models, thin junction trees, and arithmetic circuits has focused on finding direct interactions among variables. In this paper, we present ID-SPN, a new algorithm for learning SPN structure that unifies the two approaches. In experiments on 20 benchmark datasets, we find that the combination of direct and indirect interactions leads to significantly better accuracy than several state-of-the-art algorithms for learning SPNs and other tractable models.
Fate of Immediate Methane Precursors in Low-Sulfate, Hot-Spring Algal-Bacterial Mats

The fates of acetate and carbon dioxide were examined in several experiments designed to indicate their relative contributions to methane production at various temperatures in two low-sulfate, hot-spring algal-bacterial mats. [2-14C]acetate was predominantly incorporated into cell material, although some 14CH4 and 14CO2 was produced. Acetate incorporation was reduced by dark incubation in short-term experiments and severely depressed by a 2-day preincubation in darkness. Autoradiograms showed that acetate was incorporated by long filaments resembling phototrophic microorganisms of the mat communities. [3H]acetate was not converted to C3H4 in samples from Octopus Spring collected at the optimum temperature for methanogenesis. NaH14CO3 was readily converted to 14CH4 at temperatures at which methanogenesis was active in both mats. Comparisons of the specific activities of methane and carbon dioxide suggested that of the methane produced, 80 ± 6% in Octopus Spring and 71 ± 21% in Wiegert Channel were derived from carbon dioxide. Addition of acetate to 1 mM did not reduce the relative importance of carbon dioxide as a methane precursor in samples from Octopus Spring. Experiments with pure cultures of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum suggested that the measured ratio of specific activities might underestimate the true contribution of carbon dioxide in methanogenesis. Images
SDC testbed: Software defined communications testbed for wireless radio and optical networking

This paper describes the development of a new Software Defined Communications (SDC) testbed architecture. SDC aims to generalize the area of software defined radio to include propagation media not exclusively limited to radio frequencies (optical, ultrasonic, etc.). This SDC platform leverages existing and custom hardware in combination with reference software applications in order to provide a complete research and development platform. This platform can be used to implement current and future standards that make use of highly demanding communications techniques, including ultrawideband (UWB) radio and free-space optical communications. This paper describes the commercial and custom hardware that is being integrated into the platform, including the baseband hardware and the modular transceiver frontends. Furthermore, the paper describes the software development currently in progress with this platform, including the integration of available open source designs into the platform, and the development of custom IP for scalable OFDM PHY implementations in radio and optical communications. We seek to create a complete research platform for the commercial and academic wireless communities, capable of delivering the highest possible performance and flexibility while providing the necessary development tools and reference designs in order to minimize system learning curve and development cost.
The Fractal and Nonlinear Dynamical Properties of Signal Peptides

We analyzed the Hurst exponent for the amino acid sequences of proteins and secretory signal peptides using the aggregated variance method. Then the diversification entropy of the sequences was calculated. The numeralization of the amino acid sequences are according with the three amino acid indices: EIIP, polarity and accessible surface area. The results show that when an amino acid sequence coding with EIIP or polarity indices has both signal peptides and protein parts, the diversification entropy of signal peptide is less than the diversification entropy of protein. But if coding with accessible surface area, there is no evidence different. We take the two parts' Hurst exponents as a vector characterizing the sequence, and it can be found that the diagrams of the sequences having signal peptides are different from the diagrams of the sequences having non-signal peptides
The study of multireactional electrochemical interfaces via a tip generation/substrate collection mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy: The hydrogen evolution reaction for Mn in acidic solution

We report a new method of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) that can be used to separate multireactional electrochemical interfaces, i.e., electrodes at which two or more reactions occur (and hence two partial currents flow) at the same time. This was done with a modified tip generation/substrate collection mode where the two reactions occur on the tip electrode, and the substrate electrode is held at a potential to collect only one of the products, allowing the determination of the individual partial currents. Thus, by using the substrate electrode current and the difference between the tip and substrate electrode currents, the two reactions occurring on the tip electrode can be separated. As a test case for this new method, we investigated proton reduction on Mn, a reaction that, because of the highly corrosive nature of Mn, to our knowledge has never before been directly measured. This test was carried out using a Mn tip electrode and a Pt substrate electrode. Using a three-dimensional COMSOL ...
Fundamental Charge Pump Topologies and Design Principles

Switched-capacitor (SC) DC–DC converters are a class of power converters that are used to convert one voltage level to another, through the use of switches and capacitors. They consist of two parts, a power stage, which is also known as a charge pump, and a feedback/feed-forward controller that regulates the output to the desired voltage value.
A secured distribution of server loads to clients

Over the years, web services have become a fundamental part of our daily lives. We do everything on the web, from social to work and personal affairs. The volume of traffic over the web has become large due to the amount of people who use it. Recently, a paradigm for web applications called Single Page Application, has become more popular. With the use of Javascript based technologies, we can run practically any type of application on the client side, and leave the server with the sole duty of serving pages and a manual of the available content and how to use it, allowing the server to handle larger amount of volume. Unfortunately, SPA are also vulnerable to malicious users as most of its functionality is located at the client side. This paper proposed a framework to enhance the existent OAuth support to create a trust and anonymous service, which can help ensure the integrity of the application and the legitimacy of the user. Results show that SPA can not just be secure, but also help with server performance, by decreasing its load at higher traffic.
Making Her Own Way: The Individualization of First-Wave Feminism, 1910-1930

Scholars of the women's movement often postulate that it dissipated after winning suffrage in 1920, but empirical studies about the movement's post-victory transformation remain scarce. We use the first wave of the women's movement to explore the conditions under which movement frames change during periods of decline. Drawing on political opportunity theory, we hypothesize that waning political and cultural opportunities for collective action should lead to a rise in individualist frames. To that end, we examine how a prominent movement organization's use of collectivist versus individualist frames changed over time. We conducted a systematic analysis of 1,735 articles from the feminist publication The Woman's Journal, spanning the pre- and post-suffrage period (1910-1930). Our analyses generally support the political opportunity framework, suggesting that trends towards individualization emerge during periods of diminishing political and cultural opportunities, which in turn challenge movements' ability ...
Campylobacter jejuni infection on poultry farms and its effect on poultry meat contamination during slaughtering

In 1984, we monitored 4 ranches with a total of 24 houses (15,000-20,000 birds/house) for 3 consecutive generations (January-August). On epidemiologic grounds, infection of birds did not originate at the hatcheries or the central water and feed. Considering all lots of birds, the infection rate increased from 2.3% by the 10th day to 9.5, 29.7, 47.9, 65.7, 78.6 and 81.8% by the 20th, 30th, 40th, 45th, 50th day and at slaughter times, respectively. Transmission from one generation of chickens to the next via the old litter is suspected, but not proven microbiologically. A 5-log reduction of Campylobacter jejuni was shown in experimentally inoculated litters stored at 17 and 30°C for 6 d and 8°C for 11 d. The houses remained empty for 9-29 d before being filled with new chicks. Carrier flocks contaminated the slaughterhouse equipment to such an extent that negative flocks processed afterwards resulted in contaminated meat. Lack of effective sanitation at the end of the day contributed to the contamination of meat from Campylobacter -free birds processed the next day. Feather picker drip water was positive 94% of the sampling times at levels of log10 3.4 (1.0-4.7). Scalding temperatures did not affect the level of contamination in the finished products (P>0.2). An ELISA based on heat-stable antigens was adapted for the detection of circulating antibodies. Of 56 broilers aged 50 to 68 d, only 2 (3.5%) 68 d old with log10 5.4 C. jejuni /g of feces were considered as positive. Birds considered negative harbored C jejuni in their ceca at levels of log10 2.0 to 5.4/g of feces. Five out of 6 (83%) 18 month-old hens were considered as positive. Yet, none of these birds were found carrying C. jejuni in their feathers or ceca.
Effects of exogenous applications of cytokinin on the development of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cuttings.

Application of 6-benzylaminopurine or its riboside to potato cuttings on four successive days was very effective if the treatment started on day 4 after cutting. These cytokinis caused cuttings that were well induced to express a lower level of induction than they actually had received. There was a shift from sessile tuberization of the central bud to non-sessile tuberization of the central bud or to tuberization of ancillary buds, or a shift from ancillary-bud tuberization to swollen shoots. Effects were largest after a moderate induction. If rooting occurred, cytokinin reduced the proportion of rooted cuttings significantly. Cytokinin increased the levels of fructose and glucose in the tubers if it was applied after day 3. Dry weight of the buds was reduced by cytokinin in those cases where it caused suppression of ancillary-bud development.
A novel placement technique for nasogastric and nasoesophageal tubes

Background Early enteral nutrition in dogs and cats can have significant benefit in the therapeutic management of critical illness. Blind placement of nasogastric or nasoesophageal feeding tubes to accomplish this goal has become standard practice. However, complications from tube misdirection into the tracheobronchial tree can lead to significant patient morbidity and mortality. Safe and consistent alternatives are desirable to minimize these risks. Key Concepts A modified method for placement of nasoenteric tubes is described. The main variation from standard procedure involves a second tube measurement, with the distal tip of the tube positioned at the thoracic inlet and measured to the nostril. The tube is advanced to this level and tested for negative pressure using a 12 mL syringe attached to the end of the feeding tube. This improves confidence in esophageal positioning before complete advancement of the tube to its distal endpoint. Significance This procedural adaptation to feeding tube placement has the potential to reduce bronchopulmonary trauma from intratracheal misdirection by providing an early safety check to identify malpositioning. Prospective validation studies are needed to support its advantages over standard tube placement techniques.
Made-to-Order Weak Factorization Systems

For a cocomplete category M which satisfies certain “smallness” condition (such as being locally presentable), the algebraic small object argument defines the functorial factorization necessary for a “made-to-order” weak factorization system with right class
Influence factors and theory for CIGRE MISCR index

With the strongly nonlinear and coupled features in multi-infeed DC system,it is difficult to evaluate the AC/DC systems.Based on the MISCR definition proposed by CIGRE working group in 2008,this paper analyzes the elements of MISCR and the factors and their mechanism.Then,the MISCR and its characteristics influenced by the relationship among the impedance and equivalent impedance of AC system and DC power are demonstrated in detail,and the analytical solutions of the critical condition and inflection point are given.Furthermore,the change rules between SCR and MISCR are deduced before and after network interconnection.Finally,this paper presents the existing limitations of MISCR definition and the problems should be considered.The study results in this paper can be used to guide the application of MISCR concept and AC/DC power grid planning and operation.
Factors affecting sperm motility. IX. survival of spermatozoa in various biological media and under different gaseous compositions.

The role of various environmental conditions on sperm motility and their survival was investigated by incubating washed human spermatozoa in various biologic or artificial media and under different atmospheric compositions. When sperm were analyzed by the multiple exposure photography technique for objective motility determination, it was found that none of the investigated biologic media induced any immediate stimulatory effect on the tested spermatozoa. Exchange of seminal fluid between normal and oligoasthenospermic specimens did not reveal any beneficial or harmful effect on sperm motility. Sperm did not survive for more than 24 hours when kept in their original seminal fluid under any circumstances. The most favorable media tested for prolonged sperm survival were pure human umbilical cord serum or Ham’s solution containing 0.5% human albumin. However, even in these media sperm did not survive much beyond 24 hours unless incubated in an atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 or a triple mixture of 90% N 2 , 5% O 2 , and 5% CO 2 . Only under these circumstances could sperm stay alive, in some cases up to 5 days.
HOW DOES THE URODELE EAR DEVELOP

An overview is provided of the structural and molecular events causing the transformation of undifferentiated epidermal cells together with the underlying mesenchyme to become the complex, three-dimensional ear. While tremendous progress has been achieved in a few model systems, enough is not yet known about the comparative embryology of ear development to provide causal explanations of the adult structural differences among species. It is hoped that the changes in selector and/or structural genes, as well as changes in the spatiotemporal induction of structural gene activation, and possible changes in the interaction between the various embryonic sources which contribute to the ear, will soon be understood. The most promising new avenue for research appears to be studies which combine classical transplantation tissue experiments with modern gene expression analyses and modern in vitro assays of the role of putative morphogens or trophic factors. It is emphasized that it is not understood what is missing in the developmental program of those salamanders which have lost a basilar papilla. Direct comparison of gene expression patterns and xenoplastic transplantations in salamanders of comparable stages which either do or do not develop this organ should help to clarify the molecular events that have led to this major evolutionary novel feature of the vertebrate ear.
The Policy Turn in the Philosophy of Technology

The empirical turn has been framed far too much in terms of what philosophers say and not to whom they speak. I apply the logic of the empirical turn to the very philosophers who carry its banner. I argue that once we look at them through their own lens, we discover that the empirical turn is not such a revolutionary thing after all. It is a turn within the disciplinary model of knowledge production. In other words, its own material culture and political economy look just the same as so-called classical philosophy of technology. In contrast, I sketch out what a policy turn looks like, which is a turn toward a new model of philosophical research, one that begins with real-world problems as they are debated in public and cashes out its value in real-time with a variety of stakeholders. I conclude by sketching some of the main ramifications of taking a policy turn in the philosophy of technology.
The Role of the Intestinal Microbiome in Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis

The gastrointestinal system represents one of the largest interfaces between the human internal microenvironment and the external world. This system harbors trillions of commensal bacteria that reside in symbiosis with the host. Intestinal bacteria play a crucial role in maintaining systemic and intestinal immune and metabolic homeostasis because of their effect on nutrient absorption and immune development and function. Recently, altered gut bacterial composition (dysbiosis) was hypothesized to be involved in mechanisms through which islet autoimmunity is triggered. Evidence from animal models indicates that alterations in the gut bacterial composition precede disease onset, thus implicating a causal role for the gut microbiome in islet destruction. However, it remains unclear whether dysbiosis is directly linked to the mechanisms of human type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this review, we discuss data implicating the gut microbiota in disease progression with an emphasis on our recent studies performed in humans and in rodent models of T1D.
Enhancing applications with filtering of XML message streams

Modern applications often have to process and filter information in XML format for reasons of interoperability. Often times those XML messages arrive from publisher at unpredictable rates and must be processed in near real-time to answer complex filtering queries. Towards this end, we introduce Seshat -- the content-based Domain Specific XML stream processing engine for meeting the needs of different subscribing applications. Seshat provides the full support for Boolean logic operators including negation and also supports supplemental operators, such as substring search. Its simple query framework enables filtering queries with variable substitution predicates. We describe the query processing engine and also the implementation details. Seshat engine can be potentially deployed in publish-subscribe brokers for selective message filtering and replication as well as in subscribing applications that need to process the arriving XML messages independently for the purpose of validation. We provide preliminary performance results of the filtering engine and its simple Domain Specific Language processing queries on several real-world XML datasets.