cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fecal carbon production by zooplankton in Santa Monica Basin: The effects of body size and carnivorous feeding

Abstract Measurement of carbon:pigment (C:Pig) ratios in fresh fecal pellets of two size classes of marine zooplankton in Santa Monica Basin indicated that the source for much of the carbon came from ingestion of animal matter. When these C:Pig ratios (in conjunction with data on gut pigment concentrations, gut evacuation rates, and biomasses of the two size classes) were used to predict daily fecal carbon production rates (mgC m −2 d −1 ) for 10 cruise periods, it was found that carnivory contributed over 70% of the egested carbon on 5 of those cruise periods, and over 50% on all but one of them. Daily fecal production rates by 500–1000μm zooplankton were usually slightly higher than those for 1000–2000μm zooplankton, largely because of greater gut pigment concentrations per unit of body weight and slightly greater gut evacuation rates for the smaller size group, in the face of usually greater biomass in the larger size group. Fecal production at night always exceeded that during daylight, for both size groups. No measurements of fecal C:Pig ratios in pellets of 200–500μm animals were possible, but relatively large size-specific gut pigment concentrations and gut evacuation rates suggested that, there have been any carnivory at all in this size group, daily fecal carbon production by these tiny zooplankton would have been even greater than fecal production by the 500–1000μm size group. Assuming that measured daily fecal carbon production by the 500–1000 and 1000–2000μm groups, plus daily fecal carbon production by the 200–500μm group (assuming no carnivory), together represented potential carbon export from the photic zone during each cruise period, the daily production rates were calculated as percentages of total trap-measured carbon flux out of the photic zone. These percentages ranged from about 18% (January/February 1990) to 199% (May 1986). When just the pellet production rates from 500–2000μm zooplankton were considered (presuming that tiny pellets from 200–500μm animals would all be recycled in the photic zone), percentages of trap-measured fluxes ranged from about 10% (October 1985, 1986 and 1987) to about 172% (May 1986). The percentage in May 1986 greater than 100% indicated that some of the pellets from 500–2000μm animals could not have settled into the traps at the base of the photic zone. However, the potential contribution of fecal carbon to total carbon flux was very great in spring in Santa Monica Basin, and least in autumn months. The fact that zooplankton can on occasion be the primary agents for the physical and chemical transformation of the suspended particle field into the sinking flux, and that the transformations are in part dependent on animal size and degree of carnivory, suggests that study of these “intermediary processors” is important in the context of global ocean flux.
Characterization of Keratin Polypeptides of Normal and Psoriatic Horny Cells

Keratin was extracted from normal human horny cells of the leg, calluses of the sole, and psoriatic scales. After dissociation in sodium dodecyl sulfate the polypeptides were separated by Laemmli's gel electrophoresis method and their molecular weights and relative amounts determined. Normal horny cells contained 3 polypeptide chains of Mr 67K, 59K, and 57K, while those of callus contained 9 polypeptides of Mr 67K, 66K, 63K, 62K, 58K, 54K, 52K, 48K, and 45K. In both cases all keratin polypeptides participated in filament reassembly in vitro and were recovered from the filaments. In psoriatic scale keratin, 7 prominent polypeptides were detected having Mr 67K, 59K, 57K, 50K, 48K, 42K, and 40K. The 67K polypeptide could not be recovered from reassembled filaments. Ultrastructural studies revealed that these filaments are imperfect and readily aggregate into thick fibrils. These observations indicate that there are significant differences in composition of keratin of normal horny cells, calluses, and psoriatic scales.
The Temporal Response of the Length of a Partially Stratified Estuary to Changes in River Flow and Tidal Amplitude

The temporal response of the length of a partially-mixed estuary to changes in freshwater discharge, Qf , and tidal amplitude, UT , is studied using a 108 day time series collected along the length of the Hudson River estuary in the spring and summer of 2004 and a long-term (13.4 year) record of Qf , UT , and near-surface salinity. When Qf was moderately high, the tidally-averaged length of the estuary, L5, here defined as the distance from the mouth to the up-estuary location where the vertically-averaged salinity is five psu, fluctuated by more than 47 km over the spring-neap cycle, ranging from 28 km to >75 km. During low flow periods, L5 varied very little over the spring-neap cycle and approached a steady length. The response is quantified and compared to predictions of a linearized model derived from the global estuarine salt balance. The model is forced by fluctuations in Qf and UT relative to average discharge, Qo, and tidal amplitude, UTo, and predicts the linear response time scale, τ, and the steady-state length, Lo, for average forcing. Two vertical mixing schemes are considered, in which a) mixing is proportional to UT and b) dependence of mixing on stratification is also parameterized. Based on least-squares fits between L5 and estuary length predicted by the model, estimated τ varied by an order of magnitude from a period of high average discharge (Qo = 750 m3s-1, τ = 4.2 days) to a period of low discharge (Qo = 170 m3s-1, τ = 40.4 days). Over the range of observed discharge, Lo ∝ Qo-0.30±0.03, consistent with the theoretical scaling for an estuary whose landward salt flux is driven by vertical estuarine exchange circulation. Estimated τ was proportional to the discharge advection time scale (LoA/Qo, where A is the cross-sectional area of the estuary). However, τ was three to four times larger than the theoretical prediction. The model with stratification dependent mixing predicted variations in L5 with higher skill than the model with mixing proportional to UT . This model provides insight into the time dependent response of a partially-stratified estuary to changes in forcing and explains the strong dependence of the amplitude of the spring-neap response on freshwater discharge. However, the utility of the linear model is limited because it assumes a uniform channel and because the underlying dynamics are nonlinear and the forcing, Qf and UT , can undergo large amplitude variations. River discharge, in particular, can vary by over an order of magnitude over timescales comparable to or shorter than the response timescale of the estuary.
Protein Structure By FTIR Self-Deconvolution

Fourier self-deconvolution was applied to the peptide-carbonyl stretching vibration (amide I mode) of more than 20 globular proteins in deuterium oxide solution. This band, which usually exhibits little discernible fine structure, was thereby resolved into three to nine components. The individual components were assigned to protein segments consisting of extended chains, helices, and various turns and bends. The areas of the components were evaluated by Gauss-Newton iterative curve fitting with the assumption of Gaussian band shapes. Quantitative estimations regarding secondary structure were made by calculating the sum of the areas of the components asssociated with a particular conformation as a fraction of the total amide I band area. The results for helix content and for extended chain content are in good agreement with literature values obtained from X-ray data.
Wineries, drosophila, alcohol, and Adh

Previous workers (McKenzie and Parsons, 1972, 1974; McKenzie, 1974; Briscoe et al., 1975) have found anomalous distributions of species of Drosophila, of sexes of D. melanogaster, and of Adh alleles in and around wineries in Australia and Spain. Field studies in California's Sonoma Valley provide evidence that the explanations advanced for these distributions may incorrect. The anomalous distribution of species was attributed to alcohol, either as a selective agent or as a behavioral stimulus. We find a virtually identical species distribution in the absence of environmental alcohol. The anomalous sex ratio was attributedd to differential survivall of the sexes when raised on alcohol. We present crude evidence thatehe difference may simply be a behavioral response to some product of fermentation, which need not be alcohol. Finally, the allele frequency difference reported from Spain was attributed to differential adult mortality on alcohol. We do not find an allele frequency difference even when alcohol is exposed, and therefore suggest that selection is occurring in pre-adult stages.
Making an impact: An adventure into international pharmacy

Abstract Objective To support a medical team, organized by Shoulder to Shoulder, with pharmacy services in an effort to expand ongoing health care to a rural community in Honduras. Setting Pharmacy services in a temporary medical clinic in a schoolhouse in Colomarigua, a small mountain village in Honduras. Practice description Pharmacy services and medical care to address acute care needs of the people of Colomarigua, Honduras, during a week-long clinic. Interpreters assisted with patient counseling. Medication labels with pictures that connected doses to mealtimes increased patient understanding and the potential for medications to be dosed correctly. Fill lines were drawn on delivery devices for pediatric suspensions. An effort was made to avoid polypharmacy by communicating with physicians about the different prescriptions that were being prescribed in each household. Practice innovation Not applicable. Main outcome measure Not applicable. Results We created a temporary clinic with a pharmacy and provided medical care to more than 600 children and adults in the surrounding regions. The medical team identified need for a feeding program, and local Shoulder to Shoulder teams began activities to support the community’s development. Education programs were initiated to allow promising local children access to higher education. Conclusion Challenges to providing optimal pharmaceutical care included language barriers, space and flow of the pharmacy, and a limited formulary. Benefits included gaining a whole new perspective on pharmacotherapy, health, and the importance of service to those in need whether abroad or at home.
Reduced thiol content in L1210 cells treated with BSO increases DNA crosslinking by melphalan

Endogenous thiols such as glutathione (GSH) are known to mediate the activity of bifunctional alkylating agents such as melphalan (L-PAM). GSH levels can be reduced by cell growth in the presence of an analog of gamma glutamyl, alpha-aminobutyrate, L-buthionine (S/R) sulfoximine (L-BSO). L-1210 murine lymphocytic leukemia cells grown in vitro in the presence of 10 microM less than 15% L-BSO possessed 1% of the normal GSH levels. This pretreatment regimen did not significantly alter cell viability but did enhance the cytotoxicity produced by a 15 microM-1hr L-PAM treatment. The increased cell killing correlated with enhanced DNA-DNA crosslinking immediately following L-PAM exposure. No effect of BSO pretreatments on the incomplete removal of crosslinks over 36 hr of observation was seen. These results suggest that GSH levels modulate the initial degree of L-PAM-induced DNA crosslinking, but not the long term repair of these lesions.
Semiclassical estimation of the radiative mean lifetimes of hydrogenlike states.

Based on the correspondence principle, a simple semiclassical derivation of a universal formula for the radiative mean lifetime \ensuremath{\tau}(n,l) of hydrogenlike states is presented. (The possibilities of stimulated emission and collisional deexcitation are neglected.) Within the nonrelativistic dipole approximation the mean lifetime for an electron in a state characterized by quantum numbers n and l in the field of a nucleus of charge Z is given by \ensuremath{\tau}(n,l)\ensuremath{\approxeq}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{0}$${\mathit{n}}^{3}$l(l+1)/${\mathit{Z}}^{4}$, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{0}$= 3\ensuremath{\Elzxh}/(2${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}^{5}$\ensuremath{\mu}${\mathit{c}}^{2}$)\ensuremath{\approxeq}93.42\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}12}$ s and \ensuremath{\mu} is the reduced mass. The formula is accurate to at least 6% for the lowest states and to a much higher degree of accuracy for highly excited states. The semiclassical result is expected to be valid to leading order in n and l. However, the very simple derivation yields results of an accuracy comparable to several approximate quantum-mechanical and semiclassical results that have been published. The approach is based primarily upon a treatment of the rate of loss of angular momentum, not of energy. A clear physical interpretation of some aspects of the radiative decay process, which is somewhat obscure in the quantum evaluation, emerges naturally from the angular momentum approach.
China's capital tax reforms in an open economy

China now has a dual tax system for corporate income, i.e., foreign investors are subject to a lower corporate income tax rate than Chinese domestic enterprises in speciﬁ ed areas. Recently, domestic industries and tax administrators have been demanding the abolition of tax concessions to foreign enterprises and to foreigninvested enterprises in favor of an equal tax burden on all enterprises. However, only limited analyses of the effects of the tax reform on the domestic, as well as on the interdependent economies, have been undertaken. This chapter examines the effects of capital tax reforms that unify the corporate income tax rates faced by domestic and foreign investors on the capital-labor ratio, the output-labor ratio, foreign investment and the trade balance in China.2
Prediction of methyl-side chain dynamics in proteins.

A simple analytical model is presented for the prediction of methyl-side chain dynamics in comparison with S2 order parameters obtained by NMR relaxation spectroscopy. The model, which is an extension of the local contact model for backbone order parameter prediction, uses a static 3D protein structure as input. It expresses the methyl-group S2 order parameters as a function of local contacts of the methyl carbon with respect to the neighboring atoms in combination with the number of consecutive mobile dihedral angles between the methyl group and the protein backbone. For six out of seven proteins the prediction results are good when compared with experimentally determined methyl-group S2 values with an average correlation coefficient \(\bar r\)=0.65±0.14. For the unusually rigid cytochrome c2 no significant correlation between prediction and experiment is found. The presented model provides independent support for the reliability of current side-chain relaxation methods along with their interpretation by the model-free formalism.
Telemedicine: A new dimension in the practice of medicine

Telemedicine has drawn increasing attention as one of the emerging service delivery vehicles running on the information highway. Until recently, the adoption of telemedicine has been discouraged by the cost of telecommunications and equipment and by the lack of infrastructure, standards, and evidence of cost-effectiveness and cultural acceptance. Although there have been attempts to reduce costs by making use of computer communication networks, they were technically limited by slow network speed and the lack of real-time audio/video compression technology. Ongoing technologic advances in telecommunications, imaging, multimedia computers, and information systems are making interactive telemedicine increasingly possible as high-speed video, voice, and data services are brought to large segments of the general population. The current synergy between health reform initiatives, which are redefining how health care services are accessed and delivered, and advances in technologies that support telemedicine has resulted in a proliferation of telemedicine projects. However, there is still no proof that telemedicine is necessarily cost-effective for a broad set of applications. Each prospective application requires its own business case analysis. Within the current environment, the development of a telemedicine strategy should be based on a sound knowledge of the current and future potential of telemedicine to improve health care access and quality while containing and possibly reducing health care costs.
X-ray spectroscopic study of the electronic structure of visible-light responsive N-, C- and S-doped TiO2

Abstract The electronic origins of the visible-light response of N-, C- and S-doped TiO 2 have been studied using X-ray absorption, X-ray emission, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. New electronic states are observed in the bulk band gap, above the valence band edge of pure TiO 2 , which can be directly related to the visible-light absorption of the N-, C- and S-doped TiO 2 materials.
Renal parenchymal tumors and lymphoma in the same patient : Case series and review of the literature

We reviewed the incidence of diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma and lymphoma in the same patient and analyzed the characteristics of this association. Nine patients in 4 years had the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and lymphoma, including 2 with Hodgkin disease, 1 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and 3 each with low-grade follicular and intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In SEER data, the observed/expected (O/E) ratio of NHL and RCC is 1.86 to 2.07. In our series, 2 patients were diagnosed with NHL after the diagnosis of RCC, 1 was diagnosed concurrently, and in the other 6, lymphoma preceded diagnosis of RCC. In reviews of second malignancies following treatment of Hodgkin disease, RCC is less common (O/E 1.5, with 1/3 being transitional cell carcinoma and 2/3 being adenocarcinoma). We report 2 cases with Hodgkin disease preceding RCC, and in both, Hodgkin disease occurred as an adult. There is a male predominance for patients with both diagnoses, which is greater than the male predominance for either RCC or NHL alone (2.2 vs. 2.0 vs. 1.2). There is an increased likelihood of the lymphoma being extranodal. There is an increased association of RCC and NHL more often among male patients, and often with extranodal lymphoma. Potential common etiological factors include prior treatment for malignancy, genetic predisposition, environmental factors, including a search for viral sequences, and possible immune dysregulation generating the lymphoma and subsequently leading to solid tumors such as RCC or melanoma.
Whole genome sequencing in support of wellness and health maintenance

Whole genome sequencing is poised to revolutionize personalized medicine, providing the capacity to classify individuals into risk categories for a wide range of diseases. Here we begin to explore how whole genome sequencing (WGS) might be incorporated alongside traditional clinical evaluation as a part of preventive medicine. The present study illustrates novel approaches for integrating genotypic and clinical information for assessment of generalized health risks and to assist individuals in the promotion of wellness and maintenance of good health. Whole genome sequences and longitudinal clinical profiles are described for eight middle-aged Caucasian participants (four men and four women) from the Center for Health Discovery and Well Being (CHDWB) at Emory University in Atlanta. We report multivariate genotypic risk assessments derived from common variants reported by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), as well as clinical measures in the domains of immune, metabolic, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and mental health. Polygenic risk is assessed for each participant for over 100 diseases and reported relative to baseline population prevalence. Two approaches for combining clinical and genetic profiles for the purposes of health assessment are then presented. First we propose conditioning individual disease risk assessments on observed clinical status for type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension, and obesity. An approximate 2:1 ratio of concordance between genetic prediction and observed sub-clinical disease is observed. Subsequently, we show how more holistic combination of genetic, clinical and family history data can be achieved by visualizing risk in eight sub-classes of disease. Having identified where their profiles are broadly concordant or discordant, an individual can focus on individual clinical results or genotypes as they develop personalized health action plans in consultation with a health partner or coach. The CHDWB will facilitate longitudinal evaluation of wellness-focused medical care based on comprehensive self-knowledge of medical risks.
Emission properties of body-centered cubic elemental metal photocathodes

A first principles analysis of photoemission is developed to explain the lower than expected rms transverse electron momentum measured using the solenoid scan technique for the body-centered cubic Group Vb (V, Nb, and Ta) and Group VIb (Cr, Mo, and W) metallic photocathodes. The density functional theory based analysis elucidates the fundamental role that the electronic band structure (and its dispersion) plays in determining the emission properties of solid-state photocathodes and includes evaluation of work function anisotropy using a thin-slab method.
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis fingerprinting for identification of Azospirillum species.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to obtain macrorestriction fingerprints of restriction enzyme-cut DNA of natural isolates of Azospirillum spp. Metabolic profiles, along with other phenotypic characteristics, were compared with these fingerprints to differentiate among the azospirilla isolates. A wide diversity of phenotypes (e.g., colony color, motility, and accumulation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate granules) was observed among the natural isolates of azospirilla. PFGE revealed that TCTAGA, the sequence recognized by Xba1, is rare in the genome of azospirilla. The PFGE fingerprint revealed that azospirilla associated with different crops have a very similar genetic background. PFGE fingerprints were more consistent in the identification of azospirilla isolates from specific hosts than the metabolic fingerprints. For further differentiation at strain level, metabolic, physiological, and morphological profiles provide additional information.
Resurrecting Lochner: A Defense of Unprincipled Judicial Activism

Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905), stands as one of the Supreme Court's most reviled decisions. We challenge the critical consensus against Lochner and provide a defense, albeit a contingent defense, of “unprincipled” judicial activism. To do so, we develop a game-theoretic model of judicial-legislative interaction. We use the model to compare outcomes generated in a system of legislative supremacy to outcomes generated in a system in which judicial review is provided by a legally unprincipled, activist judiciary. We show that judicial review, even when provided by an activist, politicized judiciary, can promote important constitutional values and improve legislative quality relative to a deferential judiciary. In doing so, we identify an important “passive” component to the effect that judicial review has on legislatures and on legislation. Finally, we demonstrate that the addition of other institutions and constraints on judicial behavior amplify the beneficial effects that judicial review provides to the legislative process.
The behavioral treatment of an 11-year-old girl with autism and aggressive behaviors

The authors describe the assessment and treatment of an 11-year-old girl who presented with autism and aggressive behaviors. Based on a functional analysis and review of relevant literature, differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO), compliance training, extinction, and functional communication were used as the primary intervention strategies. This case also illustrates the importance of creating a plan for generalization and the challenges parents face when trying to incorporate treatment strategies into the home environment. The importance of an accurate diagnosis and appropriate behavioral treatment are emphasized as a protection against the misuse of psychotropic medications and psychological interventions.
Do 7-month-old infants process independent features or facial configurations?

The present experiment tested whether 7-month-old infants process a face as a configuration or as a collection of independent features. Thirty-two 7-month-old infants participated. Infants were habituated to two female faces and then tested on a familiar face, a switched face (consisting of all familiar features but a new combination of those features), and a novel face. It was reasoned that if infants processed only independent features of the face, the switched face should not look novel to them relative to the familiar face. If, however, infants processed the relationship among features (i.e. a configuration), the switched face should look novel. Furthermore, the study was based upon the well-established finding that inversion disrupts configural processing of faces. Thus, one group of infants saw only upright faces throughout the experiment, whereas a second group saw only inverted faces. It was hypothesized that by the age of 7 months, infants should process an upright face as a configuration, but an inverted face as independent features. The findings confirmed this hypothesis. In the upright condition, infants looked longer at the composite (switched) face than at the familiar face, whereas in the inverted condition infants did not. These findings are consistent with other reports of 7-month-old infants' ability to process configurations of both faces and non-faces and are consistent with the information processing approach proposed by Cohen (1998. An information-processing approach to infant perception and cognition. In The Development of Sensory, Motor, and Cognitive Capacities in Early Infancy, Simion F, Butterworth G (eds). Psychology Press: East Sussex; 277–300). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On-Line Monitoring of PVC Foam Density Using Ultrasound Waves and Artificial Neural Networks

An artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to monitor the density of rigid foam PVC on-line during the extrusion process using an ultrasound sensor mounted on the extruder die. Acoustic properties of the polymer melt, measured by multiple ultrasound echoes propagating through the polymer melt, were used to train a multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network to estimate the density of the extruded foam. The foam density was varied by varying the processing conditions, i.e. heating zones and screw speed, during the extrusion process. A high correlation was found to exist between the acoustic properties of the polymer melt and the foam density using a three-layer multilayer perceptron artificial neural network.
Industrial and environmental specialization

The presence of threshold effects or convex damage functions implies that the composition of pollutants may be as important in the determination of health outcomes as the level of pollution. As such, greater specialization in particular environmental hazards may suggest increasing costs from pollution even if overall pollution levels are declining. Using panel data from the US, it is verified that ‘environmental specialization’ is important, and likely to increase in the future due to greater industrial specialization.
The White House and Congress on Child Care and Family Leave Policy: From Carter to Clinton

Over the last two decades four presidents produced a variety of family policy initiatives with mixed results. Carter issued his nine-point plan on the family and convened the first White House Conference on Families in American history. Reagan created the White House Working Group on the Family and issued Executive Order 12606, which established family impact statements. George Bush continued many of Reagan's policies and pushed family values to near the top of the political agenda by 1992, and Bill Clinton set forth his eight-point plan on the family and moved quickly to reverse many of the policies of the Reagan-Bush era. Discussed is the role of the White House and Congress in shaping two family policy initiatives in particular: The Child Care and Development Block Grant of 1990 and the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993.
Journeying Identities: Mid-Nineteenth-Century Women's Travel Writing in French Colonial Algeria

French women travel writers in colonial Algeria occupy an ambiguous place both in the genre of the recit de voyage and in colonial space. Two travel texts written by French women in Algeria in the middle of the nineteenth century, Anais Dutertre's Voyage de Vermont-sur-Orne a Constantine-sur-l'oued-Rummel; Setif, Bougie, et Alger par une femme (1866) and Octavie Lagrange's Souvenirs de voyage: Algerie et Tunisie (1868), show that the intersection of visual knowledge and colonial space becomes the site that affords the female travel writer an opportunity to represent herself by means that are at once legitimated by the genre and pregnant with possibility for challenging gender norms. Informed by Foucault's notion of heterotopia and feminist rereadings of the psychoanalytic mirror stage, the author argues that Dutertre's and Lagrange's texts highlight the problematic possibilities of colonial space by questioning prescribed feminine identities in mid-nineteenth-century France.
Students' Perceptions of Teacher Effectiveness and Academic Misconduct: An Inquiry into the Multivariate Nature of a Complex Phenomenon

Using the classroom as the unit of analyses, the current article discusses the methodological issues surrounding the literature with regard to the study of academic misconduct. Arguing for a shift in research, the present empirical investigation assesses the relationship between students' perceptions of classroom environment and academic misconduct by utilizing valid and reliable multidimensional measures with established constructs. By utilizing the classroom as the unit of analysis, a better understanding of the unique variance in academic dishonesty across classes may be established in relation to variation in students' perceptions of teaching practices. One hundred twenty-eight classes participated in the current study, with 3,151 students completing the Students' Perceptions of Teacher Effectiveness survey and Academic Misconduct Survey. Although students' overall perceptions of teacher effectiveness were not related to the rate of academic misconduct across classes, results do suggest that the lower...
The microdetermination of carbon and hydrogen in compounds containing alkali and alkaline earth metals

Abstract Organic compounds containing alkali and alkaline earth metals have been analyzed for carbon and hydrogen by combustion of the sample which has been covered with tungsten trioxide. Tungsten trioxide is superior to the reagents previously used for this purpose.
Application of Economic Analyses to Hurricane Warnings to Residential and Retail Activities In the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Coastal Region

Abstract Hurricane warnings cause people and businesses in the predicted path of the cyclone to take actions that will reduce damage and/or loss of life. Sometimes these actions and their attendant costs are avoidable, since a larger section of the coast is alerted than that which the hurricane actually affects. Using general population densities and the average damage costs due to storms, the authors present a combined game- and decision-theory approach to estimating the economic benefits of more accurate prediction. The potential savings to this economic sector for a substantial improvement in 24-hr forecasting accuracies (that is, the reduction of the average forecast error to one-half its present value) is shown to be at least $15.2 million in the first year. A general equation is presented for various combinations of improvement levels, population densities, percentage of those who protect, and number of warnings per season.
Management of a patient with severe erosive lichen planus in need of an immediate complete denture: A clinical report

This clinical report describes the treatment of a patient in need of an immediate complete denture who presented with severe erosive lichen planus. In conjunction with an immediate complete denture, tacrolimus (0.1%) ointment, an immunosuppressive agent, was applied topically over the lesions. There was a significant reduction in the size of the lesions at the second week of treatment, allowing the patient to tolerate the prosthesis without pain, thereby improving her quality of life.
Impact of Hospital Unit Design for Patient-Centered Care on Nurses’ Behavior:

In an effort to be more patient- and family-centered, many hospitals have recently provided nursing units that provide more space and amenities for family members. However, these units raise a conc...
Astrophysics: Big black hole found in tiny galaxy

Conventional wisdom tells us that supermassive black holes are found exclusively in massive galaxies undergoing little star formation. But one such object has now been discovered in a star-forming dwarf galaxy. See Letter p.66 The starburst in Henize 2-10, a relatively nearby blue compact dwarf galaxy, has attracted the attention of astronomers for decades, in part because of its prodigious rate of star formation — ten times that of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Now a study of Henize 2-10 at centimetre radio wavelengths and in the near-infrared reveals a compact radio source at its centre that is spatially coincident with a hard X-ray source. This points to the presence of an actively accreting massive black hole, but one not associated with a bulge, a nuclear star cluster or any other well-defined nucleus. This means that Henize 2-10 may reflect an early phase of black hole and galaxy evolution that has not been observed previously.
Clonal origin of lymph node metastases in bladder carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Evidence of genetic heterogeneity within urothelial carcinomas of the bladder has raised questions about the clonal origin of urothelial carcinoma and its metastases. High-grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder frequently metastasizes to multiple regional lymph nodes in the pelvis. Whether or not these multiple lymph node metastases originate from the same tumor clone is uncertain. Molecular analysis of microsatellite alterations and X-chromosome inactivation status of distinct tumor cell populations from the same patient may further our understanding of the genetic basis of carcinoma progression and metastasis. METHODS The authors examined 24 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma. All patients had multiple (from two to four) lymph node metastases. Genomic DNA samples were prepared from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections using laser-assisted microdissection. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) assays for 3 microsatellite polymorphic markers on chromosome 9p21 (D9S171, region of putative tumor suppressor gene p16), 9q32 (D9S177, putative tumor suppressor gene involved in urothelial carcinoma tumorigenesis), and 17p13 (TP53, the p53 locus) were performed. In addition, X-chromosome inactivation analysis was performed in primary tumors and metastases from 10 female patients. RESULTS In total, 79 tumors were analyzed. The overall frequency of allelic loss was 67% (16 of 24 tumors) in the primary urothelial carcinomas and 79% (19 of 24 tumors) in the metastatic carcinomas. The primary urothelial carcinoma showed LOH at the D9S171, D9S177, and TP53 loci in 39% (9 of 23 tumors), 30% (6 of 20 tumors), and 30% (7 of 23 tumors) of informative samples, respectively. LOH in ≥ 1 lymph node metastases was seen at the D9S171, D9S177, and TP53 loci in 35% (8 of 23 tumors), 45% (9 of 20 tumors), and 48% (11 of 23 tumors) of informative samples, respectively. Eleven tumors demonstrated identical allelic loss patterns at all DNA loci both in the primary carcinoma and in all corresponding lymph node metastases. Three tumors showed allelic loss in the metastatic carcinoma but not in its matched primary carcinoma. Six tumors demonstrated a different LOH pattern in each of its lymph node metastases. Clonality analysis showed the same pattern of nonrandom X-chromosome inactivation both in the primary urothelial carcinoma and in all of the lymph node metastases in five of nine informative tumors studied. Four tumors showed a random pattern of X-chromosome inactivation in both the primary carcinoma and in the metastases. CONCLUSIONS LOH and X-chromosome inactivation assays showed that multiple lymph node metastases and matched primary urothelial carcinomas of the bladder had the same clonal origin, suggesting that the capability for metastasis often arises in only a single clonal population in the primary tumor. The variable LOH patterns observed in some of the tumors likely reflect genetic divergence during the clonal evolution of urothelial carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Tri-partite assay for studying exon ligation by the ai5gamma group II intron.

Group II introns self-splice via a two-step mechanism: cleavage at the 5‘ splice site followed by exon ligation at the 3‘ splice site. The second step has been difficult to study in vitro because it is generally faster than the first. Herein we describe development and partial kinetic characterization of a novel assay for studying the second step in isolation. In this system, a truncated linear intron (nucleotides 1−881) mediates exon ligation between two oligonucleotide substrates: a 19 nt 5‘ exon and a 3‘ substrate consisting of the last 6 nucleotides of the intron plus a 6 nucleotide 3‘ exon. We found that neither the exact structure of domain 6 nor the identity of nucleotides flanking the 3‘ splice site is critical for accurate 3‘ splice site choice by the ai5γ group II intron. The multiple turnover kcat (0.14 min-1) is slower than the single turnover kobs (0.6−0.7 min-1), consistent with rate-limiting product release under steady-state conditions. Decreased single turnover rates at lower pHs were m...
Large-Scale CO2 Capture Demonstration Plant Using Fluor's Econamine FG PlusSM Technology at NRG's WA Parish Electric Generating Station

Abstract Fluor has designed a large-scale carbon dioxide recovery demonstration plant using the Econamine FG Plus SM technology to recover 90% of the CO2 from a 240 MV equivalent flue gas slip stream at NRG Energy's WA Parish Electric Generating Station. When in operation, the plant will produce 4,776 metric tonnes per day of supercritical carbon dioxide, which will be available for sequestration via enhanced oil recovery. The CO2 capture plant design includes technology advancements that are expected to lower energy demands, reduce costs, and improve the environmental impact of CO2 capture. The paper summarizes the technological advancements and expected performance of the capture unit.
Mono(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)thorium Chemistry: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Reactivity of Aryloxide and Alkyl Derivatives

Reaction of ThBr4(THF)4 with 1 equiv of Cp*MgBr(THF) (Cp* = η-C5Me5) produces the mono(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) complex Cp*ThBr3(THF)3 (1). Treatment of 1 with 1 or 2 equiv of KOAr (Ar = 2,6-t-Bu2C6H3) yields the mono- and bis(aryloxide) species Cp*ThBr2(OAr)(THF) (2) and Cp*ThBr(OAr)2 (3), respectively. Alkylation of 2 with 2 equiv of Me3SiCH2MgCl leads to isolation of the bis(alkyl) complex Cp*Th(OAr)(CH2SiMe3)2 (4), while 3 reacts with 1 equiv of MeMgBr to form the mono(alkyl) derivative Cp*ThMe(OAr)2 (5). 4 reacts with dihydrogen to produce the trimeric thorium dihydride [Cp*ThH2(OAr)]3 (6), while thermolysis of 4 in the presence of triphenylphosphine oxide leads to the isolation of the metallacyclic species Cp*Th(OC6H3-t-BuCMe2CH2)(OAr)(OPPh3) (7). In the presence of 1 equiv of [HNMe2Ph][B(C6F5)4], 4 is found to catalyze the hydrogenation of 1-hexene and also the polymerization of ethylene. Compounds 1−7 have been characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy, by microanalysis, and, in the case of ...
Atypical hyperplasia on core biopsy: is further surgery needed?

Abstract Introduction Percutaneous core needle biopsy (CNB) has been widely performed as a standard technique for initial histological diagnosis of suspicious breast lesions. There have been an increased number of atypical lesions diagnosed on CNB as a consequence of the advances in breast imaging techniques. The authors aim to identify if any of the radiological and histopathological criteria evaluated in this study can predict the presence of malignancy associated with atypical hyperplasia (AH) diagnosed on CNB. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 450 patients diagnosed with AH. Surgical excision was then performed and pathology revealed carcinoma or benign lesions. Patient age, imaging features, number of CNB samples taken, biopsy needle gauge, presence of additional proliferative diseases and calcification on CNB or excision were evaluated in both groups. Results Fifty-one (11.3%) patients were found to have malignancy on surgical excision; 74.5% had ductal carcinoma in situ only and 25.6% had invasive cancer. In subgroup analysis, pure atypical ductal hyperplasia lesions were upgraded in 11.5%, pure atypical lobular hyperplasia lesions were upgraded in 8.1% and mixed lesions were upgraded in 17.6% ( P > 0.05) of patients. The majority of the patients were older than 50 years, and calcification was the main reason for biopsy in both groups. The presence of additional proliferative lesions and needle gauge were not found to be statistically significant ( P > 0.05). Conclusion Upgrade rate to cancer after surgical excision was 11.3% of AH patients diagnosed on CNB. However, none of the variables are significant in determining the presence of malignancy associated with AH diagnosed by CNB.
Imaging single molecules and direct observation of single molecule reaction at a solid-liquid interface

A new fluorescent method was developed for single molecule studies. The fluorophores were excited by the evanescent wave field produced either on the core surface of the optical fiber probe or on the flat surface of a quartz prism. The first configuration was used for single molecule detection. Single rhodamine 6G and fluorescein molecules have ben detected. The number of rhodamine 6G molecules imaged by the optical fiber probe showed an excellent linear relationship with the concentrations of the fluorophores. It represents a simpler fluorescent method for the detection of single molecules in solution and at an interface. The second configuration was used to monitor single molecule reaction. Direct observation of single molecule generation from a chemical reaction was achieved at a solid-liquid interface. The reaction between fluorescamine and immobilized N'-(3- trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine was studied at the single molecule level. Time-lapse fluorescence images of single molecule products were recorded to follow the chemical reaction to its completion. Analysis of the photoelectron intensity of the flourescent product and its distribution shows that the reaction kinetics goes through a transition from zeroth-order as the reaction proceeds. This approach offered a novel means to study single molecule reactions at the solid-liquid interface.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
‘"Authenticity” and the foreign audience for traditional music in Southwest China

Abstract Foreign backpackers have since 1988 flocked to Lijiang, southwest China, to hear amateur urban musicians of the Naxi minority play traditional Dongjing music. Often dismayed by professional troupes’ “adulteration” of Chinese music with Western‐style functional harmony, equal temperament and glitzy staging, such tourists delight in the authenticity of the Naxi musicians’ conservative heterophonic style, local tuning, sober gowns, and dignified demeanor. Yet Lijiang's deliberately traditionalist tourist concerts constitute a new forum for Dongjing music, selectively borrowing from disparate historical contexts to create a staged timelessness. Ironically, truly “authentic” traditional musical gatherings flourish in nearby Naxi villages seldom visited by tourists.
Racial disparity in earnings and earnings growth: The case of young men

Abstract Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience for Youth indicates a vintage effect (lower black-white earnings ratios for older cohorts relative to younger cohorts), but an examination of longitudinal earnings ratios suggests such an effect can be attributed to intra-cohort deterioration of black earnings over the life cycle rather than to inter-cohort differences in school quality. Regression results indicate that the role of education in influencing continued wage growth on-the-job differs by race. More educated white males hold occupations with steeper experience-earnings profiles. The same can be said of blacks only at a lower level of statistical confidence. This findings implies that either labor market discrimination limits the earnings potential of black human capital or residual differences in school quality persist such that the education received by blacks does not have the same effect over the life cycle as the higher quality education received by whites.
Development of chloride channel modulators

Development of chloride channel modulators. Chloride channels are ubiquitously distributed, biophysically varied and functionally diverse. Despite the known contribution of chloride channels to the physiology of various cell types and the pathology of several diseases, high affinity ligands are not available to study these channels. Here we report the iterative and integrated use of ion channel kinetic analysis and computational chemical methods in the development of high affinity blockers of the outwardly rectifying chloride channel (ORCC). Kinetic analysis, with emphasis on estimation of the block time constant as determined from critical closed time plots, was used to guide the synthesis of new disulfonic stilbene derivatives. Computational chemical methods were used to deduce the important features of the disulfonic stilbene molecule necessary for potent blockade of ORCC and ultimately led to the discovery of the calixarenes. Para-sulfonated calixarenes were found to be potent blockers of ORCC with subnanomolar inhibition constants and exceptionally long block times.
Formalized Representation for Supporting Automated Identification of Critical Assets in Facilities during Emergencies Triggered by Failures in Building Systems

AbstractThis paper presents a formalized vulnerability representation schema that targets supporting vulnerability assessment in a facility during an emergency triggered by a failure in a building system by identifying which critical assets might be affected by the current emergency. The representation schema captures to which threats specific content are vulnerable. Specifically, it enables the representation of threats and how they can be traced spatially. Moreover, it provides a way to describe content by its type, its exchange and use values as a way to identify and prioritize vulnerabilities, and to represent different types of content collections. Such a representation schema is needed for supporting automated vulnerability assessment in building emergencies. The formalized representation schema was tested for coverage in synthetic tests using OmniClass for content and the Emergency Response Guidebook for threats. For content, 84% of 245 content types in OmniClass were successfully represented using...