cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of the Corn Laws just prior to repeal

Abstract Between the Act of 1815 and Repeal in 1846, the English Corn Laws generated a famous political economy debate. Labor was thought to have suffered from the “bread tax” and profits were thought to have been choked off as the export of manufactures was suppressed. No one, however, has ever offered estimates of who really paid for the subsidy to grain producers. Using a computable general equilibrium model, this paper assesses the distributional incidence of this protectionist regime during the First Industrial Revolution. It turns out there are some surprises: capitalists may not have suffered from the Corn Laws at all. The assessment hinges in part on whether terms of trade gains from protection offset efficiency losses. ( Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers 040 and 420.)
Transient heat transfer in the laminar thermal entry region of a pipe: an analytical solution

Attention is directed toward the problem of unsteady convective heat transfer to a fluid flowing inside a pipe in a laminar, fully developed fashion when suddenly, an ambient fluid outside the pipe undergoes a step change in temperature. For the fastest portion of the resultant transient, time domain I, an analytical solution of the governing partial differential thermal energy equation is effected via the Laplace transformation. From this solution, response functions are found for the pipe wall temperature, surface heat flux, and fluid bulk mean temperature as a function of non-dimensional time for a range of values of a parameter which characterizes the heat transfer between the ambient and the pipe. Comparison of results is made with a recent finite difference solution in the literature and with the standard quasi-steady type of analysis. It is found that the analytical solution presented herein extends and complements the finite difference solution and that the quasi-steady solution can be severely in error in this part of the transient.
Single crystal and polycrystal elasto-viscoplasticity: Application to earing in cup drawing of F.C.C. materials

Constitutive equations for single and polycrystal elasto-viscoplasticity which are capable of modeling the initial and evolving anisotropy in ductile metallic materials due to the evolution of crystallographic texture are reviewed, and the implementation of these equations in a finite element program is described. The constitutive equations and computational procedures are used to simulate the formation of earing defects during cup-drawing of face-centered cubic materials. Comparison of the results of the numerical simulations against existing experimental results on earing in single crystalline sheets of aluminum and in cold-rolled polycrystalline copper shows that the predictions of the number of ears and their positions are in excellent agreement with the experiments.
Pre- and post-mortem use of grape seed extract in dark poultry meat to inhibit development of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.

Diets containing grape seed extract (GSE)control, GSE [low GSE, low GSE + methionine, high GSE, and high GSE + methionine], or α-tocopherolwere fed to broiler chicks to estimate the antioxidative activity of GSE in processed meat. GSE was detrimental to the growth of chicks, and methionine did not reverse the detrimental effect. GSE with 85.4 g of gallic acid equiv/100 g (GAE 85.4) was added to ground dark turkey meat to obtain treatments with no GSE, 1.0% GSE, and 2.0% GSE and then processed as unsalted or salted and unheated or heated. Processed treatments were analyzed for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and percent expressible moisture (%EM). GSE at 1.0 and 2.0% decreased TBARS values nearly 10-fold as compared to the control. GSE (1.0%) had a %EM value significantly greater than that of the control. GAE 85.4 decreased TBARS values more than GAE 88.9. Keywords: Grape seed extract (GSE); poultry; turkey; chicken; lipid oxidation; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); antioxidant
Polyamide 6–Cellulose Composites: Effect of Cellulose Composition on Melt Rheology and Crystallization Behavior

Melt rheology and crystallization behavior of polyamide 6 (PA 6) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) composites were systematically studied in this research. The incorporation of MCC into the PA 6 matrix resulted in higher complex viscosities (|η*|), storage modulus (G′), and shear viscosities than those of neat PA 6, especially at low frequencies. The orientation of rigid molecular chains in the composites introduced by the addition of MCC induced a strong shear thinning behavior with an increase in MCC loading. The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of PA 6 and MCC composites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The Avrami and Tobin model were applied to describe the process of non-isothermal crystallization and to determine the crystallization parameters of the composites. Analysis of the crystallization kinetics indicated that the Avrami (na) and Tobin exponent (nt) was altered by the MCC. It was also found that the Avrami and Tobin equations fit the empirical data well. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:739–746, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Solute-vacancy binding in aluminum

Abstract Previous efforts to understand solute–vacancy binding in aluminum alloys have been hampered by a scarcity of reliable, quantitative experimental measurements. Here, we report a large database of solute–vacancy binding energies determined from first-principles density functional calculations. The calculated binding energies agree well with accurate measurements where available, and provide an accurate predictor of solute–vacancy binding in other systems. We find: (i) some common solutes in commercial Al alloys (e.g., Cu and Mg) possess either very weak (Cu), or even repulsive (Mg), binding energies. Hence, we assert that some previously reported large binding energies for these solutes are erroneous. (ii) Large binding energies are found for Sn, Cd and In, confirming the proposed mechanism for the reduced natural aging in Al–Cu alloys containing microalloying additions of these solutes. (iii) In addition, we predict that similar reduction in natural aging should occur with additions of Si, Ge and Au. (iv) Even larger binding energies are found for other solutes (e.g., Pb, Bi, Sr, Ba), but these solutes possess essentially no solubility in Al. (v) We have explored the physical effects controlling solute–vacancy binding in Al. We find that there is a strong correlation between binding energy and solute size, with larger solute atoms possessing a stronger binding with vacancies. (vi) Most transition-metal 3d solutes do not bind strongly with vacancies, and some are even energetically strongly repelled from vacancies, particularly for the early 3d solutes, Ti and V.
The transformations of tribe: Organization and self‐concept in Native American ethnicities

(1988). The transformations of tribe: Organization and self‐concept in Native American ethnicities. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 27-47.
The Channel of the Spark Discharge

The luminous channel of the spark discharge and the discharge current are simultaneously measured. It is concluded that the spark discharge in air attempts to establish a channel in which the current density is a constant value of the order of ${10}^{3}$ amperes/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. During the formation of the channel, which takes place by an expansion process producing a pressure or sound wave, the current density is much greater. Throughout most of the formation time and the subsequent history of the channel, the light energy which is radiated is proportional mainly to the current within the channel. From potential measurements and the photographic records, the energy requirements for development are considered, and some possible relations of these requirements to the electrical circuits are discussed. The data are also discussed in relation to the progression of streamers. The pilot streamer theory of the lightning discharge is indicated to be unsatisfactory by comparison with measured discharge characteristics, and the associated roles assumed for diffusion and recombination processes in the spark discharge channel do not appear valid.
Adolescents' contributions to family communication patterns

Early explications of family communication patterns (FCP) suggested that a family's communication pattern arises as a result of interactions in which parents and adolescents influence each other. In contrast, empirical research usually treats FCP as parent-imposed norms that influence socialization outcomes in adolescents, without testing whether adolescents' socialization influences FCP. This study revisits the assumption that adolescents influence FCP, using data from a longitudinal quasi-experimental evaluation of a school-based civics curriculum intervention (N = 313 parent-adolescent pairs). Results show that the intervention-stimulated adolescents to initiate discussion of politics at home and that these adolescent-initiated discussions influenced adolescents' and parents' perceptions of FCP 6 months later.
Modeling the Atmospheric Concentrations of Individual Gas-Phase and Particle-Phase Organic Compounds

An Eulerian photochemical airshed model is adapted to track the concentrations of individual vapor-phase, semivolatile, and particle-phase compounds over the carbon number range from C_1 to C_(34). The model incorporates primary emissions of organic gases and particles from sources based on recent source tests. These emissions are processed through a photochemical airshed model whose chemical mechanism has been expanded to explicitly follow the reaction or formation of 125 individual vapor-phase organic compounds plus 11 lumped vapor-phase compound groups. Primary organic compounds in the particle phase can be disaggregated at will from a lumped primary organic compound mass category; in the present model application, 31 individual primary particulate organic compounds are tracked as they are transported from sources to receptor air monitoring sites. The model is applied to study air quality relationships for organics in California's South Coast Air Basin that surrounds Los Angeles during the severe photochemical smog episode that occurred on September 8−9, 1993. The ambient concentra tions of all normal alkanes and most aromatic hydrocarbons are predicted within the correct order of magnitude over 6 orders of magnitude concentration change from most abundant gas phase to least abundant particulate species studied. A formal evaluation of model performance shows that, with the exception of a few outliers, the concentrations of over 100 organic compounds studied were reproduced with an average absolute bias of ±47% and with roughly equal numbers of compounds underpredicted (58) versus overpredicted (46). The time series of observed aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations are reproduced closely, production of methylglyoxal from aromatic precursors is tracked, and the predicted olefinic hydrocarbon concentrations decline dramatically in concentration due to chemical reaction and dilution during downwind transport as is observed in the ambient monitoring database. This ability to simultaneously account for the concentrations of individual gas-phase and particulate organic compounds lays a foundation for future calculations of secondary organic aerosol formation and gas/particle repartitioning in the atmosphere.
Novel nucleotide sequence motifs that produce hotspots of meiotic recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

In many organisms, including yeasts and humans, meiotic recombination is initiated preferentially at a limited number of sites in the genome referred to as recombination hotspots. Predicting precisely the location of most hotspots has remained elusive. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that hotspots can result from multiple different sequence motifs. We devised a method to rapidly screen many short random oligonucleotide sequences for hotspot activity in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and produced a library of ∼500 unique 15- and 30-bp sequences containing hotspots. The frequency of hotspots found suggests that there may be a relatively large number of different sequence motifs that produce hotspots. Within our sequence library, we found many shorter 6- to 10-bp motifs that occurred multiple times, many of which produced hotspots when reconstructed in vivo. On the basis of sequence similarity, we were able to group those hotspots into five different sequence families. At least one of the novel hotspots we found appears to be a target for a transcription factor, as it requires that factor for its hotspot activity. We propose that many hotspots in S. pombe, and perhaps other organisms, result from simple sequence motifs, some of which are identified here.
Adenosine primes the opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels: a key step in ischemic preconditioning?

Background—Adenosine can initiate ischemic preconditioning, and mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels have emerged as the likely effectors. We sought to determine the mechanistic interactions between these 2 observations. Methods and Results—The mitochondrial flavoprotein oxidation induced by diazoxide (100 μmol/L) was used to quantify mitochondrial KATP channel activity in intact rabbit ventricular myocytes. Adenosine (100 μmol/L) increased mitochondrial KATP channel activity and abbreviated the latency to mitochondrial KATP channel opening. These potentiating effects were entirely prevented by the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(p-sulfophenyl)-theophylline (100 μmol/L) or by the protein kinase C inhibitor polymyxin B (50 μmol/L). The effects of adenosine and diazoxide reflected mitochondrial KATP channel activation, because they could be blocked by the mitochondrial KATP channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate (500 μmol/L). In a cellular model of simulated ischemia, adenosine mitigated cell ...
Multipliers of Kac algebras

Multipliers, in particular completely bounded multipliers, of Fourier algebras have played a very important role in the study of harmonic analysis and of group von Neumann algebras and C*-algebras. In this paper, we plan to extend this notion to a more general context, i.e. we are going to study the completely bounded multipliers of Kac algebras. We will introduce an appropriate definition for completely bounded multipliers of Kac algebras, study some of basic properties and their connection with the strong Voiculescu amenability of Kac algebras. Operator space theory will play a very important role throughout this paper.
Skin Deep and Deeper: Multiple Pathways in Basal Cell Carcinogenesis

This perspective places the report by Villani et al. that appears in this issue of the journal (beginning on page 1222) in the context of recent work showing an intersection between two important developmental pathways implicated in oncogenesis: the hedgehog and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathways. Villani et al. define a key role for the IGF regulatory protein Igfbp2 in a genetic model of basal cell carcinogenesis driven by targeted constitutive activation of hedgehog signaling. Placed in the framework of other recently published work, the observations of Villani et al. both raise questions about the cell of origin for basal cell cancers and define additional putative therapeutic and preventive targets for this disease.
Convergent crater circulations on Mars: Influence on the surface pressure cycle and the depth of the convective boundary layer

Modeling of slope flow circulations in idealized axisymmetric craters is used to understand (1) the large surface pressure amplitude observed in Gale Crater by the Rover Environmental Monitoring Station and (2) the shallow convective boundary layer (CBL) suggested by Curiosity imagery. Air temperatures vary within craters with greater amplitudes than outside them, becoming warmer/colder during day/night. This crater circulation effect is most significant over the depth of the crater (key parameter). Within the idealized craters, a surface pressure cycle develops (in the real atmosphere it is enhanced). Partially caused by thermal expansion, a “surge” of mass away from the craters develops during daytime. Over crater floors, the CBL depth is inhibited by a capping inversion from the adiabatic warming of widespread daytime subsidence. For a variety of craters (radius, depth, and with or without a central mound), the results are very similar. In real-atmosphere simulations over canyons or large basins, similar circulations are seen.
Complex faulting deduced from broadband modeling of the 28 February 1990 Upland earthquake (ML = 5.2)

The 1990 Upland earthquake was one of the first sizable local events to be recorded broadband at Pasadena, where the Green's functions appropriate for the path are known from a previous study. The synthetics developed in modeling the 1988 Upland sequence were available for use in rapid assessment of the activity. First-motion studies from the Caltech-USGS array data gave two solutions for the 1990 main shock based on the choice of regional velocity models. Although these focal mechanisms differ by less than 5° in strike and 20° rake, it proved possible to further constrain the solution using these derived Green's functions and a three-component waveform inversion scheme. We obtain from long-period waves a fault-plane solution of θ = 216°, δ = 77°, λ = 5.0°, M_0 = 2.5 × 10^(24) dyne-cm, depth = 6 km, and a source duration of 1.2 sec, for which the orientation and source depth are in good agreement with the first-motion results of Hauksson and Jones (1991). Comparisons of the broadband displacement records with the high-pass Wood-Anderson simulations suggests the 1990 earthquake was a complicated event with a strong asperity at depth. Double point-source models indicate that about 30 per cent of the moment was released from a 9-km deep asperity following the initial source by 0.0 to 0.5 sec. Our best-fitting distributed fault model indicates that the timing of our point-source results is feasible assuming a reasonable rupture velocity. The rupture initiated at a depth of about 6 km and propagated downward on a 3.5 by 3.5 km (length by width) fault. Both the inversion of long-period waves and the distributed fault modeling indicate that the main shock did not rupture the entire depth extent of the fault defined by the aftershock zone. A relatively small asperity (about 1.0 km^2) with a greater than 1 kbar stress drop controls the short-period Wood-Anderson waveforms. This asperity appears to be located in a region where seismicity shows a bend in the fault plane.
Empirical Assessment of the Ethics of the Bogus Pipeline1

This study investigated the ethics of the bogus pipeline (BPL), a deceptive method used to enhance the validity of self-reported attitudes and behavior. Potential participants in BPL studies (N= 180) read 1 of 6 descriptions of published articles using the BPL, and provided their perceptions of the costs and benefits of using this method. Results indicate that the BPL is perceived, overall, as a useful and ethical research method. Although they might experience some unpleasant emotions when exposed to the BPL, potential participants believed that the studies using the BPL should have been conducted and that their benefits outweighed the costs. The present empirical results will allow institutional review boards, granting agencies, and other policymakers to complement value-based perspectives with utilitarian-based perspectives in making decisions regarding the use of the BPL.
Relative Effects of Air Pollution on Lungs and Heart

IIt has been assumed that damage from exposure to tobacco smoke and other particulate air pollutants is imposed primarily on the lungs and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates in patients with preexisting lung disease. This is supported by a considerable amount of previous data, such as the mortality data from the December 1952 London smog disaster, which may have caused as many as 12 000 deaths, almost all in patients with preexisting lung disease.1 Total suspended particulate matter (PM) was as high as 3000 μg/m3. Similar patterns of elevated morbidity and mortality rates, primarily in patients with preexisting lung disease, have been documented in other acute episodes of air pollution in the past.2 However, evidence from the past 10 years shows that sudden increases in ambient air pollution can also rapidly raise morbidity and mortality rates in patients with existing cardiovascular disease, as much or more than the rise associated with lung disease. In the present issue of Circulation , Pope and associates3 report interesting new data on the effects on mortality rate of long-term differences, as opposed to sudden transient increases, in levels of air pollution. Data were derived from a large, comprehensive study initiated by the American Cancer Society and linked to cancer prevention. The study involved a large population of subjects enrolled in 1982 from metropolitan centers in all 50 states and Puerto Rico. Vital status of participants was collected every 2 years for the subsequent 16 years, and a cause of death was identified for 98% of the known fatalities. Metropolitan area of residence was known for each participant, and particle counts of fine particulates were averaged over quarterly intervals throughout the year for each included metropolitan area. A questionnaire provided additional data, allowing for differences in mortality …
Candidate Behavior in Presidential Nomination Campaigns: A Dynamic Model

Substantial gaps exist in our understanding of nomination politics in part because existing models do not fully reflect the dynamics of the processes involved. In this research, I develop and evaluate a model that simulates candidate behavior over time. Differences in candidates' resource allocations depend on the relative weights assigned to strategic goals and the rate at which candidates discount the future. Candidates allocate resources in proportion to each state's potential contribution to their strategic goals. The model presented here allows candidates' goals and their discount rates to vary as circumstances vary. To evaluate the explanatory power of the simulation model, allocations predicted by this model, and those predicted by statistical models were compared to observed campaign spending data. The simulation model, without estimating parameters, performs as well as the statistical models do; when a key variable is allowed to vary, the simulation predictions fit the observed data slightly bett...
Manhattan Scene Understanding via XSlit Imaging

A Manhattan World (MW) [3] is composed of planar surfaces and parallel lines aligned with three mutually orthogonal principal axes. Traditional MW understanding algorithms rely on geometry priors such as the vanishing points and reference (ground) planes for grouping coplanar structures. In this paper, we present a novel single-image MW reconstruction algorithm from the perspective of non-pinhole cameras. We show that by acquiring the MW using an XSlit camera, we can instantly resolve co planarity ambiguities. Specifically, we prove that parallel 3D lines map to 2D curves in an XSlit image and they converge at an XSlit Vanishing Point (XVP). In addition, if the lines are coplanar, their curved images will intersect at a second common pixel that we call Coplanar Common Point (CCP). CCP is a unique image feature in XSlit cameras that does not exist in pinholes. We present a comprehensive theory to analyze XVPs and CCPs in a MW scene and study how to recover 3D geometry in a complex MW scene from XVPs and CCPs. Finally, we build a prototype XSlit camera by using two layers of cylindrical lenses. Experimental results on both synthetic and real data show that our new XSlit-camera-based solution provides an effective and reliable solution for MW understanding.
The future of stenting

Summary. The era of intracoronary stenting has arrived, with two proven clinical applications: as bail-out for failed angioplasty, and for long-term effects on decreasing restenosis. Stent restenosis occurs because of neointimal hyperplasia, since the stent effectively deals with remodelling. Stents of the current generation exhibit only mechanical effects, and lack biologic activity to inhibit neointimal thickness. The future of stenting centres on improved mechanical and delivery features, as well as developing biological activity. In the future the stent will come to fully realize its full potential, with potent mechanical and biological properties.
Recent progress towards the development of ferromagnetic nitride semiconductors for spintronic applications

This article describes progress towards producing prototype magnetoelectronic structures based on III – N semiconductor materials. We focus on the materials properties connected with the key physical phenomena underlying potential spintronic devices: producing, injecting, transporting, manipulating and detecting spin-polarized electron populations. Our experiments have shown that the maximum magnetic moment is realized for a composition of Ga0.97Cr0.03N and a substrate growth temperature of ~ 1050 K. Ion channeling experiments show that ~ 90% of Cr sits substitutionally on the cation site. The highest measured magnetization was 1.8µ B /Cr atom (~ 60% of the expected moment from band theory for ideal material) with the Curie temperature over ~ 900 K. This strongly suggests a link between the CrGa impurity band and ferromagnetism and suggests that a double-exchange-like mechanism is responsible for the ferromagnetic ordering. The transport properties of spin-polarized charge carriers were modeled theoretically taking into account both the Elliott – Yafet and the D’yakonov – Perel’ scattering mechanisms. We include the spin – orbit interaction in the unperturbed Hamiltonian and treat scattering by ionized impurities and phonons as a perturbation. Our numerical calculations predict two orders of magnitude longer electron spin relaxation times and an order of magnitude shorter hole spin relaxation times in GaN than in GaAs. First-principles electronic structure calculations predict that efficient spin injection can be achieved using a ferromagnetic GaN : Cr electrode in conjunction with an AlN tunnel barrier. In this structure, the electrode is found to be half-metallic up to the interface and is thus a candidate for high-efficiency magnetoelectronic devices.
Interstellar Grains and Spiral Structure

The problem of the interstellar grains is in many ways still unsettled. The theories of the formation, growth, and destruction of the grains have undergone a number of modifications because of the very significant increase in our understanding of the dynamical processes in our Galaxy. I will emphasize here how the density wave theory of the origin of the spiral structure may lead to a new broad concept in dust formation and its generic relationship with star formation. The basic physical processes are not changed but rather the framework in which we consider them.
Format and Quitting Instructions as Factors Influencing the Impact of a Self-Administered Quit Smoking Program

This article presents results from an experimental study designed to evaluate the effects of two features of self-help smoking cessation booklets, format (i.e., day-by-day plan for quitting versus a less structured menu format) and quitting instructions (i.e., "cold turkey" versus gradual reduction) on smoking cessation. Four separate self-help booklets were developed for comparison in this study. Each varied on a combination of the two study factors, but were similar in content, length, style, and readability. The four booklets provided similar advice on how to quit smoking, emphasizing behavioral self-management principles. In addition to the experimental booklets, a fifth control booklet provided general information about smoking and its adverse effects, but no specific advice on quitting. Study subjects included 1,534 adult cigarette smokers who called a stop smoking hotline in Buffalo, New York seeking information on how to quit. Subjects were followed up by phone one month and six months after enrollment to assess changes in smoking behavior. Overall, 18% of subjects reported of being off cigarettes for at least one week at the time of the six month follow-up interview. The format of the booklet and quitting instructions had no effect on smoking cessation rates. In addition, the four booklets emphasizing behavioral self-management skills were no more effective than the control booklet (6 month non-smoking prevalence rate: 17% versus 19%). It is recommended that future self-help quit smoking booklets include information aimed at motivating cessation and focus less attention on teaching strategies for quitting.
The risk of stillbirth and infant death by each additional week of expectant management stratified by maternal age

Objective The objective of the study was to examine fetal/infant mortality by gestational age at term stratified by maternal age. Study Design A retrospective cohort study was conducted using 2005 US national birth certificate data. For each week of term gestation, the risk of mortality associated with delivery was compared with composite mortality risk of expectant management. The expectant management measure included stillbirth and infant death. This expectant management risk was calculated to estimate the composite mortality risk with remaining pregnant an additional week by combining the risk of stillbirth during the additional week of pregnancy and infant death risk following delivery at the next week. Maternal age was stratified by 35 years or more compared with women younger than 35 years as well as subgroup analyses of younger than 20, 20-34, 35-39, or 40 years old or older. Results The fetal/infant mortality risk of expectant management is greater than the risk of infant death at 39 weeks' gestation in women 35 years old or older (15.2 vs 10.9 of 10,000, P P Conclusion Risk varies by maternal age, and delivery at 39 weeks minimizes fetal/infant mortality for both groups, although the magnitude of the risk reduction is greater in older women.
Hawkish but helpful: When cultural group selection favors within-group aggression

The origin of cooperation is a central problem in evolutionary biology and social science. Cultural group selection and parochial altruism are popular but controversial evolutionary explanations for large-scale cooperation. Proponents of the cultural group selection hypothesis argue that the human tendency to conform - a consequence of our reliance on social learning - maintained sufficient between-group variation to allow group selection (which favors altruism) to overpower individual selection (which favors selfishness), whereupon large-scale altruism could emerge. Proponents of the parochial altruism hypothesis argue that altruism could emerge in tandem with hostility toward other groups if the combination of the two traits increased success in inter-group contests. Proponents of both hypotheses assume that cooperation is altruistic and that within-group conflict is antithetical to cooperation, implying that group selection for cooperation reduces within-group conflict. Yet within-group conflict need not be antithetical to cooperation. This essay uses a mathematical model to show that selection between groups can lead to greater within-group aggression if within-group aggression enhances the value of individually costly public goods contributions. This model may help to explain cross-cultural associations between warfare, socialization for aggression, aggressive sports, and interpersonal violence among humans. It may also apply to other forms of inter-group conflict among humans. Finally, the model suggests that group selection can lead to disharmony within groups, a caveat to the use of group selection models to inform social policy.
Internal-External Locus of Control and Word Association Research with Japanese and American Students

Internal-external (I-E) locus of control responses and patterns of word association responses were examined among Japanese and American students. Except for research conducted in Japan, use of word associations to augment I-E studies has not been reported previously. Word associations were used to assess the phenomenological dimension of the experiential locus. This was conceived as the culture-based linguistic tendency of individuals to represent experiences to themselves in terms of internally or externally referent descriptors. Japanese students gave significantly more external referent word association responses and scored significantly more external on the Rotter I-E scale. Several earlier studies have focused on conceptual subdimensions of the I-E scale (e.g., luck versus fate, powerful others, and the like) in order to facilitate interpretation of culturally different I-E response patterns. The present research, rather than addressing such conceptual subdimensions, sought to place culturally differ...
The synthesis of superconducting Tl–Ca–Ba–Cu–oxide films by the reaction of spray deposited Ca–Ba–Cu–oxide precursors with Tl2O vapor in a two-zone reactor

Superconducting Tl–Ca–Ba–Cu–oxide films have been prepared on yttria stabilized zirconia substrates via the reaction of Tl2O vapor with precursor Ca–Ba–Cu–oxide films prepared by the spray pyrolysis of a solution of the metal nitrates. The vapor reaction process, evaluated in both air and oxygen ambients, was carried out in a two-zone reactor which permitted the independent control of the temperatures of the sample and of a boat containing thallium oxide. Sample temperatures of 865–905 °C and boat temperatures of 775–870 °C were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis of the best samples, which were prepared in an oxygen ambient at sample temperatures of 895–900 °C and boat temperatures of 805–810 °C, revealed the presence of a highly oriented Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10+y phase with a trace of the Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8+y phase. FWHM’s of ∼2°θ were obtained in x-ray rocking curve analyses of the oriented 2223 phase. Tc (0) values of 95–105 K were measured for the better samples, and a zero field critical current density of 28 800 amps/cm2 was measured at 77 K for the best sample. SEM micrographs taken of the highest Jc samples reveal a highly textured structure consisting of platelike crystals.
Use of somatosensory evoked potentials for thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic resections.

Background. Despite tremendous development in surgical and anesthetic techniques, resection of the thoracic and thoracoabdominal segments of the aorta remain associated with the risk of paralysis. Routine use of somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP) monitoring in patients undergoing surgery of the thoracic aorta has become a standard intra- and postoperative procedure at our institution since its first use in 1993. Methods. One hundred forty nine (149) thoracic aortic operations were performed during January 1993 through January 1998 using SEP-directed serial sacrifice of paired intercostal arteries. Full, partial, or no cardiovascular bypass was variably used, dictated by anatomy; 49 patients required deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA). Patients were monitored during both the intraoperative procedure as well for the post-anesthesia period until neurologic stability and/or ability to reproducibly demonstrate lower extremity neurologic competency was established. Postoperative neurologic function was compared to ischemic intervals, extent of aortic resection, number of intercostal arteries sacrificed, type of perfusion, and underlying aortic pathology. Results. Overall mortality in the group was 13 patients (8.7%), with no one cause predominating. Nine patients sustained permanent paraplegia, only 1 of whom lost SEPs during the procedure. Abnormal SEPs were seen in 19 patients, 14 of whom had normal neurologic function after awakening. Three of 19 (15.8%) developed late paraplegia that resolved with medical therapy. Eleven patients (7.4%) developed cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), with the majority (8) appearing in the group undergoing DHCA. The risk of CVA was significantly higher in DHCA patients (p < 0.01) than other patients. No patient with CVA had abnormal SEPs; 4 DHCA patients developed abnormal SEPs, 1 with permanent paralysis. Conclusions. The routine use of SEP monitoring during thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic surgery as well as during the postoperative period may be useful in decreasing the observed incidence of paraplegic events associated with these procedures.
Sex Differences in Educational Achievement: A Longitudinal Study:

Research on sex differences in achievement has generally been concerned only with mean differences. In addition, such studies have frequently been limited to single grades or cross-sectional comparisons of several grades. To investigate the relationship between gender and achievement, and the change in this relationship over time, a sample of 4875 females and 4497 males tested with the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills each year from Grade 3 to Grade 8 was obtained. The interaction between sex differences and achievement level was also investigated. For this sample females had higher levels of achievement on the Spelling, Capitalization, Punctuation, Language Usage, Reference Materials, Mathematics Computation, and Reading Comprehension tests. The differences were largest for below average students. On the language tests the differences occurred at all points of the distribution and were substantial. Males showed superior achievement on the Visual Materials (maps, graphs, and tables), Mathematics Concepts, and t...
Sea spike demographics at high range resolutions and very low grazing angles

Because the wideband spiky sea clutter that is frequently observed at low grazing angles and high resolution plays a critical role in the performance of modern naval radars, it is necessary to analyze two important quantities: (1) the mean spike duration and (2) the mean interval between spikes. These analyses need to be conducted with representative examples of such wideband clutter taken from a suitable database. Microwave backscatter (X-band, 9.5-10.0 GHz) observed at near grazing incidence (0.2 degrees) from the sea off the coast of Kauia, Hawaii, was measured with a wideband radar characterized by a high spatial resolution in range (0.3 meters) and a high temporal resolution (2000 Hz pulse repetition frequency). Extensive amounts (over 20 minutes duration per measurement) of both vertically and horizontally polarized wideband sea clutter data were taken with upwind and crosswind transmit geometries during the data collection exercise. The analyses of the dependence of the mean spike duration and the mean interval between spikes upon three parameters: (1) the spike amplitude threshold, (2) the minimum spike width, and (3) the minimum interval between spikes, were carried out. This was done using all of the extensive data within a number of selected individual range cells for both vertically and horizontally polarized clutter, measured with an upwind transmit geometry.
Attachment and daily sexual goals: A study of dating couples

This research provides the first empirical investigation of how both partners’ attachment orientations contribute to daily sexual goals. Both members of 84 dating couples who attended a large urban university on the West Coast in the United States completed a measure of attachment orientation, and 1 member completed a measure of sexual goals for 14 consecutive days. Analyses showed that attachment anxiety was associated with engaging in sex to please one’s partner and express love, whereas attachment avoidance was associated with engaging in sex to avoid negative relational consequences and was negatively associated with engaging in sex to express love. Daily sexual goals were also associated with the partner’s attachment orientation. Gender moderated many of these associations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
A linear 5.9 GHz power amplifier for IEEE 802.11p applications

This paper presents a high-linearity and high-gain power amplifier for 802.11p standard. The power amplifier is fabricated using InGaP/GaAs HBT technology and packaged in a 5×5mm QFN. A stand-alone integrated passive device (IPD) chip is exploited as the output matching network in the same package. The measured power gain is 25.8 dB at 5 V supply. With a 27 Mbps IEEE 802.11p signal at the center frequency of 5.9 GHz, the power amplifier achieves −30 dB EVM at 22.5 dBm output power and fulfills the spectrum mask requirement of class C at 20 dBm output power.
Race & Class: More than a Liberal Paradox

This article argues that it is impossible to address race and class as long as basic issues of social justice are seen as operating within the frame of the liberal paradox. Gunnar Myrdal’s, An American Dilemma referenced in Brown v. Board footnote 11 is an illustrative example of the different social outcomes, dependent on if social justice is seen through the lens of a paradox, versus a dilemma. U.S. social theory treats class and race within a liberal paradox, while the welfare state treats race and class as a dilemma. If we see class and race as a dilemma there is a presumption that there is a solution to social injustice. As long as social justice is seen as a paradox, there per definition is no solution, the choice between the freedom of the individual and the protection of the collective is a perpetual paradox, and with that there is no political accountability to claim.
Pilot study: Adsorption of radiopharmaceuticals onto unit dose syringes

2656 Objectives Several studies have claimed that the extent of radiopharmaceutical adsorption onto disposable plastic syringes could reach 50%. This high loss of radioactivity could affect the image and the diagnosis as well as increasing the scanning time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adsorption extent of radiopharmaceuticals onto unit dose syringes that were distributed by a nuclear pharmacy. In addition, to examine that diluting unit dose radiopharmaceuticals with normal saline would decrease Methods Three different radiopharmaceuticals, which are 99mTc Methylene diphosphonate (MDP), 99mTc-Sestamibi, and 99mTc Sulfur colloid (SC), were used in the investigation. The volume of 99mTc-MDP and 99mTc-Sestamibi samples was 0.5 ml in a 3 ml syringe; the volume of 99mTc-SC samples was 0.2 ml in 1 ml syringes. The sample quantity of 99mTc-MDP, 99mTc-Sestamibi, and 99mTc-SC were 10, 15, and 13 samples, respectively. The radioactivity of each sample was measured by a dose calibrator pre and post patient injection and the percentage mean activity adsorbed was calculated. Two samples of 99mTc-MDP and five samples of 99mTc-Sestamibi were diluted with 0.5 ml of normal saline; seven samples of 99mTc-SC were diluted with 0.1 ml of normal saline Results The mean of adsorbed activities for all diluted and non-diluted doses of 99mTc-MDP, 99mTc-Sestamibi, 99mTc-SC was 8%, 13.8% and 47.6%, respectively. Conclusions The results showed that the adsorption of 99mTc-MDP, diluted or undiluted, onto unit doses was negligible. Adding saline would not change the amount of adsorption. 99mTc-Sestamibi unit doses showed a significant amount of adsorption for both diluted and undiluted syringes and additional investigations should be done. The extent of adsorption of non-diluted 99mTc-SC syringes was significant comparing to the diluted 99mTc-SC syringes. Therefore, diluted 99mTc-SC syringes with saline should be regarded
ABCA3, a key player in neonatal respiratory transition and genetic disorders of the surfactant system.

Genetic disorders of the surfactant system are rare diseases with a broad range of clinical manifestations, from fatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in neonates to chronic interstitial lung disease (ILD) in children and adults. ABCA3 [ATP-binding cassette (ABC), subfamily A, member 3] is a lung-specific phospholipid transporter critical for intracellular surfactant synthesis and storage in lamellar bodies (LBs). Its expression is developmentally regulated, peaking prior to birth under the influence of steroids and transcription factors. Bi-allelic mutations of the ABCA3 gene represent the most frequent cause of congenital surfactant deficiency, indicating its critical role in lung function. Mutations affect surfactant lipid and protein processing and LBs' morphology, leading to partial or total surfactant deficiency. Approximately 200 mutations have been reported, most of which are unique to individuals and families, which makes diagnosis and prognosis challenging. Various types of mutations, affecting different domains of the protein, account in part for phenotype diversity. Disease-causing mutations have been reported in most coding and some non-coding regions of the gene, but tend to cluster in the first extracellular loop and the second nucleotide-binding domain (NBD), leading to defective glycosylation and trafficking defects and interfering with ATP binding and hydrolysis respectively. Mono-allelic damaging and benign variants are often subclinical but may act as disease modifiers in lung diseases such as RDS of prematurity or associate with mutations in other surfactant-related genes. Diagnosis is complex but essential and should combine pathology and ultrastructure studies on lung biopsy with broad-spectrum genetic testing of surfactant-related genes, made possible by recent technology advances in the massive parallel sequencing technology.
Oscillatory Rheology and Surface Water Wave Effects on Crude Oil and Corn Oil Gels with (R)-12-Hydroxystearic Acid as Gelator

The mechanical properties of films of gels composed of a crude oil or corn oil and (R)-12-hydroxystearic acid are described using oscillatory rheology and water-surface waves. The integrity of these gel films are contrasted with those of neat oil films subjected to the same types of mechanical testing. The oil-based gels are thixotropic, and we quantify their post-recovery yield. A simple model is proposed to describe the loss of integrity when the gels are subjected to high amplitude surface waves. Our technique provides a novel method for quantifying the role of dynamic surface perturbations on the mechanics of viscoelastic films, providing an illustrative model system for testing coagulants and dispersants designed to mitigate oil spills.
Radiosurgery for vascular malformations of the brain stem.

The challenges associated with microsurgery of vascular malformations located in the midbrain, pons and medulla have promoted the development of alternative therapeutic techniques. To assess the efficacy and safety of radiosurgery in the management of brain stem vascular malformations we reviewed our 5-year experience in 50 patients evaluated between 4 and 51 months (mean, 25 months) after radiosurgery.
An autoradiographic study of the uptake of H3-leucine during primary embryonic induction in vitro.

Mit Hilfe von radioaktiv markiertem Leucin wird gezeigt, dass das Mesoderm seine Induktionswirkung auf das Ectoderm ausubt, bevor histogenetische Differenzierung einsetzt.
Normal Platelet and Mean Platelet Volumes in Pediatric Patients

Normative data for platelet count and mean platelet volume in childhood are limited. A group of 1,417 healthy children undergoing minor elective surgery were studied using either aperture or laser platelet counters to establish age-appropriate normal ranges. In children younger than 24 months of age, the median platelet count was higher than that observed in adults, and platelet counts of more than 500,000/μL were common, whereas counts less than 250,000/μL were unusual. In older children, the median count and range of normal counts approached that reported for adults. Mean platelet volumes in all age groups were similar to those reported in adults, and a decreasing mean platelet volume with increasing platelet count was observed in all groups except the 1- to 12-month-olds. Normal platelet count ranges in young children are higher than in adults, and age-appropriate normal ranges should be used to avoid labeling young patients incorrectly.