cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical methods for the analysis of tumor multiplicity data.

The fit of tumor multiplicity data from 93 mouse skin, lung, and liver carcinogenicity experiments to Poisson, negative binomial, and normal distributions was studied. The data were fitted well by the negative binomial distribution. This distribution has two parameters, the mean tumor multiplicity and an exponent determined by the interanimal homogeneity of tumor response. The value of the latter parameter was related to animal strain and the target tissue studied in the carcinogenicity experiments. The null distribution of the two-sample likelihood ratio test based on the negative binomial with common exponent model for tumor multiplicity data was shown by simulation studies to be approximately chi 2 with 1 d.f. Simulation also indicated that the likelihood ratio test has sufficiently better performance when the negative binomial model is valid to make its use more attractive than the more commonly used Wilcoxon test or Student t test. Charts for estimating the number of animals per group that are required to detect specified differences in tumor multiplicities are provided for several commonly used assays.
Does the use of mTOR inhibitors increase long-term mortality in kidney recipients?

Well-designed randomized, placebo-controlled clinical tri-als are critical for assessing the safety and effectivenessof immunosuppressive therapy (1). However pivotal im-munosuppressive trials have generally had relatively shortfollow-up: from 6 months in the case of MMF to 2 years inthe case of belatacept. Despite the estimated half-life ofmore than a decade for a kidney transplant, the long-termimpact of immunosuppressive therapy is largely unknown.Furthermore, surrogate markers and composite endpointsare often used but their association with long-term out-comes is uncertain. As the main focus of organ transplanthasshiftedtolong-termgraftandpatientsurvival,weneedlonger term follow-up studies.In this issue of AJT, Cortazar et al. compared the long-term outcomes in kidney recipients who received and didnot receive mTOR inhibitor containing regimens at Sem-melweis University in Hungary (2). Despite the limitationsnoted by the authors, this study raises concern about long-term sequelae of immunosuppression and also illustratesthe fact that we currently do not have long-term studies onmTOR inhibitors.This observational cohort study included 993 primarilyEasternEuropeanCaucasianswhosemediantimeatstudyentry was 72 months posttransplant with a median follow-up of 37 months. One hundred and one received mTORinhibitor containing regimens. We do not have details onwhat proportion of the mTOR inhibitor use was
Declining Quality of Life in Parkinson Disease Before and After Diagnosis

We sought to assess the quality of life in PD patients before the diagnosis, in comparison to age-matched individuals free of PD, among participants in two large prospective cohorts of men and women. Components of the Short-Form Health Status Survey (SF36) were administered to all participants in 1996 and 2008 in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), and in 1992, 1996, 2000 and 2004 in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS). We used scores in 7 health-related quality of life-dimensions, that were rated from 1(worst) to 100(best) points. We fitted a multivariate mixed-effect model with repeated measures to estimate the expected decline with age and compared that to the decline observed among PD cases by time to diagnosis. 454 men and 414 women with PD contributed data to the analyses. A decline in physical function in PD patients relative to the whole cohort began approximately 7.5 years prior to diagnosis in women and 3 years prior to diagnosis in men, and continued to decline thereafter with a rate of 2.35 and 1.43 points per year in women and men respectively (p < 0.001 for both). For comparison, the average yearly decline in individuals without PD was 0.42 and 0.23 points per year in women and men respectively. Other measures of quality of life (only available in women) declined in a similar pattern to physical function. In summary, the quality of life in PD patients begins to decline years before the diagnosis.
Determinants of maternal zinc status during pregnancy

Zinc deficiency in pregnant experimental animals limits fetal growth and, if severe, causes teratogenic anomalies. Although the data from human studies are not consistent, similar outcomes have been observed and were associated with poor maternal zinc status. This paper reviews humans studies of zinc status and pregnancy outcome, describes the physiologic adjustments in zinc utilization during pregnancy to meet fetal needs while maintaining maternal status, and identifies dietary and environmental conditions that may override those physiologic adjustments and put the health of the mother and fetus at risk. Adjustments in intestinal zinc absorption appear to be the primary means by which zinc retention is increased to meet fetal demands. However, transfer of sufficient zinc to the fetus is dependent on maintenance of normal maternal serum zinc concentrations. Conditions that could interfere with zinc absorption include intake of cereal-based diets that are high in phytate, high intakes of supplemental iron, or any gastrointestinal disease. Conditions that may alter maternal plasma zinc concentrations and the transport of zinc to the fetus include smoking, alcohol abuse, and an acute stress response to infection or trauma. Supplemental zinc may be prudent for women with poor gastrointestinal function or with any of these conditions during pregnancy.
WebTrax: visualizing non-visual web interactions

Web accessibility and usability problems can make evaluation difficult for non-experts who may be unfamiliar with assistive technology. Developers often (i) lack easy access to the diversity of assistive technology employed by users, and (ii) are unaware of the different access patterns and browsing strategies that people familiar with a specific assistive technology tool might use. One way to overcome this problem is to observe a person with a disability using their tools to access content, but this can often be confusing because developers are not familiar with assistive technology and tools are not built supporting this use. In this paper we introduce WebTrax, a tool that we have developed to support developers who engage blind web users as part of their accessibility evaluation or education strategy. WebTrax helps visualize the process that screen reader users employ to access content, helping to make problems more obvious and understandable to developers.
Ciprofibrate represses α2u-globulin expression in liver and inhibits d-limonene nephrotoxicity

Peroxisome proliferators are a class of compounds which induce hepatomegaly and peroxisome proliferation in liver parenchymal cells. One of the earliest known effects of peroxisome proliferators is the rapid transcriptional activation of the genes responsible for the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system in liver. Long term administration of these chemicals to rats and mice results in the development of hepatocellular carcinomas. Here we report that mRNA for alpha 2u-globulin, a rodent male specific protein, is markedly reduced or undetectable by Northern blot analysis of total RNA in the livers of rats treated with ciprofibrate. This was further confirmed by immunoblot analysis using antibodies against alpha 2u-globulin. Nevertheless, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization showed respectively the presence of a few cells that contained alpha 2u-globulin protein and its mRNA. The alpha 2u-globulin mRNA reappeared in the liver 2 weeks following the cessation of ciprofibrate treatment. Feeding of ciprofibrate for two weeks followed by simultaneous feeding of ciprofibrate and a nephrotoxic chemical d-limonene for 5 weeks revealed that ciprofibrate prevented the renal accumulation of alpha 2u-globulin and the nephrotoxicity associated with the binding of d-limonene with alpha 2u-globulin.
Apoptosis by influenza viruses correlates with efficiency of viral mRNA synthesis

A mutant influenza virus, A/NWS-Mvi, grows well in the presence of exogenous sialidase activity sufficient to remove all cell surface sialic acids. Related wild-type viruses grow very poorly under these conditions, although mutant and wild-type viruses bind to desialylated cells with similar efficiency and show similar reduction of binding to sialidase-treated cells compared to native cells. Here we examine entry, transcription, translation, and RNA replication and find that, although the viruses appear to utilize the same entry pathway, the mutant NWS-Mvi transcribes and replicates RNA to higher levels than the wild-type strains. The kinetics of replication in multi-cycle infection show that this enhancement of RNA synthesis facilitates growth where entry is restricted. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein of NWS-Mvi lyses red blood cells 0.1 pH unit higher than wild-type viruses. This higher fusion pH may allow more efficient release of nucleocapsids from endosomes and contribute to the enhanced RNA synthesis. The efficient RNA synthesis assists virus survival at low inocula or under stringent growth conditions, such as the presence of antiviral agents. NWS-Mvi induces apoptosis in infected cells more readily than wild-type viruses, apparently as a consequence of enhanced production of viral mRNA. Since growth of NWS-Mvi is more efficient, apoptosis may play a positive role in viral replication by removing cells that have already been infected from those capable of making more virus.
Discovery of a Katablepharis sp. in the Columbia River estuary that is abundant during the spring and bears a unique large ribosomal subunit sequence element.

Heterotrophic protists play significant roles in pelagic food webs as bacterivorous and herbivorous consumers. However, heterotrophic protists—unlike autotrophic ones—are often difficult to track since they tend to lack features such as photosynthetic pigments that allow for remote sensing or for bulk characterization. Difficulty in the identification of heterotrophic protists has often resulted in lumping them into broad groups, but there is a strong need to develop methods that increase the spatial and temporal resolution of observations applied to particular organisms in order to discover the drivers of population structure and ecological function. In surveys of small subunit rRNA, gene (SSU) sequences of microbial eukaryotes from the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean, the heterotrophic flagellate Katablepharis sp. were found to dominate protist assemblages (including autotrophic and heterotrophic fractions) in the spring, prior to the freshet. We discovered a 332 base pair unique sequence element (USE) insertion in the large subunit rRNA gene (28S) that is not present in other katablepharids or in any other eukaryote. Using this USE, we were able to detect Katablepharis within mixed assemblages in river, estuarine, and oceanic samples and determine spatial and temporal patterns in absolute abundance through quantitative PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Given their high abundance and repeatable temporal patterns of occurrence, we hypothesize that the Columbia River Estuary Katablepharis (Katablepharis CRE) plays an important role in estuarine biogeochemical and ecosystem function.
Multiplicity and Its Discontents: Life on the Counseling Farm

This paper argues that a recurrent ideological theme of counseling history is the transition from viewing people as singular to conceptualizing them as multiple or diverse. Unfortunately, however, these laudable multiplicity movements regularly revert to a position of singularity. The implications of this ideological cycle for counseling practice are discussed.
Repression-sensitization and Maudsley personality inventory scores: response sets and stress effects.

Experimental and control groups of sophomore college students were administered the revised Repression-Sensitization Scale (R-S) and the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) Extraversion and Introversion Scales. Stress, the threat that these scores were to be used for screening potential psychology majors, was provided for the experimental group. The Leary Interpersonal Adjective Checklist was then administered to both groups and scored for LOV, DOM and response set measures of deviation, acquiescence and social desirability. Correlational results indicated a marginally significant relation between repression and extraversion, and high correspondence between sensitization and neuroticism. Analyses of varience were done with R-S and MPI groups' response set and IAC scores, for stress and non-stress conditions. The results emphasized an adjustment explanation for the R-S continuum.
Highly Reversible Room-Temperature Sulfur/Long-Chain Sodium Polysulfide Batteries

In a room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) battery, the complicated reduction reaction of the sulfur cathode generally involves two main steps: (i) transformation of elemental sulfur into long-chain soluble sodium polysulfides (Na2Sn 4 ≤ n ≤ 8) and (ii) conversion of the long-chain sodium polysulfides into solid-state short-chain polysulfide Na2S2 or disulfide Na2S. It is found that the slow kinetics of the second step limits the efficiency of discharge and induces irreversible capacity loss during cycling. Accordingly, we present here a RT Na-S cell operated with the sulfur/long-chain sodium polysulfide redox couple to avoid the capacity fade. An advanced cathode structure has been developed by inserting a carbon nanofoam interlayer between the sulfur cathode and the separator to localize the soluble polysulfide species and prevent its migration to the anode. The highly reversible sulfur/long-chain sodium polysulfide cell presented here can provide a stable output energy density of 450 Wh kg(-1) at an extremely low energy cost of ∼$10 kWh(-1) (based on the active material of anode and cathode).
Solvolytic hydroperoxide rearrangements IV. Selective rearrangement of spiro[5,2]octan-4-ol.

Abstract Rearrangement of spiro[5,2]octan-4-ol, 1, in acidified THF-H2O2 is a selective process in which substitution occurs with retention of configuration and ring-expansion with inversion of the carbinyl center.
Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from inflorescence segments of Pennisetum purpureum schum. (Napier or elephant grass)

Abstract A white and compact embryogenic tissue was obtained from young inflorescence segments of Pennisetum purpureum (Napier or Elephant Grass) cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) and N6 medium containing various concentrations and combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Somatic embryogenesis was observed in more than 70% of the cultures on media containing 2,4-D. The embryogenic nature of the callus was maintained for more than a year through 18–20 subcultures. Regenerated plants were shown to have the normal tetraploid chromosome number of 2 n = 4 x = 28.
Reduction of Shelf-Life of Fresh Fryers Due to Infection with Escherichia Coli Prior to Processing

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE microflora of fresh fryers varies widely as is evidenced by numerous reports of workers studying the shelf-life of fresh poultry and factors associated with spoilage of chicken under various conditions. Gunderson et al. (1954) reviewed the literature to that time and conducted an extensive study to evaluate methods for controlling the microbial build-up on poultry carcasses during processing. Some factors known to affect the shelf-life of fryers include initial bacterial count, processing temperature, chilling time and holding temperature. Lockhead and Landerkin (1935) observed that spoilage and odor developed when the microbial count reached 2.5 × 106 per sq. cm. on the skin surface. Essary et al. (1958) found counts of 1 to 1.6 × 107 per sq. cm. were necessary for slime development on the surface of poultry. Similar observations were reported by Walker and Ayres (1956) who also reported that coliforms represented only a small percentage of . . .
Resonant-tunneling-diode relaxation oscillator☆

Abstract Monolithic resonant-tunneling-diode (RTD) relaxation oscillators are fabricated. The highest repetition rate of this pulse generator is 6.7 GHz with a pulse width of approximately 60 ps. Oscillators with an RTD connected to an off-chip transmission line have been operated at a rate as low as 34 MHz while maintaining a similar pulse width. Characterization aided with simulations provides a better understanding of the RTD relaxation oscillator and the effects of the RTD characteristics on the performance of the oscillator.
[D79] A vibrotactile sensory substitution device for the deaf and profoundly hearing impaired

There are at least 2 million functionally deaf individuals in the United States alone and an estimated 53 million worldwide. The cochlear implant (CI) is an effective solution for regaining hearing capabilities for certain populations within this group, but not for all. First, CIs are expensive, ranging from $40,000 to $90,000 depending on the age of the recipient. This places CIs out of economic reach for many. Second, CIs require invasive surgery. Third, there is low efficacy of late CI implantation in early-onset deaf adults. Given these considerations, there are millions of deaf individuals who would benefit from a hearing replacement that has low cost, does not involve an invasive procedure, and may have a higher efficacy for early-onset deaf adults. To this end, we are developing a low-cost, non-invasive, plasticity-based solution to deliver auditory information to the brain. Specifically, we are developing a “vibratory vest” by which auditory information is captured, digitally processed, and delivered to the skin of the torso using small vibratory motors. The term for such a Technologynique is sensory substitution, and has previously proven successful in allowing those who are blind to have visual experience through the tongue or skin. In this poster, we will present our fully functional, real-time, Bluetooth-operated prototype, and demonstrate our results from several speech perception experiments.
Eliminating Unwanted Nanobubbles from Hydrophobic Solid/Liquid Interfaces: A Case Study Using Magnetoelastic Sensors

Air bubbles are known to form at the liquid/solid interface of hydrophobic materials upon immersion in a liquid (Holmberg, M.; Kduhle, A.; Garnaes, J.; Morch, K. A.; Boisen, A. Langmuir 2003, 19, 10510-10513). In the case of gravimetric sensors, air bubbles that randomly form at the liquid-solid interface result in poor sensor-to-sensor reproducibility. Herein a superhydrophilic ZnO nanorod film is applied to the originally hydrophobic surface of a resonance-based magnetoelastic sensor. The superhydrophilic coating results in the liquid completely spreading across the surface, removing unwanted air bubbles from the liquid/sensor interface. The resonance amplitude of uncoated (bare) and ZnO-modified sensors are measured in air and then when immersed in saline solution, ethylene glycol, or bovine blood. In comparison to the bare, hydrophobic sensors, we find that the standard deviation of the resonance amplitudes of the liquid-immersed ZnO-nanorod-modified sensors decreases substantially, ranging from a 27% decrease for bovine blood to a 67% decrease for saline. The strategy of using a superhydrophilic coating can be applied to other systems having similar interfacial problems.
Cardiac δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity: Effects of fasting, cobaltous chloride and hemin

Abstract Cardiac δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase activity was studied in animals that had been fasted. The kinetics of the decline in cardiac ALA synthetase activity were measured for 48 hr after food was withdrawn from rats. A marked rate of decrease in activity was observed between 12 and 24 hr. Cardiac ornithine decarboxylase activity also decreased in fasted rats, but cardiac tyrosine aminotransferase activity remained unchanged. Cardiac ALA synthetase activity also decreased in fasted mice but did not decrease significantly in fasted guinea pigs or fasted rabbits whose activites were low even in the fed state. Cobaltous chloride administration caused a marked decrease in cardiac ALA synthetase activity which remained low for a longer duration of time than has been observed in rat liver. The administration of hemin, which causes a marked decrease in hepatic ALA synthetase activity. had no effect on cardiac ALA synthetase activity. The difference in the responses of hepatic and cardiac ALA synthetase activities to hemin administration and food deprivation suggests differential regulation of ALA synthetase activity in heart and liver.
Mesh-based Monte Carlo code for fluorescence modeling in complex tissues with irregular boundaries

There is a growing need for the development of computational models that can account for complex tissue morphology in simulations of photon propagation. We describe the development and validation of a user-friendly, MATLAB-based Monte Carlo code that uses analytically-defined surface meshes to model heterogeneous tissue geometry. The code can use information from non-linear optical microscopy images to discriminate the fluorescence photons (from endogenous or exogenous fluorophores) detected from different layers of complex turbid media. We present a specific application of modeling a layered human tissue-engineered construct (Ex Vivo Produced Oral Mucosa Equivalent, EVPOME) designed for use in repair of oral tissue following surgery. Second-harmonic generation microscopic imaging of an EVPOME construct (oral keratinocytes atop a scaffold coated with human type IV collagen) was employed to determine an approximate analytical expression for the complex shape of the interface between the two layers. This expression can then be inserted into the code to correct the simulated fluorescence for the effect of the irregular tissue geometry.
EVALUATION OF POLICE SERVICES IN MEDIUM-SIZED CITIES

Citizen evaluations of police services in four medium-sized cities are investigated in this article. Socioeconomic characteristics as well as police attitudes and political attitudes were found not to be good predictors of citizen evaluation. Complaint efficacy was found to be the best predictor of citizen satisfaction with police services.
Synthesis of nanoporous GaN crystalline particles by chemical vapor deposition

Nanoporous, micron-size GaN particles with pores between 40 and 100 nm in diameter have been synthesized on boron nitride (BN) substrates using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques. The synthesis process is based on the direct reaction of gallium atoms and ammonia molecules without the presence of intentional metal catalysts. Scanning electron micrographs reveal the formation of GaN nanoporous morphologies ranging from micron-size particles with hexagonal pyramidal prismatic shape to hexagonal platelets. The nanopores are only observed on the (0001) basal plane and aligned orderly along the [0001] crystallographic direction. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) confirms that the nanoporous particles are, where analyzed, wurtzite GaN single crystal.
A complex variable approach to the analysis of linear multivariable feedback systems [Book reviews]

Reciew by Christopher I. Byrnes. This book represents a basic and fundamental contribution to multivariable linear system theory, especially to the development of graphical multivariable frequency domain methods for system design. The text itself consists of an introduction, five chapters leading to a generalized Nyquist stability criterion, a generalized inverse Nyquist stability criterion, a chapter on root loci, and a final chapter on stability of systems depending on a parameter and other topics for future research. There are also seven appendices which develop assorted topics needed throughout the text, e.g., the definition of an algebraic function, methods for sketching the Riemann surfaces which occur, an extended principle of the argument, and more specific topics. In summary, it is the reviewer's opinion that this text is an important research monograph covering and, indeed malung, sigdicant and far reaching strides in the expanding field of frequency domain analysis of multivariable systems. It contains several seminal observations and developments in the area of system design, especially in the application of algebraic function theory to what is consequently a theory of multivariable root loci. and for this reason alone is indispensable for the researcher or graduate student interested in linear multivariable systems.
The effect of NO2 exposure on perfusate distribution in isolated rat lungs: Pulmonary versus bronchial circulation

Isolated rat lung (IPL) studies have suggested that the pulmonary uptake of inhaled nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is governed via a chemical reaction-dependent process which results in NO2-derived reaction products diffusing into the vascular space. Experimental results indicated that substantial proportions of this reactive absorption occur in distal sites. However, gas phase deposition in proximal locations cannot be ruled out due to the lack of information on bronchial perfusion in rat IPL preparations. Consequently, we evaluated the presence of pulmonary-to-bronchial anastomotic perfusate flow in control and NO2-exposed (10.3 ppm) rat IPL. Monastral blue (MB) was used as a vascular marker and was infused into the pulmonary artery catheter either for recirculation at time zero or as an end-experiment (60 min) bolus. In addition, MB was infused into control in situ preparations to observe intact bronchial circulations. Lungs were prepared for routine evaluation by light microscopy. In situ MB was observed in all pulmonary and bronchial vessels. In IPL, MB was observed only in far terminal airway-associated vessels. No differences were observed in MB distribution between bolus (end-experiment) and recirculated (time zero) applications. NO2 exposure produced no effect on MB distribution. We conclude that in rat IPL: (1) negligible anastomotic flow occurs from the pulmonary into the bronchial circulation, (2) nonedemagenic NO2 exposures do not alter existing perfusate distribution, and (3) the perfusate appearance of inhalation-derived species results from gas phase deposition only in distal sites which have ready accessibility to the pulmonary circulation.
A PREOCCUPATION WITH OBJECT‐REPRESENTATION: THE BECKETT‐BION CASE REVISITED

Taking issue with the notion of a profound reciprocal influence of Samuel Beckett and his analyst, Wilfred Bion, based on supposition all too often passed as fact, the author refutes the idea that Bion's 'Attacks on linking' was based on his later-to-be famous patient. Choosing, rather, to apply Bion's concepts of transformation and assaults on verbal thought to Beckett's remarkably visual and highly dissociative writing, she finds in the analyst's work a means of exploring a startling preoccupation with object representation and an anxiety of remembrance constant throughout the writer's texts. Is this fixation attributable only to aesthetic strategy or does it say something about the writer's own inner representational world? Relating the writer's obsession to Bion's concepts and, moreover, its dissociative expression to the decathexis and blank mourning explored by Green, she uncovers within it a reflection of the kind of evocative memory disturbance identified with primary dyadic dysfunction. This application of Bion and Green to Beckett veers distinctly less towards psychohistory, however, than to how sublimation has rendered this object-relational failure an aesthetic success.
Scalable RF Si MOSFET distributed lumped element model based on BSIM3v3

A scalable distributed lumped element network model for Si MOSFETs is developed for RF power amplifier design. The model is based on BSIM3v3 developed by UC Berkeley and lossy transmission lines; s-parameter measurement up to 6 GHz and power measurement at 900 MHz are used for model validation.
Ferromagnetic nuclear resonance in cobalt nuclei in stacking faults and twins

Abstract The ferromagnetic nuclear resonances in Co59 that occur intermediate in frequency between the resonance frequencies for the hexagonal and f.c.c. phases are identified as coming from nuclei in stacking faults and twins. A method is described whereby the resonance frequencies from nuclei in non-equivalent close-packed planes within a stacking fault can be calculated. The calculated frequencies are in good agreement with the experimental results. The experimental data indicate that intrinsic stacking faults are more prevalent than are extrinsic stacking faults and twins in cobalt.
Safe Intrahospital Transport of Critically Ill Ventilator-dependent Patients*

Study Objective: To determine whether manual ventilation during intrahospital transport of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients results in blood gas and/or hemodynamic abnormalities. Design: A single-blind prospective study evaluated arterial blood gas, blood pressure, heart rate, and arrhythmia changes during mechanical ventilation and manual transport ventilation. Setting: University hospital ICUs and various diagnostic or treatment areas. Patients: Twenty mechanically ventilated critically ill patients during intrahospital transport. Intervention: Each patient received mechanical ventilation (MECH) with a volume ventilator while in the ICU and at the study/treatment area. They were manually ventilated (MAN) by a respiratory- therapist during transport between areas. Measurements and Main Results: The MECH settings were: VT = 0.75±0.17 L; f=16±4; ve = 12.6±4.3L/min; FIo2 = 0.46 ±0.2. Mean peak Paw = 31±12 cm H2O and mean effective Cst = 44 ± 15 ml/cm H2O. No hemodynamic abnormalities were observed. Arterial blood gas values did not vary to any clinically significant degree, except in two patients: one patient had a reduced PaO2 and increased PaCO2 associated with an accidental O2 disconnection and clamped chest tube; another patient had an increased pH by 0.13 units with only a 9 mm Hg fall in PaCO2. Conclusions: Manual ventilation during intrahospital transport of critically ill mechanically ventilated patients is safe provided the person performing manual ventilation knows the inspired oxygen fraction and minute ventilation required before transport and is trained to approximate them during transport.
Effects of cryopreservation procedures on sperm membranes

Empirical approaches to semen cryopreservation have resulted in the production of young in a broad range of species. However, acceptable levels of fertility in most domestic animal species has not been achieved. In this review, an attempt has been made to describe the complexity of the sperm plasma membrane and the many steps in a cryopreservation procedure where membrane perturbations can occur. Improvement in sperm cryopreservation procedures will require a careful consideration of the complexity of the sperm plasma membrane, the interaction of its components and the influence of cooling, freezing and thawing on these interactions.
Rotationally resolved absorption cross sections of formaldehyde in the 28100-28500 cm(-1) (351-356 nm) spectral region: implications for in situ LIF measurements.

The rotationally resolved ultraviolet absorption cross sections for the 200410 vibrational band of the A1A2−X1A1 electronic transition of formaldehyde (HCHO) at an apodized resolution of 0.027 cm-1 (approximately 0.0003 nm at 352 nm) over the spectral range 28100−28500 cm-1 (351−356 nm) at 298 and 220 K, using Fourier transform spectroscopy, are first reported here. Accurate rotationally resolved cross sections are important for the development of in situ HCHO laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) instruments and for atmospheric monitoring. Pressure dependence of the cross sections between 75 and 400 Torr at 298 K was explored, and an average pressure broadening coefficient in dry air of 1.8 × 10-4 cm-1 Torr-1 for several isolated lines is reported. Gaseous HCHO was quantitatively introduced into a flow cell by evaporating micron-sized droplets of HCHO solution, using a novel microinjector technique. The condensed-phase concentrations of HCHO were determined by iodometric titrations to an accuracy of <1%. Accu...
US antidumping actions against China: the impact of China's entry into the World Trade Organization

ABSTRACT This paper engages in a preliminary examination of US antidumping actions against China and addresses the conditions under which US industries are likely to initiate antidumping petitions against Chinese firms and obtain affirmative antidumping rulings from regulatory authorities. We conjecture that China's accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO) has not enhanced the prospect of Chinese firms successfully defending themselves against antidumping suits initiated by the US for three reasons. First, the rather dramatic expansion in US–China trade and, in particular, in US imports from China, has led US antidumping authorities to more aggressively pursue antidumping cases against China. Second, WTO membership has resulted in increasing US investment in China, thus undercutting the competitive advantage of some small domestic firms relative to those that have invested in the Chinese market, and leading the former to lobby more rigorously for protection from Chinese imports. Third, as China h...
A subdepressor low dose of ramipril lowers urinary protein excretion without increasing plasma potassium

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are increasingly administered to patients with chronic renal disease. One issue of concern with the use of ACE inhibitors in patients with impaired renal function is the possible development of hyperkalemia. We reasoned that the impact of ACE inhibitors on plasma potassium could be minimized by administering these agents at very low doses. To examine this issue, we investigated the effect of a low dose of ramipril (1.25 mg orally once daily) and an eight-fold higher dose (10 mg orally once daily) on plasma potassium in 13 patients with proteinuria and mild chronic renal insufficiency. The study was divided into four phases: placebo (4 weeks), low-dose ramipril (8 weeks), high-dose ramipril (8 weeks), and washout phase (4 weeks). With the low dose of ramipril, urinary protein excretion decreased significantly as early as after 1 week of administration (from 4.4 ± 0.5 to 3.7 ± 0.4 g/24 h; P P P
Plasma fueling by sputtering and gas desorption during high power RF operation on the Phaedrus-T tokamak

Summary form only given. The particle confinement time in tokamaks, /spl tau//sub p/, is at least an order of magnitude less than the length of the discharge. In order to maintain a constant density during the discharge, it is necessary to provide an external hydrogen fueling source. On Phaedrus-T, approximately 4/spl times/10/sup 17/ hydrogen atoms per millisecond must be puffed into the vessel to maintain a constant density. Ion impact onto materials within the vacuum vessel causes sputtering and gas desorption, and these processes provide an additional uncontrolled fueling source. On the Phaedrus-T tokamak, high power RF (100-400 kW, 4-7 MHz) operation increases the sputtering and gas desorption rates. This increased gas influx, called RF fueling, can lead to disruptions or create ambiguity in interpreting the nature of the RF physics. Antenna designs have played a critical role in determining the amount of RF fueling that occurs. On Phaedrus-T, insulating boron nitride (BN) protection limiters intercept the plasma flow to the antenna straps. This is different from conventional tokamak antenna designs which surround their antenna with a conducting shield.
Developmental profile, isolation, and biochemical characterization of a novel lipoglycoheme-carrier protein from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) and observations on a similar protein in the soft tick, Ornithodoros parkeri (Acari: Argasidae).

Abstract A novel lipoglycoheme-carrier protein (CP) in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) has been purified and characterized. CP was purified by native–PAGE from partially fed virgin females. CP has a density of 1.25 g/ml with a molecular weight of 200 K by native–PAGE and 340 K by gel filtration chromatography. CP is comprised of two majour subunits, 98 K and 92 K in molecular weight by SDS–PAGE. Separate amino acid composition of the two subunits indicated high contents of As(x), Gl(x) and leucine. However, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the two subunits was only 13% identical. The lower molecular weight subunit showed 61% identity to artemocyanin (biliprotein) in fairy shrimps, 46% identity to minor vitellogenin in chickens and 13% identity to vitellin of the black-legged tick. No similarity match was found for the other subunit. CP is a lipoglycoheme-protein as indicated by selective staining of native–PAGE gel for lipids, carbohydrates and heme. Lipid analysis by thin layer chromatography revealed the presence of cholesterol, phospholipids, monoacylglycerides, triacylglycerides and free fatty acids. Heme associated with purified CP demonstrated a λmax of 397.5 nm while the λmax of crude hemolymph plasma was 402.5 nm. The presence of CP in whole body homogenates of eggs, unfed and fed larvae and fed nymphs as well as in the plasma of unfed and fed adults including vitellogenic females was demonstrated by native–PAGE. Although a protein of analogous size was not found in the soft tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, a high molecular weight protein (500 K) is the predominant plasma protein in both unfed and fed male and female adults of that species as determined by native–PAGE. Also, CP appears to function as a biliprotein which sequesters heme.
Hadronic Temperature via Event Horizons: The Role of the Linear Potential in Inclusive Thermal Distributions

Abstract It is proposed that the linear potential induces an event horizon for energetic quarks scattered with small transverse momentum. Quarks of reduced mass m thus encounter vacuum friction with a black-body temperature T related to the slope of the linear potential, r 0 −2 , by T −1 = 2πmr 0 2 .
Therapeutic advantage of converting enzyme inhibitors in arresting progressive renal disease associated with systemic hypertension in the rat.

Abstract Micropuncture and morphologic studies were performed in six groups of male Munich-Wistar rats after removal of the right kidney and segmental infarction of two-thirds of the left kidney. Groups 1 and 4 received no specific therapy. Groups 2 and 5 were treated with the angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, 50 mg/liter, in the drinking water. Groups 3 and 6 were treated with reserpine (5 mg/liter), hydralazine (80 mg/liter), and hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/liter). All rats were fed standard chow. Groups 1-3 underwent micropuncture study 4 wk after renal ablation. Untreated group 1 rats exhibited systemic hypertension and elevation of the single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) due to high average values for the mean glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure gradient (delta P) and glomerular plasma flow rate (QA). In group 2 rats, treatment with enalapril prevented systemic hypertension and maintained delta P at near-normal levels without significant reduction in SNGFR and QA. In contrast, triple drug therapy normalized systemic hypertension, but failed to lower delta P in group 3 rats. Groups 4-6 were followed for 12 wk after renal ablation. Untreated group 4 rats demonstrated continuous systemic hypertension, progressive proteinuria, and glomerular structural lesions, including mesangial expansion and frequent areas of segmental sclerosis. In group 5 rats, treatment with enalapril maintained systemic blood pressure at normal levels over the 12-wk period and dramatically limited the development of proteinuria and glomerular lesions. Despite equivalent systemic blood pressure control in group 6 rats, failure of triple drug therapy to control glomerular hypertension was associated with progressive proteinuria and glomerular lesions comparable to those seen in untreated group 4 rats. Thus, unless glomerular capillary hypertension is corrected, control of systemic blood pressure is insufficient to prevent progressive renal injury in rats with reduced renal mass.
Early Childhood Special Educators' Perceptions of School Psychologists' Roles in Their Programs

Perceived and preferred roles of 67 school psychologists in early childhood special-education programs were examined in a partial replication with 268 respondents in Illinois of Mowder, Willis, and Widerstrom's work. The most commonly cited reason for consultation with school psychologists was related to psychological assessment, with information on children's functioning as the most likely benefit. Respondents preferred the mental health model. Although respondents were satisfied with the roles of school psychologists, they presented several concerns about expanded roles for school psychologists.
Increased risk-taking decision-making but not altered response to punishment in stimulant-using young adults.

Abstract Stimulant-using and stimulant-naive young adults performed the “risky gains” decision-making task [Paulus, M.P., Rogalsky, C., Simmons, A., Feinstein, J.S., Stein, M.B., 2003. Increased activation in the right insula during risk-taking decision making is related to harm avoidance and neuroticism. Neuroimage 19(4), 1439–1448]. On each trial, the numbers 20, 40, and 80 are presented individually in ascending order. Subjects press a button to receive the displayed number in points. The 20 is always associated with a gain of 20 points (safe response). There is a chance that waiting to select a 40 or 80 will result in punishment of 40 or 80 points, respectively (risky response). All subjects made fewer risky responses immediately following punished trials (p
Blind, low complexity estimation of time and frequency offsets in OFDM systems

A novel blind time and frequency offset estimator for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is presented. The estimator exploits a basic assumption of OFDM: the channel order is less than or equal to the length of the cyclic prefix. Under this assumption, it is shown that the last sample of the received cyclic prefix is not corrupted by intersymbol interference and this sample can be used to estimate the time of arrival (TOA) in multipath channels. It is demonstrated that the proposed estimator identifies the correct TOA with higher probability than existing estimators for medium to high signal-to-noise ratios.
Adenine nucleotide catabolism and adenosine formation in isolated human cardiomyocytes.

Abstract The contribution of 5′-nucleotidase and AMP-deaminase to adenine nucleotide degradation in human cardiomyocytes isolated from diseased or normal heart was investigated. The preparation used contained 30 to 50% of viable cells and the nucleotide degradation was stimulated by addition of deoxyglucose and oligomycin. To distinguish pathways of nucleotide degradation, adenosine deaminase was inhibited by erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA). Under these conditions, ATP concentration was decreased by 60% after 45 min of incubation. Simultaneously, increases in intra- and extracellular catabolite concentrations have been observed. Adenosine was the predominant catabolite found in both the cells and in the extracellular medium accounting for more than 70% of all degradation products. Intracellular adenosine concentration rose to 300 times greater than that outside the cell. An increase in intra- and extracellular inosine was also seen. Only a small increase of IMP concentration was observed. No hypoxanthine accumulation was found. No significant change in initial adenine nucleotide concentrations were observed in isolated cells during aerobic incubation without deoxyglucose and oligomycin. In conclusion, a pathway involving adenosine production appears to be the principal route of nucleotide degradation in human cardiomyocytes.
Elimination of the need for urine studies in the screening algorithm for monoclonal gammopathies by using serum immunofixation and free light chain assays.

OBJECTIVE To determine the relative diagnostic contribution of urine assays as part of the screening algorithm for monoclonal gammopathies. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified 428 patients with a monoclonal gammopathy and monoclonal urinary protein at initial diagnosis of plasma cell dyscrasia who had also undergone serum immunofixation and serum free light chain quantitation within 30 days of diagnosis. The laboratory results for serum protein electrophoresis, serum immunofixation, serum free light chain, urine protein electrophoresis, and urine immunofixation were reviewed. RESULTS The patients had diagnoses of multiple myeloma, primary amyloid, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smoldering multiple myeloma, solitary plasmacytomas, and other less frequently detected monoclonal gammopathies. All 428 had a monoclonal urine protein, 85.7% had an abnormal serum free light chain κ/λ ratio, 80.8% had an abnormal serum protein electrophoresis, and 93.5% had an abnormal serum immunofixation result. All 3 serum assays were normal in only 2 patients, 1 of whom had monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (idiopathic Bence Jones proteinuria) and 1 whose urine sample contained an intact monoclonal immunoglobulin but whose serum and subsequent urine samples showed no evidence of a monoclonal gammopathy. CONCLUSION Discontinuation of urine studies and reliance on a diagnostic algorithm using only serum studies (protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, and free light chain quantitation) missed 2 (0.5%) of the 428 monoclonal gammopathies with urinary monoclonal proteins, and these 2 cases required no medical intervention.
Patient-Physician Interactions and Electronic Health Records

To the Editor In their recent Viewpoint, Drs White and Danis 1 discussed using the electronic health record (EHR) to enhance patient-physician interactions. Whereas others have argued that the EHR can hinder patient-physician communication, 2 the authors hold a more optimistic view that expanded uses (such as inviting patients to participate in EHR viewing during the clinical encounter) are untapped tools for patient activation. We share the optimism of White and Danis for health care information technology. During an era of technology innovation and adoption in all aspects of daily life, patients as well as medical professionals are, in general, becoming increasingly familiar with computer use during the clinical encounter. Current EHR systems, however, can be awkward to use, and there is a lack of standardized data structure for true integration of patient data across different EHR platforms. 3 These issues are technical and will likely be overcome through innovations in EHR technology, allowing expanded EHR use to further enhance patient care. Additionally, there is a growing repertoire of technologybased tools for patient activation that can complement the EHR. The relatively nascent web-based patient portals allow patients to securely log in and access their personal health information. The portal pulls data from the patient’s EHR and can support items such as screening reminders and patient-physician messaging. One study showed that patient portals in conjunction with an EHR may improve patient engagement. 4 Health care–focused social networks also offer a platform for patient activation. Patients can post questions online about their health condition. Physicians registered with the network can then post answers, which can be peer reviewed by other registered physicians. As medical students, we believe proper EHR usage instruction during medical education is important. Patientphysician communication is a part of the standard curriculum at most medical schools. For example, during our preclinical years, we learned a patient-centered model of patient interviewing. These interviews can serve as opportunities for students to practice using the EHR in a way to enhance the interaction. Appropriate use of the EHR to enhance patient activation can thus be taught concurrently with patient communication. 2,5 Ultimately, EHR education