cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discounted Cash Flow and Residual Earnings Valuation: A Comparison in the Context of Valuation Disputes

Abstract Using actual data from a disputed acquisition, this article presents a comparison of two related income approaches to valuation—discounted cash flow (DCF) and residual earnings (RE). Although the DCF approach remains predominant in practice, the data and analysis presented here indicate that the RE approach is often a better choice, particularly in the context of disputes and litigation. The RE approach is more anchored in observable data, is less sensitive to parameters that can be subject to discretionary adjustment, and is more economically transparent.
Psychology and Family Economics

: A substantial increase in the availability of data on psychosocial traits in large representative longitudinal samples has opened up new areas of research for economists and new opportunities for collaborations with psychologists. As an example, I incorporate personality into alternative economic models of marriage, with individual traits associated with either productivity in home or market sectors, or preferences for household public goods. Empirically, personality traits have robust effects on individual propensities to marry and to divorce in a representative sample of the German population. Changes in these patterns across cohorts are consistent with a shift in the principal sources of marital surplus from production complementarities to consumption complementarities in the past few decades. Some personality traits related to divorce are also related to limited self-control in other domains, and suggest that departures from rational action should be considered in models of family behavior. In general, further analysis of the impact of personality and other psychological indicators on family relationships may improve our understanding of variation in partnership and parental decision-making, and of their responses to policy and to institutional environments.
Changes in insulin action, triglycerides, and lipid composition during sucrose feeding in rats

In the present study, the time course of change in sucrose-induced insulin resistance, triglyceride (TG) concentration, and liver fatty acid composition was examined. Male rats (n = 8-10/group per time point) was fed a high-starch (ST) diet for 2 wk and were then equicalorically fed ST or a high-sucrose (SU) diet for 1, 2, 5, or 8 wk. Body weight and percent body fat were similar between ST and SU diets at all time points. Glucose infusion rate (GIR) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the SU diet (9.2 +/- 0.9, 7.4 +/- 0.5, 6.2 +/- 1.0, and 6.0 +/- 0.9 mg.kg-1.min-1) vs. the ST diet (15.1 +/- 1.7, 15.7 +/- 0.7, 14.7 +/- 1.9, and 14.2 +/- 0.9 mg.kg-1.min-1) at 1, 2, 5, and 8 wk, respectively. Reduced suppression of glucose appearance accounted for 85, 50, 45, and 40% of the reduction in GIR at these same time points. Muscle glycogen synthesis was reduced (P < 0.05 vs. ST diet) in the SU diet at 2, 5, and 8 wk. Fasting plasma TG concentration was inversely related (r = -0.79, P < 0.001) to muscle glycogen synthesis, and liver TG concentration was positively related (r = 0.59, P < 0.01) to glucose appearance. Liver fatty acid composition was similar between diet groups. In summary, the SU diet produced insulin resistance in liver before muscle. TG concentration appears to be related to sucrose-induced insulin resistance in liver and muscle.
3D Wire‐Shaped Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells in Solid State Using Carbon Nanotube Yarns with Hybrid Photovoltaic Structure

For instance, CdSe is a good choice for light absorption, which sports a smaller band gap (1.7 eV) and facilitates faster electron generation. Likewise, CdS serves the identical function in DSSCs. However, the band gap of CdS (2.25 eV in bulk, various band gaps depending on particle sizes in QDs) limits its absorption range below the wavelength of approximately 550 nm. Nonetheless, although CdSe has a wider absorption range (below ca. 730 nm), the electron injec-tion efﬁ ciency is less than CdS because its conduction band edge is located below that of TiO
Stoichiometry of Expressed α4β2δ γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors Depends on the Ratio of Subunit cDNA Transfected

The γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) is the target of many depressants, including benzodiazepines, anesthetics, and alcohol. Although the highly prevalent αβγ GABAAR subtype mediates the majority of fast synaptic inhibition in the brain, receptors containing δ subunits also play a key role, mediating tonic inhibition and the actions of endogenous neurosteroids and alcohol. However, the fundamental properties of δ-containing GABAARs, such as subunit stoichiometry, are not well established. To determine subunit stoichiometry of expressed δ-containing GABAARs, we inserted the α-bungarotoxin binding site tag in the α4, β2, and δ subunit N termini. An enhanced green fluorescent protein tag was also inserted into the β2 subunit to shift its molecular weight, allowing us to separate subunits using SDS-PAGE. Tagged α4β2δ GABAARs were expressed in HEK293T cells using various ratios of subunit cDNA, and receptor subunit stoichiometry was determined by quantitating fluorescent α-bungarotoxin bound to each subunit on Western blots of surface immunopurified tagged GABAARs. The results demonstrate that the subunit stoichiometry of α4β2δ GABAARs is regulated by the ratio of subunit cDNAs transfected. Increasing the ratio of δ subunit cDNA transfected increased δ subunit incorporation into surface receptors with a concomitant decrease in β2 subunit incorporation. Because receptor subunit stoichiometry can directly influence GABAAR pharmacological and functional properties, considering how the transfection protocols used affect subunit stoichiometry is essential when studying heterologously expressed α4β2δ GABAARs. Successful bungarotoxin binding site tagging of GABAAR subunits is a novel tool with which to accurately quantitate subunit stoichiometry and will be useful for monitoring GABAAR trafficking in live cells.
‘A transatlantic buzz’: flying saucers, extraterrestrials and America in postwar Germany

The years 1946–1960 saw a wave of reports of flying saucer sightings on both sides of the Atlantic. To date, however, few scholars have examined how the phenomenon moved across states and regions, what responses it garnered and what impact it had on contemporary thought and values. This article examines how the mainstream press and public intellectuals in postwar West and East Germany reported on and discussed flying saucer reports. The evidence shows that both cold war geopolitics and the occult were used to explain sightings, but that suspected American influences and anti-American sentiments figured heavily in how most reports were interpreted. Flying saucers thus functioned as cyphers for considering alien influences in postwar society.
Specific receptor input into spectral preference inDrosophila

Drosophila have 3 types of retinal receptors, R1–6, R7 and R8. Using visual mutant strains lacking function in one or two receptor types, spectral preference in walking fast (30 s) phototaxis was measured. High correlations for intensity-response functions were obtained (Fig. 2 and 5). With a 467 nm choice standard, which could saturate R1–6, white-eyed strains with only R8 or with R1–6 plus R8 functional exhibited similar spectral sensitivities with a broad peak at visible wavelengths (Fig. 3) not unlike the electrophysiological characterization of R8 (Fig. 1). Strains with R7 plus R8 or with all receptors intact exhibited similar functions with a high ultraviolet (UV) peak (Fig. 4), like the electrophysiological characterization of R7 plus R8. The presence of R1–6 did not alter the profiles mediated by R8 alone or by R7 plus R8.
Impact of a drug-drug interaction intervention on pharmacy and medical students' knowledge and attitudes: a 1-year follow-up.

Abstract Background There have been many interventions aimed at improving retention of drug-drug interaction (DDI) knowledge of health care professionals. Much less is known about their retention of such knowledge for extended periods of time after an educational intervention. Objectives To evaluate pharmacy and medical students' knowledge retention and attitudes 1 year after participating in an educational session on DDIs. Methods This study used a pre-post design with an assessment of DDI knowledge and attitude by pharmacy and medical students before and after the final didactic year of their professional education. The intervention was a 1-hour program. Results A total of 74 of 193 students (38%) completed the pre, post, and final questionnaire. The median numbers of correctly identified DDIs before the program were 8 and 7 for pharmacy and medical students, respectively, out of a possible score of 15. One year after, the median identification knowledge scores were 12 and 8, respectively, for pharmacy and medical students. The median difference scores of correctly managed DDIs on this evaluation 1 year after the program were −4 and −8 for pharmacy and medical students, respectively ( P Conclusion This study found that the ability to identify important DDIs is poor among both pharmacy and medical students 1 year after being exposed to the educational session.
Including others in the self

We propose that to some extent, people treat the resources, perspectives, and identities of close others as their own. This proposal is supported by allocation, attribution, response time, and memory experiments. Recently, we have applied this idea to deepening understanding of feeling “too close” (including too much of the other in the self leading to feeling controlled or a loss of identity), the effects of relationship loss (it is distressing to the extent that the former partner was included in the self, liberating to the extent that the former partner was preventing self-expansion), ingroup identification (including ingroup in the self), and the effect of outgroup friendships on outgroup attitudes (including outgroup member in the self entails including outgroup member's identity in the self).
Impact of Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on open-field Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) populations

Abstract The effect of three different release rates (1×, 10×, and 20× the recommended rate of 25,000/ha) of Eretmocerus eremicus Rose and Zolnerowich on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) populations found in open-field cantaloupe, Cucumis melo L., was evaluated against populations in untreated control plots. Parasitoids were released from a point source in the center of each of nine treatment plots. Whitefly population growth, encompassing all developmental stages, and rates of parasitism were monitored within a 10-m annulus surrounding the center point in all 12 plots over a 52-d period. The rates of B. tabaci population increase during this time were equivalent regardless of the parasitoid release rate. Whitefly densities were not limited in any of our treatment plots when compared to those found in the control plots. Moreover, mean rates of parasitism did not increase with time nor did they differ among the three treatments or control plots (7.9 ± 6.5%). Finally, estimated rates of parasitism were density-dependent responding positively to increasing host numbers. The ineffectiveness of this parasitoid in controlling whitefly populations in the field may be due to its high propensity to disperse at low host densities or to influxes of immigrating whiteflies. Hence, the use of E. eremicus alone is not an efficient means to reduce whitefly populations in melon crops in the southwestern United States.
Ethnic Differences in Insulin Resistance and Its Consequences in Older Mexican American and Non-Hispanic White Women

BACKGROUND This study was initiated to test the hypothesis that older, healthy, nondiabetic Mexican American women would be relatively resistant to insulin-mediated glucose disposal, hyperinsulinemic, and dyslipidemic as compared to a matched group of non-Hispanic White (NHW) women. METHODS The study, cross-sectional in nature, involved 14 Mexican American and 19 NHW healthy, normotensive nondiabetic, postmenopausal women of similar age and body mass index. It took place in the General Clinical Research Center at Stanford Medical Center. Measurements were made of fasting plasma glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations, and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations following a 75 gram oral glucose challenge. Resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal was estimated by the steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration achieved at the end of a 3-hour constant infusion of glucose, insulin, and somatostatin. RESULTS Mexican American women had significantly greater glucose (p < .001) and insulin (p < .001) responses to the oral glucose challenge than did the NHW women. Resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal was increased in Mexican American women (SSPG 195 +/- 25 mg/dl compared to 137 +/- 18 mg/dl in NHW; p < .001). While total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations were not significantly different in the two ethnic groups, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was significantly lower in the Mexican American women (51 mg/dl vs 61 mg/dl; p = .04). CONCLUSION Older Mexican American women are more insulin resistant, glucose intolerant, and hyperinsulinemic, and have a lower HDL-cholesterol than a matched group of non-Hispanic White peers. These results were observed despite the exclusion of individuals with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
Tibiofemoral Alignment for Total Knee Arthroplasty: Differences Between Static and Dynamic Tibial Plateau Loading

The surgical goal in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is to obtain neutral mechanical alignment within three degrees [4]. This has been considered necessary to achieve optimal function, produce balanced medial and lateral loading distributions, and prolong implant longevity [7]. Under static loading, tibial-femoral alignment angle deviations of 3° have been shown to greatly alter the distribution of pressure and load between the medial and lateral tibial plateaus [13]. However, other studies have challenged the practice that coronal tibiofemoral alignment improves implant longevity [9,10]. These studies did not show a statistical difference in the number of revision surgeries between well aligned knees and mechanical alignment outliers (varus/valgus knees). While it has been suggested that accurate alignment allows for improved joint kinematics and improved outcomes in TKA patients [6], no studies have evaluated the effect of tibial-femoral alignment on tibial plateau loading distribution during gait in the TKA population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess tibial plateau loading following TKA.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
1H and 13C spectra of fluorine-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 1H-19F and 13C-19F coupling across bay regions

The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of several fluorine-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in which fluorine projects into a bay region were studied. Both protons and carbons of the sterically opposed CH bond show anomalously large F-induced shifts and couplings to fluorine. The magnitudes of the couplings (particularly the four-bond CF couplings which average 26 Hz) indicate a large through-space contribution due to direct overlap between fluorine and CH bond orbitals, whereas the F-induced shifts seem more likely to stem from diamagnetic anisotropy rather than F-induced CH bond polarization.
Low‐angle light‐scattering instrument for DNA solutions

A light-scattering instrument capable of measurements on native DNA at angles as low as 10° is described. The major features of the instrument, which make it capable of low-angle measurements, are the use of an intense light source in which the incident beam is monitored directly and the use of a long, rectangular sample cell in which the scattered light can be measured at low angles with no interference from the incident beam. Methods for calibrating the instrument and for determining scattering correction factors are described. Procedures for the preparation and use of various calibration standards are given.
Anomaly Trends for Long-Life Robotic Spacecraft

Three unmanned planetary spacecraft to the outer planets have been controlled and operated successfully in space for an accumulated total of 68 years. The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft each have been in space for more than 27 years. The Galileo spacecraft was in space for 14 years, including eight years in orbit about Jupiter. During the flight operations for these missions, a total of 3300 anomalies for the ground data and the flight systems have been tracked using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s anomaly reporting tool. Methods and results are described for classifying and identifying trends relative to ground system vs flight system, software vs hardware, and corrective actions. Several lessons learned from these assessments can significantly benefit the design and planning for long-life missions of the future. These include the necessity for redundancy to ensure successful operation of the spacecraft, awareness that anomaly reporting is dependent on mission activity not the age of the spacecraft, and the need for having a program to maintain and transfer operation knowledge and tools to replacement flight team members. PERATING long-life interplanetary spacecraft involves the monitoring of spacecraft functionality for both nominal and anomalous behavior. During flight operations for the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft, a total of 3300 anomalies has been tracked using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s anomaly reporting tool for ground data and flight systems operations. These anomalous events require evaluation for the proper response required to ensure the continuation of the spacecraft’s mission. For this study, a long-life spacecraft is defined as one designed to function reliably for 10 or more years in the space environment. Although not specifically designed as such, the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft can be viewed as prototypes of long-life spacecraft because of their successful operation spanning several decades. The two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977 have successfully completed flybys of several outer planets and now are leaving our solar system and flying trajectories taking them into interstellar space. Based on current consumables usage and continued mission operations attention, the spacecraft are expected to continue to return data until 2020. The Galileo orbiter was launched in 1989 and orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003 when it was intentionally impacted into the atmosphere of Jupiter just before its consumables were depleted.
Induction of Mating Behavior in Rats by Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Factor

Ovariectomized female rats treated with estrogen, in dosages too low to provoke mating, displayed this behavior when given subcutaneous injections of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LRF) 48 hours later. Two hours after the injection of LRF, components of female sexual behavior appeared. The lordosis reflex followed mounting by the male, and darting and hopping behavior was quite prevalent. On the other hand, treatment with estrogen followed by luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or thyrotropin-releasing factor did not induce copulatory behavior. The results suggest that LRF may play a role in induction of mating behavior.
Reversible Monoubiquitination Regulates the Parkinson Disease-associated Ubiquitin Hydrolase UCH-L1

Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are negative regulators of protein ubiquitination and play an important role in ubiquitin-dependent processes. Recent studies have found that diverse cellular mechanisms are employed to control the activity of DUBs. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) is a highly expressed neuronal DUB linked to Parkinson disease; however, little is known about its specific functions or modes of regulation. Here, we demonstrate that UCH-L1 is post-translationally modified by monoubiquitin in cells, at lysine residues near the active site. This modification restricts enzyme activity by preventing binding to ubiquitinated targets, and permanent monoubiquitination, as mimicked by a ubiquitin-UCH-L1 fusion, inhibits UCH-L1 in its capacity to increase free ubiquitin levels in cells. Interestingly, UCH-L1 catalyzes its own deubiquitination in an intramolecular manner, thereby regulating the lifetime of this modification. Our results illustrate monoubiquitination as a reversible regulatory mechanism for DUB activity involving auto-deubiquitination.
A Mathematical Model for Simultaneously Determining the Optimal Brand-Collection and Display-Area Allocation

This paper addresses a fundamental short-run resource-allocation problem confronting retail distribution: simultaneously finding the specific brands, from many, that should be displayed, and the amount of retail product-display area that should be assigned to these brands, in order to maximize the retail institution's profit. The paper decomposes total market demand according to the various levels of brand preference that could conceivably exist in final markets, and then, employs an algorithm, similar to the one used to solve the fixed-charge problem, to find the optimal brand mix and display-area allocation.
Folding is not required for bilayer insertion: Replica exchange simulations of an α-helical peptide with an explicit lipid bilayer

We implement the replica exchange molecular dynamics algorithm to study the interactions of a model peptide (WALP-16) with an explicitly represented DPPC membrane bilayer. We observe the spontaneous, unbiased insertion ofWALP-16 into the DPPC bilayer and its folding into an α-helix with a transbilayer orientation. The free energy surface suggests that the insertion of the peptide into the DPPC bilayer precedes secondary structure formation. Although the peptide has some propensity to form a partially helical structure in the interfacial region of the DPPC/water system, this state is not a productive intermediate but rather an off-pathway trap for WALP-16 insertion. Equilibrium simulations show that the observed insertion/folding pathway mirrors the potential of mean force (PMF). Calculation of the enthalpic and entropic contributions to this PMF show that the surface bound conformation of WALP-16 is significantly lower in energy than other conformations, and that the insertion of WALP-16 into the bilayer without regular secondary structure is enthalpically unfavorable by 5-10 kcal/ mol/residue. The observed insertion/folding pathway disagrees with the dominant conceptual model, 1 - 3 which is that a surface-bound helix is an obligatory intermediate for the insertion of α-helical peptides into lipid bilayers. In our simulations, the observed insertion/folding pathway is favored because of a large (>100 kcal/mol) increase in system entropy that occurs when the unstructured WALP-16 peptide enters the lipid bilayer interior. The insertion/folding pathway that is lowest in free energy depends sensitively on the near cancellation of large enthalpic and entropic terms. This suggests the possibility that intrinsic membrane peptides may have a diversity of insertion/folding behaviors depending on the exact system of peptide and lipid under consideration.
Dynamics of Firefly Luciferase Inhibition by General Anesthetics: Gaussian and Anisotropic Network Analyses

The new crystal structures of the product-bound firefly luciferase combined with the previously determined substrate-free structures allow for a detailed analysis of the dynamics basis for the luciferase enzymatic activities. Using the Gaussian network model and the anisotropic network model, we show here that the superposition of the three slowest anisotropic network model modes, consisting of the bending, rotating, and rocking motions of the C-domain, accounts for large rearrangement of domains from the substrate-free (open) to product-bound (closed) conformation and thus constitutes a critical component of the enzyme's functions. The analysis also offers a unique platform to reexamine the molecular mechanism of the anesthetic inhibition of the firefly luciferase. Through perturbing the protein backbone network by introducing additional nodes to represent anesthetics, we found that the presence of two representative anesthetics, halothane and n-decanol, in different regions of luciferase had distinctively different effects on the protein's global motion. Only at the interface of the C- and N-domains did the anesthetics cause the most profound reduction in the overall flexibility of the C-domain and the concomitant increase in the flexibility of the loop, where the substitution of a conserved lysine residue was found experimentally to lead to >2-3 orders of magnitude reduction in activity. These anesthetic-induced dynamics changes can alter the normal function of the protein, appearing as an epiphenomenon of an "inhibition". The implication of the study is that a leading element for general anesthetic action on proteins is to disrupt the modes of motion essential to protein functions.
The cardiovascular hemodynamics of Crocodilia

Summary Physiologic studies of the central circulation were carried out in three large specimens of Alligator mississipiensis , utilizing direct intracardiac pressure measurements, selective angiocardiography and indicator dilution curves. In the order Crocodilia, in which the interventricular septum is intact, the pulmonary artery pressure was found to be distinctly lower than systemic arterial pressure. In addition it was shown that virtually all right ventricular blood was ejected into the pulmonary artery rather than into the left aorta which also arises from this chamber. The major portion of blood in the left aorta was supplied, during diastole, from the right aorta through the supravalvular inter-aortic foramen of Panizza. Cartilaginous plates in the right ventricular outflow tract are normally responsible for obstruction to pulmonary arterial flow, and the possible role of these structures in the distribution of right ventricular output during submersion is discussed.
Ruminal digestion and microbial utilization of diets varying in type of carbohydrate and protein.

Abstract Three ruminally and duodenally cannulated, lactating Holstein cows were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square experiment to study the effects of differing levels of nonstructural carbohydrate and degradable intake protein on ruminal digestibility and microbial protein production. Three diets were formulated to contain 1) 38 and 13.2%, 2) 31 and 11.8%, and 3) 24 and 9% nonstructural carbohydrate and degradable intake protein as percentages of the DM, respectively. Dry matter intakes were similar for all diets (21.9, 21.1, and 18.3 kg/d for diets 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Likewise, microbial efficiency, as estimated from purine analysis, was unaffected by diet and averaged 24 g of microbial N/kg of OM digested for all treatments. Ruminal digestion of OM averaged 66.6, 65.1, and 55.7% for diets 1, 2, and 3, respectively, resulting in lower microbial N flow per day for diet 3 (317, 333, and 202 g, respectively). Digestion of nonstructural carbohydrate and CP followed similar trends as did OM digestion, whereas NDF digestion remained similar across all diets. These results indicate that nonstructural carbohydrate greater than 24% and ruminally degradable protein greater than 9% of DM will enhance microbial protein flow from the rumen.
Enhancement of the Antiplaque Value of Antibacterial Agents Through Enamel-Conditioning Methods: II. Acquisition of Antiplaque Properties by Treated Enamel:

Enamel specimens treated with systems containing enamel conditioners and antibacterial agents have previously been shown to incorporate the latter into the enamel. It has now been demonstrated that enamel blocks treated with these systems become highly resistant to bacterial colonization, that this effect is rather long lasting, and that the treated specimens prevent acid formation when incubated with Streptococcus mutans in a sugar-containing medium.
Helper secrets: invisible stressors in hospice work Staff support groups and networks are recommended antidotes

The demanding and emotionally complicated nature of hospice and oncology work can lead to self-doubts and other embarrassing and distressing thoughts and feelings about oneself as a helper. These troubling thoughts and feelingsfornithe core of helper secrets. This article presents an exploratory analysis of helper secrets gathered from 200 hospice workers. Factors contributing to the development, persistence, and stressful nature of helper secrets are discussed. Staff support groups and strengthened social support networks are recommendedas antidotes to these invisible stressors.
A general relation between membrane potential, ion activities, and pump fluxes for symmetric cells in a steady state

Abstract For steady states of cells that have uniform cell membranes, there must be zero net fluxes of each ion. This provides a set of conditions more restrictive than the condition of zero net current flow that is used to derive the Goldman equation. We show that this leads to a set of general relations between the membrane potential, ion activities, ion permeabilities, and pump fluxes and that the Goldman equation is but one of this set. Further, we demonstrate that the transmembrane potential is uniquely defined by the intracellular and extracellular activities, the permeability coefficients, and the ratio of the net mediated (nondiffusional) fluxes of any two ions of the same valence in a steady state, regardless of the behavior of other ions and without assumptions with respect to the electrical potential profile across the membrane. In the course of this, we also give an exact and general derivation of the Mullins-Noda relation.
Techniques for power estimation and optimization at the logic level: a survey

We present a survey of state-of-the-art power estimation methods and optimization techniques targeting low power VLSI circuits. Estimation and optimizations at the circuit and logic levels are considered.
The Relationship between Opinion Leadership and Information Acquisition

Previous research has demonstrated that opinion leaders consistently have more information on the topic of their leadership than do non-opinion leaders. This study tested two theoretical explanations for this phenomenon: selectivity in exposure to information, and differential attention to information. The results provide support for both explanations. Opinion leaders were found to acquire more information than non-opinion leaders under conditions of both voluntary and forced exposure to a mediated message. Both opinion leaders and non-opinion leaders acquired more information under forced exposure than under voluntary exposure.
Pacific Pleistocene Sediments: Planktonic Foraminifera Dissolution Cycles and Geochronology

Late Pleistocene equatorial Pacific sediments can be correlated by the ratios of certain solution-susceptible versus solution-resistant planktonic foraminifera. These ratios fluctuate in a cyclic manner whose timing is in phase with glacial-interglacial fluctuations established by oxygen isotope geo-chronology. Glacial stages are characterized by less solution of foraminifera than interglacial stages.
A Non-Shellable 3-Sphere

Shellability of simplicial complexes has been a useful concept in polyhedral theory, in piecewise linear topology and recently in connection with Cohen Macauley rings. In this paper we initiate a study of shellability in a graph theoretic context. For certain graphs, necessary and sufficient conditions for shellability are given. A correspondence is established between n-colored graphs and (n - 1)-dimensional simplicial complexes. Via this correspondence, results on shellability of graphs have implications for problems in P.L. topology. For example, it is known that all 2-spheres and convex d-spheres are shellable. It has been conjectured that all 3-spheres are shellable. A counter-example is provided in the following sense. We construct a finite cell complex whose cells are simplexes and such that the underlying space is a 3-sphere whose simplexes cannot be shelled.
Behavioral Correlates of the Interpersonal Jealousy Scale

To establish further the validity of the Interpersonal Jealousy scale, the investigators correlated it with each of two behavioral measures of (a) threat when one is confronted by a rival and (b) expressions of possessiveness toward the partner. Significant correlations were found to provide evidence of validity. As the Interpersonal Jealousy Scale and the behavioral measures of threat and possessiveness did not share method variance, the obtained validity data were judged to be impressive.
Diffuse gamma radiation from the galaxy and from extragalactic sources

Abstract From the earliest satellite measurements, it was clear that the high energy gamma ray sky was dominated by radiation from the galactic plane. The theoretical analyses of the time, and now, suggest that the majority of this radiation is diffuse, coming from cosmic ray interactions with the galactic matter and photons. The gamma ray measurements, therefore, provide the opportunity to gain significant additional insight into the galactic cosmic ray density distribution, the level of coupling of the cosmic rays and the matter, and, as it has developed, a better estimate of the molecular hydrogen density normalization. A cosmic ray density variation, at least broadly coupled to the galactic matter distribution, seems now to be supported by most of the analyses. This conclusion is consistent with the cosmic radiation being galactic and suggests the importance of future more sensitive gamma ray observations for the study of the detailed relationship between the cosmic rays and the galactic matter. An analysis of the radiation from high galactic latitudes suggest that, when the galactic radiation is subtracted, there is a residual isotropic radiation, which is believed to be extragalactic in origin. The diffuse gamma radiation from three local normal galaxies, the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds and M31, should be visible to at least one of the gamma ray telescopes on the Gamma Ray Observatory, and the first two should be seen by GAMMA-1. It is expected that the intensity and structure of both the Magellanic Clouds can be examined sufficiently well to study the cosmic ray density and thereby to determine the relevant scale of coupling for the cosmic rays and diffuse matter. Further, because of the apparently markedly different distributions of molecular and atomic hydrogen, particularly in the Small Magellanic Cloud, and the differences between the galaxies, an independent measure of the normalization of the diffuse molecular hydrogen should be possible for these two galaxies.
2-Deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose uptake in intercostal respiratory muscles on positron emission tomography/computed tomography: smokers versus nonsmokers.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) uptake in the intercostal respiratory muscles (ICM) of smokers versus nonsmokers using positron emission tomography (PET). Procedures Ninety-six whole-body PET/computed tomography (CT) scans were retrospectively reviewed; 61 studies were from smokers and 35 from nonsmokers. The ICM uptake from the lung apices to the level of the carina was visually scored with respect to FDG intensity as follows: 0 = uptake less than or equal to lung uptake; 1 = greater than lung, but less than mediastinal blood pool; 2 = equal to mediastinal blood pool; and 3 = greater than mediastinal blood pool. Results In smokers, 30 out of 61 (49.2%) PET/CT scans had uptake that localized to ICM, compared to 3/35 (8.6%) studies in nonsmokers. Average ICM uptake was significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers (0.787 ± 0.933 and 0.143 ± 0.494, respectively; P Conclusion Increased FDG uptake in ICM is a physiologic pattern of uptake that is frequently seen and is more common in smokers.
Third harmonic generation by iodine atoms and methyl iodide molecules

Abstract A dilute gas of I(2Po 1 2 ) atoms serves as a medium for optical third harmonic generation (THG) of wavelengths a little shorter than 206.2 nm, the wavelength of an atomic transition. It is also shown that a gas of the polyatomic molecule CH3I exhibits THG at wavelengths slightly longer than the first Rydberg transition at 201.2 nm. It is believed that this is a general phenomenon for molecules with sharp Rydberg transitions.
INCREASED SODIUM CHLORIDE AND WATER INTAKE OF NORMAL RATS TREATED WITH DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE

IN previous self-selection experiments it was found that adrenalectomized rats showed a greatly increased appetite for sodium chloride and that when given access to salt separately from their food they took enough to keep themselves alive and free from symptoms of insufficiency (Richter, 1936). It was further found that after implantation of adrenal tissue or after treatment with 1-desoxycorticosterone acetate the adrenalectomized rats reduced their salt intake to normal amounts (Richter and Eckert, 1938). Thus by their appetites the untreated adrenalectomized rats indicated that they needed salt, while those in which the adrenal cortical insufficiency was corrected indicated that they did not need additional salt. We have now applied this method of appetite study to the investigation of the changes in sodiumchloride and water needs produced by injections of desoxycorticosterone acetate in normal animals.We were interested to determine whether such rats would indicate by their appetite that they needed le...
p34Cdc2 Kinase Activity Is Excluded from the Nucleus during the Radiation-induced G2 Arrest in HeLa Cells

The progression of cells from G2 into mitosis is blocked by exposure to DNA-damaging agents such as ionizing radiation. This G2delay is associated with reduced cyclin B1-specific associated histone H1 kinase activity, increased inhibitory phosphorylation of p34Cdc2, and depressed cyclin B1 levels in HeLa cells. Induction of cyclin B1 or expression of Cdc2AF, a mutant p34Cdc2 that lacks the sites of inhibitory phosphorylation, only partially reverses the radiation-associated G2 delay, although both maneuvers rapidly result in increased histone H1 kinase activity. To account for the persistent G2 delay in the face of active p34Cdc2 kinase, we determined the location of the kinase activity. Although p34Cdc2 was active in the cytoplasm, the nuclear p34Cdc2 was inactive. Irradiation led to nuclear accumulation of the inactive tyrosine-phosphorylated form of p34Cdc2, whereas the active form was seen in the cytoplasm. At later times when cells had resumed cell cycle progression, nuclear kinase activity was detectable. These results give evidence of segregation of cytoplasmic and nuclear kinase activity after DNA damage that has the effect of enhancing checkpoint control. Shielding the nucleus from the potentially deleterious effects of kinase activity after DNA damage may help irradiated human cancer cells respond to irradiation.
Blogs: Emerging Knowledge Management Tools For Entrepreneurs to Enhance Marketing Efforts

ABSTRACT One of the more important knowledge management trends today is the growing emergence and power of Weblogs, or “blogs.” A recent BusinessWeek cover story predicted that blogs would radically alter the marketplace. Just what are blogs, how will they impact businesses, and how can entrepreneurs use them to enhance their businesses? They are not well researched in the academic literature. In this article, we examine the rapid growth in Web traffic to blogs and discuss how blogs can improve performance by improving the marketing function of firms. We then identify best practices used by the most visited blogs on the Internet. Practical implications, limitations, and academic research directions are also provided.
Morphable logic gates using logical stochastic resonance in an engineered gene network

A method for providing a biological logic gate comprising the following steps: subjecting a bistable autoregulatory gene network (GRN) to a noisy background; identifying adjustable parameters of the GRN; using logical stochastic resonance to determine values of the GRN parameters which result in the GRN performing different logic gate functions; and setting the parameter values of the GRN such that the GRN performs a first logic gate function.
Nutrition Concerns of Low-Income Elderly Women and Related Social Support

Abstract The objectives of this study were to ascertain what low-income, older adults who live in government-assisted housing perceived as barriers to good nutrition and to delineate the types of support they found helpful in overcoming those barriers. Four focus groups (n = 35) and 12 in-depth interviews were conducted with widows, age 75-90 years. All discussions were audiotaped, transcribed, and content analyzed following an interpretivist approach. The women described 17 sources of stress related to nutrition. The most common were limited finances, modified diets, transportation, functional impairments, and depressed affect. Most participants reported little support for financial difficulties or mental health. The women described instrumental support for help with food acquisition, and informational and emotional support for help following modified diets. Nutrition programs should re-examine and perhaps re-focus objectives to better match the perceptions of elders regarding nutrition stress and nutrit...
Computer-delivered interventions for health promotion and behavioral risk reduction: a meta-analysis of 75 randomized controlled trials, 1988-2007.

Abstract Objective The use of computers to promote healthy behavior is increasing. To evaluate the efficacy of these computer-delivered interventions, we conducted a meta-analysis of the published literature. Method Studies examining health domains related to the leading health indicators outlined in Healthy People 2010 were selected. Data from 75 randomized controlled trials, published between 1988 and 2007, with 35,685 participants and 82 separate interventions were included. All studies were coded independently by two raters for study and participant characteristics, design and methodology, and intervention content. We calculated weighted mean effect sizes for theoretically-meaningful psychosocial and behavioral outcomes; moderator analyses determined the relation between study characteristics and the magnitude of effect sizes for heterogeneous outcomes. Results Compared with controls, participants who received a computer-delivered intervention improved several hypothesized antecedents of health behavior (knowledge, attitudes, intentions); intervention recipients also improved health behaviors (nutrition, tobacco use, substance use, safer sexual behavior, binge/purge behaviors) and general health maintenance. Several sample, study and intervention characteristics moderated the psychosocial and behavioral outcomes. Conclusion Computer-delivered interventions can lead to improved behavioral health outcomes at first post-intervention assessment. Interventions evaluating outcomes at extended assessment periods are needed to evaluate the longer-term efficacy of computer-delivered interventions.
Farming for energy: social options under Brazil's National Alcohol Programme

Abstract The first 5 years of the Brazilian National Alcohol Programme are assessed in terms of their stated social objectives of reducing regional inequalities and rural-urban income disparities, and expanding employment opportunities. The effects of energy production systems based on the two principal competing energy feedstocks, sugar cane and cassava, are compared in terms of these objectives, as well as their impact on land distribution, food supply, migration and environment. Greater use of cassava is clearly indicated from a social standpoint, but initial policies, influenced by institutional interests, have favoured sugar cane. Possible strategies for enhancing the Programme's social development potential are suggested.
Evaluating the toxicity of urban patterns of oxidant gases. I. An automated chronic gaseous animal inhalation exposure facility.

An automated animal inhalation exposure facility was designed to conduct chronic exposures of rodents to gaseous pollutants. The facility consisted of 3 walk‐in chambers with modular cages to allow for exposure of up to a maximum of 480 mice or 240 adult rats. Critical parameters of operation, such as relative humidity, pollutant concentration, and temperature, were monitored continuously. Failure of the system to maintain parameters within specified limits activated the alarm system. Distribution of test gases in the chambers was evaluated for homogeneity, and the standard deviation was determined to be within ±5% of the target concentrations throughout the chamber. The exposure facility was successfully used to expose 720 rats to diurnal patterns of O 3 (baseline of 0.06ppm for 13 h with an exposure peak to 0.25 ppm over 9 h) and NO 2 (baseline of 0.5 ppm for 16 h with an exposure peak to 1.5 ppm over 6 h) for a period of 18 mo.
New methods for coloring and clique partitioning in data path allocation

Abstract The EGAD data path allocation system is investigating the use of coloring of conflict graphs and clique partitioning of compatibility graphs to allocate operations onto functional units, values into registers, and data transfes onto interconnect. This work is a part of the high-level synthesis effort at Carnegie Mellon University, called the System Architect's Workbench. The least cost clique partitioning and coloring problems have been widely used for data path allocation in high-level synthesis. This paper describes research areas important to writing good data path allocation heuristics. A new approach to modeling cost based on set inclusion, and a technique for estimating the quality of solutions based on the duality theorem of linear programming are presented.
Relationships between sensory descriptors, consumer acceptability and volatile flavor compounds of American dry-cured ham.

The relationships between volatile flavor compounds, sensory descriptors and consumer acceptability were determined for eight commercial American dry-cured hams using external preference and flavor mapping. The majority of consumers preferred (p < 0.05) hams that had more intense caramelized, smoky, savory and molasses aromas as well as more intense sweet and savory flavors. Sixteen aroma impact compounds were identified from the headspace volatiles of dry-cured hams. The majority of consumers preferred (p < 0.05) hams that were characterized by 4-methyl-2-methoxyphenol (sweet ham), 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (sweet ham), 2-methoxyphenol (smoky, cocoa), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (smoky ham, savory) and 2-furanmethanol (burnt meat, vitamin). Fourteen percent of consumers preferred (p < 0.05) two hams that were characterized by methional (baked potato). Consumer acceptability scores were lower for hams either characterized by methanethiol (sulfur), carbon disulfide (sulfur), 2-butanone (sweet), 3-methylbutanal (malty, fermented), 2-heptanone (burnt meat, vitamin), hexanal (cut grass), benzeneacetaldehyde (floral), 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom) or characterized by benzaldehyde (burnt meat, cooked meat) and limonene (citrus). This study revealed how relationships between sensory descriptors, consumer acceptability and volatile flavor compounds could be determined using external preference mapping and used to comprehend the nature of dry-cured ham flavor as it is perceived by a consumer panel.
Confidence intervals for treatment effect from restricted maximum likelihood

Abstract An explicit form of confidence intervals for the treatment effect in random effects meta-analysis model obtained from Harville–Jeske–Kenward–Roger approach is given. These restricted likelihood based intervals are compared to alternative procedures commonly used in collaborative studies when the number of participants is small and study-specific variances are heterogeneous. Monte Carlo simulation experiments show that the former intervals have quite conservative coverage probabilities and favor the latter intervals.