cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
p-AZIDOPHENYLGLYOXAL-EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR: A PHOTOACTIVATABLE AFFINITY CROSSLINKING REAGENT

AbstractA photoaffinity derivative of highly purified 125I-labelled epidermal growth factor (125I-EGF) has been synthesized. The heterobifunctional crosslinking reagent p-azidophenylglyoxal (PAPG) was bound to arginine residues in 125I-EGF. PAPG-125I-EGF bound to EGF receptors on rat fibroblasts and human A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells in culture. An apparent decreased affinity of PAPG-125I-EGF for the EGF receptor is in accord with at least one arginine being at or near the EGF receptor binding site. The PAPG-125I-EGF:EGF receptor complexes on rat cells were internalized to the same extent as control EGF:receptor complexes. A431 cells treated with PAPG-125I-EGF were irradiated with ultraviolet light and the labelled proteins were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 3 major labelled proteins had apparent molecular weights ranging from 75,000 to 200,000. Only the labelling of the 200,000-Mr protein was prevented by the addition of excess unlabelled EGF with the PAPG-125I-EGF. This mole...
UPDATE OF THE LONG-TERM INFLOW AND STRUCTURAL TEST PROGRAM *†

The Long-term Inflow and Structural Test (LIST) program is collecting long-term, continuous inflow and structural response data to characterize the extreme loads on wind turbines. The initial data set, collected from a heavily instrumented Micon 65/13M turbine with SERI 8-m blades, has been reported previously. The test turbine is located in Bushland, TX, a site that exposes it to a wind regime representative of a Great Plains commercial site. The turbine and its inflow are being characterized with 59 measurements: 34 to characterize the inflow, 18 to characterize structural response, and 7 to characterize the time-varying state of the turbine. While the initial measurement campaign obtained over 330 hours of data, the test was terminated early because of premature failure of the blade strain gauges. During the measurement campaign the Accurate Time Linked data Acquisition System (ATLAS ) experienced numerous failures of individual components preventing truly continuous data acquisition for extended time periods. The ATLAS has been upgraded, the strain gauges have been reworked, and a second measurement campaign has begun. The system was operated from early February 2003 until early May with an availability of 95.6 percent. The
Morphology and behavior of the feeding apparatus in Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Amphibia: Caudata)

Cine and high-speed videographic analyses of feeding in Cryptobranchus alleganiensis demonstrate that prey are captured by either inertial suction or a strike combined with suction. Movements of cephalic elements during capture are generally similar to those of other suction-feeding vertebrates but more variable than those of most aquatic salamanders. Following capture, prey frequently are manipulated and transported into and out of the buccal cavity across the teeth. Specific features of the skull, mandibles, hyoid apparatus, and cephalic musculature of Cryptobranchus correlate directly with behavior. Although the skull is massive, sutures of the anterior braincase permit limited torsion, the maxillae move on their attachments to the braincase, and left and right mandibles are separated by elastic connective tissues. These features provide flexibility and permit asynchronous and asymmetric movements of the mandibles. Equivalent asymmetry and asynchrony of hyobranchial movements are also correlated with specific structural arrangements that may be neither paedomorphic nor primitive. Its feeding mechanics suggest that Cryptobranchus represents a unique and highly derived condition among salamanders. Its ability to modulate movements of the left and right sides of its head argues strongly for the existence of bilaterally asynchronous motor patterns, and patterns of force generation, similar to but much faster than those employed in mammalian mastication. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of anisotropic bending rigidity and finite twisting rigidity on statistical properties of DNA model filaments

The persistence length and effective long-range bending rigidity are derived for a discrete model of an anisotropically bending filament and shown to be independent of the torsional rigidity. The twisting persistence length is found to be independent of the anisotropic bending rigidity. Other statistical properties are briefly discussed, including the dependence of tangent vector projections on contour length. The dependence of a tensor contraction on contour length is derived for an isotropically bending filament with no equilibrium twist.
Segmentation of textures defined on flat vs. layered surfaces using neural networks: Comparison of 2D vs. 3D representations

Texture boundary detection (or segmentation) is an important capability in human vision. Usually, texture segmentation is viewed as a 2D problem, as the definition of the problem itself assumes a 2D substrate. However, an interesting hypothesis emerges when we ask a question regarding the nature of textures: What are textures, and why did the ability to discriminate texture evolve or develop? A possible answer to this question is that textures naturally define physically distinct (i.e., occluded) surfaces. Hence, we can hypothesize that 2D texture segmentation may be an outgrowth of the ability to discriminate surfaces in 3D. In this paper, we conducted computational experiments with artificial neural networks to investigate the relative difficulty of learning to segment textures defined on flat 2D surfaces vs. those in 3D configurations where the boundaries are defined by occluding surfaces and their change over time due to the observer's motion. It turns out that learning is faster and more accurate in 3D, very much in line with our expectation. Furthermore, our results showed that the neural network's learned ability to segment texture in 3D transfers well into 2D texture segmentation, bolstering our initial hypothesis, and providing insights on the possible developmental origin of 2D texture segmentation function in human vision.
Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of insulin-loaded poly(acryloyl-hydroxyethyl starch)-PLGA composite microspheres.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel composite microsphere delivery system composed of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and poly(acryloyl hydroxyethyl starch) (acryloyl derivatized HES; AcHES) hydrogel using bovine insulin as a model therapeutic protein.
Role allocation in human-robot interaction schemes for mission scenario execution

In this paper, we focus on the problem of maximizing system performance for future space exploration missions involving both human and robot agents. One of the main challenges in human-robot interaction scenarios is determining which tasks are best done with either human, robotic systems, or in collaboration with each. Such partitioning of the task space must acknowledge the capabilities of both agents, as well as incorporate the effect of repetitive workload, or stress, on the human operator. Our methodology for role allocation, which typically consists of either the human or the machine executing a single task, is based on predicting system performance of a given scenario by incorporating the concept of task switching. Task switching is defined as the process of alternating or switching attention between tasks when responding to a sequence of stimulus presentations. Using this concept, system performance can be predicted and used to determine an optimal allocation of tasks to be divided between human controlled and autonomous robotic systems to minimize mental workload while maximizing task performance. We provide details of the approach in this paper and present our results as applied to a simulated rendezvous/docking mission scenario
Iron age skulls from Southern Africa re‐assessed by multiple discriminant analysis

Multiple discriminant analysis of Bushman, Hottentot and Bantu Negro skulls allows construction of a multidimensional space or statistical framework within which various problematical Iron Age skeletal remains from southern Africa can then be located, and the question of their affinities with the extant groups examined. Comparison of subfossil crania from Zambia, Rhodesia, Botswana and South Africa with the modern population samples in a 27-variable discriminant analysis reveals the following: (1) Six skulls from the Iron Age site K2 (Bambandyanalo) and nine tentatively associated with the Leopard's Kopje Iron Age complex of southwestern Rhodesia and Botswana are assigned as Negro, and many are in fact excluded at a 95% probability from being Bushman or Hottentot. Previous descriptions of these, and especially the K2, remains as “proto-Hottentot,” Hottentot, “large Khoisan” or, most often, as “Bush-Boskopoid” thus seem unjustified, at least on metrical grounds, and probably true Negroes had crossed the Limpopo into what is now South Africa by 1000 A.D. (2) Assignments for the Ingombe Ilede (Zambia) skulls and for individuals unearthed in Harare “pot burials” near Salisbury are inconsistent; some of these skulls are almost certainly Negro, whereas others, though not excluded statistically from all Bantu distributions, are better classified as Hottentot. The (more recent?) Kakamas specimens from burials along the Orange River appear to constitute a mixed sample rather than one representative of some homogeneous “true Hottentot” population. (3) Nearly all of the subfossil remains tested fall within the multivariate ranges of variation calculated for the several modern African groups. In view of this, attempts to discern in such material a variety of “types” or “strains” (e.g., “Bush-Boskop,” “Kakamas,” “Gerontomorph,” “Europoid,” etc.) might better be discarded in favor of a classification based on Bushman, Hottentot and Negro categories only. Multiple discriminant analysis demonstrates the existence of no other separate groups among the crania examined.
Prejudice Toward People With Cancer or AIDS: Applying the Integrated Threat Model

Two experiments applied the integrated threat theory of prejudice to predicting attitudes toward people with terminal cancer or AIDS. The measures, which were designed to assess the components of the model (realistic threats, symbolic threats, inter group anxiety, and negative stereotypes), were reliable and generally predictive of attitudes. The theory predicted attitudes toward AIDS better than attitudes toward cancer, perhaps because more people believe that they are likely to become a member of the cancer out-group. The benefits of applying social psychological theory to health issues are discussed along with suggestions for future research.
Dental Sedation in Children

Dental caries, a common ailment in children, often requires sedation. A majority of these sedations are provided by the dentist and take place in their offices. Dentists undergo training to deliver moderate sedation. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentists has published guidelines and policies for dentists who administer sedation and anesthesia in their offices. Oral sedation is the most common sedation technique used for dental caries, historically in the form of a “cocktail.” However, safety concerns of the “cocktail” combined with the improved safety and efficacy of midazolam have shifted the sedation regimen toward midazolam. The intranasal route for moderate sedation is used increasingly in dental sedation. An anesthesiologist may provide moderate or deep IV sedation or general anesthesia in the office. Hospital-based anesthesia is also used, but access and cost restrict its use. Sedation is an important service, but patient safety always comes first.
Impact of medical and behavioural factors on influenza-like illness, healthcare-seeking, and antiviral treatment during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: USA, 2009-2010.

We analysed a cross-sectional telephone survey of U.S. adults to assess the impact of selected characteristics on healthcare-seeking behaviours and treatment practices of people with influenza-like illness (ILI) from September 2009–March 2010. Among 216,431 respondents, 8.1% reported ILI. After adjusting for selected characteristics, respondents 18–64 years old with the following factors were more likely to report ILI: a diagnosis of asthma (1.88 adjusted odds ratio [aOR]; 95% CI, 1.67–2.13) or heart disease (1.41 aOR; 95% CI 1.17–1.70), being disabled (1.75 aOR; 95% CI, 1.57–1.96), and reporting financial barriers to healthcare access (1.63 aOR; 95% CI, 1.45–1.82). Similar associations were seen among respondents ≥65 years old. Forty percent of respondents with ILI sought healthcare, and 14% who sought healthcare reported receiving influenza antiviral treatment. Treatment was not more frequent in patients with high-risk conditions, except those 18–64 years old with heart disease (1.90 aOR; 95% CI, 1.03–3.51). Among patients at high-risk for influenza complications, self-reported ILI was greater but receipt of antiviral treatment was not, despite guidelines recommending their use in this population.
High fluid intake increases urine free cortisol excretion in normal subjects.

To test the hypothesis that increased fluid intake increases the urine free cortisol, we prescribed 5 liters of fluid intake per day or a normal fluid intake according to a randomized cross-over design in six normal volunteers. Each period lasted 5 days, with a 2-day washout period of normal fluid intake between the two periods. Urine free cortisol, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, and creatinine were measured daily during each study period, and the average value over each 5-day period was calculated for each subject. High fluid intake caused a significant increase in the mean urine free cortisol [126 ± 33 (sd) vs. 77 ± 18 μg/day, P < 0.005]. The frequency of urine free cortisol results that exceeded the upper normal limit of 95 μg/day was also much higher during high fluid intake (23/30 vs. 6/30, P < 0.005). By contrast, urine 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (high fluid vs. normal fluid: 5.3 ± 1.5 vs. 5.0 ± 1.7 mg/day, respectively, P = not significant) and urine creatinine (1.51 ± 0.48 vs. 1.45 ± 0.37 g/day, P = no...
Modular solar array flight experiment: A platform for rapid technology evaluation

The need to test new space solar array systems within their combined effects operational environment persists. Previous flight experiments have characterized cell electrical behavior, yielding valuable degradation and performance information—at the cell level. Unfortunately, many space vehicles experience failures at a higher level of integration. The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) continues to invest in advanced cell, string, and structural technologies for solar arrays, which must be validated as a complete assembly within the space environment. This paper outlines engineering objectives and flight configuration for the Modular Solar Array (MSA) flight experiment. MSA in this application serves as an experimental platform but was also designed to address the current, labor intensive practice of fabricating custom solar arrays. This is accomplished by standardizing the module's mechanical and electrical interfaces while retaining high photovoltaic cell packing factor. Commonality among modules facilitates rapid power system design, damaged module replacement and new technology insertion. As such this flight experiment has two principle thrusts: ground demonstration of the flexibility of modular architectures, and acquisition of string level performance data within a near earth orbit. The on-orbit data gathered will be compared to ground test data to improve confidence in scaling MSA for use on LEO, GEO spacecraft. **MSA is one of four experiment packages on STPSat-4, a free flying spacecraft ejected from the international space station. Launch is scheduled for late 2016.
Studies of the Helix-Coil Transition and Aggregation in Polypeptides by Fluorescence Techniques

The technique of polarization of fluorescence using dye-macromolecule conjugates is a very sensitive hydrodynamic method for studying intramolecular transitions and intermolecular interactions. Several considerations influence the choice of the dye in such conjugates: extinction coefficient, lifetime, effect of pH, and interaction with the macromolecule to which it is coupled. Fluorescein has a higher molar extinction coefficient (3.4 × 104) than DNS (1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl chloride) (4.3 ×103); therefore, it is useful when working with small amounts of material. The lifetime of DNS is constant from approximately pH 2 to 14 (2), whereas that of fluorescein is strongly dependent upon pH. The latter varies in an approximately linear fashion from pH 2 (<1 ns) to pH 8 (6 ns); thereafter, it gradually increases (7 ns at pH 11.8). In addition, the lifetime of the dye can also be influenced by the molecule to which it is coupled. The degree of polarization of DNS and its conjugates is not significantly influenced by pH over the range 2.5 to 14; hence, DNS is useful for studying the effect of pH on intra-molecular transitions. On the other hand, fluorescein and its conjugates are quite sensitive to the effects of acid and base, so fluorescein is not useful for such studies (3). Finally, the interaction between the dye and the molecule to which it is attached is different for fluorescein and DNS conjugates. This factor influences measurement of the rotational relaxation time more than that of the transition temperature, i.e., the temperature at which internal rotation or intermolecular aggregation occurs. This effect may be due to the capabilities of the various dyes to interact with different portions of the macromolecule; thus, they would reflect the behavior of different rotational units (3).
Collective action from a distance: Distance shapes how people view victims of injustice and decreases willingness to engage in collective action

The present research examines whether distance affects not only how people view victims of injustice, but also group members’ willingness to engage in collective action. Across two experiments, exa...
A Phylogeny of New Guinea Rodent Genera Based on Phallic Morphology

The morphology of the male phallus is described for 19 of the 23 genera of New Guinea rodents; 28 species are included among the 72 penises examined. A total of 66 characters was studied on each penis and the resulting data were carefully analysed for phylogenetic evidence. An interpretation of the relationships among the taxa examined, based solely on the phallic data, is presented in a phylogenetic tree. Comparisons are then made with the earlier phylogenetic hypotheses, which were based on dental and external body features only. Both approaches indicate four major subdivisions in the endemic fauna. An hypothesis is proposed that accounts for the evolution of all endemic forms from only two invading stocks, one in the Pleistocene giving rise to endemic species of Rattus, and one in the Miocene leading to all the other native rodents. In addition, four widespread modern species have reached New Guinea with the help of man. The extant genus most like the hypothetical original murid immigrant is Anisomys. Evidence is presented indicating that Hyomys should be placed in the XJromys group rather than with Pogonomys and Mallomys. Finally, Pogonomelomys is shown to be almost certainly polyphyletic.
Observing Coastal and Ocean Ecosystems

Marine environments contain substantial biological diversity, deliver vital ecosystem services, supply valuable natural resources, and are a core component of our weather and climate system. However, the ocean environment is complex and ever-changing. Examining how our oceans, atmosphere, and landmasses interact would be virtually impossible without the use of a wide variety of sensors and platforms. Satellite observation sensors work in concert with in situ sensors (e.g., buoys and high-frequency radars), research vessels and ships of opportunity, aircraft, gliders (unmanned underwater robots), autonomous undersea vehicles (AUVs), drifters, animal telemetry, and tripod LiDAR to provide cohesive information regarding deep ocean, coastal, and shelf areas in order to understand the complexity, function, and structure of these systems.
On Some Properties of Fibnacci Sequences

The Fibnacci sequences is studied,and two important properties are give,then two equalities are inferred.
On Problems and Solutions of Service for Aged Living with Their Own Family in Urban Community of China

At present,along with the population aging in China, the traditional mode of taking care of aged based on family can not meet with living demands of the aged.Service for urban aged living with their own family is becoming the best choice.At present,based on practices of many years,a system of service for aged living with their own family has been set up in major cities all around the country.However,we should improve the system in the view of financing,institution,content,evaluation and so on.
Measurement Issues Affecting Threshold-Voltage Instability Characterization of SiC MOSFETs

This work focuses on measurement issues that affect the accuracy of positive bias temperature instability measurements of SiC power MOSFETs using a conventional sweep technique to characterize the threshold voltage, VT. Threshold-voltage shifts occurring during stress are readily recoverable during the measurement, resulting in an underestimation in VT degradation. Recovery of VT due to gate-stress relaxation before or during the measurement was a major source of measurement error that was mitigated by performing an immediate sweep down in gate voltage, VGS, from the stress bias toward threshold. Allowing the gate bias to drop to zero just prior to measuring by sweeping VGS positively resulted in smaller observed degradation due to VT recovery. This result is important, especially in cases where the gate stress has to be completely removed before making any electrical measurements. The VT shift caused by bias stress can quickly recover and yield test results that underestimate the effect of the applied stress. A full recovery of VT was observed following a positive gate bias stress for conditions where the gate was either subject to a negative gate voltage for a few seconds, or when VGS was maintained at zero volts for several minutes.
Analysis of Instant Search Query Logs.

Instant search is a new search paradigm that shows results as a user types in a query. It has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its simplicity and power. In an instantsearch system, every keystroke from a user triggers a new request to the server. Therefore, its log has a richer content than that of a traditional search system, and previous log analysis research is not applicable to this type of log. In this paper, we study the problem of analyzing the query log of an instant-search system. We propose a classication scheme for user typing behaviors. We also compare the log of an instant-search system and that of a traditional search system on the same data. The results show that on a people directory search system, instant search can typically save 2 seconds per search, reduce the typing eort by showing the results with fewer characters entered, and increase the success rate.
Phase diagram of ammonium perchlorate: Raman spectroscopic constrains at high pressures and temperatures

We present the pressure-temperature (PT) induced physical and chemical transformations in ammonium perchlorates (APs) up to 50 GPa and 450 °C, using diamond anvil cells and confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy, which provide new constraints for the phase diagram of AP. The results show spectral evidences for three new polymorphs (III, IV, and VI) of AP, in addition to two previously known phases (I and II), at various PT conditions with varying degrees of hydrogen bonding and lack of strong spectral evidence for previously known high-temperature cubic phase (phase V). Upon further heating, AP chemically decomposes to N2, N2O, and H2O. The present phase diagram is, therefore, in sharp contrast to the previous one, underscoring a rich polymorphism, a large stability field for solids, and a replacement of the melt with a decomposition line.
A Ground State Atomic Beam Polarized Ion Source for the High Voltage Terminal of the Ohio State 7 MV Pressurized van de Graaff Accelerator

A ground state atomic beam polarized ion source has been constructed for operation within the high voltage terminal of a 7 MV pressurized Van de Graaff accelerator. This environment is quite unusual for a polarized source and, as such, places many special constraints on its design. For instance, the source must be very compact (length < 1.4 m) and lightweight (as it is supported solely by the glass accelerator tube), it must operate on less than 4 kW of power (limited by the alternator in the h.v. terminal), and it must withstand an external pressure of 225 psi. The most formidable problem we encountered was in satisfying our vacuum demands as quick reflection shows that conventional vacuum systems are totally inadequate. A custom designed system utilizing a rod-type titanium sublimator together with an integral ion pump admirably meets our requirements of high pumping speeds (2200 l/sec at 10−5 torr for H2) at the dissociator, as well as of high ultimate vacuums (~ 10−8 torr) under light gas load conditions such as in the ionizer chamber. McEver et al. 1) describe this pumping system more fully elsewhere.
Cross-generational effects of parental low dose BPA exposure on the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone3 system and larval behavior in medaka (Oryzias latipes).

Abstract Growing evidence indicates that chronic exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) may disrupt normal brain function and behavior mediated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pathways. Previous studies have shown that low dose BPA (200 ng/ml) exposure during embryogenesis altered development of extra-hypothalamic GnRH3 systems and non-reproductive locomotor behavior in medaka. Effects of parental low-dose BPA exposure on the development of GnRH3 systems and locomotor behavior of offspring are not well known. This study examines whether the neurophysiological and behavioral effects of BPA in parents (F0 generation) are carried over to their offspring (F1 generation) using stable transgenic medaka embryos/larvae with GnRH3 neurons tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Parental fish were exposed to BPA (200 ng/ml) for either life-long or different developmental time windows. Fertilized F1 eggs were collected and raised in egg/fish water with no environmental exposure to BPA. All experiments were performed on F1 embryos/larvae, which were grouped based on the following parental (F0) BPA exposure conditions – (i) Group 1 (G1): through life; (ii) G2: during embryogenesis and early larval development [1–14 days post fertilization (dpf)]; (iii) G3: during neurogenesis (1–5 dpf); and (iv) G4: during sex differentiation (5–14 dpf). Embryos from unexposed vehicle treated parents served as controls (G0). G1 embryos showed significantly reduced survival rates and delayed hatching time compared to other groups, while G4 embryos hatched significantly earlier than all other groups. At 3 dpf, the GnRH3-GFP intensity was increased by 47% in G3 embryos and decreased in G4 embryos by 59% compared to controls. At 4 dpf, G1 fish showed 42% increased intensity, while GFP intensity was reduced by 44% in G3 subjects. In addition, the mean brain size of G1, G3 and G4 embryos were smaller than that of control at 4 dpf. At 20 dpf, all larvae from BPA-treated parents showed significantly decreased total movement (distance covered) compared with controls, with G2 and G3 fish showing reduced velocity of movement. While at 20 dpf no group differences were seen in the soma diameter of GnRH3-GFP neurons, a 34% decrease in SV2 expression, a marker for synaptic transmission, in G1 larvae was observed. These data suggest that parental BPA exposure during critical windows of embryonic development or chronic treatment affects next-generation offspring both in embryonic and larval brain development as well as larval behavior.
A New Heaven for a New Earth: Religion in the Contemporary Spanish Novel

Considering theories of space and place, Richardson reveals historical links between urban and religious practice, and uses this spatial-spiritual nexus to analyze contemporary Spanish fiction. Nathan Richardson contextualizes his analysis through references to films by De la Iglesia and Amenabar and novels by Perez-Reverte, Toro, and Loriga, demonstrating the transformation of religion in turn-of-the-century Spain from moribund object of mockery to fascinating resurgent cultural force. In the new century, Rafael Chirbes, Andres Barba, David Trueba, and Pablo Gutierrez explore the simultaneous failure of traditional religion and the persistence, if not the rise, of new forms of religious expression that can be linked to the evolving conditions of a post-secular global urbanism. La hermana de Katia, Saber perder, and Nada es crucial receive particular attention.
No Borders: The Politics of Immigration Control and Resistance

From the desperate resistance in the Calais Jungle of north-eastern France to the ‘The 300’ hunger strikes in Athens, Greece, Natasha King takes us on a journey into the thick of no-border politics...
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent disorder among children that can cause clinically significant functional impairment, especially when it occurs with common comorbidities such as anxiety, mood, disruptive behavior, or substance use disorders. Traumatized children also may develop an acute stress disorder (ASD) when traumatic stress symptoms are severe and persistent in the first several days and weeks in the aftermath of exposure to traumatic stressors. In this chapter, we will describe the history of childhood PTSD’s origin and changing definitions as it evolved as a theoretical and empirical construct and clinical diagnosis, with a detailed discussion of how PTSD and ASD are defined in the DSM-5 (including adaptations for children and separate criteria for diagnosing PTSD in preschool-age children). The chapter then provides a review of empirical evidence regarding epidemiology (prevalence and comorbidities), etiology (risk factors and causal mechanisms, including ethnocultural, gender, and developmental factors), and DSM-5 informed assessment, treatment, and prevention of pediatric PTSD.
An Efficient Source Anonymity Technique based on Exponential Distribution against a Global Adversary Model using Fake Injections

The security of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is vital in several applications such as the tracking and monitoring of endangered species such as pandas in a national park or soldiers in a battlefield. This kind of applications requires the anonymity of the source, known as Source Location Privacy (SLP). The main aim is to prevent an adversary from tracing back a real event to the originator by analyzing the network traffic. Previous techniques have achieved high anonymity such as Dummy Uniform Distribution (DUD), Dummy Adaptive Distribution (DAD) and Controlled Dummy Adaptive Distribution (CAD). However, these techniques increase the overall overhead of the network. To overcome this shortcoming, a new technique is presented: Exponential Dummy Adaptive Distribution (EDAD). In this technique, an exponential distribution is used instead of the uniform distribution to reduce the overhead without sacrificing the anonymity of the source. The exponential distribution improves the lifetime of the network since it decreases the number of transmitted packets within the network. It is straightforward and easy to implement because it has only one parameter λ that controls the transmitting rate of the network nodes. The conducted adversary model is global, which has a full view of the network and is able to perform sophisticated attacks such as rate monitoring and time correlation. The simulation results show that the proposed technique provides less overhead and high anonymity with reasonable delay and delivery ratio. Three different analysis models are developed to confirm the validation of our technique. These models are visualization model, a neural network model, and a steganography model.
Using Poisson-regularized inversion of Bremsstrahlung emission to extract full electron energy distribution functions from x-ray pulse-height detector data

We measured Electron Energy Distribution Functions (EEDFs) from below 200 eV to over 8 keV and spanning five orders-of-magnitude in intensity, produced in a low-power, RF-heated, tandem mirror discharge in the PFRC-II apparatus. The EEDF was obtained from the x-ray energy distribution function (XEDF) using a novel Poisson-regularized spectrum inversion algorithm applied to pulse-height spectra that included both Bremsstrahlung and line emissions. The XEDF was measured using a specially calibrated Amptek Silicon Drift Detector (SDD) pulse-height system with 125 eV FWHM at 5.9 keV. The algorithm is found to out-perform current leading x-ray inversion algorithms when the error due to counting statistics is high.
Packing measure of super separated iterated function systems

Let J be the limit set of an iterated function system in $$\mathbb {R}^d$$ satisfying the open set condition. It is well known that the h-dimensional packing measure of J is positive and finite when h is given by Hutchinson’s formula. However, it may be hard to find a formula for the h-dimensional packing measure of J. We introduce the super separation condition and use it to reduce the problem of computing the packing measure to checking densities of a finite number of balls around each point in the limit set. We then use this fact to find formulas for the packing measure of a class of Cantor sets in $$\mathbb {R}$$ , a class of fractals based on regular convex polygons in $$\mathbb {R}^2$$ , and a class of fractals based on regular simplexes in $$\mathbb {R}^d$$ for $$d \ge 3$$ .
The role of extended Fe4S4cluster ligands in mediating sulfite reductase hemoprotein activity.

The siroheme-containing subunit from the multimeric hemoflavoprotein NADPH-dependent sulfite reductase (SiR/SiRHP) catalyzes the six electron-reduction of SO32- to S2-. Siroheme is an iron-containing isobacteriochlorin that is found in sulfite and homologous siroheme-containing nitrite reductases. Siroheme does not work alone but is covalently coupled to a Fe4S4 cluster through one of the cluster's ligands. One long-standing hypothesis predicted from this observation is that the environment of one iron-containing cofactor influences the properties of the other. We tested this hypothesis by identifying three amino acids (F437, M444, and T477) that interact with the Fe4S4 cluster and probing the effect of altering them to alanine on the function and structure of the resulting enzymes by use of activity assays, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and EPR spectroscopy. We showed that F437 and M444 gate access for electron transfer to the siroheme-cluster assembly and the direct hydrogen bond between T477 and one of the cluster sulfides is important for determining the geometry of the siroheme active site.
PITX Genes and Ocular Development

The anterior segment of the vertebrate eye is a complex arrangement of interdependent tissues of different embryonic origins. Despite its critical role in normal vision, relatively little is currently known about the development of the anterior segment and its molecular determinants. All three members of the PITX homeobox-containing transcription factor gene family were found to be expressed in the anterior segment structures during embryonic development. Two of these genes, PITX2 and PITX3, were shown to be responsible for a spectrum of developmental anterior segment phenotypes associated with glaucoma, corneal opacities and cataracts in humans and mice. These findings demonstrate a requirement of PITX genes for normal development of the anterior segment of the eye and provide tools to study the molecular control of development of these structures.
My Smartphone Recognizes Genuine QR Codes!: Practical Unclonable QR Code via 3D Printing

Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, has been widely applied in product manufacturing. However, the emerging unauthorized access of 3D printing data, as well as the growth in the pervasiveness and capability of 3D printing devices have raised serious concerns about 3D printing product anti-counterfeit. Electronic product tags are the current standard for authentication purposes; however, often this technology is neither secure nor cost-effective, and fails to take advantage of other unique 3D printing features. Considering the great usability of the QR code, we are motivated to enhance the QR code for the practical and cost-effective 3D printing product identification. Particularly, we bring up the all-in-one design, all-in-one manufacturing concept incorporating the QR code in the complete 3D printing paradigm. In detail, we explore the possibility of leveraging the random and uncontrollable process variations in the 3D printing system to generate a unique fingerprint for the integrated QR code. To this end, we present an end-to-end 3D-printed QR code verification framework, which does not change the original QR protocol and functionality. The entire solution can be implemented with commodity 3D printers and smartphones. Specifically, we first investigate the inevitable and random process variations in the 3D printing mechanism and analyze the causality between the variations and detectable geometric deformation. We further develop a fingerprint extraction algorithm taking into account both the QR code property and the 3D printer characteristics. The system evaluation indicates that our solution is secure and robust in multiple scenarios.
Twigs on the same branch? Identifying personality profiles in police officers using psychopathic personality traits

Abstract Recent high-profile incidents reignited the conversation about psychopathic traits in police officers. Psychopathy is characterized by multiple variants: primary and secondary psychopathy. There is limited research examining psychopathy in populations that may exhibit adaptive psychopathic traits. This study used model-based cluster analyses of high psychopathy scorers to investigate psychopathic subtypes in an urban police sample. Relative to the primary subtype, the secondary group displayed higher levels of Self-Centered Impulsivity, trait anxiety, covert narcissism, borderline personality disorder traits, substance use, psychiatric treatment, and aggression. These findings support the concept of successful psychopathy and the existence of psychopathy profiles in police officers, providing a useful look at how successful psychopathy may manifest as well as implications for the criminal justice system and police departments.
Matter tensor from the Hilbert variational principle

We consider the Hilbert variational principle which is conventionally used to derive Einstein's equations for the source-free gravitational field. We show that at least one version of the equivalence principle suggests an alternative way of performing the variation, resulting in a different set of Einstein equations with sources automatically present. This illustrates a technique which may be applied to any theory that is derived from a variational principle and that admits a gauge group. The essential point is that, if one first imposes a gauge condition and then performs the variation, one obtains field equations with source terms which do not appear if one first performs the variation and then imposes the gauge condition. A second illustration is provided by the variational principle conventionally used to derive Maxwell's equations for the source-free electromagnetic field. If one first imposes the Lorentz gauge condition and then performs the variation, one obtains Maxwell's equations with sources present. (AIP)
Does MEST-C score predict outcomes in pediatric Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis?

Children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) have an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Renal biopsy diagnostic of HSPN is graded using the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children criteria, which do not predict outcomes. The 2016 Oxford Classification’s MEST-C scoring system predicts outcomes in adults with histologically identical IgA nephropathy, but evidence of its utility in pediatric HSPN is lacking. Our hypothesis was that MEST-C scores predict outcomes in children with HSPN. A retrospective cohort analysis of data from 32 children with HSPN who underwent renal biopsy was performed. We used logistic regression and receiver operator characteristic curves to analyze the ability of MEST-C to predict the composite outcome of hypertension (blood pressure ≥ 95% for age/sex/height), CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate 0.2 mg/mg). The median age at diagnosis was 7.9 years (IQR 5.8, 11.7); 56% were male, 19% were Hispanic, and 9% were Black. After a median follow-up of 2.7 years, 38% of patients (n = 12) reached the outcome. S1 score was significantly associated with the outcome (OR 7.9, 95% CI 1.5–42.6). S1 accurately predicted the outcome (area under the curve 0.72, 95% CI 0.55–0.88) with 58.3% sensitivity and 85.0% specificity, indicating a positive predictive value of 70.0% and a negative predictive value of 77.3%. S1 accurately predicted our composite outcome of hypertension, CKD, and proteinuria in a diverse cohort of U.S. children with HSPN. Further investigation is warranted to validate these findings.
Incorporating the Protests: The NFL, Social Justice, and the Constrained Activism of the “Inspire Change” Campaign:

On January 11, 2019, the National Football League (NFL) launched “Inspire Change,” a campaign for the league’s social justice efforts. The campaign, which would serve as the umbrella under which th...
Shadows of Divine Virtue: St. John of the Cross, Implicit Memory, and the Transformation Theory of Infused Cardinal Virtues:

The transformation theory postulates that a person’s previously acquired habits are transformed by the grace of the Holy Spirit. This article contributes to the development of the transformation th...
Enhancing Thermal Interface Conductance to Graphene Using Ni-Pd Alloy Contacts.

To identify superior thermal contacts to graphene we implement a high throughput methodology that systematically explores the Ni-Pd alloy composition spectrum and the effect of Cr adhesion layer th...
Lumbar MRI Reporting Efficiency for Trainees Over the Academic Year: An Opportunity for Improving Clinical Workflows in Academic Medical Centers.

Abstract Purpose Reporting efficiency is commonly used to measure performance and quality in diagnostic imaging. For academic centers, balancing the clinical demand for efficient reporting and educational obligation to trainees remains a major challenge. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of trainee education on reporting efficiency over the academic year (July to June) for a single diagnostic imaging examination type. Methods The authors reviewed a 10-year data set of lumbar spinal MRI reports and time-stamp data and compared change in mean reporting time for trainee versus attending radiologist–only reports. Odds ratios, linear regression, and correlation analysis were performed to evaluate relationships of mean and cumulative reporting times, volume, and study month. Results Mean reporting time for the trainee group peaked in July (287.2 ± 4.9 min). The largest month-to-month increase was from June to July (+46.3 min, P Conclusions This study quantifies the effect of trainee education on reporting efficiency and models the operational “learning curve” of improved performance over the academic year. These data may inform staffing and workflow improvement efforts in academic radiology departments.
Hypertension in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: Evaluation and Management in Pediatric Patients.

The rare catecholamine-secreting tumors, pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL), account for a minority of cases of secondary hypertension in pediatrics. As such, perioperative blood pressure (BP) management in pediatric patients presents a distinct challenge. This review will expand the practitioner’s knowledge of antihypertensive treatment options for the pediatric patient with PPGL with a focus on literature in the past several years. There continue to be only small case series and single-center experiences to provide guidelines regarding BP management. While phenoxybenzamine has been more routinely used, selective α1-blockers, such as doxazosin, as well as calcium channel blockers, have also been utilized with success in pediatric patients. While the concept of obligatory α-adrenergic blockade for adult patients has been recently challenged, international guidelines and current practice patterns among pediatric clinicians continue to support preoperative α-adrenergic blockade to ensure the best possible patient outcomes. Selective α1-blockers and calcium channel blockers are becoming more commonly used given the high cost, limited availability, and undesirable side effect profile of phenoxybenzamine.
A qualitative study of cleaning in Jupyter notebooks

Data scientists commonly use computational notebooks because they provide a good environment for testing multiple models. However, once the scientist completes the code and finds the ideal model, the data scientist will have to dedicate time to clean up the code in order for others to understand it. In this paper, we perform a qualitative study on how scientists clean their code in hopes of being able to suggest a tool to automate this process. Our end goal is for tool builders to address possible gaps and provide additional aid to data scientists, who can then focus more on their actual work rather than the routine and tedious cleaning duties.
Neighborhood built environment associated with cognition and dementia risk among older adults: A systematic literature review

Cognitive impairment associated with aging is a serious and growing public health problem. This systematic literature review contributes to better understanding the current state of knowledge on the roles of neighborhood environments in supporting cognitive health in later life. Literature search was carried out in 2020 using the seven databases most relevant to the topic. This review was restricted to peer-reviewed observational and quantitative studies that focused on 1) community-dwelling older adults as target populations; 2) neighborhood built environments as independent variables; and 3) cognition or dementia as outcome variables. Thirty-seven studies published between 1989 and 2020 met the inclusion criteria. The neighborhood built environment domains covered in these included urbanity/rurality, land use, neighborhood physical disorder, transportation infrastructure, urban design, and urban nature. Neighborhood resources and green space exposure were most frequently studied and linked to cognition-related outcomes. Neighborhood built environment was shown to be more pertinent to older adults' global cognition, memory, and dementia. Physical activity showed a mediating role between neighborhood built environment and cognition. The effect of neighborhood built environment on cognitive function was stronger among older women and those with disabilities or lower socioeconomic status. Evidence on the relationship between neighborhood built environment and cognition/dementia among older adults is moderate. Our findings highlight the need for more standardized and longitudinal measures of neighborhood built environment and high-sensitivity cognitive tests that capture the specific and relevant domains of cognition, to facilitate further exploration of the mediating and moderating effects of neighborhood built environment with cognition/dementia in older adults. This review offers insights for future research and policy efforts toward creating communities to support cognitive health and aging in place.