cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity of dorsal raphe cells across the sleep–waking cycle and during cataplexy in narcoleptic dogs

Cataplexy, a symptom associated with narcolepsy, represents a unique dissociation of behavioural states. During cataplectic attacks, awareness of the environment is maintained, as in waking, but muscle tone is lost, as in REM sleep. We have previously reported that, in the narcoleptic dog, noradrenergic cells of the locus coeruleus cease discharge during cataplexy. In the current study, we report on the activity of serotonergic cells of the dorsal raphe nucleus. The discharge patterns of serotonergic dorsal raphe cells across sleep–waking states did not differ from those of dorsal raphe and locus coeruleus cells recorded in normal rats, cats and monkeys, with tonic discharge in waking, reduced activity in non-REM sleep and cessation of activity in REM sleep. However, in contrast with locus coeruleus cells, dorsal raphe REM sleep-off neurones did not cease discharge during cataplexy. Instead, discharge continued at a level significantly higher than that seen in REM sleep and comparable to that seen in non-REM sleep. We also identified several cells in the dorsal raphe whose pattern of activity was the opposite of that of the presumed serotonergic cells. These cells were maximally active in REM sleep and minimally active in waking and increased activity during cataplexy. The difference between noradrenergic and serotonergic cell discharge profiles in cataplexy suggests different roles for these cell groups in the normal regulation of environmental awareness and muscle tone and in the pathophysiology of narcolepsy.
Low-Order, Nonlinear, Dynamic Models for Distillation Columns

A new approach is proposed for developing low-order, nonlinear, dynamic models for distillation columns. The models are in the form of a nonlinear state-space model, ?(y)y = - y + B(y)u, where vector y consists of the product compositions, and u is the input vector. Matrix B(y) is the steady-state gain matrix which can be readily obtained from a steady-state design program or experimental data. Simple empirical relationships for the ? and B matrices provide excellent low-order models for three distillation columns, two simulated and one experimental.
Lost in Translation: Repairing Rosetta Stone V. Google's Indecipherable Functionality Holding

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1506II. Google AdWords, Google Goggles, and the Search Revolution 1509A. Google's Position in the Market 1509B. Google AdWords 1511C. Google Goggles 1514III. Rosetta Stone v. Google 1516A. Facts of the Case: Google's AdWords; Rosetta Stone's Marks 1516B. The Court's Decision 1518C. Examining the Application of the Functionality Doctrine to Word Marks 1521D. Functional Features or Functional Use? 1525IV. Rosetta Stone v. Google's Unintended Consequences 1 528A. The "New" Functionality Doctrine's Infinite Scope 1 528B. The Functionality Doctrine's Uncertain Future 1531V. A New Way Forward: Recasting Rosetta Stone v. Google ....... 1 534A. Identifying an Alternative to Functionality 1534B. Nominative Fair Use: A Better Path to the Right Result 1536C. Google's Use Is Nominative 15411. Identifiability 15412. Reasonable Necessity 15443 . No Indication of Endorsement or Sponsorship 1546D. A Roadmap for the Fourth Circuit 1549VI. Conclusion 1552I. IntroductionIn the last year, two new developments - one legal and one technological - have converged, placing the legal system at a critical juncture as it strives towards a workable set of rales for understanding and regulating Internet search engine technology. The August 2010 ruling by the District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in Rosetta Stone v. Google1 and the October 2010 release of Google Inc.'s "Google Goggles"2 technology for the Apple iPhone3 (which greatly expanded consumer access to Google Goggles)4 together represent an impending paradigm shift in both the technical means of Internet searching and the legal response to evolving technology. The District Court's mling in Rosetta Stone, while correctly decided and forward-thinking, contains fatal flaws in its analysis of trademark law's "functionality doctrine"; meanwhile, the increasing ubiquity of Google's Google Goggles technology is challenging the boundaries of what it means to interface with search engines and is a portent of greater advances to come. The convergence of these two events - the Rosetta Stone decision and the arrival of Google Goggles - provides a dramatic lesson in why courts must decide trademark disputes correctly if trademark law is to remain an effective body of law to police online commerce and why the intellectual property doctrine of functionality has no place in trademark infringement claims on the Internet.The argument presented in this Note is threefold. First, Rosetta Stone was rightly decided for the wrong reasons. The district court, struggling under the constraints of traditional trademark law doctrine to reach a result that would allow Google to use the Rosetta Stone marks without imposing legal liability, misinterpreted and misapplied the functionality doctrine to provide Google with a superfluous legal justification for its actions. …
Introduction: The Case of “Hey Toy Man”

In this special issue of Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, we have the privilege of reading about a child treatment from the skilled therapist Henry Kronengold. In generously ...
Ideology and culture in the Oregon country: the landscapes of a planting society.

Ideologies, and especially the choices that are rooted in ideology, have profoundly influenced the shaping of the Oregon country as it exists in the late twentieth century. “All human groups,” the historian William Cronon argues, “consciously change their environments to some extent” During the last two centuries, the successive cultural groups occupying the Pacific Northwest inhabited landscapes that have been shaped, to some degree, by previous dwellers. Each of these cohorts, operating from a deeply rooted cluster of beliefs and values, has shaped the land around them. It is impossible to understand the vast biological and other modifications that have taken place in the Oregon country without looking far beyond the region. Of particular interest is the introduction of a sometimes spectacular system change — the making of the landscape of a planting society — as human cultural practices moved from subsistence to commercial behavior, and as the Northwest became integrated into national and international market relations.
Mucho Grande Problema: Is That Right Mr. Huntington?

Author(s): Cano, Gustavo, Hernandez | Abstract: In this brief piece, I would like to discuss some interesting aspects of Samuel P. Huntington’s article, “The Hispanic Challenge” (Foreign Policy, March/April 2004). I will focus mostly on the Mexican side of the story, with the aim to highlight confusing statements that any serious scholar can rarely afford to make, without expecting a strong reaction from his American peers, particularly, the Latino ones.
Incremental knowledge acquisition for non-monotonic reasoning

The use of conventional non-monotonic reasoning tools in real-sized knowledgebased applications is hindered by the fact that the knouwledge acquisition phase cannot be accomplished in the incremental way that is instead typical of knowledge base management systems based on monotonic logics. As a result, some researchers have departed from orthodox non-monotonic formalisms and proposed languages for the representation of Multiple Inheritance Networks with Exceptions (MINEs). Such languages do not suffer from the problem of incrementality in knowledge acquisition, but are inadequate both from a formal and from an empirical point of view. In fact, they are not endowed with a formal semantics, and the intuitions that underlie their inferential mechanisms are far from being widely agreed upon
CD44 expression contributes to trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer cells

Resistance to HER2-targeted therapies remains a major obstacle in the treatment of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. CD44, a putative breast cancer stem cell (CSC) marker, is overexpressed in trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells. While CSC-related genes may play a role in the development of trastuzumab resistance, conflicting results have been published about CSC response to trastuzumab. We hypothesized that CD44 contributes to trastuzumab resistance independently of its role as a CSC marker. We used trastuzumab-sensitive breast cancer cell lines and their trastuzumab-resistant isogenic counterparts to evaluate the role of CD44 in response to trastuzumab. miRNA and mRNA expression were analyzed using microarray chips. A gene set enrichment analysis was created and matched with response to trastuzumab in cells and patient samples. The proportions of CSC in trastuzumab-resistant cells were similar to or lower than in the trastuzumab-sensitive cells. However, CD44 expression levels were significantly higher in both trastuzumab-resistant cell lines and its knockdown led to an increased response to trastuzumab. The invasiveness and anchorage-independent growth of trastuzumab-resistant cells were higher and blocked by downregulation of CD44. Results also showed that CD44-related resistance to trastuzumab is regulated by miRNAs. We identified a CD44-related gene expression profile that correlated with response to trastuzumab in cell lines and breast cancer patients. CD44 mediates trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer cells independently of its role as a CSC marker and that this role of CD44 is partly regulated by miRNA.
Synergy between anti-CD40 MAb and Epstein-Barr virus in activation and transformation of human B lymphocytes.

For human B lymphocytes, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a polyclonal activator, inducing both proliferation and /g secretion. It is also a transforming virus capable of generating immortalized B cell lines. These .early and late functions of EBV are not apparently connected. The receptor for EBY CD21, also serves as a receptor for some complement components and is called CR2. This molecule associates with CD19 and TAPA-l on the surface of B cells. This complex is involved in signaling B cells and participates in many responses. We have observed that simultaneous ligation of CD40 and the CD21 complex, by exposure to anti-CD40 MAbs and EBy enhances both the short-term proliferation as well as the long-term transformation rate of human B lymphocytes. B cell proliferation shows synergy between anti-CD40 MAb and EBV CD19 also appears to be involved in the synergistic activation of B cells through CD40 and CD21, since ligation of CD19 with anti­ CD19 MAbs, either prior to or concomitant with exposure to anti-CD40 and EBy markedly inhibits both proliferation and subsequent B cell transformation. These observations do not elucidate the mechanisms of B cell transformation employed by EBV but they do suggest a relationship between early proliferation and later transformation induced by the virus. Anti-CD40 enhances both these effects and anti-CD19 is capable of inhibiting both. [Hum Antibod 1997; 8: 43-47]
Atrocity, Punishment, and International Law: Quest for Purpose

The stated values of the punishment of extraordinary international criminals principally are retribution, deterrence, and expressivism. In this chapter, I consider whether extant sentencing modalities at the local, national, and international levels attain these aspirations. I conclude that, although these modalities go some way to meet retributive and deterrent goals, they fall well short of operationalizing these goals in any meaningful sense. Extant modalities experience greater, albeit still limited, success in attaining expressive goals. At the outset, it is important to underscore that the three theories of punishment discussed here are not mutually exclusive. Despite the potential for tensions among these theories, courts often refer to them overlappingly when it comes to punishing a single defendant. This creates some tautness insofar as the goals of deterrence (to punish to prevent future crime) at times may conflict with those of retribution (to punish because the criminal deserves it). On the other hand, this overlap also may generate synergies. For example, retribution may have some positive utilitarian effect in deterring violence by discouraging vigilantism among the general public during periods of political transition. That said, the French prosecution of 100,000 collaborators following liberation from the Nazis did not quash vigilantism, insofar as thousands of individuals believed to be collaborators were privately killed. Furthermore, despite the existence of the ICTY, Kosovo Albanians carried out “revenge killings” against Serbs in 1999 following NATO's Operation Allied Force; despite the existence of the ICTR, the RPF committed violent reprisals against Hutus.
Vortex shedding behind rod stabilized flames

Abstract The stabilization of a premixed, turbulent V-shaped flame on a bluff body has been studied using laser Doppler anemometry for two-compenent velocity data, and Rayleigh scattering for point measurements of density. The conditions studied include isothermal flow, a lean ethylene flame at equivalence ratio φ = 0.62, and a very lean (φ = 0.54) flame that is close to blow off for the free stream velocity of 6 m/s. Examination of velocity and density fluctuation spectra and fluctuation intensity contour maps reveals the first quantitative evidence of vortex shedding in the wake of a V-shaped flame under unperturbed free stream conditions. Vortex shedding accompanied by high periodic fluctuation intensities have been clearly identified in the cases of a very lean flame stabilized on a bar (6 × 3mm) and on a rod (6 mm diameter), and in a slightly richer bar stablized case, but not as clearly for a richer rod-stabilized case. It is suggested that vortex shedding may play a role in the blowoff process, and that the assumption of steady recirculation is not always valid.
Urinary incontinence in nursing homes: epidemiology and management guidelines

Abstract Adherence to guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence (UI) is essential for all primary care providers. Growing evidence indicates that with appropriate management, the morbidity and cost of UI can be greatly reduced, and the quality of life and physical health of nursing home residents can be drastically improved. Although the prevalence of UI in women increases with age, its absence in over half of all women suggests that it is not a normal part of aging. Studies have shown that the prevalence of incontinence in elderly people in nursing homes reaches 50%, greater than that among age-matched women residing in the community. It is associated with substantial physical and psychosocial morbidity. Additional serious consequences may include depression, inactivity, and social isolation. Moreover, incontinence has been associated with multiple hospital admissions and is believed to be one of the major causes of institutionalization of the elderly. The pathogenesis in nursing home residents is often multifactorial and has been associated with depression, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, cerebrovascular disease, impairments of cognitive and physical function, fecal incontinence, impaired ability to ambulate, and dementia. Guidelines for diagnosis and management of UI in aging and institutionalized women are presented to assist primary care givers in the diagnosis and treatment of women with UI.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Biotin Conjugates of 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic Acid for the Isolation of the Protein Targets

2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO, 1) and related compounds [for example, CDDO-Me (2) and CDDO-Im (3)] are potential anti-inflammatory, cancer chemopreventive, and chemotherapeutic agents. However, the mechanisms responsible for the multiple effects of CDDO are still unclear. Clarification of these mechanisms and particularly isolation of the protein targets are essential for the development of CDDO and its analogues as clinically useful drugs. Such knowledge would provide superior opportunities for designing new compounds with improved potency and selectivity. Therefore, to isolate protein targets using affinity chromatography with immobilized streptavidin as a carrier, we have designed and synthesized C-17 and C-23 biotin conjugates of CDDO (4, 5, and 6) on the basis of our established structure-activity relationships. For the synthesis of 6, a new important precursor, 23-hydroxy-CDDO-Me (29) was synthesized from 20 by a C-23 oxidation protocol, which involves cyclopalladation of the C-4 methyl group from a 3-one oxime. The inhibitory activity of C-23 conjugate 6 is only about 3 times less potent than the mother compound, CDDO, against the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Consequently, 6 may be a very promising tool for the isolation of the protein targets of CDDO.
Development and Pilot Evaluation of a Cancer-Focused Summer Research Education Program Navajo Undergraduate Students

This paper describes the development and pilot testing of a 10-week cancer research education program for Navajo undergraduate students. The program was piloted at Dine College with 22 undergraduates (7 men, 15 women) in 2007 and 2008. Students completed a pre–post program survey assessing attitudes, opinions, and knowledge about research and about cancer. The program was found to be culturally acceptable and resulted in statistically significant changes in some of the attitudes and opinions about research and cancer. Combining all 13 knowledge items, there was a significant (p = 0.002) change in the mean total correct percent from baseline [70.3 (SD = 15.9)] to post-program [82.1 (SD = 13.1)]. The curriculum was adapted for a new cancer prevention and control course now offered at Dine College, enhancing sustainability. Ultimately, these efforts may serve to build capacity in communities by developing a cadre of future Native American scientists to develop and implement cancer research.
Band-Limited Actuator and Sensor Selection for Disturbance Rejection

11Yang, H., and Saif, M., “Robust Observation and Fault Diagnosis in a Class of Time-Delay Control Systems,” Proceedings of American Control Conference, Vol. 5, Inst. of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 1997, pp. 478­ 482. 12Guan, Y., and Saif, M., “A Novel Approach to the Design of Unknown Input Observers,” IEEE Transactions on Automated Control, Vol. 36, No. 5, 1991, pp. 632­ 635. 13Zoran, G., and Qureshi, M. T. J., LyapunovMatrix Equation in System Stability and Control, Academic, San Diego, 1995, pp. 42­44. 14Douglas, R. K., and Speyer, J. L., “Robust Fault Detection Filter Design,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1996, pp. 214­ 218. 15Chung, W. H., and Speyer, J. L., “A Game Theoretic Fault Detection Filter,” IEEE Transactions on Automated Control, Vol. 43, No. 2, 1998, pp. 143­ 161.
Mass‐dependent effects in ion conic production: The role of parallel electric fields

Previous observational studies indicate that the energies of different ion species in ion conics produced by broad-band extremely low frequency (BBELF) waves are nearly equal. In contrast, theoretical studies predict a definite preferential acceleration for heavy ions over lighter ions. We show that this discrepancy can be resolved if a downward parallel electric field is present in the heating region: for a sufficiently strong electric field ions of different masses acquire approximately the same energy in escaping the trapping region.
Series/1-based videoconferencing system

Discussed is a new videoconferencing system that has been developed and deployed at several IBM locations. This system transmits high-quality monochrome, freeze-frame images over dial-up telephone lines between two (or three) dedicated videoconferencing rooms. There are two main system components. An IBM Series/1 provides control, communication, data compression, and storage, and a Grinnell GMR-270 image processing display system implements image acquisition, processing, and video buffering functions. Conference participants may choose either a basically black and white rendering of an image for fast transmission or a continuous-tone rendering with a longer transmission time. Details are given regarding the system configuration, function, and operation.
Cathepsin B and its endogenous inhibitors: the role in tumor malignancy.

Several lysosomal proteinases including the cysteine proteinase cathepsin B have been implicated in malignant progression of tumors. Many investigators have demonstrated correlations between increased activity of cathepsin B and increased metastatic capability of animal tumors or malignancy of human tumors. Such increases in cathepsin B activity in malignant tumors may reflect alterations in synthesis, in activation and processing, and/or in intracellular trafficking and delivery as well as in the endogenous inhibitors of cathepsin B. Increases in mRNA transcripts for cathepsin B have been observed in both murine and human tumors and multiple transcripts for cathepsin B have been identified, but an association of multiple transcripts with malignancy has not been confirmed. Cathepsin B precursors found in human malignant ascites fluid do not possess mannose-rich carbohydrates suggesting that a defect in the post translational processing of carbohydrate moieties on tumor cathepsin B may be responsible for the release of cathepsin B observed in many tumor systems. However, the intracellular trafficking of cathepsin B responsible for its association with plasma membrane/endosomal systems and for its release willrequire further study as both latent, precursor forms of cathepsin B and native forms of cathepsin B are involved. We speculate that malignant tumor cells adherent to basement membrane are capable of forming a digestive microenvironment in which lysosomal proteinases such as cathepsin B function optimally, a microenvironment similar to that formed between adherent osteoclasts and bone. One of the endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitors, stefin A, also is affected by malignancy. Reduced expression (mRNA and protein) of stefin A is found as well as a reduction in its inhibitory capacity against cysteine proteinases. The data to date at both the molecular and protein levels supporting a functional role(s) for cathepsin B and its endogenous inhibitors in cancer progression are only correlative. Experimental approaches utilizing well-defined model systems in conjunction with genetic manipulation of cathepsin B and its endogenous inhibitors are needed to provide convincing evidence that cathepsin B has an important role in cancer.
Management of pediatric postoperative chylothorax

Questions persist about the management of postoperative chylothorax in infants and children. Our experience with postoperative chylothorax over the most recent decade (1980 to 1990) has been reviewed. The type and amount of drainage, data from cardiac catheterization and echocardiography, operative decisions and details, and eventual outcomes have been cataloged. All patients were initially treated with total gut rest, with operation reserved for unabated drainage. Chylothorax developed postoperatively in 15 infants and 11 children (18 with a cardiac procedure and 8 with a noncardiac procedure). The average age was 3.1 years. Spontaneous cessation and cure occurred in 19 (73.1%) of these 26 patients, with an average drainage duration of 11.9 days (range, 4 to 30 days). Those for whom operation was chosen drained preoperatively for an average of 29.2 days (range, 25 to 40 days). There were no deaths in either group. Complications were lymphopenia (2 patients) and fungal sepsis (1 patient). The amount of drainage per day was not significantly different between patients treated operatively and those treated nonoperatively. Failure of nonoperative management was associated with venous hypertension from increased right-sided cardiac pressures or central venous thrombosis (p < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). Presumably this increased pressure is transmitted to the lymphatic system. These patients should be identified early and considered for thoracic duct suture or pleuroperitoneal shunting.
Artificial Recharge — State of the Arta

The largest potential reservoir for the storage of potable water is in the unsaturated zone. Use of this space for the storage and retrieval of potable water is a multifaceted problem which requires application of the best talent from the scientific community. Artificial recharge has many similarities to liquidwaste disposal through deep wells. In both, the problem is to place liquid in a permeable lithologic unit at an economic rate, to predict movement and the chemical reactions and physical changes that take place while the liquid is in the reservoir. Differences between the two operations are principally in the type of fluid injected and the ultimate objective. In artificial recharge the objective is to store and retrieve water of good quality; in waste disposal the objective is to store permanently water of objectionable quality. In both artificial recharge and liquid-waste storage, the nature of the storage must be known, particularly that of the unsaturated zone. The techniques of investigation for recharge and waste disposal are generally the same. Water commonly is recharged by surface spreading through basins or by induced recharge from adjacent streams and lakes or through injection wells. Research in recharge through basins has been dominated by mathematical models based on idealized conditions and empirical relations, derived by experimental sequencing of recharge operations, and operational controls in the pretreatment of recharge water. Recharge by injection wells has been undertaken in a variety of hydrologic environments. In Israel efforts have been directed toward the analyses of diffusion and dispersion of the injected water. Much research in the United States has been directed toward the movement of bacteria and organic matter through an aquifer and toward the chemical modeling of changes in recharged water as it moves. Much more research is needed on the basic properties of aquifers, particularly in the unsaturated zone, and on all aspects of recharge-water quality. Research and the use of data produced are increasingly the responsibility of interdisciplinary teams which consider the geologic, hydraulic, and economic aspects of the system.
Antagonist muscle activity during human forearm movements under varying kinematic and loading conditions

During the performance of unidirectional, single-joint movements it is known that muscle activation is not confined to the agonist, but is generally seen in the antagonist as well, appearing as a burst of antagonist activity if the movement is quite rapid. We have studied the integral over time of antagonist electromyographic activity (Eant) during forearm movements encompassing a wide range of movement speeds, amplitudes and inertial loads, with two intents: first, to provide an empirical description of the dependence of Eant on kinematic and loading parameters which would be valid over a several hundred-fold range of Eant; and second, to test the hypothesis that Eant is related to the torque necessary for braking the movement. With respect to the first aim, we found that for all subjects Eant was correlated with a simple algebraic expression dependent upon peak velocity, movement amplitude and total moment of inertia, when each of these movement parameters was varied either singly or in combination. Although a more complex algebraic expression, in which exponents for each parameter were optimized for a given subject, provided marginally better correlations with Eant, we prefer the simpler expression on the grounds that it provides similar correlations without requiring a different form for each subject. With respect to the second aim of the study, the braking hypothesis was supported by the fact that the simple expression could be interpreted as representing the average net torque required for braking. However, in experiments in which an external torque was provided to assist in braking, antagonist muscle activity was not reduced as much as would be expected if provision of braking torque was the sole function of antagonist activity. We conclude that: (1) antagonist activity varies with kinematic parameters and inertial load in accordance with the requirements for braking the limb, but (2) the activity may in fact provide a multiple of the torque that is required for braking alone, with excess activity presumably offset by concurrent agonist activity. Possible roles of such cocontraction are discussed.
Loudness-coding mechanisms inferred from electric stimulation of the human auditory system

Two distinct physiological mechanisms underlying loudness sensation were inferred from electric stimulation of the human auditory nerve and brainstem. In contrast to a power function relating loudness and stimulus intensity in acoustic hearing, loudness in electric stimulation of the auditory nerve depends on stimulus frequency. Loudness is an exponential function of electric amplitude for high frequencies and is a power function for low frequencies. A frequency-dependent, two-stage model is suggested to explain the loudness function, in which the first stage of processing is performed by a mechanical mechanism in the cochlea for high-frequency stimuli and by a neural mechanism in the cochlear nucleus for low-frequency stimuli.
Configuration of moments in TbPO4

Abstract Powder neutron diffraction and optical spectroscopy on the canted antiferromagnet, TbPO 4 , show that the terbium moments are ordered in a two sublattice structure. The moments are oriented 40° ± 1° off the tetragonal axis in the [110] planes. We show that four sublattice structures can be ruled out.
Improvements in simulated real-world relevant performance for patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: impact of desloratadine.

Background: Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) diminishes task performance and decreases quality of life. Antihistamines are frequently used to treat the symptoms of SAR. First generation antihistamines often have their own detrimental effects upon human functioning while second generation antihistamines appear to have fewer or no undesirable side-effects. Objective: This study evaluated the impact of desloratadine on simulated real-world performance demands in individuals suffering from SAR. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study where asymptomatic participants were treated with placebo and symptomatic participants were treated with desloratadine or placebo. They then participated in a real-world equivalent task performance simulation that assessed information processing capacity at multiple levels of task difficulty ranging from easy to difficult decision-making tasks. Results: Desloratadine either completely restored performance to the level of the asymptomatic placebo control or improved performance in six of the nine performance categories, where it had been diminished by the presence of SAR. Conclusions: These findings suggest that treatment with desloratadine has considerable beneficial effects on work place performance when individuals suffer from SAR.
Steady-state solution of the semi-empirical diffusion equation for area sources

The problem investigated can be solved exactly in a simple manner if the equations are written in terms of a similarity variable. The exact solution is used to explore two questions of interest in the modelling of urban air pollution, taking into account the distribution of surface concentration downwind of an area source and the distribution of concentration with height.
Improving Cancer Survivorship Care: Oncology Nurses’ Educational Needs and Preferred Methods of Learning

Oncology nurses are essential in all phases of cancer care; however, their role in survivorship care is unclear. To better understand the self-reported knowledge and educational needs on topics of survivorship care and oncology nurses’ learning preferences, an online survey was conducted. Respondents self-reported knowledge level for 31 care topics, identified areas of most interest, topics needed to assist patients and address patient questions, and reported participation in continuing education and preferred learning methods. Knowledge was rated highest for topics of fatigue, anxiety, and fear of recurrence and lowest for issues related to finance, employment, and insurance. Nurses were most interested in late and long-term physical effects of cancer or treatment, managing emotional issues, cancer screening and surveillance, and complementary and alternative therapies. Study findings suggest that online learning methods would be feasible and well accepted by nurses to meet continuing education needs related to cancer survivorship.
Role of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in the Uptake and Degradation of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-Coagulation Factor Xa Complexes

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a potent inhibitor of blood coagulation factor Xa (fXa) and factor VIIa. We have recently shown that fXa binding stimulates the uptake and degradation of cell surface-bound 125I-TFPI (Ho, G., Toomey, J. R., Broze, G. J., Jr., and Schwartz, A. L. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 9497-9502). In the present study we examined the role of cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in this process. Removal of cell surface GAG chains by treatment of cells with heparinase or heparitinase but not chondroitinase markedly reduced fXa-stimulated 125I-TFPI uptake and degradation. Inhibition of GAG sulfation by growth of cells in chlorate-containing medium similarly decreased fXa-stimulated 125I-TFPI degradation. These results suggest that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are required for the uptake and degradation of 125I-TFPI.fXa complexes. Chemical cross-linking/immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that 125I-TFPI was directly associated with HSPGs on the cell surface and that fXa binding increased the amount of 125I-TFPI bound. Of the several cell lines evaluated, bend endothelial cells demonstrated the greatest fXa stimulation of 125I-TFPI uptake and degradation. Cross-linking/immunoprecipitation analyses on bend cells also revealed that HSPGs were specifically associated with TFPI and fXa. These data suggest that HSPGs may directly act as the uptake and degradation receptor for TFPI.fXa complexes.
Stimulation of calcium uptake in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Abstract This study examined the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) and related compounds on the uptake of intracellular calcium ([Ca2 +]i) in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neuronal cells. [Ca2 +]i levels were detected and quantified by interactive laser cytometry with microscopic image analysis. Cells were noninvasively labeled with fluo-3/AM and all experiments were conducted on cultured rat hippocampal neurons 14 days in culture. Treatment of cell cultures with 2,3,7,8-TCDD (10–100 nM) resulted in a rapid concentration-dependent increase in [Ca2 +]i associated with a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of α-protein kinase C (α-PKC). In contrast, 1,2,3,4-TCDD, a weak Ah receptor agonist, had no effect on [Ca2 +]i at concentrations as high as 10 μM and similar results were also observed for 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl. Maximal [Ca2 +]i was observed within 30 s after addition of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and remained elevated (at higher concentrations) above resting levels for the duration of the experiment. This rapid increase in [Ca2 +]i was blocked by addition of EDTA (2 mM) to the external medium or by pretreatment of the cells with the calcium channel antagonist nifedipine (10 μM). However, pretreatment of the cells with 100 μM cycloheximide failed to block calcium uptake in neuronal cells. These data indicate that rat hippocampal neuronal cells are responsive to 2,3,7,8-TCDD; however, the mechanism is not associated with altered gene transcription and may involve cellular membrane targets.
Systematic errors caused by sinusoidal modulation of magnetic resonance curves

Abstract Systematic errors which occur when sinusoidally modulated magnetic resonance spectra are used to determine the nuclear spin-spin relaxation time (T2) are discussed. Convenient graphs are presented to permit correction of observed T2's for the effects of finite modulation frequency and amplitude for the case of sinusoidal modulation applied to Lorentzian-shaped lines. Both absorption and dispersion modes are analyzed and it is concluded that the dispersion mode is frequently a more accurate and convenient method for measuring T2.
High-resolution reference ranges for estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in men and women using the AxSYM assay system.

Abstract Objectives: High-resolution reference ranges are essential for reproductive hormones due to the significant day-to-day variation seen with these analytes. Design and methods: The performance of AxSYM assays for estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone was evaluated. Results: These studies validate the performance of each assay, permitting high-resolution reference ranges to be established. Conclusions: The high-resolution reference range data provided herein for both normally cycling females and males should be applicable to a wide variety of clinical situations.
Surface Roughness Criteria for Cement Paste Nanoindentation

Analysis of nanoindentation experiments assumes that the indentation occurs on a flat surface. As a result, the accuracy of nanoindentation depends on reducing the surface roughness to a tolerable level. Within the context of statistical nanoindentation techniques suitable for heterogeneous materials, this study presents a criterion for roughness of cement paste surfaces for nanoindentation, and describes a method for obtaining the desired roughness. Through a systematic experimental study, we show the evolution of roughness and nanomechanical properties from indentation as a function of increased polishing. We conclude that the root-mean-squared (RMS) roughness of the sample, taken over a square area with edge dimensions of 200 times the average indentation depth of the dominating phase of the material, should be less than five times the average indentation depth of the dominating phase of the material.
Understanding Cognitive and Affective States Using Eyelid Movements

Biometrics related to the eye region are of particular interest in a range of applications -from identification to adaptive interfaces. This paper describes a technique for monitoring dynamic eye region biometrics (i.e., blinking) as unique indicators of cognitive and affective states in subjects involved in HCI scenarios. We integrate a novel collection of robust, minimally-intrusive computer vision techniques for effective interpretation of eye blink behaviors using color video, including k-means clustering for learning, histograms and normal flow fields for steady-state and transitional tracking, and a deterministic finite state machine for state analysis. Sample results that illustrate the application of our approach are presented.
Femoral neck fractures complicating Gaucher disease in children.

In normal children, fractures of the femoral neck are uncommon and accompany severe trauma and multiple injuries elsewhere in the skeleton [16, 17]. In children with Gaucher disease, a rare hereditary disorder of lipid metabolism, midcervical or basicervical fractures can occur with minor or no trauma and without other injury to the skeleton. Three children with Gaucher disease who developed pathologic fractures of the femoral neck are described. In all three, the fractures occurred between five and nine years of age, and the fracture lines passed through areas of abnormal bone characterized by poorly defined patches of increased and decreased density and cortical thinning along the medial femoral necks. In the affected hips, there was no evidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral heads at the time of injury. One child's fracture was preceeded by multiple bone “crises” localized to the proximal femora.
Intracranial Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy with Different Head Positions Utilizing a New Positioning Device

Materials/Methods: Based on planning target volumes (PTVs) of one, two, and three consecutive thoracic vertebral bodies, and contoured organs at risk (esophagus and spinal cord), treatment plans were independently generated for CyberKnife, intensity modulated protons, fixed field IMRT with 5 mm (11 field), 4 mm (9 field), and 2.5 mm (both 8 and 9 field based plans) leaf width MLC, and intensity modulated volumetric arc (RapidArc) with a 2.5 mm MLC. Treatment planning objectives included: a prescribed dose of 24 Gy in 3 fractions to the PTV and 95% of the PTV to be encompassed by 95% of the prescribed dose (V95%). For the organs at risk: the spinal cord limit was 10 Gy to \ = 0.1 cc and 12 Gy to the point maximum, and the esophagus limit was 18 Gy to\= 0.1 cc and 20 Gy to the point maximum. For analysis, all plans were normalized such that the dose to 95% of the PTV (D95) was 24 Gy. The maximum dose divided by the prescribed dose (MDPD) was used to compare the target dose inhomogeneity. Results:All modalities fulfilledthetargetvolumecoverageconstraintonV95%.Asatrade-off,CyberKnifeyieldedsystematically higher dose heterogeneity, and became extreme as the PTV volume increased to two and three vertebral body PTVs with MDPD of 2.44 and 3.13, respectively. IMRT with 2.5 mm MLC, RapidArcand proton plans yielded mutually equivalent and the best MDPD for one-, two-, and three-vertebral body PTVs (ranging from 1.1-1.16). In addition, protons, RapidArc or IMRT exhibited no increase in target dose heterogeneity as the PTV increased in number of vertebral bodies. For the spinal cord and esophagus of 0.1 cc volumes, the 2.5 mm MLC 9-field IMRT, RapidArc, and CyberKnife plans resulted optimal sparing; the most significant trade-off was observed for the CyberKnife at the expense of significantly overdosing of the target volume. Conclusions:Thestudyprovedthat:i)alltechniquesmetmajorityoftheplanningobjectives,ii)CyberKnifemettargetcoverageat the expense of high dose heterogeneity in the target, iii) RapidArc and IMRT with 2.5 mm MLC avoided high dose heterogeneity and achieved comparable results as protons, iv) a 2.5 mm MLC proved to be advantageous to respect the tight objectives of this study.
Cell culture–produced hepatitis C virus impairs plasmacytoid dendritic cell function

Previous studies suggested a functional impairment of dendritic cells (DCs) in patients with chronic hepatitis C. To investigate whether this effect was mediated by a direct interaction of hepatitis C virus (HCV) with DCs, we studied the effects of infectious cell culture–produced hepatitis C virus (HCVcc) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), ex vivo isolated plasmacytoid, and myeloid DCs and in vitro generated monocyte-derived DCs of healthy blood donors. HCVcc inhibited toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 (CpG and herpes simples virus)-mediated interferon alpha (IFN-α) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and plasmacytoid DCs. This inhibitory effect was also observed in response to ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated, noninfectious HCVcc, and it was not abrogated by neutralizing antibodies, and thus did not appear to require DC infection. Influenza A virus restored maturation and TLR9-mediated IFN-α production. In contrast to its effect on plasmacytoid DCs, HCVcc did not inhibit TLR3-mediated and TLR4-mediated maturation and interleukin (IL)-12, IL-6, IL-10, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production by myeloid DCs and monocyte-derived DCs. Likewise, HCVcc did neither alter the capacity of myeloid DCs nor monocyte-derived DCs to induce CD4 T cell proliferation. Whereas phagocytosis of apoptotic hepatoma cells resulted in DC maturation, this effect was independent of whether the phagocytosed Huh7.5.1 cells were infected with HCVcc. In contrast to HCVcc, vaccinia virus inhibited maturation and TNF-α expression of myeloid DC as well as maturation and IL-6 and IL-10 production of monocyte-derived DC. Conclusion: HCVcc inhibited plasmacytoid DCs but not myeloid-derived and monocytoid-derived DCs via a direct interaction that did not require infection. The response of plasmacytoid DCs to influenza A virus infection was not impaired. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
The analysis of an electronic support group for individuals with eating disorders

Electronic newsgroups, functioning as electronic support groups, now proliferate on the Internet and commercial computer networks. Little is known about the functioning and efficacy of these groups. A discourse analysis was performed on 306 messages posted to an eating disorder electronic support group. The most common message content involved self-disclosure (31%) followed by requests for information (23%), and the direct provision of emotional support (16%). Six themes were identified in the content of the messages. The majority of members participated in the group during the evening and late night at a time when traditional sources of support have limited availability or are not available. Members of the electronic support group used the same assistance strategies as do face-to-face support group members. These groups offer an innovative approach to providing low cost self-help services to individuals. Recommendations to clinicians and researchers are offered.
The molecular cloud associated with NGC 7538

CO maps and preliminary H2S and H2CO data for the molecular cloud associated with NGC 7538 are used to compare the molecular distributions with those of ionized, neutral, and molecular hydrogen and dust. South of the H II regions is a ridge of high (C-13)O column density with cold, self-absorbed H I just beyond it. A dense clump within the ridge is found adjacent to the H II region in the southeast, and a lower density region of expanding gas is seen next to the H II region in the southwest. NGC 7538 is the first region which appears to show observational evidence for a molecular dissociation wave.
Theory-of-Mind Development: Retrospect and Prospect

This review begins with a brief history from Piagetian perspective-taking development, through metacognitive development, and into the past and present field of theory-of-mind development. This field has included research on what infants and children know about a variety of mental states, on possible causes and consequences of mentalistic knowledge, and on similarities and differences in this knowledge across individuals, cultures, and primate species. The article concludes with some speculations about the future of the field.
The Pracademic and the Fed: The Leadership of Chairman Benjamin Bernanke

When President Barack Obama nominated Ben Bernanke for a second term as chair of the Federal Reserve Board in August 2009, he emphasized Bernanke's “bold action and outside-the-box thinking” in preventing the recent financial collapse from turning into another Great Depression. While many saw this renomination as providing monetary policy stability and necessary institutional continuity during the crisis, Bernanke's “bold action” has generated robust criticism, mainly because Bernanke initiated fundamental reforms of traditional Fed practices. How has Bernanke's leadership style at the Fed evolved as the financial crisis of 2008–2009 has unfolded? Did his prior academic experience influence his decisions? What are the long-term implications of Bernanke's innovative strategies for the Federal Reserve as an independent, powerful, policy making institution, traditionally one that possesses tremendous financial and political autonomy? If you want to build a factory, or fix a motorcycle, or set a nation right without getting stuck, then classical, structured, dualistic subject-object knowledge, although necessary, isn't enough. You have to have some feeling for the quality of the work. You have to have a sense of what's good. That is what carries you forward … It's not just “intuition,” or unexplainable “skill” or “talent.” It's the direct result of contact with basic reality … —Robert M. Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance There are no atheists in foxholes and no ideologues in financial crises. —Benjamin Bernanke, 20091