cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cache configuration exploration on prototyping platforms

We describe cache architecture, intended for prototype-oriented IC platforms, that automatically finds the best cache configuration for a particular application. The cache itself can be configured with respect to the total size, associativity, line size, and way prediction. The cache architecture includes an explorer component that efficiently searches the large space of possible configurations for the set of points representing meaningful tradeoffs between performance and energy - the Pareto-optimal set. We provide results of experiments showing that the architecture effectively finds a good set of Pareto points for numerous Powerstone and MediaBench embedded system benchmarks. Our architecture eliminates the need for time-consuming simulations to determine the best cache configuration, and imposes little power overhead and reasonable size overhead.
Interdigitated Array Electrodes with Nano Gaps Using Optical Lithography and Controlled Undercut Method

Interdigitated array (IDA) electrodes with nano-gaps were fabricated using a newly developed optical lithography and controlled undercut method. Nano gaps of 250 nm between electrodes were developed while maintaining a large electrode area. The developed electrodes with nano gaps were applied as an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of poly-aminophenol (PAP) with 10-7 M detection limit. This method may enable the mass-production of disposable biosensors based on the nano-gap IDA electrodes.
NNDB: the nearest neighbor parameter database for predicting stability of nucleic acid secondary structure

The Nearest Neighbor Database (NNDB, http://rna.urmc.rochester.edu/NNDB) is a web-based resource for disseminating parameter sets for predicting nucleic acid secondary structure stabilities. For each set of parameters, the database includes the set of rules with descriptive text, sequence-dependent parameters in plain text and html, literature references to experiments and usage tutorials. The initial release covers parameters for predicting RNA folding free energy and enthalpy changes.
Decentralized Multiple Camera Multiple Object Tracking

In this paper, we present a novel decentralized Bayesian frame-work using multiple collaborative cameras for robust and efficient multiple object tracking with significant and persistent occlusion. This approach avoids the common practice of using a complex joint state representation and a centralized processor for multiple camera tracking. When the objects are in close proximity or present multi-object occlusions in a particular camera view, camera collaboration between different views is activated in order to handle the multi-object occlusion problem. Specifically, we propose to model the camera collaboration likelihood density by using epipolar geometry with particle filter implementation. The performance of our approach has been demonstrated on both synthetic and real-world video data.
Phosphoinositide binding regulates α-actinin CH2 domain structure: Analysis by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry

α-Actinin is an actin bundling protein that regulates cell adhesion by directly linking actin filaments to integrin adhesion receptors. Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-diphosphate (PtdIns (4,5)-P2) and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (PtdIns (3,4,5)-P3) bind to the calponin homology 2 domain of α-actinin, regulating its interactions with actin filaments and integrin receptors. In this study, we examine the mechanism by which phosphoinositide binding regulates α-actinin function using mass spectrometry to monitor hydrogen–deuterium (H/D) exchange within the calponin homology 2 domain. The overall level of H/D exchange for the entire protein showed that PtdIns (3,4,5)-P3 binding alters the structure of the calponin homology 2 domain increasing deuterium incorporation, whereas PtdIns (4,5)-P2 induces changes in the structure decreasing deuterium incorporation. Analysis of peptic fragments from the calponin homology 2 domain showed decreased local H/D exchange within the loop region preceding helix F with both phosphoinositides. However, the binding of PtdIns (3,4,5)-P3 also induced increased exchange within helix E. This suggests that the phosphate groups on the fourth and fifth position of the inositol head group of the phosphoinositides constrict the calponin homology 2 domain, thereby altering the orientation of actin binding sequence 3 and decreasing the affinity of α-actinin for filamentous actin. In contrast, the phosphate group on the third position of the inositol head group of PtdIns (3,4,5)-P3 perturbs the calponin homology 2 domain, altering the interaction between the N and C terminus of the full-length α-actinin antiparallel homodimer, thereby disrupting bundling activity and interaction with integrin receptors.
Effect of Topical Mitomycin on Skin Wound Contraction

Methods: Full-thickness skin wounds were created in 5 groups of hairless mice, which represented different dosing regimens or a sterile water control: A, control; B, mitomycin (0.5 mg/mL) applied immediately after creation of the lesion (day 1); C, mitomycin (1.0 mg/mL) applied on day 1; D, mitomycin (0.5 mg/mL) applied on days 1 and 3; and E, mitomycin (1.0 mg/mL) applied on days 1 and 3. Wound surface area was measured immediately after drug application (day 1), and thereafter every 3 to 5 days until day 29 by means of computerassisted image analysis. Results: All dosing regimens of mitomycin application resulted in an initially exponential rate of wound contraction that was significantly slower than in the sterile water control group, with a significantly larger wound surface area on day 29. Wound area in the control group contracted approximately 9 times more rapidly than in the treatment groups. No difference was observed among the different dosing regimens. Conclusion: Application of mitomycin, at the lowest dose and frequency of application used in this study, resulted in improved outcomes with regard to contraction of full-thickness skin wounds.
Cultural Influences on Adolescent Development

The focus of this article is on developmental research on experiences that are unique to persons of color, particularly with African Americans and Latino Americans. We review issues pertaining to immigration and acculturation on ethnic identity development. This article also discusses the stress of immigrating and acculturating to a new culture, including discrimination and racism, and its impact on both physical and mental health in adolescents. We then focus on reviewing how ethnic identity affects major areas of an adolescent's life: mental health, academic success, substance use, sexual behavior, and violence and aggression. Overall, research on culture and ethnic identity has found positive and protective effects of being strongly identified to one's culture of origin. Adolescents who report strong ethnic pride tend to experience higher self-esteem, attain higher grades in school, be at less risk for substance use, teen pregnancy, and violence.
Spontaneous Harmonization Effects of Culture and Market Forces on Accounting Disclosures Practices

This empirical study of 256 companies from seven countries examines whether cultural and market forces correlate with the level of annual report disclosures, from the perspective of investors. The primary findings show that the secretiveness of a culture does underlie disclosure practices of its business enterprises. The market forces that significantly influence more disclosures are higher levels of foreign sales, lower debt ratios, and larger total assets. Secondary findings show that local enterprises, but not international enterprises, disclose financial information commensurate with the secretiveness of their home culture. Enterprises operating in the global culture, on the other hand, appear to be disclosing higher levels of information than dictated by their local culture, perhaps in order to obtain resources at reasonable costs. These findings may be useful to the International Organization of Securities Commissions in their effort to harmonize financial reporting of companies listing on foreign stock exchanges.
"Enchanting Witchery": Sir Joshua Reynolds's Portrait of Kitty Fisher as Cleopatra

Sir Joshua’s Kitty Fisher as Cleopatra is a celebrated picture, one often taken as a representative of what are referred to as Reynolds’s “courtesan portraits,” portraits of women—actresses, mistresses, models, prostitutes—who, in a variety of ways and with varying degrees of notoriety, traded sex for money. Reexamining a portrait already well known for its aesthetic, thematic, and cultural complexities, this essay considers first Reynolds’s reworking of the Trevisani original and the Pliny account that inspired it. Then it reroutes all of the portrait’s intricately connected themes through an understanding of Cleopatra’s wager with Antony. That wager is crucial because Reynolds represents the moment at which it was won, and because Fisher is thereby asked to represent a female sexuality inextricable from the world of high-stakes gambling so important to the mid eighteenth-century England.
Prospectivity Modeling for Cambrian–Ordovician Hydraulic Fracturing Sand Resources Around The Llano Uplift, Central Texas

Cambrian–Ordovician strata in Central Texas are a major source of specialty sand for hydraulic fracturing and have potential to play a bigger role in proppant supply to markets in and around Texas. Sandstone in the Hickory Member of the Riley Formation is suitable in compressive strength, as well as grain size and shape to be used as proppant. The Hickory sandstone forms the basal sequence that non-conformably overlies the Precambrian basement and is a complex succession of terrestrial and transgressive marine arkosic to quartz arenitic sands and silts. The quantity and location of sand resources in the Central Texas Frac Sand district is illustrated through geospatial volumetric techniques and estimated at 5 billion tonnes of proppant material. The prospectivity modeling of favorable characteristics of existing resource locations is applied to determine new sites for resource development and locate and quantify the abundance of prospective natural sand resources in the Central Texas Frac Sand district.
On Using a Clustering Approach for Global Climate Classification

AbstractClassifying the land surface into climate types provides means of diagnosing relations between Earth’s physical and biological systems and the climate. Global climate classifications are also used to visualize climate change. Clustering climate datasets provides a natural approach to climate classification, but the rule-based Koppen–Geiger classification (KGC) is the one most widely used. Here, a comprehensive approach to the clustering-based classification of climates is presented. Local climate is defined as a multivariate time series of mean monthly climatic variables and the authors propose to use dynamic time warping (DTW) as a measure of dissimilarity between local climates. Also discussed are the choice of climatic variables, the importance of their proper normalization, and the advantage of using distance-based clustering algorithms. Using the WorldClim global climate dataset and different combinations of clustering parameters, 32 different clustering-based classifications are calculated. ...
Neuropsychological Assessment in Schools

The purpose of this entry is to present several examples of children who would benefit from a neuropsychological evaluation, to present several reasons why there is a growing interest in integrating neuropsychological principles into psychoeducational assessment and intervention, to discuss the current state-of-the-art of school-neuropsychological assessment, and to present a conceptual framework for school-neuropsychological evaluations. Ideally, a neuropsychological assessment of a school-aged child should link the assessment results with evidence-based instructional and behavioral recommendations or interventions that improve the child's academic and/or social-emotional/behavioral functioning.
Non-linear excitation theory: Non-accommodative, sub-threshold effects

The standard two factor excitation theories should be called “preexcitation” theories since they apply only to those events occurring just up to excitation. A true phenomenological excitation theory which describes thewhole excitation cycle must involve non-linear equations. The nature of these non-linearities is suggested by B. Katz's subthreshold response data. From this data is constructed a “local phenomenological characteristic” which is analogous to the current-voltage characteristic of a non-linear electrical or mechanical system capable of displaying relaxation oscillations. Excitation by constant currents is shown to occur where the slope of the characteristic changes sign. The variation of the time constant of excitation with degree of response, explained by W. A. H. Rushton in terms of a liminal length, is described here in purely formal terms. The theory as presented explicity treats only those events in the excitation cycle up to and a little beyond excitation; the complete excitation cycle (including recovery and repetition) is mentioned as being amenable to mathematical treatment by an extension of the present theory.
Potential value of hormone receptor assay in carcinoma in situ of breast.

The estrogen receptor (ER) expression of invasive breast cancer has been extensively studied both biochemically and with specific monoclonal antibodies against ER. Relatively few studies have attempted to characterize ER pattern in breast carcinoma in situ (CIS) and in other premalignant lesions. In the current study, the authors investigated the pattern of ER expression in 62 cases of breast CIS, 30 of which had a component of invasive cancer, and 36 cases of atypical hyperplasia. Paraffin sections of formalin- fixed breast tissue underwent enzyme pretreatment to expose nuclear antigenic sites as previously described. Breast tissues then underwent estrogen immunocytochemical assay using specific monoclonal antibodies (Abbott Laboratory, Chicago, IL). The cases were evaluated for heterogeneity, intensity of staining, and percentage of ER-positive cells. An attempt was made to study the relation between the pattern of ER expression, nuclear pleomorphism, and type of CIS. The results of ER immunocytochemical assay showed positive nuclear staining for ER in 75% of the CIS, 73% of CIS with invasive cancer, and 100% of atypical hyperplasias. ER expression in CIS agreed with that in the invasive carcinoma in 29 of 30 cases. This study also suggests that comedocarcinoma has a higher incidence of negative ER expression than the other types of CIS, particularly when it is associated with significant nuclear pleomorphism. There was no significant difference in ER tumor heterogeneity between premalignant and malignant lesions.
Acetylation in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis. The Elimination of Para-amino Benzoic Acid

Summary1. The excretion of both small and large amounts of p-amino benzoic acid administered orally in a single dose to healthy subjects and to patients with myasthenia gravis was investigated. 2. Both healthy subjects and patients with myasthenia gravis excreted p-amino benzoic acid in essentially the same manner in respect to time of elimination and amounts of free and acetylated form. 3. It is inferred that there is no serious insufficiency of acetyl- radical in patients with myasthenia gravis.
Re-examining “Displacement”: A Redefinition of Concepts in Development and Conservation Policies

Social research has generated large bodies of empirical findings proving that many population groups, including but not limited to tribal groups, are materially impoverished and made worse off by the introduction of "restriction of access" to natural resources, either under some development projects or by establishing parks and protected areas (PA) for biodiversity conservation. This convincing social and environmental evidence has long been overlooked by Governments and development agencies. However, a significant change, still little known, has recently taken place. This change, analyzed further, consists in a conceptual and policy revision adopted by the multilateral development agencies (e.g., the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank, and others). Grounded in empirical evidence, this policy development has direct relevance for the condition of tribal and aboriginal populations inhabiting remote areas, for national Governments, and for many international development and environment programs. The revised policy conceptually redefines "restricted access" to certain natural resources as a form of involuntary displacement, even if the affected groups are not physically relocated. This redefinition
Evaluation of the effect of intensive interference among AIDS patients living in a district of Chongqing city

Objective To evaluate the effect of intensive interference and antivirus treatment in AIDS patients who live in a district of Chongqing.Methods A comparison method was adopted to compare changes of aids-related knowledge,safer sexual behaviors,the compliance of antivirus treatment and the states of living after Intensive Interference;all AIDS patients were divided into intervention group and non-intervention group to compare the difference in the survival rate after illness and the recovery rate of CD4+T cells.Results After intensive interference,the awareness rate of the aids related knowledge(Before intervention 1/43,After intervention 38/42,χ2 =66.49,P0.005) and the rate of safer sexual behaviors(Before intervention 0/40,After intervention 36/39,χ2=67.84,P0.005) and the compliance of antivirus treatment(Before intervention 10/43,After intervention 42/42,χ2=52.69,P0.005) has been risen notably;Living quality(Before intervention 34/43,After intervention 41/43,χ2=5.11,P0.05) and the survival rate after illness(Intervention group 32/33,Non-intervention group 10/19,χ2=15.26,P0.005) of aids had greatly improved;The recovery rate of CD4+T cells(Intervention group 29/33,Non-intervention group 0/19,χ2=37.75,P0.005) significantly increased.The infection rate of second generation was considerably reduced(Intervention group 0/33,Non-intervention group 5/19,χ2=9.61,P0.005).Conclusions Through intensive interference in aids patients of a district of Chongqing,the witting rate of the aids related knowledge has risen notably,high-risk behaviors related to aids is reduced for interrupt infection of second generation,the compliance of antivirus treatment and living quality has risen considerably,the effect of antivirus treatment increase significantly,the life of aids patients has prolonged.
Energy efficient sensing for managing context and privacy on smartphones

Mobile devices can better manage user privacy if they continuously model a user's context, but doing so can result in high energy consumption. The energy costs can be reduced by reasoning about what context information is known, what additional information is needed, how accurate it must be and how to efficiently acquire it. We model the sensors and their data properties, accuracy levels and energy costs in an RDF knowledge base supported by an OWL ontology. We describe a method to manage privacy on smartphones in an energy efficient manner by selecting the best choice sensor for maintaining the user's context information. Sensor selection is done by COntext MANager miDDleware (COMANDD), which maintains a context model and answers queries about it. Context requests are served by capability matching, accuracy level matching and selection of lowest energy cost sensor for reporting context data. A context change detection function is used to decide when the context should be updated.
Update on Hepatic Intra-Arterial Chemotherapy

The use of hepatic intra-arterial (HIA) chemotherapy is based on the pharmacologic principle that the regional administration of certain drugs can lead to higher drug concentrations at the site of a tumor. This has been studied most extensively in patients with liver-only colorectal metastases. Four large randomized studies have failed to demonstrate a survival advantage of regional treatment over systemic chemotherapy, although two meta-analyses confirmed an improvement in response rate and suggest a trend toward improvement in survival. Two randomized studies have shown improved survival in patients treated with HIA chemotherapy, as compared with those given supportive care, and quality of life also appears to be superior in HIA chemotherapy recipients. The treatment employed in all of the randomized studies was hindered by substantial hepatobiliary toxicity and many surgical complications. Improved surgical techniques and newer chemotherapy combinations appear to have improved phase II results with HIA therapy, leading to a randomized trial now being conducted by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB). The role of HIA chemotherapy in adjuvant settings and in other diseases has not been as well-studied, and such uses remain appropriate only for very selected patients. Ultimately, the regional advantage gained by the HIA route may prove to be most advantageous for the delivery of newer biologic agents.
Management of chronic ventricular arrhythmias

Premature ventricular contractions occurring in asymptomatic patients without heart disease are benign and need not be treated. Beta blockers may be used for symptomatic patients. Antiarrhythmic therapy for patients after myocardial infarction is controversial; authors of recent studies have tended to discourage this therapy. Patients with malignant arrhythmias--who have been resuscitated from cardiac arrest caused by ventricular ectopy or who have ventricular tachycardia-associated syncope--should be referred for electrophysiologic testing and individualized therapy.
GH replacement fails to improve ventricular function in hypophysectomized rats with myocardial infarction.

To determine whether growth hormone (GH) replacement improves cardiac function, GH-deficient hypophysectomized rats with moderate myocardial infarction (MI) were studied after 3 wk of treatment wit...
“Essences and Experts” Husserl’s View of the Foundations of the Sciences

The first chapter of Husserl’s Ideas III 1 is devoted to some problems relating to “The Different Regions of Reality.” Husserl begins with a reference to the phenomenological investigations into constitution already carried out in Ideas II 2, and claims that the practice there of “our phenomenological-kinetic method”3 enabled him to ascertain “the fundamental distinction among merely material thing, animate organism, and psyche, or psychic Ego, which dominates all apprehension of the world” (V: 1/1). He says that he has shown the “phenomenological primal sources” of the distinction among “thing” (Ding),“Body” (Leib),and “psyche” (Seele), and thus that he has grounded or justified it.
Contacts between Several ADAMTS13 Structural Domains and von Willebrand Factor Domain A2 Contribute to Substrate Cleavage.

ADAMTS13 reduces the size of plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers by cleaving the Y 1605 -M 1606 bond within the central A2 domain of the VWF subunit. The C-terminus of VWF domain A2 is known to bind an exosite in the Spacer domain of ADAMTS13. However, ADAMTS13 cleaves smaller substrates that lack this C-terminal binding segment of the A2 domain, which suggests that additional sites in domain A2 interact with additional exosites on ADAMTS13. To identify these recognition sites, we constructed a series of recombinant substrates and analyzed their cleavage by ADAMTS13 variants (Table 1). Products were characterized by Western blotting and with a quantitative MALDI-MS assay. The progressive deletion of C-terminal amino acids of VWF domain A2 progressively reduced the rate of cleavage by ADAMTS13. In addition, the removal of 9 amino acids at the N-terminus of VWF73 (VWF64n) abolished cleavage. Comparison of the specificity constants ( k cat /K m ) shows that ADAMTS13 truncated after the first TSP1 domain (construct MDT) cleaved VWF64 ∼9-fold slower than did ADAMTS13 truncated after the Cys-rich domain (construct MDTC). Removal of 18 amino acids from the C-terminus of VWF64 (VWF46) also decreased the rate of cleavage by MDTC ∼9-fold, suggesting that the Cys-rich domain interacts with the segment I 1642 -R 1659 . Further C-terminal deletions of the substrate (VWF35, VWF28) had little effect on the rate of cleavage by enzymes MDTC or MDT. Comparing substrates VWF73 and VWF73d3, internal deletion of the region missing from VWF35 and VWF28 (Q 1624 to R 1641 ) had only a small effect ( 1642 -Q 1652 , had properties similar to VWF64: it was cleaved much faster by full-length enzyme than by MDT, indicating dependence of the cleavage rate on the Spacer and Cys-rich domains. Substrate VWF73d1 lacking I 1642 -R 1659 had properties similar to VWF46: the cleavage rate was independent of the Spacer and Cys-rich domains. Finally, a substrate with deletion of a segment just C-terminal to the scissile Y 1605 -M 1606 bond (VWF73d4, G 1609 -I 1623 ) was resistant to cleavage by ADAMTS13. These data support extensive contacts between several domains of ADAMTS13 and discrete segments of VWF domain A2. Segments D 1596 -V 1604 and G 1609 -I 1623 flanking the cleaved Y-M bond interact at least with the Metalloprotease domain. Segment I 1642 -Q 1652 interacts with the Cysteine-rich domain. Segment D 1653 -R 1668 interacts with the Spacer domain. All of these regions contribute to the recognition and cleavage of VWF by ADAMTS13.
Molecular Viability Testing of UV-Inactivated Bacteria

PCR is effective in detecting bacterial DNA in samples, but it is unable to differentiate viable bacteria from inactivated cells or free DNA fragments. New PCR-based analytical strategies have been developed to address this limitation. Molecular viability testing (MVT) correlates bacterial viability with the ability to rapidly synthesize species-specific rRNA precursors (pre-rRNA) in response to brief nutritional stimulation. Previous studies demonstrated that MVT can assess bacterial inactivation by chlorine, serum, and low-temperature pasteurization. Here, we demonstrate that MVT can detect inactivation of Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Enterococcus faecalis cells by UV irradiation. Some UV-inactivated E. coli cells transiently retained the ability to synthesize pre-rRNA postirradiation (generating false-positive MVT results), but this activity ceased within 1 h following UV exposure. Viable but transiently undetectable (by culture) E. coli cells were consistently detected by MVT. An alternative viability testing method, viability PCR (vPCR), correlates viability with cell envelope integrity. This method did not distinguish viable bacteria from UV-inactivated bacteria under some conditions, indicating that the inactivated cells retained intact cell envelopes. MVT holds promise as a means to rapidly assess microbial inactivation by UV treatment.IMPORTANCE UV irradiation is increasingly being used to disinfect water, food, and other materials for human use. Confirming the effectiveness of UV disinfection remains a challenging task. In particular, microbiological methods that rely on rapid detection of microbial DNA can yield misleading results, due to the detection of remnant DNA associated with dead microbial cells. This report describes a novel method that rapidly distinguishes living microbial cells from dead microbial cells after UV disinfection.
A probabilistic approach to quantifying soil physical properties via time-integrated energy and mass input

Abstract. Soils form as the result of a complex suite of biogeochemical and physical processes; however, effective modeling of soil property change and variability is still limited and does not yield widely applicable results. We suggest that predicting a distribution of probable values based upon the soil-forming state factors is more effective and applicable than predicting discrete values. Here we present a probabilistic approach for quantifying soil property variability through integrating energy and mass inputs over time. We analyzed changes in the distributions of soil texture and solum thickness as a function of increasing time and pedogenic energy (effective energy and mass transfer, EEMT) using soil chronosequence data compiled from the literature. Bivariate normal probability distributions of soil properties were parameterized using the chronosequence data; from the bivariate distributions, conditional univariate distributions based on the age and flux of matter and energy into the soil were calculated and probable ranges of each soil property determined. We tested the ability of this approach to predict the soil properties of the original soil chronosequence database and soil properties in complex terrain at several Critical Zone Observatories in the US. The presented probabilistic framework has the potential to greatly inform our understanding of soil evolution over geologic timescales. Considering soils probabilistically captures soil variability across multiple scales and explicitly quantifies uncertainty in soil property change with time.
Symbiont shuffling linked to differential photochemical dynamics of Symbiodinium in three Caribbean reef corals

Dynamic symbioses with functionally diverse dinoflagellate algae in the genus Symbiodinium may allow some reef corals to alter their phenotypes through ‘symbiont shuffling’, or changes in symbiont community composition. In particular, corals may become more bleaching resistant by increasing the relative abundance of thermally tolerant Symbiodinium in clade D after bleaching. Despite the immediate relevance of this phenomenon to corals living in warming oceans—and to interventions aimed at boosting coral resilience—the mechanisms governing how, why, and when symbiont shuffling occurs are still poorly understood. Here, we performed controlled thermal bleaching and recovery experiments on three species of Caribbean corals hosting mixtures of D1a (S. trenchii) and other symbionts in clades B or C. We show that the degree of symbiont shuffling is related to (1) the duration of stress exposure and (2) the difference in photochemical efficiency (F v /F m) of co-occurring symbionts under stress (i.e., the ‘photochemical advantage’ of one symbiont over the other). The advantage of D1a under stress was greatest in Montastraea cavernosa, intermediate in Siderastrea siderea, and lowest in Orbicella faveolata and correlated positively with the magnitude of shuffling toward D1a. In holobionts where D1a had less of an advantage over co-occurring symbionts (i.e., only slightly higher F v /F m under stress), a longer stress duration was required to elicit commensurate increases in D1a abundance. In fact, across these three coral species, 92.9% of variation in the degree of symbiont shuffling could be explained by the time-integrated photochemical advantage of D1a under heat stress. Although F v /F m is governed by numerous factors that this study is unable to resolve mechanistically, its strong empirical relationship with symbiont shuffling helps elucidate general features that govern this process in reef corals, which will help refine predictions of coral responses to environmental change and inform interventions to manipulate symbiont communities to enhance coral resilience.
Frequency-sweep medium-amplitude oscillatory shear (MAOS)

Medium-amplitude oscillatory shear (MAOS) is asymptotically nonlinear and a valuable tool for inferring structure from rheology. However, a drawback of conventional MAOS is the time and material intensive nature of experiments. Many strain amplitude sweeps, and typically multiple sample loadings, are required to obtain frequency-dependent properties. Here, we propose a new MAOS methodology that is much faster (fewer data points) and cheaper (fewer material loadings): The frequency-sweep MAOS. Similar to conventional frequency-sweep SAOS (small-amplitude oscillatory shear), we use only a frequency-sweep. A key challenge is that measurable MAOS data lie within a narrow and frequency-dependent domain between the instrument resolution (at small strain amplitudes) and nonlinear behavior beyond asymptotic nonlinearity (at large strain amplitudes). This necessitates a nonconstant strain amplitude γ0(ω) for the frequency-sweep instead of a single constant strain amplitude. We provide guidelines for finding this γ...
How Political Are Virtue and Happiness

In Aristotle’s well-ordered polis, (many of) the citizens live virtuously. This raises a question: To what extent is virtuous activity a shared activity among the citizens? Since virtuous activity is at the heart of an individual’s happiness, this amounts to asking: In what way is an individual citizen’s good held in common with other citizens? John Cooper has argued for a strongly common, and strongly political, interpretation of Aristotelian virtue and happiness. According to Cooper, virtuous activity is an “essentially communal undertaking,” and each citizen is a sort of co-agent and co-beneficiary in the virtue and happiness of other citizens. In this chapter, I outline Cooper’s interpretation, and I defend his account of morally virtuous activity against two objections. I argue, however, that there are difficulties with viewing intellectual activity within the city as a good in which all the citizens somehow share.
Configurational entropy as a lifetime predictor and pattern discriminator for oscillons

Oscillons are long-lived, spherically symmetric, attractor scalar field configurations that emerge as certain field configurations evolve in time. It has been known for many years that there is a direct correlation between the initial configuration's shape and the resulting oscillon lifetime: a shape memory. In this paper, we use an information-entropic measure of spatial complexity known as differential configurational entropy (DCE) to obtain estimates of oscillon lifetimes in scalar field theories with symmetric and asymmetric double-well potentials. The time-dependent DCE is built from the Fourier transform of the two-point correlation function of the energy density of the scalar field configuration. We obtain a scaling law correlating oscillon lifetimes and measures obtained from its evolving DCE. For the symmetric double well, for example, we show that we can apply DCE to predict an oscillon's lifetime with an average accuracy of 6% or better. We also show that the DCE acts as a pattern discriminator, able to distinguish initial configurations that evolve into long-lived oscillons from other nonperturbative short-lived fluctuations.
Are rates of species diversification and body size evolution coupled in the ferns

Premise of the study Understanding the relationship between phenotypic evolution and lineage diversification is a central goal of evolutionary biology. To extend our understanding of the role morphological evolution plays in the diversification of plants, we examined the relationship between leaf size evolution and lineage diversification across ferns. Methods We tested for an association between body size evolution and lineage diversification using a comparative phylogenetic approach that combined a time-calibrated phylogeny and leaf size data set for 2654 fern species. Rates of leaf size change and lineage diversification were estimated using BAMM, and rate correlations were performed for rates obtained for all families and individual species. Rates and patterns of rate-rate correlation were also analyzed separately for terrestrial and epiphytic taxa. Key results We find no significant correlation between rates of leaf area change and lineage diversification, nor was there a difference in this pattern when growth habit is considered. Our results are consistent with the findings of an earlier study that reported decoupled rates of body size evolution and diversification in the Polypodiaceae, but conflict with a recent study that reported a positive correlation between body size evolution and lineage diversification rates in the tree fern family Cyatheaceae. Conclusions Our findings indicate that lineage diversification in ferns is largely decoupled from shifts in body size, in contrast to several other groups of organisms. Speciation in ferns appears to be primarily driven by hybridization and isolation along elevational gradients, rather than adaptive radiations featuring prominent morphological restructuring. The exceptional diversity of leaf morphologies in ferns appears to reflect a combination of ecophysiological constraints and adaptations that are not key innovations.
Equilibrative and Concentrative Transport Mechanisms

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates equilibrative and concentrative transport mechanisms. The processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination include membrane transport steps that traditionally have been thought of as being mediated by passive diffusion. Research in vitro and in vivo has defined four basic mechanisms of transport across biological membranes: passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, and carrier-mediated active transport. Active transport may be subdivided into primary transport, which is directly coupled with substrate oxidation or high-energy phosphate hydrolysis, or secondary transport, which is coupled with cotransport of another molecule or ion down its thermodynamic gradient. The basic principles of transport across a semipermeable membrane and the relevant thermodynamic and flux equations governing transport are well established. In the case of active transport, the movement of the substrate is coupled with some other energetic process, such as cotransport of another substrate or ion according to its electrochemical potential gradient or the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphatase (ATP). The uptake mechanisms dependent on membrane trafficking are elaborated in the chapter.
Global equilibrium search algorithms for combinatorial optimization problems

Global Equilibrium Search (GES) is a meta-heuristic framework that shares similar ideas with the simulated annealing method. GES accumulates a compact set of information about the search space to generate promising initial solutions for the techniques that require a starting solution, such as the simple local search method. GES has been successful for many classic discrete optimization problems: the unconstrained quadratic programming problem, the maximum satisfiability problem, the max-cut problem, the multidimensional knapsack problem and the job-shop scheduling problem. GES provides state-of-the-art performance on all of these domains when compared to the current best known algorithms from the literature. GES algorithm can be naturally extended for parallel computing as it performs search simultaneously in distinct areas of the solution space. In this talk, we provide an overview of Global Equilibrium Search and discuss some successful applications.
Bell-state preparation using pulsed nondegenerate two-photon entanglement

We report a Bell-state preparation experiment. High-purity Bell states are prepared by using femtosecond pulse pumped nondegenerate collinear spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The use of a femtosecond pump pulse does not result in a reduction of quantum interference visibility in our scheme in which the postselection of amplitudes and other traditional mechanisms, such as using thin nonlinear crystals or narrow-band spectral filters are not used. Another distinct feature of this scheme is that the pump, the signal, and the idler wavelengths are all distinguishable, which is very useful for quantum communications.
Dynamics of drug response informs rational combination regimens

Metabolic plasticity in cancer has been linked to the development of drug-tolerant populations. In this issue of Science Signaling, Goldman et al integrate metabolic plasticity with phenotypic state transitions to examine how this reprogramming can be therapeutically exploited.
Future Muon Colliders, Higgs and Neutrino Factories

Over the past two decades there has been significant progress in developing the concepts and technologies needed to produce, capture, accelerate and collide high intensity beams of muons. At present, a high-luminosity multi-TeV muon collider presents an attractive and very cost-effective option for the next generation lepton-lepton collider, which can allow to fully explore the energy frontier of high energy particle physics in the era following the LHC discoveries. Of growing interest is also a low-energy μ+μ- collider – Higgs factory - at the center of mass energy $\sqrt{s}$=125 GeV that will produce copious number of Higgs particles and explore their properties in greater detail. Synergetic to the collider is the neutrino factory concept that is based on racetrack type muon-decay ring production of the neutrinos. Below we briefly review the concepts and feasibility of the muon accelerator facilities for particle physics research, discuss the status of the corresponding accelerator R&D, and outline directions of the future work.
Catalog of the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 1758 to the End of the Second Millennium.V. Staphylinine Group (Part 2)Staphylininae: Diochini, Maorothiini, Othiini, Platyprosopini, Staphylinini (Amblyopinina, Anisolinina, Hyptiomina, Philonthina)

This catalog (published in seven parts, all released on the same day) is based on only the published literature for the Staphylinidae. Of the 32 subfamilies, the following 28 are included herein: Apateticinae, Dasycerinae, Empelinae, Euaesthetinae, Glypholomatinae, Habrocerinae, Leptotyphlinae, Megalopsidiinae, Micropeplinae, Microsilphinae, Neophoninae, Olisthaerinae, Omaliinae, Osoriinae, Oxyporinae, Oxytelinae, Phloeocharinae, Piestinae, Protactinae†, Proteininae, Protopselaphinae, Pseudopsinae, Solieriinae, Staphylininae, Steninae, Tachyporinae, Trichophyinae, and Trigonurinae. The Aleocharinae, Paederinae, Pselphinae, and Scaphidiinae are excluded from this edition of the catalog. References to the original citation or description are given for available family-group, genus-group, and species-group names of both extant and extinct forms. The type genus is cited for each family-group name, the type species for each genus-group name, and the type locality for each species-group name. Where appropriate, all subgenera, subspecies, or synonyms are listed for each valid name. Annotated subsequent references are presented for all names. Distributional summaries are given for each valid taxon. Full bibliographic citations are in Part VII. A short historical review, coauthored with Ales Smetana, follows the Introduction (Part I), with the main focus on biographical sketches that include many photographs. The goal of this catalog is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the family and to stimulate worldwide monographic studies.
Novel Approaches for the Delivery of Biologics to the Central Nervous System

This chapter describes novel approaches and formulations in the delivery of biologics to the central nervous system (CNS). We begin by discussing the increasing global burden of CNS disorders as well as providing an overview of the current market share of pharmaceuticals for CNS indications. We then briefly review the structure and function of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and discuss a market survey of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved CNS drugs, followed by a review of the current clinically available strategies, both physical and chemical, for overcoming the BBB. We conclude by discussing recently developed directions in CNS delivery of biologics that rely on natural transport pathways, vector-mediated delivery systems, stem cells, and nanomaterials.
Improved survival in women versus men with merkel cell carcinoma.

Background Studies have observed that women have better outcomes than men in melanoma, but less is known about the influence of sex differences on outcomes for other aggressive cutaneous malignancies. Objective To investigate whether women and men have disparate outcomes in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Methods Patients with nonmetastatic MCC undergoing surgery and lymph node evaluation were identified from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for overall survival, and competing-risks analysis and Fine-Gray models were used for cause-specific and other-cause mortality. Results The NCDB cohort (n = 4178) included 1516 (36%) women. Women had a consistent survival advantage compared with men in propensity score–matched analysis (66.0% vs 56.8% at 5 years, P Limitations Potential selection bias from a retrospective data set. Conclusion In MCC, women have improved survival compared with men, driven by MCC-related mortality.
Effect of planting times growth and yield of white lupen (Lupinus albus L.).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different sowing times on growth and yield characters of white lupine (Lupinus albus L.). The experiment was carried out in the Field Crops Experimen Station at Eyyubiye campus of Harran University during 2017-2018 semi-arid season. In the study, four different sowing times (30 October, 15 November, 30 November and 15 December) were evaluated in randomized complete blocks design with 4 replications. The results revealed that the impact of different sowing times on fresh herb and hay yield, 100 seed weight (gr) and seed yield of white lupine plant was statistically significant, but did not impact on crude protein, hay, crude protein in the seed, plant height and number of branches per plant. Overall, the results suggested that white lupen planted at the end of November could successfully be grown in Þanlýurfa conditions.
The Lived Experience from China to the United States: A Sociocultural Roadmap

This chapter introduces the learner profiles and the sociocultural roadmap of participating Chinese graduate students. The learner profiles illustrate the demographic and linguistic background of each participating student. Their lived experiences include pre-departure experience (i.e., learning the English language as a foreign language), evolution from EFL students to degree-seeking graduate students using English as a second language, to adaptive coping strategies to successfully navigate their academic requirements. In addition to understanding each student’s English language learning history, their pre-departure experiences inform the reader of the geographic imbalance of China’s English language education (e.g., pedagogy and learning materials) and English language teacher profiles (both native- and non-native English speakers). Their narratives of learning situations and academic management in their respective departments demonstrate varied departmental accommodations to non-native English speaker students. Yet, the students explain how they were disadvantaged despite their high TOEFL scores. The optimism and adaptive coping strategies have largely enriched the theoretical and practical understanding of how L2 users succeed in study abroad situations.