cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of tides on deltaic deposition: Causes and responses

Abstract This paper explores the response of deltas to tidal reworking and discusses the conditions at which deltas may become strongly tide influenced or tide dominated. Three case studies are presented, from the Cretaceous Western Interior, the Devonian Baltic Basin and the Eocene Central Basin of Spitsbergen. All datasets contain extensive outcrop data, the Baltic Basin dataset also extensive core data. The paper aims to show that beyond the commonly recognized morphological features and the recognizable tidal facies, the main effects of tidal reworking of deltas are associated with delta clinoform morphology, delta lobe switching rates, delta progradation rates, and the nature of the delta plain. Strong tidal influence is here documented to promote subaqueous, rapid progradation of deltas, by efficiently removing sediment from river mouth and thus reducing mouth bar aggradation and fluvial delta plain construction rates. Such subaqueous progradation of the delta front is decoupled from shoreline progradation. The delta plain of such tide-dominated deltas consists of a few distributary channels and tidal flats. The delta front clinoforms become gentler and longer, as tidal currents efficiently transport sediment to the basin. Tide-dominated deltas tend to maintain a funnel shape and show low lobe switching rates, compared to fluvial-dominated and tide-influenced deltas. This paper emphasizes topographic restrictions or invaginations, caused by incision, delta-lobe deposition or tectonic uplift and subsidence, as significant controls on the occurrence of strongly tide-influenced deltas. The role of such topographic restrictions is twofold, by reducing wave energy and amplifying tidal energy. Significantly, such invaginations are not restricted to inner-shelf reaches as commonly assumed, but may also occur at the shelf edge, promoting tidal reworking of shelf-edge deltas. Moreover, in very shallow epicontinental seas, significant tidal reworking may occur throughout the basin evolution, independent on sea-level cycles or sediment supply.
Physical characteristics and gas composition of nasal air affect nasal nitric oxide release.

Abstract We studied modulation of release of nitric oxide (NO) into nasal passages by physical characteristics (airflow, temperature, humidity) or gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) in nasal air of humans. Each characteristic or gas in nasal air was changed during voluntary soft palate elevation (to isolate nasal passages). Increasing airflow through the nose caused incremental increases in NO release from 211±23 nl/(min m −2 ) at 1 L/min to 312±40 nl/(min m −2 ) at 22 L/min ( P n =6). Decreased humidity (dry airflow, 1–22 L/min) reduced NO release only at the highest airflow rate. Changing temperature (range 46 to 0°C) had no effect on NO release. Hypoxia (below 4% O 2 ) rapidly and reversibly decreased NO release (200±40 nl/(min m −2 ) at 21% O 2 versus 99±17 nl/(min m −2 ) at 0% O 2 for 3 min, ( P n =5). Carbon dioxide (5%) reduced NO release slightly. We conclude that airflow, reduced humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, and oxygen concentration modulate NO release into nasal passages.
Entropy at a weight-per-symbol and embeddings of Markov chains

In [11], Krieger gave a remarkable embedding result for shifts of finite type. He proved that two simple necessary conditions, strict inequality of the topological entropies of the shifts and the existence of an embedding for their periodic points, are in fact sufficient. For Markov chains, when the appropriate definitions of embedding and subsystem were supplied in [10], analogous necessary conditions, strict inequality of/?-functions and the existence of a weight-preserving embedding for periodic points, became apparent. However, an example in [10] also revealed these conditions to not be sufficient. In this paper, we bring to bear on embeddings of Markov chains, the ideas we introduced in [16]. In fact, we work in the (closely related) setting of triples (Z~A, a A,f), where (2;a, aA) is a shift of finite type and f is a function assigning weights to the edges of the graph associated with (SA, aA). The func t ionf takes values in IR or, more generally, in N q for some qeN. The weight of a periodic orbit, which corresponds to a cycle in the graph, is then the sum of the weights of the edges lying on the cycle; division by the length of the cycle gives the weight-per-symbol. In [16], we continued: The rational linear span of the set WPS I of weights-per-symbol is a finite-dimensional vector space Vs. The convex hull of WPS I in V I is a polytope WPSI , called the weight-per-symbol polytope. Consideration of the faces of WPS I gives subsystems of (-r A, aA,f) which are ordered according to the ordering of the faces; the resulting nesting of subsystems is the scaffold of (~a, O'A,f)' An embedding of a triple (I;A, a a , f ) in another (2;B, aB, g) is a continuous shift-commuting injection q~:2;A -* 12~ which preserves weights of periodic orbits. The two necessary conditions mentioned above imply W P S I c W ~ . When the boundary c~(WPSI) meets ~?(WPSg), that is, when a face F of WPS I meets a face G of WPSg, any embedding must carry the subsystem corresponding to F into that corresponding to G, and this gives rise to further necessary conditons. A discussion of these complications, and a description of the example of [10] in these terms, will be given in Sect. 7. Before that, the main embedding
Exercise effects on motor and affective behavior and catecholamine neurochemistry in the MPTP-lesioned mouse

This study used 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6,-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in mice to determine if exercise improves behavior and dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) content. Male C57BL/6 mice received MPTP (4 x 20mg/kg) or saline. They remained sedentary or exercised by treadmill or voluntary running wheel for 6 weeks (n=8/group). Saline-treated mice ran significantly faster on running wheels (22.8+/-1.0m/min) than on treadmill (8.5+/-0.5m/min), and MPTP lesion did not reduce voluntary exercise (19.3+/-1.5m/min, p>0.05). There was a significant effect of both lesion and exercise on overall Rotarod performance (ORP): MPTP lesion reduced ORP, while treadmill exercise increased ORP vs sedentary mice (p<0.05). MPTP increased anxiety in the marble-burying test: sedentary lesioned mice buried more marbles (74.0+/-5.2%) than sedentary controls (34.8+/-11.8%, p<0.05). Conversely, exercise reduced anxiety on the elevated plus maze. Among saline-treated mice, those exposed to voluntary wheel-running showed an increased percent of open arm entries (49.8+/-3.5%, p<0.05) relative to sedentary controls (36.2+/-4.0%, p<0.05). Neither MPTP nor exercise altered symptoms of depression measured by sucrose preference or tail suspension. MPTP significantly reduced DA in striatum (in sedentary lesioned mice to 42.1+/-3.0% of saline controls), and lowered 5HT in amygdala and striatum (in sedentary lesioned mice to 86.1+/-4.1% and 66.5+/-8.2% of saline controls, respectively); exercise had no effect. Thus, exercise improves behavior in a model of DA depletion, without changes in DA or 5HT.
GRANULOMA GLUTEALE INFANTUM

Summary Two cases of granuloma gluteale infantum are reported. This condition is characterized by reddish-blue skin nodules in the napkin area of infants. Both patients had previously been treated for a dermatitis in this area. The nodules have a typical histological picture and undergo resolution whether treated or not. The cause of this condition is unknown, but appears to be related to the application of medicaments to the inflamed skin of the napkin area.
Psychometric properties of the Early Trauma Inventory-Self Report

Childhood trauma is an important public health problem, but there are limitations in our ability to measure childhood abuse. The purpose of this study was to develop a self-report instrument for the assessment of childhood trauma that is valid but simple to administer. A total of 288 subjects with and without trauma and psychiatric disorders were assessed with the Early Trauma Inventory-Self Report (ETI-SR), an instrument for the assessment of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as general traumas, which measures frequency, onset, emotional impact, and other variables. Validity and consistency of the ETI-SR using different methods of scoring was assessed. The ETI-SR was found to have good validity and internal consistency. No method was found to be superior to the simple method of counting the number of items endorsed as having ever occurred in terms of validity. Some items were found to be redundant or not necessary for the accurate measurement of trauma severity within specific domains. Subsequent analyses with a shortened checklist of items showed acceptable validity and internal consistency. These findings suggest that the ETI-SR is a valid measure of early trauma, and suggest future directions for a shortened version of the ETI-SR that could be more easily incorporated into clinical research studies and practice settings.
Update on colorectal polyps and polyposis syndromes

Abstract Colorectal polyps are frequently encountered in daily pathology practice. The accurate diagnosis of these polyps forms a key component of clinical care, both in determining the malignant potential (and thus the follow-up interval for colonoscopy) as well as raising suspicion for polyposis syndromes. As such, the pathologist plays an instrumental role in the care of patients with colon polyps. This review highlights the histologic features of several commonly (and uncommonly) encountered colon polyps and provides genetic and clinical features of several polyposis syndromes that can be diagnosed (or at least suspected) when evaluating biopsies of colon polyps.
Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography with a Special Focus on a Patient Undergoing Advanced Robotic-Assisted Procedures

Intraoperative echocardiography (IOE) has earned a major role in surgical decision-making and helps the cardiac surgeon decide and proceed with appropriate intervention based on the visualized pathology. With the advent of minimally invasive surgical techniques and robotic-assisted operations, more emphasis and dependence has been placed on IOE. We describe our experience with IOE during mitral valve repair at our center, which is one of the pioneer centers for these telemanipulation techniques.
Research highlights: microtechnologies for engineering the cellular environment

In this issue we highlight recent microtechnology-enabled approaches to control the physical and biomolecular environment around cells: (1) developing micropatterned surfaces to quantify cell affinity choices between two adhesive patterns, (2) controlling topographical cues to align cells and improve reprogramming to a pluripotent state, and (3) controlling gradients of biomolecules to maintain pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. Quantitative readouts of cell-surface affinity in environments with several cues should open up avenues in tissue engineering where self-assembly of complex multi-cellular structures is possible by precisely engineering relative adhesive cues in three dimensional constructs. Methods of simple and local epigenetic modification of chromatin structure with microtopography and biomolecular gradients should also be of use in regenerative medicine, as well as in high-throughput quantitative analysis of external signals that impact and can be used to control cells. Overall, approaches to engineer the cellular environment will continue to be an area of further growth in the microfluidic and lab on a chip community, as the scale of the technologies seamlessly matches that of biological systems. However, because of regulations and other complexities with tissue engineered therapies, these micro-engineering approaches will likely first impact organ-on-a-chip technologies that are poised to improve drug discovery pipelines.
An elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model of wear particle migration in an artificial hip joint

Abstract A full fluid ball-in-socket elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) analysis of an artificial hip joint made of a metallic femoral head and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cup was considered. Since artificial hips operate in a mixed lubrication mode, wear occurs and wear particles lead to reduced hip lifetimes. This study involves simulating these particles within the lubrication regime. Hip deformation was compared to models employing finite element analysis and the spherical fast-Fourier transform technique. Particle modeling results were compared to suspension modeling experiments by other researchers. Results show a strong influence of lubricant fluid velocity on that of the wear particles.
Generalized Alexandroff–Urysohn squares and a characterization of the fixed point property

Abstract Given a Hausdorff continuum X , we introduce a topology on X × X that yields a Hausdorff continuum. We call the resulting space the Alexandroff–Urysohn square of X and prove that X has the fixed point property if and only if the Alexandroff–Urysohn square of X has the fixed point property.
Linking New Information to a Reactivated Memory Requires Consolidation and Not Reconsolidation Mechanisms

A new memory is initially labile and becomes stabilized through a process of consolidation, which depends on gene expression. Stable memories, however, can again become labile if reactivated by recall and require another phase of protein synthesis in order to be maintained. This process is known as reconsolidation. The functional significance of the labile phase of reconsolidation is unknown; one hypothesis proposes that it is required to link new information with reactivated memories. Reconsolidation is distinct from the initial consolidation, and one distinction is that the requirement for specific proteins or general protein synthesis during the two processes occurs in different brain areas. Here, we identified an anatomically distinctive molecular requirement that doubly dissociates consolidation from reconsolidation of an inhibitory avoidance memory. We then used this requirement to investigate whether reconsolidation and consolidation are involved in linking new information with reactivated memories. In contrast to what the hypothesis predicted, we found that reconsolidation does not contribute to the formation of an association between new and reactivated information. Instead, it recruits mechanisms similar to those underlying consolidation of a new memory. Thus, linking new information to a reactivated memory is mediated by consolidation and not reconsolidation mechanisms.
Effects of Cognitive and Perceptual Loads on Driver Behavior

The objective of the study was to examine how cognitive and perceptual loads affect driving strategies and the guidance of attention. A cue-target search task was implemented, and two experiments manipulated prioritization of a primary task and working memory load (Experiment 1) and congruence and salience of targets (Experiment 2). The cues and nontarget distracters in the environment were designed to influence discriminability and predictability of target locations (e.g., target pedestrians or target squares). Driving-related variables along with reaction times and accuracy scores were collected. The load theory of attention was used as a framework for the design of the experiments. The study was designed to expand the findings of load theory research to a more realistic driving environment and identify how drivers strategized in conditions of cognitive and perceptual loads. In line with previous studies, both experiments found better lane control during the dual-task period when compared with single-ta...
A preliminary study of sleep-disordered breathing in major depressive disorder

Abstract Background and purpose Individuals with obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (OSDB) commonly report symptoms of depression; however, the percentage of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) who experience OSDB is less clear. This study aimed to examine OSDB in a sample of individuals with MDD, unselected for sleep-related complaints, along a continuum of ventilatory and hypoxic abnormalities. Patients and methods The overnight sleep-related breathing of 19 individuals with MDD and 15 non-depressed controls was recorded using an unattended nasal pressure-based home sleep monitoring device. The device recorded nasal airflow, breathing effort, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and body position. Results The two groups varied significantly on three sleep-related breathing variables: major flow-limitation events, major flow-limitation events accompanied by a desaturation, and average saturation throughout the evening; and these groups approached significance on minor flow-limitation events accompanied by a desaturation and average number of desaturations throughout the evening. Sleep-related breathing variables predicted accurate grouping in 81.3% of those with MDD and 80.6% of the non-depressed participants. Conclusions These results suggest that OSDB may play a more important role in MDD than previously recognized. OSDB may contribute to or exacerbate the condition of someone predisposed to MDD, and the treatment of OSDB may ameliorate or possibly prevent depressive symptoms.
Reflections on organ transplantation in the United Kingdom.

When asked which patients receive kidney transplants in England, a social worker attached to a prestigious British teaching hospital recently told me, “Probably the undeserving.” By that she meant that trouble-making patients who lacked the self-discipline to cooperate with dialysis regimes, or who complained the loudest, were often “gotten rid of” by eliminating the need for dialyzing altogether. Such candor was unexpected, but it points up the fact that even under Great Britain's National Health Service, where egalitarian concerns have always been paramount, criteria other than pure medical need can determine access to organ transplants. Ironically. “negative” social factors provided the key to transplant availability in the cases that the social worker described, although unconventional social factors are probably more often used in the United States to deny the benefits of transplantation to patients who do not fit the middleclass ideal.
Scleral depressed vitreous shaving, 360 laser, and perfluoropropane (C3 F8) for retinal detachment.

Purpose : To review the characteristics and outcomes of patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with scleral depressed vitreous shaving, 360 degree peripheral endolaser, and 14% C3F8 gas for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Materials and Methods : A retrospective review of a consecutive series of patients who underwent primary repair of RRD by PPV with scleral depressed vitreous shaving, 360 degree peripheral endolaser, and 14% perfluoropropane (C 3 F 8 ) was conducted. Patients with less than 3 months follow-up, previous retinal surgery, and higher than grade B proliferative vitreoretinopathy were excluded. Results : Ninety-one eyes were included in the study. The mean age was 60.1 years. The mean follow-up was 13.7 months. The macula was detached in 63% (58/91) of the eyes. The reattachment rate after one surgical procedure was 95% (86/91) while overall reattachment rate was 100%. There was no statistically significant difference between reattachment rates of superior, nasal/temporal, or inferior RRDs. The mean final best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/40. Of all the patients, 66% of patients with macula-off RRDs had a final BCVA of 20/40 or better. Conclusions: PPV with scleral depressed vitreous shaving, 360 degree peripheral endolaser, and 14% C 3 F 8 leads to successful anatomical reattachment with visual improvement in patients with primary RRD.
Ground kenaf core as a filtration aid

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the filtration characteristics of ground kenaf core, a waste material generated during the production of kenaf bast fibers for paper. The constant-pressure precoat filtration characteristics of ground kenaf core were compared to commercial diatomaceous earth (DE). Three challenge solutions were studied: a yeast solution, a bacterial solution, and a standard silica-particle solution. The kenaf and DE both satisfactorily permitted removal of all silica particles from solution without noticable flux degradation over the course of the filtration. The kenaf and DE also removed yeast particles. In this case, the flux loss with time was lower with the DE precoated filter than in the kenaf precoated filter. The DE precoat excluded less than 10% of the bacterial particles from solution, whereas the kenaf removed about 40% of these small particles.
Developing the earthquake markup language and database with UML and XML schema

Seismic information is commonly shared across networks, and stored in heterogeneous databases that are maintained by different and autonomous groups. Because the metadata of the seismic information is generally not structured, information loss commonly occurs when data is transmitted from one source to another. Minimizing such information loss and enhancing information interchange over the Web require construction of specific markup languages for each part of seismology. The sub-disciplinary data syntax and vocabularies allow construction of corresponding relational databases to store and interchange the structured data. Developing modular data structures and databases for each sub-discipline allows composition of new languages through reuse, and enables future extension of the vocabulary and maintenance of the knowledge base. In this paper, we show how to design the conceptual and logical models for a small set of seismology that deals with earthquake (EarthquakeML). We discuss the application of the UML to the design and mapping of the object model into W3 XML Schema and database. The emphasis is on designing components that can be reused across discipline, and reduce redundancies by developing type libraries. We show how to map the XML schema into a relational data model; and implement the EarthquakeDB with the Microsoft Access DBMS.
Indoor solar energy harvesting for sensor network router nodes

A unique method has been developed to scavenge energy from monocrystaline solar cells to power wireless router nodes used in indoor applications. The system's energy harvesting module consists of solar cells connected in series-parallel combination to scavenge energy from 34W fluorescent lights. A set of ultracapacitors were used as the energy storage device. Two router nodes were used as a router pair at each route point to minimize power consumption. Test results show that the harvesting circuit which acted as a plug-in to the router nodes manages energy harvesting and storage, and enables near-perpetual, harvesting aware operation of the router node.
Effects of cycloheximide and amino acid analogues on biosynthesis of 6-methylsalicylic acid in Penicillium patulum☆

Abstract The effect of several inhibitors on formation of 6-methylsalicylic acid (MSA) synthetase activity in two isolates of Penicillium patulum NRRL 2159A has been studied. Synthetase activity was measured in crude extracts by the incorporation of 14 C-malonyl-CoA into MSA. The two isolates differ in the time of appearance of MSA synthetase after transfer from a germinating medium to Czapek-Dox medium. Cycloheximide at a concentration of 0.3 μg/ml stimulates the formation of synthetase activity in both strains, but inhibits formation of the activity at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. In comparing this effect with the inhibition of protein synthesis by cyclo-heximide, it was found that a concentration of 10 μg/ml is sufficient to block in vivo incorporation of leucine- 14 C into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material, while 0.3 μg/ml only partially inhibits this incorporation. dl - p -Fluorophenylalanine and dl -4-methyltryptophan also stimulate formation of MSA synthetase activity at a concentration of 10–100 μg/ml and partially inhibit formation at 1 mg/ml. dl -5-Methyltryptophan shows slight inhibition but little stimulation. dl -Ethionine at 100μg/ml partially inhibits MSA synthetase appearance. It is suggested that the inhibitors produce metabolic changes similar to those found in older cultures when MSA synthesis is prevalent. The possibility of applying this stimulatory effect to increase production yields of some antibiotics is mentioned.
Relationship of a Landsat cumulative disturbance index to canopy nitrogen and forest structure

article i nfo Spatially-explicit knowledge of the timing, frequency, and intensity of forest disturbances is essential for for- est management, yet little is known about how disturbances such as forest harvests and insect outbreaks might accumulate in their effects over time. Capturing the many forest harvest and insect defoliation events occurring over twenty-five years, we transformed a series of Landsat images into cumulative disturbance maps covering Green Ridge State Forest (GRSF) and Savage River State Forest (SRSF) in western Maryland. These maps summed yearly ΔDI images, which were defined as the change in a yearly tasseled cap distur- bance index (DI), relative to a synthetic reference condition map created by finding the minimum DI value for all years. Intensive field-plot surveys and AVIRIS imagery collected during the summer of 2009 provided measurements of forest structure and canopy nitrogen. With these data, we found that while the most recent year's ΔDI had little relation, increases in the cumulative DI were related to decreased field-measured current canopy cover (R 2 =0.66 at GRSF, 0.67 at SRSF and 0.34 combined) and watershed-averaged AVIRIS canopy N
Prostate cancer risk after anti-androgen treatment for priapism

Background Patients with recurrent ischemic priapism have historically been treated with anti-androgen therapy due to the limited available evidence for more targeted therapies to treat the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of this condition. We report a case in which anti-androgen therapy caused significant adverse side effects and likely masked this patient’s elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, which adversely impacted the timely diagnosis and treatment of his prostate cancer.
Point defects and non-stoichiometry in forsterite

Abstract Existing experimental evidence suggests that in pure Mg-forsterite with a fixed Mg/Si ratio, vacancies and interstitials on the Mg sublattice are the dominant intrinsic point defects, while O vacancies and conduction-band electrons are the primary oxygen-deficient defects. Orthopyroxene appears to dissolve readily in pure Mg-forsterite at high temperatures, the change in Mg/Si ratio being accommodated by Mg vacancies and Si interstitials; as a consequence, upper-mantle forsterite may be substantially non-stoichiometric. It is postulated that the amount of Fe that can be oxidized in the forsterite phase is directly related to the excess Si present, either incorporated in the structure, or available from another phase richer in SiO 2 such as pyroxene.
Elagolix, a novel, orally bioavailable GnRH antagonist under investigation for the treatment of endometriosis-related pain

Suppression of estrogen production and reduction of menstrual blood flow are the mainstays of medical treatment of endometriosis-related pain and have been traditionally achieved by methods such as combined hormonal contraception, progestins and GnRH analogs, all with comparable efficacies, though different side-effect profiles. Elagolix is the frontrunner among an emerging class of GnRH antagonists, which unlike their peptide predecessors has a nonpeptide structure resulting in its oral bioavailability. Phase I and II clinical trials have demonstrated safety of elagolix and its efficacy in partial and reversible suppression of ovarian estrogen production resulting in improvements in endometriosis-related pain. Phase III clinical trials are currently underway and elagolix may become a valuable addition to the armamentarium of pharmacological agents to treat endometriosis-related pain.
Mode of food intake reduction in Lewis rats with indomethacin-induced ulcerative ileitis

The mechanism of anorexia in inflammatory bowel disease is poorly understood. To gain insight into possible pathophysiologic mechanisms, the feeding indices and food intake were studied in an animal model of Crohn's disease. The anorexia of indomethacin-induced ulcerative ileitis was compared with that of the well-known anorexia of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Forty-five female Lewis rats were randomized to four groups: Control, Indomethacin, Indomethacin + TPN, and TPN. Feeding indices and food intake were continuously measured using the Automated Computerized Rat Eater Meter. Interleukin-1α (IL-1α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were assayed in plasma, mononuclear cell culture, or ileum to determine their role in mediating anorexia. In the TPN group, spontaneous food intake (SFI) decreased (52%; p 0.05) primarily via reduction in MN (79%; p < 0.05), whereas MZ decreased slightly (19%; p < 0.05). Only in the Indomethacin group were IL-1α and TNF-α detected in the mononuclear cell culture and plasma, respectively. In the Indomethacin group, an inverse correlation existed between MZ and TNF-α (p < 0.05). In the Indomethacin group, IL-1α, PGE2, and LTB4 concentrations did not correlate with feeding indices. SFI reduction in this model was mediated primarily via a decrease in MZ. TNF-α is proposed to mediate this effect and TPN was shown to overcome the effect on MZ.
Bill Gibson and the Art of Leading Across Boundaries

As director of a regional council for more than 30 years, Bill Gibson is instrumental in facilitating “boundary-crossing” collaborations that increase public value. This Administrative Profile examines three cases of regional, cross-sector collaboration catalyzed by Gibson’s leadership. Characteristics of entrepreneurship, attention to “relationship capital,” and the humility derived from ego strength combine with the context of working for a boundary organization to help explain his success.
Functional Cloning of an Arabidopsis thalianacDNA Encoding Cycloeucalenol Cycloisomerase

Abstract Plants and certain protists use cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase (EC 5.5.1.9) to convert pentacyclic cyclopropyl sterols to conventional tetracyclic sterols. We used a novel complementation strategy to clone a cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase cDNA. Expressing an Arabidopsis thaliana cycloartenol synthase cDNA in a yeast lanosterol synthase mutant provided a sterol auxotroph that could be genetically complemented with the isomerase. We transformed this yeast strain with an Arabidopsis yeast expression library and selected sterol prototrophs to obtain a strain that accumulated biosynthetic ergosterol. The novel phenotype was conferred by anArabidopsis cDNA that potentially encodes a 36-kDa protein. We expressed this cDNA (CPI1) inEscherichia coli and showed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry that extracts from this strain isomerized cycloeucalenol to obtusifoliol in vitro. The cDNA will be useful for obtaining heterologously expressed protein for catalytic studies and elucidating the in vivo roles of cyclopropyl sterols.
Effects of chlorpromazine and diazepam on time estimation behavior and motivation in rats

The effects of chlorpromazine and diazepam on performance of two operant tasks, one modelling time estimation and the other motivation to work for food reinforcers, were investigated in rats. These same tasks had been used previously in rhesus monkeys to assess the effects of chlorpromazine and diazepam. Rat performance of the time estimation task [temporal response differentiation (TRD)] was nearly identical to that previously described in monkeys. This performance similarity across these two species occurred despite slightly different methodologies. Performance of the motivation task [progressive ratio (PR)] was clearly different between rats and adult monkeys in that rats exhibited lower values on all PR endpoints. Acute administration of chlorpromazine [0.03-5.6 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (IP)] caused decrements in rat TRD and PR performance at doses > or = 1.0 mg/kg. Acute administration of diazepam (0.25-4.0 mg/kg, IP) altered TRD performance only. The effects of chlorpromazine and diazepam in rats were similar to those previously noted in the monkey, indicating the potential utility of rat performance in these operant tasks to predict drug effects in the rhesus monkey.
Water-Soluble Semiconductor Nanocrystals Cap Exchanged with Metalated Ligands

We report a novel method for cap exchange of emissive semidondutor nanocrystals (NCs) using thiol functional ligands metalated with zinc. Utilizing this method, the NCs can be several times brighter and much more resistant to precipitation compared to control samples. This method has been applied using a variety of caps such as dihydrolipoic acid and cysteine. Our data suggest that the improved properties of the metalated cap exchanged NCs are due to a ligand metathesis process occurring at the NC surface where the zinc complex reacts with NC surface bound ligands, gently removing them and replacing them with another cap. Overall, the use of metalated ligands helps resolve many long-standing issues concerning the application of small cap exchanged NCs for biological imaging.
Introduction to special section: state of the science on wheeled mobility and seating.

The National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR), a part of the US Department of Education, has funded Rehabilitation Engineering Research Centers (RERCs) for the past three...
Social support and child maltreatment: a review of the evidence.

Abstract Parents who maltreat their children have long been thought to lack support from informal and social networks. Recent writers have taken the position that this relationship is a proven, causal one, with social isolation seen as a necessary antecedent condition for the occurrence of child abuse. Concurrently, initial enthusiasm for social support as a powerful explanatory variable in other areas of psychological and health research is giving, way to cautious reevaluation of the evidence. The present review was undertaken to bring into sharper focus what is now known regarding the relationship between child maltreatment and parental isolation from informal helping networks. Existing research is fraught with both conceptual and methodological problems. There is, at present, little research evidence that lack of social support plays a significant role in the etiology of physical abuse. Stronger evidence exists that neglectful parents are socially isolated, but the data are consistent with the hypothesis that this is one manifestation of the character problems of these parents. Future research must give closer attention to clearly defining social support and using reliable and valid instruments to measure it. while exploring multivariate models of child maltreatment.
Computer simulation models in environmental engineering education

The traditional lecture-based teaching process has been criticized as a passive knowledge delivery process with much room for improvement in the teaching-learning process. It is now recognized that one of the essential prerequisites for improving the teaching-learning process is active and interactive participation of the students, both in and out of the classroom. In this paper, computer simulation models are identified as an effective teaching aid to promote active participation between student and teacher as well as among students. Using a sample simulation model, the different ways in which models in general can be used to encourage active and interactive participation are discussed. It is concluded that the use of such computer simulation models is appealing to students with diverse learning styles.
Peptide YY3-36 Decreases Reinstatement of High-Fat Food Seeking during Dieting in a Rat Relapse Model

A major problem in treating obesity is high rates of relapse to maladaptive food-taking habits during dieting. This relapse is often provoked by acute re-exposure to palatable food, food-associated cues, or stress. We used a reinstatement model, commonly used to study relapse to abused drugs, to explore the effect of peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) on reinstatement of high-fat (35%, 45 mg pellets) food seeking induced by acute exposure to the pellets (pellet priming), a cue previously associated with pellet delivery (pellet cue), or yohimbine (2 mg/kg, a pharmacological stressor). Rats were placed on a restricted diet (16 g of chow per day) and lever-pressed for the pellets for 9-12 sessions (6 h/d, every 48 h); pellet delivery was paired with a tone-light cue. They were then given 10-20 extinction sessions wherein lever presses were not reinforced with the pellets and subsequently tested for reinstatement of food seeking. Systemic PYY3-36 injections (100-200 microg/kg) decreased pellet priming- and pellet cue-induced reinstatement of food seeking but not yohimbine-induced reinstatement. Arcuate nucleus (Arc) injections of PYY3-36 (0.4 microg per side) decreased pellet priming-induced reinstatement. The attenuation of pellet priming-induced reinstatement by systemic PYY3-36 was reversed by systemic (2 mg/kg) but not Arc (0.5 microg per side) injections of the Y2 receptor antagonist BIIE0246. Arc PYY3-36 injections did not decrease pellet cue-induced reinstatement. Finally, systemic PYY3-36 injections had minimal effects on ongoing food self-administration or heroin priming- or heroin cue-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. These data identify an effect of systemic PYY3-36 on relapse to food seeking that is independent of Y2 receptor activation in Arc and suggest that PYY3-36 should be considered for the treatment of relapse to maladaptive food-taking habits during dieting.
Phase coherence and nonequilibrium behavior in Josephson junction arrays.

We model a two-dimensional periodic array of Josephson junctions in a transverse magnetic field by the uniformly frustrated $\mathrm{XY}$ model. We report the results of extensive nonequilibrium simulations of the array within the resistively-shunted-junction model. $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves are computed for the unfrustrated and fully frustrated cases, and consistency with recent experiments is found. For the fully frustrated case, new theoretical ideas are presented which show the Ising degrees of freedom to dominate nonequilibrium behavior near ${T}_{c}$.
Prostate cancer: a dynamic illness with shifting targets

Despite high response rates and palliative clinical benefits, androgen ablation does not cure advanced prostate cancer because of the inevitable emergence of resistant cells. Many new therapies under development for prostate cancer target pathways and molecules that contribute to the growth and survival of these cells. The rational and effective use of targeted therapies to eradicate resistant populations of tumour cells should be grounded on the premise that prostate cancer is a dynamic disease that evolves as it progresses, and that specific molecular determinants mediating sensitivity and resistance may be relevant only during specific states of the disease. Directed approaches must account for this changing dynamic so that clinical outcomes may be improved.
Extent of agreement between patient and physician ratings of emotional distress

Abstract The extent of agreement between subjects’ self-ratings on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) and physicians’ ratings on three other scales for emotional distress was examined in two nonpsychiatric groups–women attending a family-planning service and persons participating in a community health survey. Agreement between patient and physician assessments of depression and anxiety was high, and the HSCL proved to be accurate in identifying symptomatic patients. The findings support the value of the HSCL as a screening instrument for the detection of anxiety and depression in nonpsychiatric medical patients.
Visual Representation of Object Location: Insights From Localization Impairments

aged or fail to develop normally, the most basic and seemingly triv ial aspects of visual perception may be impaired drastically. Care ful analysis of the impairments not only makes apparent the intricacy of visual mechanisms, but also of fers insights into the structure and functioning of these mechanisms. For several years, we and our colleagues have been studying A.H., a young woman with an im pairment in localizing objects from vision.1 A.H., who recently grad uated with honors from a major university, has normal visual acu ity. Her visual fields are also nor mal (i.e., she can see, with each eye, a normal-sized region of space). Her medical history is un remarkable, and no abnormalities were apparent on clinical neuro logical exam, electroencephalo gram, or magnetic resonance im aging. Throughout her schooling, A.H. has experienced difficulty with spelling, math, and foreign languages, but has never been placed in classes for students with learning disabilities. A.H. showed severe and dra
Bounds on multiplicities and polynomial boundedness

We prove that in any "model" or "theory" in which (a) perturbation expansions have a finite radius of convergence and (b) the cross sections for producing $n$ hadrons, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}(s,\ensuremath{\lambda})$, are polynomially bounded, $|{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}(s,\ensuremath{\lambda})|\ensuremath{\le}{s}^{N}$, for all values of the coupling constant $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ inside the circle of convergence, with $N$ independent of $n$, the following bounds on the average multiplicities hold for large $s$: $〈n〉\ensuremath{\le}C\mathrm{ln}s$ and $〈{n}^{p}〉\ensuremath{\le}{C}^{p}{(\mathrm{ln}s)}^{p}$. In proving this result we also use the Jin-Martin lower bound for physical $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{tot}}(s,\ensuremath{\lambda})\ensuremath{\ge}(\mathrm{const})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{s}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, which follows rigorously from analyticity and unitarity only. We discuss the possible validity of the above bounds in axiomatic field theory and show that our bounds also follow from alternative conditions which, unlike (a), have a chance of being true in field theory. It is also shown that the behavior $〈n〉\ensuremath{\sim}{s}^{a}$ necessarily leads to an exponential behavior in $s$ for ${\mathrm{Max}}_{n}|{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}(s,\ensuremath{\lambda})|$ for some complex $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ whenever (a) holds.
Origin of first-order kinetics during the bimolecular cracking of n-hexane over H-ZSM-5 and H-β zeolites

An in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) study of n-hexane cracking over H-ZSM-5 and H-β zeolites has been carried out to elucidate the origin of first-order kinetics under bimolecular conditions. Contrary to an earlier proposal, the acidic protons are not extensively complexed with olefins during reaction. A simple qualitative kinetic model that consists of six elementary reactions has been used to rationalize the first-order rate law for n-hexane conversion with only a small fraction of the protons being complexed. Because of competing reactions, the olefin concentration, and, hence, the protonated-complex concentration, apparently becomes constant as a function of residence time and is independent of the hexane concentration.
Effect of water activity on corrosion

Abstract The electrode kinetics of iron dissolution and hydrogen evolution and the corresponding corrosion rates have been determined in chloride solutions of varying ionic strengths. Correlations have been observed between these parameters and the estimated water activities in these solutions. The effect of aH2O on the iron dissolution reaction (Fe/Fe2+) is in agreement with theory for this process.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN IN VITRO MRNA DEGRADATION ASSAY UTILIZING EXTRACTS FROM HIV-1- AND SIV-INFECTED CELLS

Abstract We previously demonstrated that cellular mRNAs are degraded in CD4 positive lymphocytes infected by the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV-1, but not in cells infected by the simian lentivirus, SIV. To begin to define the molecular mechanisms underlying this RNA degradation, we have established anin vitroRNA degradation assay utilizing extracts from both infected and uninfected cells. We found thatin vitrotranscribed,32P-radiolabeled actin RNA was degraded in extracts prepared from CEM, CEMx174, and C8166 cells which were infected with HIV-1. Minimal actin RNA degradation was observed in extracts prepared from uninfected cells. Similarly little degradation was observed in cell-free extracts prepared from SIV-infected cells. To determine if viral RNA sequences could impart enhanced stability to cellular RNAs in ourin vitroassay, we prepared radiolabeled RNAs that contained selected viral RNA determinants. One such RNA contained the HIV-1-specific TAR (transactivating region) sequence (nucleotides 1–111) appended to a reporter CAT RNA. Like the cellular actin RNA, these TARCAT RNAs were degraded in HIV-1-infected cell extracts, but not in extracts from uninfected cells or extracts prepared from SIV-infected cells. In contrast, an RNA containing only authentic HIV-1 sequences comprising TAR and gag sequences was more stable than actin RNA in HIV-1-infected extracts. These results, taken together, suggest that thein vitroassay reproduces events that occurin vivoand provide a starting point for identifying the factors responsible for cellular RNA degradation in HIV-1-infected cells.
Incidence of retinal detachment after cataract surgery and neodymium:YAG laser capsulotomy

The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the incidence of retinal detachment (RD) in patients following cataract extraction with intraocular lens placement and after neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy. This study comprised 1092 patients (1168 eyes) who had cataract extraction and related procedures between January 1986 and December 1992 identified from the coding and billing database. Of the 1092 patients, 215 (244 eyes) had had Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy. Their charts were reviewed for incidence of RD, and these data were correlated with age, sex, axial length, surgical complications, and other surgical procedures done at the time of cataract extraction. The incidence of RD following phacoemulsification alone was 0.75% (6/799), with a mean time between cataract extraction and RD of 11.6 months. The cases of RD after extracapsular cataract extraction, combined phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy, combined extracapsular cataract extraction and penetrating keratoplasty, and combined phacoemulsification and anterior vitrectomy were too few to draw any conclusions. The incidence of RD following Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy was 0.82% (2/244), with a mean time of 32 months between cataract surgery and capsulotomy and 13.5 months between capsulotomy and RD. There was a statistically significant higher incidence of RD after posterior capsule rupture and anterior vitrectomy than after uncomplicated phacoemulsification (2/12 versus 6/799). In conclusion, the rate of RD after uncomplicated phacoemulsification was less than or similar to the rate found in other recent studies. It was not statistically different from the rate following phacoemulsification and Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy (0.82%). This study confirms the increased risk of RD following posterior capsule rupture and anterior vitrectomy.
Developing a collaborative regional nursing simulation hospital

Abstract High-fidelity computer patient simulation manikins (human patient simulators [HPSs]) have been added to the nurse educators' repertoire of tools. A review of the related literature and the development of a regional simulation hospital are described. Nursing leaders in a rural area identified the need to pool resources for nursing students and staff educators to access HPSs and safely practice clinical skill and critical thinking abilities. As a collaborative effort, a regional simulation hospital was implemented.
Clip Clues: Discovering Chemical Formulas

In this Activity, students use their deductive reasoning skills as they identify formulas of unknown elements and compounds modeled by paperclips. Each color of paperclip represents a different element, with linkages between different paperclips in appropriate ratios representing 20 unknowns. The Activity supports formation of a basic understanding of elements and compounds, including allotropes, oxidation states, and diatomic elements.