cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further characterization of the heat-stable factor in the α-hydroxylation and oxidation of lignoceric acid in brain: Effect of acidic amino acids and hexose-phosphates on brain fatty acid metabolism

Abstract Lignoceric acid and other very long-chain fatty acids are converted to α-hydroxy fatty acids and ceramide in brain. These fatty acids are also oxidized and produce glutamic acid and other water-soluble products. All of these metabolic conversions are catalyzed by a rat brain particulate fraction and require NADPH, heat-labile factor, and heat-stable factor. The heat-stable factor was prepared from calf cerebellum. Glucose 6-phosphate and N-acetylaspartic acid have previously been identified as active components of the heat-stable factor. We report in this manuscript that glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid as well as inorganic phosphate and adenosine nucleotides are also active components of the heat-stable factor. When the amino acids, glucose 6-phosphate, AMP, and phosphoric acid were combined, full activity of the heat-stable factor for the formation of cerebronate (by α-hydroxylation) and glutamate (presumably by β-oxidation) from lignoceric acid was recovered. The role of the acidic amino acids in the metabolic conversion of lignoceric acid in brain appears to be their conversion to the corresponding α-keto acids and then incorporation into the TCA cycle. Glucose 6-phosphate is also likely to be involved in the TCA cycle through the Emden-Meyerhof pathway. Inorganic phosphate and AMP seemingly are used to produce ATP. However, the addition of up to 20 m m ATP alone did not replace the heat-stable factor.
Effect of culture conditions on Escherichia coli O157:H7-mediated attaching-effacing lesions in a bovine large intestinal mucosal explant model.

The effects of culture conditions on the extent of Escherichia coli O157:H7 attaching–effacing (A/E) adherence in an adult bovine large intestinal mucosal explant model were assessed by three different morphometric methods. Measurement of the percent of tissue sections with A/E adherence and the number of foci of A/E adherence mm−1 of surface epithelium was more sensitive than measurement of the percent of surface epithelium with A/E adherent bacteria for detection of treatment effects. Culture of bacterial inoculum in tryptic soy broth, incubation of explants in 5% CO2, and rocking of explants on a platform rocker at 18 cycles min−1 provided optimal conditions for A/E adherence. In future studies, the model may be used for preliminary testing of intervention strategies aimed at reduction of E. coli O157:H7 intestinal colonization of cattle.
Homesickness in college students: the role of religion in combating depression

While religiousness has been seen to function as a protective factor in a variety of health and well-being areas, little work has been done examining religiousness’ role in depression during adjustment to college in the freshman year. In this investigation, the moderating roles of religiousness in the relationship between homesickness and depression are examined in freshmen college students. Religiousness was found to moderate the relationships between homesickness and depression; however, not fully in the hypothesised protective manner. Those who were higher on global religiousness showed lower depressive symptoms when low in “attachment to home” homesickness compared to those lower on these global religiousness, but there was no association between religiousness measures and depressive symptoms when high in this area of homesickness. Implications for intervention and prevention efforts are discussed.
Bio-inspired control design for high-speed trot-running quadruped robots

The mobility of animals' locomotion still outperforms that of quadruped robots despite robots' faster sensing and actuation. Previously, we developed a hierarchically structured controller for high-speed quadruped locomotion, mainly considering three coupled issues that arise from the complexity of locomotor dynamics: 1) locomotor stability, 2) multi-limb coordination, and 3) forceful interaction with the ground. We have sought scientific clues in biomechanical studies of quadruped animals, and reflecting those biological observations significantly reduced the number of controller parameters to be tuned. In dynamic simulation studies, an 11 degree-of-freedom robot model with the designed controller, facilitated by self-stabilizing mechanisms, achieved stable trot-running at various speeds.
Evaluation and Evolution of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) Program

The Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program is a gang- and delinquency-prevention program delivered by law enforcement officers within a school setting. Originally designed in 1991 by Phoenix-area law enforcement agencies to address local needs, the program quickly spread across the United States. In this article, we describe the evolution of the program and its responsiveness to two independent national evaluations funded by the U.S. National Institute of Justice. The first evaluation revealed little program effect and contributed to a critical review and substantial revision of the G.R.E.A.T. “core” or middle-school curriculum. Preliminary findings from the ongoing second evaluation give an initial indication of the extent to which these changes have resulted in the achievement of G.R.E.A.T. program goals of helping youths to (a) avoid gang membership, violence, and criminal activity; and (b) develop a positive relationship with law enforcement.
DETECTION AND QUANTITATION OF THREE PHYTOCHROMES IN UNIMBIBED SEEDS OF: Avena sativa L.

— Three phytochrome apoproteins in unimbibed seeds of Avena saliva L. were identified with monoclonal antibodies directed to, and specific for, three oat phytochromes with monomeric molecular masses of 125, 124 and 123 kDa [Wang et al., 1991, Planta 184, 96–104]. All three phytochromes were readily detected in embryo-containing portions. Only trace amounts were found in endosperm tissue. Phytochrome photoreversibility was detected after concentration and partial purification of embryo extracts by fractionation with ammonium sulfate, indicating that at least one of these seed phytochromes had its chromophore prosthetic group bound to it. Immunoblot analyses were performed to quantitate each of the three phytochromes in unimbibed seeds. Quantitation of phytochromes in detergent-free extracts led to serious underestimates of phytochrome contents in the unimbibed seeds. In contrast, more than 93% of each of the three phytochromes in the unimbibed seeds was extracted when a modified sodium dodecyl sulfate sample buffer was used as the extraction medium. In such extracts, we measured per embryo 1.40 ± 0.12. 1.60 ± 0.05 and 6.13 ± 0.31 ng of 125–, 124– and 123-kDa phytochrome, respectively.
A mediational analysis of the role of right-wing authoritarianism and religious fundamentalism in the religiosity-prejudice link

Most religions teach tolerance; however, dimensions of religiousness and prejudice are often positively related. This study examined whether rigid ideological beliefs associated with religion, such as right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and religious fundamentalism (RF), mediate relationships between general religiosity and certain prejudices. Participants completed self-report measures of RWA, RF, homosexual prejudice, and racial prejudice. State-of-the-art mediation path analysis and structural equation modeling were used to test the mediational effects of RWA and RF on the religiosity–prejudice relationship. Components of RWA and RF fully mediated the relationship between religiosity and prejudice. RF was the strongest mediator of value-violating prejudice, and RWA aggression solely mediated the relationship between religiosity and subtle racism. Cognitively rigid ideologies may be responsible for the appearance of a religiosity–prejudice relationship.
Black adolescents' participation in a prenatal care program

This study explores the relationship between socio-demographic variables and the participation in a prenatal care program among Black adolescents living in a southern community. The analysis of data found that the number of months pregnant and type of living arrangement significantly influenced participation. Greater participation was found among adolescents in the first trimester of pregnancy and those who lived with their mothers only or in other living arragements than with both parents. These findings suggest outreach to sustain participation and the need for additional research with Black adolescents in two-parent families.
Industrial Rights: A Neglected Facet of Citizenship Theory

Theoretical treatment of citizenship, beginning with the pathbreaking work of T.H. Marshall, has made short shrift of industrial citizenship. Treating industrial citizenship as subsidiary to civil, political and social citizenship as well as limiting it to the realm of trade union organization and collective bargaining are serious shortcomings. Citizens of advanced societies need also to be shielded against wage competition from underdeveloped societies. The alternative to industrial rights is that the advanced societies will be shown the image of their future by the less developed societies.
DISTRIBUTION OF LABELED CHROMATIN: I. M1 and M2 Anaphases of Diploid and Tetraploid Cultured Mammalian Cells

The question of whether distribution of chromatids to daughter cells in mitosis is a random or nonrandom process was investigated by study of the distribution of labeled chromatin in anaphase pairs at M1 and M2 after a pulse of tritiated thymidine. Diploid and tetraploid rat and diploid human fibroblast-like cells in serial monlayer culture were synchronized by two different methods to "purify" M1 and M2 anaphases: metaphase shake, and FUdR block to DNA synthesis followed by exogenous thymidine. Exposed grains of NTB-2 emulsion were counted over M1 and M2 anaphase pairs. An analysis (by pair) of diploid M2 anaphase grain counts showed two discrete populations of daughters with less and with more radioactivity. A similar analysis of diploid M1 and tetrapolid M2 anaphases showed a single grain-count distribution. These findings may support a nonrandom model of chromatid segregation for diploid mammalian cells but do not rule out random segregation until sound mathematical models are formulated for expected random grain distributions in M2 anaphases of cells with differing numbers of chromosomes.
The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Eastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America

In 1978 the Eastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America celebrated its 50th anniversary. The seed for this branch was first planted by Stuart W. Frost and C. H. Hadley of Pennsylvania who thought a summer meeting while field work was under way would be of considerable interest to entomologists in the East. This idea was welcomed by entomologists in Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, and other nearby states and resulted in the formation of a group known as the “Northeastern Entomologists.” The Northeastern Entomologists held its 1st annual meeting in Philadelphia on July 29–30, 1920. Meetings of the Northeastern Entomologists, 1920–1927
Amiloride inhibits the initiation of Coxsackievirus and poliovirus RNA replication by inhibiting VPg uridylylation.

The mechanism of amiloride inhibition of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and poliovirus type 1 (PV1) RNA replication was investigated using membrane-associated RNA replication complexes. Amiloride was shown to inhibit viral RNA replication and VPgpUpU synthesis. However, the drug had no effect on polymerase elongation activity during either (−) strand or (+) strand synthesis. These findings indicated that amiloride inhibited the initiation of RNA synthesis by inhibiting VPg uridylylation. In addition, in silico binding studies showed that amiloride docks in the VPg binding site on the back of the viral RNA polymerase, 3Dpol. Since VPg binding at this site on PV1 3Dpol was previously shown to be required for VPg uridylylation, our results suggest that amiloride inhibits VPg binding to 3Dpol. In summary, our findings are consistent with a model in which amiloride inhibits VPgpUpU synthesis and viral RNA replication by competing with VPg for binding to 3Dpol.
THE PYROLYSIS OF TRIMETHYLGERMANE AND TRIMETHYLSILANE

Abstract The number of products and the H 2 /CH 4 ratio obtained from the flow pyrolyses of (CH 3 ) 3 GeH and (CH 3 ) 3 SiH were very different. The (CH 3 ) 3 GeH decomposition is consistent with the following mechanism: The pyrolysis of (CH 3 ) 3 SiH was found to be much more complex, presumably due to the formation of silicon-carbon double bonded intermediates and the (CH 3 ) 2 Si(H)CH 2 radical. We also present data which supports the presence of a H atom chain sequence during this pyrolysis.
A general set of order parameters for molecular crystals

Crystallization is fundamental to many aspects of physics and chemistry in addition to being of technological relevance, for example, in the chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. However, the design of crystalline materials and crystallization processes is often challenging due to the many variables that can influence the process. As a part of an effort to gain a molecular-level understanding of the way molecules aggregate and organize themselves into crystal structures, in this work we present a new method to construct order parameters suitable for the study of crystallization and polymorph transformations in molecular systems. Our order parameters can be systematically defined for complex systems using information that can be obtained from simple molecular dynamics simulations of the crystals. We show how to construct the order parameters for the study of three different systems: the formation of α-glycine crystals in solution, the crystallization of benzene from the melt, and the polymorph transformation of terephthalic acid. Finally, we suggest how these order parameters could be used to study order–disorder transitions in molecular systems.
Gas exchange and growth responses of the desert shrubs Artemisia tridentata and Chrysothamnus nauseosus to shallow- vs. deep-soil water in a glasshouse experiment

Abstract The aridland shrub species, Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) and Chrysothamnus nauseosus (rubber rabbitbrush), are distributed widely in the Intermountain region of western North America. Earlier research indicated that A. tridentata can utilize upper soil water from transient summer rain events while C. nauseosus apparently cannot, although both species have similar rooting depths. Thus, we hypothesized that C. nauseosus relies more on deep water than A. tridentata , while A. tridentata can take advantage of soil moisture in upper soil layers. We examined this hypothesis by growing A. tridentata and C. nauseosus in two-layer pots in which soil water content in the upper and lower layers was controlled independently. After plants were well established, they were subjected to one of the three water treatments: water applied both to upper and lower layers, water applied only to the upper layer, or water applied only to the lower layer. We measured above- and belowground biomass, leaf gas exchange and leaf carbon isotope composition (δ 13 C). Close to the end of the experiment, a deuterium- and 15 N-labeled solution was applied in a localized patch in either the upper or lower soil layer to quantify resource-pulse utilization. In general, our hypothesis was supported; δ 13 C and biomass indicated that A. tridentata performed better when water was available in the upper soil layer and gas exchange, and δ 13 C indicated that C. nauseosus performed better when water was available in the lower layer. There was, however, no significant variation among treatments for many of the variables examined. Roots of both species were involved in hydraulic redistribution of soil water between layers, which may have reduced the effectiveness of the water distribution treatments to some extent.
Regulation of inositol monophosphatase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Inositol monophosphatase is a key enzyme in the de novo biosynthesis of inositol and in the phosphoinositide second-messenger signalling pathway. Inhibition of this enzyme is a proposed mechanism for lithium's pharmacological action in bipolar illness (manic depression). Very little is known about how expression of this enzyme is regulated. Because the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been shown to be an excellent model system in which to understand the regulation of inositol metabolism, we characterized inositol monophosphatase in this yeast. Lithium inhibited monophosphatase activity in vitro. Growth in the presence of inositol resulted in increased expression of the enzyme in vivo, although inositol had no effect on enzyme activity in vitro. The inositol effect was apparent when cells were grown in glucose but not in glycerol/ethanol. Monophosphatase activity was derepressed as cells entered stationary phase. This effect was apparent only during growth in glucose plus inositol. The results demonstrate that S. cerevisiae monophosphatase is inhibited by lithium and regulated by factors affecting phospholipid biosynthesis.
Surface Adhesion and Elastic Properties of Mica

CONSIDERATION of the crystal structure of mica1 suggests that the strong adhesive forces observed between mica cleavage surfaces may be the same as the forces which hold the alumino-silicate layers together in a block of the material. Cleavage occurs between two such layers along a plane of potassium ions, and the surfaces so formed may be flat and molecularly smooth over appreciable areas2. Apparently, both filled and empty potassium ion sites are present on the cleavage plane, but there is little surface migration or diffusion of potassium ions. This is shown by the following experiment.
Development of automated imaging and analysis for zebrafish chemical screens.

We demonstrate the application of image-based high-content screening (HCS) methodology to identify small molecules that can modulate the FGF/RAS/MAPK pathway in zebrafish embryos. The zebrafish embryo is an ideal system for in vivo high-content chemical screens. The 1-day old embryo is approximately 1mm in diameter and can be easily arrayed into 96-well plates, a standard format for high throughput screening. During the first day of development, embryos are transparent with most of the major organs present, thus enabling visualization of tissue formation during embryogenesis. The complete automation of zebrafish chemical screens is still a challenge, however, particularly in the development of automated image acquisition and analysis. We previously generated a transgenic reporter line that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of FGF activity and demonstrated their utility in chemical screens 1. To establish methodology for high throughput whole organism screens, we developed a system for automated imaging and analysis of zebrafish embryos at 24-48 hours post fertilization (hpf) in 96-well plates 2. In this video we highlight the procedures for arraying transgenic embryos into multiwell plates at 24hpf and the addition of a small molecule (BCI) that hyperactivates FGF signaling 3. The plates are incubated for 6 hours followed by the addition of tricaine to anesthetize larvae prior to automated imaging on a Molecular Devices ImageXpress Ultra laser scanning confocal HCS reader. Images are processed by Definiens Developer software using a Cognition Network Technology algorithm that we developed to detect and quantify expression of GFP in the heads of transgenic embryos. In this example we highlight the ability of the algorithm to measure dose-dependent effects of BCI on GFP reporter gene expression in treated embryos.
Copolymers of vinyl chloride with the vinyl esters and acrylates of low molecular weight polyesters of hydroxyacids

Vinyl esters and acrylates of polyesters derived from C10−C18 hydroxyacids have been synthesized and copolymerized with vinyl chloride with the hope of achieving an internally plasticized poly(vinyl chloride). Copolymers containing 10–30% polyester are film-forming materials, and the films cast from THF solutions are generally flexible. A number of these vinyl chloride copolymers with polyesters at approximately 15 and 25% level have been tested for various properties. The internal plasticization is not extensive.
Stress persistently increases NMDA receptor-mediated binding of [3H]PDBu (a marker for protein kinase C) in the amygdala, and re-exposure to the stressful context reactivates the increase

The long-term consequences of acute stress on [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate ([3H]PDBu) binding, a marker for protein kinase C (PKC) activity, were investigated. In the first experiment, exposure to acute restraint and intermittent tail-shock increased [3H]PDBu binding in the amygdala but not in the hippocampus or cerebral cortex. The increase was persistent, lasting at least 24 h after stressor cessation. In the second experiment, it was determined that the stress-induced increase in binding in the amygdala was dependent on NMDA receptor activation; rats injected with a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist prior to the stressor did not exhibit the increased binding in the amygdala 24 h later. In the third experiment, re-exposure to the stressful context 96 h after stressor cessation reactivated the stress-induced increase the binding of [3H]PDBu in the amygdala. Re-exposure to the context also increased binding in the thalamus and area CA1 of the hippocampus. [3H]PDBu binds preferentially to PKC in the membrane and, therefore, these results suggest that stress induces the translocation of PKC from its resting compartments in the cytosol to the membrane. Its dependence on NMDA receptor activation implicates isoforms of PKC that are sensitive to intracellular calcium, such as PKC gamma. The results further suggest that a "psychological' manipulation, viz. context re-exposure, can reactivate the persistent increase in [3H]PDBu binding in the amygdala.
Griseofulvin: immunosuppressive action.

SummaryMice fed 1% griseofulvin in the diet for 4–6 weeks exhibited considerable mortality upon injection of Listeria monocytogenes, and had a significantly higher count of organism in the spleen than controls. The data are interpreted as signifying a select depressing effect of griseofulvin on cellular immune response in mice, which may thus account for some aspects of the carcinogenic and cocarcinogenic effect of griseofulvin in mice.We thank Dr. G. Mackaness, Trudeau Institute, for a supply of L. monocytogenes, and Dr. B. Zbar, NCI, for valuable advice and cooperation.
Powered instruments for wrist arthroscopy

Summary Wrist arthroscopy is rapidly becoming a common practice. Use of powered instruments for tissue excision from the wrist offers important advantages. Most tip designs available today are miniature versions of cutting designs developed for use in the knee. They are more effective on thin, filmy tissue than on fibrocartilage or articular surfaces. In the selection of appropriate systems one should consider effectiveness of performance, availability of responsive service, and price. A few companies are developing innovative cutting tips and hand pieces designed specifically for use in the wrist.
Using fuzzy sets to improve cluster labelling in unsupervised classification

This paper presents a fuzzy set approach to improving the cluster labelling process for unsupervised classification. Assuming normality for spectral data distribution, this approach represents both spectral clusters and the spectral signatures of information classes as fuzzy sets, with their fuzzy membership functions being defined using spectral means and variances. A fuzzy similarity index, defined through a fuzzy binary relation between each cluster fuzzy set and its corresponding class fuzzy set, is derived by applying a max-min fuzzy composition to the paired fuzzy sets. A second max-min fuzzy composition was performed to determine the final labelling of individual clusters based on these indices. Using a Thematic Mapper (TM) image of Imperial Valley, California as the test dataset, the approach was compared with both a human interpretation and a supervised classification resulting from the maximum-likelihood classifier. Both the process and the results indicated that the fuzzy approach surpassed the...
Dietary regulation of human growth hormone secretion

The effect of diet on the secretion of human growth hormone (HGH) was investigated in eight normal subjects—each studied before and after four separate dietary regimens. A high-carbohydrate (525 g) diet of 3600 cal containing 75 g of protein for 23 days suppressed completely arginine-initiated HGH secretion. While subjects were ingesting a control diet, the mean maximal response to arginine was 21.5 ± 3.5 mμg/ml vs. 4.6 ± 0.9 mμg/ml (p < 0.01) following the experimental diet (X ± SEM). The latter value did not differ from the mean maximal HGH response occurring “spontaneously” after control infusion of saline (3.5 ± 0.9 mμg/ml). This suppression of HGH secretion appeared related to the amount of carbohydrate rather than the total caloric level. An identical pattern occurred when carbohydrate was proportionately the same, but total intake was reduced to 2300 cal. With a high-carbohydrate diet of 2300 cal, the mean maximal HGH response to arginine was 4.7 ± 1.1 mμg/ml vs. a control response of 21.4 ± 4.7 mμg/ml (p < 0.01). Twenty-four-hour secretory patterns of HGH were assessed in three subjects befor and after the high-carbohydrate diet of 2300 cal. Overall HGH secretion was reduced significantly at the termination of the 23-day experimental period in two of these three subjects. HGH secretion was, likewise, significantly reduced by high-carbohydrate diets containing less protein. The change of HGH secretion could not be related in any study to differences in plasma-free fatty acid (FFA) or glucose concentration. FFA concentrations did decline in the first 3–7 days of each experimental period, but returned to basal values 7–8 days prior to reassessment of HGH secretion. Plasma glucose concentrations did not change significantly at any time.
Optimization of Dilute-Acid Pretreatment of Corn Stover Using a High-Solids Percolation Reactor

We have previously demonstrated that pretreatment of corn stover with dilute sulfuric acid can achieve high digestibility and efficient recovery of hemicellulose sugars with high yield and concentration. Further improvement of this process was sought in this work. A modification was made in the operation of the percolation reactor that the reactor is preheated under atmospheric pressure to remove moisture that causes autohydrolysis. This eliminated sugar decomposition during the preheating stage and led to a considerable improvement in overall sugar yield. In addition, liquid throughput was minimized to the extent that only one reactor void volume of liquid was collected. This was done to attain a high xylose concentration in the hydrolyzate. The optimum reaction and operating conditions were identified wherein near quantitative enzymatic digestibilities are obtained with enzyme loading of 15 FPU/g glucan. With a reduced enzyme loading of 5 FPU/g glucan, the enzymatic digestibility was decreased, but still reached a level of 92%. Decomposition of carbohydrates was extremely low as indicated by the measured glucan and xylan mass closures (recovered sugar plus unreacted) which were 98% and 94%, respectively. The data obtained in this work indicate that the digestibility is related to the extent of xylan removal.
Damage to DNA and Chromatin Structure from Ionizing Radiations, and the Radiation Sensitivities of Mammalian Cells1

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the damage to DNA and chromatin structure from ionizing radiations, and the radiation sensitivities of mammalian cells. With regard to the subject of this chapter, the basis of cellular lethality caused by ionizing radiations, the situation has been exacerbated by three unusual circumstances. First, theories of cellular radiation sensitivity that preclude post-irradiation modification of radiation damage by cellular metabolic processes are demonstrably unsound , yet one of them is still being utilized, and even taught, despite the caveats expressed by its progenitors. Second, the lack of utility of one of the two phenomenological (operational) interpretations of cellular radiosensitivity, first introduced more than 20 years ago has been stultifying for the reasons such abstractions often are, even on the grandest scale. The third circumstance concerns the notion that most of the DNA damage responsible for cell death is caused by diffusing radicals, usually ‘OH, resulting from the irradiation of bulk water. Although comparable advances have not been made in the field of ionizing radiations, the end of the hiatus is being heralded in several ways. Systematic analysis of chemical change in irradiated DNA and nucleoprotein is elevating the challenge to the belief that ‘OH radicals generated in bulk cellular water are the predominant causes of lethality.
Development and evaluation of candidate recombinant Salmonella-vectored Salmonella vaccines

Attenuated Salmonella Enteriditis (ΔSE) recombinant vaccine vectors incorporating a Salmonella flagellar filament protein (fliC) subunit, a putative cell-mediated epitope, for expression of the lamB gene (encoding a maltose outer membrane porin), with or without co-expression of a putative immune-enhancing CD154 oligopeptide, were developed and compared with wild-type Salmonella Enteriditis (experiments 1 and 2) or the attenuated ΔSE empty vector (experiment 3) as initial vaccine candidates against Salmonella infection. A total of 3 experiments were performed to assess the infection and clearance rate of each of these constructs. Each construct or Salmonella Enteriditis was orally administered to broiler chicks at day of hatch by oral gavage (~10(8) cfu/chick). In experiments 1 to 3, liver-spleen and cecal tonsils were removed aseptically for recovery of wild-type Salmonella Enteriditis or ΔSE mutants. These experiments suggested that cell surface expression of fliC alone markedly increased the clearance rate of the vector at or before 21d postvaccination in all 3 experiments. In a fourth experiment, broilers were vaccinated with one of the vaccine constructs or the ΔSE empty vector and then challenged with wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium. At 19 d posthatch, 16 d postinfection, neither candidate protected against challenge significantly better than the ΔSE empty vector, although there was significantly less Salmonella recovered from vaccinated chickens as compared with nonvaccinated controls. These experiments indicate that these experimental vaccines did not protect against heterologous challenge or enhance clearance after Salmonella Typhimurium challenge; as such, their value as vaccines is limited. The increased clearance of the candidate vaccines, particularly the vector expressing fliC alone, may have value in that the fliC epitope may decrease the clearance time of other recombinant vectored Salmonella vaccines.
Origin of p-Type Doping in Zinc Oxide Nanowires Induced by Phosphorus Doping: A First Principles Study

We investigated the geometric and electronic properties and doping efficiency of phosphorus-doped zinc oxide nanowires along the [0001] direction using the first-principle calculation. For isolated point defects, the substitutional and vacancy defects prefer the edge of the nanowire, the Zn interstitial defects favor the tetrahedral site, and the most stable P and O interstitial defects have a dumbbell-like structure. A complex defect of PZn−2VZn is formed by the combination of a substitutional P at a Zn site (PZn) and two Zn vacancies (VZn), and it prefers the edge site. We found that PZn defects could be effective donors while VZn and PZn−2VZn defects could be effective acceptors. The PZn defects have low formation energies and high concentrations under the Zn- and P-rich conditions, and they can lead to n-type ZnO nanowires. The VZn defects have low formation energies and high concentrations under the O- and P-rich conditions. The VZn defects can greatly suppress the PZn defects. VZn and PZn−2VZn defec...
Age-related change in thymic T-cell development is associated with genetic loci on mouse chromosomes 1, 3, and 11

Abstract Age-related decline in thymic T-cell development in 22-month-old C57BL/6J X DBA/2J (BXD) recombinant inbred strains of mice was functionally and phenotypically analyzed and genetically mapped. There was a positive correlation of the concanavalin A (Con A)-induced thymocyte proliferative response with the capability of thymocytes to mature to the CD4+CD8+ stage. The accumulation of CD4−CD8− stage of thymocytes in 22-month-old BXD mice was further identified to be associated with a developmental block between the CD25−CD44+ and the CD25+CD44+ stages. The quantitative trait loci regulating the Con A-induced thymocyte proliferative response were mapped to mouse chromosome 1, 3, and 11, nearest to 32.1 centimorgan (cM), 5.6 cM, and 18.0 cM, respectively. Our results suggest that several genetic loci regulate the intra-thymic T-cell maturation process and play an important role in determining age-related decline in thymic T-cell development.
Pattern Recognition and Tomography Using Crosswell Acoustic Data

Measurements of the travel time of acoustic signals transmitted between wells at the Department of Energy Multi-Well Experiment site (MWX) near Rifle, Colorado, are processed and analyzed. Interpretations relevant to sand geometry and continuity have proved possible through inspection of the signal travel time plotted against the coordinates of transmitter and receiver wellbore positions, or against the depth of receiver and ray path inclination. The continuity of several sands between wells is corroborated. A major lenticular sand terminating between wells could be inferred. To explore the possible distortions in tomographic images derived from crosswell data, synthetic tomographs are constructed from computed travel times of signals transmitted through idealized models from stratigraphy thought to be present at the MWX site. The synthetic tomographs, although preserving the general character of the model stratigraphy, are distorted enough that detailed interpretations are not possible. Horizontal distortions predominate in reconstructions of flat-lying stratigraphy. 7 refs., 9 figs.
Exchange anisotropy for providing dual bias in magnetoresistive heads

The large bias field produced by exchange anisotropy at the interface of NiFe-TbCo thin films is considered for providing dual bias in magnetoresistive (MR) heads. Exchange-biased NiFe-TbCo MR heads that exhibit a linear response (applied field range: +or-50 Oe) and greatly reduced Barkhausen noise have been produced. Dual exchange bias is accomplished by directing a component of the exchange field along the longitudinal direction for domain stabilization and directing another component of exchange field along the transverse direction for linearization. >
Dictating Justice Human Rights and Military Courts in Latin America

Militaries throughout the world operate their own courts to prosecute military crimes, such as insubordination, that are not part of civilian legal codes. Latin American militaries traditionally ha...
RISE++: a symbolic environment for scan-based testing

The architecture and implementation of the Remote Interactive Scan Environment (RISE++), an object-oriented software system that makes use of distributed computing techniques, are discussed. This system supports the development, application, and debugging of scan-based tests for the HP/Apollo Series 10000 RISC workstation and can be used with other scan architectures. RISE++ executes on a separate workstation and communicates with the system under test via a local area network. Test engineers can develop and debug scan tests under RISE++ because it tracks may trivial but important details for them and provides them with precise control over the test hardware. >
Charcoal Hemoperfusion: A Method for Removing PCP from the Blood and Body in Overdose Cases

(1980). Charcoal Hemoperfusion: A Method for Removing PCP from the Blood and Body in Overdose Cases. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 12, PCP: Problems and Prevention. Selected Proceedings of the National PCP Conference 1979+K2, pp. 275-278.
Characteristics of softwater streams in Rhode Island. I: A comparative analysis of physical and chemical variables

Thirteen physical and chemical characteristics of five softwater streams in Rhode Island, U.S.A. were examined biweekly to monthly for seventeen months. One first-order, two second-order and two third-order streams were included in the study. The mean annual temperature ranged from 9.4 °C in the spring-fed headwater stream to 14 °C in an open, third-order stream, with seasonal fluctuations of 14.5 ° to 28.0 °C. The heavily shaded first-order stream generally received less than 30% incident light at its surface throughout the year. By contrast, the other streams either were unshaded or were associated with distinct periodicity of incident light quantity due to seasonality of the tree canopy. The mean annual current velocity ranged from 22 to 100 cm s−1 among the streams, pH ranged from 3.7 to 6.4, and specific conductance was generally less than 50 µS cm−1. The first-order stream was associated with lowest mean annual temperature, current velocity, light penetration and nitrate, as well as relatively high and constant silica concentrations. Temperature was negatively correlated with current speed in second- and third-order streams, and temperature was also negatively correlated with light in shaded streams. There was a general pattern in all streams for decreasing pH following precipitation events. Concentrations of total phophorus, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen and silica were among the lowest reported for lotic systems.
CYTOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELEASE OF HISTAMINE BY MAST CELLS

Experimental solutions known to affect mast cells or to cause liberation of histamine from the tissue were introduced into the peritoneal cavity of rats. Samples of the peritoneal fluid were withdrawn at intervals afterward and assayed for histamine and the condition of the mast cells was subsequently ascertained by microscopic examination of stained spreads of the mesenteries. Intraperitoneal injection of distilled water caused osmotic disruption of the mast cells and the appearance of an appreciable amount of histamine in the peritoneal fluid. Injection of Tyrode solution alone was not particularly damaging to the mast cells and little or no histamine was released. Injection of Tyrode solution containing compound 48/80 resulted in extensive release of granules from mast cells and the appearance of large amounts of histamine in the fluid. Solution of 48/80 failed however to cause histamine release when injected into rats whose subserosal mast cells had previously been destroyed. A series of increasing doses of compound 48/80 had a graded morphological effect upon mast cells and resulted in a graded increase in the amount of histamine that appeared in the peritoneal fluid. It is unlikely therefore that this compound acts by simply lysing the plasma membrane. It is concluded that mast cells in the rat are extraordinarily rich in histamine which is liberated under conditions which cause mast cells to release their granules. The histamine set free by the potent histamine liberator, compound 48/80, appears to come principally from the tissue mast cells.
Common Method Issues: An Introduction to the Feature Topic in Organizational Research Methods

It is widely accepted that the method of measurement can affect observations made in scientific studies. Method variance is variance attributable to the method of measurement rather than the trait of interest, and when trait scores share methods of measurement, common method variance may distort observed relationships among the scores. This Organizational Research Methods Common Method Issues feature topic contains five articles that as a group discuss the nature of method variance, the likely effects it can have on observed relationships, how much method variance likely exists, and what can be done to remedy potential problems. In addition, these articles explore researchers’ beliefs about method variance.
Impaired accessory cell function in a human dendritic cell line after human immunodeficiency virus infection.

We generated human dendritic cell (DC) hybridoma cell lines by fusing HGPRT-deficient promonocytic U937 cells with immature DCs obtained by culturing peripheral blood monocytes with interleukin-4 (IL-4; 1,000 U/ml) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (100 U/ml) for 7 days and mature DCs by treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha (12.5 μg/ml) for 3 days. Only one fusion with immature DCs was successful and yielded four cell lines—HB-1, HB-2, HB-3, and HB-9—with an overall fusion efficiency of 0.0015%. The cell lines were stable in long-term culture, displayed morphological features typical of DCs, and expressed distinct class I and class II molecules not present on U937 (A*031012, B*51011, Cw*0701, DRB3*01011 52, and DR5*01011). A representative cell line, HB-2, that expressed DC markers including CD83, CD80 and CD86 could be induced to produce IL-12 through CD40 stimulation. After human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, there was impairment of antigen-presenting cell (APC) function, which was manifested by an inability to stimulate allogeneic T-cell responses. There was no change in expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II antigens, CD83, CD40, CD4, CD11c, CD80, CD86, CD54, and CD58, or IL-12 production in the HIV-infected HB-2 cells. The HIV-infected HB-2 cells induced T-cell apoptosis in the cocultures. T-cell proliferation could be partially restored by using ddI, indinivir, and blocking anti-gp120 and anti-IL-10 antibodies. Our data suggest that there are multiple mechanisms that DCs use to inhibit T-cell responses in HIV-infected patients. The HB-2 cell line could be a useful model system to study APC function in HIV-infected DCs.
Steady-State Dissolution Kinetics of Aluminum-Goethite in the Presence of Desferrioxamine-B and Oxalate Ligands

This paper reports steady-state dissolution rates of synthetic low-substitution Al-goethites (mol % Al 4, synergism was not apparent, which may signal the effect of a decreased surface density of Fe-OH sites associated with Al for Fe substitution. The oxalate-promoted release rates of Al did not scale with those of Fe, indicating incongruent dissolution. However, Al release rates in the presence of DFO-B did scale approximately with those of Fe but were not affected by the concentration of siderophore. These results are consistent with the presence of Al(OH)3 inclusions in Al-goethite.
Mediating International Conflicts: Is Image Change Necessary?:

A basic assumption of much literature on international conflict, mediatio,n, and social psychology is that the process of mediation can break down stereotypes or images which conflicting parties hold of each other; this breakdown is argued to facilitate settlement. The article proposes a method for the systematic testing of this assumption. This approach is then explored with a 'plausibility probe' consisting of three case studies: the Israeli-Egyptian conflict from 1973 to 1979; the conflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriots from 1979 to 1983; and the Iran-Iraq war from 1980 to 1985. In all three cases, the predictions of hypothesized relationship were upheld. In the one case (Egypt-Israel) where resolution was reached, images did change, correlated with mediation efforts over time. In cases (Cyprus, Iran-Iraq) where no resolution was obtained, no image change occurred despite mediation efforts. These results suggest that the previously untested hypothesis of mediation theory regarding the importance of image change is a plausible one, and;should be pursued with further research in the form of more case studies and large-N analyses.
Identification and characterization of three differentially expressed genes, encoding S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, methionine aminopeptidase, and a histone-like protein, in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense.

Genes showing differential expression related to the early G1 phase of the cell cycle during synchronized circadian growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense were identified and characterized by differential display (DD). The determination in our previous work that toxin production in Alexandrium is relegated to a narrow time frame in early G1 led to the hypothesis that transcriptionally up- or downregulated genes during this subphase of the cell cycle might be related to toxin biosynthesis. Three genes, encoding Sadenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (Sahh), methionine aminopeptidase (Map), and a histone-like protein (HAf), were isolated. Sahh was downregulated, while Map and HAf were upregulated, during the early G1 phase of the cell cycle. Sahh and Map encoded amino acid sequences with about 90 and 70% similarity to those encoded by several eukaryotic and prokaryotic Sahh and Map genes, respectively. The partial Map sequence also contained three cobalt binding motifs characteristic of all Map genes. HAf encoded an amino acid sequence with 60% similarity to those of two histone-like proteins from the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii Biecheler. This study documents the potential of applying DD to the identification of genes that are related to physiological processes or cell cycle events in phytoplankton under conditions where small sample volumes represent an experimental constraint. The identification of an additional 21 genes with various cell cycle-related DD patterns also provides evidence for the importance of pretranslational or transcriptional regulation in dinoflagellates, contrary to previous reports suggesting the possibility that translational mechanisms are the primary means of circadian regulation in this group of organisms.
Can Nature Heal? The Impact of Adventure-Based Counseling for Gay/Bisexual Men Living With HIV/AIDS

This study used qualitative interviews to explore the impact of an adventure-based counseling (ABC) program developed for gay/bisexual men living with HIV/AIDS. Semistructured interviews were conducted with eight participants and responses were thematically analyzed. Major themes 1 week postinterventions included increases in social support, relaxation, time to reflect, as well as accomplishment of challenging activities. Six-month post interviews uncovered themes such as increased openness and self-expression, improved self-esteem, and improvements in psychological and physical health. Results indicate that ABC interventions can have positive and lasting benefits for those living with HIV/AIDS.