cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large animal induced pluripotent stem cells as pre-clinical models for studying human disease

The derivation of human embryonic stem cells and subsequently human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has energized regenerative medicine research and enabled seemingly limitless applications. Although small animal models, such as mouse models, have played an important role in the progression of the field, typically, they are poor representations of the human disease phenotype. As an alternative, large animal models should be explored as a potentially better approach for clinical translation of cellular therapies. However, only fragmented information regarding the derivation, characterization and clinical usefulness of pluripotent large animal cells is currently available. Here, we briefly review the latest advances regarding the derivation and use of large animal iPSCs.
The Intelligent New Business Electronic Application and Automated Underwriting Solution at The Western-Southern Life Insurance Company

For life insurance companies, the challenge of the new century is to maintain profitability and market share in a rapidly changing business environment, manifested by increased competition and changes to insurance products required by the market. In order to meet these challenges, the Western-Southern Life Insurance Company (WSL) decided to automate their insurance policy application process and reengineer the underwriting process. Their main objectives were to reduce the cost of underwriting, reduce application cycle time and streamline the underwriting process. The result was a business intelligence application known as Intelligent New Business.
Differential palmit(e)oylation of Wnt1 on C93 and S224 residues has overlapping and distinct consequences.

Though the mechanisms by which cytosolic/intracellular proteins are regulated by the post-translational addition of palmitate adducts is well understood, little is known about how this lipid modification affects secreted ligands, such as Wnts. Here we use mutational analysis to show that differential modification of the two known palmit(e)oylated residues of Wnt1, C93 and S224, has both overlapping and distinct consequences. Though the relative roles of each residue are similar with respect to stability and secretion, two distinct biological assays in L cells show that modification of C93 primarily modulates signaling via a s-catenin independent pathway while S224 is crucial for s-catenin dependent signaling. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of Porcupine (Porcn), an upstream regulator of Wnt, by IWP1, specifically inhibited s-catenin dependent signaling. Consistent with these observations, mapping of amino acids in peptide domains containing C93 and S224 demonstrate that acylation of C93 is likely to be Porcn-independent while that of S224 is Porcn-dependent. Cumulatively, our data strongly suggest that C93 and S224 are modified by distinct enzymes and that the differential modification of these sites has the potential to influence Wnt signaling pathway choice.
Diversity and intercultural issues in library and information science (LIS) education

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to suggest to move successfully beyond the fragmented and cursory treatment of diversity that prevails in library and information science (LIS) education should articulate a vision of teaching and learning within the diverse society we have become. That vision must then be used to guide systematically, the inclusion of intercultural issues throughout the LIS education. Presents four salient characteristics that define the culturally responsive LIS educator. Recommends that LIS educators examine critically the curriculum and revise it as needed to make issues of diversity central rather than peripheral.Design/methodology/approach – Using four salient characteristics, the paper discusses the approach LIS educators should use in order to create the interconnectedness of the themes that are made up of knowledge, skills, and disposition. Using this framework as theoretical bases an analysis is then presented for changing nature of LIS education.Findings – It was found tha...
Allelopathy and Exotic Plant Invasion: From Molecules and Genes to Species Interactions

Here we present evidence that Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed), an invasive species in the western United States, displaces native plant species by exuding the phytotoxin (-)-catechin from its roots. Our results show inhibition of native species' growth and germination in field soils at natural concentrations of (-)-catechin. In susceptible species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, the allelochemical triggers a wave of reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiated at the root meristem, which leads to a Ca2+ signaling cascade triggering genome-wide changes in gene expression and, ultimately, death of the root system. Our results support a "novel weapons hypothesis" for invasive success.
Decreased galectin-3 expression in prostate cancer

BACKGROUND. Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding protein whose level of expression has been shown to be correlated with metastatic potential in a number of different tumor types. The purpose of this investigation was to examine galectin-3 expression in several tumorigenic and nontumorigenic prostate cell lines and prostate tissue samples. METHODS. The expression of galectin-3 in cell lines and tissue samples was evaluated by tissue immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. RESULTS. Human cell lines PC-3M, PC-3, DU-145, PrEC-1, and MCF10A demonstrated the presence of galectin-3. Galectin-3 was not detected in TSU-pr1 and LNCaP by Western blot analysis. We furthered our studies by examining a series of human prostate tissue samples for expression of galectin-3. Overall, approximately 60‐70% of the normal tissue examined demonstrated heterogenous expression of galectin-3. In stage II tumors, however, there was a dramatic decrease in galectin-3 expression in both PIN and tumor sections, with only 10.5% (2/19) of these samples expressing this protein. Stage III tumors also demonstrated a decreased expression of galectin-3, although this downregulation was not as dramatic, with 35% of PIN samples and 52% of tumor tissue expressing galectin-3 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS. These data demonstrate that galectin-3 is downregulated in prostate cancer. The altered downregulation pattern of galectin-3 observed between tumor stages suggests different roles for galectin-3 in the progression of prostate cancer. Prostate 44:118‐123, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pancreas allograft rejection: analysis of concurrent renal allograft biopsies and posttherapy follow-up biopsies.

Background Pancreas and kidney allograft function is routinely monitored with serum studies (amylase, lipase, and creatinine). Increased levels commonly prompt tissue biopsy, to diagnose cause of graft dysfunction. Historically, pancreas allografts were infrequently biopsied, although serum enzymes and renal rejection may be poor surrogates for pancreas status. Methods Pancreas allograft biopsies at our center were reviewed and reclassified according to University of Maryland (UMD) and Banff criteria; C4d immunostaining was performed. Findings were correlated with clinical data and renal allograft biopsies. Results Fifty-six pancreas allograft biopsies from 27 patients were evaluated. UMD and Banff grading were similar, although two UMD "indeterminate" biopsies were Banff grade 1 rejection. There were 21 concurrent pancreas and renal biopsies, all from simultaneous pancreas-kidney allograft recipients. Thirteen pairs were concordant for rejection; eight pairs were discordant for rejection (38%); six pairs showed pancreas rejection without kidney rejection, and two pairs showed the converse. Fourteen patients had a total of 21 follow-up pancreas allograft biopsies. Seven biopsies showed a lower grade of rejection on follow-up biopsy, 4 biopsies showed more severe rejection, and 10 had unchanged grade. In only 9 of these 21 (43%) cases, did the interval serum amylase or lipase trend parallel the subsequent biopsy diagnosis. Conclusions With a high biopsy discordance rate, our data suggest that renal allograft rejection is a poor surrogate for pancreas allograft status. Likewise, serum amylase and lipase levels do not predict response to rejection therapy. Surveillance or posttherapy pancreas allograft biopsies may be a useful means to monitor pancreas allograft status.
Infrared Imaging of GRB 970508

We have observed the field of the gamma-ray burst GRB 970508 at infrared wavelengths (2.2 μm) and have found a variable source coincident with the visible transient thought to be associated with the burst. The source was decaying in brightness with Ks magnitudes of 18.2±0.1, 18.8±0.1, and 19.0±0.3 mag on May 13.25, 16.25, and 20.21 UT, respectively. A 1 σ upper limit of K=21.3 mag was obtained for the brightness of the source on June 14.27 UT. The infrared light curve during this period is consistent with a ~t^(-1.2) power law, similar to the visible light curve. We do not find evidence for extended structure around the burst, as has been claimed for GRB 970228, and we obtain an upper limit of 0.04L_* for the luminosity of an underlying galaxy at the position of the infrared transient.
Age-Associated Differences in Positional Variability Are Greater With the Lower Limb

ABSTRACT The authors’ purpose was to determine the interaction of age and limb used on positional variability at different loads. Eleven young adults and 10 older adults were asked to accurately match and maintain a horizontal target line with 5° abduction of their index finger and 5° dorsiflexion of their ankle for 20 s at loads ranging from 2 to 50% of the maximal load that could be lifted with each limb. The visual gain was kept constant at 1° (visual angle). Positional variability was greater in older adults for both limbs, nonetheless age-associated differences were greater for the ankle dorsiflexion task compared with the abduction of the index finger task. In addition, we found that, independent of age, motor output variability was greater with the lower limb. These results provide novel evidence that older adults may exhibit greater impairments in motor control with the foot compared with the finger. Furthermore, these findings support the idea, using a different task than previous literature, tha...
Approximate Expressions for Field Penetration Through Circular Apertures

Equations and curves are given that are useful in estimating the coupling of the field from a normally incident plane wave through a circular aperture in a thin planar surface. These curves are compared with experimental results and with scalar diffraction theory.
General methodology to evaluate two-particle hydrodynamic friction inside cylinder-bound viscous fluid

Abstract This article presents a new method to describe creeping motion of two-particle system in quiescent fluid confined in a conduit. The analysis is specifically focused on two spheres in cylinder-bound viscous fluid where both interparticle and particle–wall flow interactions are significant. We quantify these interactions by the spatial variation of friction tensors relating motion-defining quantities like translation or rotation of each sphere with motion-inducing quantities like force or torque on them. The key component of the methodology is solving Stokes equation with no-slip condition at disconnected dissimilar surfaces—the cylinder and the spheres. Accordingly, the Stokesian fields are expanded in separable basis solutions for both cylindrical and spherical coordinates so that conditions at both conduit and particle can be enforced properly. This enables us to evaluate friction coefficients associated with different pairs of motion-defining and motion-inducing quantities representing different flow-conditions in a general class of problems. Thus, the results can be used to calculate force and torque on the particles with specified motion for their arbitrary radial positions, axial separation and azimuthal orientation.
A comprehensive kinetic study of thermal reduction of NO2 by H2

A comprehensive study of the kinetics and mechanism for the thermal reduction of NO2 by H2 has been carried out in the temperature range 602−954 K by pyrolysis/FTIR spectrometry employing different mixtures containing (1) NO2/Ar, (2) NO2/NO/Ar, (3) NO2/H2/Ar, (4) NO2/H2/CO/Ar, and (5) NO2/H2/CO/NO/Ar. The results of kinetic modeling for the data obtained from mixtures 1 and 2 gave the rate constant for the key reaction responsible for NO formation and NO2 decay, 2NO2 → 2NO + O2 (4): k4 = 4.16 × 1012 exp(−13 840/T) cm3/(mol s). Combination of our data with those of Rohrig et al. (ref 27) measured at high temperatures in shock waves led to k4 = (4.51 ± 0.15) × 1012 exp[-(13 890 ± 27)/T] cm3/(mol s) for 600 K < T < 1450 K. Kinetic modeling of the measured data from mixtures 3−5 indicated that the existing rate constant for H2 + NO2 → HONO + H (−1) was too large; on the other hand, our theoretically predicted rate constant, k-1 = (1.30 × 104)T2.76 exp(−14 980/T) cm3/(mol s), obtained by high-level ab initio ...
Identity of additional aroma constituents in milk cultures of Streptococcus Lactis var. Maltigenes.

Abstract Gas chromatographic analyses of the headspace vapor over a series of milk cultures of malty and nonmalty strains of Streptococcus lactis revealed components in the malty strains tentatively identified as 2-methylpropanol and 3-methylbutanol. In a more detailed study the volatiles from milk cultures of a typical strain of S. lactis var. maltigenes were entrained and collected by an on-column trapping technique, chromatographed on l,2,3-tris(2-cyanoethoxy) propane and 1,2,4-butanetriol columns, and the separated components analyzed in a mass spectrometer. Ethanol, 2-methylpropanol, and 3-methylbutanol, as separated on both columns, were positively identified and the carbonyls including 2-methylpropanal and 3-methylbutanal were identified in the effluents from the former column. Although the culture volatiles contained more of the branched-chain alcohols than the corresponding aldehydes, organoleptic comparison of the aroma of an untreated culture with that in which the aldehydes had been removed by treatment with acidic hydroxylamine indicated that the typical malty aroma is due principally to the aldehydes. The presence of the alcohols in these cultures suggests that S. lactis var. maltigenes possesses a yeast-like alcohol dehydrogenase.
A New Test of Misconceptions about Psychology

Some of the problems surrounding the use of true-false tests of psychological misconceptions are discussed. The development of a new 62-item, multiple-choice test of misconceptions designed to reduce these problems is outlined. The test was given to 79 students in introductory psychology. Reliability, validity, and normative data are provided. A comparison of the interest level of each item's topic allows psychology professors a reasonable criterion for deciding which misconceptions to discuss in class.
Three probands with autistic disorder and isodicentric chromosome 15.

We have identified three unrelated probands with autistic disorder (AD) and isodicentric chromosomes that encompass the proximal region of 15q11.2. All three probands met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition [DSM–IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994], and International Classification of Diseases ( ICD–10) diagnostic criteria for AD, confirmed with the Autism Diagnostic Interview –Revised (ADI–R). Chromosome analysis revealed the following karyotypes: 47,XX,+idic(15)(q11.2), 47,XX,+idic(15) (q11.2), and 47,XY,+idic(15)(q11.2). Haplotype analysis of genotypic maker data in the probands and their parents showed that marker chromosomes in all three instances were of maternal origin. Comparison of the clinical findings of the three AD probands with case reports in the published literature (N = 20) reveals a clustering of physical and developmental features. Specifically, these three probands and the majority of reported probands in the literature exhibited hypotonia (n = 13), seizures (n = 13), and delayed gross motor development (n = 13). In addition, clustering of the following clinical signs was seen with respect to exhibited speech delay (n = 13), lack of social reciprocity (n = 11), and stereotyped behaviors (n = 12). Collectively, these data provide further evidence for the involvement of chromosome 15 in AD as well as present preliminary data suggesting a clustering of clinical features in AD probands with proximal 15q anomalies. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:365–372, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A quantum-limited CMOS-sensor-based high-speed imaging system for time-resolved x-ray scattering

The field of ultrafast x-ray science is flourishing, driven by emerging synchrotron sources (e.g., time-slice storage rings, energy recovery linacs, free electron lasers) capable of fine time resolution. New hybrid x-ray detectors are under development in order to exploit these new capabilities. This paper describes the development of a 2160 x 2560 CMOS image sensor (CIS) system with a 6.5 µm pitch optimized for time-resolved x-ray scattering studies. The system is single photon quantum limited from 8 keV to 20 keV. It has a wide dynamic range and can operate at 100 Hz full-frame and at higher frequencies using a region-of-interest (ROI) readout. Fundamental metrics of linearity, dynamic range, spatial resolution, conversion gain, sensitivity and Detective Quantum Efficiency are estimated. Experimental time-resolved data are also presented.
Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity is localized to four types of synapses in the rat interpeduncular nucleus.

The cholinergic synapses of the rat interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) were demonstrated by immunostaining that utilized a monoclonal antibody directed against choline acetyltransferase. The rostral, central, intermediate and lateral subnuclei of the IPN each contained a single type of immunoreactive terminal. Immunoreactivity was localized to synaptic vesicle membranes (especially at the contact zones), and longitudinal microtubules in preterminal portions of axons. Terminals were identified by comparison to previous studies of the synaptic organization of the IPN. In the rostral subnucleus, the immunoreactive terminals were characterized by their content of spherical vesicles, 45 nm in diameter, intermixed with moderate numbers of dense-cored vesicles, 75-100 nm in diameter. These terminals formed asymmetrical contacts. They correspond to the more numerous of the two types of axodendritic terminals described in this subnucleus, i.e. those which degenerate after lesions of the habenula. The moderate number of immunoreactive terminals in the lateral subnucleus contained pleomorphic vesicles, 30-45 nm in diameter. Up to three of these formed symmetrical contacts with individual dendrites, which ranged in diameter from 0.35 to 0.55 micron. The other types of axodendritic terminal in this subnucleus, which often contacted the same dendrites, were unstained. These latter terminals have been interpreted as being those which contain substance P. The immunoreactive terminals in the diameter, and formed markedly asymmetrical en passant contacts with small dendritic processes or spines. The immunoreactive terminals in the intermediate subnucleus had the same presynaptic and contact morphology. Many were clearly crest synapses. The remainder appeared to be such, but seen only partially within the plane of section. In the intermediate subnucleus there were up to several hundred immunostained terminals per grid square in some sections. These findings are consistent with the existence of a dense cholinergic projection to the IPN. The habenular region, are shown to crest and S synapses, both of which generate after lesions of the cholinergic innervation of other subnuclei of the IPN increases understanding of the relation of cholinergic to other transmitters localized to various portions of this nucleus.
Intracellular trafficking and secretion of adiponectin is dependent on GGA coated vesicles

Adiponectin (Acrp30) is an insulin-sensitizing hormone produced and secreted exclusively by adipose tissue. Confocal fluorescent microscopy demonstrated the colocalization of adiponectin with the Golgi membrane markers p115, β-COP, and the trans-Golgi network marker, syntaxin 6. Treatment of cells with brefeldin A redistributed adiponectin to the endoplasmic reticulum where it colocalized with the chaperone protein BIP and inhibited secretion of adiponectin demonstrating a requirement for a functional Golgi apparatus for adiponectin release. Confocal fluorescent microscopy also demonstrated a colocalization of endogenous adiponectin with that of expressed GGA1myc (Golgi-localizing γ-adaptin ear homology ARF-binding protein) but with no significant overlap between adiponectin and the GGA2myc or GGA3myc isoforms. Consistent with confocal fluorescent microscopy, transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the colocalization of GGA1 with adiponectin. Although GGA1 did not directly interact with the adiponectin protein, the adiponectin enriched membrane compartments of adipocyte were precipitated by a GST-GGA1 cargo binding domain (VHS) fusion protein but not with a GST-GGA2 VHS or GST-GGA3 VHS fusion proteins. Moreover, co-expression of adiponectin with a GGA1 dominant-interfering mutant (GGA1-VHS GAT domain) resulted in a marked inhibition of adiponectin secretion in both 3T3L1 adipocytes and HEK293 cells, whereas no inhibition was detected with the truncated mutants GGA2-VHSGAT or GGA3-VHSGAT. Moreover, co-expression of wild type GGA1 with adiponectin enhanced secretion of adiponectin. Interestingly, leptin secretion was unaffected by neither the wild type form or GGA1 mutant. Taken together these data demonstrate that the trafficking of adiponectin through its secretory pathway is dependent on GGA-coated vesicles.
HealthPartners’ Online Clinic For Simple Conditions Delivers Savings Of $88 Per Episode And High Patient Approval

The delivery of health care online is relatively new. However, early indications suggest that it can improve the experience of care for patients and the health of populations, along with reducing per capita health care costs. HealthPartners in Minnesota launched an online clinic called virtuwell in late 2010. After more than 40,000 cases, we report an average $88 lower cost per episode compared with care received in traditional settings, strong indicators of clinical effectiveness, and a 98 percent “would recommend” rating from customers. The possibility of extrapolating such savings to larger volumes of cases is compelling. We suggest a need for regulatory reform, particularly around state-level statutes that create barriers to the expansion of online care delivery, such as those that require clinicians to be located in the same state as the patient and those requiring clinicians to have had a previous face-to-face visit with a patient. Such reforms would encourage further innovation and lead to cost red...
725 A NEW SYNDROME OF RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA, HEARING LOSS, MENTAL RETARDATION, AND DYSMORPHOLOGY

725 A NEW SYNDROME OF RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA, HEARING LOSS, MENTAL RETARDATION, AND DYSMORPHOLOGY
Epidural anesthesia for postpartum tubal ligation using epidural catheters placed during labor.

Abstract Study Objectives: To evaluate the success of epidural anesthesia for postpartum tubal ligation using epidural catheters placed during labor and to determine whether patient characteristics, timing of surgery, or technical factors (e.g., length of epidural catheter inserted into the epidural space) influenced the success of subsequent epidural anesthesia. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: University hospital labor and delivery suite. Patients: 90 consecutive women scheduled for postpartum tubal ligation using epidural catheters placed during labor. Interventions: Epidural catheters were reinjected with 1.5% to 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 5 μg/ml or 2% to 3% 2-chloroprocaine immediately before surgery. Measurements and Main Results: 74% of the women received satisfactory intraoperative anesthesia using in situ epidural catheters. Reinjecting the catheter within 4 hours of delivery was associated with a greater frequency of successful epidural anesthesia for tubal ligation (95% vs. 67%; p=0.029). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the length of catheter inserted into the epidural space. Conclusions: Although other factors may influence the timing of postpartum tubal ligation after delivery, the success of epidural anesthesia for tubal ligation using in situ epidural catheters is greater if surgery is performed shortly after delivery.
(A)BC excinuclease: the Escherichia coli nucleotide excision repair enzyme

Nucleotide excision repair is the major pathway for removing damage from DNA. (A)BC excinuclease is the nuclease activity which initiates nucleotide excision repair in Escherichia coli. In this review, we focus on current understanding of the structure-function of the enzyme and the reaction mechanism of the repair pathway. In addition, recent biochemical studies on preferential repair of actively transcribed genes in E. coli are summarized.
Integrated ion beam milling and coating for precision optical fabrication

An ion beam milling system, used for precision optical fabrication, was modified to easily allow deposition of thin films onto the same optics within a single vacuum operation. A series of coating experiments was performed to assess this approach to integrated ion milling and optical coating. Attempts were made to maximize the deposition rates while maintaining a narrow distribution of coating material to provide the optimum total process time. A series of shaped sputter targets was found to maintain high deposition rates similar to those of a flat target but without having the desired effect of narrowing the material distribution. Apertured shields produced narrow material distributions but at the expense of significantly lowering the deposition rates. Despite these limitations, analysis shows that thin optical films can be produced in a reasonable time by this approach.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fast Cars/Fast Foods: Hyperconsumption and Its Health and Environmental Consequences

The historical and structural connections between auto-centered transport and fast food franchising are analyzed as comprising a synergistic contemporary mode of consumption. It is a mode that is rooted in individualized, private convenience, and it is implicated in a number of growing public health and environmental problems, including obesity and climate change. Emerging in the US after World War I, this mode of consumption, ‘fast cars/fast foods,’ developed rapidly after World War II, based on the application of mass production techniques to food, and in the development of the Interstate highway system. The analysis suggests that this mode of consumption is associated with a particular socio-material landscape, motorized urban sprawl, and that both promote hyperconsumption.
Differences in the effects of dexamethasone on macrophage nitrite production: dependence on exposure regimen (in vivo or in vitro) and activation stimuli.

Abstract Exposure to glucocorticoids in vitro is known to suppress the production of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) by macrophages, and it has been suggested that this contributes to the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids in vivo . However, the effects of glucocorticoid administration in vivo on subsequent RNI production as measured in vitro are not known. In the present study, dexamethasone was administered in vivo and was also used to treat macrophages in vitro prior to, and during, stimulation of nitrite production by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and/or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Macrophages were isolated 24 h after daily administration of dexamethasone (0.1–30 mg/kg/day) to female B6C3F1 mice for 3, 6, or 16 days. In most cases, these cells produced an equal or greater concentration of nitrite in response to IFN-γ, LPS, or IFN-γ plus LPS, than cells from vehicle control mice. In contrast, continuous exposure of macrophages to dexamethasone during stimulation in vitro caused dose-dependent inhibition of nitrite production. However, the inhibition was much less pronounced when LPS or IFN-γ together were used to stimulate the macrophages than when either was used separately. Similar results were noted when macrophages were exposed to dexamethasone for 24 or 72 h in vitro followed by a 0–24 h recovery period after removal of dexamethasone. Thus, immunosuppressive doses of dexamethasone in vivo do not decrease the induction of nitrite production 24 h after the last dose, whereas significant decreases are noted 24 h after termination of dexamethasone exposure in vitro . The basis for this difference is not clear, but there was no indication that administration of dexamethasone in vivo selects for a “glucocorticoid resistant” population of macrophages. These observations have implications with regard to the mechanisms of glucocorticoid-mediated anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action in vivo .
Laundry factors influencing methyl parathion removal from contaminated denim fabric.

The level of MeP concentration is inversely related to the amount of residue removed through laundry. As a result, higher pesticide concentrations or undiluted chemicals require utmost care in handling. Even following ten multiple launderings, residues of an undiluted MeP contaminant can be readily detected in fabrics, as well as cause mortality to German cockroaches within 24 h. It is recommended therefore, that clothing contaminated with high pesticide concentrations be disposed of by burning or burial, as the fabric remains unsafe to the wearer. Fabrics contaminated with lesser MeP concentrations (i.e. field strength) require a minimum of three launderings before biological activity reaches a harmless level. In addition, sudsy household ammonia as a laundry additive does not practically contribute to pesticide residue removal as the cost and amount of ammonia required to fill a washing machine is not feasible. Other laundry procedures, such as pre-rinsing and/or multiple washing, appear to be more effective.
Indomethacin and LY171883 modify porcine cardiopulmonary responses to leukotrienes.

We evaluated the effects of leukotriene (LT) C4 (0.8, 1.6, 2.4 nmol/kg), LTD4 (0.2, 1.0, 2.0 nmol/kg), and LTE4 (4.6 nmol/kg) on the cardiopulmonary system in anesthetized pigs. LTC4 and LTD4 increased mean pulmonary arterial (Ppa), mean aortic (Pma), and peak tracheal (Pt) pressures and decreased cardiac index (Cl). After indomethacin (cyclooxygenase blocker) or indomethacin + LY171883 (LTD4/LTE4 receptor antagonist), the highest doses of sulfidopeptide LTs were repeated. Indomethacin attenuated the increased Ppa and Pt, but did not affect the decreased Cl or increased Pma; LY171883 blocked or greatly attenuated the residual responses. LY171883 (without indomethacin) also blocked or greatly attenuated the LT-induced increases in Ppa and Pma and the decrease in Cl. We conclude that sulfidopeptide LTs cause potent systemic and pulmonary vasoconstriction in the anesthetized pig. Moreover, approximately two-thirds of the pulmonary arterial hypertension is indirectly mediated (i.e., cyclooxygenase products), with the residual one-third possibly due to direct LT-receptor stimulation. On the other hand, systemic vasoconstriction and decreased Cl are independent of cyclooxygenase products, and thus are likely to be directly mediated by LTs. The data support an important interaction between LT receptors and release of cyclooxygenase products.
Setting the pace for GI motility: ryanodine receptors and IP3 receptors within interstitial cells of Cajal. Focus on "Intracellular Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum regulates slow wave currents and pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal".

the generation of spontaneous phasic contractions within the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract drives segmentation and peristalsis, thereby enabling proper food digestion. These rhythmical contractions, an intrinsic property of the gut wall, involve a triad of electrically coupled cell types:
β-Arrestin–dependent activation of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II after β1–adrenergic receptor stimulation

Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) plays an important role in cardiac contractility and the development of heart failure. Although stimulation of beta(1)-adrenergic receptors (ARs) leads to an increase in CaMKII activity, the molecular mechanism by which beta(1)-ARs activate CaMKII is not completely understood. In this study, we show the requirement for the beta(1)-AR regulatory protein beta-arrestin as a scaffold for both CaMKII and Epac (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP). Stimulation of beta(1)-ARs induces the formation of a beta-arrestin-CaMKII-Epac1 complex, allowing its recruitment to the plasma membrane, whereby interaction with cAMP leads to CaMKII activation. beta-Arrestin binding to the carboxyl-terminal tail of beta(1)-ARs promotes a conformational change within beta-arrestin that allows CaMKII and Epac to remain in a stable complex with the receptor. The essential role for beta-arrestin and identification of the molecular mechanism by which only beta(1)-ARs and not beta(2)-ARs activate CaMKII significantly advances our understanding of this important cellular pathway.
Prevalence of Chiari I Malformation and Syringomyelia

Chiari I malformation (CM) is a common neurosurgical diagnosis and spinal cord syrinx is frequently found in patients with CM. Asymptomatic CM is a common imaging finding. Symptomatic CM is less common. Variation in prevalence estimates may be attributed to differences in sensitivity of CM detection between studies as well as differences in the populations being analyzed. The prevalence of low tonsil position and CM on MRI is higher in children and young adults compared with older adults. Studies that include a large number of older adults find a lower prevalence compared with analyses of children.
Saving energy with just in time instruction delivery

Just-In-Time instruction delivery is a general method for saving energy in a microprocessor by dynamically limiting the number of in-flight instructions. The goal is to save energy by (1) fetching valid instructions no sooner than necessary, avoiding cycles stalled in the pipeline - especially the issue queue, and (2) reducing the number of fetches and subsequent processing of mis-speculated instructions. A simple algorithm monitors performance and adjusts the maximum number of in-flight instructions at fairly long intervals, 100 K instructions in this study. The proposed JIT instruction delivery scheme provides the combined benefits of more targeted schemes proposed previously. With only a 3% performance degradation, energy savings in the fetch, decode pipe, and issue queue are 10%, 12%, and 40%, respectively.
Renal medullary amyloidosis in Dorcas gazelles

Between January 1976 and September 1987 renal medullary amyloidosis (RMA) was diagnosed in 17 Dorcas gazelles; the necropsy prevalence rate was 17/32 (53%). The most severe amyloid deposits were in the renal medulla; glomeruli were spared. Renal cortical lesions of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy and dilatation significantly correlated with RMA (P less than 0.01) and were considered to be secondary changes. There were varying degrees of lymphoplasmacytic inflammation and tubular cast formation which did not significantly correlate with RMA. Amyloid was confirmed histochemically and by electron microscopy and was identified as AA type by the permanganate method. Progressive renal failure was the cause of death or necessitated euthanasia in 7/17 (41%) gazelles. RMA in Dorcas gazelles does not appear to be familial. A high prevalence of chronic or recurring Actinomyces (Corynebacterium) pyogenes infections may be an important factor.
Properties and soil development of late-Pleistocene paleosols from Seward Peninsula, northwest Alaska

Abstract Soils on Seward Peninsula, northwest Alaska, that were buried about 17,500 years ago and froze after burial present a unique opportunity to study soil development under the conditions of the last glacial maximum. Stratigraphic sections were excavated during the summers of 1993 and 1994. Study sites were located on steep banks of thaw lakes. We described soil morphology (including cryogenic features) and sampled for chemical and physical analyses. All paleosols are permafrost soils that developed in calcareous loess and have roots present throughout. Colors are predominantly grayish and either reflect original loess color or periodic saturation of the soils (possibly caused by the permafrost environment). Active layer thicknesses before burial ranged from 32 to 64 cm. Organic carbon contents average 3.0%, carbon/nitrogen ratios average 9, cation exchange capacities average 19.1 cmol/kg, and base saturations generally exceed 100%. There is no evidence of leaching in the profile. Soil formation occurred simultaneously to the deposition of the parent material loess. Morphological and chemical data suggest that soil development was weak and confined to organic matter accumulation, and hydrolysis of iron. All studied soils show similar morphological, chemical, and physical properties, which suggests a relatively uniform mode of soil formation in the study area. Soil-forming conditions on northern Seward Peninsula during the last glacial maximum were severe, and combined with fairly continuous loess deposition they resulted in weakly developed, nutrient-rich soils.
The Effect of Stock Splits on Liquidity: Evidence from Shareholder Ownership Composition

The traditional view of stock splits as cosmetic transactions that simply divide the same pie into more slices is inconsistent with the significant wealth effect associated with the announcement of a stock split. Streetlore attributes the price reaction to improved liquidity. The empirical evidence, however, suggests that there is no appreciable change in the trading volume of firms after a stock split. This is especially surprising given that Lamoureux and Poon (1987) among others report a substantial increase in the number of shareholders for splitting firms. This suggests that any increase in liquidity is potentially a function of the ownership structure of the firm. This paper examines the impact of firm ownership composition on liquidity changes following stock splits. Our analysis yields three main results. First, our analysis indicates that changes in liquidity, measured by volume of trade, are negatively related to the level of institutional ownership prior to the split. This indicates that firms with low institutional ownership prior to the split achieve the largest liquidity benefit following the split. Second, the largest post-split increase in institutional ownership occurs for firms that had low institutional ownership prior to the split. This result indicates that the large increases in trading volume for firms with low institutional ownership prior to the split is the result of increased institutional ownership following a split. Last, we find that the abnormal return following a split is negatively related to the level of institutional ownership prior to the split. This is consistent with the notion that the market rewards those firms that have the largest increase in liquidity following a split. These findings are important as they shed new light on the source of stock split announcement returns.
Measurement of the dielectric properties of dispersive materials over a wide frequency range

The propagation of electromagnetic waves through dispersive media forms the basis for a wide variety of applications. Rapid advances in materials have produced new products with tailored responses across frequency bands. Many of these new materials, such as radar absorbing material and photonic crystals, are dispersive in nature. This, in turn, has opened up the possibility for the exploitation of these dispersive dielectric properties for a variety of applications. Thus, it is desirable to know the electromagnetic properties of both man-made and natural materials across a wide frequency range. With the advent of transient pulsers with sub-nanosecond risetimes and rates of voltage rise approaching 10**16 V/s, the frequencies of interest in the transient response extend to approximately the 2 GHz range.. Although a network analyzer can provide either frequency- or time- domain data (by inverse transform), common TEM cells are only rated to 0.5 to 1.5 GHz - significantly below the maximum frequency of interest. To extend the frequency range to include 2 GHz, a TEM cell was characterized and a deembedding algorithm was applied to account, in part, for the limitations of the cell. The de-embedding technique is described along with such measurement issues such as clear time and sneak around. Measurements of complex permittivity of common drinking water are shown. This frequency extension will lead to more expansive testing of dielectric materials of interest.
Real-time monitoring of Escherichia coli O157:H7 adherence to beef carcass surface tissues with a bioluminescent reporter

A method for studying bacteria that are attached to carcass surfaces would eliminate the need for exogenous sampling and would facilitate understanding the interaction of potential human food-borne pathogens with food animal tissue surfaces. We describe such a method in which we used a bioluminescent reporter strain of Escherichia coli O157:H7 that was constructed by transformation with plasmid pCGLS1, an expression vector that contains a complete bacterial luciferase (lux) operon. Beef carcass surface tissues were inoculated with the bioluminescent strain, and adherent bacteria were visualized in real time by using a sensitive photon-counting camera to obtain in situ images. The reporter strain was found to luminesce from the tissue surfaces whether it was inoculated as a suspension in buffer or as a suspension in a bovine fecal slurry. With this method, areas of tissues inoculated with the reporter strain could be studied without obtaining, excising, homogenizing, and culturing multiple samples from the tissue surface. Use of the complete lux operon as the bioluminescent reporter eliminated the need to add exogenous substrate. This allowed detection and quantitation of bacterial inocula and rapid evaluation of adherence of a potential human pathogen to tissue surfaces. Following simple water rinses of inoculated carcass tissues, the attachment duration varied with different carcass surface types. On average, the percent retention of bioluminescent signal from the reporter strain was higher on lean fascia-covered tissue (54%) than on adipose fascia-covered tissue (18%) following water washing of the tissues. Bioluminescence and culture-derived viable bacterial counts were highly correlated (r2 = 0.98). Real-time assessment of microbial attachment to this complex menstruum should facilitate evaluation of carcass decontamination procedures and mechanistic studies of microbial contamination of beef carcass tissues.
Anonymity Leakage Reduction in Network Latency

Each Internet communication leaves trails here or there, that can be followed back to the user. Notably, anonymous communication schemes are purposed to hide users’ identity as to personal, source and destination location and content information. Previous studies have shown that the average round trip times (RTT) leakage between network host location, X1 and network destination location, Y1, can be determined, [12]. Additionally, an attack from a web site with access to a network coordinate system can recover 6.8 bits/hr. of network location from one corrupt Tor router, [12]. Notably, no network capability is in existence to completely negate anonymity leakage in network latency, [12], thus, the minimization of anonymity leakage in network latency becomes critically salient. The purpose of this paper is to investigate network latency anonymity leaks, and propose practical techniques for their reduction. In this direction, we investigate the following technical question: what implementation techniques can be configured to truly reduce anonymity leaks using deployable systems. Here, an extension of the popular Tor security strategies and unique configuration of the popular network anonymity techniques (algorithms) for future implementation are presented.
An Examination of Established Antecedents of Power in Purchase Decision Making: Married and Nontraditional Couples

This research examined the extent that resource theory, sex-role orientation, least interested partner hypothesis, and involvement apply to cohabiting heterosexual, gay, and lesbian couples. Findings revealed that (a) resources significantly affected only married partners' relative influence and strategy usage; (b) sex-role orientation significantly affected relative influence for married partners and strategy selection for partners in both types of heterosexual couples; (c) least interest significantly affected relative influence for partners in both types of heterosexual couples and influence strategy selection for cohabi-tors; and (d) involvement significantly affected relative influence and strategy usage for all couple types. Overall, the effect of the antecedents on relative influence and strategy usage depends on the extent that partners within any couple type are similar on various antecedents.
Hybrid Integration of Bandgap Reference Circuits Using Silicon ICs and Germanium Devices

Low-voltage hybrid silicon-germanium bandgap reference circuits that can defy the voltage scaling limits of those realized in purely silicon-based technologies are implemented. Germanium diodes replace silicon diodes in two conventional bandgap reference circuits fabricated in a 0.18-mum Si CMOS process, and experimental results validate the benefit of exploiting a low bandgap material. The output references are measured as 670 mV and 310 mV with 9.3 mV (287 ppm/degC) and 4.6 mV (302 ppm/degC) variation, respectively, over 5 ~ 56degC. In addition, the high temperature characteristics limiting the operation range related to low bandgap are investigated.
The INK4a/ARF tumor suppressor: one gene—two products—two pathways

Functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma (RB) and p53 pathways appears to be a rite of passage for all cancerous cells and results in disruption of cell-cycle regulation and deactivation of the apoptotic response that normally ensues. The INK4a/ARF locus sits at the nexus of these two growth-control pathways, by virtue of its ability to generate two distinct products: the p16INK4a protein, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that functions upstream of RB; and the p19ARF protein, which blocks MDM2 inhibition of p53 activity. This 'one gene--two products--two pathways' arrangement provides a basis for the prominence of INK4a/ARF in tumorigenesis.
Proteolysis of Cortactin by Calpain Regulates Membrane Protrusion during Cell Migration

Calpain 2 regulates membrane protrusion during cell migration. However, relevant substrates that mediate the effects of calpain on protrusion have not been identified. One potential candidate substrate is the actin binding protein cortactin. Cortactin is a Src substrate that drives actin polymerization by activating the Arp2/3 complex and also stabilizes the cortical actin network. We now provide evidence that proteolysis of cortactin by calpain 2 regulates membrane protrusion dynamics during cell migration. We show that cortactin is a calpain 2 substrate in fibroblasts and that the preferred cleavage site occurs in a region between the actin binding repeats and the alpha-helical domain. We have generated a mutant cortactin that is resistant to calpain proteolysis but retains other biochemical properties of cortactin. Expression of the calpain-resistant cortactin, but not wild-type cortactin, impairs cell migration and increases transient membrane protrusion, suggesting that calpain proteolysis of cortactin limits membrane protrusions and regulates migration in fibroblasts. Furthermore, the enhanced protrusion observed with the calpain-resistant cortactin requires both the Arp2/3 binding site and the Src homology 3 domain of cortactin. Together, these findings suggest a novel role for calpain-mediated proteolysis of cortactin in regulating membrane protrusion dynamics during cell migration.