INTEREST AND IDEOLOGY - THE FOREIGN-POLICY BELIEFS OF AMERICAN-BUSINESSMEN - RUSSETT,BM, HANSON,EC

1980 managed to keep itself together during the bom- bastic years of William Hale (Big Bill) Thompson, Republican. Cermak, before his untimely death, had welded together a strong, centrally controlled machine. It was this that Daley inherited and ruled for so long. Jacob M. Arvey and other old- timers give the background. The title comes from the experience of Abner Mikva, later a member of Congress, who in 1948 as a first-year law student, entered the Eighth Ward Regular Democratic Organization head- quarters (in the Hyde Park-Kenwood area) and said he wanted to help the Paul Douglas-Adlai Stevenson ticket. When he explained that no one had sent him, he was told, “We don&#39;t want nobody nobody sent” (p. 318). It might have been the theme song of the closely knit, by-invitation- only Daley machine. (Mikva never was invited in.) There are many fascinating interviews. One is with Vito Marzullo (on the council since 1953, its dean, and leader of the Italian bloc) who explains, “I take care of my people like I take care of my own familyq (p. 50). From his 25th Ward, West Side, with its blacks and people of Italian, Polish, and Mexican descent, were selected all the pre- cinct captains interviewed here. Another ﬁne interview is with Marilou Hed- lund, the first woman alderman (48th Ward, North Side, 1971), a young Catholic journalist who was treated warily by Daley and “differently by different ethnic groups” (p. 207). Then there is an interview with Jane Byrne, probably before she even hoped to become mayor. With Daley gone, she predicted “a much more fragmented Demo- cratic party,” one in which “commitments that are being made won&#39;t last” (p. 203). Other discus- sions are with young Turks, outsiders, excommu- nicants, refonners, and suburban critics. Unfortunately, Rakove himself offers only a four-page preface. The short foreword is given to Richard M. Daley, the son and possible heir, and the epilogue to Michael A. Bilandic, mayor when the book was finished, but who was about to be buried by violent blizzards and Jane Byrne. Per- haps Rakove felt he had said enough in his excel- lent 1975 analysis of the Daley machine, Don’t Make No Waves, Don ‘(Back No Losers, but this book lacks deﬁnition. You must make something of it yourself; that is possible if you know a bit of Chicago politics. There is the added weakness of much repetition. Things do get boring if told too often. The lumping of interviewees by category adds to the echo, but some kind of organization was necessary, of course. The eager inside-dopester should be warned that there are few secrets unlocked here. What you gain are insights into the rather complex Daley character and how the participants, from the divas to the spear carriers, do their jobs. Book Reviews: American Politics 1097 There is a good picture collection and a helpful glossary of names, but no index to aid the re- searcher. CHARLES R. ADRIAN University of California, Riverside Interest and Ideology: The Foreign Policy Beliefs of American Businessmen. By Bruce M. Russett and Elizabeth C. Hanson. (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1975. Pp. xiv + 296. $13.00, cloth; $4.95, paper.) Interest and Ideology is an important book for both substantive and pedagogical reasons. To get right to the point, the authors’ conclusion, based on an analysis of different studies, is that there is “weak and rather fragmentary evidence in favor of theories attributing wars to economic inter- ests” (p. 249, italics in original), and strategic and ideological theories contribute more to the ex- planation of businessmen’s (sic) views about for- eign policy than do theories of economic motiva- tion. The authors use a multi-method approach to test a number of hypotheses about the nature of and underlying motivations for the beliefs of busi- nessmen about foreign policies. Thus the conclu- sions baldly stated above are not arrived at lightly but rather are grounded in three different imagi- native and carefully constructed studies. Questionnaires were sent to vice-presidential- level business executives and high-ranking military officers to probe each group&#39;s beliefs about foreign policy and their antecedents. Basing their conclusions on approximately 1200 re- sponses, Russett and Hanson found business ex- ecutives to be less “hawkish” than their military counterparts, though more so than most other categories of civilian elites except Republican par- ty leaders. This latter result was obtained by ana- lyzing the Yale study in conjunction with Allen Barton&#39;s study of elite attitudes conducted at Col- umbia in 1971-72. Using a less participant-reactive methodology, the authors studied the response of stock market prices to conciliatory, non-conciliatory, and escal- atory events during the Korean and Vietnam Wars. For the latter conflict, special analyses of the price fluctuations of defense-related com- panies and firms with substantial interests in LDCs were undertaken. Generally, by 1967 inves- tors seemed to have turned against the Vietnam War, with investors and companies in defense in- dustries and those with interests in LDCs no more positively inclined toward the war than investors in other firms. The third investigation involved a content anal- ysis of the comments of the business and military press about U.S. intervention in various interna-