cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
mGlu5-dependent modulation of anxiety during early withdrawal from binge-drinking in adult and adolescent male mice

Binge alcohol-drinking elicits symptoms of negative affect such as anxiety upon cessation, which is a source of negative reinforcement for perpetuating this pattern of alcohol abuse. Binge-induced anxiety during early (24 h) withdrawal is associated with increased expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) within the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) of adult male mice, but was unchanged in anxiety-resilient adolescents. Herein, we determined the role of mGlu5 signaling in withdrawal-induced anxiety via pharmacological manipulation using the mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator MTEP and the positive allosteric modulator CDPPB. Adult (PND 56) and adolescent (PND 28) male C57BL/6J mice binge-drank for 14 days under 3-bottle-choice procedures for 2 h/day; control animals drank water only. Approximately 24 h following the final alcohol presentation, animals were treated with 30 mg/kg IP MTEP, CDPPB, or vehicle and then tested, thirty minutes later, for behavioral signs of anxiety. Vehicle-treated binge-drinking adults exhibited hyperanxiety in all paradigms, while vehicle-treated binge-drinking adolescents did not exhibit withdrawal-induced anxiety. In adults, 30 mg/kg MTEP decreased alcohol-induced anxiety across paradigms, while 3 mg/kg MTEP was anxiolytic in adult water controls. CDPPB was modestly anxiogenic in both alcohol- and water-drinking mice. Adolescent animals showed minimal response to either CDPPB or MTEP, suggesting that anxiety in adolescence may be mGlu5-independent. These results demonstrate a causal role for mGlu5 in withdrawal-induced anxiety in adults and suggest age-related differences in the behavioral pharmacology of the negative reinforcing properties of alcohol.
BCAA Metabolism and Insulin Sensitivity – Dysregulated by Metabolic Status?

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) appear to influence several synthetic and catabolic cellular signaling cascades leading to altered phenotypes in mammals. BCAAs are most notably known to increase protein synthesis through modulating protein translation, explaining their appeal to resistance and endurance athletes for muscle hypertrophy, expedited recovery, and preservation of lean body mass. In addition to anabolic effects, BCAAs may increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and adipocytes, possibly enhancing oxidative capacity. However, elevated circulating BCAA levels have been correlated with severity of insulin resistance. It is hypothesized that elevated circulating BCAAs observed in insulin resistance may result from dysregulated BCAA degradation. This review summarizes original reports that investigated the ability of BCAAs to alter glucose uptake in consequential cell types and experimental models. The review also discusses the interplay of BCAAs with other metabolic factors, and the role of excess lipid (and possibly energy excess) in the dysregulation of BCAA catabolism. Lastly, this article provides a working hypothesis of the mechanism(s) by which lipids may contribute to altered BCAA catabolism, which often accompanies metabolic disease.
A Comparison of Cefazolin Versus Ceftriaxone for the Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in a Tertiary Care VA Medical Center.

Background Cefazolin and ceftriaxone are frequently used to treat methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia, especially in the realm of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy. Both antimicrobials have been associated with favorable clinical outcomes for mixed MSSA infections. However, limited published data exist specifically comparing the use of these agents for the treatment of MSSA bacteremia. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of Veteran patients with MSSA bacteremia who received ≥14 days of cefazolin or ceftriaxone between 2009 and 2014. Rates of treatment failure were compared between both groups. Treatment failure was defined as therapy extension, incomplete therapy, unplanned oral suppressive therapy, relapse of infection, or hospital admission or surgery within 90 days. Results Out of 71 patients, 38 received treatment with cefazolin and 33 with ceftriaxone. The overall rate of treatment failure was 40.8%, with significantly more failures among patients receiving ceftriaxone (54.5% versus 28.9%; P = .029). Factors associated with treatment failure included longer duration of parenteral therapy, heart failure, and treatment in an external skilled nursing facility as compared with treatment in the Department of Veterans Affairs attached Community Living Center. Conclusions Ceftriaxone had a higher rate of treatment failure than cefazolin for the treatment of MSSA bacteremia in a Veteran population. Potential reasons for this could include the higher protein binding of ceftriaxone, ultimately resulting in lower serum concentrations of free drug, or other unknown factors. Further studies are warranted to confirm these results.
Linguliform brachiopods across a Cambrian–Ordovician (Furongian, Early Ordovician) biomere boundary: the Sunwaptan–Skullrockian North American Stage boundary in the Wilberns and Tanyard formations of central Texas

The Cambrian-Ordovician Diversity Plateau, between the Cambrian Explosion and the Ordovician Radiation, is punctuated by a series of well-documented Laurentian trilobite extinction events. These events define the bounding surfaces of trilobite ‘biomeres’ that correspond to North American stages, including those of the Sunwaptan and Skullrockian. Trilobites show a consistent pattern of recovery across these boundaries, and commonly each extinction and replacement of taxa is interpreted as a single event as changing environmental conditions spurred shoreward migration of shelf or oceanic faunas that displaced established cratonic faunas. Linguliform brachiopods are also abundant in strata of this interval, and we investigate their stratigraphic distribution across the Sunwaptan–Skullrockian Stage boundary in Texas through high-resolution stratigraphic sampling of subtidal sediments. We document complete genus- and species-level turnover of the linguliform brachiopod fauna coincident with trilobite extinction events, suggesting that these brachiopods were affected by the same factors that affected trilobites. The Skullrockian replacement fauna was cosmopolitan, with ties to Gondwana and Kazakhstan and to the Laurentian shelf environment. The timing of appearances of taxa suggests that the faunal migration onto the Laurentian shelf came from elsewhere during a transgression. The disappearance of the Sunwaptan fauna and the arrival of the Skullrockian fauna are distinct events. We suggest that ‘biomere’ events may be complex, and the cause of the extinction is not necessarily the same event that facilitates the appearance of a replacement fauna. We describe one new species, Schizambon langei.UUID: http://zoobank.org/f6a5c11f-cd3d-4c16-b184-d808d3a5285f
The Contributions of the Paris Period (1672–76) to Leibniz’s Metaphysics

This concluding essay seeks to elucidate the biographical background of the preceding discussion of Leibniz’s recourse to the idea of perfection-maximization through infinitistic comparisons. In pursuing this goal, it will assess the extent to which the philosophical and mathematical work of Leibniz’s Parisian period contributed to the formation of his entire metaphysical system.1
Physical Sciences: Charged Particle Track Registration in Amber

IONIZING charged particles can leave damage trails in certain dielectric solids which, in suitable conditions, can be chemically etched into visible, usually cone-shaped, tracks1–3. Such tracks have been widely studied in minerals, glasses, and synthetic polymers4, but damage tracks in natural resin solids such as amber have not previously been studied.
ORIGINS OF ORDER IN EVOLUTION: SELF-ORGANIZATION AND SELECTION

This article is written as a prolegomena, both to a research program, and a forthcoming book discussing the same issues in greater detail (Kauffman, 1991). The suspicion that evolutionary theory needs broadening is widespread. To accomplish this, however, will not be easy. The new framework I shall discuss here grows out of the realization that complex systems of many kinds exhibit high spontaneous order. This implies that such order is available to evolution and selective forces for further molding. But it also implies, quite profoundly, that the spontaneous order in such systems may enable, guide and limit selection. Therefore, the spontaneous order in complex systems implies that selection may not be the sole source of order in organisms, and that we must invent a new theory of evolution which encompasses the marriage of selection and self-organization.
Mining Disease Fingerprints From Within Genetic Pathways

Mining biological networks can be an effective means to uncover system level knowledge out of micro level associations, such as encapsulated in genetic pathways. Analysis of human disease genetic pathways can lead to the identification of major mechanisms that may underlie disorders at an abstract functional level. The focus of this study was to develop an approach for structural pattern analysis and classification of genetic pathways of diseases. A probabilistic model was developed to capture characteristic components (‘fingerprints’) of functionally annotated pathways. A probability estimation procedure of this model searched for fingerprints in each disease pathway while improving probability estimates of model parameters. The approach was evaluated on data from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (consisting of 56 pathways across seven disease categories). Based on the achieved average classification accuracy of up to ~77%, the findings suggest that these fingerprints may be used for classification and discovery of genetic pathways.
Alternative SDRE Scheme for Planar Systems

Considering the state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) scheme, this brief formulates an alternative viewpoint on the flexibility of state-dependent coefficients for nonlinear affine planar systems. By constructing the feasible SDRE controller values directly, pointwise solving the Riccati equation can be circumvented. As a result, computational performance of the SDRE scheme can be enhanced. Based on this alternative formulation, we can establish the global asymptotic stability, while introducing additional flexibilities in the associated Lyapunov function, for a broader class of planar systems with respect to the literature. Additionally, these analytical results clarify various effects of the flexibility of weighting functions on the stabilizing performance.
The Role of Dimensionality in Understanding Granuloma Formation.

Within the first 2–3 months of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, 2–4 mm spherical structures called granulomas develop in the lungs of the infected hosts. These are the hallmark of tuberculosis (TB) infection in humans and non-human primates. A cascade of immunological events occurs in the first 3 months of granuloma formation that likely shapes the outcome of the infection. Understanding the main mechanisms driving granuloma development and function is key to generating treatments and vaccines. In vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies have been performed in the past decades to address the complexity of granuloma dynamics. This study builds on our previous 2D spatio-temporal hybrid computational model of granuloma formation in TB (GranSim) and presents for the first time a more realistic 3D implementation. We use uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques to calibrate the new 3D resolution to non-human primate (NHP) experimental data on bacterial levels per granuloma during the first 100 days post infection. Due to the large computational cost associated with running a 3D agent-based model, our major goal is to assess to what extent 2D and 3D simulations differ in predictions for TB granulomas and what can be learned in the context of 3D that is missed in 2D. Our findings suggest that in terms of major mechanisms driving bacterial burden, 2D and 3D models return very similar results. For example, Mtb growth rates and molecular regulation mechanisms are very important both in 2D and 3D, as are cellular movement and modulation of cell recruitment. The main difference we found was that the 3D model is less affected by crowding when cellular recruitment and movement of cells are increased. Overall, we conclude that the use of a 2D resolution in GranSim is warranted when large scale pilot runs are to be performed and if the goal is to determine major mechanisms driving infection outcome (e.g., bacterial load). To comprehensively compare the roles of model dimensionality, further tests and experimental data will be needed to expand our conclusions to molecular scale dynamics and multi-scale resolutions.
Robots for inter-generational interactions: implications for nonfamilial community settings

Social robots have been designed to engage with older adults and children separately, but their use for inter-generational (IG) interactions, especially in nonfamilial settings, has not been studied. In addition to the challenge of simultaneously meeting the varied needs and preferences of older adults and children, the dynamic nature of these settings makes the use of robots for IG activities difficult. This paper presents a first exploratory study meant to inform the design and use of social robots for IG activities in nonfamilial settings by analyzing interviews and observations conducted at a co-located preschool and assisted living-dementia care center. Interactions occurring with and around robots were analyzed, particularly focusing on whether they fulfill the community's goals of providing children and older adults with engaging opportunities for IG contact. Findings suggest integrating intermittent pauses and breaks in interactions with the robot and unstructured collaborative robot-assisted activities can meet the needs of both generations, and call for greater community involvement in HRI for IG research.
Separation of charge carriers and generation of reactive oxygen species by TiO2 nanoparticles mixed with differently-coated gold nanorods under light irradiation.

Combinations of semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) with noble metal NPs enable an increase in the photoactivity of semiconductor NPs into the visible and near-infrared regions. The design ra...
CoFluences: Simulating the Spread of Social Influences via a Hybrid Agent-Based/Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Architecture

Social influences are key drivers of many human behaviors, and have been the focus of an abundance of discrete simulation models. In participatory modeling, the emphasis is on developing models in an intuitive and transparent manner. Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) provides such an intuitive and transparent process, but it can only simulate the thinking of one entity rather than how entities influence each other. Hybrid architectures based on FCM and Agent Based Modeling (ABM) can bridge this gap, but current software implementing these architectures either restricted the models (e.g., limiting agent heterogeneity by requiring that they all follow the same rules) or required extensive coding (which participatory modeling avoids). In this paper, we contribute to software development by presenting CoFluences, and to the theory of modeling and simulation by better characterizing hybrid ABM/FCM architectures. CoFluences is the first software to develop and simulate hybrid ABM/FCM models in a participatory setting, and where agents can follow different rules. Although we take a User-Centered Design approach to develop CoFluences, a comprehensive usability study will be necessary to fully evaluate it in context. In addition, the growing interest in developing simulation software involving FCM will call for more standardization, and for a better understanding of how an FCM behaves in a hybrid simulation.
Yield, nutritional quality, and fatty acid content of organic winter rye (Secale cereale) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) forages under cattle (Bos taurus) grazing conditions

The objective of this study was to assess yield, nutritional quality, and fatty acid compositions of winter rye (Secale cereale) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) forages for grazing cattle (Bos taurus) in an organic system. The rye and wheat were established on two 4 ha plots in September 2015. Six groups of dairy steers rotationally grazed rye (n = 3) or wheat (n = 3) plots divided into seven paddocks (n = 14) from April to June 2016. Forage samples (n = 96) taken prior to paddock grazing were used to analyze forage characteristics. Mixed models with fixed factors of forage, date, and their interaction, a random subject factor of group nested in paddock, and a repeated effect of date were used for each outcome. The linear effect of date on fatty acids was obtained by substituting date as a continuous variable. The mean forage yield for rye was greater (P < 0.05) than wheat (mean {+/-} standard error; 2840 and 2571 {+/-} 82 kg ha-1, respectively). However, rye yielded less in the latter part of the grazing period. Wheat (19.3 {+/-} 0.30% DM) had greater (P < 0.001) crude protein than rye (17.6 {+/-} 0.30% DM). In general, crude protein, digestibility, and minerals decreased during the grazing period. Wheat (66.3 {+/-} 0.54 g 100g-1) had greater (P < 0.001) alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) concentration than rye (63.3 {+/-} 0.54 g 100g-1). Although both forages decreased (P < 0.05) in alpha-linolenic acid concentration, wheat decreased 2.49 times more (P < 0.001) per d compared to rye forage. Winter rye and winter wheat forages are viable for cattle grazing. Producers should initiate early grazing to maximize protein, digestibility, and alpha-linolenic acid intake while the forages are immature.
Sexual risk behaviors and STDs among persons who inject drugs: A national study.

Abstract Opioid use and the rising case reports of STDs represent co-occurring epidemics; research indicates that persons who inject drugs (PWID) may be at increased risk for acquiring STDs. We use the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG, 2011–2015) to examine the prevalence of risky sexual behaviors and STD diagnoses among PWID. We describe demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, and self-reported STD diagnoses of sexually active women and men, separately, by whether they had ever engaged in injection-related behaviors (age 15–44; N = 9006 women, N = 7210 men). Results indicate that in 2011–15, 1.4% of women and 2.6% of men reported ever engaging in injection-related behaviors. Examining the full logistic regression models indicate that for women, sex with a PWID in the past 12 months (AOR = 5.8, 95% CI: 2.9, 11.7), exchanging money/drugs for sex in the past 12 months (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.2, 10.9), chlamydia and/or gonorrhea diagnosis in the past 12 months (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.2, 5.3), ever having a syphilis diagnosis (AOR = 8.5, 95% CI: 3.1, 23.4), and ever having a herpes diagnosis (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.0, 10.3) were associated with increased odds of engaging in injection-related behaviors. For men, sex with a PWID in the past 12 months (AOR = 10.9, 95% CI: 4.3, 27.7), ever being diagnosed with syphilis (AOR = 5.8, 95% CI: 1.8, 18.0), and ever being diagnosed with herpes (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.0, 7.1) were significantly associated with increased odds of engaging in injection-related behaviors. Future research may examine critical intervention points, including co-occurring factors in both STD acquisition and injection drug use.
Beyond deviancy-training: Deviant adolescent friendships and long-term social development

Adolescent association with deviant and delinquent friends was examined for its roots in coercive parent-teen interactions and its links to functional difficulties extending beyond delinquent behavior and into adulthood. A community sample of 184 adolescents was followed from age 13 to age 27, with collateral data obtained from close friends, classmates, and parents. Even after accounting for adolescent levels of delinquent and deviant behavior, association with deviant friends was predicted by coercive parent-teen interactions and then linked to declining functioning with peers during adolescence and greater internalizing and externalizing symptoms and poorer overall adjustment in adulthood. Results are interpreted as suggesting that association with deviant friends may disrupt a core developmental task-establishing positive relationships with peers-with implications that extend well beyond deviancy-training effects.
Laser-induced fluorescence and dispersed-fluorescence spectroscopy of the Ã2E-X̃2A1 transition of jet-cooled calcium methoxide (CaOCH3) radicals.

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and dispersed fluorescence (DF) spectra of the A2E−X2A1 electronic transition of the calcium methoxide (CaOCH3) radical have been obtained under jet-cooled conditions. Complete active space self-consistent field and coupled-cluster calculations on the free radical were performed to aid the assignment of vibronic transitions observed in the LIF/DF spectra. In addition to dominant spectral features that are well reproduced by vibrational frequencies and Franck-Condon (FC) factors calculated ab initio, the FC matrix for the A2E−X2A1 electronic transition contains considerable off-diagonal elements that connect (i) the CaO-stretch (ν4) mode and non-CaO stretch modes and (ii) the asymmetric CaOC stretch (ν3) and the CaOC bending (ν8) modes. The Jahn-Teller and pseudo-Jahn-Teller interactions involving the A2E state as well as the spin-orbit interaction induce additional vibronic transitions that are not allowed under the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Additionally, anharmonic vibrational terms in the ground state induce transitions that are forbidden in the harmonic-oscillator approximation. Spin-orbit splitting has been observed for several vibrational levels of the A2E state, and an essentially constant value was measured at all levels accessed in the LIF experiment. Implications of the present spectroscopic investigation to the proposed schemes of laser-cooling MOCH3 (M = alkaline earth metals) molecules and detection of time-reversal-symmetry-violating interactions are discussed.
Some Relevant Properties of Cuprate Superconductors

The stacking of CuO2 layers in Compounds of interest is related to their transition temperatures. Furthermore, the importance of out-of-CuO2-plane apex oxygens is discussed, based on results from both statical and dynamical experiments and theoretical simulations.
What Did You Learn in School Today? Cultural Studies as Pedagogy

In this chapter, I suggest that cultural studies is, at its heart, a pedagogical project. It is a critical practice embodying a commitment to complexity, contingency, and contextuality, addressed to the politics of discourse and culture, but always performed as an ongoing conversation challenging the certainties that too often guarantee our claims to knowledge. The chapter offers some thoughts on how such a conversation might define both classroom education and public political debate—the latter through a consideration of the protests against Confederate monuments—in the context of the contemporary crises of education and knowledge.
What lies beneath: Climate change, land expropriation, and zaï agroecological innovations by smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana

Large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) are increasing in Ghana amid a weak legal and regulatory framework. This paper explores the impacts of this phenomenon on farmer innovations under recurrent environmental changes. Using a case study of zai, an indigenous innovative farming practice, the paper makes two interrelated arguments. Firstly, it shows that the pervasive enclosures coerced by the Ghanaian state undermine how indigenous knowledge could be proactively deployed for climate risk management. Secondly, LSLAs produce a social barrier to climate change adaptation, as they lead to heightened uncertainty and apprehension among farmers, which affects decisions on climate risk management. More specifically, land expropriation is an example of how adaptation could be hindered by governance, institutions, and policy at the extra-local scale, including not only existing land use laws, but also the constitutional guarantee of private property. The evidence supporting these arguments come from survey data on 619 plots, 70 in-depth interviews, village-level transect walks, and participant observations. Overall, the paper contributes to emerging debates at the interface of land use policy, climate justice, and sustainable adaptation. Theoretically, it also contributes to understanding State-society relations, as well as the political economy of eminent domain, often justified through discourses of “public benefits.”
N-glycosylated IgG in patients with kidney transplants increases calcium/calmodulin kinase IV in podocytes and causes injury

Transplant glomerulopathy (TG) is a major cause of late allograft loss. Increased urine podocin/creatinine ratio in TG signifies accelerated podocyte loss. The mechanisms that lead to podocyte injury in TG remain unclear. We report that IgG from kidney transplant recipients with TG, but not from those without TG, cause a reduction in the expression of nephrin, significant podocyte actin cytoskeleton, and motility changes. These changes are preceded by increased expression of calcium/calmodulin kinase IV (CAMK4). Mechanistically, we found that CAMK4 phosphorylates GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta), activates the Wnt pathway and stabilizes the nephrin transcriptional repressor SNAIL. Silencing neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn) or CAMK4 prevented the podocyte-damaging effects of IgG from patients with TG. Furthermore, we show that removal of N-linked glycosyl residues from these IgG did not interfere with its entry into the podocytes but eliminated its ability to upregulate CAMK4 and cause podocyte injury. The translational value of these findings is signified by the fact that CAMK4 is increased in podocytes of patients with TG but not in those without TG despite other forms of renal dysfunction. Our results offer novel considerations to limit podocyte injury in patients with kidney transplants, which may lead to eventual glomerular destabilization and transplant glomerulopathy.
Estimation of Annual Mileage Budgets for a Multiple Discrete-Continuous Choice Model of Household Vehicle Ownership and Utilization

This paper presents an empirical comparison of the following approaches to estimate annual mileage budgets for multiple discrete-continuous extreme value (MDCEV) models of household vehicle ownership and utilization: (a) a log-linear regression approach to model observed total annual household vehicle miles traveled (AH-VMT), (b) a stochastic frontier regression approach to model latent annual vehicle mileage frontier, and (c) other approaches used in the literature to assume annual household vehicle mileage budgets. For the stochastic regression approach, MDCEV and multiple discrete-continuous heteroscedastic extreme value (MDCHEV) models were estimated and examined. When model predictions were compared with observed distributions of vehicle ownership and utilization in a validation data sample, the log-linear regression approach performed better than other approaches. However, policy simulations demonstrate that the log-linear regression approach does not allow for AH-VMT to increase or decrease as a re...
Hemoglobin M equon β41 (C7) Phenylalanine → Tyrosine

Abstract A severe hemolytic crisis was observed in a 34-yr-old female of English- Irish extraction following a viral illness treated with acetaminophen. Heinz bodies and heat instability were present only during a transient hemolytic event. A challenge dose of acetaminophen caused no detectable hematologic abnormality. Structural studies of the hemoglobin during hemolysis and again after complete recovery localized the abnormality to tryptic peptide βTp-5, and automated sequencing of I125-labeled β chains indicated a replacement of phenylalanine (C7) β41 by tyrosine. Substitution of the next residue, phenylalanine (CD1) β42 by serine (Hb Hammersmith), has resulted in chronic severe Heinz body hemolytic anemia. The lack of chronic anemia in the present disorder may reflect the different relationships of β41 and β42 and/or the similarities in volume and hydrophobicity of tyrosine and phenylalanine. It is suggested that substitution of tyrosine for phenylalanine in Hb Mequon may disturb the critical environment around the heme group and render it susceptible to oxidative denaturation in the presence of infections and/or drugs.
Turning a coal state to a green state: Identifying themes of support and opposition to decarbonize the energy system in the United States

Abstract Decarbonizing the energy system is necessary to address climate change, yet the transition to low-carbon energy resources has been slow, and climate change continues to be a politically polarizing issue in the United States. Past research has shown that people want a future energy mix that is decarbonized but disagree on the policies to get there (Miniard et al., 2020). How do residents of Indiana, a historically Republican state which primarily relies on fossil fuel resources, think about the current and future energy mix and energy policy at the state level? We surveyed and interviewed Indiana residents (N = 48) to identify the motivations and perceptions driving their preferences for energy resources and support or opposition to state and federal energy policies. We find that a majority of participants want a decarbonized state energy mix in 2050 that primarily relies on solar and wind and decreases the use of fossil fuels. Support for decarbonization is driven by themes of protecting the environment and public health, reducing pollution, improving the economy, using low cost and available resources, and holding polluters accountable. We find that climate change is not a strong motivating factor. In contrast, opposition to decarbonization is driven by economic and employment concerns, fear, lack of familiarity, doubting the feasibility of renewable sources, and concerns about fairness. Thus, participants have nuanced reasons driving their support or opposition to decarbonizing the Indiana energy system, which are dependent on the energy source and policy and are not tied to climate change.
Imagined communities before the end of the world: the liberation of marginalized beings

Imagined Communities Before the End of the World: The Liberation of Marginalized Beings, a fictocriticism narrative piece, depicts a futuristic encounter with the last great swan in the world. The ...
Giant Gravitons Intersecting at Angles from Integrable Spin Chains

We study integrable non-diagonal open boundary conditions for spin chains arising from holographic gauge theories. Their dual description is in terms of open strings stretching between giant gravitons intersecting at arbitrary angles inside spheres or projective spaces. By studying properties of their ground and low-lying states we reproduce the expected spectrum near the intersections. Unlike the case of intersecting D-branes in flat space, intersecting giant gravitons related by $SU(N)$ rotations do not always preserve an additional supersymmetry. We quantify this lack of enhancement by whether or not there exists a simple ferromagnetic ground state for the open spin chain.
Rates in the empirical Bayes estimation problem with non-identical components--case of normal distributions

This paper considers empirical Bayes estimation of the mean θ of the univariate normal densityf 0 with known variance where the sample sizesm(n) may vary with the component problems but remain bounded by $$\bar m$$ <∞. Let {(θ n ,X n =(X n,1,...,X n, m(n) ))} be a sequence of independent random vectors where theθ n are unobservable and iidG and, givenθ n =θ has densityf () . The first part of the paper exhibits estimators for the density of $$\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{m(n)} {X_{n,j} } $$ and its derivative whose mean-squared errors go to zero with rates $$O(n^{ - 1/\bar m} \log n)$$ and $$O\left( {n^{ - 1/\bar m} (\log n)^2 } \right)$$ respectively. LetR m(n+1)(G) denote the Bayes risk in the squared-error loss estimation ofθ n+1 usingX n+1. For given 0<a<1, we exhibitt n (X1,...,X n ;X n+1) such that $$D(t_n ,G) = E[(t_n - \theta _{n + 1} )^2 ] - R^{m(n + 1)} (G) \leqq c_1 (a,\bar m)(\log n)^2 $$ . $$n^{ - a/((2 + a)\bar m)} $$ forn>1 under the assumption that the support ofG is in [0, 1]. Under the weaker condition that E[|θ|2+γ] 0, we exhibitt * (X 1,...,X n ;X n+1) such that $$D(t_n^* ,G) \leqq c_2 (\bar m,\gamma )(\log n)^{ - \gamma /(2 + \gamma )} $$ forn>1.
The Effect of Unions on Minority Representation in Building Trades Apprenticeship Programs

This paper uses program-level data to compare the relative representation of Blacks and Latinos in the construction industry apprenticeship programs organized with and without trade union participation. Econometric analysis shows that there are significant differences between the Black and Latino experiences. The Black share is higher in union-management joint programs but the Latino share appears to be higher in the unilateral employer programs. It is also observed that while both groups have lower representation in the higher-status (electrical and mechanical) and higher-paying occupations, the Latino share is more sensitive to earnings.
Di(n-octyl)arsenic acid (DOAA) as a reagent for liquid-liquid extraction—I: Extraction of mineral acids

Abstract Solutions of dioctylarsinic acid (DOAA), ( n -C 8 H 17 ) 2 AsOOH, in chloroform have been equilibrated with aqueous solutions of perchloric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, sulfuric and hydriodic acids. The loading experiments with perchloric acid indicate that 0·1 M DOAA, after equilibration with HClO 4 of initial concentration 5 M –9 M , forms a dimeric specie (DOAA·HClO 4 ) 2 . Except for sulfuric and hydriodic acids, the loading curves for the other mineral acids are similar to the curve for HClO 4 with well defined plateaus at equimolar ratios of [ H + ] 0 [ DOAA ] 0 in the range of initial aqueous acid concentration from about 3 M –7 M . Reagent dependence studies showed that the mineral acids formed 2:1 adducts with DOAA at 0·1 M aqueous acid concentrations. Sulfuric acid was not extracted at this concentration, but formed a mixture of 2:1 and 2:1 adducts between 0·5 M and 1·0 M aqueous acid. Hydriodic acid reacted with DOAA. Water was coextracted with all mineral acids and the concentration of water in the organic phase decreased at aqueous acid concentrations greater than 6 M .
Low‐fidelity GABA transmission within a dense excitatory network of the solitary tract nucleus

Visceral primary afferents enter the CNS at the caudal solitary tract nucleus (NTS), and activate central pathways key to autonomic and homeostatic regulation. Excitatory transmission from primary solitary tract (ST)-afferents consists of multiple contacts originating from single axons that offer a remarkably high probability of glutamate release and high safety factor for ST afferent excitation. ST afferent activation sometimes triggers polysynaptic GABAergic circuits, which feedback onto second-order NTS neurons. Although inhibitory transmission is observed at second-order neurons, much less is known about the organization and mechanisms regulating GABA transmission. Here, we used a focal pipette to deliver minimal stimulus shocks near second-order NTS neurons in rat brainstem slices and directly activated single GABAergic axons. Most minimal focal shocks activated low jitter EPSCs from single axons with characteristics resembling ST afferents. Much less commonly (9% of sites), minimal focal shocks activated monosynaptic IPSCs at fixed latency (low jitter) that often failed (30%) and had no frequency-dependent facilitation or depression. These GABA release characteristics contrasted markedly to the unfailing, large amplitudes for glutamate released during ST-EPCSs recorded from the same neurons. Surprisingly, unitary GABAergic IPSCs were only weakly calcium dependent. In some neurons, strong focal shocks evoked compound IPSCs indicating convergent summation of multiple inhibitory axons. Our studies demonstrate that second-order NTS neurons receive GABAergic transmission from a diffuse network of inhibitory axons that rely on an intrinsically less reliable and substantially weaker release apparatus than ST excitation. Effective inhibition depends on co-activation of convergent inputs to blunt excitatory drive.
Abstract 487: The Integrated Stress Response kinase GCN2 regulates cell proliferation and survival through combined transcriptional and translational control of p21 (Cip1/Waf1)

The tumor microenvironment is often characterized by deficiencies in nutrients, such as oxygen, glucose, and amino acids. Activation of the nutrient-sensing kinase GCN2, which constitutes one arm of the Integrated Stress Response (ISR), is one mechanism by which tumor cells cope with and adapt to nutrient stress. GCN2 phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2, leading to global downregulation of translation to conserve amino acids and initiation of a transcriptional program through ATF4 to promote recovery from nutrient deprivation. Loss of GCN2 results in decreased tumor cell survival in vitro under conditions of amino acid deprivation and attenuated tumor growth in vivo in a variety of implanted animal tumor models. Our recent studies have shown that amino acid deprivation induces the cell cycle inhibitor p21 in a GCN2-dependent manner. GCN2 regulates p21 at both the transcriptional and translational level. Upregulation of p21 results in cell cycle arrest and promotes survival under amino acid deprivation. In agreement with a pro-survival role, we observe p21 upregulation concomitant with ISR activation in a genetically engineered mouse model of soft tissue sarcoma. These findings point to a novel mechanism of p21 regulation in order to coordinate cell division with nutrient availability. Research supported by NCI R01CA094214. Citation Format: Stacey L. Lehman, Jiangbin Ye, Constantinos Koumenis. The Integrated Stress Response kinase GCN2 regulates cell proliferation and survival through combined transcriptional and translational control of p21 (Cip1/Waf1). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 487. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-487
Dynamic Ring-on-Ring Equibiaxial Flexural Strength of Borosilicate Glass

A novel dynamic ring-on-ring equibiaxial flexural testing technique with single pulse loading capability is established on a modified Kolsky bar. This technique is then utilized to investigate the loading-rate and surface-condition effects on the flexural strength of a borosilicate glass. Quasi-static and dynamic experiments are performed at loading rates ranging from 5x10-1 to 5x106 MPa/s. It is found that the flexural strength of the borosilicate glass strongly depends on the applied loading rates. HF acid corrosion on the surface promotes the flexural strength to above 1.3 GPa. Fractographic analysis shows that surface modification has changed the type of flaws that govern the flexural strength of glass samples.
Coherent nonlinear phenomena in high-energy synchrotrons: Observations and theoretical models

Nonlinear waves have been observed in synchrotrons for years but have received little attention in the literature. While pathological, these phenomena are worth studying on at least two accounts. First, the formation of solitary waves may lead to droplet formation that causes significant beam halo to develop. Secondly, a variety of nonlinear processes are likely involved in the normal saturation of unstable oscillations, leading to the possibility that low-level, but potentially broadband fluctuation spectra may develop. Both features carry indirectly the signature of the machine impedance. In this work we review a number of observations of nonlinear longitudinal waves made in Fermilab accelerators, and make a first attempt to develop appropriate theoretical models to explain these observations.
What incentivizes local forest conservation efforts? Evidence from Bolivia

Efforts to promote forest conservation have focused on two separate types of policy reforms. Decentralization reforms have attempted to make local forest governance more accountable to demands from voters. Meanwhile, Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes like the REDD program (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) have sought to use economic incentives to promote conservation. These programs make different assumptions about the incentives most likely to work in forest conservation. Decentralization reforms assume that citizen pressures on politicians will encourage conservation, while PES approaches assume that an economic incentive—money—is the best approach. Which type of incentive works best in settings with weak institutions? Here, using a unique longitudinal dataset of forest policy in 100 Bolivian municipalities, we examine the relationships between citizen pressures and economic incentives on forest policy. We find that both types of incentives are positively and significantly associated with government investments in forest conservation, and that the magnitudes of these relationships are similar. Further, we find that economic incentives may be especially effective at promoting conservation where citizen pressures are weak or absent.
An RXR-γ Rx for white-matter damage.

A new study finds that retinoid X receptor-γ promotes remyelination. Its function in oligodendrocyte progenitor cell maturation sheds light on nuclear receptor signaling in myelin development and paves the way toward therapeutic ligands for myelin repair.
Experimental x-ray process latitude evaluation using E-D tree analysis

An E-D tree based analysis of experimental X-ray lithography data is presented for features characteristic of CMOS logic gate levels. Pattern-specific print biases for isolated lines (150- 250 nm) and two types of nested lines (250 nm) are characterized. Depths of gap for increasing exposure latitudes at +/- 20 nm line width control are calculated for individual features. common process window analysis is performed on the nested and isolated 250-nm patterns. The impact of reducing the nominal mask to wafer gap (35-26 micrometers ) on maximum exposure latitude is evaluated and the effect of gap reduction and overexposure on the nested to isolated print bias is examined.
Geometric invariants of link cobordism

A geometric notion of a “derivative” is defined for 2-component links ofS n inS n+2 and used to construct a sequenceβ i ,i=1,2,... of abelian concordance invariants which vanish for boundary links. Forn>1, these generalize the only heretofore known invariant, the Sato-Levine invariant. Forn=1, these invariants are additive under any band-sum and consequently provide new information about which 1-links are concordant to boundary links. Examples are given of concordance classes successfully distinguished by theβ i but not by their $$\bar \mu $$ , Murasugi 2-height, Sato-Levine invariant or Alexander polynomial.
Behold the Power of Qi: The Importance of Qi in the Discourse of Acupuncture

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has recently gained a great deal of popular and scholarly attention. However, little work in this area has examined how people actually talk about TCM as a health care system and its implicit assumptions about health, illness, and treatment. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in an acupuncture community, I describe a Qi-based speech code examining the importance and necessity of Qi (most simply translated as energy) in acupuncture discourse. Proper descriptions of acupuncture require explicit mention and acknowledgment of Qi as well as a grounding in its philosophy and explanatory system. Practitioners are taught to feel Qi and use this phrase as a discursive marker of expertise. Finally, Qi is also used in the competing rhetorics of Chinese and Japanese acupuncture. This study has important implications for understanding the culturally situated nature of health and illness in the United States and the consequences of these particular constructions as elucidated through close examination of conversations between practitioners.
A lattice Boltzmann algorithm for calculation of the laminar jet diffusion flame

A new two-distribution lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) algorithm is presented to solve the laminar diffusion flames within the context of Burke-Schumann flame sheet model. One distribution models the transport of the Schvab-Zeldovich coupling function, or the mixture fraction to combine the energy and species equations. The other distribution models the quasi-incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with the low Mach number approximation. In the quasi-incompressible flows, the thermodynamics quantities depend on the coupling function but not on the hydrodynamic pressure, and the fluid components are assumed to be compressible only in the mixing/reaction region. A systematic and consistent approach to deriving LBEs for the general advection-diffusion equation and the quasi-incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are also presented. The streaming step of the LBEs are discretized by the total variation diminishing (TVD) Lax-Wendroff scheme. Numerical simulations are carried out to reproduce the low frequency flame oscillation (or flame flicker) of buoyant jet diffusion flame. Comparison between the quasi-incompressible model and the incompressible model is presented and the role of non-solenoidal velocity is examined.
Post-transcriptional processing of the LEE4 operon in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli.

Summary Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) employs a type III secretion system (T3SS) to export translocator and effector proteins required for mucosal colonization. The T3SS is encoded in a pathogenicity island called the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) that is organized in five major operons, LEE1 to LEE5. LEE4 encodes a regulator of secretion (SepL), translocators (EspA, D and B), two chaperones (CesD2 and L0017), a T3SS component (EscF) and an effector protein (EspF). It was originally proposed that the esp transcript is transcribed from a promoter located at the end of sepL but other authors suggested that this transcript is the result of a post-transcriptional processing event. In this study, we established that the espADB mRNA is generated by post-transcriptional processing at the end of the sepL coding sequence. RNase E is the endonuclease involved in the cleavage, but the interaction of this enzyme with other proteins through its C-terminal half is dispensable. A putative transcription termination event in the cesD2 coding region would generate the 3′ end of the transcript. Similar to what has been described for other processed transcripts, the cleavage of LEE4 seems a mechanism to differentially regulate SepL and Esp protein production.
Primeverulose (6-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-D-fructose) and some derivatives thereof

Abstract Primeverulose (6-O-β- D -xylopyranosyl- D -fructose) has been prepared by the partial rearrangement of primeverose (6-O-β- D -xylopyranosyl- D -glucose) with aqueous ammonia followed by separation of the two disaccharides on a cellulose column. The syrupy primeverulose had [α] d 20 −27.5° in methanol, and was characterized by its crystalline (2,5-dichlorophenyl)hydrazone. Some derivatives that are common to both primeverose and primeverulose, namely, the phenylosotriazole, phenylosotriazole hexaacetate, and (2,5-dichlorophenyl)osazone, are also described.
Publication of reference tools for special collections

Les bibliotheques specialisees dans les livres rares et les manuscrits ont besoin de sources de references bibliographiques pour connaitre l'existence et la localisation des documents. L'auteur expose les caracteristiques requises pour ces sources de references, fait la critique des sources actuellement disponibles et souligne l'interet d'une base de donnees bibliographiques, comme ESTC, (pour les ouvrages americains du dix-huitieme siecle) qui facilite l'acces a l'information sur les ouvrages rares