cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformational analysis of cyclic hexapeptides designed as constrained ligands for the SH2 domain of the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase.

The structures of the cyclic hexapeptide cyclo(-Gly-Tyr-Val-Pro-Met-Leu-) (1) and its phosphotyrosyl (pTyr) derivative cyclo[-Gly-Tyr(PO3H2)-Val-Pro-Met-Leu-] (2), designed as constrained models of a sequence that interacts with the src homology 2 (SH2) region of the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI-3 kinase), were studied in methanol/water solutions by 500 MHz nmr spectroscopy. Compound 1 was found to exist as a 2:1 mixture of isomers about the Val-Pro bond (trans and cis prolyl) between 292-330 K in 75% CD3O(D,H)/(D,H)2O solutions. A third species of undetermined structure (ca. 5%) was also observed. Compound 2, a model of phosphorylated peptide ligand that binds to the PI-3 kinase SH2 domain, exhibited similar conformational isomerism. When either compound was dissolved in pure solvent [i.e., 100% CD3O(H,D) or (H,D)2O] the ratio of cis to trans isomers was ca 1:1. A battery of one- and two-dimensional nmr experiments at different temperatures and solvent compositions allowed a complete assignment of both the cis and trans forms of 1 and indicated the trans compound to be the major isomer. The spectral properties of the phophorylated derivative 2 paralleled those of 1, indicating like conformations for the two compounds. Analysis of rotating frame Overhauser spectroscopy data, coupling constants, amide proton temperature dependence, and amide proton exchange rates generated a set of constraints that were employed in energy minimization and molecular dynamics calculations using the CHARMM force field. The trans isomer exists with the tyrosine and C-terminal Tyr(+3) (Met) residues at opposite corners of the 18-membered ring separated by a distance of 16-18 A, in contrast with the cis isomer where the side chains of these residues are much closer in space (7-14 A). It was previously shown that the pTyr and the third amino acid C-terminal to this residue are the critical recognition elements for pTyr-peptide binding to the PI-3 kinase SH2 domain. Such cyclic structures may offer appropriate scaffolding for positioning important amino acid side chains of pTyr-containing peptides as a means of increasing their binding affinities to SH2 domains, and in turn provide a conceptual approach toward the design of SH2 domain directed peptidomimetics.
Reflective Teaching and Action Research in Preservice Teacher Education

ABSTRACT The authors argue that a reflective orientation to teaching should stress the giving of good reasons for educational actions. Prospective teachers should be encouraged to examine the aims and values of distinct educational traditions (e.g. conservative, progressive and radical traditions), be cognisant of their own implicit social and cultural beliefs, and have an understanding of schools as institutions and the surrounding communities. Action research, the authors argue, is one way to encourage students to reflect on their educational rationales and practices.
Mineral and matrix alterations in the bones of incisors-absent (ia/ia) osteopetrotic rats.

The bones of incisors-absent (ia/ia) osteopetrotic rats differ from those of their normal littermates (ia/+) in histologic and radiographic appearance and in mechanical properties. This study examined how the mineral and matrices of osteopetrotic metaphyses and calvaria differed from normal controls. Bones of 11-day-old and 52-day-old osteopetrotic animals had higher ash (mineral) contents that age-matched controls; osteopetrotic metaphyses had elevated hexosamine contents, indicative of the persistence of cartilage. Calcium acidic phospholipid phosphate complexes, involved in initiation of hydroxyapatite formationin vivo andin vitro, were significantly reduced in content in all osteopetrotic bones. These results suggest that in the osteopetrotic rat, where osteoclast activity is defective, new mineral formation is reduced and replaced by accretion of mineral on existing crystals.
Occult metastases in sentinel nodes of 200 patients with operable breast cancer.

Background:Up to 30% of patients with operable breast cancer and negative regional lymph nodes experience disease recurrence within 10 years. Serial sectioning and immunohistochemical staining of these nodes have revealed 9% to 30% occult metastases. Methods:Sentinel nodes from 200 patients with T1 and T2 invasive breast carcinoma were step-sectioned at 2- to 3-mm intervals, fixed in 10% formalin, and embedded in paraffin. Sections were taken from the face of the blocks and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The blocks were then cut completely, and sections at .25-mm intervals were stained with cytokeratin and examined. Results:Tumor metastases were found in 34 patients when the sentinel nodes were examined at 2- to 3-mm intervals and in an additional 51 patients when the nodes were sectioned in their entirety at .25-mm intervals and stained with cytokeratin, bringing the total number of patients with metastases to 85. Of the 51 patients whose metastases were detected by 2- to 3-mm sectioning and cytokeratin staining, 27 had isolated tumor cells and 24 had clusters of innumerable malignant cells, all of which were visualized and confirmed by H&E staining of the adjacent sections. Conclusions:Histologic examination of sentinel nodes of patients with invasive breast cancer sectioned at 2- to 3-mm intervals and stained with H&E significantly underestimates nodal metastases. Sectioning of the entire sentinel nodes at .25-mm intervals and staining with cytokeratin detects metastases as either isolated cells or as clusters.
Molecular mechanism of Aurora A kinase autophosphorylation and its allosteric activation by TPX2

We elucidate the molecular mechanisms of two distinct activation strategies (autophosphorylation and TPX2-mediated activation) in human Aurora A kinase. Classic allosteric activation is in play where either activation loop phosphorylation or TPX2 binding to a conserved hydrophobic groove shifts the equilibrium far towards the active conformation. We resolve the controversy about the mechanism of autophosphorylation by demonstrating intermolecular autophosphorylation in a long-lived dimer by combining X-ray crystallography with functional assays. We then address the allosteric activation by TPX2 through activity assays and the crystal structure of a domain-swapped dimer of dephosphorylated Aurora A and TPX21−25. While autophosphorylation is the key regulatory mechanism in the centrosomes in the early stages of mitosis, allosteric activation by TPX2 of dephosphorylated Aurora A could be at play in the spindle microtubules. The mechanistic insights into autophosphorylation and allosteric activation by TPX2 binding proposed here, may have implications for understanding regulation of other protein kinases. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02667.001
Prediction of Cryogen Leak Rate through Damaged Composite Laminates

The structural weight of a cryogenic propellant tank for reusable launch vehicles (RLV) can be effectively reduced by the use of advanced composite materials. However, microscopic damage such as tr...
“Gigantic Engines of Propaganda”: The 1941 Senate Investigation of Hollywood

(2001). “Gigantic Engines of Propaganda”: The 1941 Senate Investigation of Hollywood. The Historian: Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 731-752.
UV-Induced Nuclear Import of XPA Is Mediated by Importin-α4 in An ATR-Dependent Manner

Xeroderma pigmentosum Group A (XPA) is a crucial factor in mammalian nucleotide excision repair (NER) and nuclear import of XPA from the cytoplasm for NER is regulated in cellular DNA damage responses in S-phase. In this study, experiments were carried out to determine the transport mechanisms that are responsible for the UV (ultraviolet)-induced nuclear import of XPA. We found that, in addition to the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of XPA, importin-α4 or/and importin-α7 are required for the XPA nuclear import. Further investigation indicated that, importin-α4 and importin-α7 directly interacted with XPA in cells. Interestingly, the binding of importin-α4 to XPA was dependent on UV-irradiation, while the binding of importin-α7 was not, suggesting a role for importin-α7 in nuclear translocation of XPA in the absence of DNA damage, perhaps with specificity to certain non-S-phases of the cell-cycle. Consistent with the previous report of a dependence of UV-induced XPA nuclear import on ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) in S-phase, knockdown of ATR reduced the amount of XPA interacting with importin-α4. In contrast, the GTPase XPA binding protein 1 (XAB1), previously proposed to be required for XPA nuclear import, showed no effect on the nuclear import of XPA in our siRNA knockdown analysis. In conclusion, our results suggest that upon DNA damage transport adaptor importin-α4 imports XPA into the nucleus in an ATR-dependent manner, while XAB1 has no role in this process. In addition, these findings reveal a potential new therapeutic target for the sensitization of cancer cells to chemotherapy.
Basis for the Quantitative Analysis of the Educational System

SEVERAL INDICES related to the educational system are now in use. Examples of them are the teachers/students ratios, the enrollment ratios, etc. These indices are employed both as quantitative de scriptions of the quality of a system, and also to make such estimates as the number of teachers need ed when the number of students is known. All these indices measure different aspects of the same system. As a consequence, they must be closely related. Actually, the characteristics of the educational system must give rise to systems of quantitative indices. Any such system should main tain the same relationship with education that the system of business accounts maintains with firms and that national accounts maintain with the national economy. Close relationships must also exist among the different indices themselves. The object of this paper is to propose one such system of quantitative indices for education. It might be possible to define several others. Only ex perience with such systems will determine which is the best one for any particular use.
Cryoluminescence of ZnS Phosphors

Cooling previously excited ZnS phosphors to temperatures of \ensuremath{\sim}50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K results in an increase of luminescence when the material is exposed to infrared irradiation (from 0.7 to 4 \ensuremath{\mu}). This effect can be explained by assuming that the radiation originates from discrete emission levels close to the conduction band and that the lifetime of electrons in these levels increases with decreasing temperature. This effect is seen with self-activated, Cu-green, Cu-blue, and Mn-activated phosphors. The energy gap between the emission levels and the conduction band for the Cu-green material was found to be \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ eV.
National profile of children with Down syndrome: disease burden, access to care, and family impact.

Objective To measure the co-morbidities associated with Down syndrome compared with those in other children with special health care needs (CSHCN). Additionally, to examine reported access to care, family impact, and unmet needs for children with Down syndrome compared with other CSHCN. Study design An analysis was conducted on the nationally representative 2005 to 2006 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs. Bivariate analyses compared children with Down syndrome with all other CSHCN. Multivariate analyses examined the role of demographic, socioeconomic, and medical factors on measures of care receipt and family impact. Results An estimated 98 000 CSHCN have Down syndrome nationally. Compared with other CSHCN, children with Down syndrome had a greater number of co-morbid conditions, were more likely to have unmet needs, faced greater family impacts, and were less likely to have access to a medical home. These differences become more pronounced for children without insurance and from low socioeconomic status families. Conclusions Children with Down syndrome disproportionately face greater disease burden, more negatively pronounced family impacts, and greater unmet needs than other CSHCN. Promoting medical homes at the practice level and use of those services by children with Down syndrome and other CSHCN may help mitigate these family impacts.
PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTED FASTING IN CHILDREN

Protein supplemented fasting allows safe rapid wt reduction in adults. We have studied a protein supplemented fast in 5 male and 2 female obese children aged 9-14 weighing >150% of ideal wt. They received lean meat supplying 1.5-3 g protein and 7-20 CHO-free calories/kg ideal wt/day plus supplemental potassium (K) (25 mEq), multivitamins and calcium. Aside from nausea and hypotensive symptoms in the diuretic phase of the first week, the diet was well tolerated without complaint of hunger. Ketonuria appeared within 3 days. At 7-10 days, blood B-Hydroxybutyrate was 3.37 ± .63 mM (mean ± SEM), plasma free fatty acids were 1.75 ± 1.8 mM, and fasting blood glucose fell significantly from 5.81 ± .25 mM to 4.06 ± .35 mM. During the 4 weeks there was significant elevation of uric acid and depression of total lymphocyte count. Total wt loss was 7.0 ± 0.2 kg (mean ± SEM). There was a loss of 1.1 ± 0.3 kg lean body mass (LBM) as estimated from daily N-balance. Total body K by K40 counting declined 6.0 ± 0.5%. Weekly N-balance improved from -17.5 ± 2.3 g in week 1 to 0.1 ± 4.0 g in week 4. Serum albumin was unchanged. Short term protein supplemented fasting results in rapid wt reduction with less loss of LBM than reported in fasting children, but more than that in adults on a protein supplemented fast. This loss of LBM in children may reflect increased K losses, decreased utilization of non-glucose substrates, lower insulin levels or higher essential amino acid requirements during the modified fast.
Solid-Fluid Phase Coexistence of Hard Heteronuclear Dumbbells via Cell Theory and Monte Carlo Simulation

We study the solid-fluid equilibria of hard heteronuclear dumbbells using cell theory and isobaric ensemble Monte Carlo simulations. Calculations for six cases of L* (bond length) and σ* (sphere diameter ratio) near the homonuclear limit are discussed with two base-centered monoclinic orientationally-ordered crystal structures which have been considered. The two crystal structures exhibit nearly identical properties at freezing within the accuracy of the calculations for the cases we present. The reduced pressure at coexistence increases with decreasing σ*.
Opposite effects on perception and action induced by the Ponzo illusion

This study investigated the effects of the Ponzo illusion on three tasks: manual estimation of target width and peak grip aperture during pantomimed and natural prehension. The targets were three discs of 25 mm height and 20, 40 and 60 mm diameter. Illusory effects on perception were larger and less variable than effects on peak grip aperture during pantomimed reaching, and also were larger and less variable for targets at least 40 mm in diameter. Although a large, statistically significant perceptual illusion in the expected direction was induced for the 60-mm-diameter target, peak grip apertures during reaches to acquire the targets did not significantly differ due to high intersubject variability. However, in two of the six reaching conditions (two reaching tasks x three target sizes), individual differences in illusory effects on perception (perceived width of target placed over converging vs diverging lines) were strongly negatively correlated with individual differences in illusory effects on peak grip aperture during prehension (i.e., if object was perceived to be larger, peak grip aperture during reach was smaller). This unexpected correlation indicates that individuals with larger illusions of increased target size reached with reduced grip apertures. The strong relationship between effects on perception and action in two conditions may indicate shared visual processing by the perceptual and motor systems, with background visual information having opposite effects on the two systems.
Sui Adjective Reduplication as Poetic Morpho-Phonology

An intricate system of adjective intensification permeates Sui, a Tai-Kadai minority language of Guizhou Province, China. Sui adjective intensifiers show evidence of partial reduplication involving a complex interplay of morphophonological processes: rhyme, alliteration, The Emergence of The Unmarked (TETU), and identity avoidance patterns that support Kennard’s “Copy but don’t repeat” [(2004). Phonology, 21(3), 303–323]. This Sui phenomenon has never been reported to the wider linguistic community beyond Guizhou, and it provides valuable theoretical insight into reduplication and related morpho-phonological processes. Moreover, the interaction of these morpho-phonological processes forms a system of patterned variety that may be viewed as a poeticized lexicon or lexicalized poetry, thus illustrating the presence of extensive poetic effects embedded within the core grammar. In this way, Sui provides strong support for Yip’s observation that “humans have both an aptitude and a taste for creating repetitive sequences, and they may use this skill in a variety of ways that are more or less part of the core grammar of the language” [(1999). Glot International, 4.8, 1–7].
Matrix-free algorithm for the large-scale constrained trust-region subproblem

A new ‘matrix-free’ algorithm for the solution of linear inequality constrained, large-scale trust-region subproblems is presented. The matrix-free nature of the algorithm eliminates the need for any matrix factorizations and only requires matrix–vector products. Numerical results that demonstrate the viability of the approach are included. †Contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and not subject to copyright in the United States.
Chemical evaluation of vegetables grown with conventional or organic soil amendments

Abstract Garden vegetables were grown with “organic”; or “commercial”; fertilizer amendments to the soil. Plot preparation and other general cultural practices were identical. Tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, lettuce, onions and peas were planted, and leaf tissue and edible produce were harvested. N, P, K, Ca and Mg and content of ascorbic acid were determined in some of the produce. Certain vegetables were evaluated by a trained taste panel for palata‐bility differences. Generally, the conventional plots produced more yield of vegetables, although seasonal variation was greater than variation due to soil amendments. Mineral content was essentially the same from both regimes. The taste panel preferences were not consistent. From these data, it was concluded that the two methods of vegetable production were equal for quality and nearly equal for yield over the two years.
Reversed animal-plant interactions: the evolution of insectivorous and ant-fed plants

Insectivorous plants and ant-fed plants represent the two ways in which plants have evolved to utilize directly nutrients derived from animals. This paper addresses the limitations under which selection acts to favour the evolution of one or the other of these nutrient-gathering tactics. Both tactics have evolved independently at least six times under similar ecological conditions, indicating that the evolutionary solutions to ecological problems are limited by the historical make-up of communities and are, to some extent, predictable. Both insectivorous and ant-fed plants evolve in environments with very low levels of availability of nutrients in the substrate; the primary use of the animal-food is probably nitrogen; the vast majority of species are perennial, and most species are tropical or subtropical, although some insectivorous genera are primarily temperate. Although these two nutrient-gathering tactics evolve in response to similar ecological problems, whether plants evolve an insectivorous habit or the ant-fed habit depends on the growth forms of the plants and the habitats in which they grow. Most insectivorous plants evolve as herbs in wet, sterile soils or in sterile aquatic habitats; ant-fed plants evolve as epiphytes on trees in open-canopied habitats. These kinds of animal-plant interactions are relatively rare because the environments in which they are favoured by selection are uncommon.
Variability of black hole binary systems

Abstract X-ray light curves of black hole candidate systems reveal a variety of transient activity including quasi-periodic oscillations, dips, and bursts. These X-ray behaviors likely arise from nonsteady mass flow modulations in an accretion disk surrounding the compact object. The possible origin of the variabilities are discussed in terms of dynamical, viscous, and thermal instabilities in the accretion disk. The comparison of results from the global evolution of disks with X-ray observations can be used to provide constraints on proposed theoretical models, thereby, facilitating an understanding of the structure of the inner regions of accretion disks in these systems.
ESEEM STUDIES OF ALCOHOL BINDING TO THE MANGANESE CLUSTER OF THE OXYGEN EVOLVING COMPLEX OF PHOTOSYSTEM II

An ESEEM (electron spin−echo envelope modulation) spectroscopic study employing a series of 2H-labeled alcohols provides direct evidence that small alcohols (methanol and ethanol) ligate to the Mn cluster of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II in the S2-state of the Kok cycle. A numerical method for calculating the through-space hyperfine interactions for exchange-coupled tetranuclear Mn clusters is described. This method is used to calculate hyperfine interaction tensors for protons [deuterons] in the vicinity of two different arrangements of Mn ions in a tetranuclear cluster: a symmetric cubane model and the EXAFS-based Berkeley “dimer-of-dimers” model. The Mn−H distances derived from the spectroscopically observed coupling constants for methanol and ethanol protons [deuterons] and interpreted with these cluster models are consistent with the direct ligation of these small alcohols to the OEC Mn cluster. Specifically, for methanol we can simulate the three-pulse ESEEM time domain patter...
The Pathophysiology of Diabetic Complications: How Much Does the Glucose Hypothesis Explain?

Objective : To examine the putative pathogenetic mechanisms of the long-term, specific complications of diabetes mellitus. Data Sources : Literature review relevant to long-term diabetic complications and their pathogenesis. Study Selection : Studies of animal models of diabetes, epidemiologic investigations of diabetes and its long-term complications, and interventional studies examining intensive treatment of diabetes and its effect on the development and progression of complications. Data Synthesis : Diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy occur in all clinical forms of diabetes mellitus, regardless of the cause of the diabetes. Hyperglycemia appears to be the major variable shared among these different clinical forms ; and epidemiologic data, studies in animal models of diabetes, and the results of recent interventional studies such as the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, all support an important and perhaps dominant role of hyperglycemia in the pathogenesis of complications. However, the diverse complications may not share the same pathogenesis. Different pathogenetic mechanisms may operate in different types of diabetic complications or at different stages of specific complications, or both. Conclusions : The level of chronic glycemia is the best established concomitant factor associated with diabetic complications. The mechanism by which hyperglycemia might cause complications remains unknown, and evidence for a uniform pathogenetic mechanism is far from established.
Protocol for token ring-local computer networks and its performance

A new modified token ring (MTR) protocol is presented. The performance of the new protocol is studied using simulation analysis and it is compared with the performance of the IEEE 802.5 standard token ring (STR) protocol. The results show that the MTR protocol provides shorter average packet delay and higher ring throughput than that of the STR protocol. A 45% reduction in the average packet delay is achieved by the MTR protocol over the STR protocol, under heavy traffic conditions.
Flame spectra of vanadium, niobium, rhenium, titanium, molybdenum and tungsten

Abstract Line spectra of vanadium, niobium, titanium, molybdenum and rhenium of sufficient intensity to allow detection at the 1–10 p.p.m. level can be excited in fuel-rich, oxy-acetylene flames. For the strongest lines of tungsten, the sensitivity of detection is 90 p.p.m. Weak lines of zirconium, hafnium, osmium, tantalum and uranium are also observed in these flames. Recordings of the spectra are given along with wavelength tables of the strongest lines.
The Persistent Puzzle of Corporate Capital Structure: Current Challenges and New Directions

This paper is the keynote address from the Eastern Finance Association's 2012 meeting in Boston. I assert that, despite a substantial amount of work and much progress in the capital structure field, traditional models do a remarkably poor job of explaining the dynamics of observed capital structures. New approaches that focus on the firm's intertemporal access to capital appear to represent the most promising avenues for yielding fresh insights.
The ‘Clock Paradox’ of Relativity

IT would be inappropriate to give here an additional derivation of the asymmetrical relative ageing of twin brothers predicted by relativity theory for the familiar round trip. In his first paper on relativity, A. Einstein derives the well-known result1; he does not, as claimed by Prof. H. Dingle, make a “regrettable error”2. The recent derivation by W. H. McCrea3 emphasizes that the Lorentz transformation of special relativity is sufficient to describe the round trip from the point of view of either twin, provided that one retains the usual central role assigned by Einstein to “a system of co-ordinates in which the equations of Newtonian mechanics hold good (that is, to the first approximation)”4.
Pathogenesis of Myelofibrosis With Myeloid Metaplasia

The primary disease process in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) is clonal myeloproliferation with varying degrees of phenotypic differentiation. This is characteristically accompanied by secondary intramedullary collagen fibrosis, osteosclerosis, angiogenesis, and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Modern clonality studies have confirmed the multipotent stem-cell origin of the neoplastic process in MMM. The nature of the specific oncogenic mutation(s) is currently being unraveled with the recent discovery of an association between a somatic point mutation of JAK2 tyrosine kinase (V617F) and bcr/abl-negative myeloproliferative disorders, including MMM. The pathogenetic mechanisms that underlie the secondary bone marrow stromal changes in MMM are also incompletely understood. Mouse models of this latter disease aspect have been constructed by either in vivo overexpression of thrombopoietin (TPOhigh mice) or megakaryocyte lineage restricted underexpression of the transcription factor GATA-1 (GATA-1low mice). Gene knockout experiments using such animal models have suggested the essential role of hematopoietic cell-derived transforming growth factor beta1 in inducing bone marrow fibrosis and stromal cell-derived osteoprotegerin in promoting osteosclerosis. However, experimental myelofibrosis in mice does not recapitulate clonal myeloproliferation that is fundamental to human MMM. Other cytokines that are implicated in mediating myelofibrosis and angiogenesis in MMM include basic fibroblast, platelet-derived, and vascular endothelial growth factors. It is currently assumed that such cytokines are abnormally released from clonal megakaryocytes as a result of a pathologic interaction with neutrophils (eg, emperipolesis). This latter phenomenon, through neutrophil-derived elastase, could also underlie the abnormal peripheral-blood egress of myeloid progenitors in MMM.
Radiation therapy in carcinoma of the vulva

Sixteen patients who had malignant lesions of the vulva and were treated at Cook County Hospital from July 1957 to June 1976 are presented. Nine patients received irradiation as a primary treatment, four received preoperative irradiation, and three received postoperative irradiation. External irradiation was employed for all patients, and tele-cobalt or tele-cesium therapy was utilized to deliver 3000 to 6000 rad to the vulvar and/or inguinal area. The number of patients in this study is small; however, the response to radiation therapy was remarkable in all patients. There was no residual cancer in vulvectomy specimens of four patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma who received 3000–4200 rad external irradiation prior to surgery. This study suggests that further investigation of radiation therapy in the management of vulvar cancer seems justified.
Scenario-Based Design for Human-Computer Interface Development

Scenario-based techniques have been receiving increased attention in the design of human-computer interaction. A cohesive methodology or framework, however, has yet to materialize, and scenario met...
Heme Ligand Identification and Redox Properties of the Cytochrome c Synthetase, CcmF

Cytochrome c maturation in many bacteria, archaea, and plant mitochondria involves the integral membrane protein CcmF, which is thought to function as a cytochrome c synthetase by facilitating the final covalent attachment of heme to the apocytochrome c. We previously reported that the E. coli CcmF protein contains a b-type heme that is stably and stoichiometrically associated with the protein and is not the heme attached to apocytochrome c. Here, we show that mutation of either of two conserved transmembrane histidines (His261 or His491) impairs stoichiometric b-heme binding in CcmF and results in spectral perturbations in the remaining heme. Exogeneous imidazole is able to correct cytochrome c maturation for His261 and His491 substitutions with small side chains (Ala or Gly), suggesting that a "cavity" is formed in these CcmF mutants in which imidazole binds and acts as a functional ligand to the b-heme. The results of resonance Raman spectroscopy on wild-type CcmF are consistent with a hexacoordinate low-spin b-heme with at least one endogeneous axial His ligand. Analysis of purified recombinant CcmF proteins from diverse prokaryotes reveals that the b-heme in CcmF is widely conserved. We have also determined the reduction potential of the CcmF b-heme (E(m,7) = -147 mV). We discuss these results in the context of CcmF structure and functions as a heme reductase and cytochrome c synthetase.
Workplace Surveillance and Managing Privacy Boundaries

According to communication privacy management (CPM) theory, people manage the boundaries around information that they seek to keep private. How does this theory apply when employees are monitored electronically? Using data from 154 face-to-face interviews with employees from a range of organizations, the authors identified various ways organizations, employees, and coworkers describe electronic surveillance and the privacy expectations, boundaries, and turbulence that arise. Privacy boundaries are established during new-employee orientation when surveillance is described as coercive control, as benefiting the company, and/or as benefiting employees. Correlations exist between the surveillance-related socialization messages interviewees remember receiving and their attitudes. Although little boundary turbulence appeared, employees articulated boundaries that companies should not cross. The authors conclude that CPM theory suppositions need modification to fit the conditions of electronic surveillance.
Components of the indirect effect in vaccine trials: identification of contagion and infectiousness effects

Vaccination of one person may prevent the infection of another either because the vaccine prevents the first from being infected and from infecting the second, or because, even if the first person is infected, the vaccine may render the infection less infectious. We might refer to the first of these
Introducing Marketing Students to Business Intelligence Using Project-Based Learning on the World Wide Web

Ethical, legal business intelligence activities have been practiced for years by domestic and international companies and organizations. Marketing professionals frequently are involved in collecting information, analyzing it, and transforming it into actionable intelligence that can be used in decision making and problem solving. Undergraduate students may be prone to confuse such activities with illegal, unethical economic espionage. Project-based learning activities on the Internet’s World Wide Web can be used to emphasize the importance of intelligence to marketing decisions, introduce students to intelligence processes and content issues, and differentiate legitimate activities from those that are not.
The Economic, Political, and Social Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa

The Transatlantic slave trade radically impaired Africa's potential to develop economically and maintain its social and political stability. The arrival of Europeans on the West African Coast and their establishment of slave ports in various parts of the continent triggered a continuous process of exploitation of Africa's human resources, labor, and commodities. This exploitative commerce influenced the African political and religious aristocracies, the warrior classes and the biracial elite, who made small gains from the slave trade, to participate in the oppression of their own people. The Europeans, on the other hand, greatly benefited from the Atlantic trade, since it allowed them to amass the raw materials that fed the Industrial Revolution to the detriment of African societies whose capacity to transform their modes of production into a viable entrepreneurial economy was severely halted.
Calcium intakes of Mexican Americans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic blacks in the United States

Abstract Objective To compare dietarty calcium intakes from food in Mexican Americans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic blacks aged 11 through 74 years. Design Population survey data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to calculate calcium intake from a single 24-hour recall. These data were compared by age and sex between the five population groups. Food sources of calcium in the three Hispanic groups were also examined using 24-hour recall data. Subjects The sample consisted of 11,773 non-Hispanic whites, 1,728 non-Hispanic blacks, 4,739 Mexican Americans, 1,076 Cubans, and 1,835 Puerto Ricans. Main outcome measures Mean calcium intake, percentage intake of Recommended Dietary Allowance, and, for Hispanics, food sources of calcium. Statistical analyses Means were compared within age and sex groups between the five population group using a t test. Results Calcium intakes from food in three Hispanic groups were similar to intakes of non-Hispanic whites and higher than intakes of non-Hispanic blacks. Although dairy foods were the main sources of calcium for Hispanics, corn tortillas were important calcium sources among Mexican Americans. Women consumed less calcium than the Recommended Dietary Allowance in all age and racial or ethnic groups. Applications When assessing calcium intakes of the three Hispanic groups, ethnic differences in food sources of calcium need to be considered. Efforts to increase calcium intake in Hispanics also need to account for ethnic differences.
Women and ‘Conformity to Christ' Image’ The Challenge of Avoiding Docetism and Affirming Inclusivism

Si, a la suite de Paul, il est possible d'affirmer que ce n'est plus moi qui vis mais le Christ qui vit en moi, n'est-ce pas la contradictoire avec la particularite de Jesus qui a une identite liee a son genre sexuel irreducible a l'autre ? Dire que l'identite sexuelle est purement contingente et accidentelle, n'est-ce pas la sous-estimer ? L'A. entend poser la problematique du scandale de la particularite et de l'irreductibilite a ce qui est autre. Pour ce faire, il pose la question de la possibilite qu'ont les femmes a se rendre conformes a l'image du Christ. L'A. explore toutes les solutions en montrant tous les risques qu'elles comportent, y compris celui du docetisme
Analytical study of capture time to a horizontal well

We have investigated capture time through a horizontal well for several types of aquifers. We have studied two scenarios in which wells are at the middle and at the bottom (or the top) of an aquifer. We have obtained the closed-form analytical solutions of capture times for these two scenarios in homogeneous, confined aquifers for both isotropic and anisotropic cases. We have discussed the applicability and the limitation of the analytical solutions. The presence of confining boundaries in vertical direction constrains the vertical flow, but enhances the horizontal flow. The presence of anisotropy with a smaller vertical conductivity further limits the vertical flow and increases the horizontal flow. We have conducted numerical simulations to obtain capture times, and found that they were very close to the analytical solutions, given the same conditions. We have further analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of two different methods of simulating a horizontal well (uniform flux and uniform head).
Mechanisms of autoimmunity in mice lacking the mer membrane tyrosine kinase

There has been increased recent interest in the role of macrophages (Mp) and dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis. The mer receptor tyrosine kinase, expressed on Mp and dendritic cells, mediates the binding of the former but not the latter to apoptotic cells. mer also is important in determining the cytokine profile that ensues after phagocytosis. Mice lacking mer develop antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factor. These autoantibodies appear to arise mostly from the splenic marginal zone. Stimulated spleen cells and peritoneal Mp from mer-deficient mice have increased expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IκBα, along with increased spontaneous expression of CD30L. The proinflammatory cytokine profile of mer-deficient mice may contribute to the immunogenicity of apoptotic debris. In vitro ligation of mer from normal Mp leads to diminished tumor necrosis factor alpha expression and increased IL-10 and IL-4. mer, which controls both phagocytosis and cytokine synthesis after exposure to apoptotic cells, may be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
Effect of methohexitone and propofol with or without alfentanil on seizure duration and recovery in electroconvulsive therapy.

We have studied the effects of methohexitone and propofol with and without alfentanil on seizure duration and recovery in this observer-blinded, prospective, randomized, crossover study involving 24 patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Each patient had four treatment sessions, and received the following four i.v. regimens in random order: methohexitone 0.75 mg kg-1, methohexitone 0.50 mg kg-1 and alfentanil 10 micrograms kg-1, propofol 0.75 mg kg-1, propofol 0.50 mg kg-1 and alfentanil 10 micrograms kg-1. Additional methohexitone or propofol was given as needed in 10-20-mg increments until loss of consciousness. Suxamethonium 1.0 mg kg-1 i.v. was given for muscular paralysis. Mean motor and EEG seizure durations were longer with methohexitone-alfentanil (44.7 (SD 15.0) and 70.5 (29.7) s) than with methohexitone (37.6 (12.6) and 52.6 (15.3) s) and similarly, seizures were longer with propofol-alfentanil (36.8 (15.2) and 54.5 (20.9) s) than with propofol alone (27.2 (11.9) and 39.2 (3.9) s). Seizures were longest with methohexitone-alfentanil and shortest with propofol. Recovery time was statistically shorter in patients receiving propofol compared with methohexitone-alfentanil and methohexitone alone. Alfentanil with a reduced dose of methohexitone or propofol provided unconsciousness and increased seizure duration in patients undergoing ECT. We conclude that the combination of methohexitone with alfentanil is a good regimen for ECT, especially for patients with short seizure duration.
Perceptions of Sexual Harassment: The Influence of Gender and Academic Context:

Two hundred eight faculty members and 314 graduate students located at a West Coast university were presented with 24 brief situations describing five types of sexual harassment in a university setting: gender harassment, seductive behavior, sexual bribery, sexual coercion, and sexual imposition or assault. The participants were randomly assigned to rate the situations under one of four instructional conditions that described combinations of the level of the student and authority of the faculty portrayed in the brief vignettes. Women were more likely than men to view less explicitly coercive situations as harassing; however, neither the target student's level (i.e., graduate or undergraduate) nor the degree of the faculty member's power over her affected the participants' ratings of the situations. The results indicated that, with the exception of the more coercive and intrusive behaviors, considerable uncertainty may still exist about what constitutes sexual harassment within the university setting.
Optical shockley-like surface states in light-induced superlattices

We provide the first demonstration of linear Shockley-like surface states in optically-induced semi-infinite photonic lattices with alternating strong/weak couplings. Such surface states appear in superlattices only when the surface termination is specially designed.
Cyclitol galactosides in low-raffinose, low-stachyose soybean embryos after feeding d - chiro -inositol, myo -inositol or d -pinitol

Sucrose, raffinose and stachyose accumulate as stored soluble carbohydrates in embryos during soybean [Glycine max L. (Merrill)] seed development and maturation. Raffinose and stachyose in soybean feed products are not digested by humans, chickens or pigs, resulting in flatulence and reduced nutritional value. Soybean lines selected for low raffinose and low stachyose (LRS) or low raffinose, low stachyose and low phytin (LRSP1, LRSP2) concentrations in mature seeds were compared to a CHECK line with normal raffinose, stachyose and phytin. To determine whether increasing the supply of free cyclitols to immature embryos of these lines results in increased accumulation of galactosyl cyclitols, isolated immature embryos free of maternal tissues were fed solutions containing either d-chiro-inositol, myo-inositol or d-pinitol, or a control solution without cyclitols, for 24 h. Embryos were precociously matured by slow drying for 14 d with daily transfers to stepwise lower relative humidities. Soluble carbohydrates were extracted from axis and cotyledon tissues of mature, dry embryos and analysed by high-resolution gas chromatography. Axis and cotyledons from LRS, LRSP1 and LRSP2 embryos had low concentrations of stachyose compared to CHECK embryos after feeding a control solution without cyclitols. Feeding d-chiro-inositol to isolated embryos increased fagopyritol B1 accumulation in embryos of all lines. Feeding myo-inositol increased stachyose accumulation in LRSP1 and LRSP2 cotyledons. Feeding d-pinitol increased free d-pinitol in cotyledons of all lines but increased galactopinitol A and galactopinitol B only in LRS cotyledons. Supplying additional d-chiro-inositol to immature embryos can enhance accumulation of fagopyritol B1 in mature embryos of low-raffinose and low-stachyose or low-raffinose, low-stachyose and low-phytin soybeans.
Efficient and Robust Compressed Sensing Using Optimized Expander Graphs

Expander graphs have been recently proposed to construct efficient compressed sensing algorithms. In particular, it has been shown that any n-dimensional vector that is k-sparse can be fully recovered using O(klogn) measurements and only O(klogn) simple recovery iterations. In this paper, we improve upon this result by considering expander graphs with expansion coefficient beyond 3 / 4 and show that, with the same number of measurements, only O(k) recovery iterations are required, which is a significant improvement when n is large. In fact, full recovery can be accomplished by at most 2k very simple iterations. The number of iterations can be reduced arbitrarily close to k, and the recovery algorithm can be implemented very efficiently using a simple priority queue with total recovery time O(nlog(n/k))). We also show that by tolerating a small penalty on the number of measurements, and not on the number of recovery iterations, one can use the efficient construction of a family of expander graphs to come up with explicit measurement matrices for this method. We compare our result with other recently developed expander-graph-based methods and argue that it compares favorably both in terms of the number of required measurements and in terms of the time complexity and the simplicity of recovery. Finally, we will show how our analysis extends to give a robust algorithm that finds the position and sign of the k significant elements of an almost k-sparse signal and then, using very simple optimization techniques, finds a k-sparse signal which is close to the best k-term approximation of the original signal.
Prediction of Influent Flow Rate: Data-Mining Approach

In this paper, models for short-term prediction of influent flow rate in a wastewater-treatment plant are discussed. The prediction horizon of the model is up to 180 min. The influent flow rate, rainfall rate, and radar reflectivity data are used to build the prediction model by different data-mining algorithms. The multilayer perceptron neural network algorithm has been selected to build the prediction models for different time horizons. The computational results show that the prediction model performs well for horizons up to 150 min. Both the peak values and the trends are accurately predicted by the model. There is a small lag between the predicted and observed influent flow rate for horizons exceeding 30 min. The lag becomes larger with the increase of the prediction horizon. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897 .0000103. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Data collection; Algorithms; Flow rates; Neural networks; Radar; Rainfall; Wastewater management; Water treatment plants; Predictions. Author keywords: Data-mining algorithms; Influent flow rate; Multilayer perceptron neural networks; Radar reflectivity; Rainfall; Wastewater-treatment plant.
A meta‐analysis of biotic resistance to exotic plant invasions

Biotic resistance describes the ability of resident species in a community to reduce the success of exotic invasions. Although resistance is a well-accepted phenomenon, less clear are the processes that contribute most to it, and whether those processes are strong enough to completely repel invaders. Current perceptions of strong, competition-driven biotic resistance stem from classic ecological theory, Elton’s formulation of ecological resistance, and the general acceptance of the enemies-release hypothesis. We conducted a meta-analysis of the plant invasions literature to quantify the contribution of resident competitors, diversity, herbivores and soil fungal communities to biotic resistance. Results indicated large negative effects of all factors except fungal communities on invader establishment and performance. Contrary to predictions derived from the natural enemies hypothesis, resident herbivores reduced invasion success as effectively as resident competitors. Although biotic resistance significantly reduced the establishment of individual invaders, we found little evidence that species interactions completely repelled invasions. We conclude that ecological interactions rarely enable communities to resist invasion, but instead constrain the abundance of invasive species once they have successfully established.