cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Challenges in Energy-Efficient Deep Neural Network Training With FPGA

In recent years, it is highly demanding to deploy Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) on edge devices, such as mobile phones, drones, robotics, and wearable devices, to process visual data collected by the cameras embedded in these systems. In addition to the model inference, training DNNs locally can benefit model customization and data privacy protection. Since many edge systems are powered by batteries or have limited energy budgets, Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is commonly used as the primary processing engine to satisfy both demands in performance and energy-efficiency. Although many recent research papers have been published on the topic of DNN inference with FPGAs, training a DNN with FPGAs has not been well exploited by the community. This paper summarizes the current status of adopting FPGA for DNN computation and identifies the main challenges in deploying DNN training on FPGAs. Moreover, a performance metric and evaluation workflow are proposed to compare the FPGA-based systems for DNN training in terms of (1) usage of on-chip resources, (2) training efficiency, (3) energy efficiency, and (4) model performance for specific computer vision tasks.
Evidence for a system in the auditory periphery that may contribute to linking sounds and images in space

Eye movements alter the relationship between the visual and auditory spatial scenes. Signals related to eye movements affect the brain9s auditory pathways from the ear through auditory cortex and beyond, but how these signals might contribute to computing the locations of sounds with respect to the visual scene is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the information contained in the signals observed at the earliest processing stage, eye movement-related eardrum oscillations (EMREOs). We report that human EMREOs carry information about both horizontal and vertical eye displacement as well as initial/final eye position. We conclude that all of the information necessary to contribute to a suitable coordinate transformation of auditory spatial cues into a common reference frame with visual information is present in this signal. We hypothesize that the underlying mechanism causing EMREOs could impose a transfer function on any incoming sound signal, which could permit subsequent processing stages to compute the positions of sounds in relation to the visual scene.
A VKORC1-based SNP survey of anticoagulant rodenticide resistance in the house mouse, Norway rat and roof rat in the USA.

Background We conducted a vitamin K epoxide reductase subcomponent 1 (Vkorc1)-based nonsynonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (nsSNP) screen with focus on the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus), but that also considered the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and roof rat (R. rattus) in the USA. Results We detected six Vkorc1 nsSNPs underlying the amino-acid polymorphisms Ala21Thr, Trp59Leu, Ile104Val, Val118Leu, Leu128Ser and Tyr139Cys in house mice (average coverage/SNP; n = 182 individuals), two nsSNPs underlying Arg35Pro and Gly46Ser in the Norway rat (n = 93), with the notable absence of Tyr139Cys (n = 179), and one nsSNP underlying Tyr25Phe in the roof rat (n = 27). Inferred resistance frequency is 29.1% for mice (variability of states 0-98.8%), 6.5% (0-33.3%) for the Norway rat, and 39.3% (0-52.6%) for the roof rat based on Tyr25Phe frequencies. Conclusions Resistance detected in the USA in the 1980s likely was the consequence of Vkorc1 mutations in mice (Leu128Ser and Tyr139Cys), Norway rats (Arg35Pro) and roof rats (Tyr25Phe). Patterns of variant sharing between the USA and Europe indicate the importance of convergent evolution and gene flow in spreading resistance. The spread of nsSNPs in mice between continents appears to have been more effective than in Norway rats. We hypothesize that Arg35Pro may have originated in Norway rats in the USA, whereas Tyr139Cys variants originated in Europe. Tyr25Phe is the likely cause for resistance in roof rats. Further genetic testing in the USA is required to close sampling gaps, and population genomic data are needed to study the origin and spread of this adaptive trait.
Variations in the cellular magnetic domain structure in Fe–Ga alloys

The so-called cellular magnetic domain structure has been widely observed in Fe–Ga alloys of different compositions and heat treatment. It has attracted attention for producing desirable magnetic properties and also for arousing controversy over its cause and identity. Two existing models, one based on novel charge density waves and the other based on traditional V-lines from the classical magnetic domain theory, give contradictory interpretations of the cellular domains in Fe–Ga alloys, which remain to be clarified. The cellular domains observed in Fe–Ga alloys so far are highly periodic, consisting of parallel chains of rectangular cells. This paper reports on the presence of various deviations in the cellular domains from the previously known ideal periodic cellular structure in Fe–Ga alloys and explores the implications of those variations. The variations include changes in the cell shape, spacing, branching, and nesting. It is shown that the observed variations in the cellular domains can be explained well by the V-line model where the competition between elastic and wall energy drives the pattern formation process. In comparison, the disagreements of the charge density wave model with the experimental observations are addressed. Similar cellular domain variations observed previously in Fe–Si alloys are also discussed, confirming the generic aspects of the cellular domains and their variations in cubic magnetostrictive materials. The findings provide insights into the magnetic domain phenomena in Fe–Ga alloys.
Transdiagnostic Approach to the Dominance Behavioral System.

Abstract Introduction The dominance behavioral system (DBS) is a biologically-based multi-faceted system guiding motivation, behavior, self-perceptions, and responsivity to social experiences related to dominance. Evidence has indicated that DBS facets differentially relate to specific psychopathologies. In the present research, we attempt to replicate Tang-Smith et al. (2015) and extended findings by including antisocial behavior, social anxiety, and psychopathy. Methods Participants (N = 712) completed measures assessing antisocial, socially anxious, depressive, manic, and psychopathic tendencies, along with dominance-relevant dimensions. Results Using multi-group structural equation modelling, antisocial behavior, social anxiety, and depression overlapped with lower Influence/Power and Authentic Pride. Social Anxiety was uniquely related to lower Comfort with Leadership. Antisocial behavior, mania, and psychopathy overlapped with greater Comfort with Leadership and Ruthlessness, and antisocial behavior and mania with greater Hubris. Antisocial behavior was uniquely related to lower Cooperation. These findings were consistent across genders. Discussion The present research replicates and extends findings that internalizing and externalizing psychopathologies have unique DBS profiles. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Outcomes of Blacks Versus Whites with Cardiomyopathy

Racial disparities in health outcomes have been widely documented in medicine, including in cardiovascular care. While some progress has been made, these disparities have continued to plague our healthcare system. Patients with cardiomyopathy are at an increased risk of death and cardiovascular hospitalizations. In the present analysis, we examined the baseline characteristics and outcomes of black and white men and women with cardiomyopathy. All patients with cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)
Normal Aging in Mice is Associated with a Global Reduction in Cortical Spectral Power and a Network-Specific Decline in Functional Connectivity

Normal aging is associated with a variety of neurologic changes including declines in cognition, memory, and motor activity. These declines correlate with neuronal changes in synaptic structure and function. Degradation of brain network activity and connectivity represents a likely mediator of age-related functional deterioration resulting from these neuronal changes. Human studies have demonstrated both general decreases in spontaneous cortical activity and disruption of cortical networks with aging. Current techniques used to study cerebral network activity are hampered either by limited spatial resolution (e.g. electroencephalography, EEG) or limited temporal resolution (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI). Here we utilize mesoscale imaging of neuronal activity in Thy1-GCaMP6f mice to characterize neuronal network changes in aging with high spatial resolution across a wide frequency range. We show that while evoked activity is unchanged with aging, spontaneous neuronal activity decreases across a wide frequency range (0.01-4Hz) involving all regions of the cortex. In contrast to this global reduction in cortical power, we found that aging is associated with functional connectivity (FC) deterioration of select networks including somatomotor, cingulate, and retrosplenial nodes. These changes are corroborated by reductions in homotopic FC and node degree within somatomotor and visual cortices. Finally, we found that whole cortex delta power and delta band node degree correlate with exploratory activity in young but not aged animals. Together these data suggest that aging is associated with global declines in spontaneous cortical activity and focal deterioration of network connectivity, and that these reductions may be associated with age-related behavioral declines.
Dos interesantes contaminantes fúngicos filamentosos en muestras clínicas positivas a Trychophyton rubrum. Una situación de curiosidad morfológica

Las dermatofitosis corresponden a un grupo de enfermedad micoticas comunes en piel y fanereas, donde Trichophyton rubrum es el agente causante mas frecuente a nivel mundial y presente en nuestros 2 casos de pacientes masculinos con estas micosis, una en unas y la otra en piel. Sin embargo, el enfoque de esta publicacion se basa principalmente en la presencia de 2 interesantes contaminantes (uno en cada caso clinico) presentes solo en los cultivos de las primeras siembras como saprofitos y por ende como propagulos de dispersion, asociados al ambiente y sin intervencion clinica demostrada en ambas micosis. La descripcion morfofisiologica de estos 2 contaminantes Metarhizium purpureogenum (similis) y Monascus ruber fue mas bien una curiosidad esencial que el micologo clinico adquiere en su continua formacion y ante la posibilidad de infecciones mixtas, pudiendo conjugar sus hallazgos junto al analisis taxonomico y los factores geograficos y edaficos asociados a su distribucion.
A descriptive exploration of the geographic and sociodemographic concentration of firearm homicide in the United States, 2004-2018.

Abstract This study examined the population-based incidence of firearm homicide in the United States to identify geographic concentrations and to determine whether such concentrations have changed over time. It further examined the simultaneous associations of urbanization, poverty, and ethnicity/race with firearm homicide incidence. Using county-level data from the National Vital Statistics System and the U.S. Census Bureau for the years 2004–2018, the findings show geographic patterns not commonly recognized, including several lengthy and continuous corridors with a high incidence of firearm homicide, traversing both metro and non-metro areas. While the data clearly show a strongly disproportionate concentration of firearm homicide incidence in a subset of the population defined by geography, they do not suggest increasing concentration over time. The study findings also generally indicate increasing firearm homicide incidence with increasing levels of surrounding poverty, a phenomenon observed for both metro and non-metro areas.
The Use of Optimization to Perform Air Traffic Flow Management

Traffic growth and changes in traffic patterns have caused increasing congestion and delay in the National Airspace System (NAS). This problem is exacerbated by bad weather which reduces the capacity of the NAS resources that must satisfy user demand. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC) is responsible for generating strategies to solve the resulting air traffic flow management (TFM) problem. However, some NAS users believe that there are “better” TFM strategies than those that the ATCSCC typically generates and implements. Consequently, some recent research has focused on the use of optimization to solve the TFM problem.
THE LINEAR INDEPENDENCE OF SETS OF TWO AND THREE CANONICAL ALGEBRAIC CURVATURE TENSORS

We generalize the construction of canonical algebraic curvature tensors by self- adjoint endomorphisms of a vector space to arbitrary endomorphisms. Provided certain basic rank requirements are met, we establish a converse of the classical fact that if A is symmetric, then RA is an algebraic curvature tensor. This allows us to establish a simultaneous diagonalization result in the event that three algebraic curvature tensors are linearly dependent. We use these results to establish necessary and sufficient conditions that a set of two or three algebraic curvature tensors be linearly independent. We present the proofs of these results using elementary methods.
Efficient processing of color image sequences using a color-aware instruction set on mobile systems

Application-specific extensions of a processor provide an efficient mechanism that meets the growing performance and power demands of portable embedded applications such as interactive multimedia communications. This work investigates the use of both the luminance and chrominance components in color image- and video-processing applications and proposes a color-aware instruction set extension (CAX) that improves the performance of color multimedia-processing applications. The CAX ISA is able to exploit a new level of subword parallelism not reachable by current multimedia extensions. Unlike typical multimedia extensions (e.g., Intel MMX, MIPS MDMX, and AMD 3DNow!), CAX instructions support parallel operations on two-packed 16-bit (6:5:5) YCbCr color pixels in a 32-bit datapath width and obtain substantial performance and code density improvements through direct support for color data processing rather than depending solely on generic subword parallelism. The results on a set of media benchmark applications indicate that the CAX versions achieve a speedup ranging from 3x to 5.8x while reducing energy consumption from 68% to 83% over the baseline versions on an identically-configured, dynamically-scheduled superscalar processor. The CAX versions also outperform the MDMX (MIPS multimedia extension) performance.
Quick search for rare spectrum opportunities

In cognitive radio networks the secondary users are allowed to seek and exploit the under-utilized segments of the frequency spectrum. Driven by the ongoing growth of data networks in scale and traffic demands, the frequency spectrum will be populated by frequent opportunistic access by the cognitive users. Hence, the spectrum opportunities become rare and scattered across the entire spectrum. Due to their transient nature, such rare spectrum opportunities should be identified quickly. This paper develops a data-adaptive search algorithm for identifying such rare spectrum opportunities quickly and reliably.
The multiple risk factor intervention trial (MRFIT): VII. A comparison of risk factor changes between the two study groups

Abstract Risk factor changes over 4 years for MRFIT Special Intervention (SI) participants are compared with risk factor changes made by Usual Care (UC) participants. Differences between the two study groups are compared with original design assumptions. After 4 years of follow-up, serum cholesterol differences averaged 50% of what was predicted; diastolic blood pressure differences between the two study groups averaged 67% of that predicted; cigarette smoking reductions in the Special Intervention group relative to the Usual Care group have exceeded what was predicted each year based on reported histories. When serum thiocyanate is used to verify reported cessation the SI-UC difference is reduced but still averages greater than the reductions predicted in the third and fourth years of follow-up.
A study of the sorption and permeability of gases and vapors in solvent-drawn polyethylene

Polyethylene film drawn in benzene to a draw ratio 2 exhibits a nearly twofold increase in sorption, a 70 times higher diffusion constant and 104 times higher permeability than undrawn material. This is in contrast with cold drawn polyethylene when all three properties are drastically reduced. The proportionality of permeability with M−1/2 of the diffusant gas indicates a KNUDSEN type molecular flow through a great many capillaries penetrating the film. Under the simple assumption of unchanged true diffusion constant the observed increase of diffusion flow in the sorption transient can be explained by a corresponding increase of accessible surface. This increase turns out to be 14.5 cm2 per cm2 of film. If all new surface is that of cylindrical capillaries and the flow indeed occurs through the same capillaries which are supposed to be perpendicular to the film surface one calculates the capillary radius to 905 A and their number to 5.1.106/cm2. The porosity of the film, i.e., the hole to total volume ratio is 1.32·10−4. In Benzol zu einem Dehnungsverhaltnis 2 verstreckte Polyathylenfilme zeigen eine Verdoppelung der Sorption, eine 70 mal grosere Diffusionskonstante und eine 104 mal grosere Permeabilitat als das unverstreckte Ausgangsmaterial. Ein solches Ergebnis ist in krassem Gegensatz zum Verhalten von kaltverstrecktem Polyathylen, wo alle drei Grosen drastisch verringert sind. Die Proportionalitat der Permeabilitat mit M−1/2 des diffundierenden Gases deutet auf eine von KNUDSEN behandelte Molekularstromung durch die vielen den Film durchsetzenden Kapillaren hin. Nimmt man ferner an, das die wahre Diffusionskonstante durch das Verstrecken in Benzol nicht verandert wurde, so kann man die beobachtete Vergroserung des Diffusionsfiusses am Anfang des Sorptionsexperimentes durch eine Vergroserung der zuganglichen Oberflache um 14,5 cm2 je cm2 des Filmes erklaren. Wenn die gesamte neue Oberflache den als zylindrisch angenommenen Kapillaren zuzuschreiben ist und wenn die Gasstromung durch die gleichen Kapillaren, die senkrecht zur Filmoberflache gerichtet sein sollen, stattfindet, dann erhalt man auf 1 cm2 des Filmes 5,1·106 Kapillaren mit einem Radius von 905 A. Der Porengehalt, d. h. das Verhaltnis des Porenvolumens zu dem des Filmes, errechnet sich zu 1,32·10−4.
Calcium tsunamis: do astrocytes transmit cell death messages via gap junctions during ischemia?

Apoptosis seems to be a dignified method of cell death, dictated by an individual cell, but new evidence that astrocytes can send apoptotic signals to neighboring cells through gap junctions challenges this model and may explain slowly spreading damage to glia after an ischemic insult.
HPLC method for monitoring SDZ PSC 833 in whole blood

P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is a 170-kDa membrane transporter that mediates drug efflux and is an effector of multidrug resistance. SDZ PSC 833 (PSC), a nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporine that potently modulates Pgp, is currently under clinical evaluation in patients with cancer. We have developed a reversed-phase HPLC assay for determining PSC blood concentrations that utilizes a step gradient with linear segments to resolve PSC into two distinct peaks (likely to be keto and enol isomers). To clinically validate the assay, PSC concentrations were obtained by HPLC from nine patients receiving oral doses of 5 mg/kg every 6 h. Values ranged from 0.91 to 5.4 mg/L during the dosing period, comparable with concentrations of PSC that modulate Pgp in vitro. In addition, we investigated the immunoreactivity of the Abbott TDx cyclosporin A (CsA) monoclonal whole-blood assay for PSC. The TDx CsA assay cross-reacts ∼17% with PSC as determined by adding known amounts of PSC to whole blood. When PSC concentrations obtained by the TDx CsA assay were divided by 0.17, we found agreement between the TDx CsA assay and the HPLC PSC assay for samples from nine patients.
Microbially enhanced geologic containment of sequestered supercritical CO2

Cunningham, A. B., Gerlach, R., Spangler, L., Mitchell, A. C. (2009). Microbially enhanced geologic containment of sequestered supercritical CO2. Energy Procedia, 1 (1), 3245-3252.
A genome scan for loci influencing levels and trends of lipoprotein lipid-related traits since childhood : The Bogalusa Heart Study

Abstract Coronary heart disease is the result of life-long processes. Previous genetic linkage analyses of lipid and lipoprotein variables that can be measured throughout life have focused on a single measure at one point in time. Genome-wide linkage analyses were performed in the present study to identify loci influencing the long-term levels and trends of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) and triglycerides in a longitudinal cohort. Microsatellite markers ( n =357) were typed on 779 white and 444 black siblings, ages 14–43 years. Subjects had been examined serially 2–13 times with 6963 serial observations over an average of 22 years from childhood to adulthood. Total and incremental area under the growth curves of lipid traits was calculated and used as measures for long-term levels and trends. After adjusting for age, sex and body mass index, heritability estimates of total area values for all lipid variables were higher than those of a single measurement in either childhood or adulthood. In blacks, significant linkage to LDLC incremental area (peak LOD=3.6 at 50cM) was observed on chromosome 1; and suggestive linkage for total area of LDLC (LOD=2.9 at 21cM) on chromosome 19. Only one suggestive linkage (LOD=2.2 at 161cM) on chromosome 2 was identified in whites for LDLC incremental area. Other suggestive linkage (LOD≥2.0) was noted for LDLC and HDLC in terms of either total or incremental area on chromosomes 2, 5, 7 and 15 for blacks and whites. Several lipid-related candidate genes such as low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), LDL receptor-related proteins 3 and 8, ApoE, ApoAII and ApoCII are located in these regions. Linkage evidence found in this community-based study indicates that regions on these chromosomes harbor genetic loci that affect the propensity to develop dyslipidemia from childhood.
The Theory of Planned Behavior and College Students' Willingness to Talk about Smoking-Related Behaviors

More than 60% of college students admit to trying smoking (Rigotti, Lee, & Wechsler, 2000). To reduce this number, researchers have attempted to determine factors influencing smoking behaviors. However, studies about communicative acts related to smoking intentions and behaviors, which may be factors, are lacking. Guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study hypothesized that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control regarding communicating about smoking would be positively associated with behavioral intentions to engage in such communication. It was found that students' attitudes toward communicating about smoking were positively associated with behavioral intention, but perceived behavioral control and subjective norms concerning smoking-related communication behaviors were not associated with behavioral intention.
Nature of the Blood Coagulation Mechanisms in SPCA* Plasma

Derivatives of purified prothrombin and substances required for the formation of a derivative have been studied in connection with SPCA deficient plasma. The deficiency can be corrected in vitro with prothrombin derivatives. It is concluded that the SPCA patient cannot convert prothrombin to autoprothrombin and thrombin in the same way as a normal individual, and that the precursor of SPCA is prothrombin.
BQ-123 prevents LPS-induced preterm birth in mice via the induction of uterine and placental IL-10

Preterm birth (PTB), defined as any delivery occurring prior to the completion of 37 weeks' gestation, currently accounts for 11-12% of all births in the United States. Maternal genito-urinary infections account for up to 40% of all PTBS and induce a pro-inflammatory state in the host. The potent vasoconstrictor Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is known to be upregulated in the setting of infection, and elicits its effect by binding to the ETA receptor. We have previously shown that antagonism of the ETA receptor with BQ-123 is capable of preventing LPS-induced PTB in mice. We hypothesize that the administration of BQ-123 post LPS exposure will dismantle a positive feedback loop observed with pro-inflammatory cytokines upstream of ET-1. On GD 15.5, pregnant C57BL/6 mice were injected with PBS, LPS, BQ-123, or LPS+BQ-123. Changes at both the level of transcription and translation were observed in uterus and placenta in the ET-1 axis and in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines over the course of 12h. We discovered that BQ-123, when administered 10h post LPS, is capable of increasing production of uterine and placental Interleukin-10, causing a shift away from the pro-inflammatory state. We also observed that antagonism of the ETA receptor decreased IL-1β and TNFα in the placenta while also decreasing transcription of ET-1 in the uterus. Our results reinforce the role of ET-1 at the maternal fetal interface and highlight the potential benefit of ETA receptor blockade via the suppression of ET-1, and induction of a Th2 cytokine dominant state.
Pap Mutant of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli O1, an O1:K1:H7 Strain, is Attenuated in vivo

Abstract P or Pap fimbriae of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) have previously been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of colibacillosis. However, no study has been done to ascertain the effects of deletion of the genes responsible for P fimbrial biogenesis on APEC's in vitro and/or in vivo characteristics. In the present study, all 11 genes of the pap gene cluster were deleted from APEC O1, the recently sequenced APEC strain, and the wild-type strain was compared to the mutant (ECPAP1) for changes in certain phenotypic characteristics and virulence for chickens. Both APEC O1 and ECPAP1 demonstrated mannose-sensitive agglutination of guinea pig and chicken erythrocytes, but only APEC O1 demonstrated mannose-resistant hemagglutination and P-receptor binding properties. The in vivo experiments revealed that ECPAP1 was markedly attenuated as compared to its wild-type strain APEC O1. These findings suggest that P fimbriae are involved in the virulence of APEC O1.
‘From India’s coral strand’: Reginald Heber and the missionary project

Reginald Heber (1783-1826), the second Anglican bishop of Calcutta, represents the high moral strand of the British imperial project in the East. When compared to Lord Edward Clive2 and other fathers of English paramountcy in India, a man of Heber's stature must have been a breath of fresh air and marked a new era in British policy which trend often countered, blunted, and masked the realpolitik of the political officers. English standards had sunk so low, to quote an official East India Company document of 1772, that 'justice and good policy are not related' (cited in Mill 1840-46, 4: 100). James Mill, an apologist for Company rule, claimed, writing in 1817, that 'the cruel lessons of Eastern despotism were well acquired by Englishmen' (1840-46, 4: 453). But to Heber England was entrusted to high action;3 charged with moral responsibilities,4 for to Heber wherever Christianity went Civilization' went also:
The topological anatomy of the hippocampus: A clue to its function

The anatomy of the hippocampus and dentate gyms is considered with respect to the topology of its afferents and efferents. The topological attributes of the hippocampal formation represent a four-dimensional array with the demensions being: the afferent input to laminated dendritic zones, the intrinsic tri-synaptic hippocampal system, the longitudinal and commissural association systems, and time. Within this four-dinmensional array, active foci can vary dynamically in space and time, depending upon the pattern of afferent activity. The features of hippocampal topology may relate to the role of the hippocampal formation in information storage and processing.
The stability of wave‐driven rip current circulation

[1] This paper examines the stability of rip currents with shore-normal wave forcing using numerical stability analyses of nonlinear base flows. Leading order diffraction and wave-current interaction effects are included, and the effects of depth-varying currents are also treated in a parameterized manner. Stable and unstable eigenmodes are identified with a variety of forms. For rip currents with strength of O(0.5 m/s), instabilities are seen with a family resemblance to oscillating sinuous jets, as well as more complex forms. For low strength rip currents of O(0.3 m/s), these modes stabilize but are replaced by sinuous and varicose instabilities that extend far offshore and are believed to be convective instabilities made absolutely unstable through wave-current interaction. Quantitative values for growth rates are found to be strongly dependent on details of the velocity field and on the coefficient of bottom friction. Peak vorticity was found to be a good predictor of oscillation periods for unstable jet modes.
The Potential of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon-Sulfur Alloys for Absorber Materials in Photovoltaic Devices

The group VI element, sulfur, is an inefficient donor in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). The compensation by sulfur donors of the p-type conductivity obtained with diborane in a-Si:H provides additional evidence of the role of sulfur as a donor. By adding equal amounts of diborane and hydrogen sulfide in the plasma the dark conductivity at room temperature can be reduced by one to two orders of magnitude compared to the corresponding p-type a-Si:H with the same boron concentration. Unlike phosphorus doping, a portion of the sulfur-related donors is passivated by hydrogen in the annealed state. This passivated portion can be rendered electrically active by optical excitation. This effect is similar to that which has been called persistent photoconductivity (PPC) and occurs in some compensated samples of a-Si:H and in some multilayer structures. The PPC effect has the opposite effect on both the photo- and dark conductivities from the Staebler-Wronski effect. For this reason it is possible to find an appropriate S/Si ratio where the two effects cancel as far as the conductivity is concerned. For an appropriate concentration of S in “intrinsic” a-Si:H one can obtain samples with high photoconductivity and essentially no degradation in either the dark or the photo-conductivities upon prolonged optical excitation (light soaking). These results suggest that at least the majority carriers are unaffected; however, it remains unclear what effect this second metastability will have on the minority carriers, and hence on PV device applications. The general idea that the addition of a second metastability to hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) might counteract the deleterious consequences of the Staebler-Wronski effect is presented.
Single-Submerged Attached Growth Bioreactor for Simultaneous Removal of Organics and Nitrogen

The use of a single-unit, single-zone submerged attached growth bioreactor (SAGB) for the combined removal of carbonaceous organics and nitrogen from a municipal wastewater was demonstrated. A nitrification efficiency of 97% was achieved at a total organic loading of 3.47 kg bCOD∕ m3 day . The total nitrogen loading varied from 0.2 to 0.3 kg N∕ m3 day and resulted in effluent total nitrogen concentrations ranging from 4.2 to 8.5 mg∕L . Concurrent denitrification was achieved at rates ranging from 0.077 to 0.29 kg N∕ m3 day . This single-unit SAGB, by providing dual treatment capacities, represents a cost-effective option that is particularly attractive for facilities with limited space and budget for system upgrade.
Maki analysis of spin-polarized tunneling in an oxide ferromagnet

Spin-polarized tunneling data on ${\mathrm{La}}_{2/3}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}{/\mathrm{S}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{O}}_{3}/\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}$ junctions have been analyzed in terms of numerical solutions to Maki's equations which include the effects of orbital depairing, the Zeeman splitting of the spin states, and spin-orbit scattering. We show that there are two solutions to these equations, and identify the correct solution. High quality fits to the data with these solutions yield a ${\mathrm{La}}_{2/3}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ spin polarization of $P=+72.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1%.$
Computed tomographic imaging of stapes implants.

Hypothesis:Computed tomographic (CT) imaging of stapes prostheses is inaccurate.Background:Clinical situations arise in which it would be helpful to determine the depth of penetration of a stapes prosthesis into the vestibule. The accuracy of CT imaging for this purpose has not been defined. This st
Canine acute radiation dermatitis, a survey of current management practices in North America

Acute radiation-induced dermatitis (ARID) is a common sequela of radiation therapy in dogs. There is no consensus regarding ARID management in human medicine and the standard of care in veterinary medicine has not been reported. The objective was to report the practice standards for ARID management in dogs in North America. The design used was a questionnaire survey. Fifty-eight private and university teaching veterinary hospitals were contacted, 54 participated. The topical and oral medications used to treat ARID, prevent or treat bacterial infection, control pain and the indications for and timing of treatment initiation were the outcome measures. A minority of facilities (4/54, 7.5%) use exactly the same protocol regarding all parameters. There was agreement (>75% of facilities) with respect to the general use of oral antibiotics (77.8%), the need for pain control (92.6%) and the use of tramadol for pain control (76%), although the details of their use varied widely. There is a divergence of opinions regarding all details of ARID management in dogs except the general use of oral antibiotics and pain control medications.
Therapy of osteogenesis imperfecta with synthetic salmon calcitonin

We evaluated the long-term use of synthetic salmon calcitonin in the management of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda and congenita. Forty-eight children, ranging in age from 6 months to 15 years, and two young adults, received synthetic salmon calcitonin 2 MRC units/kg three days a week and a daily oral calcium supplement of 230 to 345 mg. The annual fracture rate was decreased during calcitonin therapy as compared to the period preceding therapy. There was an increase in the ability of the patient to stand and move and in the subjective feeling of strength in the lower extremities during calcitonin therapy. There was also a significant improvement in radiographic bone density, as determined by the method of photodensitometry, in patients under 5 years of age. Long-term administration of synthetic salmon calcitonin may be beneficial to young children with osteogenesis imperfecta.
Effects of diarylsulfonylurea antitumor agents on the function of mitochondria isolated from rat liver and GC3/c1 cells

Abstract Diarylsulfonylureas, such as N -(4-chlorophenyl)aminocarbonyl-2,3-dihydro-1-indene-5-sulfonamide (LY186641, Sulofenur) and N -(4-chlorophenyl)aminocarbonyl-4-methylbenzene sulfonamide (LY181984), have been shown to be effective antitumor agents in a variety of in vivo and in vitro animal models. Their mechanism of action is unknown but does not appear to be the result of nonselective destruction of actively dividing cell populations. Mitochondria have been shown to accumulate Sulofenur and therefore may be targets of drug action. The purpose of these investigations was to examine the effects of a variety of diarylsulfonylureas in mitochondria and attempt to determine the relevance of these changes to antitumor activity. Many of the diarylsulfonylureas which were effective antitumor agents in animal models were also uncouplers of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. They increased state 4 respiration and dissipated the mitochondrial membrane potential in a concentration-related fashion. The mechanism of uncoupling aappeared to be related to a dissociable hydrogen ion as these molecules had p K a values that ranged from 6.0 to 6.2 and were highly lipophilic. Thus, the uncoupling action appears to be the result of hydrogen ion translocation. The mechanism of antitumor activity does not appear to be the result of uncoupling as no correlation was evident between inhibition of cell growth and uncoupling action of a variety of active and inactive diarylsulfonylureas. In vitro , Sulofenur is cytotoxic at high concentrations and inhibits cell growth at lower concentrations in the absence of any overt cell kill. The inhibition of cell growth also did not appear to be related to the uncoupling action of these drugs. In contrast, uncoupling may have played a partial role in the early, high exposure cell kill that can occur with these compounds.
Electrodeposition of indium phosphide

Abstract The electrodeposition of indium phosphide films has been achieved using a solution of In 2 O 3 in a quaternary NaPO 3 /KPO 3 / NaF/KF eutectic. Stable growth of coherent layers on CdS and [111] and [100] InP requires a current density in the range 1–3 mA cm -2 . The most promising applications of this method are in the preparation of polycrystalline deposits on inexpensive substrates such as nickel, for InP/CdS solar cells.
Liberationists, Clients, Activists: Queer Youth Organizing, 1966–2003

ABSTRACT The evolution of queer youth programs from 1966 to 2003 has been influenced by sexual ideologies (essentialism, existential constructivism, critical theory, gay liberation, and queer theory) that shape how groups address membership, participants' roles, understandings of sexual identities, coming-out, and ways of contesting homophobia. Group types (given with starting dates) include: radical grassroots groups (1966), advocating revolutionary change, community-based programs (1970s), offering emotional support and social services; school-based counseling programs (1984) countering victimization and harassment induced by homophobia; alternative schools (1985), providing separate and safe educational environments; Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) (circa 1989), encouraging the integration of all students; online forums (1990s) where anonymous dialogue reflects the diverse views of an ever-shifting membership; and at least one anti-homophobia education group (1993), supporting critical and queer discours...
A Krasnoselskii–Krein-type uniqueness result for fractional differential equations

Abstract In this paper, Krasnoselskii–Krein-type uniqueness and convergence of successive approximations is extended to fractional differential equations.
EINIC: an architecture for high bandwidth network I/O on multi-core processors

This paper proposes a new server architecture EINIC (Enhanced Integrated NIC) for multi-core processors to tackle the mismatch between network speed and host computational capacity. Similar to prior work, EINIC integrates a redesigned NIC onto a CPU. However, we extend the integrated NIC (INIC) to multicore platforms and examine its behaviors with the network receiving optimization. Additionally, by exploiting NICs proximity to CPUs, we also design an I/O-aware last level shared cache (LLC). Our I/O-aware design allows us to split the cache into an I/O cache and a general cache in a flexible way. It ameliorates cache interferences between network and non-network data. Our simulation results show that EINIC not only attacks the mismatch, but also ameliorates the cache interference.
Using Social Work Theory for the Facilitation of Friendships

Positive friendships are essential to human development and resilience. In spite of the importance of friendships, few social work models have been developed to help clients establish or maintain friendships. This article explores how clinical theories of social work, and their associated practice interventions, can guide social workers in helping their clients improve their friendship relationships.
Thermal volatilization properties of atmospheric nanoparticles.

Thermal volatilization is explored as a means of inferring the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol particles with diameters smaller than 10 nm (nanoparticles). Such particles contain too little mass for quantitative chemical determination by traditional analytical methods. Aerosols were subjected to increasing temperature in an oven and particle loss was measured as a function of temperature with the TSI model 3025 ultrafine condensation particle counter (UCPC), which is capable of counting particles with diameters as small as 3 nm. Particle nucleation was observed down stream of the oven when it was heated above about 400°C. To reduce this artifact, the sample air down stream of the oven was cooled to condense the hot gases and/or the freshly nucleated particles before they reached the UCPC. Controlled experiments were done with pure ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 particles. The experimental design was optimized based on the known concentration of pure (NH4)2SO4 particles vaporized in the oven and the diffusion of this material to the walls of the sampling tube before the particle counter.
Educational Attainment: A Model for Maximizing Earnings of the Nontraditional Student

Abstract This article documents a model for forecasting earnings of the nontraditional student based on macrolevel changes in educational attainment within the workforce using data from the U.S. Census Bureau. It also presents a theoretical case that illustrates the value of improving one's educational attainment level in order to sustain an annualized growth rate of earnings that exceeds the annualized historical inflation rate.
Regulation of Death-associated Protein Kinase STABILIZATION BY HSP90 HETEROCOMPLEXES

Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) has been found associated with HSP90, and inhibition of HSP90 with 17-alkylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin reduced expression of DAPK. These results were extended to determine whether the degradation of DAPK in the absence of HSP90 activity is dependent on the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Our results show that treatment of cells with geldanamycin (GA) leads to degradation of DAPK, and this degradation is attenuated by the proteasome inhibitor, lactacystin. GA-induced DAPK degradation is also dependent on phosphorylation of DAPK at Ser308, and the cellular levels of phospho(Ser308)-DAPK dramatically increase in response to GA treatment. Expression of two distinct ubiquitin E3 ligases, carboxyl terminus of HSC70-interacting protein (CHIP) or DIP1/Mib1, enhanced DAPK degradation, and conversely, short interfering RNA depletion of either CHIP or DIP1/Mib1 attenuated DAPK degradation. In vitro ubiquitination assays confirmed that DAPK is targeted for ubiquitination by both CHIP and DIP. Consistent with these results, DAPK is found in two distinct immune complexes, one containing HSP90 and CHIP and a second complex containing only DIP1/Mib. Collectively, these results indicate that strict modulation of DAPK activities is critical for regulation of apoptosis and cellular homeostasis.
Distal and Proximal Religiosity as Protective Factors for Adolescent and Emerging Adult Alcohol Use

Data from emerging adults (ages 18–29, N = 900) in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Study was used to examine the influence of childhood and emerging adult religiosity and religious-based decision-making, and childhood adversity, on alcohol use. Childhood religiosity was protective against early alcohol use and progression to later abuse or dependence, but did not significantly offset the influence of childhood adversity on early patterns of heavy drinking in adjusted logistic regression models. Religiosity in emerging adulthood was negatively associated with alcohol use disorders. Protective associations for religiosity varied by gender, ethnicity and childhood adversity histories. Higher religiosity may be protective against early onset alcohol use and later development of alcohol problems, thus, should be considered in prevention programming for youth, particularly in faith-based settings. Mental health providers should allow for integration of clients’ religiosity and spirituality beliefs and practices in treatment settings if clients indicate such interest.
Emergency airway management in penetrating neck injury

Abstract Study objectives: Airway management in the context of penetrating neck injury is a challenging scenario. Management decisionmaking has not been well studied and the initial airway approach remains controversial. We examined various initial emergency airway techniques and their success in the setting of penetrating neck trauma. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of emergency department intubations in penetrating neck injury from January 1, 1993, to December 31, 1996, at a Level I trauma center. Cases of out-of-hospital traumatic arrest or out-of-hospital intubation were excluded. Successful airway management was defined as endotracheal tube placement confirmed by clinical evaluation, pulse oximetry, chest radiography, and end-tidal CO 2 detection. Results: During the study period, 748 consecutive patients with penetrating neck injury were evaluated in the ED. Of these, 82 (11%) were deemed to require immediate airway management. Twenty-four of the 82 were excluded because of out-of-hospital traumatic arrest or out-of-hospital intubation, resulting in a study population of 58 patients. Of these 58 patients, 39 had initial rapid sequence intubation using succinylcholine with a 100% success rate. Five comatose patients had successful orotracheal intubation without paralysis, and 2 patients underwent successful emergency tracheostomy. The remaining 12 patients had initial fiberoptic intubation by otolaryngology clinicians, which was unsuccessful in 3 patients. All 3 of these patients were subsequently successfully orotracheally intubated using the rapid sequence intubation technique. Therefore, oral endotracheal intubation was the definitive method of airway management in 47 (81%) of the 58 patients and was successful in all cases. Conclusion: Rapid sequence intubation was the most commonly performed initial technique by emergency physicians and was safe and effective in all cases attempted. Furthermore, rapid sequence intubation methodology resulted in successful intubation of the fiberoptic intubation failures. Physicians with airway expertise should consider using rapid sequence intubation as an initial airway technique in managing patients with penetrating neck injury who require airway control. [Mandavia DP, Qualls S, Rokos I. Emergency airway management in penetrating neck injury. Ann Emerg Med . March 2000;35:221-225.]
Nitrite stabilization of lipids in cured pork

Peroxidation studies indicated that phospholipids, microsomes and mitochondria from cured pork samples are less susceptible to metmyoglobin/hydrogen peroxide-catalyzed peroxidation than their counterparts from nitrite-free pork samples. The reaction of phospholipids and polyunsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters with dinitrogen trioxide increased their stability to peroxidative changes. Phospholipids from cured pork and those lipids reacted with dinitrogen trioxide were capable of nitrosating a secondary amine. These data, together with infrared analyses, indicate that nitrite or dinitrogen trioxide reacts with unsaturated lipids to form nitro-nitroso derivatives, thus stabilizing the lipids toward peroxidation changes. This mechanism can, in part, explain the antioxidant role of nitrite in cured meats.