cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal synthesis and radiolabelling of the sorghum 3‐deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins and the anthocyanin, cyanidin 3‐dimalonyl glucoside

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) synthesizes a complex mixture of 3-deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins in response to inoculation with the non-pathogenic fungus Bipolaris maydis. The anthocyanin cyanidin 3-dimalonyl glucoside, is also synthesized naturally in response to light. To determine the order and time of appearance of these compounds, etiolated sorghum mesocotyls were inoculated with B. maydis and tissue extracts were analysed by photodiode array-HPLC every 2 h for the first 24 h and at 48 h post inoculation (hpi). Uninoculated and inoculated etiolated mesocotyls were also allowed to incorporate L-[U-14C] phenylalanine. Apigeninidin appeared at 10 hpi, followed by luteolinidin and apigeninidin 5-O-arabinoside at 14 hpi. Luteolinidin 5-methylether was not detected until 18 hpi and apigeninidin 7-methylether not until 20 hpi. The concentrations of the primary phytoalexins, apigeninidin, luteolinidin and apigeninidin 5-O-arabinoside, rose steadily between 12 and 24 hpi, and the levels of apigeninidin and luteolinidin were approximately equivalent by 24 hpi. However, between 24 and 48 hpi luteolinidin and luteolinidin 5-methylether accumulated rapidly so that by 48 hpi the amounts of luteolinidin and luteolinidin 5-methylether had increased approximately twofold. Radiolabelling also showed that 14C was incorporated into the 3-deoxyanthocyanidins and cyanidin 3-dimalonyl glucoside. Several other unidentified phenolic compounds also accumulated radioactivity.
Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy and Urinary Diversion: Status in 2006

Abstract Objectives To discuss the perioperative outcomes and oncologic data of laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) and urinary diversion in the treatment of invasive or high-risk superficial bladder cancer. Methods The authors describe their established technique, report their personal experience, review the current worldwide experience, and discuss perspectives concerning LRC and urinary diversion for bladder cancer. Results Data reviewed suggest that the laparoscopic approach to radical cystectomy contributes to less blood loss, decreased postoperative pain, and somewhat quicker recovery. Complication rates appear similar to the open approach. Extracorporeal performance of the bowel work and ureteroileal anastomoses have resulted in decreased operative times. A median of 21 lymph nodes were retrieved after laparoscopic extended pelvic lymphadenectomy. In 37 patients, estimated 5-yr overall and cancer-specific survival rates were 63% and 92%, respectively . No port-site metastases or local recurrences were noted. Conclusions LRC with extracorporeal urinary reconstruction is emerging as a viable alternative to open radical cystectomy while minimising patient morbidity. Intermediate oncologic outcomes are encouraging and comparable to those of open series.
Economic and Environmental Impact Analyses of Solid Acid Catalyzed Isoparaffin/Olefin Alkylation in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

HYSYS-based process simulation was accomplished for a recently reported 1-butene + isobutane alkylation concept that employs SiO2-supported Nafion catalyst in dense CO2 media to obtain stable C8 alkylates production (solid acid/CO2 process). Semiquantitative economic and environmental impact assessments were conducted for this novel process design along with comparative assessments for a conventional sulfuric acid catalyzed alkylation process (at equivalent production capacities). The simulations are commercial scale and are based on available data and reasonable process assumptions. The total capital investment of the solid acid/CO2 process is approximately 20−30% higher than that of the sulfuric acid process. Sensitivity analysis shows that, if the olefin space velocity can be increased by a factor of 4 from the base-case value while maintaining the same C8 alkylate productivity, the total capital investments along with the utility and chemical costs would be nearly the same for both processes. The envi...
In Situ Optical Investigations of Hypervelocity Impact Induced Dynamic Fracture

One of the prominent threats in the endeavor to develop next-generation space assets is the risk of space debris impact in earth’s orbit and micrometeoroid impact damage in deep space. To date, there is no study available which concentrates on the analysis of dynamic crack growth from hypervelocity impacts on such structures, resulting in their eventual catastrophic degradation. Experiments conducted using a unique two-stage light-gas gun facility have examined the in situ dynamic fracture of brittle polymers subjected to this high-energy-density event. Optical techniques of caustics and photoelasticity, combined with high-speed photography, analyze crack growth behavior of Mylar and Homalite 100 thin plates after impact at velocities ranging from 3 to 7 km/s (7,000–15,500 mph). Results indicate that even under extreme impact conditions of out-of-plane loading, highly localized heating, and energetic impact phenomena involving plasma formation and ejecta, the dynamic fracture process occurs during a deformation regime dominated by in-plane loading.
Inactivation of two-electron reduced medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase by 2-octynoyl-CoA

The acetylenic thioester, 2-octynoyl-CoA, inactivates medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase from pig kidney by two distinct pathways depending on the redox state of the FAD prosthetic group. Inactivation of the oxidized dehydrogenase occurs with labeling of an active site glutamate residue and elimination of CoASH. Incubation of the reduced dehydrogenase with 2-octynoyl-CoA rapidly forms a kinetically stable dihydroflavin species which is resistant to reoxidation using trans-2-octenoyl-CoA, molecular oxygen, or electron transferring flavoprotein. The reduced enzyme derivative shows extensive bleaching at 446 nm with shoulders at 320 and 380 nm. Denaturation of the reduced derivative in 80% methanol yields a mixture of products which was characterized by HPLC, by uv/vis, and by radiolabeling experiments. Approximately 20% of the flavin is recovered as oxidized FAD, about 40% is retained covalently attached to the protein, and the remainder is distributed between several species eluting after FAD on reverse-phase HPLC. The spectrum of one of these species ressembles that of a N(5)-C(4a) dihydroflavin adduct. These data suggest that a primary reduced flavin species undergoes various rearrangements during release from the protein. The possibility that the inactive modified enzyme represents a covalent adduct between 2-octynoyl-CoA and reduced flavin is discussed. Analogous experiments using enzyme substituted with 1,5-dihydro-5-deaza-FAD show rapid and quantitative reoxidation of the flavin by 0.5 eq of 2-octynoyl-CoA.
OPTIMAL COORDINATE REPRESENTATIONS FOR PARTICLE REACTIONS.

Abstract It is desirable to find coordinate representations for particle reactions which are optimally convenient in terms of the simplicity of the relationship between observables and the bilinear products of invariant amplitudes, and in terms of the constraints imposed by symmetry laws. In addition, one also wants compatibility with experimentally convenient coordinates. The types of coordinate systems satisfying the above requirements are constructed. It is shown that if all spacial symmetry operations are considered, the only simple coordinate system is the l , m , n , system of Csonka, Moravcsik and Scadron. With a more modest set of symmetries, however, such as P , T , and PT , other systems are also suitable which might be more convenient from an experimental point of view.
Observation of a remarkable temperature effect in the hydrogen bonding structure and dynamics of the CN(-)(H2O) cluster.

The CN−(H2O) cluster represents a model diatomic monohydrate with multiple solvation sites. We report joint experimental and theoretical studies of its structure and dynamics using temperature-controlled photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and ab initio electronic structure calculations. The observed PES spectra of CN−(H2O) display a remarkable temperature effect, namely that the T = 12 K spectrum shows an unexpectedly large blue shift of 0.25 eV in the electron binding energy relative to the room temperature (RT) spectrum. Extensive theoretical analysis of the potential energy function (PEF) of the cluster at the CCSD(T) level of theory reveals the existence of two nearly isoenergetic isomers corresponding to H2O forming a H-bond with either the C or the N atom, respectively. This results in four topologically distinct minima, i.e., CN−(HaOHb), CN−(HbOHa), NC−(HaOHb), and NC−(HbOHa). There are two main pathways connecting these minima: (i) CN− tumbling relative to water and (ii) water rocking relative to CN...
Chemically induced mutations observed as mosaics in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract This study shows that 2 commonly held explanations for mosaics induced by treating postmeiotic spermatozoa with chemical mutagens are incosistent with an analysis of the percent of mutant tissue produced in the F 1 . The first model tested assumes that mosaics are the results of altering one strand of the DNA double helix so that there will be an equal number of mutant and nonmutant nuclei following semiconservative replication. The second model assumes that alkylation of a base in DNA will cause a fixed probability of base pairing mistakes and may produced a mutation at any replication. In phage the probability of mispairing following alkylation is low so that a mutation likely occurs only once in 8 replications; therefore, most of the mutations are fixed after the first 2 divisions. If Drosophila is similar to phage, the mean frequency of mutant nuclei and the frequency distribution of mosaics by class of percent mutant tissue will be distinctly different for the 2 models. Males were fed ethyl methanesulfonate and mutations were detected in the F 1 by the specific locus method at the yellow ( y ) and white w loci. Agreement between this experiment and previous work with mosaics produced by chromosome aberrations was found in that the germ line developed from a small sample of poorly mixed nuclei that was independent of the phenotype of head and thorax. The latter finding allowed a selection of mosaics to be made independent of the germ line, and a method of analysis was developed for flies selected because they were mosaic in the head or thorax. Analyses of results from the eye mosaics in this experiment and from 3 experiments with the dumpy (dp) locus previously reported by others but not analyzed in this was were inconsistent with both original models. The average percent of mutant phenotype among the yellow mosaic observed in this experiment was also found inconsistent with both original models, and a frequency distribution of mosaics classified by percent of mutant tissue was inconsistent with both original models and a combination of the two; therefore, both of our initial models and a combination of the two were rejected. The data are consistent with delayed mutation in which an alkylated base has about a 50% probability of mispairing at each replication and producing a fixed mutation or with a multistranded model in which the postmeiotic eukaryote chromosome contains 2 parallel DNA molecules for each locus.
Calcified Bicuspid Aortic Valve Mass Prolapsing Into the Left Main Coronary Artery

We report a case of a mobile calcific mass on the aortic valve that prolapsed into the left main coronary artery of a 51-year-old man. This case and a review of the literature suggest that calcific embolization to coronary arteries is a rare but possibly underrecognized complication of calcitied degenerative or bicuspid aortic valves. This potentially catastrophic complication of calcified aortic valves needs to be suspected and recognized in clinical practice.
Degradation of Heterotrimeric Gαo Subunits via the Proteosome Pathway Is Induced by the hsp90-specific Compound Geldanamycin

One mechanism utilized by cells to maintain signaling pathways is to regulate the levels of specific signal transduction proteins. The compound geldanamycin (GA) specifically interacts with heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) complexes and has been widely utilized to study the role of hsp90 in modulating the function of signaling proteins. In this study, we used GA to demonstrate that levels of heterotrimeric Galpha subunits can be regulated through interactions with hsp90. In a dose-dependent manner, GA significantly reduced the steady state levels of endogenous Galpha(o) expression in two cell lines (PC12 and GH3) and had a similar effect on Galpha(o) transiently expressed in COS cells. Galpha(o) synthesis and degradation was studied in PC12 cells and in transiently transfected COS cells. (35)S labeling followed by immunoprecipitation demonstrated no effect of GA on the rate of Galpha(o) synthesis, but GA accelerated degradation of Galpha(o) in both PC12 cells and COS cells. The use of inhibitors, including lactacystin (a proteosome-specific inhibitor), suggests that Galpha(o) is predominantly degraded through the proteosome pathway. In vitro translated (35)S-labeled Galpha(o) could be detected in hsp90 immunoprecipitates, and this interaction did not require N-terminal myristoylation. Taken together, these results suggest that heterotrimeric Galpha(o) subunits are protected from degradation by interaction with hsp90 and that the interaction of Galpha subunits with heat shock proteins may be a general mechanism for regulating Galpha levels in the cell.
Application of Max-SAT-based ATPG to optimal cancer therapy design

Cancer and other gene related diseases are usually caused by a failure in the signaling pathway between genes and cells. These failures can occur in different areas of the gene regulatory network, but can be abstracted as faults in the regulatory function. For effective cancer treatment, it is imperative to identify faults and select appropriate drugs to treat the faults. In this paper, we present an extensible Max-SAT based automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) algorithm for cancer therapy. This ATPG algorithm is based on Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) and utilizes the stuck-at fault model for representing signaling faults. A weighted partial Max-SAT formulation is used to enable efficient selection of the most effective drug. Several usage cases are presented for fault identification and drug selection. These cases include the identification of testable faults, optimal drug selection for single/multiple known faults, and optimal drug selection for overall fault coverage. Experimental results on growth factor (GF) signaling pathways demonstrate that our algorithm is flexible, and can yield an exact solution for each feature in much less than 1 second.
Experimental studies on water strider mating dynamics: spatial variation in density and sex ratio

We used field surveys, field experiments and experiments in artificial pools to study the effects of variation in sex ratio and density on mating dynamics of a stream water strider, Aquarius remigis. Our field survey documented the existence of “hot spots”, sites of higher than average total gerrid density, a male-biased sex ratio, and higher than average female mating activity. Female gerrids frequently changed sites, usually moving upstream, perhaps to spread their eggs among many sites. Male gerrids showed two movement strategies: some males frequently changed sites, while other males were stationary at hot spots. Surprisingly, smaller males tended to be stationary at hot spots. A field manipulation of the availability of refuges for females to avoid harassment by males supported the notion that males prefer hot spots because they are sites where a scarcity of refuge for females makes it relatively easy for males to intercept females. Experiments in plastic pools compared sites with 20 males: 5 females (simulating hot spots) to pools with 5 males: 5 females. The rate of male harassment of females was higher in 20:5 pools as compared to 5:5 pools. In response to increased male harassment, females reduced their activity on the water and increased their time spent out of the water and thus unable to forage. Males showed a large male mating advantage (LMMA) in 5:5 pools, but, surprisingly, not in 20: 5 pools. This pattern can explain the field observation that small males prefer hot spots. A behavioral mechanism that can explain the LMMA is as follows. Mating occurs when males overcome female resistance. Larger males have a mating advantage over smaller males if females resist heavily. Increased harassment (e.g., in 20:5 pools as compared to 5:5 pools) might result in reduced female resistance to males and thus a reduced LMMA. Females also showed some non-random mating by size that might reflect an interplay between male preference for large females and the avoidance of males by large females.
The effect of impurities on calculated activity in the triple-to-double coincidence ratio liquid scintillation method

In the triple-to-double coincidence ratio (TDCR) method of liquid scintillation counting, unaccounted or improperly accounted impurities can result in lower-than-expected or higher-than-expected recovered activities, depending on the counting efficiency of the nuclide of interest, the counting efficiency of the radionuclidic impurity, and the amount of impurity present. We describe these general dependences using a simple model. The trends predicted by the model are tested experimentally using a series of mixed (241)Am/(3)H and (63)Ni/(3)H sources. An "impurity surface" is derived to facilitate an intuitive grasp of impurity phenomena in TDCR.
Exploring the Affective Inner Experiences of Therapists in Training: The Qualitative Interaction between Session Experience and Session Content.

Thirty-four 1st-year counseling students recorded their inner experiences following a simulated counseling session. Using a qualitative collective case study approach to extract emotion from a large pool of inner experience, 6 judges identified samples of affect through a triangulation process using intensity, extreme, and critical case sampling and then coded them into naturally occurring core ideas and domains. Affective experiences in the inner experiences were found frequently and were often quite intense. Affect was verbally suppressed and was mostly not noticeable on the audiocassettes. Four predominant affective themes emerged from the inner experiences: anger/frustration, disappointment/regret, anxiety/fear, and happiness/excitement.
Coherent quantum logic

The von Neumann quantum logic lacks two basic symmetries of classical logic, that between sets and classes, and that between lower and higher order predicates. Similarly, the structural parallel between the set algebra and linear algebra of Grassmann and Peano was left incomplete by them in two respects. In this work a linear algebra is constructed that completes this correspondence and is interpreted as a new quantum logic that restores these invariances, and as a quantum set theory. It applies to experiments with coherent quantum phase relations between the quantum and the apparatus. The quantum set theory is applied to model a Lorentz-invariant quantum time-space complex.
Abstract 3627: Targeted delivery of gelonin to claudin-expressing cancer cells and use of activatable cell penetrating peptides to enhance potency

Treatment of tumors with macromolecular toxins directed to cytoplasmic targets requires selective endocytosis followed by release of intact toxin from the endosome/lysosome compartment. The latter step remains a particular challenge. Claudins 3 and 4 are tight junction proteins that are over-expressed in many types of tumors. Although their functional role in cancer progression remains unclear, the differential expression of these proteins between tumor and normal cells, in addition to their membrane localization, makes them prime candidates for targeted cancer therapy. This study utilized the C-terminal 30 amino acid fragment of C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), that binds to claudins 3 and 4, to deliver the toxin gelonin (rGel) and examined a new strategy for enhancing delivery to the cytoplasm. CPE was fused to rGel at its N-terminal end via a flexible G4S linker. This molecule was internalized into vesicles from which location it produced little cytotoxicity. Arginine-rich peptides have been extensively used to enhance cellular uptake of various types of cargo, and there is a reasonable presumption that they can deliver cargo out of subcellular compartments as well. To enhance release from the endosomal/lysosomal compartment a poly-arginine sequence (R9) was introduced between the CPE and the rGel. CPE-R9-rGel was 10-fold more cytotoxic but selectivity for claudin-expressing cells was lost. Given that the R9 moiety was so effective at enhancing uptake, we reasoned that it would likely also be good at releasing rGel from the compartment into which CPE delivered it. However, to make use of the R9 sequence in this manner it is necessary to mask the R9 until after CPE-mediated and claudin-dependent endocytotic uptake. To this end an E9-G4S-R9-rGel fusion protein was produced and tested for cytotoxicity. The addition of the E9 through a G4S linker to R9-rGel increased the IC50 by 5.3-fold from 38 to 202 nM indicating that the inhibitory E9 domain can largely neutralize the R9. Addition of CPE to the E9-G4S-R9-rGel fusion protein further reduced the IC50 to 482 nM consistent with the concept that the CPE directs the CPE-E9-G4S-R9-rGel to intracellular vesicles from which it has difficulty in fully escaping. However, addition of endosomolytic reagent chloroquine at a non-toxic concentration increased the inhibition of growth produced by 31.25 nM CPE-E9-G4S-R9-rGel from 10% to 76%. Thus, while CPE provides targeting to claudin-expressing tumor cells, R9 plus chloroquine provide a mechanism for getting out of intracellular compartment, and E9 offers an approach to masking the non-specific toxicity of R9-rGel. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3627. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3627
Surgical management of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.

Abstract Ten of 11 patients were successfully operated upon for severely symptomatic idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). The operative techniques utilized were myotomy in 9 patients, myotomy and mitral valve replacement in 1 patient, and mitral valve replacement alone in 1 patient. Intraoperative and late postoperative measurement of gradients have shown abolition of or a marked decrease in gradients in 8 patients studied. With 1 exception, all 10 survivors are now in N.Y.H.A. Functional Class I or II. One patient suffers from persistent left heart failure and remains in Class IV. Significant mitral insufficiency was abolished by operation in all but 1 patient. Myotomy is an effective and safe operative technique in the treatment of IHSS. Mitral valve replacement should be undertaken if myotomy does not relieve obstruction.
Management of the irradiated bronchus after lobectomy for lung cancer

Abstract Background Radiation effects make operative dissection difficult, impair subsequent healing, and increase morbidity. This study evaluates tissue reinforcement of the irradiated bronchus as a modality to reduce morbidity after lobectomy for lung cancer. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients who had preoperative radiotherapy before lobectomy for lung cancer between May 1977 and June 2000. Results There were 56 patients (33 men and 23 women) who ranged in age from 42 to 80 years (median, 59 years). Bronchial stump reinforcement included no coverage in 24 patients (42.8%), mediastinal tissue (parietal pleura, pericardial fat, or azygos vein) in 16 (28.6%), and muscle (serratus anterior) in 16 (28.6%). Median preoperative radiation dose was 4,600 cGy (range, 3,000 to 9,810 cGy) and did not differ between the groups. There were three deaths (13%) in the no coverage group, one (6%) in the mediastinal tissue group, and one (6%) in the muscle group (NS). Pulmonary complication rate was 67% in the no coverage group, 44% in the mediastinal group, and 25% in the muscle group ( p = 0.03). Median duration of chest tube drainage was 8 days in the no coverage group, 6 days in the mediastinal group, and 5 days in the muscle group ( p = 0.006). Median hospital stay was 13 days in the no coverage group, 9 days in the mediastinal group, and 7 days in the muscle group ( p = 0.02). Patients in the muscle group had reduced hospital stay, duration of chest tube drainage, and pulmonary complications compared with the other two groups ( p p = NS). Follow-up was complete and ranged from 4 to 147 months (median, 17 months). Conclusions Tissue reinforcement of the irradiated bronchus after lobectomy reduces postoperative morbidity and hospitalization. Transposition muscle flap may be preferred.
Dynamic phase based model of Type 1 wind generator for unbalanced operation

Dynamic phasor representation which is defined based on the Fourier series representation is capable of capturing the behavior of a system contained with different frequency components. This makes it ideal candidate for power electronics circuit modeling and machine modeling under unbalanced conditions. This paper deals with modeling of Type 1 wind generator for unbalanced operation using dynamic phasor representation. More detailed insight of the system is achieved through small signal analysis.
The complete amino acid sequence of bovine liver catalase and the partial sequence of bovine erythrocyte catalase

Abstract The data upon which the sequence of the 506 residues in the subunit of bovine liver catalase (BLC) is based are presented in detail. A partial sequence of bovine erythrocyte catalase (BEC) which accounts for 493 residues shows complete concordance with the BLC data. On the other hand, BEC has at least 517 residues, that is, an extension beyond the C terminus of the BLC data. Although normally BLC has only 506 residues, there is evidence that, at some point in its history, it also had the C-terminal extension. It is speculated that this extension is lost in BLC either through a different processing of the molecule in liver than in erythrocytes or by partial degradation in the first stages of catabolism.
Students distracted by electronic devices perform at the same level as those who are focused on the lecture.

Background. Little is known about the characteristics of internet distractions that students may engage in during lecture. The objective of this pilot study is to identify some of the internet-based distractions students engage in during in-person lectures. The findings will help identify what activities most commonly cause students to be distracted from the lecture and if these activities impact student learning. Methods. This study is a quasi-experimental pilot study of 26 students from a single institution. In the current study, one class of third-year students were surveyed after a lecture on special needs dentistry. The survey identified self-reported utilization patterns of “smart” devices during the lecture. Additionally, twelve quiz-type questions were given to assess the students’ recall of important points in the lecture material that had just been covered. Results. The sample was comprised of 26 students. Of these, 17 were distracted in some form (either checking email, sending email, checking Facebook, or sending texts). The overall mean score on the test was 9.85 (9.53 for distracted students and 10.44 for non-distracted students). There were no significant differences in test scores between distracted and non-distracted students (p = 0.652). Gender and types of distractions were not significantly associated with test scores (p > 0.05). All students believed that they understood all the important points from the lecture. Conclusions. Every class member felt that they acquired the important learning points during the lecture. Those who were distracted by electronic devices during the lecture performed similarly to those who were not. However, results should be interpreted with caution as this study was a small quasi-experimental design and further research should examine the influence of different types of distraction on different types of learning.
Instability strain and shear band spacing in simple tensile/compressive deformations of thermoviscoplastic materials

Abstract We analyze the stability of homogeneous simple tensile/compressive deformations of an isotropic heat-conducting thermoviscoplastic bar by studying the growth of infinitesimal perturbations superimposed upon a homogeneous deformation. The smallest axial strain at which the superimposed perturbation has a positive initial growth rate is called the instability strain. Two criteria are used to determine the shear band spacing; (i) the wave number, ξ m , of the perturbation that has the maximum initial growth rate gives the spacing, L s = 2 π / ξ m , between adjacent shear bands, and (ii) L s = inf t 0 ⩾ 0 2 π / ξ m ( t 0 ) where t 0 is the time when the homogeneous solution is perturbed. It is found that the geometric softening/hardening significantly affects the instability strain and the value of L s . The effect of varying the thermal conductivity, the strain-rate hardening exponent and the average axial strain rate on L s has been delineated. It is found that L s ∝ ( nominal axial strain rate ) - 0.757 . However, for L s ∝ ( thermal conductivity ) χ ¯ , the value of χ ¯ strongly depends upon the strain rate hardening exponent m . No scaling law is found between L s and the Taylor–Quinney parameter. For L s ∝ ( specific heat ) χ , the value of χ depends upon the strain-rate hardening exponent m and increases monotonically with an increase in the value of m .
Bupivacaine and saline effects on articular cartilage.

Abstract Isotonic saline solution causes acute inhibition of 35 SO 4 incorporation into intact articular cartilage slices in vitro, but there is no evidence of ultrastructural damage to chondrocytes following treatment with bupivacaine or saline solution in vivo. Also, there is recovery of 35 SO 4 incorporation by 1–3 days following in vivo intraarticular administration of bupivacaine in saline solution to young pigs and adult dogs. There does not appear to be any contraindication to the use of intraarticular bupivacaine based on these findings.
596 LEVELS OF COPPER AND CERULOPLASMIN IN INFANTS FED TWO DIFFERENT FORMULAS

The serum levels of copper (Cu) and ceruloplasmin (Ce) of low-birth-weight infants (n=6) fed enriched formula (E) containing 0.2mg of copper/dl were compared to the levels in low-birth-weight infants (n=6) fed control formula (C) containing 0.06mg of copper/dl for a period of 29 days and were compared to the infants' postnatal and gestational age. At day 15 Cu levels in E and C infants were comparable while Ce levels were higher in E than C patients. Copper levels in an E twin were significantly higher than the C twinmate throughout the study period (days 1-29). Levels of ceruloplasmin remained elevated in the E twin following the termination of the study (day 29) when routine formula was fed to both infants. These data suggested that E formula enhances serum ceruloplasmin low-birth-weight infants compared to control formula. Supported in part by a University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center grant award and through research support through Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio.
Methyl bromide inhibits ripening and ethylene production in tomato ( lycopersicon esculentum mill.) fruit

Tomato fruit ripening and ethylene production were inhibited following treatment with methyl bromide (MB). Methyl bromide significantly delayed ripening initiation in mature-green (MG) fruit and retarded the rate of ripening of turning (T) fruit as measured by color development and flesh softening. Treatment with MB caused an initial transient burst of ethylene production, but the subsequent ripening-associated increase in ethylene was delayed. Ethylene treatment partially overcame MB inhibition in MG fruit but had no affect on T fruit. The inhibition of ethylene production by MB appears to be due to lack of formation of 1-aminocycloprone-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in MG fruit, whereas in T fruit lack of conversion of ACC to ethylene is indicated. A key feature of MB inhibition of ripening in tomato appears to be reduced sensitivity to ethylene.
Identification of potyviral amorphous inclusion protein as a nonstructural, virus-specific protein related to helper component

Antisera to amorphous inclusion (AI) proteins associated with infections by pepper mottle virus (PeMV) and the watermelon mosaic virus-1 strain of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-W) were used to probe in vitro translation products of the viral RNAs. The major translation product of PeMV RNA in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL) system was a previously reported polypeptide of apparent molecular weight 78,000 (Mr 78K). It reacted with anti-AI serum, whereas the major translation product in the wheat germ (WG) system was a 30K polypeptide that did not react with the antiserum. These results, the Mr values, and analyses of peptides generated by partial digestion with proteinase indicate that the amino acid sequences of the 30K polypeptide and the (Mr) 51K AI protein are distinct subsets of the 78K polypeptide amino acid sequence. Similar results were obtained with PRSV-W except that the Mr values of the corresponding translation products are 110K (RRL) and 60K (WG). Thus the 5'-most region of the PeMV and PRSV-W RNAs (corresponding to 78K and 110K, respectively) appears to encode two proteins rather than one as previously supposed on the basis of RRL translation products. Reciprocal serological tests revealed that the tobacco vein mottling virus aphid transmission helper component protein was related to AI protein. There is direct evidence that the AI represent another potyviral-coded nonstructural protein and the first evidence that a biologically functional protein is related to a component of a potyviral inclusion.
Corporate environmental strategies as tools to influence regulation

Corporate environmental initiatives have been attributed to a variety of different motives, including cost-cutting, marketing to ‘green’ consumers willing to pay extra for environmentally friendly products, and shaping future government regulation (including the possible preemption of regulation). Understanding what really motivates corporate environmentalism is important for policymakers, since the effectiveness of government environmental policies depends in large part on how corporations will respond to them. We focus on the welfare implications of two alternative strategies firms may use to shape government regulations: (i) attempting to preempt future legislation altogether or (ii) failing this, to soften the impact of new laws by inducing regulators to set relatively weak standards. We show that while the first sounds threatening to social welfare, it produces political cost savings that outweigh any weakening of environmental performance. The second motivation, however, raises corporate profits, but not by enough to outweigh the resulting loss of environmental quality. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Quantitative approaches to functional MRI: applications in epilepsy.

Summary: The application of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to elucidation of seizures and epilepsy has been built primarily upon a framework derived from cortical responses to periodic sensory (and cognitive) stimuli. This analytical approach relies upon assumptions that may be less applicable to the problem of seizure origination. Because of the heterogeneous and complex nature of seizures, a number of quantitative methodologies have been derived to understand fMRI changes that are associated with epileptiform neural activity. Separated broadly, these can be divided into those making some set of assumptions about the form of the MRI signal response to neural activation (the general linear model), and those that are data driven. It is likely that a combination of methodologies, where data driven methods are “informed” by knowledge of the underlying neurobiological process will provide the greatest insight into the underlying neurobiological basis of seizure origination.
Helium for Tomorrow

The Bureau of Mines helium program will assure an adequate supply of helium to meet present and future needs until about the year 2000. In addition to the production from our own plants, the Bureau will save about 62.5 billion cubic feet of helium under contracts with private plants that will extract helium from natural gas en route to fuel markets. We are saving this helium, which would otherwise be wasted uselessly into the atmosphere, in order that it can be used in the growth of our country. This is what conservation means in the Bureau of Mines as it relates to natural resources - not hoarding, but wise and efficient use.
Influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on Forecasts of Extreme Precipitation in the Contiguous United States

Abstract Extreme precipitation events are among the most devastating weather phenomena since they are frequently accompanied by loss of life and property. This study uses reforecasts of the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS.v1) to evaluate the skill of nonprobabilistic and probabilistic forecasts of extreme precipitation in the contiguous United States (CONUS) during boreal winter for lead times up to two weeks. The CFS model realistically simulates the spatial patterns of extreme precipitation events over the CONUS, although the magnitudes of the extremes in the model are much larger than in the observations. Heidke skill scores (HSS) for forecasts of extreme precipitation at the 75th and 90th percentiles showed that the CFS model has good skill at week 1 and modest skill at week 2. Forecast skill is usually higher when the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is active and has enhanced convection occurring over the Western Hemisphere, Africa, and/or the western Indian Ocean than in quiescent periods. HSS gre...
Nuclear Data Sheets for A=184

Abstract Detailed level schemes, and the experimental reaction and decay data on which they are based, are presented for all nuclei with mass number A=184. The experimental data are evaluated; inconsistencies and discrepancies are noted; and adopted values for level and gamma-ray energies, gamma intensities, as well as other nuclear properties are given. Additional radiation listings generated by the program MEDLIST§ are presented for 184 Ta β − -decay, 184 Re e-decay (38−d, 165−d), 184 Re IT-decay, and 184 Ir e-decay. These listings are given immediately following the usual E γ , I γ , etc., data sections and are based on these data. The MEDLIST output lists the recommended values for half-life, energies, absolute intensities (in % decay of the parent), and mean energy per decay for each of the atomic and nuclear radiations emitted by a radioactive atom. Only radiations with intensity >0.1% have been chosen for inclusion in the present listings. The content and tabular form of this output have been designed for the convenience of applied users.
Highly Efficient K0.15MnO2 Birnessite Nanosheets for Stable Pseudocapacitive Cathodes

In this paper, we reported a facile synthesis of Birnessite K0.15MnO2·0.43H2O nanosheets in a solution phase. The structural and electrochemical properties of the K0.15MnO2 nanosheets for supercapacitor (SC) reactions were studied, and a gravimetric capacitance of 303 F/g was obtained at a charge/discharge current of 0.2 A/g. Electrochemical kinetics showed that a non-Faradaic (electrical double layer) current existed throughout the charging potential range, while a dominant Faradaic (pseudocapacitive) current was observed at high and low potentials during anodic and cathodic scans, respectively. Asymmetric pseudocapacitive full-cells were constructed with both anodic and cathodic K0.15MnO2 composite materials and subjected to long-term galvanostatic charge/discharge analyses. A specific capacitance of 67.8 F/g was obtained for the cathodic K0.15MnO2 full-cells after 1000 cycles, with a capacitive retention of 87.8% and Coulombic and energy efficiencies of ∼100 and ∼90%, respectively. In situ X-ray absorp...
Facets of the linear ordering polytope

LetD n be the complete digraph onn nodes, and letP LO denote the convex hull of all incidence vectors of arc sets of linear orderings of the nodes ofD n (i.e. these are exactly the acyclic tournaments ofD n ). We show that various classes of inequalities define facets ofP LO , e.g. the 3-dicycle inequalities, the simplek-fence inequalities and various Mobius ladder inequalities, and we discuss the use of these inequalities in cutting plane approaches to the triangulation problem of input-output matrices, i.e. the solution of permutation resp. linear ordering problems.
Replication, reconfiguration, and the Argus mail repository

The Argus Distributed Mail Repository is being implemented to gain experience with a sizable distributed application, to experiment with techniques for building distributed applications that are highly available and scalable, and to evaluate the programming language Argus when used for such applications.This note briefly describes Argus, the goals for the distributed repository, the project's status, and experience to date with the system.
Inter-monomer electron transfer is too slow to compete with monomeric turnover in bc1 complex

Abstract The homodimeric bc 1 complexes are membrane proteins essential in respiration and photosynthesis. The ~ 11 A distance between the two b L -hemes of the dimer opens the possibility of electron transfer between them, but contradictory reports make such inter-monomer electron transfer controversial. We have constructed in Rhodobacter sphaeroides a heterodimeric expression system similar to those used before, in which the bc 1 complex can be mutated differentially in the two copies of cyt b to test for inter-monomer electron transfer, but found that genetic recombination by cross-over then occurs to produce wild-type homodimer. Selection pressure under photosynthetic growth always favored the homodimer over heterodimeric variants enforcing inter-monomer electron transfer, showing that the latter are not competitive. These results, together with kinetic analysis of myxothiazol titrations, demonstrate that inter-monomer electron transfer does not occur at rates competitive with monomeric turnover. We examine the results from other groups interpreted as demonstrating rapid inter-monomer electron transfer, conclude that similar mechanisms are likely to be in play, and suggest that such claims might need to be re-examined.
Claudin-7 Is Frequently Overexpressed in Ovarian Cancer and Promotes Invasion

Background: Claudins are tight junction proteins that are involved in tight junction formation and function. Previous studies have shown that claudin-7 is frequently upregulated in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) along with claudin-3 and claudin-4. Here, we investigate in detail the expression patterns of claudin-7, as well as its possible functions in EOC. Methodology/Principal Findings: A total of 95 ovarian tissue samples (7 normal ovarian tissues, 65 serous carcinomas, 11 clear cell carcinomas, 8 endometrioid carcinomas and 4 mucinous carcinomas) were studied for claudin-7 expression. In realtime RT-PCR analysis, the gene for claudin-7, CLDN7, was found to be upregulated in all the tumor tissue samples studied. Similarly, immunohistochemical analysis and western blotting showed that claudin-7 protein was significantly overexpressed in the vast majority of EOCs. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of claudin-7 in ovarian cancer cells led to significant changes in gene expression as measured by microarrays and validated by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Analyses of the genes differentially expressed revealed that the genes altered in response to claudin-7 knockdown were associated with pathways implicated in various molecular and cellular functions such as cell cycle, cellular growth and proliferation, cell death, development, and cell movement. Through functional experiments in vitro, we found that both migration and invasion were altered in cells where CLDN7 had been knocked down or overexpressed. Interestingly, claudin-7 expression was associated with a net increase in invasion, but also with a decrease in migration. Conclusion/Significance: Our work shows that claudin-7 is significantly upregulated in EOC and that it may be functionally involved in ovarian carcinoma invasion. CLDN7 may therefore represent potential marker for ovarian cancer detection and a target for therapy.
Plasma corticosterone levels during recovery from LiCl produced taste aversions.

In two experiments, rats drank sweetened milk while in a non-deprived state. After five presentations, the milk was paired with lithium chloride (LiCl). In Experiment 1 plasma levels of corticosterone were determined on the first day of recovery after flavor toxicosis. Under these nondeprived conditions, subjects avoided ingesting the sweetened milk. This avoidance behavior was not accompanied by an activation of the pituitary-adrenal system. In Experiment 2, following the flavor-toxicosis pairing, animals were deprived chronically of food and water and thus “forced” to ingest milk that had earlier been paired with LiCl. Forcing subjects to ingest the sweetened milk led to increased levels of plasma corticosterone. The results demonstrated the task generality of pituitary-adrenal activation during avoidance responding.
Continuous monitoring of volatile organic compounds in water using on-line membrane extraction and microtrap gas chromatography system

Abstract A method for continuous monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water is presented. The aqueous sample containing VOCs is passed through a hollow fiber membrane. The VOCs selectively migrate across the membrane into an inert gas stream. The VOCs are trapped and concentrated by a microtrap in front of the GC column. The retained VOCs are desorbed from the microtrap by an electrically generated temperature pulse. Rapid heating generates a concentration pulse of analytes which serves as an injection for chromatographic separation. Continuous monitoring is achieved by making a series of pulses (or injections) and corresponding to each pulse a chromatogram is obtained. This system showed excellent results for VOCs monitoring at trace levels. Detection limits for most VOCs were at the low ppb (μg/1) level.