cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dislocation structures in single-crystal tungsten and tungsten alloys

Deformation of tungsten single crystals as a function of strain, temperature, and alloying was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Single crystals oriented for (−101)[lll] slip were grown by electron beam zone refining. Compression specimens of tungsten, W-l and 3 pct Re and W-l and 3 pct Ta were deformed to 2 pct strain at 150°, 300°, and 590°K (0.04, 0.08, and 0.16T m). Specimens were also strained to 0.5 and 5.0 pct strain at 300°K. Transmission microscopy revealed that the dislocation substructures in single-crystal tungsten are similar to substructures in other refractory metals when compared on a homologous temperature basis. At temperatures greater than 0.1T m, the substructure is characterized primarily by edge dipoles. At temperatures less than 0.1T m, long screw dislocations lying parallel to the primary [111] slip direction characterize the substructure. Rhenium additions to tungsten promote formation of edge dipoles at temperatures of 300° and 150°K and increase dislocation density at all three temperatures. In addition, dislocations consistent with (1−12)[−111] slip were observed in the W-Re single crystals after deformation at 150°K. Tantalum additions had a lesser effect on the dislocation substructure compared to rhenium additions. The W-l and 3 pct Ta alloys exhibited higher dislocation densities than unalloyed tungsten after similar strains and, at 150°K, W-3 pct Ta contained a few dislocations consistent with (1−12)[−111] slip. It is concluded that the reduction in ductile-brittle transition temperature of poly crystalline tungsten containing dilute rhenium additions, 1 to 5 pct, can be attributed to an increase in dislocation mobility at temperatures less than 0.1 Tm.
Dynamic equilibrium between vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein monomers and trimers in the Golgi and at the cell surface.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that trimers of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G protein) are in rapid equilibrium with monomeric subunits after folding and assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To determine whether G protein trimers were in equilibrium with monomers in other cellular compartments, we studied heterotrimer formation between VSV G protein and a mutant G protein (G mu protein) containing a 3-amino-acid cytoplasmic domain replacing the normal 29-amino-acid domain. The G mu protein is transported from the ER much more slowly than G protein, although both G and G mu proteins form trimers rapidly in the ER. In coexpression experiments, we observed that VSV G protein molecules exited the ER about sixfold faster than G mu protein molecules, and we observed no heterotrimer formation in the ER, probably because of rapid reassortment of the mutant and wild-type trimers. However, heterotrimer formation between the two proteins was observed after long chase periods that allowed time for trimers of the mutant protein to reach the plasma membrane and reassort with the G protein subunits. Additional studies showed that heterotrimers of the two proteins could form in the Golgi or in the ER if exit of the G protein from either compartment was blocked.
Anomalous apical plasma membrane phenotype in CK8-deficient mice indicates a novel role for intermediate filaments in the polarization of simple epithelia

Previous results from our laboratory have indicated a requirement for CK intermediate filaments (IF) for the organization of the apical domain in polarized epithelial cells in culture. The results seemed to be challenged by the phenotype of cytokeratin (CK) 8-deficient mice, which comprises only colorectal hyperplasia, female sterility and a weaker hepatocyte integrity. In this work localization with anti-CK antibodies indicated that many Ck8-/- epithelia still form IF in CK8-deficient mice, perhaps because of the expression of the promiscuous CK7. In the small intestine, only villus enterocytes lacked IFs. These cells appeared to lose syntaxin 3, and three apical membrane proteins (alkaline phosphatase, sucrase isomaltase and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) as they progressed along the villus. At the distal third of the villi, gamma-tubulin was found scattered within the cytoplasm of enterocytes, in contrast to its normal sub-apical localization, and the microtubules were disorganized. These results could not be attributed to increased numbers of apoptotic or necrotic cells. The only other cell type we found without IFs in CK8 null mice, the hepatocyte, displayed increased basolateral levels of one apical marker (HA4), indicating a correlation between the lack of intermediate filaments and an apical domain phenotype. These data suggest a novel function for intermediate filaments organizing the apical pole of simple polarized epithelial cells.
Efficient use of induced strain actuators in aeroelastic active control

Consider a stacked actuator of nominal (free-stroke) displacement UISA, and internal stiffness k,. During static operation, the total induced energy, EISA, gets divided between the internal and external subsystems: part of it, Ee, is transmitted to the external application, while the rest, E, remains stored in the internal compressibility of the stack. The value of EISA, and its repartition between Ee and E1, depends on the stiffness ratio r = kik
The correlation between allergic rhinitis and sleep disturbance

Nasal congestion, a common symptom related to allergic rhinitis (AR), often is associated with poor sleep quality, leading to decreased learning ability, decreased productivity at work or school, and a reduced quality of life. The release of inflammatory mediators and activation of inflammatory cells results in nasal congestion, causing disrupted sleep and subsequent daytime somnolence. Therefore it is important to treat AR with medications that improve congestive symptoms without exacerbating sedation. Second-generation antihistamines and anticholinergic drugs are well tolerated but have little effect on congestion and therefore are limited in their ability to reduce AR-associated daytime somnolence. However, intranasal corticosteroids reduce congestion, improve sleep and sleep problems, and reduce daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and inflammation. Recently, montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, has joined the approved therapies for AR. Montelukast significantly improves both daytime and nighttime symptoms. AR treatment should endeavor to improve daytime and nighttime symptoms, sleep, and productivity, thereby improving quality of life.
Variable-resolution video moire error map system for inspection of continuously manufactured objects

Moire techniques can be a powerful tool to determine deviation of a manufactured shape from a desired shape. In a traditional moire system, distorted gratings on an object are viewed through an undistorted grating. The moire contours that result represent equal depth contours over the entire viewed surface. By generating the moire patterns in video, it is possible to view the distorted gratings on a test object through a set of gratings that has been distorted by a similar but perfect object. The output is then a set of moire contours that corresponds to the differences between the two surfaces. This difference or error map eliminates much of the unnecessary information generated in traditional moire inspection and thus becomes a valuable tool for comparisons between an imperfect test object and a manufacturing standard. We have developed a variable resolution video system for creating this error map using a Michelson interferometer to generate the gratings. We have successfully applied this system to damage detection on a long, continuous lengths of pipe by having two side-by-side cameras looking at different sections of pipe and also by having one camera's view filtered with a video-taped recording of an undamaged section of the pipe.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Diet Advice from DNA

The article explains how companies are offering DNA analysis that provides information about how a specific person should eat and exercise. However, the author suggests that the data regarding such tests is inconclusive and therefore these tests do no give accurate results. The article goes on to explain that nutrigenetic testing is not regulated by a government body because they do not diagnose illnesses. INSETS: KEY CONCEPTS;ARE INTERNET NUTRIGENETIC TESTS VALID?;GENES AS NUTRITIONISTS;CONSUMER CAVEATS
Pulmonary Vascular Filtration of Starch-Based Macromolecules: Effects on Lung Fluid Balance

Abstract Background: Pulmonary edema is a complication of critical care fluid management that may be restricted by the use of oncotically effective resuscitation fluids. Potentially beneficial oncotic properties of starch-based plasma volume expanders such as hetastarch (Het), pentafraction (Pen), and Dextran-70 (Dex) may be compromised by their broad range of molecular masses, some of which are small enough to filter from the circulation. Leakage of these molecules into the pulmonary interstitium may limit their oncotic effectiveness and enhance fluid filtration. We measured the filtration of these three resuscitation solutions into lung lymph to evaluate their oncotic contribution to pulmonary edema formation. Materials and Methods: Unanesthetized euvolemic adult sheep, prepared with chronic lung lymph fistulae, underwent plasma volume expansion with Het ( n = 6), Pen ( n = 6), or Dex ( n = 6 ) (6%, 35 ml/kg/90 min). Oncotic effectiveness was determined by measuring plasma and lymph oncotic pressures and the oncotic pressures contributed by each starch. Pulmonary hydrostatic pressures and lung lymph flows ( Q L ) were also measured. Results are expressed as means ± SEM. Comparisons were made by two-factor analysis of variance. Results: Dex contributed 9.0 ± 0.9 mmHg to the plasma oncotic pressure, significantly more than Het and Pen (5.3 ± 0.6, 6.5 ± 0.6 mmHg, respectively). However, Dex filtration also contributed 6.1 ± 0.5 mmHg to the lymph oncotic pressure, compared to 3.1 ± 0.3 and 4.7 ± 0.5 mmHg for Het and Pen, respectively ( P ≤ 0.05). Dex, Het, and Pen raised Q L over baseline by 7.7 ± 1.5, 4.3 ± 1.0, and 3.2 ± 0.7 ml/30 min, respectively ( P ≤ 0.05). Dex increased Q L significantly more than Het or Pen. Conclusions: Pen and Het demonstrated greater oncotic effectiveness because of restricted plasma-to-lymph macromolecular filtration and limited transvascular fluid flux. By comparison, Dex filtered rapidly and increased transvascular fluid filtration. Pen appears to possess filtration properties that optimize critical care fluid management compared to currently available colloid solutions such as Het and Dex.
Beyond 100 Gb/s Optical Transmission based on Coded Modulation and Coherent Detection

We present several two-dimensional and three-dimensional coded-modulation schemes enabling optical transmission well beyond 100-Gb/s, using commercial components operating at 40-Giga-symbols/s. The coded-modulation schemes include: bit-interleaved coded-modulation, multilevel-coding, and coded-OFDM; all three based on LDPC codes.
America in White, Black and Gray: The Stormy 1960s – By Klaus P. Fischer

This book begins with an unusual introduction in which the author informs the reader of his German birth during World War II, his “neurotic and self‐centered” mother, and his immigration to the Uni...
Sgs1 truncations induce genome rearrangements but suppress detrimental effects of BLM overexpression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract RecQ-like DNA helicases are conserved from bacteria to humans. They perform functions in the maintenance of genome stability, and their mutation is associated with cancer predisposition and premature aging syndromes in humans. Here, a series of C-terminal deletions and point mutations of Sgs1, the only RecQ-like helicase in yeast, show that the Helicase/RNase D C-terminal domain and the Rad51 interaction domain are dispensable for Sgs1's role in suppressing genome instability, whereas the zinc-binding domain and the helicase domain are required. BLM expression from the native SGS1 promoter had no adverse effects on cell growth and was unable to complement any sgs1Δ defects. BLM overexpression, however, significantly increased the rate of accumulating gross-chromosomal rearrangements in a dosage-dependent manner and greatly exacerbated sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. Co-expressing sgs1 truncations of up to 900 residues, lacking all known functional domains of Sgs1, suppressed the hydroxyurea sensitivity of BLM-overexpressing cells, suggesting a functional relationship between Sgs1 and BLM. Protein disorder prediction analysis of Sgs1 and BLM was used to produce a functional Sgs1–BLM chimera by replacing the N-terminus of BLM with the disordered N-terminus of Sgs1. The functionality of this chimera suggests that it is the disordered N-terminus, a site of protein binding and posttranslational modification, that confers species specificity to these two RecQ-like proteins.
Neurons containing calcitonin gene‐related peptide in the parabrachial nucleus project to the central nucleus of the amygdala

The source, distribution, and morphology of axons displaying calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the central amygdaloid nucleus of the adult rat were investigated with immunohistochemical techniques, both alone and in combination with retrograde transport of fluorescent tracers. An extremely dense plexus of CGRP-immunoreactive axons is differentially concentrated within the lateral capsular and lateral central subdivisions of the central nucleus, and much lighter concentrations of labeled fibers are present in the rostral part of the medial subdivision. No immunoreactive neurons were observed in the central nucleus in any of the experimental animals. The immunoreactive axons characteristically form prominent pericellular terminal arborizations surrounding unlabeled neurons. The number of cells receiving this dense input increases at caudal levels of the central nucleus. Retrograde label of central nucleus neurons by dye transport from injections into the pontine parabrachial nucleus and the nucleus of the tractus solitarius combined with CGRP immunohistochemistry established that many neurons in the central nucleus which receive dense pericellular innervation from CGRP-immunoreactive axons are projecting caudally to the parabrachial nucleus or, to a lesser extent, to the nucleus tractus solitarii. Central amygdaloid injections of rhodamine-labeled microspheres or fluorogold followed by immunohistochemical localization of cellular CGRP immunoreactivity revealed that the central amygdaloid CGRP fiber plexus originates bilaterally from the parabrachial nucleus. These multipolar CGRP-containing neurons are preferentially concentrated in the external medial and external lateral subnuclei, in the ventral aspect of the parabrachial nucleus. These results relating central amygdaloid CGRP to ascending and descending brainstem pathways, taken together with the extreme density of the fiber plexus, strongly suggest the relevance of the CGRP input to central nucleus function in cardiovascular and other autonomic regulation.
Neural Nets for Speech Recognition Advantages And Limitations

This paper reviews briefly two major pattern recognition algorithms for automatic speech recognition. The first algorithm is based on traditional classifiers such as the nearest neighbor. The second one is based on implementing artificial neural network models. A brief discussion of the limitations of each of the algorithms is presented.
Externalism and Token‐Identity

This study has two goals. The first is to identify three desiderata required for a successful defense of a version of nonreductive physicalism: semantic externalism, token-identity between mental and physical events, and nonrelational type-individuation of physical states. In this context, the paper also presents a refutation of recent challenges to content-externalism by those who attempt to resuscitate internalism by focusing on narrow content associated with the fundamental phenomenology, rather than the intentionality, of mental states. The second goal is to defend the token-identity thesis from Tyler Burge's argument to the effect that token-identity is incompatible with semantic externalism. An account is also offered as to why Burge's argument, albeit fallacious, might seem persuasive under a certain interpretation of possible worlds.
Complexing of DDT and o,p'DDD with adrenal cytochrome P-450 hydroxylating systems

Abstract The chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, DDT and o,p'DDD were examined to determine their influence on adrenocortical steroid biosynthesis. Steroid 11β- and 21-hydroxylation, and cholesterol side chain cleavage were inhibited to significant degrees when the pesticides were present in preparations of bovine adrenocortical mitochondrial or microsomal cytochrome P-450. Spectrophotometric studies show that spectra induced in bovine mitochondrial and microsomal cytochrome P-450 preparations closely resemble those induced in the same preparations by steroid substrates. The influence of these pesticides was also studied in adrenal glands from rats on diets containing small quantities of DDT. Steroid 11β-hydroxylation was markedly reduced in these studies as with in vitro studies with the partially purified bovine cytochrome P-450 system. The studies implicate an interaction between DDT or o,p'DDD and adrenocortical cytochrome P-450 which inhibits steroid hormone formation.
EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE AND THE PUBLIC PURSE

The issues raised in the article by Cornwell and colleagues 1 in this issue ofThe Journalare particularly poignant for Los Angeles County, with its 87 cities, population of 9.2 million, and a county budget in excess of those of 42 of the states. A closer look, however, reveals that there are lessons and portents for much of the rest of the United States. The threatened closure of a critical community medical resource in order to meet politically guided budgetary priorities at a time of enormous change in the financing and organization of health care is not a unique phenomenon in the United States today. There are unique circumstances in Los Angeles County. The population continues to grow as the arithmetic sum of major Euro-American flight, immigration dominated by the Pacific Rim countries, and a substantial birth rate, particularly among newly arrived groups. In 1994 there were 220 000
A general-purpose algorithm for analyzing concurrent programs

Developing and verifying concurrent programs presents several problems. A static analysis algorithm is presented here that addresses the following problems: how processes are synchronized, what determines when programs are run in parallel, and how errors are detected in the synchronization structure. Though the research focuses on Ada, the results can be applied to other concurrent programming languages such as CSP.
Interactional Synchrony and Rapport: Measuring Synchrony in Displays Devoid of Sound and Facial Affect

The validity of a rating paradigm used to measure relative degrees of movement coordination occurring within social interaction (i.e., interactional synchrony) was examined. Untrained judges viewed video clips from 60 dyads, each recorded in two interaction contexts. Two types of video displays were generated. In one condition, judges rated interactional synchrony from standard video. In the mosaic display condition, all features and fine detail that normally would provide a rich array of socially informative data (e.g., facial expressions and twitches) were removed by digitalizing the video image into a mosaic of monocolored blocks. The patterns of synchrony results generated from the two display conditions were virtually identical. Whereas the ratings of synchrony from standard displays could have been influenced by expressed affect and interest, such confounds were unlikely to influence ratings made using the silent mosaic displays.
Evaluation of TRMM Rain Estimates Using Ground Measurements over Central Florida

Abstract This study evaluates space-based rain estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite using ground-based measurements from the radar (GR) and tipping-bucket rain gauges (TG) over the TRMM Ground Validation (GV) site at Melbourne, Florida. The satellite rain products are derived from the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI), precipitation radar (PR), and combined (COM) rain algorithms using observations from both instruments. The TRMM satellite and GV rain products are spatiotemporally matched and are intercompared at multiple time scales over the 12-yr period from 1998 to 2009. On monthly and yearly scales, the TG agree excellently with the GR because the GR rain rates are generated using the TG data as a constraint on a monthly basis. However, large disagreements exist between the GR and TG at shorter time scales because of their significantly different spatial and temporal sampling modes. The yearly biases relative to the GR for the PR and TMI are generally negative, with a few e...
Cannabinoid pharmacology: implications for additional cannabinoid receptor subtypes.

Abstract Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of marijuana (Cannabis sativa), is known to bind to two cannabinoid receptors: CB1 receptors, located primarily in the brain, and CB2 receptors, located primarily in the periphery. Recent research has suggested that other cannabinoids, including anandamide and WIN 55,212-2, may also act at novel non-CB1, non-CB2 cannabinoid receptor(s). Anandamide produces a number of in vivo pharmacological effects in CB1 knockout mice that are not produced by Δ9-THC and cannot be explained by anandamide's rapid metabolism. In addition, in vitro anandamide and WIN 55,212-2 stimulate [35S]GTPγS binding in both CB1 knockout and wildtype mice while Δ9-THC stimulates this binding only in wildtype mice. Although anandamide and vanilloid agonists share pharmacological effects, anandamide's actions in CB1 knockout mice do not appear to be mediated by vanilloid VR1 receptors. While not yet conclusive, these results suggest the possibility of additional cannabinoid receptors in the brain and periphery.
Analytical solutions of flow and heat transfer in a porous structure with partial heating and evaporation on the upper surface

Abstract A porous structure with partial heating and evaporation on the upper surface is studied analytically. The liquid pressure and velocities are obtained by solving a Laplace-type equation for the porous structure. A perturbation method is applied for the temperature distribution with higher heat inputs, which consists of zeroth-order solution and a temperature correction. For the temperature correction, an approximate solution is derived using an integral formulation. The analytical solution obtained is useful for the evaporator performance and design of capillary pumped loops.
Direct quantum chemical integral evaluation

Performing quantum chemical integral evaluation directly, without recursion and without direct coupling of angular momenta according to the rotation group is analyzed. The rotation group limits the structure of these closed-form expressions. The result of all cross differentiation is a rotational invariant. Closed-form expressions are obtained for the general three- and four-center Gaussian integral. The solid harmonic addition formula can be used to express these integrals as sums of products of an exponent-independent (angular) factor and a molecular-orientation-independent (exponential) factor in a variety of ways. The results are products of two such factors summed over the set of distinct, relevant polynomials of the exponents. The coefficients of these polynomials, angular factors, are complicated but common to all n-center matrix elements and independent of any type of contraction. Derivatives must be obtained using the product rule. An implementation in the Solid Spherical Harmonic Gaussian (SSHG) computer code is outlined and preliminary comparison is made. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 81: 373–383, 2001
Active frequency tuning for micro resonators by localized thermal stressing effects

A method of active frequency tuning on comb-shape micro resonators has been successfully demonstrated by means of localized stressing effects. A mechanical beam structure that can be resistively heated to generate thermal stress, is integrated as part of the comb-shape micro resonator for frequency tuning. Experimentally, a frequency change up to 6.5% is measured for resonators with a central frequency at around 31 kHz. The required tuning power is 25 mW in the form of localized Joule heating. Analytically, both a one-dimensional electrothermal model and a dynamic model are established to characterize the electrical, thermal and frequency responses of active frequency tuning. The simulation results of frequency spectrum are consistent with experimental measurements. A reliability test, conducted for more than 300 million cycles under 6.5% of frequency tuning range, reveals no observable material damages on the micro resonator. This scheme enables active frequency tuning under low power consumption and independent of the input/output function of a micro resonator. As such, it has potential applications to resonator-based MEMS devices, such as rate gyroscopes and microelectromechanical filters.
A geodesic finite-difference method for curved domains: Simulations of tidal motion on a sphere

Abstract This finite-difference method for approximating the solutions of partial-differential equations on curved surfaces has two attractive features. First, it offers considerable flexibility in the design of the computational mesh, allowing points to be distributed as desired throughout the curved domain, either uniformly or to achieve variable resolution. Second, the use of three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates rather than two-dimensional curvilinear surface coordinates facilitates computations on geometrically irregular surfaces. Computational tests demonstrate that the method can accurately reproduce time-dependent solutions of Laplace's tidal equations on a sphere, using a large time-step and a quasi-homogeneous grid without any need for filtering or smoothing. This method should be ideally suited for computing oceanic circulation or global-scale weather.
Farnesyltransferase inhibition: who are the Aktors?

Commentary toThe Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor Lonafarnib Induces Growth Arrest or Apoptosis of Human Lung Cancer Cells without Downregulation of AktShi-Yong Sun, Zhongmei Zhou, Ruoxiang Wang, Haian Fu and Fadlo R. Khuri
Semantic analysis of medical records

Abstract Semantic analysers are applied to medical text for the purposes of information retrieval and automated coding. The paper begins with the questions of ‘what is meaning?’ and: ‘why study it in medical text?’ as well as the theoretical basis for, and questions about, semantic analysis. Three major medically-oriented semantic analysers are covered: the synonym approach of Lamson and his colleagues at UCLA, the syntax-oriented approach of Bross, Shapiro and their colleagues at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute, and the semantic parse approach of Mishelevich at Johns Hopkins. Because these analysers have never been applied to the same body of text, precise comparison of these systems is not possible.
Antimicrobial peptides from scorpion venom induce Ca(2+) signaling in HL-60 cells.

Abstract Parabutoporin (PP) and opistoporin 1 (OP1) are amphipathic α-helical antimicrobial peptides that were recently isolated from scorpion venom. In assays in which single granulocyte-like HL-60 cells as well as cells in suspension were used, both peptides were able to induce a reversible Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and to increase Ca2+ influx. Both effects could be clearly differentiated for OP1, inducing Ca2+ release at lower concentrations. The Ca2+ release was pertussis toxin-sensitive indicating the involvement of G-proteins. Ca2+ release depended on the stage of differentiation of the cells with undifferentiated cells being the most sensitive. Desensitization occurred with OP1. No cross-desensitization occurred between OP1 and the bacterial chemoattractant fMLP indicating the involvement of different types of receptors. Ca2+ release by OP1 was found not to be mediated via interaction with the formyl peptide receptor-like 1. Although some of the results might favor a receptor-like interaction, the receptor involved could not be identified.
Vascular and platelet pharmacology of 2‐camphanone, a new drug for the treatment of hemorrhoids

2-Camphanone (Alphanon ®) is under clinical evaluation for the treatment of hemorrhoids. This study examined the effect of 2-camphanone on three parameters affecting hemorrhoidal distention: portal venous blood flow, vascular smooth muscle tone, and aggregation of human platelets. Mongrel dogs (10–18 kg) of either sex were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (35 mg/kg, i.v.) and instrumented for doppler measurment of portal vein and and fermoral artery blood flow velocity using a closed-chest, spontaneusly breathing preparation. Intravenous. (i.v.) administration of 2-camphanone (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 mg/kg) or transdermal administration of 6 mg of 2-camphanone selectively increased portal venous blood flow velocity by 13–31% above pre-drug control values. 2-Camphanone (0.1 to 100 μM) produced endothelium-dependent relaxation of canine portal-mesenteric (MV) and portal veins (PV), but not mesenteric arteries (MA), pre-contracted with an EC50 concentration of norepinephrine (NE). 2-Camphanone also inhibited acetylcholine-induced contraction of MV but did not affect the contraction of the MV to NE, nerve stimulation, or KCl. The inhibitory effect of 2-camphanone was not stereo-sepcific but resided in both the (+) and (−)isomers. 2-camphanone (up to 1 mM) did not affect platelet aggregation produced by ADP, collagen, or arachidonic acid, but inhibited epinephrine-induced aggregation. The results show that 2-camphanone increases portal venous blood flow velocity. 2-Camphanone is effective by the i.v. and transdermal routes of administration. The effect may be mediated by substances released from the venous endothelium. Speculatively, this may reflect a free radical scavenging or anti-oxidant effect of 2-camphanone. This may be aided, in part, by camphanone-induced inhibition of epinephrine-mediated release of plateletderived venous stimulants during the stressful hemorrhoidal episodes.
Light and Electron Microscope Studies on the Cells of the Distal Portion of the Crayfish Nephron Tubule

Cells from the distal portion of the nephron tubule of the crayfish may be divided for purposes of description into three different regions, i.e., basal, intermediate and apical. Light microscope preparations of Bouin's fixed and hematoxylin stained material show the basal portion of the cells deeply stained and to contain fiberous like structures, oriented perpendicular to, and in contact with, the basement membrane. This method displays the intermediate and apical portions of the cells as relatively free of distinctive structure. Champy's and Regaud's methods reveal the filamentous oriented mitochondria chiefly present in the basal zone with few, if any, in the apical zone of the cells.Electron micrographs demonstrate in the basal zone of the cell a series of perpendicularly arranged lamellae extending from the region of the basement membrane to the intermediate zone of the cell. These lamellae are thought to be formed by the intricate infolding of the plasma membrane at the base of the cell. This arrangement gives rise in the spaces between the lamellae to a series of elongate cytoplasmic compartments which contain rows of short rod or filamentous mitochondria.No specific correlation of function in these cells with the presence of lamellae in their basal zone can be made, other than to state that, physiological processes are probably enhanced by the increased membrane area provided by these structures.
A new nonrandom chromosomal abnormality, t(2;16)(p11.2;p11.2), possibly associated with poor outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Abstract We report a new, nonrandom t(2;16)(p11.2;p11.2) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Three of 292 patients with childhood ALL studied at Indiana University Medical Center had this translocation. All three had additional chromosomal abnormalities at diagnosis and were classified as having low hyperdiploidy (47–49 chromosomes) with structural abnormalities. The patients, two boys and one girl, ranged in age from 3 to 13 years. Peripheral white blood cells (WBC) counts ranged from 1.8 to 107.4 × 10 9 /L, all were classified as French-American-British (FAB) type L1, and all had B-lineage ALL. Because all three patients have relapsed after first remissions of 2 years 8 months to 6 years, the t(2;16) may indicate a poor prognosis and more aggressive treatment may be indicated for such patients. Because this translocation was the sole abnormality in one clone of patient 2 at relapse, it may be considered the primary abnormality. Therefore, it may also be the primary abnormality in the other two patients, and the genes involved in the breakpoints may be important in leukemogenesis.
The humidification of anaesthetic gases: its importance and control.

Les auteurs ont decrit les differentes definitions concernant ľhumidite des gaz ďanesthesie et ont etudie les facteurs capables ďinfluencer sa regulation. Ils ont de plus demontre les effets nefastes de ľemploi des gaz secs qui dessechent les muqueuses respiratoires et elevent le pourcentage des complications pulmonaires qui suivent ľanesthesie. Une revue du debit de vapeur ďeau des systemes en usage courant a ete suivie par une description des mesures prises pour elever ľhumidite des gaz respires par les malades durant ľanesthesie. Ils ont aussi recommande la reduction de ľhumidite durant les periodes ďhyperthermie et les precautions a prendre pour eviter la contamination microbienne des equipements ďanesthesie, un risque augmente durant ľhydratation des gaz aspires par les malades.
Reflections on the trade deficit and fiscal policy

Abstract This note discusses some recent debates over trade policy, international capital flows, and fiscal policy.
Male reproductive health and prostate cancer risk.

Purpose of reviewMale infertility impacts a substantial proportion of men and has serious implication for a man's quality of life. Advances in reproductive technology may allow men to bypass urologic care in order to achieve their family planning goals. Recent data suggests that male reproductive fa
Correlation between the elastic modulus and the intrinsic plastic behavior of metallic glasses: The roles of atomic configuration and alloy composition

Abstract Recent reports suggest that Poisson’s ratio (ν), or the related ratio of shear modulus G to bulk modulus B, indicates the potential of metallic glasses (MGs) to sustain plastic strain. Using molecular dynamics simulations of the Cu64Zr36 MG as a representative, we demonstrate why and how these elastic and plastic properties are correlated, in terms of the common structural origin underlying these mechanical behaviors in MGs. The full icosahedral ordering has been identified as the key structural feature in the Cu–Zr MGs that controls not only the G and the G/B (or ν), but also the initiation of shear localization and the intrinsic plasticity. Additional analysis of the Cu–Zr MGs of different compositions and MGs in different alloy systems reveals a general correlation of the plasticity with the G/B ratio, as the latter is able to represent and couple the effects of both the atomic configuration and the alloy composition.
Hemicraniectomy for Massive Cerebral Infarction

The most important acute phase complication of massive cerebral infarction is cerebral herniation secondary to brain edema. In the past decade, there has been heightened interest in surgical treatment of this problem with the use of the techniques of hemicraniectomy and dural augmentation. In this article, we review the theoretical and clinical data supporting the use of hemicraniectomy in malignant cerebral infarction and the range of outcomes expected in patients who undergo this procedure.
Elevated atmospheric CO2: effects on phytochemistry, insect performance and insect‐parasitoid interactions

This study was conducted to examine the effects of CO2-mediated changes in tree chemistry on the performance of the gypsy moth ((Lymantria dispar L.) and the parasitold Cotesia melanoscela (Ratz.). We used carbon-nutrient balance theory to develop hypotheses regarding changes in tree chemistry and the performance of both insects under elevated CO2. As predicted, levels of foliar nitrogen declined and concentrations of carbon-based compounds (e.g. starch and phenolics) increased under elevated CO2. Gypsy moth performance (e.g. growth, development) was altered by CO2-mediated changes in foliar chemistry, but the magnitude was small and varied across tree species. Larvae feeding on high CO2 aspen exhibited the largest reduction in performance, relative to larvae feeding on birch, oak, or maple. Parasitism by C. melanoscela significantly prolonged gypsy moth development and reduced growth rates. Overall, the effect of parasitism on gypsy moth performance did not differ between CO2 treatments. Altered gypsy moth performance on high CO2 foliage in turn affected parasitoid performance, but the response was variable: parasitoid mortality increased and adult female size declined slightly under high CO2, while development time and adult male size were unaffected. Our results suggest that CO2-induced changes in plant chemistry were buffered to the extent that effects on third trophic level interactions were weak to non-existent for the system examined in this study.
A ventrodorsal GABA gradient in the embryonic retina prior to expression of glutamate decarboxylase

Abstract GABA is known to function as a neurotransmitter in the mature nervous system, and in immature neurons it has been linked to neurotrophic actions. While most GABA is generated by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), an alternative synthetic pathway is known to originate from putrescine, which is converted via gamma-aminobutyraldehyde in an aldehyde-dehydrogenase-requiring step to GABA. In a search for the role of two aldehyde dehydrogenases expressed in segregated compartments along the dorsoventral axis of the developing retina, we assayed dorsal and ventral retina fractions of the mouse for GABA by high performance liquid chromatography. We found GABA to be present in the embryonic retina, long before expression of GAD, and ventral GABA levels exceeded dorsal levels by more than three-fold. Postnatally, when GAD became detectable, overall GABA levels increased, and the ventrodorsal concentration difference disappeared. Our observations indicate that prior to the formation of synapses the embryonic retina contains a ventrodorsal GABA gradient generated by an alternate synthetic pathway.
Sewage sludge effects on soil: Heavy metal accumulation and movement

Abstract Treated municipal sewage sludge at 0, 11.2, 33.6, and 67.2 metric tons/ha was applied each year for two consecutive years and incorporated into a Byler loam soil (Typic Fragiudalf) having an initial pH of 5.6. Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.) was grown in replicated plots (6.1m × 4.6m). Soil samples were taken at 0 to 20 cm and 20 to 40 cm depth at the end of each year and analyzed for DTPA‐extractable Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni. Surface soil exhibited significant increases in heavy metal concentrations in the first year at the 67.2 metric tons/ha rates. Heavy metal concentrations increased with continued sludge application. However, this increase was not in proportion to the amount of sludge applied suggesting some immobilization of metals with time. After two years, downward movement and significant increases in Cu, Zn, and Ni levels were noted at the 20 to 40 cm depth at the higher rates. Heavy metal levels in the surface soil did not appear to be phytotoxic as judged from sorghum grain and dry matter yie...
Actual versus ideal body weight for acute kidney injury diagnosis and classification in critically Ill patients

In the current acute kidney injury (AKI) definition, the urine output (UO) criterion does not specify which body weights (BW), i.e. actual (ABW) versus ideal (IBW), should be used to diagnose and stage AKI, leading to heterogeneity across research studies. This is a single center, retrospective, observational study conducted at a tertiary referral hospital. All adult patients who were admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) at our institution for a minimum of 6 continuous hours between January and March 2010 and had a urinary catheter for hourly urine output monitoring were eligible for this study. Patients’ AKI stages, based on UO criterion, were assessed by calculating each milliliter of urine per kilogram per hour, using ABW versus IBW. A total of 493 ICU patients were included in the analysis. The median ABW and IBW were 82 (IQR 68-96) and 70 (IQR 60-77) kg, respectively. Using the IBW criterion, 154 patients (31.2%) were diagnosed with AKI, while 204 (41.4%) were diagnosed using the ABW measurement (P-value < .01). Patients who had AKI regardless of BW type had an adjusted odds ratio of 1.76 (95% CI 1.05-2.95) for 90-day mortality, whereas patients who had AKI according to ABW but not IBW had no significant increase in the risk of 90-day mortality, adjusted OR 0.76; (95% CI 0.25-1.91), compared to patients who had no AKI. Using ABW to diagnose and stage AKI by UO criterion is more sensitive and less specific than IBW. Based on the application of the definition, different BW types could be utilized.
Oxygen free radicals and disorders of pregnancy

Oxygen radicals and reactive oxygen species are normal attributes of aerobic life. In most molecules, the electrons are paired and, with the exception of hydrogen, the four outer most pairs of each atom form chemical bonds. Electrons are in a relatively stable energy state when paired. A free radical is a molecule with an unpaired electron. Free radicals of oxygen are of particular importance to living organisms in which they are involved in the genesis of a wide array of diseases and physiological processes (e.g. life span and ageing).
Lack of Correlation Between Noninvasive Stress Tests and Invasive Coronary Vasomotor Dysfunction in Patients With Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease

Background— Despite a nonobstructive coronary angiogram, many patients may still have an abnormal coronary vasomotor response to provocation and to myocardial demand during stress. The ability of noninvasive stress tests to predict coronary vasomotor dysfunction in patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease is unknown. Methods and Results— All patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease who had invasive coronary vasomotor assessment and a noninvasive stress test (exercise ECG, stress echocardiography, or stress nuclear imaging) within 6 months of the cardiac catheterization with provocation at our institution were identified (n=376). Coronary vasomotor dysfunction was defined as a percentage increase in coronary blood flow of ≤50% to intracoronary acetylcholine (endothelium-dependent dysfunction) and/or a coronary flow reserve ratio of ≤2.5 to intracoronary adenosine (endothelium-independent dysfunction). We determined the sensitivity and specificity of various noninvasive stress tests ...
Renal consequences of immobilisation in children with fractured femurs.

Parameters of renal function and calcium homeostasis were studied in 8 children, immobilised for 5-9 weeks with fractured femurs, weekly during immobilisation and fourth weekly following mobilisation until all parameters returned to normal. During immobilisation 1 patient became hypercalcaemic, but all showed an increase in serum calcium and all developed hypercalciuria. During immobilisation all showed diminished urine osomolality after a 12-hour fast (mean 591 +/- 133 mOsm/kg) which improved 4-39 weeks after mobilisation (mean 973 +/- 87 mOsm/kg). Serum creatinine, urinary beta-2-microglobulin and renal ultrasound appearances were all normal. An inverse relationship, R = -0.70, was demonstrated between serum calcium and fasting urine osmolality during immobilisation. Three patients showed diminished urinary concentrating ability beyond 4 weeks after mobilisation. For 1 patient this defect persisted for 8 months and glomerular filtration rate was diminished 9 months after mobilisation, raising the possibility of long term renal damage in immobilised patients. Language: en
Effect of Detailed Reactive Power Limit Modeling on Islanded Microgrid Power Flow Analysis

This letter investigates the impacts of distributed generation (DG) units' reactive power limits on the power flow solution of droop-controlled islanded microgrids (DCIMGs). It is demonstrated that the simplifications adopted in existing literature for modeling such limits are not accurate and can lead to crucial deviations in the answer, especially for heavily loaded islands. A detailed model is presented for the incorporation of the DG units' reactive power limits in the power flow formulation of DCIMGs and the impacts of such limits on the steady-state solution are demonstrated and analyzed.
Autism in a child with congenital cytomegalovirus infection

A case is reported of early infantile autism associated with a congenital cytomegalovirus infection. The diagnosis of autism is based on the child's failure to develop good interpersonal relationships, poor eye contact, delayed and deviant use of language, and her rote and nonthematic use of objects and playthings. Resistance to change and self-stimulatory behavior were also present. Onset was before 2 years of age. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection was suggested by the presence of an antibody response to the virus, culture of the virus from the urine, sensorineural hearing loss, and inflammatory damage to the retina of the eye. Although over time improvement was noted, at last examination at the age of 5 years her behavior is still markedly deviant. This and other reported cases suggest that congenital viral infection may be an important cause of infantile autism. It is hypothesized that an ability of the agent to establish chronic infection may predispose to behavioral aberration.
Consumer's attitudes toward lawyers with regard to advertising professional services

The results of this study indicated that consumers had a favorable attitude toward advertising by lawyers, though some specific differences were found between users and nonusers of legal services. The importance of consumer demographic characteristics and the appropriateness of advertising media were also examined. The major implication is that the traditional void in advertising activity by lawyers should now be reexamined.