cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HST/COS Observations of Quasar Outflows in the 500–1050 Å Rest Frame. IV. The Largest Broad Absorption Line Acceleration

We present an analysis of the broad absorption line (BAL) velocity shift that appeared in one of the outflow systems in quasar SDSS J1042+1646. Observations were taken by the Hubble Space Telescope/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph in 2011 and 2017 in the 500–1050 A rest frame. The outflow's velocity centroid shifted by ~−1550 km s−1 from −19,500 km s−1 to −21,050 km s−1 over a rest-frame time of 3.2 yr. The velocity shift signatures are most apparent in the absorption features from the Ne viii λλ770.41 and 780.32 doublet and are supported by the absorption troughs from O v λ629.73 and the Mg x λλ609.79 and 624.94 doublet. This is the first time where a quasar outflow velocity shift is observed in troughs from more than one ion and in distinct troughs from a doublet transition (Ne viii). We attribute the velocity shift to an acceleration of an existing outflow as we are able to exclude photoionization changes and motion of material into and out of the line of sight as alternate explanations. This leads to an average acceleration of 480 km s−1 yr−1 (1.52 cm s−2) in the quasar rest frame. Both the acceleration and the absolute velocity shift are the largest reported for a quasar outflow to date. Based on the absorption troughs of the O v* multiplet, we derive a range for the distance of the outflow (R) from the central source, 0.05 pc < R < 54.3 pc. This outflow shows similarities with the fast X-ray outflow detected in quasar PG 1211+143. We use the acceleration and velocity shift to constrain radiatively accelerated active galactic nucleus disk–wind models and use them to make predictions for future observations.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Survival Associates With Neutrophils in a Sex-specific Manner.

Objective To determine whether neutrophils contribute to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression, we tested the association of baseline neutrophil count on ALS survival, whether the effect was sex specific, and whether neutrophils accumulate in the spinal cord. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted between June 22, 2011, and October 30, 2019. Blood leukocytes were isolated from ALS participants and neutrophil levels assessed by flow cytometry. Participant survival outcomes were analyzed by groups ( 4 × 106 neutrophils/mL) with adjustments for relevant ALS covariates and by sex. Neutrophil levels were assessed from CNS tissue from a subset of participants. Results A total of 269 participants with ALS within 2 years of an ALS diagnosis were included. Participants with baseline neutrophil counts over 4 × 106/mL had a 2.1 times higher mortality rate than those with a neutrophil count lower than 2 × 106/mL (95% CI: 1.3–3.5, p = 0.004) when adjusting for age, sex, and other covariates. This effect was more pronounced in females, with a hazard ratio of 3.8 (95% CI: 1.8–8.2, p = 0.001) in the >4 × 106/mL vs Conclusions Higher neutrophil counts early in ALS associate with a shorter survival in female participants. Furthermore, neutrophils accumulate in ALS spinal cord supporting a pathophysiologic correlate. These data justify the consideration of immunity and sex for personalized therapeutic development in ALS. Classification of Evidence This study provides Class III evidence that in female participants with ALS, higher baseline neutrophil counts are associated with shorter survival.
Simultaneous primary invasive breast carcinoma and ipsilateral cutaneous melanoma of the back: Surgical approach and considerations, a case report.

Abstract Introduction and importance A patient presented with ipsilateral, synchronous primary malignancies of left upper back melanoma and left breast invasive ductal carcinoma. This complex presentation was managed with a multidisciplinary approach. Case presentation A 61-year-old female presented with multiple cutaneous lesions, revealed to be several foci of melanoma in situ as well as a T4b melanoma of the left upper back. On staging work up, a left breast malignancy was incidentally discovered. Genetic testing did not delineate a relevant mutation to explain the synchronous malignancies. Multidisciplinary surgical planning entailed consideration of the lymphatic drainage patterns of the lesions, with both the upper back melanoma and breast carcinoma expected to drain to the left axilla. Ultimately, simultaneous resections of both malignancies were performed as well as concomitant left sentinel lymph node biopsies utilizing dual tracer technique. Clinical discussion Currently, cases of synchronous primary cutaneous melanoma and independent, ipsilateral primary breast carcinoma have not been examined, and thus surgical considerations for axillary staging in this circumstance have not been discussed. The existing literature instead explores the incidence and operative challenges of one malignancy following the other after an interval of time. Conclusion This case highlights the utility of a multidisciplinary team for complex oncologic presentations and discusses a creative surgical approach to address two simultaneous primary malignancies involving the left breast and ipsilateral skin of the back. This case emphasizes an exceedingly rare presentation and serves as an important example to educate medical professionals on the innovative and team-based approach to treatment.
Medical management of a cavum septi pellucidi et vergae abscess in an adult: Case report and review of the literature

Abstract Background Abscesses of the cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) or cavum septi pellucidi et vergae (CSPV) are exceedingly rare with only ten cases previously reported. As so few cases have been published, there is no consensus on optimal management strategies with some recommending operative drainage and some suggesting more conservative approaches. Case description In this study we present the first reported case of a 51-year-old male presenting with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and abscess of the CSPV secondary to otomastoiditis, treated successfully with intravenous antibiotics. A comprehensive review of the literature on CSP and CSPV abscesses was conducted with a focus on management strategies. Conclusions We conclude, clinical condition permitting, that medical treatment should be the initial strategy selected for the management of CSP and CSPV abscesses.
How Is It Possible for Keynes's Theory of Logical Probability to Be 'Non-Probabilistic'? Answer. Only If You Have Been Confused by Reading Frank P. Ramsey's Reviews of Keynes's A Treatise on Probability

Ramsey’s fundamental error, made in both 1922 and in 1926, was to assume without any support that Keynes’s Logical Theory of Probability was based on ordinal measurement that could only be applied on some occasions. Keynes’s theory is not an ordinal theory at all. Keynes’s theory is an interval estimate theory of probability. Ramsey’s reviews of Keynes’s work in the A Treatise on Probability must now be consigned to the intellectual garbage dump of history where they belong.
Beyond Picturing Culture: A Critique of a Critique

Picturing Culture: Explorations of Film and Anthropology. Jay Ruby. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. 339 pp.
Characterization of Ge28Sb12Se60 waveguides

Single-mode Ge 28 Sb 12 Se 60 waveguides, fabricated with thermal evaporation and lift-off, were characterized at 1.03 and 1.53 μm. Measured linear propagation loss agrees with theoretical predictions, and large nonlinear absorption at 1.03 μm has optical limiting applications.
Homologous Methylated and Nonmethylated Histidine Peptides in Skeletal and Cardiac Myosins

Abstract Two tridecapeptides containing nonmethylated histidine residues have been isolated from tryptic digests of rabbit and bovine cardiac myosins with the following sequences, respectively: Leu-Leu-Ser-Ser-Leu-Asp-Ile-Asp-His-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Lys; Leu-Leu-Gly-Ser-Leu-Asp-Ile-Asp-His-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Lys. The peptides are homologous to the peptide containing 3-methylhistidine from rabbit skeletal muscle myosin (Huszar, G., and Elzinga, M. (1971) Biochemistry, 10, 229). There are four differences in the sequences of the rabbit skeletal and rabbit cardiac myosin peptides: Gly → Ser; Ile → Leu; Val → Ile; Thr → Asn. There is one difference in sequence between the cardiac peptides from rabbit and calf (Ser → Gly), indicating that this particular region of the primary structure of the myosin molecule is more similar in sequence in the same tissue from two different species than in heart and skeletal muscle of rabbit. All the amino acid replacements in the peptides are conservative and can be ascribed to single base changes. Based on the differences in the sequences of the cardiac histidine and skeletal 3-methylhistidine peptides from rabbit, it can be concluded that cardiac and skeletal myosin are synthesized under the control of different genes. The presence of nonmethylated histidine in cardiac myosins and the very conservative nature of the amino acid replacements around the histidine and 3-methylhistidine in cardiac and skeletal muscle myosins suggest to us that the lack of methylation is due to the absence of a histidine-methylating enzyme in cardiac muscle.
A dynamic localized minimum-energy agent tree-based data dissemination scheme for wireless sensor networks

The problem of efficiently disseminating data from a mobile stimulus (source) to multi-ple mobile users (sinks) in a large-scale sensor network has been challenging. We address this prob-lem by proposing a minimum-energy tree-based data dissemination scheme, Dynamic Localized Minimum-Energy Agent Tree-Based Scheme (DLATS). We exploit the fact that sensor nodes are stationary and location-aware. In DLATS, each sensor node finds its Relative Neighborhood Graph (RNG) neighbors and a RNG is generated over the whole network. Then, the source broadcasts its position information to all the other nodes using our localized minimum-energy broadcast protocol, Improved RNG Broadcast Oriented Protocol (IRBOP). A dynamic agent tree is generated between each source and multiple sinks using our Shortest Direct Parent First (SDPF) where the sinks become the agents, e.g., the leaves of the agent tree. Finally, each source uses IRBOP for multicast-ing the stimulus data to the users over the agent tree. We evaluate the performance of DLATS through simulations. Results show DLATS outperforms previously proposed protocols for data dis-semination in large-scale sensor networks.
Hall, Edward T

Edward T. Hall was born in Webster Grove, Missouri in 1914, but grew up in the American Southwest. As a young man in the 1930s, Hall worked on the Navajo and Hopi reservations, building roads and dams with Native American construction crews. In 1942, he earned a Ph.D. in anthropology at Columbia University. The foundation for his lifelong research on cultural influences on space perception was laid during World War II when he served in the U.S. Army in Europe and the Philippines as an officer with an African American regiment. During the 1950s he worked for the Foreign Service Institute teaching intercultural communications skills to foreign service personnel. At this time, Hall developed the concept of “high context” and “low context” cultures. Hall held academic positions at the University of Denver, Bennington College, Harvard Business School, the Illinois Institute of Technology, and Northwestern University. Keywords: non-verbal communication; proxemics
Investigating and Mitigating the Causes of Foam Accumulation on Swine Manure Deep Pits

The appearance of foam on the surface of deep-pit swine manure storages is a serious concern for the pork industry. Manure foam has the capacity to trap gases produced by the anaerobic decomposition of the manure, leading to dangerous flammable gas concentrations upon foam disruption. Field sampling and feeding trials were conducted to determine manure characteristics leading to foam accumulation. Results indicated that foaming pits were more biologically active having lower volatile fatty acid contents and higher rates of methane production. Research is being undertaken to develop foam mitigation strategies based on these findings.
Evidence-based medicine training in internal medicine residency programs a national survey.

To characterize evidence-based medicine (EBM) curricula in internal medicine residency programs, a written survey was mailed to 417 program directors of U.S. internal medicine residency programs. For programs offering a freestanding (dedicated curricular time) EBM curriculum, the survey inquired about its objectives, format, curricular time, attendance, faculty development, resources, and evaluation. All directors responded to questions regarding integrating EBM teaching into established educational venues. Of 417 program directors, 269 (65%) responded. Of these 269 programs, 99 (37%) offered a freestanding EBM curriculum. Among these, the most common objectives were performing critical appraisal (78%), searching for evidence (53%), posing a focused question (44%), and applying the evidence in decision making (35%). Although 97% of the programs provided MEDLINE, only 33% provided Best Evidence or the Cochrane Library. Evaluation was performed in 37% of the freestanding curricula. Considering all respondents, most programs reported efforts to integrate EBM teaching into established venues, including attending rounds (84%), resident report (82%), continuity clinic (76%), bedside rounds (68%), and emergency department (35%). However, only 51% to 64% of the programs provided on-site electronic information and 31% to 45% provided site-specific faculty development. One third of the training programs reported offering freestanding EBM curricula, which commonly targeted important EBM skills, utilized the residents' experiences, and employed an interactive format. Less than one half of the curricula, however, included curriculum evaluation, and many failed to provide important medical information sources. Most programs reported efforts to integrate EBM teaching, but many of these attempts lacked important structural elements.
Information technology in World Bank financed projects

(1990). Information technology in World Bank financed projects. Information Technology for Development: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 253-276.
Modeling endocrine regulation of the menstrual cycle using delay differential equations.

Abstract This article reviews an effective mathematical procedure for modeling hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle of adult women. The procedure captures the effects of hormones secreted by several glands over multiple time scales. The specific model described here consists of 13 nonlinear, delay, differential equations with 44 parameters and correctly predicts blood levels of ovarian and pituitary hormones found in the biological literature for normally cycling women. In addition to this normal cycle, the model exhibits another stable cycle which may describe a biologically feasible “abnormal” condition such as polycystic ovarian syndrome. Model simulations illustrate how one cycle can be perturbed to the other cycle. Perturbations due to the exogenous administration of each ovarian hormone are examined. This model may be used to test the effects of hormone therapies on abnormally cycling women as well as the effects of exogenous compounds on normally cycling women. Sensitive parameters are identified and bifurcations in model behavior with respect to parameter changes are discussed. Modeling various aspects of menstrual cycle regulation should be helpful in predicting successful hormone therapies, in studying the phenomenon of cycle synchronization and in understanding many factors affecting the aging of the female reproductive endocrine system.
MSB-controlled inversion coding for a low-power matrix transposer

A low-overhead MSB-controlled inversion coding technique for reducing the transition activity in a matrix transposer is proposed. A family of designs is identified in which this technique is applied to different bit slices of the matrix data and the optimal design within the family is determined using transition activity analysis for DCT and IDCT applications.
Estimating Abundances of Age-0 Rainbow Trout by Mark–Recapture in a Medium-Sized River

Abstract We developed and evaluated a sampling methodology to obtain mark–recapture data to estimate abundances of age-0 rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in 70–125-m-wide reaches of the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, Idaho. Sampling by electrofishing was concentrated in sample areas that were 100 m long and extended from bank to bank; these areas were electrofished 3–5 times within periods of 3–17 d. Adjacent 50-m-long areas upstream and downstream were sampled to quantify movements out of the 100-m sample areas. We evaluated assumptions—closed population and equal catchability—using the field data, and we used simulation to identify the most appropriate abundance estimator for sparse data. Both closed and open population abundance estimators were evaluated. Most trout (84%) were recaptured in the area where they were marked, but about 10% had moved downstream and about 6% were recaptured upstream. Multistrata model analyses confirmed that apparent mortality rates, and hence movement rates, were low. Th...
Experimental Characterization of Thermoelectric Modules and Comparison with Theoretical Models for Power Generation

The interest in thermoelectrics for power generation applications has dramatically increased over the past decade as a result of recent advancements in thermoelectric materials. Although measuring thermoelectric properties of materials has received significant attention, measuring thermoelectric module (TEM) power generation performance has received less attention. Characterizing TEMs is vital for validating module-level models used in optimizing TEM designs. Measurements of module performance can also be used for the optimal incorporation of TEMs into power generation systems. A TEM test apparatus has been developed and characterized to test current and future modules under a wide range of temperature and loading conditions. In addition to temperatures and electrical performance metrics, heat rates, and mechanical loading conditions are monitored. The developed technique extracts module parameters, which can be used for system-level design, to measure performance of advanced TEMs, and to validate theoretical models for module design optimization. Experimental results are compared with standard analytical TEM models and a newly developed model.
Coastal Zone Color Scanner Atmospheric Correction: Influence of El Chichon

The addition of an El Chichon-like aerosol layer in the stratosphere is shown to have very little effect on the basic CZCS atmospheric correction algorithm. The additional stratospheric aerosol is found to increase the total radiance exiting the atmosphere, thereby increasing the probability that the sensor will saturate. It is suggested that in the absence of saturation the correction algorithm should perform as well as in the absence of the stratospheric layer.
Diagnostic testing for hepatitis C : Practical considerations

Although knowledge of the molecular biology of the hepatitis C virus is rapidly evolving, current therapeutic strategies remain suboptimal for most patients with chronic hepatitis C. It is hoped that with information derived from virologic variables, therapy can be tailored to individual patients, offering them the greatest likelihood of response or preventing the unnecessary use of costly and occasionally unpleasant medications when treatment failure is deemed probable. Genotyping and quantitation of hepatitis C virus have provided great insights into the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C. Retrospective studies have demonstrated that hepatitis C virus genotyping and viral burden may play some role in disease progression and response to therapy. With the widespread availability of these tests, it is important to try to develop a rational plan for their use that will provide information in a manner that is both cost-effective and relevant to clinical decision making for the individual patient. At this point, the utility of measuring hepatitis C virus RNA levels and genotyping in making decisions about treatment regimens or monitoring therapy in daily clinical practice is continually evolving.
Critique of fluid theory of magnetospheric phenomena

It is pointed out that the fluid theory has been successful in magnetospheric problems (such as the shape of the magnetopause) which involve basic considerations such as the conservation of particles, of momentum, and of energy, but that it is inadequate for other problems (such as the energization of auroral particles). Difficulties arise from the fact that it is not always possible to specify ‘a volume of plasma’ because particles do not remain as neighbours. Misuse of the fluid theory has led to a number of fallacies, such as the idea that the causal order of physical events in cosmic electrodynamics is the reverse of that in the familiar laboratory electrodynamics. This mistaken idea comes from a confusion of a mathematical sequence of calculations with the causal order. Also, the importance of the magnetic field as an active element is over-emphasized. Appreciation of the fact that kinetic theory is the more fundamental seems to be widely lacking. A plea is made for a common sense approach to magnetospheric and auroral problems wherein the fluid theory is used whenever it can, but where it is not expected to be adequate for all purposes.
Feasibility of methanogenic digestion applied to a low pH acetic acid solution.

This paper discusses the methanogenic digestion of a synthetic acetic acid wastewater inoculated using a mixed culture obtained from an anaerobic digester at a municipal wastewater treatment facility. Experiments were conducted in 500 mL batch reactors containing an unbuffered acetic acid solution. Test conditions compared methane production and acetic acid degradation at both acidic (pH 4.5) and neutral (pH 7.0) initial system conditions. Results showed that methane production increased by 30% when the initial pH was decreased from 7.0 to 4.5.
An Important Role for Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein in the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Life Cycle

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been shown to be recognized by two families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Here we show that MAVS and RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene 1), an RLR family member, also have a role in suppressing KSHV replication and production. In the context of primary infection, we show that in cells with depleted levels of MAVS or RIG-I, KSHV transcription is increased, while beta interferon (IFN-β) induction is attenuated. We also observed that MAVS and RIG-I are critical during the process of reactivation. Depletion of MAVS and RIG-I prior to reactivation led to increased viral load and production of infectious virus. Finally, MAVS depletion in latent KSHV-infected B cells leads to increased viral gene transcription. Overall, this study suggests a role for MAVS and RIG-I signaling during different stages of the KSHV life cycle. IMPORTANCE We show that RIG-I and its adaptor protein, MAVS, can sense KSHV infection and that these proteins can suppress KSHV replication following primary infection and/or viral reactivation.
Enhancing Curriculum and Delivery: Linking Assessment to Learning Objectives.

Typical university‐wide course evaluations do not provide instructors with sufficient information on the effectiveness of their courses. This article describes a course assessment and enhancement model where student feedback can be used to improve courses and/or programs. The model employs an assessment tool that measures student perceptions of importance and their current competence in course‐specific learning objectives both pre‐ and post‐course. Information gained from this assessment enables course improvement over time and also allows for modification in delivery and/or content of the current course. This model is intended to augment traditional course evaluation mechanisms based on specific and actionable feedback on learning objectives.
Decomposition methods for convolution operators

Abstract This paper presents methods for the decomposition of two-dimensional convolution operators of size m × n into sums and products of 3 × 3 operators. If m = n 2k + 1, then the maximum number of 3 × 3 operators needed in the decomposition is k2 + k − 1. In particular, every 5 × 5 operator can be decomposed into the sum and product of at most five 3 × 3 operators. A characterization is given for 5 × 5 operators which can be decomposed into the sum and product of at most three 3 × 3 operators. With operators exhibiting symmetry with respect to both axes and a diagonal, the maximum number of operators needed is k(k + 1) 2 .
Gossypol inhibition of adenylate cyclase

Gossypol, a polyphenolic binaphthalene -dialdehyde reputed to exert contraceptive action in males, reversibly inhibits adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] in a concentration-dependent manner. In membranes prepared from a variety of organs, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranges from 75 microM (rat Leydig tumor cells) to 250 microM (rat liver membranes). Kinetic studies using partially purified catalytic subunit isolated from bovine testis show that gossypol is competitive with ATP with an apparent Ki of 110 microM. These data suggest that gossypol inhibition of adenylate cyclase is due to direct interaction at the nucleotide-binding domain of the catalytic subunit of the enzyme.
Kinematic design of an asymmetric in-phase flapping mechanism for MAVs

The thorax of an insect has direct flight muscles that can independently control the flapping amplitude, relative phase, and mean position of its left and right wings. This feature allows insects to modulate lateral dynamics during hovering flight, resulting in high flight maneuverability. This paper introduces the development and characterization of a novel flapping mechanism for MAVs, denoted as AIFM (Asymmetric In-phase Flapping Mechanism), that is capable of achieving controlled, asymmetric in-phase wing flapping as inspired by similar features in insects. The system consists of two 4-bar mechanisms that create basic flapping motions and two RRPR mechanisms that control the asymmetric flapping motion. The kinematics of the mechanism was investigated and optimized in such a way that enables the mechanism to produce reliable, in-phase wing motion during asymmetric flapping flight. The kinematics of the wings was evaluated both computationally and experimentally. It was shown that asymmetric wing flapping can be successfully achieved without affecting the in-phase flapping motion.
Subvocal motor activity and contextual processing.

Twenty male and female subjects listened for mispronounced words while minimizing either subvocal or frontalis electromyographic activity. Stimuli were varied on size of the distortion, lexical constraint, and contextual constraint, all known to influence detections. Analysis of both the reaction time and detection data indicated that the minimization of subvocal EMG activity reduced or eliminated the effect of contextual constraint, while minimization of frontalis EMG activity resulted in the typically observed contextual constraint effect. Results indicate that subvocal activity is related to contextual processing. Additionally, reaction time data are reported that indicate that although low contextual constraint greatly slows the decision process, detectability is actually superior. A possible underlying mechanism for this reversal of the speed-accuracy trade-off is discussed.
Recovery of PPLO of atypical pneumonia on artificial agar medium.

SummaryNaturally occurring Eaton PPLO was shown to propagate on an agaryeast extract-horse serum medium. The agent was recovered directly on agar from 12 of 13 serologically positive patients with pneumonia. Eaton PPLO was not recovered from 14 serologically negative pneumonia patients. All Eaton PPLO isolates produced small homogenously granular colonies which could be easily differentiated from the usual “fried egg” or “nippled” colonies produced by non-Eaton oral PPLO. The distinctive colonial morphology of Eaton PPLO may ultimately prove useful for its presumptive identification.
High-energy absorption in bulk ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (Ni50Mn29Ga21)

Mechanical testing of a bulk, single-crystal sample of Ni 50 Mn 29 Ga 21 produced large hysteresis loops indicating the potential for the material to be used as a damper. Damping capacity was measured as a function of energy absorbed by the material relative to the mechanical energy input to the system. Tan delta, the tangent of the phase lag between stress and strain, was calculated and shown to increase as a function of maximum strain level. Five strain levels were evaluated (1%, 2%, 3%, 3.5%, and 3.7%) with tan delta values increasing from 0.6 at 1% strain level to 1.1 at 3.7% strain level. The secant modulus of these curves was also evaluated at each strain level to characterize the sample in terms of both damping and stiffness. The maximum secant modulus of 285 MPa occurred at the 1% strain level and decreased to 56 MPa at 3.7% strain. Examining the stress and strain values in the time domain reveals a varying time lag and thus the reported values for tan d are considered an average measure of the material's damping capacity.
LOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL REASONING

Summary.-The performance of 30 subjects when solving problems bdt around logical connectives (Conjunction, Inclusive Disjunction, Exclusive Disjunction, Conditional, and Biconditional) was compared with the results obtained when the same logical connectives were presented using a multiple-choice approach. The processes followed by the subjects in solving 20 problems were evaluated in terms of information theory, making it possible to invesc~g.ire (a) the processes followed by the subjects and (b) the quality of the final answer Analysis indicated that the problem-solving processes do not necessarily provide the same information as chat obtained by the final answers. The knowledge obtained by examining the questions subjects ask is different from the knowledge obtained when examining the answers to multiple-choice items. The purpose of this study was to investigate the tactics subjects use to solve problems built around logical connectives and to compare the results obtained with those obtained when similar problems are presented using a multiple-choice approach. The correspondence between problem-solving tactics and solution was investigated. The logical connectives were Conjunction, Inclusive Disjunction, Exclusive Disjunction, Condtional, and Bicondtional. Earlier Storring (Woodworth, 1939) investigated the solutions to logical problems, and around 1960 logical connectives began to be used to explore thinking processes. Studies by Ceraso and Provitera (1971), Del Val (1977), Johnson-Laird (1972), Morgan and Morton (1984), Naess (1962), Piaget (1952), and Henle (1962, 1984, 1987) were concerned mostly with the relationships between the properties of formal systems and reasoning. Del Val and Riviere (1975) discussed the influence that age and education have on the scores obtained when conditional connectives are investigated. In 1982, Pollard suggested that, rather than center interest on logical structures, more attention should be paid to the influence of available cues, and Grandy (1979) recommended further studies to learn how formal connectives are used in orchary reasoning. Ln two interesting articles fips (1983) and Johnson-Laird and Bara (1984) included theoretical models to interpret propositional thinhg and syllogistic inferences. The influence variables such as age, scientific training, and education, among others, have on problem-solving processes has been
Experimental Investigation of the Flow past a Submarine at Angle of Drift

When a submarine executes a high-speed turn, the sail experiences a crossflow velocity component, creating a vortex at the sail tip. The flowfield induced by the vortex creates higher pressures on the hull deck and lower pressures on the keel, leading to a nose-up pitching moment. Tests to examine such flows were conducted in the U.S. Navy's William B. Morgan Large Cavitation Channel in Memphis, Tennessee. A submarine model of 6.92-m length was tested at drift angles of 0, 5, and 9.5 deg, with the sail on and off, and at speeds up to 14.9 m/s. Pressure distributions and laser Doppler velocimeter surveys were obtained at two axial locations. Forces and moments were measured using an internal force balance. The pressure distributions were integrated to obtain section force coefficients, and the velocity data were used to estimate the vortex circulation. The pressure distributions were consistent with the hypothesized mechanism by which the vortex created the nose-up pitching moment. The pitching moment and sectional force coefficients demonstrated the nonlinear variations with drift angle predicted by theory. The circulation values were consistently somewhat higher than those obtained by other researchers
Marketing to and serving customers through the internet: An overview and research agenda

The authors discuss the motivations for this special issue and propose a conceptual framework pertaining to the issue’s theme. Using this framework as a backdrop, they then offer an overview of the remaining articles by segmenting them into categories and discussing their relationship to the framework. They conclude by highlighting research avenues for augmenting our understanding of marketing to and serving customers through the Internet.
Studies on the Synthesis of Durhamycin A: Stereoselective Synthesis of a Model Aglycone

A stereoselective synthesis of the model aglycone corresponding to the anti-HIV aureolic acids durhamycins A (1) and B (2) is described.
Evaluation and correction of isotope ratio inaccuracy on inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Isotope ratio measurements are found to have systematic bias when using the analog detection mode on an inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. This bias is dependent upon the value of the ratio, the intensity of the signal, and the gain of the electron multiplier tube. The error should not appear if ion counting is employed instead of analog detection, although analog detection with time-of-flight has other distinct advantages. The cause of this isotope ratio inaccuracy is rooted in disproportionate recording of the analog signal because of the need to filter out noise by blocking analog signals below a threshold voltage. This attenuates smaller signals to a greater degree than larger signals. This variable “detection efficiency” causes a larger systematic error in the isotopic ratio as the isotopic abundances become more disparate. Ratios close to unity are generally accurate within the precision of the measurement. The use of an increased gain on the detector leads to improved ratio accuracy, but at the cost of decreased detector lifetime. This research presents a method of analyzing solutions using natural, known isotopic ratios to produce an efficiency correction curve. The average error of several isotope ratios for a 500 ng/mL solution of various elements with ratios between 3.4 and 10 was found to be 6.5% without correction, 3.0% with increased detector gain, 1.1% with efficiency correction and 0.6% with both increased gain and efficiency correction.
“Serpents,” “Fiends,” and “Libertines”: Inscribing an Evangelical Rhetoric of Rage in the Advocate of Moral Reform

The following essay delineates an “evangelical rhetoric of rage” used by antebellum female moral reformers in their campaign against licentiousness. Highlighting their assertion of moral authority, their use of scripture to justify actions, their confrontational tone, their candid, unapologetic discussions of sexual immorality, and their creation of a public forum for women, this essay claims that female moral reformers represent an important turning point in women's rhetoric. While moral reform has garnered less attention than abolition or temperance, female moral reformers forged an early feminist consciousness and employed methods and messages women reformers would use throughout the nineteenth century.
Comparative ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of three crayfish species: Austropotamobius torrentium, Pacifastacus leniusculus, and Astacus astacus (Decapoda: Astacidae).

This study reports about the spermatozoal ultrastructure of three species of astacid crayfish, i.e., the stone crayfish Austropotamobius torrentium, signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, and noble crayfish Astacus astacus. The acrosome is a cup shaped and electron-dense structure at the anterior of the spermatozoon and comprises three layers of differing electron densities filled with parallel filaments that extend from the base to the apical zone. The acrosome was significantly longer in A. astacus than in P. leniusculus and the shortest acrosome belongs to A. torrentium. The width of the acrosome was significantly narrower in A. torrentium than in P. leniusculus and the widest acrosome belongs to A. astacus. The L:W ratio was significantly greater in A. torrentium than in P. leniusculus and the lowest ratio belongs to A. astacus. Radial arms are visible on each side of the acrosome or nucleus in sagittal view and wrap around the spermatozoon. Each radial arm comprises a parallel bundle of microtubules arranged along the long axis within a sheath. The nucleus, with decondensed material, is located in the posterior of the cell. All parts of the spermatozoon are tightly enclosed within an extracellular capsule. Despite a well-conserved general structure and similarity of pattern among these spermatozoa, differences in the dimensions of the acrosome within the studied species may be useful to help distinguish the different crayfish species. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stimulation of cholesterol esterification in vitro in organ cultures of normal pigeon aorta.

Abstract The ability of cholesterol esterification to be stimulated in vitro was studied in organ cultures of White Carneau pigeon aorta. Aortic segments from pigeons, less than four months of age and without grossly visible atherosclerosis, were maintained in organ culture with tissue culture medium containing from 5–60% normo- (NCS) or hypercholesterolemic (HCS) pigeon serum. Esterification of oleic acid-1-14C and cholesterol-1,2-3H was measured after 1–9 days in culture. Incorporation of oleic acid-1-14C into phospholipids and triglycerides was stimulated a maximum of 2-fold in cultures containing HCS. This stimulation was influenced by the oleic acid content of the culture medium with increased incorporation into phospholipids and triglycerides occurring when cultured in media containing higher concentrations of oleic acid. Under the same conditions, esterification of oleic acid-1-14C to cholesterol was stimulated as much as 7-fold and was independent of both the concentration of oleic acid in the culture medium and the uptake of oleic acid-1-14C into the arterial segments. Stimulation of esterification to cholesterol was seen as early as 1 day after culture with HCS. When different concentrations of NCS or HCS were added to the culture medium the stimulation of cholesterol esterification was proportional to the concentration of cholesterol in the culture medium up to a concentration of 2–4 mg/ml. Associated with the increased cholesterol esterification was an increase in the cholesteryl ester content of the arterial segments and the appearance of both intra- and extracellular lipid droplets.
Conformational Rearrangements to the Intracellular Open States of the LeuT and ApcT Transporters Are Modulated by Common Mechanisms

Recent crystallographic studies revealed that five transporter families without much sequence similarities among them have similar structure folds to LeuT, a bacterial neurotransmitter:sodium symporter homolog. The LeuT fold is characterized by an internal twofold structural pseudosymmetry. The transport cycle of some members of each of these families is dependent on a sodium gradient across the membrane, whereas in some others the role of sodium is mimicked by proton. We report on the identification of common structure-dynamics elements of the transporters with LeuT fold, which are recognizable in the conformational transitions related to function. The findings from comparative computational modeling and simulation studies of LeuT, and ApcT from the amino acid-polyamine-organocation transporter family define the intramolecular mechanisms by which Na+ binding couples to the transport process, and single out the lead/active role of TM1a in the transition to inward-open conformation. These mechanistic insights are derived in the context of collaborative investigations of LeuT dynamics with both single-molecule fluorescence and simulations that have produced excellent agreement of the dynamic details, and are found to be generalizable across the transporter families and to transcend sequence and motif similarities.
A Minimal Set of RNA Polymerase II Transcription Protein Interactions

All pairwise interactions of RNA polymerase II and general transcription factors (TF) IIB, E, F, and H have been quantitated by surface plasmon resonance with the use of a Ni2+ chelate on the sensor surface where necessary to attain higher sensitivity. Only 4 of 10 possible interactions were found above the detection limit: TFIIB, -E, and -F binding to RNA polymerase II and TFIIE binding to TFIIH. These four interactions constitute a minimal set for the formation of a transcription initiation complex and may represent the primary interactions involved in assembly of the complex. Point mutations in TFIIB that alter the location of transcription start sites in vivo markedly diminished the affinity of TFIIB binding to RNA polymerase II. Protein blotting revealed an interaction between the largest subunit of TFIIE and third largest subunit of TFIIH, which may be responsible for TFIIE binding to TFIIH.
The Brittle Failure of Ice under Compression

This paper reviews progress during the past decade in understanding the brittle compressive failure of ice. Evidence is presented for the frictional crack sliding-wing mechanism and for the role of localized fragmentation. The ductile-to-brittle transition is explained in terms of the suppression of crack growth and is modeled in terms of Ashby−Hallam wing crack mechanics and Riedel−Rice crack-tip creep. The brittle compressive strength is related to ice−ice friction. Modeling and experiment suggest that the transition strain rate of cracked ice scales as (crack size)-1.5 and that its brittle strength scales as (crack size)-0.5, at least for small specimens. Possible size effects are noted.
Mouse intracerebral hemorrhage models produce different degrees of initial and delayed damage, axonal sprouting, and recovery

The mechanisms of delayed damage and recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain poorly defined. Two rodent models of ICH are commonly used: injection of the enzyme collagenase (cICH) and injection of autologous blood (bICH). In mice, we compared the effects of these two models on initial and delayed tissue damage, motor system connections, and behavioral recovery. There is no difference in lesion size between models. Injection of autologous blood causes greater mass effect and early mortality. However, cICH produces greater edema, inflammation, and cell death. Injection of the enzyme collagenase causes greater loss of cortical connections and secondary shrinkage of the striatum. Intracerebral hemorrhage occurs within the motor system connections of the striatum. Mapping of the projections of the forelimb motor area shows a significant sprouting in motor cortex projections only in cICH. Both models of ICH produce deficits in forelimb motor control. Behavioral recovery occurs by 5 weeks in cICH and 9 weeks in bICH. In summary, cICH and bICH differ in almost every facet of initial and delayed stroke pathophysiology, with cICH producing greater initial and secondary tissue damage and greater motor system axonal sprouting than bICH. Motor recovery occurs in both models, suggesting that motor system axonal sprouting in cICH is not causally associated with recovery.
Effects of anti-lipid peroxidases on frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa

This study evaluated the effects of anti-lipid peroxidases when supplemented to the thawing and incubation media of frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa. Semen pellets were thawed and incubated in media with 1.0 mM α-tocopherol or diethylenetriamine. After 1 h, the acrosome reaction was induced using calcium ionophore A23187, and acrosomes were evaluated using Wells–Awa staining. The number of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA was evaluated using silver staining after single-cell gel electrophoresis. Membrane lipid peroxidation was measured by the end point generation of malondialdehyde. The diethylenetriamine-supplemented media had a higher (P < 0.05) percentage of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa (84.4 ± 4.1%) compared to the control (78.3 ± 4.2%) and α-tocopherol-supplemented (78.0 ± 3.9%). The control had a higher (P < 0.05) percentage of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA (59.3 ± 4.3%) compared to the DETA (28.7 ± 4.1%) and α-tocopherol supplementation (28.0 ± 3.8%). Spermatozoa supplemented with diethylenetriamine had higher amounts (P < 0.05) of malondialdehyde generated (3.60 ± 0.05 μM/107 cells) compared to the α-tocopherol supplementation (0.14 ± 0.05 μM/107 cells) and the control (0.12 ± 0.05 μM/107 cells). These results indicate that supplementing with either 1.0 mM diethylenetriamine or α-tocopherol during semen thawing and incubation protects against DNA fragmentation, and diethylenetriamine increases the percent of spermatozoa capable of completing the acrosome reaction that could induce membrane lipid peroxidation.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene and protein expression in pediatric and adult depressed subjects

Abstract Background Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of a neurotrophin family and is involved in many physiological functions, including cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, and neuron survival in the human nervous system. Abnormalities of BDNF have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression based on observations that antidepressant drugs cause increases in the levels of BDNF in rat brains and its abnormalities have appeared in the serum of depressed patients and in postmortem brains of suicide victims. Methods We examined the gene expression of BDNF in the lymphocytes and protein expression in the platelets of adult and pediatric depressed patients during a drug-free period. We determined BDNF gene expression using a quantitative RT-PCR method and protein expression using the ELISA method. Results We observed that the gene expression of BDNF was significantly decreased in the lymphocytes of adult and pediatric depressed patients compared with normal control subjects. Similarly, the protein expression of BDNF was significantly decreased in the platelets of adult and pediatric depressed patients compared with normal control subjects. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study that reports a decrease in BDNF gene expression in the peripheral cells of depressed patients. Because of the bidirectional movement of BDNF between the periphery and the CNS, the reduced gene expression in the lymphocytes and the protein expression in the platelets may be an index of similar abnormalities in the brain and could be a target for antidepressant drugs.