cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The chemical nature of atomic oxygen adsorbed on Rh(111) and Pt(111): a density functional study

The bonding of atomic oxygen on Pt(111) and Rh(111) was examined using density functional theory in order to understand their different chemical properties. The oxygen-surface interactions were modeled by bonding atomic oxygen to 10-atom clusters of Pt and Rh designed to model the (111) surface. Density functional theory was applied using the local density and generalized gradient approximations; results were obtained for both double-œ and triple-œ basis sets. Optimized geometries and binding energies were computed and favorably compared to available experimental values. Interestingly, the ionic bonding in the two cases is nearly the same, based on the similarities in the charge on oxygen. The Hirshfeld charges on oxygen were -0.225 and -0.207 for Rh10-O and Pt10-O , respectively, using the double-œ basis set. A more detailed analysis of the covalent bonding using crystal orbital overlap populations indicated that the 2p orbitals of oxygen interact in a greater bonding fashion with both the sp and d orbitals of Rh than with those of Pt. Additional calculations with adsorbed hydroxyl on these metal clusters show differences in covalent bonding similar to that of oxygen. In this case, however, differences in ionic bonding play a role; oxygen in hydroxyl has a greater charge on Pt than Rh. This leads to smaller differences in the interaction energies of hydroxyl on Rh and Pt compared with oxygen, resulting in differences in chemical reactivity between the two metals, especially with respect to reactions involving hydrogen transfer.
The automated extraction of requirements from UML models

We have observed that often there is a disconnect between a UML model and the requirements of the modeled processes. This gap tends to widen as models become more complex and the extraction of detailed requirements becomes more difficult. The process by which detailed requirements are extracted from a model is fairly straightforward. Not only can the technique be used to extract requirements, but, interestingly enough, the same information that is extracted can be used to generate the task list part of a project plan, as the concrete use cases identify the pieces of software that need to be implemented. The use case model is basically an acyclic directed graph, with dependencies as vertices and use cases as nodes. In order for the extraction process to work, the use case model needs to be built following certain guidelines. For example: No dependency cycles and model continuity (e.g. a single continuous directed graph).
The unconscious pursuit of emotion regulation: Implications for psychological health

Because of the central involvement of emotion regulation in psychological health and the role that implicit (largely unconscious) processes appear to play in emotion regulation, implicit emotion-regulatory processes should play a vital role in psychological health. We hypothesised that implicitly valuing emotion regulation translates into better psychological health in individuals who use adaptive emotion-regulation strategies. A community sample of 222 individuals (56% women) who had recently experienced a stressful life event completed an implicit measure of emotion regulation valuing (ER-IAT) and reported on their habitual use of an important adaptive emotion-regulation strategy: cognitive reappraisal. We measured three domains of psychological health: well-being, depressive symptoms, and social adjustment. As hypothesised, individuals who implicitly valued emotion regulation exhibited greater levels of psychological health, but only when they were high in cognitive reappraisal use. These findings suggest that salutary effects of unconscious emotion-regulation processes depend on its interplay with conscious emotion-regulation processes.
No Principal Too Small: Memory Access Control for Fine-Grained Protection Domains

Modern programs comprise multiple threads of execution inside a single principal -- the process -- with a single protection domain, usually a page table. We propose a hardware enforced, fine-grained memory protection mechanism to divide the process into smaller principals and multiple protection domains. Our approach supports modern software engineering better than traditional processes by enabling developers to align software components with protection mechanisms. We implemented our architecture using a cycle-accurate simulator of a complex out-of-order pipeline and evaluate our solution using open-source benchmarks and synthetic micro benchmarks designed specifically to stress our system.
The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power. By Jan Plamper. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012. Pp. xx, 310. $55.00.)

The Stalin cult was a central element of Stalinism, and as such it was one of the most salient features of Soviet rule. Surprisingly, however, historians have devoted little scholarly scrutiny to i...
Diagnostic and prognostic utility of non-invasive imaging in diabetes management

Medical imaging technologies are acquiring an increasing relevance to assist clinicians in diagnosis and to guide management and therapeutic treatment of patients, thanks to their non invasive and high resolution properties. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography are the most used imaging modalities to provide detailed morphological reconstructions of tissues and organs. In addition, the use of contrast dyes or radionuclide-labeled tracers permits to get functional and quantitative information about tissue physiology and metabolism in normal and disease state. In recent years, the development of multimodal and hydrid imaging techniques is coming to be the new frontier of medical imaging for the possibility to overcome limitations of single modalities and to obtain physiological and pathophysiological measurements within an accurate anatomical framework. Moreover, the employment of molecular probes, such as ligands or antibodies, allows a selective in vivo targeting of biomolecules involved in specific cellular processes, so expanding the potentialities of imaging techniques for clinical and research applications. This review is aimed to give a survey of characteristics of main diagnostic non-invasive imaging techniques. Current clinical appliances and future perspectives of imaging in the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of diabetic complications affecting different organ systems will be particularly addressed.
Ocean Wave Prediction Using Large-Scale Phase-Resolved Computations

A direct phase-resolved simulation tool for large-scale nonlinear ocean wavefield evolution, which is named SNOW, has been developed. Unlike the phase-averaged model, it solves the primitive Euler equation and preserves the phases of the wavefield during its nonlinear evolution. Therefore, the detailed descriptions of the free surface and the kinematics of the wavefield are obtained. To provide realistic and representative wavefields for ship motion analyses, we have computed an ensemble of three-dimensional (3D) wavefields (of typical domain size of O(103~4) km2) based on initial JONSWAP spectra. The statistical properties of the synthetic wavefields are computed and compared with theory and experimental measurements to study long-time sea spectrum evolution. SNOW simulations have been used to identify and characterize the occurrence statistics and dynamical properties of extreme wave events. We confirm that linear theory significantly under predicts the probability of large rogue wave events, especially for sea states with narrow spectra bandwidth and narrow directional spreading angle. A new phase-resolved wave prediction capability, with the incorporation of multiple hybrid (satellite/radar/lidar/wave-probe) sensed wave data as initial input, for deterministic short time O(Tp) prediction of ocean waves in deep water close to real time in a region with relatively small scale (~O(1) km×O(1) km) for a single ship handling is also developed. The validity and efficacy of SNOW in reliably predicting nonlinear ocean wavefield evolution is demonstrated and verified.
Early stages of sulfidation of iron and iron-chromium alloy in hydrogen sulfide

The surface reaction of polycrystalline iron with HgS was studied in situ with ESCA in the temperature range of 100 to 773 K at pressures 10"^ to several torr of HgS. It was found that the mode of sulfidation of iron with a sputter-clean surface changed through several stages: (i) associative adsorption of HgS at 100 K; (ii) dissociative adsorp­ tion of HgS from 190 K to ambient temperature; and (iii) the formation of first a nonstoichiometrie iron sulfide and then the stoichiometric FeS at T > 423 K as the HgS pressure or the time of exposure was increased. Sulfidation was found to proceed at higher rates on oxidized iron than on sputter-clean iron. Surface iron oxide was reduced to iron sulfide by HgS at 548 K.
Gene survival and death on the human Y chromosome

Y chromosomes have long been dismissed as “graveyards of genes,” but there is still much to be learned from the genetic relics of genes that were once functional on the human Y. We identified human X-linked genes whose gametologs have been pseudogenized or completely lost from the Y chromosome and inferred which evolutionary forces may be acting to retain genes on the Y. Although gene loss appears to be largely correlated with the suppression of recombination, we observe that X-linked genes with functional Y homologs evolve under stronger purifying selection and are expressed at higher levels than X-linked genes with nonfunctional Y homologs. Additionally, we support and expand upon the hypothesis that X inactivation is primarily driven by gene loss on the Y. Using linear discriminant analysis, we show that X-inactivation status can successfully classify 90% of X-linked genes into those with functional or nonfunctional Y homologs.
Nano Monitors for Identification of Vulnerable Cardio-vascular Plaque

We describe highly sensitive, non–invasive, label-free, electrical detection of protein biomarkers using nanoporous alumina membrane based electrochemical conductance based devices. The principle of operation of these sensors are based on electrochemical conductance varitions associated with the binding of antibody-antigen complexes to a metallic substrate.In these devices distinct pore clusters are selectively surface functionalized with specific antibodies, that are in turn are incorporated into micro scale arrays. Protein markers were routinely detected at nanomolar concentrations. This opens the potential for developing highly sensitive and selective biomarker detection assays in clinically relevant samples for diagnosis of complex disease state like vulnerable coronary plaque rupture that results in poor post surgical outcomes and other complex diseases.
Enhanced matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric analysis of bacteriophage major capsid proteins with β‐mercaptoethanol pretreatment

Bacteriophage (phage) proteins have been analyzed previously with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). However, analysis of phage major capsid proteins (MCPs) has been limited by the ability to reproducibly generate ions from MCP monomers. While the acidic conditions of MALDI-TOF MS sample preparation have been shown to aid in disassembly of some phage capsids, many require further treatment to successfully liberate MCP monomers. The findings presented here suggest that beta-mercaptoethanol reduction of the disulfide bonds linking phage MCPs prior to mass spectrometric analysis results in significantly increased MALDI-TOF MS sensitivity and reproducibility of Yersinia pestis-specific phage protein profiles.
A high-performance microarchitecture with hardware-programmable functional units

This paper explores a novel way to incorporate hardware-programmable resources into a processor microarchitecture to improve the performance of general-purpose applications. Through a coupling of compile-time analysis routines and hardware synthesis tools, we automatically configure a given set of the hardware-programmable functional units (PFUs) and thus augment the base instruction set architecture so that it better meets the instruction set needs of each application. We refer to this new class of general-purpose computers as PRogrammable Instruction Set Computers (PRISC). Although similar in concept, the PRISC approach differs from dynamically programmable microcode because in PRISC we define entirely-new primitive datapath operations. In this paper, we concentrate on the microarchitectural design of the simplest form of PRISC—a RISC microprocessor with a single PFU that only evaluates combinational functions. We briefly discuss the operating system and the programming language compilation techniques that are needed to successfully build PRISC and, we present performance results from a proof-of-concept study. With the inclusion of a single 32-bit-wide PFU whose hardware cost is less than that of a 1 kilobyte SRAM, our study shows a 22% improvement in processor performance on the SPECint92 benchmarks.
Emission of light charged particles in the reactions of 120 MeV 20Ne with 27Al

Abstract The emission of H and He isotopes in the reactions of 120 MeV 20 Ne with 27 A1 has been studied using light particle-heavy ion coincidence measurements. The energy spectra and angular correlations of the light particles emitted in coincidence with products of Z ≧ 14 agree well with the predictions of the statistical model applied to the decay of the compound nucleus 47 V. Results on α-particle emission associated with deep inelastic reactions leading to carbon and oxygen products are also reported.
Stage-dependent levels of specific mRNA transcripts in Sertoli cells.

Localization and stage-dependent levels of transfewin and sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2) mRNAs were examined in rat testes by in situ and soluble hybridization of mRNA with a single-stranded RNA probe prepared with the SP6.5 vector. Biotinylated RNA probes were identified in testicular tissue by using a biotinylated glucose oxidase-avidin system followed by a treatment with an appropriate electron carrier and a tetrazolium salt. This procedure demonstrated that the anatomical site of transferrin and SGP-2 gene expression was the Sertoli cells. Tritium-labeled RNA probes were visualized by radioautography. Negative and positive controls as well as in situ hybridization in Sertoli and myoid cells in culture indicated again that the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells was the anatomical site of transferrin and SGP-2 expression. Quantitative radioautography revealed cyclic variations in the level of both transferrin and SGP-2 mRNAs. The level of transferrin mRNA was relatively high from Stage I to Stage VIII. At Stage IX, the level decreased acutely and remained low in Stage X. The level of transcripts increased dramatically at Stage XlIl, remaining high until Stage XIV. In the case of SGP-2 mRNAs, levels of transcripts were similar in most stages except at Stages VII and VIII, where higher levels were observed. These data were substantiated by similar results obtained by solution hybridization of both recombinant cRNAs with m RNAs from selected seminiferous tubules staged by transillumination. Thus, our results demonstrated a stage-specific regulation of transfewah and SGP-2 mRNA levels in Sertoli cells. . I NT RO DU CTJ ON
Visual areas in the temporal cortex of the macaque

Visual receptive fields and responsiveness of neurons to somesthetic and auditory stimuli were studied in the inferior temporal cortex and adjacent regions of immobilized macaques. Neurons throughout cytoarchitectonic area TE were responsive only to visual stimuli and had large receptive fields that almost always included the center of gaze and usually extended into both visual half-fields. There was no indication of any visuotopic organization within area TE. Neurons in an anterior and in a dorsal portion of TE tended to have larger receptive fields. By contrast, dorsal, ventral and anterior to area TE, units often responded to somesthetic and auditory as well as to visual stimuli. In these regions visual receptive fields were even larger than in TE and often included the entire visual field. Posterior to TE the neurons were exclusively visual and had much smaller receptive fields that were confined to the contralateral visual field and were topographically organized.
Effects of cross-frame placement and skew on distortion-induced fatigue in steel bridges

Because of detailing practices common before the mid-1980s, many bridges are highly susceptible to distortion-induced fatigue. This research explored the influence of cross-frame placement and skew angle in bridges subject to distortion-induced fatigue. Forty high-resolution, three-dimensional finite element analyses of a bridge with multiple cross-frame and skew configurations were performed to examine the relationships between skew angle, cross-frame placement, and stresses on distortion-induced fatigue susceptibility. Bridges with skew angles of 0°, 20°, and 40° and cross-frames spaced at 4.58 m (15 ft) and 9.15 m (30 ft) were investigated. Cross-frame configurations examined included staggered perpendicular to the girder line as well as parallel to the support skew. The analyses found maximum stresses in the web-gap occurred in positive moment regions but not necessarily in regions of highest differential deflection. In configurations with cross-frames placed parallel to the skew angle, maximum stress demand was in the top web-gap but it was in the bottom web-gap region when cross-frames were staggered. Increased spacing between cross-frames correlated with slightly increased maximum web-gap stresses for parallel-to-skew cross-frame arrangements and decreased maximum web-gap stresses for perpendicular-to-girder line cross-frame arrangements. Skew angle had a minimal effect on web-gap stresses in the bridge studied.
Afro-Caribbean immigrants and the politics of incorporation

1. Beyond black and white theories of political incorporation 2. 'Good' blacks and 'bad' blacks? 3. Letting sleeping giants lie 4. Afro-Caribbean immigrants and African Americans racially bound and ethnically splintered 5. Afro-Caribbean sojourners 6. Black like who? Afro-Caribbean immigrants, African Americans, and the politics of group identity 7. Black ethnic options Conclusion.
Cellular Aspects of Atherosclerosis and Approaches to Intervention: A Mechanism to Reduce Stroke and Vascular Dementia Risk

The potential relationship of a therosclerotic cerebral vascular disease to dementia has been avidly discussed [13]. The concept of vascular dementia related to widespread atherosclerosis of large and/or small cerebral vessels enjoyed widespread popularity early in the century and then fell out of favor. Over the past two decades, the potential contribution of cerebral vascular disease to dementia has been revived. Atherosclerosis involving large extracranial and intracranial vessels would appear to be a common substrate for the development of multiple atherothrombotic cortical or subcortical cerebral infarctions either related to artery-to-artery emboli or hemodynamic compromise [13,20]. The development of multi-infarct dementia may therefore be traced to widespread atherosclerosis [14]. Additionally, widespread small and medium vessel cerebral atherosclerosis may be associated with subcortical white matter abnormalities and dementia, as well as the dementia seen with the multiple lacunar state [2]. The development of advanced atherosclerosis appears to be a critical common denominator for the various subtypes of vascular dementia. Insight into current concepts about atherosclerotic plaque development is important for all investigators of vascular dementia because such knowledge may suggest potential treatment strategies to impede atherogenesis and its consequences. This review will focus upon the cellular and hemodynamic aspects of atherosclerotic plaque development and potential interventions which relate to these concepts.
Overcoming Problems of Marginalization by Reimagining Elementary Social Studies Programs

In this chapter, we describe ways in which we, as teacher educators, have responded to the marginalization of elementary social studies education. Specifically, we describe two innovative approaches to elementary social studies methods courses, focusing on the processes of developing and enacting these courses with teacher candidates. The first approach is a site-based course in elementary social studies and the second is a year-long block of social studies and literacy methods courses taught by an instructor who loops with students. These approaches have been successful in foregrounding twenty-first century knowledge and skills for citizenship in meaningful ways, and in making a strong connection to the world of practice and to the realities of fitting social studies into a crowded elementary school day. We share the lessons we learned and the challenges we faced as a result of these experiences.
Solar Sails and the Search for Dark Matter

Solar-photon sails have been proposed for decades-duration missions to the heliopause (~200 AU) and the Sun’s inner gravitational focus (~550 AU). A more advanced goal for space-manufactured sails capable of ~500 km/s interstellar cruise velocities is a search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPS), a suggested form of dark matter, within the solar vicinity. Newton’s Shell Theorem is applied, in which WIMPS within the sphere defined by the solar distance are treated as at the Sun’s center; those outside this sphere are ignored. A spherically symmetric near-Sun WIMP cloud will produce an anomalous spacecraft acceleration towards the Sun. Consideration of the Pioneer Anomaly demonstrated to be caused by differential spacecraft thermal emissions, reveals that WIMP mass within ~60 AU is <0.2 Earth masses. Increasing the published accuracy of Pioneer 10/11 acceleration measurements by a factor of 10X allows probe trajectory measurements at ~10,000 AU to confirm or falsify the existence of a ~3X star mass WIMP cloud in the Sun’s galactic vicinity. Various sail configurations, sail/space-environment interactions, and mission planning are discussed.
Heterogeneous Effects of Informational Nudges on Pro-social Behavior

Numerous experimental studies of informational nudges both in the lab and the field have demonstrated not just that informational nudges are effective policy tools for influencing behavior, but also that nudges have heterogeneous impacts that differ depending on the characteristics of the person involved and the situation. We adapt Andreoni’s theory of warm-glow impure altruism to account for how altruism motives respond differently depending on the disposition of the person and the situation. The model explains both positive spillovers (moral cleansing) and negative spillovers (moral licensing) for behavioral interventions, showing that targeting of informational campaigns depends on the complementarity between people’s traits and the intervention’s content. More importantly, the design of economic incentives (like Pigouvian taxes) to shift economic behavior should depend on both the distribution of social preferences in the population and the use of behavioral interventions.
Inside Out: Core Network of Transcription Factors Drives Axon Regeneration

In this issue, Chandran et al. (2016) pursue a multi-level bioinformatics approach combined with wet bench validation to identify gene networks associated with the regenerative state of injured adult sensory neurons. A small molecular compound, ambroxol, mimics aspects of the identified gene expression patterns and promotes axon regeneration in the injured adult mouse CNS, demonstrating feasibility of in silico-based methods to identify compounds that promote neuronal growth following CNS injury.
PET-Computed Tomography in Veterinary Medicine

PET/CT is an advanced imaging modality that is becoming more commonly used in veterinary medicine. It is most commonly used to image patients with cancer, and the most frequently used radiopharmaceutical is F-18 FDG. F-18 FDG is a glucose analog that highlights areas of increased glucose metabolism on the PET images. CT images provide excellent anatomic depiction and aid in interpretation of the PET data. Many types of cancer are hypermetabolic on PET/CT scans, but normal structures and areas of inflammation are also hypermetabolic, so knowledge of normal imaging and cytologic or histopathologic evaluation of lesions is essential.
Facile Synthesis of Co3O4@CNT with High Catalytic Activity for CO Oxidation under Moisture-Rich Conditions

The catalytic oxidation reaction of CO has recently attracted much attention because of its potential applications in the treatment of air pollutants. The development of inexpensive transition metal oxide catalysts that exhibit high catalytic activities for CO oxidation is in high demand. However, these metal oxide catalysts are susceptible to moisture, as they can be quickly deactivated in the presence of trace amounts of moisture. This article reports a facile synthesis of highly active Co3O4@CNT catalysts for CO oxidation under moisture-rich conditions. Our synthetic routes are based on the in situ growth of ultrafine Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) (∼2.5 nm) on pristine multiwalled CNTs in the presence of polymer surfactant. Using a 1% CO and 2% O2 balanced in N2 (normal) feed gas (3–10 ppm moisture), a 100% CO conversion with Co3O4@CNT catalysts was achieved at various temperatures ranging from 25 to 200 °C at a low O2 concentration. The modulation of surface hydrophobicity of CNT substrates, other than di...
Plasmonic Nanophotonic Devices

I will describe recent developments in plasmonic nanostructure designs that enable ultracompact electro-optic and all-optical modulation, isotropic all-angle negative index materials at visible frequencies, and that enhance light absorption in thin solar cells. Article not available.
Study on dynamic phagocytosic function and expression of α_Vβ_5 integrin receptor of new born retinal pigment epithelium

Objective To observe the dynamic changes of the binding and ingestion of the photoreceptor outer segments (POS) by retinal pigment epithelium(RPE),and then provide evidence to prevent and cure the diseases related to RPE.Methods FITC-POS suspension was added to the nearly confluent third generation of cultured new born bovine RPE,and then the binding and ingestion of the POS by RPE after incubated 1 hour,2 hours,3 hours,4 hours,5 hours,6 hours were observed,respectively.At the same time,the amount of integrin receptor-αVβ5 participanting in binding phase of the phagocytosis expressed by RPE was detected.Results After incubated 1 hour,no obvious phagocytosis occurred.After incubated 2 hours and 3 hours,the total amount of phagocytosis increased rapidly,then increased slowly until reached an stable condition.Otherwise the amount of ingested POS was nearly 0 during the first two hours,then increased rapidly from the third to the fifth hour,and then reached a stable condition in the sixth hour.RPE also expressed abundant amount of αVβ5 integrin receptor.Conclusion During the cycle of phagocytosis of new born bovine RPE,the second and the third hour after incubation is mainly the binding phase,and from the third to the sixth hour is mainly the ingesting phase.This suggests that the new born RPE has already had the ability to phagocytose POS.
Successful use of high-dose cytarabine in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia and severe hepatic dysfunction.

Acute myeloid leukemia is a hematologic malignancy characterized by the clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and other tissues. Prognosis is poor with 5-year survival rates ranging from 5-65% depending on demographic and clinical features. Outcomes are worse for patients that have an antecedent myeloproliferative neoplasm that evolves to acute myeloid leukemia, with a survival rate of 15 mg/dL).
Use of Theory in Behavior Change Interventions: An Analysis of Programs to Increase Physical Activity in Posttreatment Breast Cancer Survivors

Objective. Theory use may enhance effectiveness of behavioral interventions, yet critics question whether theory-based interventions have been sufficiently scrutinized. This study applied a framework to evaluate theory use in physical activity interventions for breast cancer survivors. The aims were to (1) evaluate theory application intensity and (2) assess the association between extensiveness of theory use and intervention effectiveness. Methods. Studies were previously identified through a systematic search, including only randomized controlled trials published from 2005 to 2013, that addressed physical activity behavior change and studied survivors who were <5 years posttreatment. Eight theory items from Michie and Prestwich’s coding framework were selected to calculate theory intensity scores. Studies were classified into three subgroups based on extensiveness of theory use (Level 1 = sparse; Level 2 = moderate; and Level 3 = extensive). Results. Fourteen randomized controlled trials met search crit...
Binding of the Fkh1 Forkhead Associated Domain to a Phosphopeptide within the Mph1 DNA Helicase Regulates Mating-Type Switching in Budding Yeast.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fkh1 protein has roles in cell-cycle regulated transcription as well as a transcription-independent role in recombination donor preference during mating-type switching. The conserved FHA domain of Fkh1 regulates donor preference by juxtaposing two distant regions on chromosome III to promote their recombination. A model posits that this Fkh1-mediated long-range chromosomal juxtaposition requires an interaction between the FHA domain and a partner protein(s), but to date no relevant partner has been described. In this study, we used structural modeling, 2-hybrid assays, and mutational analyses to show that the predicted phosphothreonine-binding FHA domain of Fkh1 interacted with multiple partner proteins. The Fkh1 FHA domain was important for its role in cell-cycle regulation, but no single interaction partner could account for this role. In contrast, Fkh1’s interaction with the Mph1 DNA repair helicase regulated donor preference during mating-type switching. Using 2-hybrid assays, co-immunoprecipitation, and fluorescence anisotropy, we mapped a discrete peptide within the regulatory Mph1 C-terminus required for this interaction and identified two threonines that were particularly important. In vitro binding experiments indicated that at least one of these threonines had to be phosphorylated for efficient Fkh1 binding. Substitution of these two threonines with alanines (mph1-2TA) specifically abolished the Fkh1-Mph1 interaction in vivo and altered donor preference during mating-type switching to the same degree as mph1Δ. Notably, the mph1-2TA allele maintained other functions of Mph1 in genome stability. Deletion of a second Fkh1-interacting protein encoded by YMR144W also resulted in a change in Fkh1-FHA-dependent donor preference. We have named this gene FDO1 for Forkhead one interacting protein involved in donor preference. We conclude that a phosphothreonine-mediated protein-protein interface between Fkh1-FHA and Mph1 contributes to a specific long-range chromosomal interaction required for mating-type switching, but that Fkh1-FHA must also interact with several other proteins to achieve full functionality in this process.
Raspberry ketone formate as an attractant for the melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Cuelure, the acetate of raspberry ketone, has been the standard melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) attractant for at least 40 yrs. A closely related compound, raspberry ketone formate, is somewhat more volatile and has been found to be at least 1.7 times more attractive to both sterile and wild melon flies in field tests conducted in Hawaii, consistently outperforming cuelure for periods exceeding one month.
Estimated serum vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and risk of incident alopecia areata among US women

Studies have identified increased prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with alopecia areata (AA), an autoimmune disease characterized by hair loss, but none have prospectively examined vitamin D status and incident AA. In 55,929 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), we prospectively evaluated the association between estimated vitamin D status, derived from a prediction model incorporating lifestyle determinants of serum vitamin D, and self-reported incident AA. We evaluated dietary, supplemental, and total vitamin D intake as additional exposures. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we calculated age-adjusted and multivariate hazard ratios (HR) to evaluate risk of AA. We identified 133 cases of AA over a follow-up of 12 years. The age-adjusted HR between top vs. bottom quartiles for serum vitamin D score was 0.94 (95 % CI 0.60–1.48) and the corresponding multivariate HR was 1.08 (95 % CI 0.68–1.73). There was no significant association between dietary, supplemental, or total vitamin D intake and incident AA. This study does not support a preventive role for vitamin D in the risk of developing AA.
Oligodendrogenesis after traumatic brain injury

White matter injury is an important contributor to long term motor and cognitive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. During brain trauma, acceleration, deceleration, torsion, and compression forces often cause direct damage to the axon tracts, and pathways that are triggered by the initial injury can trigger molecular events that result in secondary axon degeneration. White matter injury is often associated with altered mental status, memory deficits, motor or autonomic dysfunction, and contribute to the development of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. The presence and proper functioning of oligodendrocyte precursor cells offer the potential for repair and recovery of injured white matter. The process of the proliferation, maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and their migration to the site of injury to replace injured or lost oligodendrocytes is know as oligodendrogenesis. The process of oligodendrogenesis, as well as the interaction of oligodendrocyte precursor cells with other elements of the neurovascular unit, will be discussed in this review.
ABSORPTION OF ONE-CYCLE FINITE-AMPLITUDE SOUND IN A DISSIPATIVE FLUID

Based on the analytical solution of Burgers' equation, absorption of finite-amplitude plane sound in a dissipative fluid has been studied in the time domain. If the ordinary absorption is small compared to the shock dissipation, the absorption coefficient of a one-cycle sine wave beginning with positive sound pressure is about a quarter of that of a continuous sinusoid and varies as 1/4× at a distance far from the source, while a one-cycle wave beginning with a negative varies in the same manner as does the continuous sinusoid. These relations do not hold, however, if the ordinary absorption is important.
YAP is essential for mechanical force production and epithelial cell proliferation during lung branching morphogenesis

Branching morphogenesis is a fundamental program for tissue patterning. We show that active YAP, a key mediator of Hippo signaling, is distributed throughout the murine lung epithelium and loss of epithelial YAP severely disrupts branching. Failure to branch is restricted to regions where YAP activity is removed. This suggests that YAP controls local epithelial cell properties. In support of this model, mechanical force production is compromised and cell proliferation is reduced in Yap mutant lungs. We propose that defective force generation and insufficient epithelial cell number underlie the branching defects. Through genomic analysis, we also uncovered a feedback control of pMLC levels, which is critical for mechanical force production, likely through the direct induction of multiple regulators by YAP. Our work provides a molecular pathway that could control epithelial cell properties required for proper morphogenetic movement and pattern formation.
Supporting Peer Learning Networks for Case-Based Learning in Public Health: Experience of the Rocky Mountain Public Health Training Center With the ECHO Training Model:

Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) is a model for professional training and support now being used widely in clinical health care. ECHO provides training for health care professiona...
Towards an ethical application of customer feedback data

Every business is a technology business. There are very few businesses that can survive without a web presence. A huge part of being a successful digital business is effective use of customer data. As more and more consumer behavior is tracked online, the reputation of a business is dependent upon it's ethical treatment of customer data. There are several categories where service operations must acknowledge and respect customer data.
Fasting protects hypoxia-induced defects in proteostasis in C. elegans

Low oxygen conditions (hypoxia) can impair essential physiological processes and cause cellular damage and death. We have shown that specific hypoxic conditions disrupt protein homeostasis in C. elegans , leading to protein aggregation and proteotoxicity. Here, we show that nutritional cues regulate the effect of hypoxia on proteostasis. Animals that are fasted prior to hypoxic exposure develop dramatically fewer protein aggregates compared to their fed counterparts. Our results suggest an important role for the nutritional environment experienced at the onset of hypoxia in mediating hypoxia9s effect on proteostasis, as fasting protection can be both induced and reversed rapidly. Fasting is effective at protecting against hypoxia-induced proteostasis defects in multiple developmental stages, tissues, and in different models of misfolded or aggregation prone proteins. We further demonstrate that the insulin/IGF-like signaling (IIS) pathway plays a role in mediating the protective effects of fasting in hypoxia. Animals with mutations in daf-2 , the C. elegans insulin-like receptor, display wild-type levels of hypoxia-induced protein aggregation upon exposure to hypoxia when fed, but are not protected by fasting. Our data further show that DAF-2 acts independently of the FOXO transcription factor, DAF-16, to mediate the protective effects of fasting. These results suggest a non-canonical role for the IIS pathway in coordinating the effects of hypoxia and nutritional state on proteostasis.
Physician Marriages and Dual Career Couples

Current statistics indicate that three-quarters of female physicians marry (see chapter 6 on Mental Health). About 85% of these will marry another professional, and about 50% marry other physicians. According to Parker and Jones (1981), a female physician who marries another professional will judge her professional existence more satisfactory than if she were married to a nonprofessional. Thus over half of women physicians have dual career marriages and many have dual-doctor marriages.
KRAB-ZFP Repressors Enforce Quiescence of Oncogenic Human Herpesviruses.

Cancer-causing herpesviruses infect nearly every human and persist indefinitely in B lymphocytes in a quiescent state known as latency. A hallmark of this quiescence or latency is the presence of extrachromosomal viral genomes with highly restricted expression of viral genes. Silencing of viral genes ensures both immune evasion by the virus and limited pathology to the host, yet how multiple genes on multiple copies of viral genomes are simultaneously silenced is a mystery. In a unifying theme, we report that both cancer-causing human herpesviruses, despite having evolved independently, are silenced through the activities of two members of the Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) domain-zinc finger protein (ZFP) (KRAB-ZFP) epigenetic silencing family, revealing a novel STAT3-KRAB-ZFP axis of virus latency. This dual-edged antiviral strategy restricts the destructive ability of the lytic phase while promoting the cancer-causing latent phase. These findings also unveil roles for KRAB-ZFPs in silencing of multicopy foreign genomes with the promise of evicting herpesviruses to kill viral cancers bearing clonal viral episomes.IMPORTANCE Despite robust immune responses, cancer-causing viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) persist for life. This persistence is accomplished partly through a stealth mechanism that keeps extrachromosomal viral genomes quiescent. Quiescence, or latency, ensures that not every cell harboring viral genomes is killed directly through lytic activation or indirectly via the immune response, thereby evicting virus from host. For the host, quiescence limits pathology. Thus, both virus and host benefit from quiescence, yet how quiescence is maintained through silencing of a large set of viral genes on multiple viral genomes is not well understood. Our studies reveal that members of a gene-silencing family, the KRAB-ZFPs, promote quiescence of both cancer-causing human viruses through simultaneous silencing of multiple genes on multicopy extrachromosomal viral genomes.
Frailty, Neurocognitive Impairment, or Both in Predicting Poor Health Outcomes Among Adults Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Background Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) is strongly associated with frailty in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH); the overlap of frailty and NCI and the impact on health outcomes in PLWH are unknown. Methods PLWH in a longitudinal, observational study of aging completed entry evaluations for frailty and NCI. Outcomes of falls (recurrent) increased limitations in independent activities of daily living (IADL), or mortality were combined. Poisson regression models estimated prevalence ratios (PR) for ≥1 outcome over 2 years. Results Among 987 participants, the median age at entry was 51 years; 19% were female; the median CD4 count was 616 cells/µL; and HIV-1 RNA was <200 copies/mL in 94%. Most (79%) participants had neither frailty nor NCI; 2% had both; 4% frailty only; and 15% NCI only. Over 2 years of observation, 100 (10%) participants experienced recurrent falls; 175 (18%) had worsening IADL limitations; 17 (2%) died; and 254 (26%) experienced ≥1 poor health outcome. In adjusted models, frailty with NCI was associated with more than double the risk of a poor health outcome (PR 2.65; 95% CI 1.98, 3.54); a significant association was also seen with frailty alone (PR 2.26; 95%CI 1.71, 2.99) and NCI alone (PR 1.73; 95% CI 1.36, 2.20). Conclusions The presence of frailty with NCI was associated with a greater risk of falls, disability, or death in PLWH than NCI alone. Interventions that target prevention or reversal of both frailty and NCI (such as increased physical activity) may significantly limit poor health outcomes among PLWH.
Resident and Program Director's Perceptions of Milestone-Based Feedback in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Introduction:In July 2014, US residency programs fully implemented the Next Accreditation System including the use of milestone evaluation and reporting. Currently, there has been little investigat...
The Maximum Entropy Principle

In Section 1.1, we alluded to the principle that titles this chapter. The idea of this principle, as we said there, is to assign probabilities in such a way that the resulting distribution contains no more information than is inherent in the data. The first attempt to do this was by Laplace and was called the “Principle of Insufficient Reason.” This principle said that two events should be assigned the same probability if there is no reason to do otherwise. This appears reasonable and is fine as far as it goes. However, Jaynes [12] said, “except in cases where there is an evident element of symmetry that clearly renders the events ‘equally possible,’ this assumption may appear just as arbitrary as any other that might be made.” What is needed, of course, is a way to uniquely quantify the “amount of uncertainty” represented by a probability distribution. As mentioned in Section 1.1, this was done in 1948 by C. E. Shannon in a paper entitled A Mathematical Theory of Communication [25]. Shannon was specifically interested in the problem of sen ding data through a noisy, discrete transmission channel. However, his results, most notably a rigorous treatment of entropy, have had far-reaching consequences in the theory of probability and statistics. We are not going to even attempt to summarize the broad effects his work has had nor reference the many papers that have since been written on the subject; our purpose is to quickly develop the notion of entropy and get on with the estimation problem of the last chapter. For more information on the subject of entropy, the reader is referred to the text by Ellis [4].
UPLC-Orbitrap® Screening for over 35 Drugs of Abuse and Metabolites in Biological Fluids in Under 10 min.

We present a UPLC®-High Resolution Mass Spectrometric method to simultaneously screen for 19 benzodiazepines, 12 opiates, cocaine and three metabolites, and 3 "Z-drug" hypnotic sedatives in both blood and urine specimens. Sample processing consists of a high-speed, high-temperature enzymatic hydrolysis for urine samples followed by a rapid supported liquid extraction (SLE). The combination of ultrahigh-resolution chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry allows all analytes to be uniquely detected with a 10 min analytical run. Limits of detection for all target analytes are 3 ng/mL or better, with only 300 μL of specimen used for analysis. The combination of low sample volume with fast processing and analysis makes this method a suitable replacement for immunoassay screening of the targeted drug classes, while providing far superior specificity and better limits of detection than can routinely be obtained by immunoassay.
New insect ecdysis inhibitory limonoid deacetylazadirachtinol isolated from azadirachta indica (meliaceae) oil

Abstract Insect bioassay-guided fractionation of neem oil expressed from the fresh fruits of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) resulted in the isolation and structural elucidation of a new limonoid, deacetylazadirachtinol ( 1 ). In addition, four previously elucidated limonoids, including azadirachtin ( 2 ), salannin( 3 ), 6- 0 -acetylnimbandiol ( 4 ), and 3-desacetylsalannin ( 5 ), were isolated from the same source, spectrally identified, and bioassayed. The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectral comparison with the known azadirachtin using their 1H-1H and 1H-13C 2D NMR spectra to assign the total 1H and 13C chemical shifts. Deacetylazadirachtinol was found to be as potent as azadirachtin in the inhibition of insect ecdysis when fed in artificial diet to larvae of the tobacco budworm. Heliothis virescens (Noctuidae). The other isolated limonoids were much less active against H. virescens .
Making ends meet: Targeted integration of DNA fragments by genome editing

Targeted insertion of large pieces of DNA is an important goal of genetic engineering. However, this goal has been elusive since classical methods for homology-directed repair are inefficient and often not feasible in many systems. Recent advances are described here that enable site-specific genomic insertion of relatively large DNA with much improved efficiency. Using the preferred repair pathway in the cell of nonhomologous end-joining, DNA of up to several kb could be introduced with remarkably good precision by the methods of HITI and ObLiGaRe with an efficiency up to 30–40%. Recent advances utilizing homology-directed repair (methods of PITCh; short homology arms including ssODN; 2H2OP) have significantly increased the efficiency for DNA insertion, often to 40–50% or even more depending on the method and length of DNA. The remaining challenges of integration precision and off-target site insertions are summarized. Overall, current advances provide major steps forward for site-specific insertion of large DNA into genomes from a broad range of cells and organisms.
Laparoscopic Malabsorption Procedures: Complications

Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), without or with duodenal switch (BPD-DS), limits nutrient absorption regardless of intake. These procedures carry significant risk due to increased operative risk of the obese patient, the complexity of the operation, and subsequent nutritional derangements.