cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gaseous hydrogen/oxygen injector performance characterization

Results are presented of spontaneous Raman scattering measurements in the combustion chamber of a 110 N thrust class gaseous hydrogen/oxygen rocket. Temperature, oxygen number density, and water number density profiles at the injector exit plane are presented. These measurements are used as input profiles to a full Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. Predictions of this code while using the measured profiles are compared with predictions while using assumed uniform injector profiles. Axial and radial velocity profiles derived from both sets of predictions are compared with Rayleigh scattering measurements in the exit plane of a 33:1 area ratio nozzle. Temperature and number density Raman scattering measurements at the exit plane of a test rocket with a 1:1.36 area ratio nozzle are also compared with results from both sets of predictions.
Thermal degradation of 6‐chlorocellulose and cellulose–zinc chloride mixture

Introduction of chlorine as a substituent or addition of zinc chloride lowers the decomposition temperature of cellulose and suppresses the flaming combustion by reducing the rate of production and the total amount of combustible volatiles. Samples of 6-chloro-6-deoxycellulose, with a low D.S., start to decompose with dehydrohalogenation. The resulting hydrogen chloride catalyzes the transglycosylation, dehydration, condensation and charring reactions as evidenced by production of large amounts of levoglucosenone, condensed tar, and char. A similar effect was produced by zinc chloride, except that it provided less levoglucosenone and more 3,6-anhydroglucose derivatives. Also, a larger amount of the additive was required to reach the optimal effect. 5 tables; 2 figures.
Requiring anonymised raw data as a condition for publication

The problem of conflict of interests for medical journals will largely go away when they adopt the policy of “publishing the reports of all and sundry, regardless of their commercial interests, subject to …
Humectant Analysis of Intermediate Moisture Meat by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A quantitative extraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure for analysis of four common humectants (sucrose, sorbitol, glycerol and propylene glycol) in intermediate moisture meat was developed. The procedure includes removal of ionic species from an extract with cation and anion columns prior to HPLC analysis with an Aminex HPX-87 column. The total time for HPLC analysis was 20 min. Total mean recovery of the humectants added to the meat ranged from 97% for sucrose to 110% for glycerol.
An acylamidase in mammalian liver hydrolyzing the herbicide 3,4-dichloropropionanilide

An acylamidase hydrolyzing the herbicide STAM (3,4-dichloropropionanilide) has been found in the liver of rats, rabbits, mice, and dogs. High activity was present at pH 8.7 in barbital buffer, and was constant after storage at −20°C for a month and at 4°C for 5 days. Activity was destroyed at 60°C. Very low concentrations of the carbamates carbaryl, 4-benzothienylmethyl carbamate, and 6-chloro-3,4-xylyl methyl carbamate and the organophosphate parathion produced in vitro inhibition of enzyme activity, but aldrin or chlordane had no effect upon the enzyme either in vitro or after in vivo administration. In vitro activity of the liver enzyme was reduced by a single in vivo administration of 6-chloro-3,4-xylyl methyl carbamate, 4-benzothienylmethyl carbamate, and parathion but bore no relation to the acute oral toxicity of these compounds for the rat. Liver acylamidase was unaltered by feeding 6-chloro-3,4-xylyl methyl carbamate chronically to rats. The enzyme-inhibitor complex dissociated on prolonged incubation with the substrate STAM. There was a slight enhancement, of doubtful significance, of the toxicity of STAM to the mouse by 6-chloro-3,4-xylyl methyl carbamate and by parathion. The toxicity of STAM, however, is low (lethal doses to the mouse range from 375 to 700 mg/kg).
Implicit Preference Labels for Learning Highly Selective Personalized Rankers

Interaction data such as clicks and dwells provide valuable signals for learning and evaluating personalized models. However, while models of personalization typically distinguish between clicked and non-clicked results, no preference distinctions within the non-clicked results are made and all are treated as equally non-relevant.In this paper, we demonstrate that failing to enforce a prior on preferences among non-clicked results leads to learning models that often personalize with no measurable gain at the risk that the personalized ranking is worse than the non-personalized ranking. To address this, we develop an implicit preference-based framework that enables learning highly selective rankers that yield large reductions in risk such as the percentage of queries personalized. We demonstrate theoretically how our framework can be derived from a small number of basic axioms that give rise to well-founded target rankings which combine a weight on prior preferences with the implicit preferences inferred from behavioral data.Additionally, we conduct an empirical analysis to demonstrate that models learned with this approach yield comparable gains on click-based performance measures to standard methods with far fewer queries personalized. On three real-world commercial search engine logs, the method leads to substantial reductions in the number of queries re-ranked (2x - 7x fewer queries re-ranked) while maintaining 85-95% of the total gain achieved by the standard approach.
Characteristics of the transport of oxalate and other ions across rabbit proximal colon

In order to characterize oxalate handling by the P2 segment of the rabbit proximal colon, the fluxes of [14C]oxalate, 22Na+, and 36Cl- were measured in vitro using conventional short-circuiting techniques. In standard buffer the proximal colon exhibited net secretion of Na+ (-2.31 +/- 0.64 mu equiv cm-2 h-1), negligible net Cl- transport, and net secretion of oxalate (-12.7 +/- 1.6 pmol cm-2 h-1). Replacement of buffer Na+ or Cl- abolished net oxalate secretion, while HCO(3-)-free media revealed a net absorption of oxalate (19.3 +/- 4.2 pmol cm-2 h-1) and stimulated NaCl absorption. Mucosal amiloride and dimethylamiloride (1 mM) significantly reduced the unidirectional fluxes of oxalate and enhanced sodium secretion by decreasing JNams. The anion exchange inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS; 0.1 mM, both sides) reduced the unidirectional fluxes of oxalate and chloride. Serosal epinephrine (50 microM) stimulated oxalate absorption (21.3 +/- 6.3 pmol cm-2 h-1) and sodium absorption (5.71 +/- 1.20 mu equiv cm-2 h-1), whereas dibutyryl-cAMP enhanced oxalate secretion (-43.4 +/- 6.9 pmol cm-2 h-1) and stimulated chloride secretion (-7.27 +/- 0.64 mu equiv cm-2 h-1). These results indicate that the P2 segment of the proximal colon possesses (a) secretory as well as absorptive capacities, (b) oxalate fluxes that are mediated by pathways involving Na+, Cl-, HCO3- transport and (c) a net oxalate flux that is sensitive to absorptive and secretory stimuli.
The role of β‐adrenergic activity in the production of cardiac and aortic arch anomalies in chick embryos

The sympathomimetic amines isoproterenol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and phenylephrine are structural derivatives of beta-phenylethylamine and have proportionately different effects on alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. Chick embryos in ovo were each administered a single dose of one of these compounds at concentrations ranging from 0.4 times 10(-9) to 20 times 10(-9) mol/5 mul saline during Hamburger and Hamilton stages 20-27. In other experiments embryos were pretreated with the beta-antagonist propranolol and subsequently administered isoproterenol. 743 cardiovascular anomalies were produced. The production of cardiovascular anomalies was proportional to the degree of beta-adrenergic activity of each drug. The frequency of anomalies was significantly reduced by pretreatment with propranolol. At all concentrations tested the anomaly rate was greater in chick embryos receiving an experimental compound than in controls. The general types of anomalies included aortic arch defects, ventricular septal defect, double outlet right ventricle, aortic hypoplasia, and truncus arteriosus. These results demonstrate that activation of the beta-adrenergic receptor mechanism is directly related to the cardiovascular anomalies produced in the chick embryos.
The ecdysteroid receptor

Summary The steroid molting hormone of insects and other arthropods regulates gene activity in target tissues through its association with a specific, high affinity receptor protein. In this review we summarize recent advances in several areas of ecdysteroid receptor research, including efforts to characterize and purify the receptor protein, cytochemical studies of its tissue distribution and subcellular localization during development, and current molecular genetic studies ecdysteroid action.
From Door‐to‐Balloon Time to Contact‐to‐Device Time: Predictors of Achieving Target Times in Patients With ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background The 2013 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) guidelines have shifted focus from door-to-balloon (D2B) time to the time from first medical contact to device activation (contact-to-device time [C2D] ). Hypothesis This study investigates the impact of prehospital wireless electrocardiogram transmission (PHT) on reperfusion times to assess the impact of the new guidelines. Methods From January 2009 to December 2012, data were collected on STEMI patients who received percutaneous coronary interventions; 245 patients were included for analysis. The primary outcome was median C2D time in the PHT group and the secondary outcome was D2B time. Results Prehospital wireless electrocardiogram transmission was associated with reduced C2D times vs no PHT: 80 minutes (interquartile range [IQR], 64–94) vs 96 minutes (IQR, 79—118), respectively, P < 0.0001. The median D2B time was lower in the PHT group vs the no-PHT group: 45 minutes (IQR, 34–56) vs 63 minutes (IQR, 49–81), respectively, P < 0.0001. Multivariate analysis showed PHT to be the strongest predictor of a C2D time of <90 minutes (odds ratio: 3.73, 95% confidence interval: 1.65-8.39, P = 0.002). Female sex was negatively predictive of achieving a C2D time <90 minutes (odds ratio: 0.23, 95% confidence interval: 0.07-0.73, P = 0.01). Conclusions In STEMI patients, PHT was associated with significantly reduced C2D and D2B times and was an independent predictor of achieving a target C2D time. As centers adapt to the new guidelines emphasizing C2D time, targeting a shorter D2B time (<50 minutes) is ideal to achieve a C2D time of <90 minutes.
Adult Egocentrism: Subjective Experience versus Analytic Bases for Judgment

Abstract The influence of memory on the subjective experience of later problem solving was investigated in two experiments. Study of the solution words to anagrams in the first phase of the experiments lead to faster solution of those anagrams in a second phase. Participants interpreted their easy solution of old anagrams as due to characteristics of the anagrams and judged them as easier for others to solve, relative to new anagrams. When participants were deprived of the subjective experience of solving the anagrams by presenting the solution with the anagram, they switched to an alternative basis for judgment such as a theory or rules, which lead to a different ordering of items according to judged difficulty (Experiment 1). Requiring participants to recognize whether solution words had been presented in the first phase did not eliminate the effect of prior presentation on judged difficulty, but requiring recognition judgments and warning participants of the nature of the effect did eliminate it (Experiment 2). We discuss the usefulness of the distinction between judgments based on subjective experience versus theory, introduce ways to diagnose when different bases for judgments are used, and discuss how memory spoils subjective experience as a basis for judgment.
The effects of functional azo initiator on PMMA and polyurethane IPN systems. II. The influence of the interface and the matrix structure on the mechanical properties

The mechanical properties of materials prepared by a new method for modifying the structure of polyurethane/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PU/PMMA) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) by using a reactive azo initiator were investigated by means of tensile test, tear test, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) measurement. The structures of these IPNs were similar to the particulate filled elastomers. It was found that the reactive initiator, which could form blocks of PMMA within the PU matrix (rubber), changed both the filler-matrix interface and the matrix structure. The mechanical properties of these IPNs were dominated by the matrix structure and the interface.
Apremilast as a treatment for psoriasis.

Introduction: Psoriasis is a common skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammatory lesions that are frequently vexing for patients and difficult for physicians to treat. Although multiple therapeutic options are available, all have limitations. Topical preparations have issues with patient adherence, as compared to oral routes of administration. Currently available oral medications, such as methotrexate, possess unfavorable toxicity profiles that limit use. There is a large unmet need for an effective, safe oral treatment for psoriasis. Apremilast is an oral medication that inhibits the activity of multiple inflammatory markers involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Areas covered: The present review article presents the pharmacokinetic properties of apremilast, as well as available preliminary pre-clinical and clinical trial data, and gives an overview of its safety and efficacy. Expert opinion: Apremilast has been well tolerated in phase I and II clinical trials. It has favorable safety and toxi...
The last of the triumvirate

Abstract Cells: A Laboratory Manual edited by D.L. Spector, R.D. Goldman and L.A. Leinwand Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1998. US$250.00 pbk (2136 pages) ISBN 0 87969 521 8
Dialog System for Mixed Initiative One-Turn Address Entry and Error Recovery

In this demonstration we present a mixed-initiative dialog system for address recognition that lets users to specify a complete addresses in a single sentence with address components spoken in their natural sequence. Users can also specify fewer address components in several ways, based on their convenience. The system extracts specified address components, prompts for missing information, disambiguates items independently or collectively all the while guiding the user so as to obtain the desired valid address. The language modeling and dialog management techniques developed for this purpose are also briefly described. Finally, several use cases with screen shots are presented. The combined system yields very high task completion accuracy on user tests.
Kinesiology—A “Homeless” Field: Addressing Organization and Leadership Needs

Motivated by her belief in the contributions of physical activity to the “good life” for all people, Amy Morris Homans was infl uential in the development of physical education as a viable and respected academic field of study in higher education. Over the past 100 years, however, as the field faced pressures to become more scientific, it has become increasingly decentralized into subdisciplinary units, thus, losing much of its unified mission and focus as an integrated field of study in academia. This fragmentation, along with the lack of an “umbrella” professional association or organizational home for the field (now most commonly called kinesiology) has hampered the field's ability to gain national recognition as a disciplinary field of study, its effectiveness as a political voice, and its ability to conduct the kind of cross-disciplinary research needed to best address important questions and issues in the field. Such overspecialization, together with a lack of a common name and common purpose, has r...
Phase distribution in, and origin of, interfacial protrusions in Ni–Cr–Al–Y/ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings☆

Interfacial morphology and reaction products in thermal barrier coating systems were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The samples consist of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ; 6–8 wt.% yttria) deposited by air plasma spraying onto either of two types of bond coats: a layer consisting of Ni–15.9Cr–5.3Al–0.6Y with 5 wt.% of alumina particulate added, or one that was only the base Ni–Cr–Al–Y composition. In samples thermally cycled to failure in a burner rig, numerous interfacial protrusions of several microns or more in size are observed. These have a complex microstructure and contain elemental Ni intermixed with Ni(Al,Cr)2O4 spinel, (Al,Cr)2O3, and other oxides. Unlike some prior studies, nickel oxide (NiO) was not detected. Protrusion microstructures were similar for the two bond coat systems, but interfacial protrusions for the case of the base composition (i.e. no added alumina particulate) did not contain any spinel phase. Comparison of cross-sectional samples before and after oxidation indicates that the protrusions arise from the encapsulation of isolated segments of the bond coat. The intermixing of metallic Ni grains with oxides in the reaction zone may contribute to failure by affecting local stresses during thermal cycling.
Chinese professionals and the Republican state : the rise of professional associations in Shanghai, 1912-1937

List of tables Acknowledgments Abbreviations of frequently cited sources Introduction Part I. Professions and Professionals: 1. Professions in early-twentieth-century Shanghai 2. Professionals as urban middle class Conclusion to part I Part II. Social Institutions, State Actions, and Professionalization: 3. The Republican State and urban associations 4. The Republican State and the legal profession 5. The Republican State and the medical profession Conclusion to part II Part III. Professionalism, Nationalism, and Politics: 6. From 'literary men' to professionals: Shanghai journalists 7. National essence versus science: the medical profession in conflict 8. Professionalism and nationalism: the Shanghai Bar Association (I) 9. Professionalism and politics: the Shanghai Bar Association (II) Conclusion to part III Conclusion Glossary Bibliography Index.
Failure to Lyse Venous Thrombi Because of Elevated Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and 4G Polymorphism of Its Promotor Genome (The PAI-1/4G Syndrome)

Plasminogen activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) inhibits plasminogen activators leading to decreased fibrinolysis and increased risk of thromboembolic disease (TED). Shifts in PAI-1 promoter genome from ...
Experimental and theoretical studies of coupled chemical oscillators

Chemical oscillators may be coupled together in a variety of ways. Two of the most important forms of coupling are physical (via transport) and chemical (via common species). Such coupling can result in new phenomena. Here we focus on rhythmogenesis, the onset of oscillations when two steady state systems are coupled, and oscillator death, the cessation of oscillations when two oscillatory systems are coupled. We also discuss briefly a biological example, the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion, and the important role of delay, which may be brought on by coupling, in chemical oscillation.
Interactions and disorder in multichannel quantum wires

Recent experiments have revealed that the temperature dependence of the conductance of quasi-ballistic quantum wires bears clear features of the Luttinger-liquid state. In this paper, the conductance of an N-channel quantum wire is calculated within the model of N coupled Luttinger liquids and under the assumption of weak disorder. It is shown that as the number of channels increases, a crossover from the Luttinger-liquid to the Fermi-liquid behavior occurs. This crossover manifests itself in the 1/N decrease of the scaling exponent of the temperature dependence. An exact expression for the scaling exponent for the case of N coupled Luttinger chains is obtained, and the large N limit is studied for the case of a quantum wire. The case of N=2 for electrons with spin is analyzed in detail, and a qualitative agreement with the experiment is achieved.
Scanning electron microscopy of the third ventricle of sheep.

Scanning electron microscopy of the third ventricle of sheep demonstrates areas of ciliated ependymal cells at the dorsal and middle third. The cilia of the dorsal portion of the ventricle have biconcave discs that are attached to each cilium by a slender stalk. The lower third and floor of the ventricular wall, as well as the pineal recess, are largely covered by ependymal cells that possess numerous microvilli with only a few isolated cilia scattered along cell surfaces. The infundibular recess is papillated with apical blebs of the ependymal cells that project into the lumen of the recess. Measurements of these surface elements indicate an average diameter of 0.28 μ for cilia, 0.10 μ for microvilli and 0.50 μ for the apical blebs of the infundibular recess. The functional significance of the regional differences in surface structures is discussed in relation to cerebrospinal fluid movement, ependymoabsorption and ependymosecretion.
Reflections on health care in Cuba.

In the 20 years since the revolution Cuba has gone from the health profile of an underdeveloped country to that of a developed one. Heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death. Infant mortality has been drastically reduced. Maternal mortality is lower than any other Latin American country. Improvements have been accomplished through better nutrition a medical system that is national free accessible and well-organized and health education and immunization programs. The health system is doctor-dominated. The nurse is subservient to the doctor who has acquired technical skills and status comparable to his American counterparts. Curative rather than preventive medicine is emphasized. The diet is high in fat and sugar. Many in the population including the medical profession smoke cigarettes. The medical profession and the revolutionary leaders are in a struggle to shift emphasis from further improvements in curative medical care to an expansion of the role of mass organizations. Yielding to the idea that only doctors could deliver good health care Cuba has created a generation of doctors who believe that they make the primary contribution to the peoples health. Although most physicians support the ideals of the revolution status is still accorded to those with diagnostic acumen specialized qualifications and academic credentials.
Understanding Observed and Unobserved Health Care Access and Utilization Disparities Among U.S. Latino Adults

This study hypothesizes that differences in health care access and utilization exist across Latino adults (>18 years), with U.S. Latino adults of Mexican ancestry demonstrating the worst patterns of access and utilization. The analyses use the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 1999 to 2007 (N = 33,908). The authors first estimate the disparities in health care access and utilization among different categories of Latinos. They also implement Blinder-Oaxaca techniques to decompose disparities into observed and unobserved components, comparing Latinos of Mexican ancestry with non-Mexican Latinos. Latinos of Mexican ancestry consistently demonstrate lower health care access and utilization patterns than non-Mexican Latinos. Health insurance and region of residence were the most important factors that explained observable differences. In contrast, language and citizenship status were relatively unimportant. Although a significant share of these disparities may be explained by observed characteristics, disparities because of unobserved heterogeneity among the different Latino cohorts are also considerable.
Kinematic vorticity analysis and evolving strength of mylonitic shear zones: New data and numerical results

The kinematic vorticity number is an important quantity in structural geology and tecton- ics, giving a nonlinear ratio of simple shear to pure shear deformation. We use natural obser- vations and numerical models to show how rigid clast methods for determining the kinematic vorticity number (W k ) are compromised where strain localization occurs at the matrix-clast interface. Our numerical results show that the critical shape factor cutoff between perma- nently rotating and stable clasts, used to determine W k , is highly sensitive to coupling between the clast and the matrix. This fi nding provides an elegant explanation for the fact that rigid clast methods tend to underestimate W k relative to other methods. We present numerically determined envelopes for clast behavior across a range of kinematic vorticity numbers, clast shape factors, and matrix-clast coupling. Our numerical models show that the shape-pre- ferred orientations of feldspar clasts trend toward the positions of mica fi sh with increasing localization at the clast boundary, suggesting that mica fi sh behave as highly lubricated clasts. Our data and numerical results show that the clast-matrix interface may be several orders of magnitude weaker than the surrounding matrix and that weak interfaces can lead to a marked drop in the bulk shear strength of faults and shear zones.
Inferring spatial layout from a single image via depth-ordered grouping

Inferring the 3D spatial layout from a single 2D image is a fundamental visual task. We formulate it as a grouping problem where edges are grouped into lines, quadrilaterals, and finally depth-ordered planes. We demonstrate that the 3D structure of planar objects in indoor scenes can be fast and accurately inferred without any learning or indexing.
Access to land for urban farming in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: histories, benefits and insecure tenure

People in sub-Saharan Africa rely on a variety of informal mechanisms to gain access to land for urban farming. However, the literature on land tenure focuses on gaining access to land for housing, whereas farming, which is highly visible in the urban landscape of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, requires farmers to negotiate their access in ways distinct from housing. A close examination of four open-space farms in Dar es Salaam reveals that there are different methods of gaining access to land for farming as opposed to housing. Additionally, theorising this access reveals that the landowners who allow farmers on their land for food production also derive benefits. This can provide a framework for current efforts to integrate urban agriculture into the city zoning plans.
Interaction as method and result of language learning

The premise of this paper is that the interactional practices constituting teacher–student interaction and language learning are interdependent in that the substance of learners' language knowledge is inextricably tied to their extended involvement in the regularly occurring interactional practices constituting their specific contexts of learning. After laying out the central components of a theoretical framework for understanding the interdependent nature of interaction and learning, I provide an overview of the Initiation–Respond–Feedback organization (IRF), a ubiquitous classroom interactional practice, and then examine two instances of the IRF taken from two language classrooms. I pay particular attention to actions in the IRF that give shape to learners' developing understandings of, and skills for, using the target language. After briefly discussing the likely consequences of extended participation in the IRF in terms of L2 outcomes, I suggest directions for future research.
Applications of Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/Computed Tomography in the Assessment and Prediction of Radiation Therapy–related Complications

One of the most important aspects of cancer treatment is radiation therapy, which is used for a wide range of malignancies. However, this treatment modality has side effects that impose the patient to increased risks of mortality and morbidity. Total dose, fraction size, and duration of radiation therapy are among the factors contributing to toxicities. In recent decades, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/computed tomography (CT) has been extensively used for diagnosis, prognostication, response to treatment assessment, and management of cancers and is currently a standard modality for many cancers. This article discusses the role of PET/CT, and especially FDG-PET/CT, in radiotherapy complications.
Experimental analysis of radiation heat–based energy harvesting through pyroelectricity

Fluctuating heat radiating from the environment is an unused and unknown source. This study investigates pyroelectric energy harvesting as a way to tap a fluctuating radiation heat source. Appropriate circuitry coupling and the frequency of the radiation source play a key role in the ability to harvest this energy. Hence, a design of experiment approach that limits factors to temperature change frequency, electrical resistance, and capacitance is utilized to develop a full-factorial model at three levels for each factor. In order to quantify and maximize the harvested energy, a response surface model was developed. The optimum values for temperature change frequency, resistance, and capacitance were predicted to be 0.05 Hz, 7330 kΩ, and 100 µF, respectively, for a PZT-5A sample with a volume of 0.684 cm3. The maximum response of 62.89 µJ was predicted for the optimum values.
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Terminology, Classification, and Natural History

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) refers to breast epithelial cells that have become "cancerous" but still reside in their normal place in the ducts and lobules. In this setting, cancerous means that there is an abnormal increase in the growth of the epithelial cells, which accumulate within and greatly expand the ducts and lobules. DCIS is a nonlethal type of cancer because it stays in its normal place. However, DCIS is very important because it is the immediate precursor of invasive breast cancers, which are potentially lethal. This article provides a general overview of DCIS, including historical perspective, methods of classification, current perspective, and future goals.
IL-33 mediates multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-induced airway hyper-reactivity via the mobilization of innate helper cells in the lung

Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway associated with bronchial obstruction, airway hyper-reactivity (AHR), and mucus production. The epithelium may direct and propagate asthmatic-like responses. Central to this theory is the observation that viruses, air pollution, and allergens promote epithelial damage and trigger the generation of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP via innate pathways such as TLRs and purinergic receptors. Similarly, engineered nanomaterials promote a Th2-associated pathophysiology. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that instillation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) impair pulmonary function in C57Bl/6 mice due to the development of IL-33-dependent Th2-associated inflammation. MWCNT exposure resulted in elevated levels of IL-33 in the lavage fluid (likely originating from airway epithelial cells), enhanced AHR, eosinophil recruitment, and production of Th2-associated cytokines and chemokines. Moreover, these events were dependent on IL-13 signaling and the IL-33/ST2 axis, but independent of T and B cells. Finally, MWCNT exposure resulted in the recruitment of innate lymphoid cells. Collectively, our data suggest that MWCNT induce epithelial damage that results in release of IL-33, which in turn promotes innate lymphoid cell recruitment and the development of IL-13-dependent inflammatory response.
Accelerator, Theory of the Firm and the Business Cycle

I. Accelerator: an exogenous parameter or an endogenous variable, 325. — II. The unreasonableness of the assumption of a constant accelerator in the light of the theory of the firm, 327. — III. The inelastic supply of capital to individual firms checks the operation of the acceleration principle and tends to make the rate of investment a function of the level of income rather than a function of the rate of change of income during the upswing, 331. — IV. Accelerator and the time dimension of investment, 335. — V. Significance of time dimension of investment in the explanation of the appearance of excess capacity and downturn, 339.
An education program to support technological change in semiconductor manufacturing

The development and implementation of the education program for production employees at IBM, Essex Junction, are described. The basic courses are taught at the high school level. Intermediate and advanced courses are taught at the two-year technical college level. General concepts learned at the basic level become thorough knowledge at the intermediate level. Electronics courses dominate the advanced level. Academic courses are accredited and completion of the curriculum results in a technical equivalent of an electronic technology AAS degree. This education plan provides formal education along with process and tool training to position the company for the technical challenges of the 1990s. It addresses an environment of rapid delivery of new technology, higher quality and more complex products, sophisticated tools and processes, and a changing work content for production employees. The curriculum is outlined. >
Cytochromes of Escherichia coli

Difference spectra and fourth-order finite difference analysis of spectra of E. coli measured at room temperature and 77 °K indicate that the alpha band previously attributed to cytochrome b1 is a composite of the absorption bands of five or more different pigments. From the wavelengths of absorption maxima, these bands are tentatively assigned to at least two different c-type cytochromes and three b-type cytochromes. The ratios of the different cytochromes in cells grown aerobically and anaerobically vary considerably depending upon carbon source, growth phase, and strain. However, the same set of absorption bands was detected under all conditions examined. A comparison of the wavelengths of the observed bands with the wavelengths of alpha absorption bands of cytochromes found in other systems indicates that the b- and c-type cytochromes of E. coli are spectroscopically similar to those found in many other microorganisms and mitochondria.
Bowling Young: How Youth Voluntary Associations Influence Adult Political Participation

Do the voluntary activities of youth increase political engagement in adulthood? Political participation is typically characterized by inertia: reproduced within families, highly correlated with social class, and largely stable after the onset of adulthood. This research illustrates an element of political socialization that occurs just before the transition into full citizenship, that mimics adult civic life, and that can be available regardless of family advantage. The authors use two longitudinal national datasets to identify the kinds of voluntary associations that encourage members to be more politically active later in life. They find that general involvement in extracurricular activities is important, but that in particular, involvement in youth voluntary associations concerning community service, representation, speaking in public forums, and generating a communal identity most encourage future political participation. The authors find these effects net of self-selection and causal factors traditionally characterized in political socialization research. The influence of youth voluntary associations on future political activity is nontrivial and has implications for both democratic education and election outcomes.
Critical qualitative research as consciousness raising: The dialogic texts of researcher/researchee interactions

In this article, the author explores the critical potential for consciousness raising available when critical researchers and researchees interact about ethnographic texts. A critical ethnography of an elementary constructivist charter school provides the context for this article, which aims to build methodological theory capable of explaining the consciousness-raising potential of critical ethnography and epistemology. The author achieves this by locating the way relevant third-person positions burst through three modes of consciousness-raising texts: texts of form, texts of coherence, and texts of difference. The innovation to theory involves precisely locating various third-person positions through respective universalizing moments as idealized force against either generalized, relativized claims that are produced through empirically contingent texts or counter idealized claims. Moreover, the article exemplifies the methodological potential for (a) reformulating the “text’ metaphor in action-theoretic ...
The Effects of Expressive Writing on Adjustment to HIV

Previous research suggests that writing about stressful experiences results in better health and psychological well-being. In the present study, a multi-ethnic sample of 79 HIV-positive women and men participated in a structured interview, and wrote about either their deepest thoughts and feelings about living with HIV (expressive writing) or their activities in the last 24 hr (control). Sixty-two participants returned for the 2-month follow-up and 50 returned for the 6-month follow-up interview. Oral fluid samples of beta2-microglobulin were taken at the baseline and follow-up assessments to examine the immunological effects of writing. No effects of writing condition were found, but expressive writing participants who included increasing insight/causation and social words in their writing had better immune function and reported more positive changes at follow-up. Results suggest that cognitive processing and changes in social interactions may be critical to the benefits of writing.
Evaluation of the elasticity normal to the basal plane of non-expandable 2:1 phyllosilicate minerals by nanoindentation

Nanoindentation experiments were conducted to investigate the elasticity normal to the basal plane of six non-expandable, hydrous 2:1 phyllosilicate minerals (pyrophyllite, talc, biotite, two muscovite samples, and margarite) with layer charge z ranging from 0 to 1.823 per O10(OH)2. For the examined indentation depth h of ≤ 200 nm, the measured Young’s modulus E decreases with increasing h . Furthermore, the rate of reduction in the apparent E , in general, decreases with increasing z . The dependence of apparent E on h is attributed to indentation-induced inelastic deformation, particularly the deformation related to the high local stresses beneath the indenter tip, such as kink band formation, layer delamination, void generation, and cracking, which tend to cause damage to the layer structure. To minimize the influence of inelastic deformation on the measurement of E by indentation, the maximum E at small h is proposed to be the truly representative elastic modulus. The stiffest species, margarite, with z = 1.823, has a representative E of 165.5 GPa, seven times greater than that of pyrophyllite with z = 0 and E = 23.5 GPa. A nearly linear correlation between the representative E and the square of the ratio of the surface charge density σ to half of the basal spacing d (001), [2σ/ d (001)]2, exists. This relationship suggests that the elasticity normal to the basal plane of these phyllosilicates is primarily controlled by the long-range electrostatic attractions between the 2:1 layer and interlayer cations instead of atomic bonds within the 2:1 layer, although other compositional and structural variations also affect the interlayer interactions. This relationship may indicate that the interlayer complexes can be used as the elasticity signatures of phyllosilicate minerals.
MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS OF PODISUS MUCRONATUS (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)

Podisus mucronatus Uhler is a generalist predator found in Florida and the islands of the Caribbean. Adult P. mucronatus were observed preying on larvae of the Australian weevil Oxyops vitiosa (Pascoe), a biological control agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake. To facilitate field-based identification of this predator, we present descriptions of eggs, nymphal stages, and adults. Life history traits of P. mucronatus when held with no food or either of two prey species (O. vitiosa and Tenebrio molitor (L.) larvae) are also reported. The potential use of this species as a biological control agent of arthropods and its interference with weed biological control are discussed.
Chirped pulse propagation and break-up in low-dispersion optical fibers

The propagation of chirped pulses in optical fibers is of great interest due to the recent advancements in dispersion-managed communications systems [1].
Tissue distribution of retinol and its metabolites after administration of double-labelled retinol.

Abstract The tissue concentrations and distribution of radioactivity present in retinol and its metabolites were investigated in vitamin A-deficient rats 24h after injection of physiological doses (10mug) of [6, 7-14C2, 11,12-3H2] retinol. The highest concentration of radioactivity was observed in the adrenals, followed by kidney, spleen, liver, intestine and blood. The total radioactivity was greatest in urine, followed in descending order by liver, kidney, blood and intestine. The 14C/3H ratios of crude light-petroleum extracts in the liver, intestines, lungs, heart and faeces were similar to the ratio of the injected retinol dispersion. However, the 14C/3H ratios in the adrenals, kidney, spleen, blood, brain and urine were quite different from that of injected retinol. Alumina chromatography of the kidney and intestinal extracts demonstrated that retinol and retinyl palmitate are the principal forms of vitamin A present. However, alumina chromatography of the liver extract did not reveal the presence of retinol but yielded a major compound with a low 14C/3H ratio. That this compound was not retinol was shown by its inability to react with ethanolic HC1 to yield anhydroretinol. The distribution of radioactivity in ether-soluble, acidic and water-soluble fractions of urine indicated that most of the radioactivity was present in the acidic and water-soluble fractions. The 14C/3H ratios in ether-soluble and acidic fractions were higher than that of injected retinol, whereas in the water-soluble fraction the ratio was similar to the injected material.
Effect of fluorination on electronic properties of polythienothiophene-co-benzodithiophenes and their fullerene complexes.

Fluorination of conjugated polymers is a popular way of designing new electron donors for the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) based organic solar cells (OSCs). However, not all fluorinated polymers observed experimentally enhance the power conversion efficiency of OSCs, and the fundamental understanding of the effect of fluorination is not yet fully uncovered. Herein, we report the effect of fluorine substitution on the electronic properties of polythienothiophene-co-benzodithiophenes as well as their complexes with fullerene, using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT methods at the molecular level. Systematic computations of energy gaps (Egopt and Eghl), ionization potentials (IP), electron affinities (EA), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces, and dipole moments (μ) are carried out for these systems. We found that the fluorination of the thienothiophene unit favors lower Egopt, Eghl, IP, and EA as well as stronger μ compared to the fluorination of the benzodithiophene unit, sugg...
Identification of dropouts at the initial stage of drug abuse treatment.

32 applicants to the Drug Dependence Unit of the Connecticut Mental Health Center were administered Level of Aspiration Board Tasks. The results indicated that, relative to applicants (12 males, 4 females) who actually entered treatment programs, applicants (14 males, 2 females) who failed to enter were significantly less realistic and less cautious in terms of their achievement aspiration.
Abstract 236: Prevalence of ECG Recording Errors in a University Hospital ECG Database

Background: Electrocardiographic recording can suffer from several potential errors which may impact their proper interpretation and patient care. Objective: To assess the prevalence of reported ECG errors in a university hospital database with a mix of inpatient and outpatient electrocardiograms (ECG). Methods: The first 1000 ECGs performed during one month were downloaded and individually analyzed for reported errors and artifacts. There were 237 (23.7%) outpatient ECGs and 763 (76.3%) inpatient or emergency department ECGs. The types of errors are reported as absolute numbers and as percentages of the total errors. Results: Among 1000 ECGs analyzed, 65 ECGs (6.5%) contained error or artifact statements. Among those, 15 ECGs (23.1%) were perceived precordial lead misplacements simulating anterior myocardial infarctions. There were 5 ECGs (7.7%) with lead reversals; 3 of which were precordial lead reversals (4.6%) and 2 were limb lead reversals (3.1%). A total of 45 ECGs (69.2%) contained baseline artifacts; 27 ECGs (41.5%) had AC noise artifacts, and 18 ECGs (27.7%) had baseline wander artifacts. Out of the total ECGs with reported errors, 60 ECGs (92.3%) were performed in the inpatient or emergency department setting, while 5 ECGs (7.7%) were performed in the outpatient setting. Discussion: Electrocardiography remains the cornerstone of early diagnosis and treatment of cardiac disease in the inpatient and outpatient setting. ECG recording artifacts have been reported with variable frequency, with inpatient recordings likely suffering greater errors, depending on the acuity of the situation. We observed that in the outpatient setting, there was 2.1% (5/237) prevalence of recording error, while in the inpatient and emergency department setting there was 7.9% (60/763) prevalence of ECG recording errors. Despite the overall small percentages, this is an alarming problem, especially with regards to inpatient ECGs when the results often prompt critical treatment decisions. The reason for the discrepancy between inpatient and outpatient ECG errors is not clear. Potential causes may include the intensity of the situation with compromise of proper lead placement, such as use of Mason-Likar configuration or placing leads above the left breast in female patients or unavailability of proper recording surfaces as in trauma or burn patients, but may also be caused by the lack of availability of adequately trained staff especially in the after-hour situations. Adequate training of staff to perform proper ECGs, and creation of robust electrocardiographic interpretation algorithms to recognize more recording errors on-screen before printing is called for.