cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the use of cyclotomic polynomial prefilters for efficient FIR filter design

The authors present an efficient FIR (finite impulse response) filter design algorithm that generalizes existing cascaded FIR prefilter-equalizer methods. They propose using cyclotomic polynomial building blocks to form a multiplierless prefilter with impressive stopband performance, and they provide a straightforward strategy for choosing the polynomials to match filter specification. Two options for design of the equalizer are provided. A uniformly spaced equalizer can be optimally (L/sub infinity /) designed via a modified Parks-McClellan algorithm. A new algorithm, based on complex basis function subset selection methods, is also proposed for optimal design of a more efficient, nonuniformly spaced equalizer. The techniques, which can be applied to a broad class of filter design problems, typically provide a 35%-85% reduction in the number of additions and multiplications required, with a cost of 10%-45% additional delays. The methods also provide reduced coefficient quantization sensitivity and reduced roundoff noise. >
From femtosecond temporal spectroscopy to the potential by a direct classical inversion method

A simple procedure is described for the inversion of femtosecond temporal spectra to yield the potential. From observations by the femtosecond probe laser of the vibrational oscillations resulting from the coherent excitation of several vibrational states by the femtosecond pump laser over a range of excitation wavelengths (λ_1), one ascertains the energy dependence of the vibrational period τ. A fit of the data points τ(λ_1) is used in an analytical representation of a classical expression for the turning-point difference ΔR, from which one obtains V(ΔR) directly, without concern for the vibrational level structure. The method is applied to I_2(B ^3Π_(0+u)).
Reducing the global burden of Preterm Birth through knowledge transfer and exchange: a research agenda for engaging effectively with policymakers

Preterm birth (PTB) is the world’s leading cause of death in children under 5 years. In 2013, over one million out of six million child deaths were due to complications of PTB. The rate of decline in child death overall has far outpaced the rate of decline attributable to PTB. Three key reasons for this slow progress in reducing PTB mortality are: (a) the underlying etiology and biological mechanisms remain unknown, presenting a challenge to discovering ways to prevent and treat the condition; (ii) while there are several evidence-based interventions that can reduce the risk of PTB and associated infant mortality, the coverage rates of these interventions in low- and middle-income countries remain very low; and (c) the gap between knowledge and action on PTB—the “know-do gap”—has been a major obstacle to progress in scaling up the use of existing evidence-based child health interventions, including those to prevent and treat PTB. In this review, we focus on the know-do gap in PTB as it applies to policymakers. The evidence-based approaches to narrowing this gap have become known as knowledge transfer and exchange (KTE). In our paper, we propose a research agenda for promoting KTE with policymakers, with an ambitious but realistic goal of reducing the global burden of PTB. We hope that our proposed research agenda stimulates further debate and discussion on research priorities to soon bend the curve of PTB mortality.
A game theoretical approach to coexistence of heterogeneous MIMO wireless networks with interference cancellation

MIMO is an emerging technology which can substantially increase the link capacity of wireless communications. MIMO has also been shown to enhance the throughput in the coexistence of heterogeneous wireless networks due to its capability of performing spatial-multiplexing (SM) and interference cancellation (IC). Practical protocols such as 802.11n+ have been proposed to address the coexistence problem in MIMO wireless networks. However, all the previous work focused on the physical-layer or MAC-layer design. None of them studied the networks' incentives to comply with or violate the low-level protocols. In this work, we study the coexistence of two single-link MIMO wireless networks with IC and SM capabilities, by analyzing their incentives of cooperation or non-cooperation (whether they will use their available degree-of-freedoms to cancel the interference to each other). We propose a novel two-round game framework, based on which we derive two networks' strategies in equilibrium and the corresponding closed-form utilities. We obtain numerical results of the equilibrium strategies under different network scenarios. Several insights are gained, which can guide us the design of real-world MIMO wireless systems in the future.
Congenital Adrenal Tissue in the Lung with Adrenal Cytomegaly: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Adrenal cytomegaly is a cellular abnormality found in the fetal and neonatal adrenal gland. It is characterized by large polyhedral cells with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm and irregular pleomorphic nuclei. A case of bilateral adrenal cytomegaly in a five-day-old infant with two foci of pulmonary involvement is reported with a review of the literature. The question of whether the pulmonary lesion represents metastasis or cytomegalic change in ectopic adrenal tissue is discussed.
HER2/neu antisense targeting of human breast carcinoma.

Overexpression of the HER2/neu oncogene is observed in approximately 30% of human breast carcinoma specimens. HER2/neu overexpression is a negative prognostic factor in breast cancer patients. Cancer cells that overexpress HER2/neu may also be less sensitive to chemotherapy. In order to further define mechanisms by which HER2/neu overexpression drives neoplastic cell growth and chemoresistance, antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) have been utilized to selectively down-regulate HER2/neu expression in human breast cancer cells. Such antisense ODNs suppress HER2/neu mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent, sequence-specific manner. Down-regulation of HER2/neu expression in HER2/neu overexpressing breast cancer cells inhibits cell cycle progression in G0/G1 and results in apoptotic cell death. In tissue culture studies, combined treatment of HER2/neu overexpressing breast cancer cells with HER2/neu antisense ODNs and conventional chemotherapeutic agents results in synergistic inhibition of cancer cell growth and activation of apoptotic cell death mechanisms. These studies have been extended to demonstrate synergistic antitumor effects following systemic treatment with antisense ODNs plus doxorubicin in nude mice bearing human breast carcinoma xenografts. Collectively these findings demonstrate that HER2/neu overexpression stimulates anti-apoptotic cell survival mechanisms and suggest that HER2/neu antisense ODNs may be of use in cancer therapeutics.
Uncertainty considerations in validating CFD codes with experimental data

In this paper, observations are presented on using experimental data in validating CFD codes (and computer simulations in general). The scale at which comparisons should be made are discussed from an uncertainty viewpoint. An overview of experimental uncertainty analysis is presented, and some aspects of the uncertainties that should be associated with simulation results are discussed.
How Studying Ideological Diversity among Women Transforms Political Knowledge

In a recent text detailing the alleged wrongs of feminism, conservatives Suzanne Venker and Phyllis Schlafly pronounced, It is our sincere hope that this book helps support Americans who don't believe women in this country are oppressed, who know government is not the solution to women's problems, who don't believe marriage and motherhood are outdated institutions, who think men are as important as women, who think gender roles are good and exist for a reason, and who see the mainstream media for who they are (Venker and Schlafly 2011, 11). While it may be tempting for feminists to dismiss these ideas as old-fashioned and even detrimental to women, doing so restricts how we comprehend the full range of women's political participation. In my work on conservative women, I argue that we must take such comments, and their messengers, seriously. Failing to do so means that political science broadly, and the field of women and politics more specifically, is limited in what it can tell us about ideology, identity, and political practice.
Winter Records of Bats in Alaska

There seem to be no published records concerning the occurrence of bats in Alaska during the winter months. Dufresne (Alaska's Animals and Fishes, 2d ed., 1955) stated that Myotis lucifugus , the only bat he lists …
Reduced Order Modeling of a Turbulent Three Dimensional Cylinder Wake

The aim of this research program is flow state based feedback control of a circular cylinder wake flow at a Reynolds number of Re=20,000. CFD simulations were performed with an unstructured grid of 4 diameters span and periodic boundary conditions. In addition, wind tunnel experiments were performed to validate the Strouhal number, surface pressures, drag coefficient and velocity profiles in the cylinder wake. The simulation results were compared to both experiments in literature and the experimental results obtained in this study. POD was performed on the surface pressure data and Double Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (DPOD) was performed on the wake velocity field obtained from the CFD results. A low dimensional model was developed based on the DPOD mode amplitudes. For flow field observation, a four sensor configuration of surface mounted pressure sensors was heuristically selected based on the POD spatial Eigenfunctions of the surface pressure. Then an artificial neural network estimator was designed to estimate the mode amplitudes of the 6 dominant DPOD wake velocity modes from the sensor data. For the validation data set, the estimation errors are relatively small and remain bounded. Also, it appears that all 6 DPOD modes are observable at each of the nine spanwise planes that were analyzed.
Distributed Processing of Grounding Grids Corrosion Diagnosis

With large amount of calculation,the existing grounding grid corrosion diagnosis algorithms need rather long time and are inconvenient in the practice.To solve above problem,a local area network (LAN) based approach was put forward,which convert the traditional algorithms into some distributed processes.The master module controls the whole process and sends the samples needed to be calculated to the slave-modules distributed on the computers of the LAN.The slave modules calculate the samples simultaneously and transfer the results back to the master module.All the results being collected,the final result will be worked out by the master module.The distributed approaches of grounding grids testability analysis,uncertain branches evaluation and monitoring line positions optimization were discussed in detail.An experimental grounding grid with sixty branches was used as an example to test the proposed distributed approaches.The test is based on a LAN with five computers and compared with the existing methods,the results of which show that the proposed methods are feasible and can remarkably reduce the calculating time.
Kanemaru as Cabinet Minister (1972–1978)

Kanemaru became the Chair of the important Diet Policy Affairs Committee (1972). Kanemaru switched his factional allegiance from the Sato group to the Tanaka group in 1972, and became Minister of Construction (1972–1974). At the center of Japan’s rapid growth policy in the early 1970S, Kanemaru became a key conduit in evaluating and granting construction contracts and projects. Kanemaru oversaw, among many projects, the construction of the State Guest House. Kanemaru served as Director of the Land Affairs Agency (1974–1976). Kanemaru served as Director of the Self-Defense Forces Agency (1977–1978). In 1978, Kanemaru promoted the idea of granting Japanese financial support to American military forces based in Japan, calling it the omoiyari yosan or “sympathy budget,” aligning Japan with American calls for “burden-sharing.”
Wealth and status in the upper South socioeconomic system of Northeastern Missouri

Historical-period settlement of the central Salt River valley of northeastern Missouri began in 1819, and by 1825 the region was regularly receiving immigrant agriculturists, many of whom were from the Bluegrass region of Kentucky. Colonists brought with them basic elements of what has been termed the upper South agricultural-economic pattern—a mix of hog and corn production practiced by small-scale farmers and cattle and tobacco production practiced by large-scale agriculturists. These transplanted elements became the foundation for social and economic development of the Salt River valley for decades. Immigrant families often moved to the region as parts of large kin-based networks that maintained geographic integrity by purchasing clustered tracts of land. Several lines of documentary evidence indicate considerable homogeneity in wealth existed among families within a settlement cluster and significant differences in wealth existed between clusters. Additional evidence of intracluster homogeneity in wealth is provided by ceramic items discarded by households of similar economic rank, though it is unclear how useful ceramics are in differentiating among households of unequal rank. Consumer profiles indicate households of medium wealth purchased a wide assortment of ceramic items, including porcelain and expensive white-bodied wares. They also constructed elaborate residences that apparently served as visible signs of prosperity.
In0.53Ga0.47As/InAs0.3P0.7 composite channel high electron mobility transistors

growth and fabrication of In0.52Al0.48As=In0.53Ga0.47As=InAs0.3P0.7 composite channel HEMTs. Devices with 0.25 mm gate length were fabricated and compared with other state-of-the-art composite channel InP-based HEMTs. Device layer structure: The epilayer structure in this study was grown by a 2-inch Varian Gen II molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. On the Fe-doped semi-insulating (100) InP substrate, an In0.52Al0.48As buffer with InGaAs=InAlAs supperlattices was first grown. The channel consisted of, from bottom up, 40 Aof strained InAs0.3P0.7 doped to 2 � 10 18 cm � 3 ,4 0 Aof undoped InAs0.3P0.7 and 70 A˚ In0.53Ga0.47As, followed by 30 A ˚ -thick In0.52Al0.48As spacer, Si- planar doping (5 � 10 12 cm � 2 )a nd 100 AIn0.52Al0.48As Schottky barrier layer. A thin layer (60 A ˚ ) of InP is used as the etching stop layer to improve uniformity of gate recess etching. Finally, 400 A ˚ heavily doped In0.53Ga0.47As (1 � 10 19 cm � 3 ) was grown for ohmic contacts. The doping in the fi rst InAs 0.3P0.7 channel layer was designed to (i) act as an extra carrier contribution layer to increase the sheet electron density in the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG); and (ii) adjust the conduction band edge to form a triangle quantum well at the InAs0.3P0.7 and In0.52Al0.48As interface. Hall measurement showed that the wafer had a two-dimensional sheet carrier density of 3 � 10 12 cm � 2 and a Hall electron mobility of 7300 cm 2 =V s at room temperature.
Bright, red emitting fluorescent sensor for intracellular imaging of Mg2+

Fluorescent sensors with low-energy excitation are in great demand for the study of cellular Mg2+ by fluorescence miscroscopy, but to date they remain scarce. Addressing this gap, we report herein a new set of molecular fluorescent sensors for the detection of Mg2+ based on an o-aminophenol-N,N,O-triacetic acid (APTRA) metal-recognition moiety combined with two different BODIPY fluorophores. The new sensors, MagB1 and MagB2, display absorption and emission maxima in the visible range and respond to Mg2+ in aqueous buffer with large fluorescence enhancements. MagB2, a red-emitting fluorescent indicator based on a styryl-BODIPY, displays superior metal selectivity and optical properties compared to its green emitting counterpart, MagB1. With an excellent 58-fold fluorescence turn-on and Mg2+ dissociation constant in tune with physiological concentrations of the cation (low millimolar range), MagB2 enables visualization of changes in intracellular levels of free Mg2+ in live cells with no significant interference from basal levels of Ca2+, the most common competitor.
Daytime radiative cooling using near-black infrared emitters

Recent works have demonstrated that daytime radiative cooling under direct sunlight can be achieved using multilayer thin films designed to emit in the infrared atmospheric transparency window while reflecting visible light. Here, we demonstrate that a polymer-coated fused silica mirror, as a near-ideal blackbody in the mid-infrared and near-ideal reflector in the solar spectrum, achieves radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight (8.2 °C) and at night (8.4 °C). Its performance exceeds that of a multilayer thin film stack fabricated using vacuum deposition methods by nearly 3 °C. Furthermore, we estimate the cooler has an average net cooling power of about 127 W m–2 during daytime at ambient temperature even considering the significant influence of external conduction and convection, more than twice that reported previously. Our work demonstrates that abundant materials and straightforward fabrication can be used to achieve daytime radiative cooling, advancing applications such ...
Intelligent Interfaces for Open Social Student Modeling

In this talk I will introduce the emerging technology of Open Social Student Modeling (OSSM) and review several projects performed in our research lab to investigate the potential of OSSM. OSSM is a recent extension of Open Student Modeling (OSM), a popular technology in the area of personalized learning systems. While in traditional personalized systems, student models were hidden "under the hood" and used to personalize the educational process; open student modeling introduced the ability to view and modify the state of students' own knowledge to support reflection, self-organized learning, and system transparency. Open Social Student Modeling takes this idea one step further by allowing students to explore each other's models or an aggregated model of the class. The idea to make OSM social was originally suggested and explored by Bull [1; 2]. Over the last few years, our team explored several approaches to present OSSM in a highly visual form and evaluated these approaches in a sequence of classroom and lab studies. I will present a summary of this work introducing such systems as QuizMap [3], Progressor [4], and Mastery Grids [5] and reviewing most interesting research evidence collected by the studies.
Architecture at Sea: Shipping Containers, Capitalism and Imaginations of Space

AbstractShipping containers, the seemingly simple tools of international trade, have given rise to a network of infrastructures that shape contemporary imaginations of global space. Centered around the shipping container’s ability to be aggregated and interchanged both as a physical object and as digital information, these infrastructures and imaginations give insight into how global capitalism regulates itself through the modulation of solids and flows. This paper builds on the author’s observations and discussions with crew members of the container ship, ZIM San Francisco during a forty-one day, trans-pacific voyage in order to draw conclusions about the social and spatial implications of the global trade networks built around the shipping container. Addressing these implications in both physical and abstract, architectural and environmental terms, this paper asks how addressing the shipping container as an object of critical analysis might serve as a model for reconceptualizing the relationship between...
GAPDH and Hypoxia: Mechanisms of Cell Survival During Oxygen Deprivation

Hypoxia induces defined changes in gene regulation as a means to cope with this physiological stress, most notably in endothelial cells. GAPDH expression during hypoxia is increased in the latter as well as in other cell types. Subcellular localization studies identify cytoplasmic, nuclear, and membrane increases in the GAPDH protein, indicating its multiple hypoxic functions apart from energy generation. Its expression during hypoxia is cell specific with variable extents of induction and kinetics. GAPDH regulation is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α (HIF-1α and HIF-2α, respectively), which not only determine the extent of induction but also bind to specific hypoxia response elements (HREs) in the GAPDH promoter. Intriguingly, different cell types appear to utilize distinct HREs during hypoxia. Lastly, upstream regulatory mechanisms that control HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression may determine GAPDH induction during hypoxia.
Please Ask Gently: Using Culturally Targeted Communication Strategies to Initiate End-of-Life Care Discussions With Older Chinese Americans.

Background:Health-care providers (HCPs) find facilitating end-of-life (EOL) care discussions challenging, especially with patients whose ethnicities differ from their own. Currently, there is littl...
Frequency and level of evidence used in recommendations by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines beyond approvals of the US Food and Drug Administration: Retrospective observational study

Abstract Objective To determine the differences between recommendations by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCNN) guidelines and Food and Drug Administration approvals of anticancer drugs, and the evidence cited by the NCCN to justify recommendations where differences exist. Design Retrospective observational study. Setting National Comprehensive Cancer Network and FDA. Participants 47 new molecular entities approved by the FDA between 2011 and 2015. Main outcome measures Comparison of all FDA approved indications (new and supplemental) with all NCCN recommendations as of 25 March 2016. When the NCCN made recommendations beyond the FDA’s approvals, the recommendation was classified and the cited evidence noted. Results 47 drugs initially approved by the FDA between 2011 and 2015 for adult hematologic or solid cancers were examined. These 47 drugs were authorized for 69 FDA approved indications, whereas the NCCN recommended these drugs for 113 indications, of which 69 (62%) overlapped with the 69 FDA approved indications and 44 (39%) were additional recommendations. The average number of recommendations beyond the FDA approved indications was 0.92. 23% (n=10) of the additional recommendations were based on evidence from randomized controlled trials, and 16% (n=7) were based on evidence from phase III studies. During 21 months of follow-up, the FDA granted approval to 14% (n=6) of the additional recommendations. Conclusion The NCCN frequently recommends beyond the FDA approved indications even for newer, branded drugs. The strength of the evidence cited by the NCCN supporting such recommendations is weak. Our findings raise concern that the NCCN justifies the coverage of costly, toxic cancer drugs based on weak evidence.
Preclinical Canine Model of Graft-versus-Host Disease after In Utero Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Abstract In utero hematopoietic cell transplantation (IUHCT) offers the potential to achieve allogeneic engraftment and associated donor-specific tolerance without the need for toxic conditioning, as we have previously demonstrated in the murine and canine models. This strategy holds great promise in the treatment of many hematopoietic disorders, including the hemoglobinopathies. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) represents the greatest theoretical risk of IUHCT and has never been characterized in the context of IUHCT. We recently described a preclinical canine model of IUHCT, allowing further study of the technique and its complications. We aimed to establish a threshold T cell dose for IUHCT-induced GVHD in the haploidentical canine model and to define the GVHD phenotype. Using a range of T cell concentrations within the donor inoculum, we were able to characterize the phenotype of IUHCT-induced GVHD and establish a clear threshold for its induction between 3% and 5% graft CD3+ cell content. Given the complete absence of GVHD at CD3 doses of 1% to 3% and the excellent engraftment with the lowest dose, there is a safe therapeutic index for a clinical trial of IUHCT.
Assessing Writing: Research in large-scale writing assessment

Introduction This section of the book provides guidance for developing large-scale writing tests; that is, tests of writing beyond the level of the classroom. Chapter 4 presents an overview of research in what is often referred to as ‘direct’ writing assessment, while Chapters 5 and 6 build on the theoretical underpinnings of Chapter 4 to provide practical guidance in developing tasks for writing assessment (Chapter 5) and scoring procedures (Chapter 6). An assessment task in which test takers actually produce a sample of writing, often referred to as a ‘direct’ test of writing, is probably the most common method for testing writing in both first-and second-language contexts. Hamp-Lyons (1991a: 5) gives five characteristics of a so-called ‘direct’ test of writing. Candidates must write at least one piece of continuous text (here Hamp-Lyons suggests a minimum number of 100 words, but this minimum presupposes a fairly high level of language proficiency and may not be appropriate for low-proficiency learners); test takers are given a set of instructions (or ‘prompt’) but have considerable leeway in responding to the prompt; each text is read by at least one, and normally two or more, trained raters; judgements are tied to a common yardstick, such as a set of sample responses or one or more rating scales; and judgements are expressed as numbers, rather than or in addition to verbal descriptions. Two additional characteristics of most such writing tests are the fact that texts are written in a limited time frame, generally between thirty minutes and two hours, and that the topic is unknown to test takers in advance.
Qualitative and Semiquantitative Arc-Spark Emission Spectrochemical Analysis

Emission spectroscopy provides an ideal method for qualitative analysis, since each atomic species has its own unique line spectrum. Spectral lines have two characteristics useful for qualitative analysis: (1) their wavelengths and (2) their intensities. It is the pattern of wavelength distribution that is primarily used for qualitative analysis, although the relative intensity distribution also can be helpful to verify spectral lines to identify an element. About 70 elements are easily identified by spectral methods. Those that are more difficult to identify include the gases and a few nonmetals, primarily because sensitive lines lie in the short ultraviolet portion of the spectrum that is difficult to observe.
GEOMETRIC ASPECTS OF THE THEORY OF NEST ALGEBRAS

If (χ, ∥ ∥) is a Banach space and S is a subset of the closed unit ball χ1 of χ, then the contractive perturbations of S is the set $$ cp(S) = \left\{ {x \in \chi \left| {\left\| {\chi \pm s} \right\| \leqslant 1,\forall s \in S} \right.} \right\}. $$ The second contractive perturbations of S are defined as the set cp(2)(S)=cp(cp(S)).
Macronutrient Intake in Relation to Nutritional Standards

Since there appears to be no precise definition for the term “macronutrient,” a somewhat liberal interpretation has been made in this chapter to include discussion of protein, fat, digestible carbohydrate, dietary fiber and alcohol (Table 13.1). The macronutrients are distinguished from the micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) by their greater abundance in the food supply and by the fact that, except for dietary fiber, they provide energy. Macronutrients are also used for the growth, maintenance, or regulation of body tissue.
The Impact of the Social Environment on the Evolution of Mind

Reasoning about agents constitutes more of a challenge than reasoning about objects. Agents move of their own volition and are motivated by internal states that are essentially private and hidden from view. Social animals must also adhere to social norms that are rarely explicitly represented. Competing or cooperating successfully in such a dynamic environment requires appreciating the social norms that define acceptable behavior and the intentional states that motivate the behavior of others. For these reasons, the social environment constituted a crucible that forged our cognitive capacities during evolution, capacities that color and constrain our thoughts and behaviors from birth through adulthood. These capacities include a biological preparedness to detect, acquire, and reason effectively about the implicit rules that specify what we are permitted, obligated, or forbidden to do, and a capacity for constructing hierarchically embedded mental representations of the minds of others. These capacities are prefigured in nonhuman primates in a way that make certain aspects of human cognition continuous with those of other social species.
Probe-it!: visualization support for provenance

Visualization is a technique used to facilitate the understanding of scientific results such as large data sets and maps. Provenance techniques can also aid in increasing the understanding and acceptance of scientific results by providing access to information about the sources and methods which were used to derive them. Visualization and provenance techniques, although rarely used in combination, may further increase scientists' understanding of results since the scientists may be able to use a single tool to see and evaluate result derivation processes including any final or partial result. In this paper we introduce Probe-It!: a visualization tool for scientific provenance information that enables scientists to move the visualization focus from intermediate and final results to provenance back and forth. To evaluate the benefits of Probe-It!, in the context of maps, this paper presents a quantitative user study on how the tool was used by scientists to discriminate between quality results and results with known imperfections. The study demonstrates that only a very small percentage of the scientists tested can identify imperfections using maps without the help of knowledge provenance and that most scientists, whether GIS experts, subject matter experts (i.e., experts on gravity data maps) or not, can identify and explain several kinds of map imperfections when using maps together with knowledge provenance visualization.
Chapter 4 – Animal models

Epilepsy accounts for a significant portion of the disease burden worldwide and high mortality especially for those that epilepsy does not remit. With the current explosion in neurosciences, epilepsy research is likely to reach these goals. In vitro and in vivo animal models are essential. In this chapter we describe the currently available models that encompass a large number and variety of approaches applied to phylogenetically different animals from the worms to the monkeys with a special emphasis to rodents. With the improved understanding of the human epileptic syndromes, we anticipate that new animal models will be created to study those aspects that cannot be explored on humans. The development of further strategies is necessary to identify better treatments to control seizures and their comorbidities. The ultimate goals are to identify cures and the means to prevent the development of epilepsy whenever possible. Translational studies are key and require the synergy between clinicians and scientists.
Simulation in Critical Care

Simulation in Critical Care provides a brief history of simulation in critical care, followed by a concise review of available data for simulation in that setting. Alsaied, Chipman, and Brunsvold review ways in which simulation has been used to train and refine skills frequently utilized in the intensive care unit such as airway management, including orotracheal and surgical intubation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, thoracentesis and paracentesis, ultrasound, and ventilator management.
Re)Considering Conflict Between Work and Family

Spillover, compensation, segmentation, and accommodation are but a few of the terms that have been developed over the past few decades to describe relationships between work and family life (Lambert, 1990; Zedeck, 1992). But the construct in this domain that has received the most attention from both researchers and the popular press is work-family conflict (Greenhaus & Powell, 2003). A search in the PsycINFO database for the terms “work-family conflict” or “work-family interference” yielded 184 citations (not including dissertations), compared to 95 for studies of life satisfaction or well-being where work and family were also mentioned; 27 for work-family or negative spillover; and 25 for anxiety or depression in association with work and family. These numbers understate the case, as the citations for life satisfaction or well-being are spread over the past 76 years (a rate of 1.25 articles or chapters per year), while the citations for work-family conflict begin only 18 years ago (a rate of about 10.2 articles per year). The citations also indicate that the study of work-family conflict has spread to diverse samples including the military, expatriate workers, postpartum mothers, Presbyterian clergy, nurses, police officers, and Native Americans as well as around the globe to Australia, Canada, China, Finland, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Singapore, and Spain.
Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios

Habitat transformations caused by human land-use change are considered major drivers of ongoing biodiversity loss1–3, and their impact on biodiversity is expected to increase further this century4–6. Here, we used global decadal land-use projections to year 2070 for a range of shared socioeconomic pathways, which are linked to particular representative concentration pathways, to evaluate potential losses in range-wide suitable habitat and extinction risks for approximately 19,400 species of amphibians, birds and mammals. Substantial declines in suitable habitat are identified for species worldwide, with approximately 1,700 species expected to become imperilled due to land-use change alone. National stewardship for species highlights certain South American, Southeast Asian and African countries that are in particular need of proactive conservation planning. These geographically explicit projections and model workflows embedded in the Map of Life infrastructure are provided to facilitate the scrutiny, improvements and future updates needed for an ongoing and readily updated assessment of changing biodiversity. These forward-looking assessments and informatics tools are intended to support national conservation action and policies for addressing climate change and land-use change impacts on biodiversity. This paper uses a range of shared socioeconomic pathways scenarios to estimate the future terrestrial vertebrate habitat loss and extinction risk that could result from projected global land-use change.
The Association of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels with Late Cytomegalovirus Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: The Wisconsin Allograft Recipient Database

BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in kidney transplant recipients. Vitamin D has an integral role in proper immune function, and deficiency is common among kidney transplant recipients. It remains unclear whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level is associated with CMV infection in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS We examined the relationship between 25(OH)D levels, measured at least 6 months posttransplant, and subsequent CMV infection in 1976 recipients free of prior CMV infection. RESULTS Of 1976 recipients, 251 (12.7%) were vitamin D deficient [25(OH)D <20 ng/mL] and 548 (27.7%) were insufficient (20-29 ng/mL) at the time of the first 25(OH)D measurement. A total of 107 recipients had a CMV infection within 1 year of a 25(OH)D measurement. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with a 1.81-fold higher risk (relative hazard = 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-3.09) than vitamin D sufficiency after adjustment for baseline characteristics and concurrent graft function and blood calcineurin inhibitor concentration. Each 1 ng/mL lower 25(OH)D was associated with a 2% higher risk of infection (95% CI, 0%-4%) in continuous analyses after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Low 25(OH)D is common in kidney transplant recipients and associated with late CMV infection. These results highlight the need for interventional trials to assess the potential for vitamin D supplementation to reduce infectious complications in kidney transplant recipients.
MAPPING COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE STRAINS OF THE PATELLAR TENDON IN OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE USING ULTRASOUND ELASTOGRAPHY:

BackgroundOsgood-Schlatter Disease (OSD) impacts millions of young athletes every year, yet its biomechanical etiology remains unclear. It’s been postulated that increased growth velocity in childr...
Finding Emergent Patterns of Behaviors in Dynamic Heterogeneous Social Networks

The search in graph databases for individuals or entities undertaking latent or emergent behaviors has applicability in the areas of homeland security, consumer analytics, behavioral health, and cybersecurity. In this setting, even partial matches to hypothesized indicators are worthy of further investigation, and analysts in these domains aim to identify and maintain awareness of entities that either fully or partially match the queried attributes over time. We provide a comprehensive version of a graph pattern matching technique called Investigative Search for Graph Trajectories (INSiGHT) to find emergent patterns of behaviors in networks and tailor the application to detecting radicalization in the homeland security domain. To enable analysts’ accounting of recurring behavioral indicators and the recency of behaviors as the imminence of a threat, we provide parameterized methods to score multiple occurrences of indicators and to dampen the significance of indicators over time, respectively. Additionally, we provide an indicator categorization scheme and a match filtering technique to ensure that partial matches to the most salient indicators are identified while reducing the number of false positives. Furthermore, since individuals may be radicalized in small groups or be involved in collective terrorist plots, we introduce a non-combinatorial neighborhood matching technique that enables analysts to use INSiGHT to identify potential query matches from clusters of individuals who may be operating in conspiracies. We demonstrate the performance of our approach using a synthetic radicalization data set and a large, real-world data set of the BlogCatalog social network.
Integrating CyberGIS-Jupyter and spatial agent-based modelling to evaluate emergency evacuation time

As large-scale disasters are increasing in severity and frequency, agent-based modeling enables the simulation of disaster and evacuation processes, while exploring the complex interactions of disasters and human behaviors. In this paper, we employ CyberGIS-Jupyter for spatially explicit agent-based modeling to examine dynamic associations between disaster severity and evacuation processes. We find that as the disaster severity increases, the total time for all vehicles to evacuate increases as more vehicles are become stuck. We find that CyberGIS-Jupyter can simplify cyberinfrastructure access to conduct agent-based modeling of emergency evacuation while enabling intuitive sharing and presentation of model components and results and fosters the reproducibility and replicability of agent-based modeling with data- and computation-intensive geospatial problem solving.
Answer to January 2020 Photo Quiz.

Answer: Yeast forms consistent with Blastomyces species. This case illustrates the challenge of interpreting a Gram stain when fungal elements are present. The initial impression was that white blood cells or other debris were present rather than a fungal organism. A fungal stain using calcofluor
A Linear Systems Theory of Normalizing Flows

Normalizing Flows are a promising new class of algorithms for unsupervised learning based on maximum likelihood optimization with change of variables. They offer to learn a factorized component representation for complex nonlinear data and, simultaneously, yield a density function that can evaluate likelihoods and generate samples. Despite these diverse offerings, applications of Normalizing Flows have focused primarily on sampling and likelihoods, with little emphasis placed on feature representation. A lack of theoretical foundation has left many open questions about how to interpret and apply the learned components of the model. We provide a new theoretical perspective of Normalizing Flows using the lens of linear systems theory, showing that optimal flows learn to represent the local covariance at each region of input space. Using this insight, we develop a new algorithm to extract interpretable component representations from the learned model, where components correspond to Cartesian dimensions and are scaled according to their manifold significance. In addition, we highlight a stability concern for the learning algorithm that was previously unaddressed, providing a theoretically-grounded solution to mediate the problem. Experiments with toy manifold learning datasets, as well as the MNIST image dataset, provide convincing support for our theory and tools.
Effects of Scaling and Sequence on Performance of Dynamic Bimanual Path Following Tasks

Bimanual coordination plays a vital role in many haptic and robotic system operations. However, theories in bimanual human motor control are rarely integrated into the control system for human-in-t...
7 – Relevancy and Materiality

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on general admissibility tests—relevancy, materiality, and competency—for evidence that are applied by the courts when considering whether to admit or exclude evidence. The chapter deals with the concepts of general relevancy and materiality and their effect on admission and exclusion of evidence. Relevant evidence is described as “evidence that, in some degree, advances the inquiry and thus has probative value and is prima facie admissible.” Black's Law Dictionary defines material evidence as “evidence having some logical connection with the facts of consequence or the issues.” Evidence that does not have a clear relationship to a matter at issue is immaterial. In making any meaningful distinction between materiality and relevancy, it must be noted that the two concepts have clear similarities, with both concepts being used to regulate the admission or exclusion of evidence. Material evidence must have a sufficiently close relationship to issues that need to be proved in the case, and evidence that is described as material must help prove or disprove one of these issues. In a similar manner, relevant evidence also must possess a close connection to facts or principles that need to be proved or disproved by one party in the suit. Even though some fact or principle may need to be proved or disproved and meets the definition of relevancy, some evidence may be deemed too unfairly prejudicial to be admitted and will be excluded by the trial judge.
Correlations between modes of student cognitive engagement and instructional practices in undergraduate STEM courses

Within STEM education, research on instructional practices has focused on ways to increase student engagement and thereby reap the associated benefits of increased learning, persistence, and academic success. These meaningful-learning goals have been tied most specifically to cognitive engagement, a construct that is often difficult for instructors to assess on their own. While it has been shown that certain instructional practices are tied to higher cognitive engagement in students, tools to measure instructional practices and student engagement have remained largely isolated in their development and use. This research uses previously developed instruments to simultaneously assess modes of cognitive engagement in students (Student Course Cognitive Engagement Instrument [SCCEI]) and instructional practices (Postsecondary Instructional Practices Survey [PIPS]) within a course. A sample of 19 STEM courses was recruited to participate in this study, with instructors and students each self-reporting data. Results from the instructor and students in each course were scored, and ANOVA and partial correlation analysis were conducted on the sample. ANOVA indicated the significance of and classroom structure on student engagement. From the correlation analysis, a significant relationship was found between four student-reported modes of cognitive engagement and instructor-reported teaching practices. With an understanding of student engagement response to classroom structure, instructors may consider their teaching environment when implementing instructional practices. Moreover, Interactivity with Peers, the deepest mode of cognitive engagement suggested by previous research, was correlated with instructional practices in our study, suggesting that instructors may be able to shape their students’ learning by encouraging collaboration in the classroom. We also found that assessment played a role in students’ cognitive engagement; this indicates that instructors may wish to thoughtfully consider their methods of assessment to facilitate modes of cognitive engagement associated with deeper learning of course material. By understanding factor correlations, the PIPS and SCCEI can be used in tandem to understand impacts of instructional practices on student cognitive engagement within a course. We conclude that there is a need for ongoing research to study the interplay of instructional practices and student cognitive engagement as instruments are developed to measure such phenomena.
Attention-Guided Generative Adversarial Network to Address Atypical Anatomy in Modality Transfer.

Recently, interest in MR-only treatment planning using synthetic CTs (synCTs) has grown rapidly in radiation therapy. However, developing class solutions for medical images that contain atypical anatomy remains a major limitation. In this paper, we propose a novel spatial attention-guided generative adversarial network (attention-GAN) model to generate accurate synCTs using T1-weighted MRI images as the input to address atypical anatomy. Experimental results on fifteen brain cancer patients show that attention-GAN outperformed existing synCT models and achieved an average MAE of 85.22$\pm$12.08, 232.41$\pm$60.86, 246.38$\pm$42.67 Hounsfield units between synCT and CT-SIM across the entire head, bone and air regions, respectively. Qualitative analysis shows that attention-GAN has the ability to use spatially focused areas to better handle outliers, areas with complex anatomy or post-surgical regions, and thus offer strong potential for supporting near real-time MR-only treatment planning.