cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute Portal Vein Thrombosis

Acute portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is characterized by thrombus formation within the portal vein or its branches. This thrombus formation leads to a nonspecific clinical presentation, which emphasizes the need for imaging to establish the diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis is vital, because if left untreated, acute PVT can lead to bowel infarction or the clinical sequelae of portal hypertension. Currently, guidelines recommend anticoagulation as first line therapy for patients with acute PVT with endovascular management reserved for those who fail anticoagulation or present with signs of bowel ischemia. However, many patients treated with anticoagulation will develop portal vein cavernoma and long term sequalea of portal hypertension, which suggests the need for earlier endovascular intervention in select patients. This article will discuss the risk factors for development of acute PVT, the clinical presentation and diagnosis of the disease, and the pharmacologic, endovascular, and surgical therapy options.
Throwing it out: Introducing a nexus perspective in examining citizen perceptions of organizational food waste in the U.S.

Abstract While advocacy groups and environmentalists have sought to highlight the issue of food waste, relatively little is known about individual citizen concern about food wasted by organizations in the U.S. This paper examines the extent to which individuals are concerned about organizational food waste, and to what extent they would support policies intended to reduce food waste. We also address how food waste reduces efficiencies in the water-energy-food nexus. We use a nationally representative sample of survey respondents to identify the personal characteristics that relate to concern about food waste and to corrective public policies. We expand the use of water-energy-food awareness indexes and examine if nexus awareness influences opinions and policies regarding food waste. Results show that nexus awareness, or awareness of the interconnections between food-water and food-energy, is significantly related to food waste concern and policy preferences to reduce food waste. We conclude with some strategies and policy recommendations on increasing awareness and action to reduce food waste.
Methscopolamine bromide blocks hypothalamic-stimulated release of growth hormone in ewes.

Twenty-five nonlactating ewes were used to test the hypothesis that methscopolamine bromide (MB) blocks secretion of growth hormone (GH) by affecting hypothalamic rather than pituitary mechanisms. Ewes were randomly assigned to receive a s.c. injection of 96 mg of MB or 2 mL of saline at min = 0. Saline-treated ewes were assigned to receive a subsequent (at +60 min) i.v. injection of 10 microg of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) to test pituitary responsiveness or .3 mg of clonidine to test hypothalamic responsiveness. Methscopolamine bromide-treated ewes were assigned to receive a subsequent (at +60 min) i.v. injection of 10 microg of GHRH, .3 mg of clonidine, or 2 mL of saline. Jugular blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals from -120 min to +240 min, and serum concentrations of GH were quantified with a RIA. No difference was detected in serum concentrations of GH with respect to MB vs saline treatment (P = .20). Concentrations of GH increased in saline-pretreated ewes following injections of clonidine or GHRH (P < .01). Treatment of ewes with MB, however, limited the ability of clonidine-induced mechanisms to increase concentrations of GH, but did not affect pituitary responsiveness to GHRH (P < .01). These data support the hypothesis that MB inhibits hypothalamic and not pituitary mediated mechanisms that regulate the secretion of GH.
Linkage Between Potential and Viscous Flows

The well-known boundary element method for computing potential flows is shown to be linked to a zonal method previously developed for computing viscous flows. This linkage permits the removal of conceptual difficulties and uncertainties resulting from the inviscid fluid idealization of the panel method. Extremely efficient and accurate boundary element methods are established for flows in the absence of significant separated regions.
Microcapillary reactors using solid-phase DNA sequencing for direct sample introduction into slab gels.

Solid-phase microreactors have been prepared in glass capillaries for DNA sequencing applications using slab gel electrophoresis, which consisted of a fused silica capillary (i.d. = 100μm; o.d. = 3...
Use of Cultures of Neuroblastoma and Glioma as a Model System to Study the Heavy Metal-Induced Neurotoxicity

We have been using monolayer cultures of neuroblastoma (NB) and glioma cells as an experimental model to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity of heavy metals on nervous tissue. We have obtained the following information: (a) Glioma cells are more sensitive to methylmercuric chloride (CH3HgCl) than neuroblastoma for the criterion of growth inhibition (due to cell death and inhibition of cell division). Inorganic mercury (HgCl2), organic lead (tri-n-butyl lead acetate), and acrylamide do not produce such a differential effect. (b) Vitamin E and inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (papaverine, R020-1724, and isobutylxanthine) protect glioma cells against CH3HgCl-induced toxicity; however, it does not protect neuroblastoma cells. (c) Vitamin C enhances the effect of CH3HgCl on NB cells, but not on glioma cells. (d) Glioma cells produce factor(s) into the medium which enhances the effect of CH3HgCl on both glioma and NB cells. (e) CH3HgCl markedly reduces cyclic AMP-induced morphological differentiation of NB cells, but not of glioma cells. (f) Acute treatment of NB cells (1 μM) and of glioma cells (0.3 μM) with CH3HgCl increases the intracellular level of cyclic AMP. (g) Chronic treatment of glioma cells with CH3HgCl reduces the response of prostaglandin E1-sensitive adrenylate cyclase, but chronic treatment of NB cells does not produce such an effect. (h) The response of dopamine- and norepinephrine- sensitive adenylate cyclases in NB cells does not change after acute or chronic treatment with CH3HgCl. (i) Chronic and acute treatment of glioma cells with low concentrations (0.05 to 0.1 μM) of CH3HgCl produces marked changes (increases and decreases) in the amounts and net cyclic AMP-dependent and -independent phosphorylation profiles of specific proteins. Chronic treatment of NB cells (0.1 and 0.2 μM) does not produce any significant alterations in the amounts of specific proteins, but it causes marked changes in the cyclic AMP-dependent and -independent phosphorylation levels of cellular proteins. The morphology and doubling time of chronically treated glioma and NB cells are similar to those of untreated cells. These data show that the cultures of NB and glioma cells could be used as sensitive biological assay for investigating the effects of those environmental pollutants which are known to cause or which have potential to cause neurological disorders.
Why have few journalists been prosecuted for incitement to war crimes

Why have few journalists ever stood in the dock for incitement to violate international humanitarian law? Their work as propagandists has been essential to governments committing war crimes, crimes...
LFA-1 Ligation by High-Density ICAM-1 Is Sufficient To Activate IFN-γ Release by Innate T Lymphocytes

By binding to its ligand ICAM-1, LFA-1 is known to mediate both adhesion and costimulatory signaling for T cell activation. The constitutively high LFA-1 cell surface expression of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells has been shown to be responsible for their distinctive tissue homing and residency within ICAM-rich endothelial vessels. However, the functional impact of LFA-1 on the activation of iNKT cells and other innate T lymphocyte subsets has remained largely unexplored. In particular, it is not clear whether LFA-1 contributes to innate-like pathways of T cell activation, such as IFN-γ secretion in response to IL-12. Using a recombinant ICAM-1-Fc fusion protein to stimulate human iNKT cells in the absence of APCs, we show that LFA-1 engagement enhances their IL-12–driven IFN-γ production. Surprisingly, exposure to high densities of ICAM-1 was also sufficient to activate iNKT cell cytokine secretion independently of IL-12 and associated JAK/STAT signaling. LFA-1 engagement induced elevated cytoplasmic Ca 2+ and rapid ERK phosphorylation in iNKT cells, and the resulting IFN-γ secretion was dependent on both of these pathways. Analysis of freshly isolated human PBMC samples revealed that a fraction of lymphocytes that showed elevated LFA-1 cell surface expression produced IFN-γ in response to plate-bound ICAM-1–Fc. A majority of the responding cells were T cells, with the remainder NK cells. The responding T cells included iNKT cells, MAIT cells, and Vδ2 + γδ T cells. These results delineate a novel integrin-mediated pathway of IFN-γ secretion that is a shared feature of innate lymphocytes.
COMMUNICATION OF LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES: A CRITICAL NEED FOR LEADERSHIP EDUCATION FOR UNDERREPRESENTED GRADE SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE BRONX, NEW YORK

The term leadership has gained popularity over the last twenty years as an area of research and education for scholars and those seeking to understand and improve their method of transforming others within their constituency. While the term has transcended all levels of society, this article seeks to explore why grade school students of urban areas like the Bronx, New York struggle to surpass their social status through education and professional achievement. In an area of the United States that represents enormous wealth, the economic and professional disparity between those who prosper and those who struggle can be expounded through an understanding of poor communication, levels of education, and cultural background(s). The majority of children who grow up in New York City are from underrepresented groups in American society. These groups are Black, of American, African, and Caribbean heritage; Latino (Hispanic), of Central American, South American, and Caribbean heritage; and Asian and Middle-Eastern heritage. Poor communication emerges from the fact that a large proportion of grade school children in NYC are first-generation students, many of which struggle with language mastery. The vast majority of school-aged students live in economically challenged areas of the City where income levels are at or below the standard of poverty. The cultural impact of this study further examines the struggle of these students to learn and relate to espoused leadership principles from educators, community leaders, and organizational leaders. Key Words: Leadership, Education, Communication, Economic Disparity, Culture
A novel tetrazole analogue of resveratrol is a potent anticancer agent.

Abstract A series of novel tetrazole analogues of resveratrol were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-leukemic activity against an extensive panel of human cancer cell lines and against the MV4-11 AML cell line. These molecules were designed as drug-like derivatives of the resveratrol analogue DMU-212 and its cyano derivatives. Four compounds 8g, 8h, 10a and 10b exhibited LD50 values of 4.60 µM, 0.02 µM, 1.46 µM, and 1.08 µM, respectively, against MV4-11 leukemia cells. The most potent compounds, 8h and 10b, were also found to be active against an extensive panel of human hematological and solid tumor cell lines; compound 8h was the most potent compound with GI50 values
Sociodemographic factors associated with recent alcohol use among college students

Alcohol use among college students continues to be a major public health problem in the United States. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine factors associated with recent alcohol use ...
National Trends in Orthopaedic Surgery Resident Adult Case Logs.

OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to assess United States data to determine if there were changes in the number of adult cases that graduating orthopaedic surgery resident logged. DESIGN We assessed the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education data from 2010 to 2016 to identify the number of cases that were reported by graduating orthopaedic surgery residents through the United States. Specifically, we analyzed the mean total number of adult cases per graduating resident. We substratified the data based on the subspecialty to include total number of cases performed in: (1) upper extremity; (2) lower extremity; (3) spine; (4) oncology; and (5) trauma. SETTING All data collection was performed at the Seton Hall School of Health and Medical Sciences. PARTICIPANTS All United States orthopaedic surgery residents were considered participants RESULTS During the study period, the total number of cases performed by each resident had decreased from 1791 to 1311 (p = 0.0001). There was only an increase in the number of pelvis/hip cases (p = 0.0001). Among upper extremity cases, there was a decrease in each subtype of cases (p = 0.0001). There was a decrease in the number of femur/knee, leg/ankle, and foot/toes cases per resident (p = 0.0001). Furthermore, there was a decrease in the number of spine and trauma cases performed (p = 0.0001). There was no difference in the number of oncology cases performed (p = 0.47). CONCLUSIONS We noted a decrease in the number of cases logged by graduating residents over the past 6 academic years. This provides a great deal of insight into the need for residencies to ensure that the appropriate Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education bench marks are met. Future studies should analyze how cases may be increased.
End Corporate Bullying

Workplace bullying in the corporate environment is prevalent. We discuss why workplace bullying canexist in the corporate environment, how workplace bullying impacts those affected, and suggestions for what to do when it occurs.
Elucidating the Determinants of Polymerase Specificity by Microfluidic-Based Deep Mutational Scanning

Engineering polymerases to synthesize artificial genetic polymers with unique backbone structures is limited by a general lack of understanding about the structural determinants that govern substrate specificity. Here, we report a high-throughput microfluidic-based approach for mapping sequence–function relationships that combines droplet-based optical polymerase sorting with deep mutational scanning. We applied this strategy to map the finger subdomain of a replicative DNA polymerase isolated from Thermococcus kodakarensis (Kod). The enrichment profile provides an unbiased view of the ability of each mutant to synthesize threose nucleic acid, which was used as a model non-natural genetic polymer. From a single round of sorting, we discovered two cases of positive epistasis and demonstrate the near inversion of substrate specificity from a double mutant variant. This effort indicates that polymerase specificity may be governed by a small number of highly specific residues that can be elucidated by deep mu...
Adherence to hormone treatment for breast cancer and beliefs about treatment and screening.

e11004 Background: Beliefs about medications, more than knowledge, have been found to affect medication adherence. For breast cancer patients, at least 5 years of daily adjuvant hormonal therapy (H...
Model Identification and Physical Exercise Control using Nonlinear Heart Rate Model and Particle Filter

Physical exercise has been proven to be beneficial for both healthy subjects and cardiac patients. It can improve cardiovascular health and promote recovery from various heart conditions. Heart Rate (HR) is a cardiovascular variable, which can be easily monitored and provides important insights about cardiac functions during and after physical exercise. This study presents a HR-based modeling and control framework to monitor physiological changes during exercise, from which the exercise intensity is optimized to capitalize exercise outcomes. HR models were previously developed to investigate exercise physiology, but efficient model identification has not been extensively discussed in the literature. Most existing HR models are nonlinear state-space models, and traditional optimization techniques may fail to provide accurate model identification results. In this work, we propose to use particle filter (PF) to identify HR model parameters and further optimize the intensity of exercise, e.g., walking or running speed, based on the calibrated model. Specifically, sequential importance sampling and resampling (SISR) and smoothing were chosen to estimate state variables, and particle marginal Metropolis-Hastings method was used to identify model parameters from HR observations. In addition, using predictions calculated from the HR model, treadmill speed was optimized by minimizing the difference between predictions and the target HR. The modeling and control framework is validated with different case studies. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is a useful tool for personalized HR modeling and exercise control, which can benefit both regular exercise training and cardiac rehabilitation.
REGIONAL REPLACEMENT AND DIFFUSE INTERSTITIAL LEFT VENTRICULAR FIBROSIS IN CHRONIC AORTIC VALVE REGURGITATION: INSIGHTS AND PROGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS FROM CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) allows noninvasive assessment of regional replacement fibrosis and diffuse interstitial fibrosis. Two CMR surrogate biomarkers for diffuse interstitial fibrosis have emerged: extracellular volume (ECV) fraction and indexed ECV. We evaluate CMR biomarkers of
RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE HEART FAILURE AND CHEST PAIN AS THE INITIAL MANIFESTATION OF SYSTEMIC AL AMYLOIDOSIS

Cardiac amyloidosis is rapidly progressive and must be considered in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. A 59 year old female with newly diagnosed heart failure (LVEF 65%) presented with dyspnea, chest pain, edema, and grouped purpuric rash. EKG was low voltage with ST segment elevations
The value of physical distribution flexibility in serving dense and uncertain urban markets

Abstract Urban last-mile distribution in emerging economies suffers from unique levels of operational complexity, largely due to the prevailing dominance of the highly fragmented traditional retail channel. To support companies in strategically designing efficient urban distribution networks in such uncertain market environments, we propose a large-scale stochastic mixed integer linear programming model that incorporates three commonly deployed measures of physical distribution flexibility. Being able to flexibly adjust transportation capacities, facility capacities, and demand allocations may enable companies to serve urban markets more efficiently, especially in the presence of demand uncertainty. The model supports strategic network design decisions by optimizing the number, type, and capacity of distribution facilities as well as the composition of corresponding vehicle fleets. We apply the model to two large-scale, real-world case studies based on real data from Coca-Cola Femsa’s last-mile operations in Bogota and Cali, Colombia. These case studies are representative for many last-mile distribution problems in emerging market megacities. Our numerical results demonstrate how considering stochasticity and incorporating physical distribution flexibility in the strategic design of urban last-mile distribution networks jointly and independently affect the resulting network design and improve its commercial and operational performance. The stochastic design approach outperforms the deterministic design approach on every instance in terms of expected cost and performance risk. In most cases, physical distribution flexibility improves performance. However, we show that in some cases, if strategic decisions are based on deterministic assumptions, allowing for operational flexibility may result in a deterioration in network performance.
High flow oxygen for dyspnea in hospitalized patients with cancer: A 4x4 crossover randomized clinical trial.

12077Background: Dyspnea is common in hospitalized cancer patients and highly distressing. High flow oxygen (HFOx) is administered for oxygenation in this setting; however, its effect on dyspnea ha...
A Learning Module and Experiential Exercise to Teach Students How to Design, Administer, and Score a Structured Employment Panel Interview

Employment interviews are used by almost all organizations as one tool to evaluate job candidates. A large body of research evidence indicates that, because of their higher validity, structured employment interviews are more effective than unstructured employment interviews. This article provides detailed instructions concerning an experiential exercise that teaches upper-level undergraduate or graduate students to design, administer (with a high-fidelity role-play), and score a structured employment panel interview. In doing so, it provides students with a skill that virtually all of them will value at some point in their careers.
Phosphatases are involved in modulating the TCA cycle in plants

Abstract Phosphorylation is a reversible posttranslational modification that modulates the activities of numerous proteins. In plants, it is known that several mitochondrial proteins can be phosphorylated, including enzymes of the TCA cycle. The kinases and phosphorylases that mediate reversible phosphorylation of TCA cycle enzymes are largely unknown, as is the impact of protein phosphorylation on the TCA cycle. In this issue of Molecular Plant, Zhang et al. demonstrate that two phosphatases play important roles in controlling the phosphorylation status of TCA cycle enzymes, which modulates their activities and influences carbon flux through the TCA cycle.
Testimonial Injustice and Teacher Education

This narrative inquiry explores the experiences of LGBTQ+ teacher candidates of color in a teacher education program. Composed of vignettes written by teacher candidates and narrative analysis to frame the significance of and contexts within which the vignettes were written, this study first offers insight into the ways teacher candidates understand their own intersecting identities, with specific attention given to how events within and outside the walls of the teacher education program shaped these understandings. The faculty response to the teacher candidates’ vignettes is then shared, revealing how the perceived credibility of the teacher candidates’ vignettes by teacher education faculty limited or expanded the teacher candidates’ ability to engage their intersecting identities in the work of teaching and learning.
Scrutinizing surficial sediment along a 600-km-long urban coastal zone: Occurrence and risk assessment of fipronil and its three degradates

Abstract Contamination in the coastal zone is closely linked to urbanization and has become a global issue. The coastal aquatic environment is the terminal sink for many chemicals; however, little is known about the occurrence and variation among habitats as well as integrative toxicity for pesticides, i.e., fipronil, and its three major degradates (-desulfinyl, -sulfide, and -sulfone, fiproles hereafter) in sediments in urban coastlines. In the present study, we report results of a random stratified survey for fiproles in surficial sediments in five embayment habitats (strata) along the Southern California Bight (SCB), USA coastline. Fiproles were present in a small areal extent (6.8%) of the SCB embayment, and detected in 14 out of 174 stations with a total concentration of the four analytes ranging from 0.50 to 17.5 μg/kg dry weight. The area-weighted mean concentrations were 3.16 ± 3.37, 0.584 ± 0.558, 0.071 ± 0.103, and 0.005 ± 0.009 μg/kg in brackish estuaries, estuaries, bays, and marinas, respectively, with the results below the detection limits in ports. Fipronil sulfone had the greatest detection frequency (8.05%) and highest mean concentration (3.24 ± 3.36 μg/kg) among the four compounds. A screening-level deterministic risk assessment for invertebrates found that, region-wide, fiproles generally posed an insignificant to low acute risk to the amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius in 7.36% of the SCB embayment area. In addition, high risk to the midge Chironomus dilutus was found in 77.5% of the fiproles-detectable area in the brackish estuary stratum that is a part of the Los Angeles River. Fipronil sulfone was identified as the major contributor of these effects. The results of this study establish a baseline of occurrence and toxicity potential for fiproles in coastal sediments of southern California.
What Is Lean

This chapter discusses the concept of “Lean” in the supply chain management world. It describes the term “Lean” and the way it works. Lean is the westernization of a Japanese concept that has carried several names such as Toyota Production System, just-in-time (JIT) process, pull manufacturing, and total quality management (TQM). Each of these names incorporates some aspect of Lean and vice versa. Lean is a systematic approach that helps an enterprise focus on continuous improvement of quality, cost, delivery, and safety by eliminating waste, creating flow, and increasing a system's ability to meet its customer demand. The “Shingo model” evaluates Lean performance in the categories of enablers, core operations, results, and feedback/business results. Lean is also about team building, integration, and ownership. A Lean facilitator is usually assigned the task to organize appropriate teams and then give them appropriate guidance and training in the selected tools so that the Lean effort can progress with the greatest efficiency. A team is the one that makes decisions about any changes in the process and owns those changes. The role of the facilitator is to keep the team on top of the task so that team members develop and implement these changes in minimum time.
Measurement of 220Rn and 222Rn emanation rates for solids

Abstract An instrument to measure the 220Rn and 222Rn emanation rates for dry solid matter is described. The associated method involves electrostatic precipitation of the positively-charged decay products and measurements of their individual activities. Applications of the technique in determination of the emanating powers involving the individual thorium and uranium series content of minerals and rocks are presented.
How scattering parameters can benefit the development of all-electric ships

The power distribution system of future all-electric ships is expected to be different from typical terrestrial power distribution systems in a number of areas including grounding schemes and common-mode coupling to the ship hull. Simulation tools currently used to model terrestrial power systems do not take these differences into account. Scattering parameters are suggested to help validating existing models, support the development of specialized models for shipboard power systems, and ultimately facilitate the design of all-electric ships. This paper provides an overview of scattering parameter related activities within the Electric Ship Research and Development Consortium (ESRDC).
Educational aspects of sustainable development analysis: computational models and software

Sustainable development is one of the most important aspects of successful growing and prosperity of the world community. The United Nations established a special Decade for Education for Sustainable Development (2005-2014) to encourage educational institutions participates in this processes. In this paper we discuss and propose a course on Sustainable Development Analysis at the undergraduate level offered at a small private university. In our course we concentrate on computational aspects of sustainable development using simulation models and appropriate software packages. According to the goals of the course, we present case studies and encourage students to conduct small independent research projects. Within the student's research projects certain air pollution concentrations are calculated using US Environmental Protection Agency software. These calculations with some extended information are considered as elements of sustainable development analysis at a regional level.
Chapter Seven. Attributes Of Successful Human Rights Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) – Sixty Years After The 1948 Universal Declaration Of Human Rights

This chapter identifies and analyzes the attributes shared by successful human rights NGOs. It traces the history of the contemporary human rights NGO from anti-slavery and other social movement groups of the eighteenth century, through the participation of human rights NGOs in the creation of the UN, through the proliferation of human rights NGOs today. It then identifies and analyzes ten characteristics of successful human rights NGOs. The chapter builds upon the attributes identified and explores a selection of NGO Codes of Conduct from around the globe designed to promote NGO accountability and transparency and to help bolster NGO credibility. It concludes that although much has changed since the UN and modern human rights NGOs were born six decades ago, what has not changed is the disagreement over what constitutes a human rights NGO and how to categorize such groups. Keywords: attributes; codes of conduct; human rights; non-governmental organizations (NGOs); social movement groups; United Nations (UN)
Should we all just stay home? Travel, out-of-home activities, and life satisfaction

Abstract How and why travel contributes to our life satisfaction is of considerable import for transportation policy and planning. This paper empirically examines this relationship using data from the American Time Use Survey. It finds that, controlling for relevant demographic, geographic, and temporal covariates, travel time per day is significantly and positively associated with life satisfaction. This relationship is attenuated, but still significant, when the amount of time spent participating in out-of-home activities is controlled for. Time spent bicycling is strongly associated with higher life satisfaction, though it attains significance only in some models; time spent walking is also quite positive, though it is not significant. However, both walking and bicycling are positively and significantly associated with life satisfaction when time spent on purely recreational walking and bicycling is included. Life satisfaction is positively and significantly associated with time spent traveling for the purposes of eating and drinking, religious activities, volunteering, and playing and watching sports. Travel time exhibits a strong positive relationship with life satisfaction in smaller towns and cities, but in large cities the association weakens, and for very large cities travel time may actually not be associated with life satisfaction at all. This may be due to the costs of traffic congestion, which disproportionately exists in large cities. In all, while the associations between travel and life satisfaction are clear, the causal story is complex, with the positive relationships potentially being explained by (1) travel allowing us to access destinations that make us happy, (2) the act of travel itself being fulfilling, and/or (3) intrinsically happier people being more likely to travel. In all likelihood, all three factors are at play.
Manufacturer's labeling for paclitaxel.

(1996). Manufacturer's Labeling for Paclitaxel. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 644-644.
Osteopathische Medizin: eine Frage der Zeit?

In den USA gibt es zwei arztlich voll ausgebildete Berufsgruppen, welche parallel und vollig gleichgestellt die Heilkunst ausuben, namlich die allopathischen Arzte (Medical Doctors, M.D., dem Dr. med. entsprechend) und die osteopathischen Arzte (Doctors of Osteopathy, D.O.). Wahrend die Wurzeln der zahlenmasig starkeren Berufsgruppe der M.D. – die Vertreter der traditionellen oder orthodoxen westlichen Medizin – auf Arzte, welche ihre Ausbildung in Deutschland erfahren hatten, zuruckzufuhren sind, war es ein Arzt an der “neuen Grenze der USA”, der am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts die osteopathische Medizin grundete. In der osteopathischen Medizin war von Anfang an die Integration der Manuellen Medizin, die Anwendung der Hande im gesamten diagnostischen und therapeutischen Prozess der Zentralgedanke. Innerhalb der letzten 100 Jahre machte die osteopathische Medizin eine Transformation durch, indem sie von ihrer ursprunglichen Reformbewegung – im Vergleich zu dem damaligen Wildwuchs der oft fanatisch betriebenen Heilungsformen – zu einer sozialen und patientenbetonten Primarversorgung im amerikanischen Gesundheitswesen avancierte. Heute hat die osteopathische Medizin in den USA eine solide und beachtete Stellung, aber genau wie ihr allopathischer Partner wird sie sich im Sinne des momentanen Paradigmenwandels der Aufgabe der neuen “World-Order” nicht entziehen konnen. Die Beweiskraft, dass die osteopathische Medizin mit ihrer Philosophie unter Einbeziehung des osteopathischen manuellen Gedankens innerhalb eines Ganzheitskonzepts sowohl kostentragend als auch effektiv sein kann, stellt die osteopathische Profession in den U. S. A. vor neue Aufgaben, die vielleicht die lebenswichtigsten in ihrer gesamten Geschichte darstellen. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Grundung und Entwicklung der osteopathischen Medizin in den USA mit ihren zentralen philosophischen Gedanken bis zu ihrem heutigen Stellenwert und den neuen Aufgaben im amerikanischen Gesundheitssystem im neuen, dem 21. Jahrhundert.
Evaluation of hypoglycemic counterregulation using a modification of the Andres glucose clamp

The glucose clamp, developed by Andres for the quantification of insulin action and secretion, was modified to study counterregulatory mechanisms against hypoglycemia, thereby overcoming the technical difficulties in producing a standardized, reproducible hypoglycemic stimulus. Normal subjects are exquisitely sensitive to small decrements in glucose; levels within the normal range cause suppression of endogenous insulin (approximately 4.0 mM) and activation of glucagon and epinephrine (approximately 3.5 mM) secretion. The glucose threshold for hormone release is modified by multiple factors, including age, gender, and the level of insulin per se. If glucose continues to fall toward 3.0 mM, the hormonal response is intensified and symptoms appear. The window between the appearance of symptoms triggering carbohydrate ingestion and the earliest signs of neuroglycopenia are surprisingly narrow. Subtle neuroelectrophysiological changes in cortical and brain stem function are evident at 2.9 mM. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients must rely heavily on their ability to secrete epinephrine to overcome a defective glucagon response. Unfortunately, this defense mechanism may diminish as disease duration increases, and may become further impaired by iatrogenic hypoglycemia accompanying insulin treatment. Commonly, the glucose level triggering adrenergic responses is shifted downward during intensive insulin therapy of IDDM. This may help explain why such patients release epinephrine and experience symptoms of hypoglycemia at a lower glucose level.
The JUN oncoprotein, a vertebrate transcription factor, activates transcription in yeast.

Transcriptional activation of RNA polymerase II in eukaryotic organisms ranging from yeasts to mammals has many common features such as enhancer elements, TATA elements, and activator proteins that bind specifically to promoter DNA (reviewed in refs (1, 2). The JUN oncoprotein, which causes sarcomas in chickens3, shows significant homology to the DNA-binding domain of GCN4, a yeast protein that stimulates transcription of the amino acid biosynthetic genes4. The GCN4 and JUN proteins bind the same DNA sequences5, consensus ATGA(C/G)TCAT (ref. 6), even though the DNA-binding domains are only 45% identical in amino acid sequence. The JUN protein almost certainly represents the oncogenic version of the normal AP-1 transcription factor7, sug-gesting an evolutionary relationship between yeast and vertebrate activator proteins. Here, I demonstrate that JUN efficiently activates transcription in yeast either through its own or a heterologous DNA-binding domain. As is the case for yeast activator proteins, transcriptional stimulation by JUN requires an acidic activation region distinct from the DNA-binding domain. The functional interchangeability between yeast and vertebrate transcription factors strongly suggests a basic similarity in the molecular mechanism of eukaryotic transcriptional activation.
Automotive emissions in developing countries-relative implications for global warming, acidification and urban air quality

Abstract This paper attempts to assess the magnitude and scope of automotive pollutant emissions in developing countries and their role in global warming, regional scale air pollution and urban air quality. Greenhouse-gas emissions (CO2 and CFCs) from motor vehicles in developing countries contribute less than 3% to the global greenhouse effect, compared to a 9 to 12% contribution from motor vehicles in OECD countries and Eastern Europe. The share of OECD countries in conventional pollutant emissions from motor vehicles exceeds the combined contribution of all developing countries by a factor of three to five. Acid deposition from motor vehicle emissions does not currently appear to be a problem in developing countries. The incidence of regional scale ozone is not known but could be potentially significant downstream from large urban centers. There is a need for more systematic monitoring and evaluation of acid deposition and regional ozone concentrations in developing countries. Urban air quality is the prime casualty of motorization in developing countries. The air pollution problem will intensify in developing countries with increasing urbanization and the rapid pace of motorization. Urban concentrations of carbon monoxide, airborne lead, particulate matter and sulfur oxides in many developing countries already exceed the levels in industrialized countries. Motor vehicles emit 30% to 85% of all man-made air pollutants in the large urban areas in developing countries, depending on the level of motorization. Without effective measures to control pollutant emissions, some 300 to 500 million city dwellers in developing countries will become exposed to unhealthy and dangerous levels of air pollution from motor vehicles by the year 2000.
Liquid crystal based biosensors for bile acid detection

The concentration level of bile acids is a useful indicator for early diagnosis of liver diseases. The prevalent measurement method in detecting bile acids is the chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, which is precise yet expensive. Here we present a biosensor platform based on liquid crystal (LC) films for the detection of cholic acid (CA). This platform has the advantage of low cost, label-free, solution phase detection and simple analysis. In this platform, LC film of 4-Cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) was hosted by a copper grid supported with a polyimide-coated glass substrate. By immersing into sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution, the LC film was coated with SDS which induced a homeotropic anchoring of 5CB. Addition of CA introduced competitive adsorption between CA and SDS at the interface, triggering a transition from homeotropic to homogeneous anchoring. The detection limit can be tuned by changing the pH value of the solution from 12uM to 170uM.
Classification tree based protein structure distances for testing sequence-structure correlation

A methodology for testing the correlation between the sequence and structure distances of proteins is proposed. Structure distances were derived by applying a forward growing classification tree algorithm on defined physico-chemical and geometrical properties of the structures. The structure distance for every pair of proteins was defined as the number of intermediate nodes in the tree. Sequence distances were derived using pairwise sequence alignment. Then, correlation between sequence distance matrix and sequence distance matrix was tested using a Monte Carlo permutation test. The results were compared to those when the double dynamic structure alignment method (SSAP) was applied. The methodology was applied to a data set of 74 proteins belonging to 14 families. The classification tree was able to identify the protein families (the misclassification rate was R=1.4%) and a 74x74 structure distance matrix was produced. For every pair of protein sequences a dissimilarity score was recorded and a sequence distance matrix was produced. The Monte Carlo permutation produced a correlation coefficient r=0.403 (P<0.001). The SSAP method produced similar results. The proposed methodology may assist in assessing whether protein sequence distances can be predictors of protein structure distances.
Impact of earthquake ground motion characteristics on collapse risk of post-mainshock buildings considering aftershocks

Abstract This paper investigates the influence of duration and frequency content of earthquakes on the collapse risk of post-mainshock buildings accounting for four damage states. The 5–95% significant duration Ds and the mean period Tm are selected as the index parameters to represent the duration and frequency content of ground motions, respectively. The modified Ibarra–Krawinkler hysteretic model is used in the structural models to capture strength and stiffness degradation associated with structural damages. The ground motion intensity is measured by inelastic spectral displacement (Sdi) to implicitly capture the spectral shape effect. Structural collapse capacities are determined using a suite of 62 records with a broad range of earthquake ground motion characteristics. The results demonstrate that both the duration and frequency content of ground motion play a significant role in structural collapse capacity. The degree of influence of aftershock characteristics on post-mainshock building collapse capacities becomes more significant as the structural damage level from the mainshock increases. As a result, post-mainshock structures with more serious damage states may be more fragile when subjected to the aftershocks with longer duration and lower frequency. Aftershocks are usually characterized by shorter duration and higher frequency than those of the corresponding mainshocks, thus the collapse risk of post-mainshock buildings may not be properly estimated using seeding scaled mainshock record as an aftershock compared to those using as-recorded mainshock–aftershock sequences.
A minimal principle in biomechanics

Expenditure of energy under several simultaneous forms (mechanical, chemical, etc.) is associated with all muscular activity. The energy is directly related to what is commonly called exertion or effort. This paper defines “muscular effort” quantitatively in terms of some of the elements of the dynamics of the human (and animal) body. It postulates that in all likelihood the individual will, consciously or otherwise, determine his motion (or his posture, if at rest) in such a manner as to reduce his total muscular effort to a minimum consistent with imposed conditions, or “constraints”. The principle, formulated in mathematical terms, is sufficient to ascribe to the moments at all body joints—a matter generally of free choice on the part of the individual—their most likely magnitudes. It therefore renders the equations of human (and animal) motion determinate within this context. The paper also describes briefly an iteration method for the solution of these equations, once they have been made determinate. A simple illustrative application of the principle is included.
Benign bilateral testicular enlargement.

ABSTRACT Detailed investigation was made of a pubertal patient with unusually large testes. No abnormality of adrenal or Leydig cell function was found. There was no evidence for autonomy of either pituitary or gonad. Testicular biopsy showed tubules of adult diameter with a paucity of mature germinal elements, spermatogonia with ballooned cytoplasm, and Sertoli cells with retracted apices. These findings suggest that this patient exhibits a previously unreported and apparently benign process affecting tubular development and giving rise to megatestes.
Using vegetation data within presettlement land survey records for species distribution modeling: A tale of two datasets

Abstract Researchers have long utilized the vegetation data within presettlement land survey records (PLSRs) to understand past forest composition in North America. PLSRs typically contain two datasets: bearing-tree (BT) data and line-description (LD) data. BT data are records of the trees that surveyors blazed adjacent to survey monuments, whereas LD data provide descriptions of tree species that surveyors observed along survey lines. Recently, studies have applied BT data to develop species distribution models (SDMs). SDMs create predictions of species distributions, based upon the modeled relationship between species presence and absence records, and environmental variables. Despite the applications of BT data in SDMs, the value of LD data for developing SDMs has not been explored. This study compares SDMs trained from LD data versus BT data, using PLSRs that were created ca. 1799–1814 CE in Chautauqua County, New York State. Using consensus modeling techniques, this study finds that despite positional uncertainty issues, LD data produce SDMs with better predictive performance than BT data, and more adequately generalize to independent datasets. Moreover, a comparable amount of data can be collected from LD data as from BT data, in order to develop models with greater predictive ability. This study challenges the use of BT data in SDMs, and suggests that modeling past species distributions can be accomplished more effectively using LD data.
The effects of calcium on isometric tension in isolated heart muscle during coupled pacing.

Abstract The effects of calcium concentration on the positive inotropic effects of coupled pacing were studied in a myograph. An increase in calcium concentrations in the muscle bath up to levels of 15.6 mM. per liter resulted in the development of greater isometric tension in guinea pig ventricular strips, but the increment in tension produced by coupled pacing fell progressively at all calcium concentrations above 2.6 mM. per liter. The delay between the basic stimulus and the coupled stimulus to produce maximal enhancement of contractility during coupled pacing decreased progressively with higher concentrations of calcium.
Role of concentration level of the nondiffusing species in turbulent gas phase mass transfer at ordinary mass transfer rates

Numerical solutions to the diffusion-convection equations are obtained with a digital computer to establish the role of concentration level of the nondiffusing species in nonequivolume diffusion in fully developed turbulent flow of gases in pipes. Results indicate that under ordinary mass transfer rates for a system at constant Schmidt and Reynolds numbers product of the gas-phase mass transfer coefficient and the log mean partial pressure of the nondiffusing gas is nearly constant both in the mass transfer entry region and in the fully developed region. These results are compared with the experimental data on vaporization and absorption processes. We show that the effect of the mass transfer section length on the rate of turbulent mass transfer is quite significant. Furthermore, the results of the diffusion—convection analysis are in better agreement with experimental data for sections of finite length than results calculated from the momentum-mass transfer analogy. The two methods agree in the limit for tubes of infinite length.