cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning-based Intrusion Detection System for Electric Vehicle Charging Station

The integration of the open communication layer to the physical layer of the power grids facilitates bidirectional communication, automation, remote control, distributed, and embedded intelligence, and smart resource management, in the grids. However, cybersecurity threats are inherent with the open communication layer, which can violate the confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) of the grid resources. The soaring usage and popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) demand the robust deployment of trustworthy electric vehicle charging station (EVCS). We propose the novel deep learning-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) to detect the denial of service (DoS) attacks in the EVCS. The deep neural network (DNN) and long-short term memory (LSTM) algorithms are implemented (in python 3.7.8) to detect and classify DoS attacks in the EVCS. Results show that both the DNN and LSTM based IDS achieved more than 99% detection accuracy. On top, the LSTM method is superior to the DNN method in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and measure.
Demographic Context, Mass Deportation, and Latino Linked Fate

What explains why some Latinos feel strongly tied to their coethnics while others do not? Demographic context is one of the most cited predictors of identity strength, but the size and direction of its effects are disputed. Geographic differences in policy environments may explain the phenomenon. We argue that high levels of immigration enforcement indirectly lead to increased feelings of ethnic linked fate by determining where and how demographic context—in this case, the size of the immigrant population—will be salient. To test this, we combine information from local immigration-enforcement data (obtained via Freedom of Information Act requests) with the Latino Decisions' 2016 Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Survey. The results suggest native-born Latinos have a stronger sense of ethnic linked fate when they live near large immigrant populations and rates of enforcement are high. When enforcement is low, the presence of immigrants has a negligible effect on native-born attitudes. Foreign-born Latinos' sense of linked fate is unaffected by policy context. These results suggest that as immigration enforcement becomes intensifies, conservative politicians may see increased backlash, at least in certain communities, from native-born Latinos. This is because feelings about ethnic linked fate correlate with increased participation and more proimmigrant policy stances.
Coping and Living with a Liver Transplant Patient

Coping and living with a liver transplant patient is a phenomenological qualitative study of the lived experience of a spouse of an organ donation recipient. Through a series of interviews with the caregiver, the research attempts to categorize the experiences, needs, and concerns of those motivating and supporting the patient.
Outcomes of adjunctive therapies post hedgehog inhibitors in the management of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and pooled analysis.

Management of patients with locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (laBCC) with traditional strategies has yielded suboptimal outcomes. Targeted treatments including hedgehog inhibitor therapy (HHIT) present limitations when utilized as monotherapy. Herein, we report evidence-based outcomes from available literature on multimodality treatments adjuvant to HHIT in laBCC management. Utilizing a systematic search strategy in PubMed, we identified studies published from inception to April 15, 2020, screened for definitive inclusion/exclusion criteria, and performed individual study quality assessment and pooled analysis to assess impact of adjunctive treatment-based responses post-HHIT on clinical response and recurrence outcomes. Twenty-nine studies (n = 103) were included. Primary findings include a complete response (CR) rate of 90.5%, the median follow-up of 12 months post-HHIT completion. The recurrence rate was 10.8% with 12-month median time to recurrence. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) had 100% CR post-HHIT, while no difference was observed between surgery and radiation therapy (RT). MMS and surgery had comparable 2-year recurrence free rates (RFR) at 87% and 86% respectively, while RT had the lower 2-year RFR at 67%. Male gender portended a more advanced stage at diagnosis and worse outcomes. In a subset analysis, periorbital laBCCs with orbital involvement had a CR rate of 81.8% versus 100% in those without orbital involvement, with similar rates of recurrence. Limited available quantitative data and possible publication bias were limitations. Pooled analysis of observational data supports use of adjunctive therapies post-HHIT to improve treatment response in patients with laBCC. Longer-term follow-up is needed to study recurrence rates after combination therapy.
Leading and Managing Archives and Manuscripts Programs. Archival Fundamentals Series III, Vol. 1. Edited by Peter Gottlieb and David W. Carmicheal. [Review]

Archivists new to positions of leadership and management generally experience some anxiety when faced with the challenges and responsibilities inherent in leading archival programs and staff. While managing the day-to-day aspects of a department requires hands-on experience, Leading and Managing Archives and Manuscripts Programs provides a solid foundation upon which archivists new to leadership and management can begin their newfound responsibilities. It also provides seasoned leaders and managers an opportunity to reconsider their own approaches.
Identical promoter elements are involved in regulation of the OPR1 gene by senescence and jasmonic acid in Arabidopsis.

Like other developmental processes, the terminal phase of leaf development, generally referred to as leaf senescence, regulates a subset of genes whose transcript abundances are increased during senescence. Jasmonic acid (JA), a plant growth regulator, also regulates the expression of subsets of genes in many aspects of plant growth and development, including leaf senescence. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which senescence and JA modulate gene expression are poorly understood. During an effort to isolate senescence-associated genes, we identified an Arabidopsis enhancer trap line in which the reporter gene GUS is up-regulated by both senescence and JA. The T-DNA tagged gene was subsequently cloned using thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR). This gene encodes a 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid-10,11-reductase (OPR1). Consistent with the GUS expression data, RNA gel blot analysis showed that OPR1 was indeed up-regulated by both senescence and JA. Promoter deletion analysis and linker-scanning mutagenesis assays were employed to unveil the molecular bases of OPR1 regulation by senescence and JA. Two regulatory cis elements, namely JASE1 (5′-CGTCAATGAA-3′) and JASE2 (5′-CATACGTCGTCAA-3′), in the promoter region of the gene, were identified. While JASE2 contains a mixed A/C box-like motif, JASE1 represents a new motif without any signature sequence so far reported. Both elements were required for the up-regulation of OPR1 by leaf senescence and JA, suggesting that leaf senescence and JA may share a common molecular mechanism for modulating OPR1.
MALDI-Mass Spectrometric Imaging of Endogenous Metabolites in Biological Systems

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI)-mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) is a powerful, relatively new technology that allows for the detection of molecules directly from biological systems and also provides the spatial distribution for these analytes within the tissue sample. MSI has gained considerable popularity for the study of endogenous metabolites as metabolites are the end product of various biochemical processes, and represent a biological snapshot of an organism's biochemistry at a given time. Although the underlying concept is simple, factors such as choice of ionisation method, sample preparation, instrumentation and data analysis must be taken into account and tailored for successful applications of MSI, especially for the study of small molecules. MALDI-MSI has been successfully applied to the study of endogenous metabolites in animal, plant, bacteria and fungal tissues and has provided new insights into biological functions and pathways, interspecies interactions and novel natural products. Key Concepts: A metabolic profile provides a snapshot of an organism's metabolism and underlying biochemistry at a given time. MALDI-MSI provides spatial distribution of endogenous or exogenous molecules in a sample. Advantages of MALDI-MSI include the ability to detect a broad mass range of compounds, the ability to detect multiple analytes in a single experiment without the need for labels or prior knowledge of the analytes and the preservation of biologically relevant spatial information. The study of small molecules with MALDI-MSI presents unique challenges due to matrix interference and potential analyte delocalisation. MALDI-MSI has been extensively used to study metabolites and other compounds in animal tissue and has recently been applied to the study of small molecules in plant, bacteria and fungi. Keywords: MALDI; mass spectrometry; imaging; metabolites; metabolomics; biological tissues; plants; bacteria; agar
Fidelity in protein synthesis. The role of the ribosome.

Abstract The effect of ribosome species on ambiguity during the transfer of amino acids from Escherichia coli aminoacyl transfer RNAs into protein has been examined under a variety of environmental conditions. Streptomycin greatly enhanced polyuridylic acid-directed transfer of leucine relative to phenylalanine (ambiguity ratio) with E. coli ribosomes, but had little effect with equivalent concentrations of reticulocyte ribosomes. The addition of E. coli supernatant fraction did not increase the ambiguity ratio obtained with reticulocyte ribosomes. In the presence of streptomycin, ambiguity was maximal at low concentrations of transfer RNA with E. coli ribosomes; transfer RNA concentration had a lesser effect on the low ambiguity obtained with reticulocyte ribosomes. Raising the magnesium concentration from 6 to 13 x 10-3 m increased the ambiguity ratio from 9 to 63% with E. coli ribosomes and from 0 to 25% with reticulocyte ribosomes. Ethanol increased the ambiguity ratio with E. coli ribosomes but not with reticulocyte ribosomes. The high fidelity of reticulocyte ribosomes was not restricted to leucine-phenylalanine ambiguity; although streptomycin caused a copolymer of uridylic and guanylic acid to miscode for arginine with E. coli ribosomes, this effect was not observed with reticulocyte ribosomes. These results show that streptomycin, a low concentration of transfer RNA, a high concentration of magnesium, and the addition of ethanol exert their miscoding effects at the ribosomal level. The fact that reticulocyte ribosomes are more resistant to these miscoding effects than E. coli ribosomes suggests that the ribosome plays an active role in codon recognition.
LTP saturation and spatial learning disruption: effects of task variables and saturation levels

The prediction that "saturation" of LTP/LTE at hippocampal synapses should impair spatial learning was reinvestigated in the light of a more specific consideration of the theory of Hebbian associative networks, which predicts a nonlinear relationship between LTP "saturation" and memory impairment. This nonlinearity may explain the variable results of studies that have addressed the effects of LTP "saturation" on behavior. The extent of LTP "saturation" in fascia dentata produced by the standard chronic LTP stimulation protocol was assessed both electrophysiologically and through the use of an anatomical marker (activation of the immediate-early gene zif268). Both methods point to the conclusion that the standard protocols used to induce LTP do not "saturate" the process at any dorsoventral level, and leave the ventral half of the hippocampus virtually unaffected. LTP-inducing, bilateral perforant path stimulation led to a significant deficit in the reversal of a well-learned spatial response on the Barnes circular platform task as reported previously, yet in the same animals produced no deficit in learning the Morris water task (for which previous results have been conflicting). The behavioral deficit was not a consequence of any after-discharge in the hippocampal EEG. In contrast, administration of maximal electroconvulsive shock led to robust zif268 activation throughout the hippocampus, enhancement of synaptic responses, occlusion of LTP produced by discrete high-frequency stimulation, and spatial learning deficits in the water task. These data provide further support for the involvement of LTP-like synaptic enhancement in spatial learning.
Word Meaning, Psychology of

The psychology of word meaning concerns how words are organized, mentally depicted, and processed cognitively. Keywords: frame; mental lexicon; semantic features; semantic network; spreading activation
Turbulence in pipe flows with small relative roughness

The Princeton University Superpipe, capable of generating Reynolds numbers from 31 ×103 to 35 ×106, has been used to study the effects of surface roughness on turbulence in fully developed turbulent pipe flow. Mean velocity and pressure gradient results, streamwise Reynolds stresses, and two point correlations have all been performed on flow through a commercial steel pipe, with k rms ∕ D = 1 ∕ 26, 000 = 38. 5 ×10− 6, where k rms is the rms roughness height and Dis the pipe diameter. The Reynolds number of these studies ranged from 76 ×103 to 20 ×106. It was found that through the transitionally rough flow regime, the friction factor behavior did not follow that predicted by the Colebrook correlation. In addition, when the flow moved into the transitional and fully rough flow regimes, the streamwise Reynolds normal stress in the outer layer was found to saturate at a maximum value and did not increase in the same manner as observed for smooth pipes.
On Some Uses of Nonstandard Models

After the pioneering work of Paris and Harrington in the 1970’s there has been tremendous progress in the use of nonstandard models in the analysis of the independence phenomenon for Peano Arithmetic (PA) and related theories. I want to survey some other uses of nonstandard models. Model theory of PA is a well-developed, independent field, mainly concerned wi th classification of nonstandard structures. The classification of models of PA involves nontrivial combinatorics, group theory and latti ce theory (a comprehensive account can be found in [5]). In this note I want to consider the reverse direction. Can one learn anything about classical mathematics by studying nonstandard models? There are several aspects of this question. One concerns uses of nonstandard models in constructions of algebraic structures with interesting properties . A good example here is the work of Keisler and Schmerl [4] where highly saturated rather classless models 1 of PA are used to construct highly saturated real closed fields with the �-Bolzano-Weierstrass property 2 . In this example some purely modeltheoretic considerations (concerning constructions of ra ther classless models) give rise to interesting algebraic/analytic structures. Other examples include various results concerning automorphism groups of countable recursively saturated models of PA, originally motivated by questions about the structure of nonstandard models. For instance, it is shown in [5] that the automorphism groups of some recursively saturated models of PA have the property FA defined by Serre in connection with the study of group actions on trees. In fact, it turns out that the property FA characterizes an important class of countable recursively saturated elementary extensions of the standard model N, namely, the arithmetically saturated models. In the examples above, one uses nonstandard models as elements for further constructions, but there is also much to learn by studying the internal architec ture of particular models. Let M be a model of PA. The list of important isomorphism invariants of M includes: the order type of M , the additive and
Internet-based contingency management increases walking in sedentary adults

Despite the link between inactivity and premature mortality, most adults exercise less than the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008) recommends; thus, interventions to increase exercise are needed. The present study employed an Internet-based intervention to increase walking in 12 sedentary adults over 50 years of age. In Experiment 1, participants received monetary consequences for meeting an increasing series of step goals on at least 3 days during consecutive 5-day blocks. Across participants, steps increased 182% from screening to the end of the intervention, and 87% of step goals were met. In Experiment 2, goals were set using the same schedule as in Experiment 1, but no monetary consequences were provided for meeting them. Across participants, steps increased 108%, and 52% of goals were met. Across both studies, 11 of 12 participants increased their steps according to experimenter-arranged criteria. These results support the efficacy of an Internet-based intervention to increase walking in sedentary adults.
Analysis of Power System Dynamics Subject to Stochastic Power Injections

We propose a framework to study the impact of stochastic active/reactive power injections on power system dynamics with a focus on time scales involving electromechanical phenomena. In this framework, the active/reactive power injections evolve according to a continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC), while the power system dynamics are described by the standard differential algebraic equation (DAE) model. The DAE model is linearized around a nominal set of active/reactive power injections, and the combination of the linearized DAE model and the CTMC forms a stochastic process known as a stochastic hybrid system (SHS). The extended generator of the SHS yields a system of ordinary differential equations that governs the evolution of the power system dynamic and algebraic state moments. We illustrate the application of the framework to the computation of long-term power system state statistics, and to short-term probabilistic dynamic performance/reliability assessment.
Seasonal variability in the distribution of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, west of the Antarctic Peninsula

A unique Antarctic data set from four multidisciplinary cruises (spring, Nov 1991; summer, Jan–Feb 1993; fall, Mar–May 1993; winter, Aug–Sept 1993) was analyzed to provide a description of seasonal variability in the distribution and abundance of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Analyses of acoustic observations revealed distinct seasonal variations in estimates of krill abundance, the dimensional parameters used to characterize individual krill aggregations, the geographic area over which krill were acoustically detected, and the depth distribution of krill biomass. Spatially averaged estimates of krill biomass were an order of magnitude higher in spring (32 g m-2) and summer (95 g m-2) compared to fall (12 g m-2) and winter (8 g m-2). In summer, krill were detected throughout the region and most of the krill biomass was associated with aggregations of small cross-sectional area ( 150 g m-3), which were positioned in the upper 50 m of the water column. Winter observations, in contrast, were characterized by the absence of krill throughout most of the region and aggregations occuring deeper than 100 m with large cross-sectional area (>10000 m2) and low mean biomass ( 50 g m-2) at selected locations on the inner shelf and the disproportionate contribution, in terms of total krill biomass (>80%), by a small number of aggregations ( 40 mm) krill positioned offshore of smaller krill (32–38 mm) in all seasons except winter. Synthesis of these data and historical observations suggest that there is a seasonal shift in the primary habitat of krill and that changes in krill behavior are an important factor affecting variations in krill distributions.
Cortical Activations during judgments about the self and an other person

Self-related thought and other person related thought have received a great deal of study in recent years, but have seldom been examined in the same experiment. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare the neural correlates of judgments of ones own preferences with judgments of another person's preferences. Each participant viewed food names and made one of three decisions: self (whether he or she liked the food); other (whether a specific friend liked the food), or letter (whether there were more than two vowels in the food name). Self and other decisions both activated bilateral medial areas of the frontal and parietal lobes and the bilateral insula in comparison to the letter task. Self activated superior medial parietal areas in comparison to other, whereas other led to greater activation in inferior medial parietal and left lateral frontal areas than self. These results indicate that the neural networks underlying self processing and other person processing may share common neural substrates, particularly regions associated with representation of the body and mental states.
Sustained Improvement in Flow-Mediated Vasodilation After Short-Term Administration of Dobutamine in Patients With Severe Congestive Heart Failure

Background—In patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF), short-term administration of dobutamine exerts sustained clinical benefits that are partially mediated by a training-like effect o...
Kinoform-based Nipkow disk for a confocal microscope.

A kinoform-based Nipkow-disk system, as applied to a real-time confocal microscope, is presented. The major advantage of this technique must be its high light efficiency (e.g., >80%), which significantly improves the performance of a confocal microscope. Our preliminary experiment indicates that there are potential applications to three-dimensional microscopic imaging as well as to object surface detection.
Quantitating tertiary binding energies of 2' OH groups on the P1 duplex of the Tetrahymena ribozyme: intrinsic binding energy in an RNA enzyme.

Binding of the Tetrahymena ribozyme's oligonucleotide substrate (S) involves P1 duplex formation with the ribozyme's internal guide sequence (IGS) to give an open complex, followed by docking of the P1 duplex into the catalytic core via tertiary interactions to give a closed complex. The overall binding energies provided by 2‘ OH groups on S and IGS have been measured previously. To obtain the energetic contribution of each of these 2‘ OH groups in the docking step, we have separately measured their contribution to the stability of a model P1 duplex using “substrate inhibition”. This new approach allows measurement of duplex stabilities under conditions identical to those used for ribozyme binding measurements. The tertiary binding energies from the individual 2‘ OH groups include a small destabilizing contribution of 0.7 kcal/mol and stabilizing contributions of up to −2.9 kcal/mol. The energetic contributions of specific 2‘ OH groups are discussed in the context of considerable previous work that has ch...
Multiple Grb2-protein complexes in human cancer cells

Grb2 is an SH2/SH3 domain-containing adaptor protein that links receptor tyrosine kinases to the ras signaling pathway. The Grb2-SH2 domain binds phosphotyrosine sequences on activated tyrosine kinases, and one target of the SH3 domains is the ras-nucleotide-exchange factor Sos1. We have examined Grb2-protein interactions in human cancer cells that over-express the receptor tyrosine kinase erbB2. Our results show that the 2 Grb2-SH3 domains complex with Sos1, dynamin and at least 4 other proteins (p228, p140, p55, p28) in these cells. The 2 Grb2-SH3 domains bind these proteins differently, with the N-terminal SH3 domain interacting preferentially with p228, Sos1, p140 and dynamin. The C-terminal SH3 domain has higher affinity toward p28. The Grb2-SH3 domain interactions appear to be similar in erbB2 over-expressing breast, ovarian and lung cancer cells. Also, the major tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins that associate with Grb2 in erbB2 over-expressing cancer cells appear to be erbB2 and Shc. The multiple Grb2-SH3 domain interactions in these cells may mediate novel cellular functions.
Axon pruning during Drosophila metamorphosis: evidence for local degeneration and requirement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

Abstract Axon pruning is widely used for the refinement of neural circuits in both vertebrates and invertebrates, and may also contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon pruning. We use the stereotyped pruning of γ neurons of the Drosophila mushroom bodies (MB) during metamorphosis to investigate these mechanisms. Detailed time course analyses indicate that MB axon pruning is mediated by local degeneration rather than retraction and that the disruption of the microtubule cytoskeleton precedes axon pruning. In addition, multiple lines of genetic evidence demonstrate an intrinsic role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in axon pruning; for example, loss-of-function mutations of the ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1) or proteasome subunits in MB neurons block axon pruning. Our findings suggest that some forms of axon pruning during development may share similarities with degeneration of axons in response to injury.
Nutritionally Directed Compensatory Growth Enhances Heifer Development and Lactation Potential

The objectives of this study were 1) to examine the interactive influence of a compensatory nutrition regimen and lasalocid supplementation on dairy heifer growth performance and 2) to document the extent to which compensatory growth sustains lactation potential over the first two lactation cycles. Twelve Holstein heifers, weighing an average of 160 kg (about 6 mo of age) were randomly assigned to treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Treatment variables were two dietary regimens (control and stair-step compensatory nutrition) and two levels of lasalocid (0 and 200 mg/d). The control heifers were fed a diet containing 12% crude protein (CP) and 2.35 Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME) per kilogram of dry matter. The stair-step compensatory nutrition heifers were subjected to a phased nutrition regimen and reared according to an alternating 3-2-4-3-4-2-mo schedule. The first stair-step (prepubertal phase) consisted of energy restriction [17% CP and 2.35 Mcal/kg of ME] for 3 mo followed by realimentation (12% CP and 3.05 Mcal/kg of ME) for 2 mo. The second step (puberty and breeding) consisted of energy restriction for 4 mo followed by realimentation for 3 mo. The third step (gestation period) was energy restriction for 4 mo concluding with realimentation for 2 mo. Dry matter intake of heifers during the restriction phase was limited to 70% of the control intake. Heifers were given ad libitum access to a high energy density diet during realimentation to allow compensatory development. Stair-step heifers supplemented with lasalocid had the highest efficiency of growth (body weight gain/dry matter intake), suggesting synergistic metabolism of lasalocid with compensatory growth action. Compensatory growth induced during the last trimester enhanced metabolic status by increasing circulating insulin and decreasing triglyceride levels. Heifers on the stair-step regimen had a significant increase in milk yield during the first (21%) and second (15%) lactation cycles. These results support our thesis that compensatory growth induced during an allometric growth phase improves mammary development and energy and protein metabolic status of dairy heifers.
Evaporation from microreservoirs

As a result of very large surface area to volume ratios, evaporation is of significant importance when dealing with lab-on-a-chip devices that possess open air/liquid interfaces. For devices utilizing a reservoir as a fluid delivery method to a microfluidic network, excessive evaporation can quickly lead to reservoir dry out and overall device failure. Predicting the rates of evaporation from these reservoirs is difficult because the position of the air/liquid interface changes with time as the volume of liquid in the reservoir decreases. Here we present a two-step method to accurately predict the rates of evaporation of such an interface over time. First, a simple method is proposed to determine the shape of an air/liquid meniscus in a reservoir given a specific liquid volume. Second, computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to calculate the instantaneous rate of evaporation for that meniscus shape. It is shown that the rate of evaporation is strongly dependent on the overall geometry of the system, enhanced in expanding reservoirs while suppressed in contracting reservoirs, where the geometry can be easily controlled with simple experimental methods. Using no adjustable parameters, the model accurately predicts the position of the inner moving contact line as a function of time following meniscus rupture in poly(dimethylsiloxane) reservoirs, and predicts the overall time for the persistence of liquid in those reservoirs to within 0.5 minutes. The methods in this study can be used to design holding reservoirs for lab-on-a-chip devices that involve no external control of evaporation, such that evaporation rates can be adjusted as necessary by modification of the reservoir geometry.
Photolysis of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene in Seawater

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the rate of photolysis for 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) in salt water and pure water, examine the influence of salt concentration on the photolysis rate, and to identify the products of the photolysis of 2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT in seawater. For the photolysis of 2,4-DNT in pure water, the half-life was longer than 100 h, whereas the photolysis half-life in salt water was ~15 h. For 2,6-DNT, the pure water photolysis half-life was close to 20 h, but the salt water photolysis half-life was only 5 h. The photolysis rate for 2,6-DNT in seawater was affected by the ionic strength of the parent solution and was independent of the identity of the salt. The photolysis of both DNTs in seawater resulted in a complex mixture of products that exhibit a distinct yellow color. Analysis by gas and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS, LCMS) following liquid–liquid extraction or solid phase extractions resulted in the confirmation of the corresponding dinitrobenzaldhydes and dinitrobenzoic acids as photolysis products and a probable azoxy compound among the photolysis products in seawater.
Impact of Routine Plasma HIV RNA Determinations on Antiretroviral Therapy of Children with Perinatal HIV Infection † 848

A retrospective record review was made of virologic, immunologic and clinical data obtained over the first year (1996) during which testing for plasma HIV RNA levels was a routine procedure at the University of Texas Hermann Hospital for the purpose of identification of characteristics associated with progressing or regressing infection. At one year after the introduction of HIV RNA testing, patients were classified based on changes in plasma HIV RNA as having increased (progression, P), waning (regression, R) or unchanged (stable, S) levels of infection. Classification as P or R was based on a change of >0.5 log10 HIV RNA copies/ml between first and year-end determinations. Notable findings (Table) included that patients with low levels of entry HIV RNA comprised the majority of progressors, that increased HIV RNA associated with a decline in CD4 and that progressors were less likely to receive treatment with combined antiretrovial drugs or have had their antiretroviral therapy regimen changed during the year.
Immune Control of Tuberculosis by IFN-γ-Inducible LRG-47

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) provides an essential component of immunity to tuberculosis by activating infected host macrophages to directly inhibit the replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). IFN-gamma-inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) is considered a principal effector mechanism, although other pathways may also exist. Here, we identify one member of a newly emerging 47-kilodalton (p47) guanosine triphosphatase family, LRG-47, that acts independently of NOS2 to protect against disease. Mice lacking LRG-47 failed to control Mtb replication, unlike those missing the related p47 guanosine triphosphatases IRG-47 or IGTP. Defective bacterial killing in IFN-gamma-activated LRG-47-/- macrophages was associated with impaired maturation of Mtb-containing phagosomes, vesicles that otherwise recruited LRG-47 in wild-type cells. Thus, LRG-47 may serve as a critical vacuolar trafficking component used to dispose of intracellular pathogens like Mtb.
Preservation of column efficiency when using solvent vent injection in open tubular column supercritical fluid chromatography

The use of small internal diameter precolumns (11–25-μm i. d.) helped solute focussing when using solvent vent sample introduction in open tubular column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Column efficiencies were similar to those obtained with split injection (3000–5000 plates m−1). Trace analysis in SFC was improved because large volumes (1 μL) could be introduced for analysis with little sacrifice in column efficiency.
Ozone layer recovery promising

Indications are that the stratospheric ozone layer may be on the road to recovery, according to a 16 September report by the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Meteorological Organization. However, the report cautions that the ozone layer will still be vulnerable, even with continued international compliance with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. “During the next decade, we should see a recovery of the ozone layer;”said Gerard Megie, co-chair of the Montreal Protocol's scientific assessment panel.
A Comparison of Burnout Among Oncology Nurses Working in Adult and Pediatric Inpatient and Outpatient Settings

Purpose/objectives To investigate differences in burnout among oncology nurses by type of work setting, coping strategies, and job satisfaction. Design Descriptive. Setting A metropolitan cancer center. Sample A convenience sample of 74 oncology nurses. Methods Participants completed a demographic data form, the Nursing Satisfaction and Retention Survey, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Main research variables Burnout, coping strategies, job satisfaction, and oncology work setting (inpatient versus outpatient and adult versus pediatric). Findings The participants most often used spirituality and coworker support to cope. Emotional exhaustion was lowest for youngest nurses and highest for outpatient RNs. Personal accomplishment was highest in adult settings. Job satisfaction correlated inversely with emotional exhaustion and the desire to leave oncology nursing. Conclusions The findings support that the social context within the work environment may impact emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and that demographics may be more significant in determining burnout than setting. Implications for nursing The findings raise questions of whether demographics or setting plays a bigger role in burnout and supports organizational strategies that enhance coworker camaraderie, encourage nurses to discuss high-stress situations, and share ways to manage their emotions in oncology settings. Knowledge translation Spirituality and coworker relationships were positive coping strategies among oncology nurses to prevent emotional exhaustion. Nurses who rely on supportive social networks as a coping mechanism have lower levels of depersonalization. Age was inversely related to emotional exhaustion.
Political Science and the 21st Century: From Government to Governance

Dorff, Robert H. and Jiirg Steiner. 1987. Decision Cases in Western Democracies: A Data Bank. Comparative Political Studies 20: 160-73. Edelman, Murray. 1988. Skeptical Studies of Language, the Media, and Mass Culture. American Political Science Review 82: 1333-39. Etzioni, Amitai. 1989. The 'Me First' Model in the Social Sciences Is Too Narrow. The Chronicle of Higher Education 35 (February 1): p. 44. Galston, William A. 1988. Liberal Virtues. American Political Science Review 82: 1277-90. Huntington, Samuel P. 1988. One Soul at a Time: Political Science and Political Reform. American Political Science Review 82: 3-10. Marwell, Gerald and Ruth Ames. 1981. Economists Free Ride. Does Anyone Else? Experiments in the Provision of Public Goods. Journal of Public Economics 15: 295-310. McKay, David. 1988. Why Is There a European Political Science? PS: Political Science & Politics 21: 1051-55. Riker, William H. 1962. The Theory of Political Coalitions. New Haven: Yale University Press. Steiner, Jiirg. 1974. Amicable Agreement Versus Majority Rule. Conflict Resolution in Switzerland. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. About the Author
Occupational stress, safety, and health: Conceptual framework and principles for effective prevention interventions.

The authors present an overarching conceptual model of occupational stress, safety, and health, incorporating multiple factors from diverse disciplines. They examine specific implications of the model for the development of prevention interventions (e.g., context-specific interventions and primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention). They review prevention interventions and describe and analyze 4 case studies that address exposure to environmental, ergonomic, and psychosocial stressors and a combination of physical-environmental and psychosocial stressors. The authors examine lessons learned from these interventions in light of the conceptual model (e.g., role of top management and integrating research and intervention).
A study of the reliability of the social behavior chart

Summary The Social Behavior Chart, consisting of 52 items of behavior, reflecting manifestations of sexual activity, hostility, mood variations, social and environmental adjustment and other significant emotional features was exposed to a study of its reliability as a recording instrument. The extent to which independent observers could agree about the presence or absence of these items in two series of patients was determined. Of 39 items utilized frequently enough to warrant analysis, 28 achieved agreement scores greater than 80%, and are considered satisfactory. Nine demonstrated agreement greater than 70%, and may be used with greater caution. Two achieved agreement scores less than 70% and must be considered generally inadequate. Since the majority of items seem to provide satisfactory profiles of the emotional states and behavior of patients during the entire day, this chart represents a useful adjunct in the evaluation of patients for treatment and research.
Classics in Scientific Management

This article presents a review of the book “Classics in Scientific Management,” edited by Donald Del Mar and Rodger D. Collons.
Accelerating children's risk for injury: Mothers' decisions regarding common safety rules

Although safety rules are one of the primary preventative tactics used by parents to avoid childhood injury, very little is known about how rules are applied within families. In this preliminary study in the area of application of family safety rules, we found that mothers tended to impose rules consistently more often than inconsistently, and where they were inconsistent, they tended to regard a risky behavior as unacceptable, even if there was no family rule outlawing the behavior. The number of rules was negatively related to the number of injuries, suggesting that rules may indeed have the preventative properties that parents believe them to have. The importance of understanding how rules may prevent or fail to prevent injuries is underlined and future research challenges are described.
A proposed biparticle fluidized-bed for lactic acid fermentation and simultaneous adsorption

A bioreactor configuration is proposed for simultaneous fermentation and separation of the desired product. The bioreactor consists of a columnar fluidized bed of immobilized microorganisms. Denser adsorbent particles are added to this column. These adsorbent particles fall through the bed, absorb the product, and are removed from the base of the columnar reactor. The system hydrodynamics and the separability of the two types of particles were confirmed for low-density gel beads. The addition of the adsorbent, activated carbon, to a fermentation of Lactobacillus delbreuckii absorbed lactic acid. The addition of adsorbent enhanced the fermentation and controlled the pH.
Chronic ethanol produces a decreased sensitivity to the response-disruptive effects of GABA receptor complex antagonists

Disruption of responding for food reinforcement may reflect the motivational state subsequent to the onset of an aversive event and has previously been shown to be sensitive to spontaneous withdrawal from ethanol and precipitated opiate withdrawal. The purpose of this study was to attempt to precipitate ethanol withdrawal with bicuculline methiodide, a competitive GABAA receptor antagonist, and Ro 15-4513, a benzodiazepine inverse agonist. A quantitative operant measure of food-motivated behavior was used to evaluate the reactivity of the GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor complex during chronic ethanol treatment in rats. In the present study, rats were trained to lever-press for food reinforcement on a fixed ratio 15 schedule and then maintained for 2 weeks on a liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories or a control liquid diet that was prepared isocalorically with sucrose. Chronic ethanol treatment attenuated the disruptive effects on operant responding that were produced by bicuculline methiodide (100 ng ICV) and Ro 15-4513 (3 and 6 mg/kg). The inability of these drugs to "precipitate" EtOH withdrawal may reflect the noncompetitive interaction of ethanol with the GABA-benzodiazepine-ionophore receptor complex. These data are consistent with recent biochemical studies indicating that chronic ethanol treatment modulates the GABAA-benzodiazepine-ionophore receptor complex by altering the expression of specific molecular components and inhibiting the activity of the receptor complex.
Development of an Intravascular Magnetomotive Optical Coherence Tomography System

In this study, we developed an intravascular magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (IV-MM-OCT) system to detect early-stage atherosclerotic fatty streaks/plaques.
Comparisons of Performance and Job Insecurity in Union and Nonunion Sites of a Manufacturing Company

ABSTRACT Layoffs and employment changes caused by current economic conditions have significant effects on employee work behavior and emotions as well as organizational outcomes. We examined the relationships between measures of job insecurity, organizational commitment, turnover, absenteeism, and worker performance within a manufacturer in Chapter 11 bankruptcy. A positive relationship was found between job insecurity and intentions to turnover, and a small negative correlation was found between measures of job insecurity and organizational commitment. Unobtrusive observations of union and nonunion performance over 4 months showed that nonunion production workers were on-task more frequently, although on-task behavior was high for both. Productivity and quality measures of different factories favored nonunion locations. Although comparisons between sites were constrained by a quasi-experimental design, repeated behavioral and outcome measures within sites showed differential effects when the company annou...
Consumer Perceived Risk Associated with Prescription Drugs

Consumer perceived risk associated with prescription drugs was evaluated using Jacoby and Kaplan's definition of overall risk as a function of performance, safety, financial, psychological, and soc...
Environmental citizenship, gender, and the emergence of a new conservation politics

Vibrant protests against restrictions imposed by the Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary (DWLS) in Himachal Pradesh, India have galvanized area residents to protect local forests. In this paper, we examine how local opposition has become entangled with environmental values and practice, culminating in the decision of a women’s group to embark on a local management system for forests inside the sanctuary. We use this case to highlight two key themes that will likely transform the practice of conservation in the coming years. First, greater enfranchisement of marginal groups, especially women, within democratic politics will activate new channels to agitate against restrictive conservation regimes and, in some instances, may engender space to envision more democratic forms of resource management. Second, the increasing valence of environmental values within society is generating new forms of environmental awareness among resource users. Together, these two factors will give rise to a new conservation politics through the production and performance of environmental citizenship. In the case of DWLS, political action against restrictive conservation has harnessed local agency toward a collective decision to protect and manage forest resources.
Use Of An Algorithm For Total Parenteral Nutrition In Bone Marrow Transplant Patients

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To state me benefit of establishing standards for TPN usage in bone marrow transplant patients. Patients undergoing bone marrow transplant (BMT) experience severe mucositis, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea as a result of the marrow ablative therapy received. These patients are typically unable to maintain their nutrition status orally and do not tolerate enteral tube feedings well. Consequently, they receive total parenteral nutrition (TPN). No published standards exist which define when to initiate TPN. As a result, a tremendous degree of variability exists among clinicians regarding this costly mode of nutrition support. As a result of multidisciplinary BMT team meetings at a large tertiary care hospital, standards were developed for TPN usage. According to the guidelines, patients are screened for malnutrition based on diagnosis-related groups criteria and type of bone marrow transplant (autologous versus allogenic) received. If the patient meets the criteria for malnutrition, TPN is initiated at any point during the BMT admission at the discretion of the team. If the patient does not meet the criteria for malnutrition, the algorithm is followed to determine most appropriate mode of nutrition support and when it can be initiated. Additionally, the number of days before or after transplant, a documented record of the patient's oral intake and any significant decrease in the patient's admission weight are considered. Since incorporation of the algorithm into the adult master protocol for standards of care, the initiation of TPN support in BMT patients has been more consistent. As a result, TPN use among autologous bone marrow transplant patients has decreased. TPN is now reserved for those patients who meet malnutrition criteria and/or are expected to have a longer recovery and hospitalization. Current studies to determine the impact this procedural change has had on expense, length of stay and long-term outcome are underway.
Development of an Hourly Optimization Tool for Renewable Energy Systems

An hourly optimization tool is developed to select and size renewable energy (RE) systems to meet the energy needs for various federal facilities. The optimization is based on life cost analysis of various RE technologies including wind and PV systems. The developed hourly optimization tool is used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of RE technologies using complex energy and demand charges such time-of-use (TOU) rates. The paper compares results obtained using hourly analysis instead of annual based calculations to optimize the sizing of RE systems for residential, commercial, and industrial facilities in three representative US climates.Copyright © 2010 by ASME