cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A bioarchaeological study of osteoarthritis among populations of northern China and Mongolia during the Bronze Age to Iron Age transition to nomadic pastoralism

Abstract This paper examines data on joint disease among archaeological populations of several sites within northern China and Mongolia to test hypotheses about cultural uniformity among pastoralists and potential changes in the levels and types of activities during the Bronze Age to early Iron Age transition from mixed economies to mounted pastoralism. Despite continuing debate on the etiology of osteoarthritis, there is general consensus that joint use is an important contributor to joint disease. The vertebrae and major limb joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist/hand, hip, knee, and ankle/foot) of adult samples from these two periods were analyzed for prevalence and patterns of joint disease with respect to sex, age, time period, and location. There were only two joint regions with a significant difference between males and females: at the elbow, where males had a higher prevalence, and at the hip, where it was higher among females. The findings indicated a positive relationship between age and osteoarthritis, and that the spine was one of the most affected areas, along with the elbow and knee. Between the two time periods, while not at the level of significance, there was a pattern of higher prevalence of osteoarthritis in the vertebrae and upper limb joints among the Iron Age sample, while the Bronze Age sample had higher rates within the lower limb joints. These findings suggest different mechanical stresses between the two periods, perhaps associated with changes from mobility by foot in the Bronze Age to increased mounted mobility during the Iron Age, including mounted warfare. However, when comparing the individual sites within the two periods and within geographic regions, there was no distinct pattern, as there was much variation within both the Bronze Age and the Iron Age sites, as well as within regions. These varied results among sites and regions suggest that were was no uniform pastoral way of life or movement that imprinted clear patterns of osteoarthritis among pastoral samples. Instead, these data suggest that varied activities, movements, and perhaps mixed economic practices and workload among the sexes may have been characteristic among the “pastoral” groups of the Inner Asian steppe.
Isolation and Characterization of a Phosphonomycin-Resistant Mutant of Escherichia coli K-12

A mutant was isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 which showed increased resistance towards phosphonomycin, a new bactericidal antibiotic recently isolated from strains of Streptomyces. Evidence is presented which suggests that this mutant is resistant to lysis by phosphonomycin because of a lower affinity of phosphoenolpyruvate: uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase for this antibiotic. This mutant was also found to be temperature-sensitive in growth. At 42 C mutant cells grew poorly, and the rate of incorporation of (3)H-diaminopimelic acid into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material was also greatly reduced. Genetic studies indicate that the increased resistance toward phosphonomycin and temperature sensitivity in growth of this mutant are probably the consequences of a single mutation.
The effects of CO, water vapor and surface temperature on the conductivity of a SnO2 gas sensor

It is shown that the conductivity of a SnO2 gas sensor depends on the concentration of CO and H2O in the atmosphere n which it is placed. The experimental data can be explained in a consistent manner by hypothesizing that 1) adsorbed oxygen depletes the surface electron concentration and therefore decreases the conductivity; 2) adsorbed water causes electrons to accumulate at the surface and therefore increases the conductivity; 3) CO increases the conductivity by removing adsorbed oxygen by reacting with it to form CO2; and 4) adsorbed water catalyzes the CO to CO2 reaction.
“Who Wears the Pants Here?”: Gender as Protest

Psychoanalysis has, from Freud's earliest ideas, been drawn to comprehending and defining gender—decoding what is masculine and what is feminine. Although Freud believed that masculinity and femininity would normatively fall along biological lines, gender, as a category, very quickly became destabilized by theorists who contested Freud's view. This article looks at a case in which the analyst came to view the patient's gender performance as a form of protest as it became transacted within the transference-countertransference relationship. In drawing upon contemporary gender and relational psychoanalytic theories, the author considers the multiple layers of gender meanings held within the patient and within the analyst and concludes that gender is never fully resolved and will continue to carry shifting relational meanings.
Differential effects of D- and L-amphetamine on behavior and on catecholamine disposition in dopamine and norepinephrine containing neurons of rat brain

Summary We have compared the effects of D - and L -amphetamine on the disposition of intraventricularly administered [3H]norepinephrine and [3H]dopamine and on endogenous catecholamine in various regions of the rat brain. In behavioral experiments the effects of D - and L -amphetamine on locomotor activity and on compulsive gnawing behavior were also compared. In brain areas where norepinephrine is the predominant catecholamine, D -amphetamine but not its L -isomer inhibited [3H]catecholamine accumulation and lowered endogenous norepinephrine levels. In the corpus striatum, a dopaminergic brain region, both D - and L -amphetamine markedly reduced accumulation of [3H]catecholamines. D -Amphetamine was 10 times as potent as L -amphetamine in enhancing locomotor activity, but was only twice as active in evoking compulsive gnawing behavior. Our results suggest that brain norepinephrine is selectively involved in mediating amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation while a dopaminergic component may participate in eliciting the compulsive gnawing syndrome.
Inelastic contact deformation of metal coated fibers

Abstract Metal matrix composites (MMCs) can be synthesized by aligning metal coated ceramic fibers in a shaped container and applying pressure at elevated temperatures. The high stresses created at the contacts between neighboring fibers cause inelastic matrix flow that fills interfiber voids, reduces interfiber separations and results in composite densification. The rate of densification depends on the contact’s resistance to flow. Current contact mechanics models are unable to adequately predict this resistance because they do not account for the effect of the (elastic) fiber. Closed-form solutions for contact stress–displacement rate and contact area–strain relationships are used to describe metal coated fiber blunting as a function of fiber volume fraction, matrix material non-linearity (i.e. creep stress exponent) and fiber packing geometry. The solutions contain two unknown coefficients ( c and F ) which are evaluated using the finite element method. A simple model for the consolidation of coated SiC fibers is developed in terms of the coefficients, c and F . The model indicates that materials with a low creep stress exponent are more difficult to densify as the fiber volume fraction increases whereas, perfectly plastic materials exhibit a relatively weak dependence on the fiber volume fraction.
Observation of auroral secondary electrons in the Jovian magnetosphere

Localized enhancements in the flux of suprathermal electrons were observed by the Voyager 1 Plasma Science instrument near the outer boundary of the Io plasma torus between L = 7.5 and l = 10. This localization, which occurs within the general region of hot electrons noted by Sittler and Strobel (1987), and the spectral characteristics of the observed electrons are consistent with secondary (backscattered) electron production by intense Jovian auroral energetic particle precipitation and support the hypothesis that such electrons may contribute to the processes that heat the plasma in this region of the magnetosphere.
Sensing mechanism of non-equilibrium solid-electrolyte-based chemical sensors

Solid electrolytes can be used in several different types of chemical sensors. A common approach is to use the equilibrium potential generated across a solid electrolyte given by the Nernst equation as the sensing signal. However, in some cases, stable electrode materials are not available to establish equilibrium potentials, so non-equilibrium approaches are necessary. The sensing signal generated by such sensors is often described by the mixed potential theory, in which a pair of electrochemical reactions establishes a steady state at the electrode, such that the electrons produced by an oxidation reaction are consumed by a reduction reaction. The rates of both reactions depend on several factors, such as electron exchange, active area, and gas phase diffusion, so establishment of the steady-state potential is complex and alternative explanations have been proposed. This paper will review and discuss the mechanisms proposed to explain the sensor response of non-equilibrium-based electrochemical sensors.
Depression of lymphocyte transformation and exacerbation of Behcet's syndrome by ingestion of english walnuts.

Abstract Extracts of English and black walnuts, almonds and pecans stimulated increased incorporation of tritiated thymidine by cultured leucocytes from both normals and patients with Behcet's syndrome. English walnut extract also stimulated newborn cord blood leucocytes, indicating it to be a nonspecific stimulant. Within 2 days after ingestion of English walnuts by normals and patients with Behcet's syndrome, their in vitro lymphocyte reactivity to both the walnut extract and Candida antigens was significantly decreased. This inhibition of lymphocyte transformation may be more prolonged in the patients than in normal subjects and was associated with an increase in frequency and severity of their symptoms. Hypotheses relating the mechanism of action of these two apparently disparate phenomenon are discussed.
Examining Potential Moderators of the Link between Heterosexist Events and Gay and Bisexual Men's Psychological Distress.

The purpose of this study was to examine (a) the relationship between heterosexist events and psychological distress and (b) the potential moderating roles of social support, avoidant coping, and self-esteem in the relationship between heterosexist events and psychological distress among 210 gay and bisexual men. Findings from the Web-based Internet survey revealed that many gay and bisexual men experienced heterosexist harassment, rejection, and discrimination at least once in a while during the past year and that these experiences were positively related to psychological distress. Results also indicated that self-esteem moderated the relationship between heterosexist events and psychological distress, with significant risk being associated with low self-esteem. No support was found for the moderating roles of social support and avoidant coping in the link between heterosexist events and psychological distress.
Pressure dependence of III-V Schottky barriers: A critical test of theories for Fermi level pinning.

The pressure-induced changes in the Schottky barrier height of Pt/GaAs and Au/GaAs are studied with ab initio electronic structure calculations. We show that the pressure dependence of the Schottky barrier offers a critical test of competing models of Schottky barrier pinning. We find that the pressure dependence of Pt/GaAs Schottky barriers with As antisite defects near the interface agrees well with experiment, and that the agreement closely tracks both the measured and calculated pressure dependence of the bulk As antisite. In contrast, poor agreement is found for ideal interfaces in which defects are not included.
The influence of temperature and strain rate on the tensile and compressive constitutive response of four fluoropolymers

Fluoropolymers posses several advantageous properties for load-bearing structural components including higher strength at elevated temperatures and higher toughness at lowered temperatures. Stress-strain studies have been conducted on two homopolymers (Teflon (PTFE) and KEL-F 81 (PCTFE)) and two copolymers (KEL-F 800 and THV 500G) as a function of temperature and strain rate. A split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) was used to achieve a strain rate of ∼3200/s in compression, while screw-driven testing machines afforded a strain rate of 0.001/s. A tensile split-Hopkinson pressure bar (T-SHPB) was used for testing at strain rates of 800/s in tension. To address the large strains to failure (up to 700% extension) an optical extensometer was employed for a strain rate of0.005/s in tension. The effects of temperature and strain rate for this family of polymers is presented in detail, including an observed shift in glass transition (T g ) to higher temperatures with increased strain rate and rate insensitivity of thermally-induced phase transitions.
Chronic in vivo load alteration induces degenerative changes in the rat tibiofemoral joint.

Summary Objective We investigated the relationship between the magnitude and duration of sustained compressive load alteration and the development of degenerative changes in the rat tibiofemoral joint. Methods A varus loading device was attached to the left hind limb of mature rats to apply increased compression to the medial compartment and decreased compression to the lateral compartment of the tibiofemoral joint of either 0% or 100% body weight for 0, 6 or 20 weeks. Compartment-specific assessment of the tibial plateaus included biomechanical measures (articular cartilage aggregate modulus, permeability and Poisson's ratio, and subchondral bone modulus) and histological assessments (articular cartilage, calcified cartilage, and subchondral bone thicknesses, degenerative scoring parameters, and articular cartilage cellularity). Results Increased compression in the medial compartment produced significant degenerative changes consistent with the development of osteoarthritis (OA) including a progressive decrease in cartilage aggregate modulus (43% and 77% at 6 and 20 weeks), diminished cellularity (38% and 51% at 6 and 20 weeks), and increased histological degeneration. At 20 weeks, medial compartment articular cartilage thickness decreased 30% while subchondral bone thickness increased 32% and subchondral bone modulus increased 99%. Decreased compression in the lateral compartment increased calcified cartilage thickness, diminished region-specific subchondral bone thickness and revealed trends for reduced cellularity and decreased articular cartilage thickness at 20 weeks. Conclusions Altered chronic joint loading produced degenerative changes consistent with those observed clinically with the development of OA and may replicate the slow development of non-traumatic OA in which mechanical loads play a primary etiological role.
Nonmanipulable decision mechanisms for economic environments

In the social choice literature studying the problem of designing institutions for collective decision making, it is customary to (implicitly) assume that each dimension of the social outcome is of public interest (i.e., that each individual's welfare depends on every dimension of the outcome). Thus, the scope of the conclusions obtained is very limited. Here social decision problems with and without that public character are considered and it is shown that the same negative results arise in most cases; namely, that only dictatorial mechanisms are immune to the participants' manipulations. These results are obtained without requiring that the mechanisms produce Pareto optimal outcomes (they must simply be minimally responsive to the participants' preferences), which deepens their pessimistic character.
Boron annulation: total synthesis of (±)-estrone methyl ether

Abstract The stereoselective hydroboration and carbonylation of highly functionalized 1,4-dienes affords trans -hydrindanones in good yield. These trans -hydrindanones are synthons for norpregnenolone, estrone and related estradiol derivatives.
Fast MLM power spectrum estimation from uniformly spaced correlations

We derive a fast algorithm for calculating the Capon maximum likelihood method (MLM) power spectrum estimate when given uniformly spaced samples of the correlation function. This algorithm computes a weighted correlation of the predictor coefficients found by running Levinson recursion. The Fourier transform of the result gives the MLM spectrum. This approach also suggests an interesting new comparison between MLM and MEM.
Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization Experiments

We discuss the analysis of polarization experiments with particular emphasis on those that measure the Stokes parameters in a ring on the sky. We discuss the ability of these experiments to separate the E and B contributions to the polarization signal. The experiment being developed at the University of Wisconsin is studied in detail. It will be sensitive to both Stokes parameters and will concentrate on large-scale polarization, scanning a 47° ring. We will also consider as another example an experiment that measures one of the Stokes parameters in a 1° ring. We find that for reasonable integration times the small-ring experiment will be able to detect cosmological polarization for some models consistent with the current temperature anisotropy data. In most cosmological models, large-scale polarization is too small to be detected by the Wisconsin experiment. This experiment will measure both Stokes parameters, implying that it can produce separate constraints on E and B polarization.
Application of Essentially Nonoscillatory Schemes to Unsteady Hypersonic Shock-Shock Interference Heating Problems

We apply the high-order finite-volume essentially nonoscillatory (ENO) schemes to unsteady hypersonic shock-shock interference heating on a circular cylinder. Compared with most of the current second-order numerical methods, which usually are not uniformly accurate, the ENO schemes are able to achieve uniformly high-order accuracy with essentially no oscillation in simulating the aerodynamics of hypersonic flows. Time-accurate high-resolution numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for a type IV hypersonic shock-wave interference heating problem have been obtained by using the third-order accurate ENO scheme in time and space
Nurse practitioner self-confidence and attitudes regarding managed care.

Purpose To examine the relationship between nurse practitioner (NP) perceived self-confidence in performing managed care tasks and NP attitudes toward managed care. Data Sources A random sample of NPs-members of the Massachusetts Coalition of Nurse Practitioners-completed a demographic survey, responded to questions measuring self-confidence in performing managed care tasks and attitudes toward managed care, and wrote about their managed care experi-ences. Conclusions NPs were only moderately confident in performing managed care tasks and had mostly negative attitudes toward managed care. They reported intense frustration related to prescriptive coverage and referrals to specialty services, potential trust issues between providers and patients, and ethical and legal dilemmas in tailoring plans of care to fit the patient's insurance. The NPs' written comments indicate a need for more in-depth exploration of NP attitudes toward managed care. Implications for Practice and Education Continuing education in selected managed care competencies, better education of NP students, and promotion of organizational cultures that support interdisciplinary teamwork as well as population- and evidence-based practice may help NPs to embrace the promise of managed care and to offer solutions to its problems.
Social Policy Experimentation A Position Paper

We review the argumentsfor and against randomized field experiments design to address important questions of social policy. Based on this review, we make a number of recommendations about how the use of randomized field experiments might be fostered.
Retromolar trigone squamous cell carcinoma treated with radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery.

BACKGROUND Treatment outcomes were analyzed for retromolar trigone squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS Between June 1966 and August 2003, 99 patients were treated with radiotherapy alone (35 patients) or radiotherapy combined with surgery (64 patients). Followup ranged from 0.2 to 23.8 years (median, 3.3 yrs). All living patients had followup for at least 1 year. RESULTS The 5-year local–regional control rates after definitive radiotherapy versus surgery and radiotherapy were as follows: Stages I–III, 51% and 87%; Stage IV, 42% and 62%; and overall, 48% and 71%, respectively. The 5-year cause-specific survival rates after definitive radiotherapy compared with surgery and radiotherapy were as follows: Stages I–III, 56% and 83%; Stage IV, 50% and 61%; and overall, 52% and 69%, respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that the likelihood of cure was better with surgery and radiotherapy compared with definitive radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The likelihood of cure after treatment for retromolar trigone squamous cell carcinoma was influenced by the extent of disease and treatment. Patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy had a better outcome than those treated with radiotherapy alone. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Properties and Local Structure of Plasma-Deposited Amorphous Silicon-Carbon Alloys

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon alloy films were plasma-deposited from metnane and silane, varying gas ratio, R.F. power and substrate temperature. Carbon addition increases the optical gap, but also raises the dangling bond density while decreasing conductivity. Low C alloys can be gas-phase doped both p and n type. In the IR spectra the various Si-C stretching modes observed between 650 and 780 cm−1 are explained by back bonding variations. A tentative method of assigning this shift to back bonding of C to the Si is given. A distribution of modes is observed for all alloys, with each mode appearing even at 2% C. The distribution is sensitive to substrate temperature, but is stable after vacuum annealing to 400°C.
Optimized stair-case modulation for modular grid connected converters

Stair-case modulation is a simple direct-switching technique applied for modular multilevel converters to reduce the switching frequency of each module and hence minimize the switching losses. The technique could be optimized using a certain modulation index (M) for minimized THD of the output voltage and reduced number of modules; hence decreasing the cost and size of the converter. However if M changes, increased harmonics may result raising the need for an on-line technique that recalculates the switching angles for reduced voltage harmonics with varying M. An adaptive least mean square algorithm is adopted here for this purpose and compared with other techniques. It has proven to produce less voltage THD as compared to a previous on-line technique over the same range of modulation indexes.
Oligomerization of the Fes tyrosine kinase. Evidence for a coiled-coil domain in the unique N-terminal region.

The c-fes proto-oncogene encodes a non-receptor tyrosine kinase (Fes) that has been implicated in cytokine receptor signal transduction and myeloid differentiation. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that Fes autophosphorylates via an intermolecular mechanism more commonly associated with growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Analysis of the Fes amino acid sequence with the COILS algorithm indicates that the N-terminal region of the protein has a very high probability of forming coiled-coil structures often associated with oligomeric proteins. These findings suggest that oligomerization may be a prerequisite for trans-autophosphorylation and activation of Fes. To establish whether the active form of Fes is oligomeric, we performed gel-filtration experiments with recombinant Fes and found that it eluted as a single symmetrical peak of approximately 500 kDa. No evidence of the monomeric, 93-kDa form of the protein was observed. Deletion of the unique N-terminal domain (amino acids 1–450, including the coiled-coil homology region) completely abolished the formation of oligomers. Furthermore, co-precipitation assays demonstrated that an immobilized glutathioneS-transferase fusion protein containing the Fes N-terminal region bound to full-length Fes but not to a mutant lacking the N-terminal region. Similarly, a recombinant Fes N-terminal domain protein was readily cross-linked in vitro, whereas the SH2 and kinase domains were refractory to cross-linking. Incubation of wild-type Fes with a kinase-inactive Fes mutant or with the isolated N-terminal region suppressed Fes autophosphorylation in vitro, suggesting that oligomerization may be essential for autophosphorylation of full-length Fes. The presence of an oligomerization function in the Fes family of tyrosine kinases suggests a novel mechanism for non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase regulation.
The Influence of Pressure on the Electrical Resistivity of Clay-Water Systems

The influence of pressure on the electrical resistivity of clay-water systems was investigated and found to reflect the abnormal nature of adsorbed water. The resistivity of montmorillonite—water systems varied with pressure in a manner similar to a dilute salt solution at pressures above 7000 psi. At pressures below this, abnormal pressure- resistivity relations resulted which were attributed to the presence of abnormal water associated with clay mineral surfaces. The pressure-induced breakdown of the abnormal water associated with montmorillonites was found to occur in abrupt stages as indicated by anomalies in the pressure—resistivity curves.
Low Velocity Impact of Flat and Doubly Curved Polycarbonate Panels

Three-dimensional finite transient deformations of polycarbonate (PC) panels impacted at low velocity by a hemispherical-nosed rigid cylinder have been studied by using the commercial finite element software ls-dyna with a thermo–elasto–viscoplastic material model for the PC incorporated in it as a user defined subroutine. The implementation of the subroutine has been verified by comparing analytical and numerical solutions of simple initial-boundary-value problems. The mathematical model of the low velocity impact problem has been validated by comparing the computed and the experimental results for the maximum deflection and time histories of the centroidal deflection. It is found that the initial slope of the reaction force between the impactor and the panel versus the indentation for a curved panel can be nearly 20 times that for the flat panel of the same thickness as the curved panel. For the impact velocities considered, it is found that the maximum effective plastic strain in the PC shell near the center of impact and the dominant deformation mode there strongly depend on the panel curvature, the panel thickness, and the impact speed. Effects of the panel curvature, the panel thickness, and the impact speed on stresses and strains developed in a panel are delineated. This information should help designers of impact resistant transparent panels such as an airplane canopy, automobile windshield, and goggles. However, damage initiation and propagation, and the final indentation induced in the clamped panels have not been computed.
Preparation of smooth graphite support films for high resolution electron microscopy

Abstract In electron microscopy the detection of fine detail is limited by the structure of the supporting film. Procedures have been developed to convert conventional evaporated carbon films into graphitic ones by a high temperature heat-treatment in an inert Argon atmosphere. Temperatures of about 2700°C yield crystallites a few tenths of a micron across, the size increasing somewhat with film thickness. The graphitised films proved very appreciably smoother than the untreated ones. This difference was readily detected in the high vacuum, high resolution scanning electron microscope of Crewe and Wall (1970), but only erratically in conventional electron microscopes.
Transient structures and kinetics of the ferrioxalate redox reaction studied by time-resolved EXAFS, optical spectroscopy, and DFT.

The photoredox reaction transients of ferrioxalate in water have been studied by means of time-resolved EXAFS and ultrafast optical transient spectroscopy. The transient spectra and kinetics have been measured from the femtosecond to millisecond range, and the Fe−O bond lengths of the ferrioxalate redox reaction transients have been determined with 2 ps time resolution and 0.04 A accuracy. These data in conjunction with quantum-chemistry DFT and UHF calculations were used to formulate a mechanism for the Fe(III) to Fe(II) redox reaction where dissociation precedes electron transfer. In addition, radical scavenging experiments support the mechanism proposed.
OIL IN THE 1980s: SOME ISSUES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND

Although little more than a year has elapsed since President Carter warned the nation that it ivould have to give its energy belt a mighty inward tug if it were to avoid catastrophe in the coming decade, it is already depressingly clear that his words were largely in vain. As yet, there is no sign whatever of an overall national energy plan, and the American people still appear to be dangerously ignorant of the critical situation of their country in this sector: it seems incredible; for example, that in the world's technologically most advanced society, with mass communications second to none, a substantial proportion of the public believe the United States to be self-sufficient in oil! Whilst this criticism is levelled at the position in the US, purely because that country is the biggest oil importer and consumer, the censure must extend to other major importing nations as well: even with the higher price for OPEC oil initiated in 1973 and 1974, by and large the consuming countries have reverted to their former consumption patterns, surpassing the pre-embargo levels of 1973. Dr. Mallakh believes that it would be foolhardy to regard the present so-called oil “glut” as heralding a fall in oil prices; it should be recognized, he says, for what it is, namely, a temporary phenomenon which will disappear with the return of a strong seller's market, perhaps as early as 1980. Too much weight, the writer submits, was given to the dampening of demand due to the OPEC price hikes of 1973 and 1974, and too little to the ramificatiorj of the worldwide recession and inflationary spiral that peaked at approximately the same time as the slump in petroleum consumption in 1974 and 1975. “In short, what was taken as price-induced conservation in consumption primarily reflected, instead, a recession-induced cutback in consumer spending.”
Observation of Chaos-Assisted Tunneling Between Islands of Stability

We report the direct observation of quantum dynamical tunneling of atoms between separated momentum regions in phase space. We study how the tunneling oscillations are affected as a quantum symmetry is broken and as the initial atomic state is changed. We also provide evidence that the tunneling rate is greatly enhanced by the presence of chaos in the classical dynamics. This tunneling phenomenon represents a dramatic manifestation of underlying classical chaos in a quantum system.
Impact of a health maintenance organization hospitalist system in academic pediatrics.

Objective. Hospitalist systems decrease length of stay (LOS) and cost for hospitalized adults. Whether hospitalist systems decrease LOS and cost for hospitalized children has not been conclusively established. We wanted to determine whether a health maintenance organization’s (HMO’s) implementation of a pediatric hospitalist system affected LOS, costs, mortality, readmission rate, follow-up rate, and parents’ ratings of care. Design. Interrupted time-series study of general pediatric patients admitted to a freestanding pediatric teaching hospital from 1993 to 1998. The intervention group consisted of all patients admitted to a staff model not-for-profit HMO that began using hospitalists in October 1996. Patients in other HMOs and traditional insurance groups were studied for comparison. The main outcomes were mean LOS and inflation-adjusted costs. Other outcomes included parents’ ratings of care and mortality, readmission, and follow-up rates. Results. Immediately after the introduction of the hospitalist system, mean LOS for staff model not-for-profit HMO fell 12% (0.3 days), and mean cost of hospitalization decreased 16% ($217) compared with prehospitalist levels. Parental ratings of care, initially somewhat low, improved substantially. Seven-day follow-up rates, mortality, and readmission rates did not change. Comparison groups experienced no concurrent improvements in LOS, cost, parental ratings, mortality, or readmission rates. Conclusions. A pediatric hospitalist system within a staff-model HMO significantly improved LOS, cost, and parental ratings of care without affecting rates of posthospitalization follow-up. Additional studies are needed both to measure broader aspects of quality and to assess the impact of such a program on patients being cared for through other types of delivery and insurance systems.
Focal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis associated with renal cell carcinoma

A case of focal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) with an associated renal cell carcinoma is presented. The tumor was discovered incidentally during a general surgical procedure. Subsequent evaluation showed a 3 cm mass in the lower pole of an otherwise normal kidney with no evidence of calculus or infection. Radical nephrectomy revealed classic findings of focal XGP with coexistent clear cell carcinoma. The literature describing the rare association between these conditions is reviewed.
The effect of social facilitation on food intake of puppies fed separately and together for the first 90 days of life.

Summary One group of three Beagle-Terrier F 2 Hybrids were fed separately for ninety days following weaning. On day 91 they were fed together on alternate days for nearly six weeks Social facilitation was not present during the first 14 days but gradually appeared after this. A similar control group, fed together for the first 90 days, evidenced social facilitation from
Detection and calculation of reflected spectral shifts in fiber-Bragg gratings (FBG) in polarization maintaining optical fiber

Fiber-Bragg Gratings (FBG) for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) have been studied extensively as they offer electrically passive operation, EMI immunity, high sensitivity, and multiple multiplexing schemes, as compared to conventional electricity based strain sensors. FBG sensors written in Polarization Maintaining (PM) optical fiber offer an additional dimension of strain measurement simplifying sensor implementation within a structure. This simplification however, adds complexity to the detection of the sensor’s optical response to its corresponding applied strain. We propose a method that calculates spectral shifts caused by axial and traversal strains for PM FBG sensors. The system isolates the orthogonal propagating optical waves incident to the optical interrogators. The post-processing algorithm determines the wavelength shifts, and compares to a predetermined baseline then correlates the shift magnitudes to a respective strain. This exercise validates the method of optical detection and shift calculation of multi-axis sensors as an automated, integrated system.
The anticoagulated patient: Strategies for effective blood loss management

Anticoagulant therapy is challenging to modern surgical practice because it complicates risks of bleeding and the need for allogeneic blood transfusions. In an aging population, there is extensive use of antiplatelet agents, and patients present for operations receiving these agents. Hemostatic inhibitors are reviewed here, including anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors (clopidogrel), low-molecular-weight heparins, pentasaccharide (fondaparinux), and other factor Xa inhibitors. Agents used to manage bleeding, including aprotinin, lysine analogs, desmopressin, and recombinant factor VIIa, are discussed.
American black bear nuisance complaints and hunter take

Abstract Regulated hunts of carnivores are believed to prevent property damage and other conflicts with people. Few studies have tested if public hunting reduces subsequent complaints about carnivores. We analyzed 10 years of data on nuisance complaints from a hunted American black bear (Ursus americanus) population in Wisconsin, USA. At the statewide scale, complaints about agricultural damage, other property damage, or human safety concerns did not correlate with each other or with number of bears taken by hunters in the preceding 1–2 years. At the smaller scale of bear management zones, there were positive correlations between the number of bears taken by hunters in one year and all categories of nuisance complaints in subsequent years. Once corrected for the estimated bear population size, only property damage retained a significant positive correlation with hunter take in prior years. Age and sex profiles of bears taken by hunters differed significantly from those of bears live-trapped around sites o...
Reliability of cross-cultural psychiatric diagnosis with an assessment of two rating contexts.

Abstract Studies on inter-rater reliability of psychiatric diagnosis have so far focused primarily on contexts in which clinician and patient belong to the same cultural group. In this study, four clinicians assigned diagnoses to a group of Asian peasants from Laos. Two different ratings contexts were employed: independent ratings using case reports, and concurrent ratings using all available data. Confidence of clinicians in their diagnoses were also assessed. The sample consisted of 35 subjects labeled by Lao peasants as baa (“crazy” or “insane”). Inter-rater reliability scores were comparable to those obtained by previous studies in which clinicians and patients were from the same, or similar cultures. Concurrent diagnoses showed greater agreement among raters than did inter-rater diagnoses separated by a 6 month interval. Diagnostic reliability was correlated with clinician confidence in diagnosis.
Towards Providing Scalable and Robust Privacy in Vehicular Networks

In vehicular networks, there is a strong correlation between a vehicle's identity and that of the driver. It follows that any effort to protect driver privacy must attempt to make the link between the two harder to detect. One of the most appealing solutions to hiding the identity of a vehicle is the use of pseudonyms, whereby each vehicle is issued one or several temporary identities (i.e., pseudonyms) that it uses to communicate with other vehicles and/or the roadside infrastructure. Due to the large number of vehicles on our roadways and city streets and of the sophistication of possible attacks, privacy protection must be both scalable and robust. The first main contribution of this work is to take a nontrivial step towards providing a scalable and robust solution to privacy protection in vehicular networks. To promote scalability and robustness we employ two strategies. First, we view vehicular networks as consisting of nonoverlapping subnetworks, each local to a geographic area referred to as a cell. Depending on the topology and the nature of the area, these cells may be as large as few city blocks or, indeed, may comprise the entire downtown area of a small town. Each cell has a server that maintains a list of pseudonyms valid for use in the cell. Instead of issuing pseudonyms to vehicles proactively, as virtually all existing schemes do, we issue pseudonyms only to those vehicles that request them. Our second main contribution is to model analytically the time-varying request for pseudonyms in a given cell. This is important for capacity planning purposes since it allows system managers to predict, by taking into account the time-varying attributes of the traffic, the probability that a given number of pseudonyms will be required at a certain time as well as the expected number of pseudonyms in use in a cell at a certain time. Empirical results obtained by detailed simulation confirmed the accuracy of our analytical predictions.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia: Mechanisms underlying disease progression

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), characterized by the BCR-ABL gene rearrangement, has been extensively studied. Significant progress has been made in the area of BCR-ABL-mediated intracellular signaling, which has led to a better understanding of BCR-ABL-mediated clinical features in chronic phase CML. Disease progression and blast crisis CML is associated with characteristic non-random cytogenetic and molecular events. These can be viewed as increased oncogenic activity or loss of tumor suppressor activity. However, what causes transformation and disease progression to blast crisis is only poorly understood. This is in part due to the lack of a good in vivo model of chronic phase CML even though animal models developed over the last few years have started to provide insights into blast crisis development. Thus, additional in vitro and in vivo studies will be needed to provide a complete understanding of the contribution of BCR-ABL and other genes to disease progression and to improve therapeutic approaches for blast crisis CML.
Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. By Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 517p. $95.00 cloth, $29.99 paper.

The literature on hybrid regimes has a new and undisputed heavyweight champion. Eight years after their widely cited Journal of Democracy article first unveiled “competitive authoritarianism” as a distinctive type of hybrid regime, Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way have constructed a volume that theorizes and traces the trajectories of the countries that have fit into this category since the Cold War's end—all thirty-five of them. While the theoretical ambition of Competitive Authoritarianism stakes the book's rightful claim to the title of hybrid-regime champion, the book's voluminous empirics unmistakably place it in political science's heavyweight class.
On the relation of structure, perception and activity in marine planktonic copepods

Abstract The goal of this paper is to illustrate how in juvenile and adult subtropical marine planktonic copepods various structures or morphological features function in concert to detect prey and predators. Without motion by either food (e.g. flagellate, ciliate) or feeder (e.g. feeding current) or both (e.g. Acartia spp. and ciliate) few feeding activities will occur. Through motion a food particle is either perceived mechanically or chemically to be followed by appendage activities. A combination of mechano- and chemosensors on their cephalic appendages (and probably on other extremities) serve juvenile and adult copepods to perceive signals. Perception is followed by alternation of motion and sensing by these appendages, or by no motion at all (e.g. behavior by Eucalanus pileatus when perceiving a weak hydrodynamic signal). Non-moving and extended sensors (setae) are best suited for mechanical/hydrodynamic perceptions in those copepods which lack a feeding current and hardly move. Numerous mechanosensors arranged in three dimensions on the first antennae (A1) are required to perceive the precise location of moving prey at a distance (e.g. Oithona feeding on ciliates but also sinking particles). Those copepods which create a weak or intermittent feeding current can supplement nutrition with carnivory, which requires perception by the A1 (e.g. Centropages velificatus adults). These two groups require, in addition to perception of prey motion/location, rapid motion by their appendages (A1, second maxillae M2, etc.) to capture the prey. Nauplii, which satiate at far lower food levels than adults, have one of several means of food acquisition: encounter through forward motion, perception through feeding current, or perception of a moving food particle. The nearly continuous motion of most calanoid nauplii makes them vulnerable to predation because all three pairs of appendages are usually moving. Opposite are nauplii of cyclopoid and a few calanoid species which move only occasionally. Copepodid stages and adults use non-moving and often extended setae on the tips of their A1 to perceive predators at a distance. This structure and their pronounced escape motion may reduce their vulnerability to predation as compared to nauplii.
Transport mechanisms in Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 6 + δ superconductors in the metallic and the semiconducting regimes

We report measurements of the electrical resistivity at high temperatures for constant oxygen content, or for fixed temperature and varying oxygen content. We show that the ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ compound changes from a metallic to a semiconducting behavior for \ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.5. In the semiconducting regime, the characteristic activation energy is oxygen dependent and reaches 0.37 eV for \ensuremath{\delta}=0.25. In the metallic regime, the conductivity is approximately linear in the oxygen content while on the semiconducting side, excess conductivity arises from thermally activated processes.
TIME-RESOLVED FLUOROMETRY OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN

A mode-locked Nd:YAG laser was used to excite the aromatic amino acid residues of bacteriorhodopsin in the purple membrane and the tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence decay analyzed with a streak camera (λ> 380 nm). The decay kinetics are resolvable into two first-order half-times (1.5 and 0.17 ns, respectively), while for retinylidene-free bacterioopsin, only the longer-lived Trp emission was observed. The shorter-lived species reappeared upon regeneration of bacteriorhodopsin by addition of retinal to bacterioopsin but not on treatment of the latter with an equivalent of retinol. It is proposed that these results are consistent with a structural model in which the 7-8 Trp's distributed among sections A, C, E and F of the seven helical segments A-G of native bacteriorhodopsin are distinguishable by their distances from the chromophore. Assuming a Forster mechanism for energy transfer with Ro= 25 and 32 A, respectively, for retinylidene chromophore and retinol the Trp's may be divided into two groups: (i) those completely quenched by retinol and partly quenched by retinal (τ= 0.17) with R ≃ 18 A and (ii) those (τ= 1.5 ns) which are quenched neither by chromophore nor retinol with R > ca. 30 A. These results are consistent with and support some of the best models of Engelman et al. (1980) for the protein conformation in the purple membrane.
A new security policy for distributed resource management and access control

The common security policies of access control and resource management are based upon a central managing authority, called the system administration, that is ultimately responsible for the management of a usage policy. This management is usually done with some combination of mandatory access control and discretionary access control methods, where each user is granted (or denied) privileges and resources depending on the usage policies enforced at that particular system. System administration includes the management of system resources, user accounts, and user privileges. This security policy is typified by an operating system such as UNIX, and it introduces several dificulties when working in a distributed computing environment. This paper addresses distributed resource management and access control. It proposes a new version of the “Distributed Compartment Model” (DChf), first developed by Greenwald in his 1994 doctoral dissertation. DCM consists of two major components: Handles, a method for role based access control, and Distributed Compartments, a method allowing users to manage resources within a distributed system across administrative domain boundaries. This new version of DCM discussed in this paper is a refinement of the original formal security policy model. This paper concentrates on the history and background of the problems motivating the creation of DCM, describes the informal security policy, proposes some ezample scenan’os as to how DCM could be used, and concludes with a discussion of the results of this research.