cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular epidemiology of contemporary G2P[4] human rotaviruses cocirculating in a single U.S. community: footprints of a globally transitioning genotype.

Group A rotaviruses (RVs) remain a leading cause of childhood gastroenteritis worldwide. Although the G/P types of locally circulating RVs can vary from year to year and differ depending upon geographical location, those with G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8], and G12P[8] specificities typically dominate. Little is known about the evolution and diversity of G2P[4] RVs and the possible role that widespread vaccine use has had on their increased frequency of detection. To address these issues, we analyzed the 12 G2P[4] RV isolates associated with a rise in RV gastroenteritis cases at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) during the 2010-2011 winter season. Full-genome sequencing revealed that the isolates had genotype 2 constellations typical of DS-1-like viruses (G2P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2). Phylogenetic analyses showed that the genome segments of the isolates were comprised of two or three different subgenotype alleles; this enabled recognition of three distinct clades of G2P[4] viruses that caused disease at VUMC in the 2010-2011 season. Although the three clades cocirculated in the same community, there was no evidence of interclade reassortment. Bayesian analysis of 328 VP7 genes of G2 viruses isolated in the last 39 years indicate that existing G2 VP7 gene lineages continue to evolve and that novel lineages, as represented by the VUMC isolates, are constantly being formed. Moreover, G2 lineages are characteristically shaped by lineage turnover events that introduce new globally dominant strains every 7 years, on average. The ongoing evolution of G2 VP7 lineages may give rise to antigenic changes that undermine vaccine effectiveness in the long term. IMPORTANCE Little is known about the diversity of cocirculating G2 rotaviruses and how their evolution may undermine the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines. To expand our understanding of the potential genetic range exhibited by rotaviruses circulating in postvaccine communities, we analyzed part of a collection of rotaviruses recovered from pediatric patients in the United States from 2010 to 2011. Examining the genetic makeup of these viruses revealed they represented three segregated groups that did not exchange genetic material. The distinction between these three groups may be explained by three separate introductions. By comparing a specific gene, namely, VP7, of the recent rotavirus isolates to those from a collection recovered from U.S. children between 1974 and 1991 and other globally circulating rotaviruses, we were able to reconstruct the timing of events that shaped their ancestry. This analysis indicates that G2 rotaviruses are continuously evolving, accumulating changes in their genetic material as they infect new patients.
The Work‐Family Interface: Differentiating Balance and Fit

Work-family fit has recently emerged in work and family literature, comparable to work-family balance in that it represents interactions between work and family and yet distinct because it precedes balance and other outcomes. This study explores the relationship between, predictive factors of, and interactive moderating effects of work-family fit and work-family balance. Data are from a survey of business graduate school alumni (n = 387). Findings indicate that fit and balance are two separate constructs. Fit is uniquely predicted by work hours, age, family income, and household labor satisfaction. Balance is uniquely predicted by frequency of family activities. Job satisfaction and marital satisfaction predicted both fit and balance. Analyses suggest that fit is based more on the structural aspects of work-family interactions, whereas balance appears to be based more on the psychological factors. Job satisfaction, marital satisfaction, and frequency of family activities moderated the relationship between fit and balance.
Thurstonian representation for partial ranking data

Thurstonian models have proven useful in a wide range of applications because they can describe the multidimensional nature of choice objects and the effects of similarity and comparability in choice situations. This paper presents a unified framework for applying the Thurstonian approach to partial ranking data that includes paired comparison data and first choices. As a result, several new Thurstonian ranking models are introduced by imposing different constraints on the covariance matrix of the random utilities and their mean scale values. Furthermore, the estimation of probabilities for a multivariate normal distribution by numerical integration procedures and the Clark algorithm are discussed. To illustrate the approach, data from two partial ranking experiments are analysed.
Range and velocity independent classification of humans and animals using a profiling sensor

This paper presents object profile classification results using range and speed independent features from an infrared profiling sensor. The passive infrared profiling sensor was simulated using a LWIR camera. Field data collected near the US-Mexico border to yield profiles of humans and animals is reported. Range and speed independent features based on height and width of the objects were extracted from profiles. The profile features were then used to train and test three classification algorithms to classify objects as humans or animals. The performance of Naive Bayesian (NB), K -Nearest Neighbors ( K -NN), and Support Vector Machines (SVM) are compared based on their classification accuracy. Results indicate that for our data set all three algorithms achieve classification rates of over 98%. The field data is also used to validate our prior data collections from more controlled environments.
Some Personality Correlates of Suggestibility in Normals and Neurotics

Sz~nzt~za~y.-Gro ups of 25 normals and 21 neurotics were given a Sway test, Rorschach Compliance Test, and questionnaire measures of anxiety, dependency, hostility and neuroticism. The two groups differed significantly in neuroticism, dependency, anxiety, and hostility. The groups did not differ significantly in Sway test suggestibility, nor was there a correlation in either group between suggestibility and neuroticism score. Dependency correlated significantly with sway in both groups. Anxiety significantly predicted sway in the normal but not in the neurotic group. Several factors possibly accounting for this difference in relationship were discussed. For the purposes of the present discussion, suggestibility will be thought of as the capacity to be influenced by nn idea initiated by a person, object, or event. The idea or suggestion serving as a source of influence may be direct or implied, verbal or non-verbal. Acceptance of the idea may be conscious or unconscio~~s. Investigators have shown that suggestibility consists of at least two, and possibly many, distinct and independent types (Eysenck, 1747). It appears that suggestibility depends not only upon the person but upon the situation, and it is only within identical circumstances that people may be compared as to their suggestibility. The Sway test is a technique frequently used to provide measures of "direct" (Hull, 1733) or "primary" (Eysenck, 1947) suggestibility. Cattell ( 1955 ) reports loadings varying in size but consistently relating body sway and his factor U.I. 23 Neuroticis~n in the sense of deficient "neural reserves." Weitzenhoffer (1953), after reviewing the relevant liceramre, estimates that 90% of the normal population make some response to the Sway test. Thus, it seems appropriate as a suggestibility measure to use in investigating normal-neurotic differences. The present sn~dy is concerned with the relation of suggestibility ns measured by the Sway test+o measures of neuroticism, dependency, anxiety, hostility, and compliance. Although the results of relevant research have been somewhat inconclusive (cf. Ingham, 1955; Messer, Hinckley, 8: Mosier, 1938), Eysenck
Augmenting elementary school education with VR

At the University of Illinois at Chicago's Electronic Visualization Laboratory, we use virtual reality technology to complement real-world experiences rather than replace them. For more than two years, we've been deploying ImmersaDesk applications in a Chicago-area elementary school. We want to know whether these virtual environments (VEs) help children make sense of mathematics and scientific phenomena. If so, can educators adapt them to the realities of elementary school learning and teaching? Our experience indicates that VR can successfully augment scientific education as well as help to equalize the learning environment by engaging students of all levels.
Cell autonomous requirement for TGF-β signaling during odontoblast differentiation and dentin matrix formation

Abstract TGF-β subtypes are expressed in tissues derived from cranial neural crest cells during early mouse craniofacial development. TGF-β signaling is critical for mediating epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, including those vital for tooth morphogenesis. However, it remains unclear how TGF-β signaling contributes to the terminal differentiation of odontoblast and dentin formation during tooth morphogenesis. Towards this end, we generated mice with conditional inactivation of the Tgfbr2 gene in cranial neural crest derived cells. Odontoblast differentiation was substantially delayed in the Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre mutant mice at E18.5. Following kidney capsule transplantation, Tgfbr2 mutant tooth germs expressed a reduced level of Col1a1 and Dspp and exhibited defects including decreased dentin thickness and absent dentinal tubules. In addition, the expression of the intermediate filament nestin was decreased in the Tgfbr2 mutant samples. Significantly, exogenous TGF-β2 induced nestin and Dspp expression in dental pulp cells in the developing tooth organ. Our data suggest that TGF-β signaling controls odontoblast maturation and dentin formation during tooth morphogenesis.
3DLAT: TSV-based 3D ICs crosstalk minimization utilizing Less Adjacent Transition code

3D integration is one of the promising solutions to overcome the interconnect bottleneck with vertical interconnect through-silicon vias (TSVs). This paper investigates the crosstalk in 3D IC designs, especially the capacitive crosstalk in TSV interconnects. We propose a novel ω-LAT coding scheme to reduce the capacitive crosstalk and minimize the power consumption overhead in the TSV array. Combining with the Transition Signaling, the LAT coding scheme restricts the number of transitions in every transmission cycle to minimize the crosstalk and power consumption. Compared to other 3D crosstalk minimization coding schemes, the proposed coding can provide the same delay reduction with more affordable overhead. The performance and power analysis show that when ω is 4, the proposed LAT coding scheme can achieve 38% interconnect crosstalk delay reduction compared to the data transmission without coding. By reducing the value of ω, further reduction can be achieved1.
Connective tissue activation. XXI. Regulation of glycosaminoglycan metabolism by lymphocyte (CTAP-I) and platelet (CTAP-III) growth factors.

The quantitative radiochemical methodology described in this report allows a major increase in information generation, increased experimental flexibility, improved statistical control, and increased diversity of information per culture. Other advantages relate to economies of technical time, supplies, cells, and test materials per individual culture. Microcultures of human synovial cells incorporate [14C]glucosamine into hyaluronic acid that accumulated primarily in the media and to a lesser extent in the cell mass. CTAP-I (from lymphoid cells), CTAP-III (from human platelets), PGE2, dibutyryl cAMP, and poly(I)·poly(C) markedly stimulated hyaluronate synthesis, whereas cortisol, cycloheximide, and tunicamycin inhibited stimulated synthesis. Time studies with cycloheximide indicated that translation, essential for the activation of synovial cells, was completed by 17 h postexposure to CTAP-I. Tunicamycin also seemed to inhibit CTAP-I induced activation primarily by interpering with translation; however, tunicamycin also caused modest post-translational inhibition of hyaluronate synthesis in activated adult human synovial cells.
Comparative nationalism: the Basques in Spain and France

. Little research on peripheral nationalism goes beyond the case study approach. Comparative studies provide greater understanding of national self-identification by comparing different ethnic groups, yet encounter difficulties in rigorously delineating specific non-group causal factors. This study adds to our insights into peripheral nationalism by comparing self-identification within the same group but in two different political systems. Study of the Basques in both Spain and France permits a comparison of the same group, thus imposing an analytical control on ethnicity, under two different sets of state policy directions. Utilizing survey data, this investigation found sharp differences in national self-identification in the Basques in Spain and France. The argument is advanced that, even when other explanatory factors are considered, this difference in Basque identification should be understood in light of the different policy stances taken over time by the central governments in Paris and Madrid toward their respective Basque minorities. While initially counter-intuitive, it is suggested that toleration and non-repressive policies toward such minorities may actually serve in the long term to decrease peripheral national identification.
Primacy effects in animal memory and human nonverbal memory

Evidence for primacy effects in animals’ list memory is accumulating, despite assertions that these primacy effects may be list-initiation-response artifacts (D. Gaffan, 1983; E. Gaffan, 1992). This evidence comes from list-memory experiments with pigeons and monkeys in which primacy changed with retention interval, experiments with monkeys in which primacy correlated with list length, and experiments with monkeys in which there were no list-initiation responses. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that animal memory is similar to, at least, the nonverbal part of human memory. This evidence comes from human nonverbal-memory experiments in which primacy changed with retention interval (similar to animals) when using kaleidoscope or snowflake stimuli, and similar experiments in which the verbal/nonverbal component was manipulated. Conditions conducive for obtaining primacy effects are discussed.
Assessing the total ischemic burden in the management of unstable angina: A review

Unstable angina is a common ischemic syndrome that is characterized by chest pain occurring at rest often with transient ischemic electrocardiographic changes. Although most patients with unstable angina experience relief of pain with intensive medical therapy while in the coronary care unit, they subsequently have a high incidence of unfavorable cardiac events usually occurring within several months. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring for ischemia has demonstrated a relatively high incidence of ischemic episodes both in patients with stable and unstable angina pectoris. The prognostic importance of such findings has been previously uncertain. The prognostic significance of silent myocardial ischemia in patients with unstable angina receiving intensive medical therapy has been addressed in a study of hospitalized patients in a coronary care unit. All patients were treated with nitrates, nifedipine, and propranolol. Continuous two-channel electrocardiographic monitoring was performed during the first two days of medical therapy. The electrocardiographic recordings were interpreted blindly for frequency and duration of ischemic changes, and these episodes were determined to be either symptomatic or silent. The prevalence of silent ischemic episodes, their prognostic significance, their contribution to the total ischemic burden, and the effects of different medical regimens on these variables are discussed.
Transversal theory and F-products

Abstract We characterize the matroid dual to a transversal matroid. We also show that Richard Rado's condition for the existence of an independent transversal can be weakened.
Dependence of surface bonding on deformation

Abstract Experiments have shown that the peeling of surface films during deformation is dependent on the mechanical properties of the surface film and the bulk materials and on the amplitude of strain in cyclic deformation. An analysis of these results led to an explanation that has as its major parameters the elastic constants, the relative yield stresses and the relative strain to yielding of the materials involved. The model is applied to diffused as well as discrete surface layers and can be used to predict favorable combinations that are unlikely to debond.
Size spectra of bubbles in the foam patches and of sea salt nuclei over the surf zone

The size distribution of bubbles in the foam patches and the size distribution of giant chloridenuclei over the surf zone both follow the Nukiyama-Tanassava size distribution function. Theslope of the size distribution curve for bubbles depends, however, on the residence time of thefoam patch at the ocean surface. The best fit of the sea salt nuclei size distribution curve wasfound for s = 0.333 in the Nukiyama-Tanassava distribution. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00241.x
Allogeneic Bone Marrow Chimerism in Germfree Mice III. Therapy of Leukemic AKR Mice

SummaryConventional AKR mice were decontaminated of bacteria and fungi by means of an antibiotic regimen. When GF and decontaminated mice developed clinical symptoms of leukemia, they were administered 1000 R x-rays (whole-body). Twenty-four hours after irradiation, the mice were injected IV with 107 bone marrow cells from GF DBA/2 mice. Eleven of 12 leukemic GF AKR mice treated in this manner survived the 60-day observation period; as did 14 of 17 treated decontaminated leukemic AKR mice. In contrast, of 11 conventional, leukemic AKR mice, which were irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrow cells from nonleukemic AKR mice, 9 died of typical lymphatic leukemia at average 43 days after transplantation. Untreated, leukemic AKR mice died within 10 days after the appearance of leukemic symptoms. Thus, transplanted allogeneic bone marrow cells appear to have therapeutic value for the treatment of spontaneous leukemia in AKR mice.
Characterizations of the equilibrium payoffs of inertia supergames

Abstract An inertia supergame is one in which changing strategies over time is not merely costly, but the cost incurred by any player in changing strategies is greater than any gains made in a single period. Complete characterizations of the set of payoffs of the perfect equilibrium points, as well as the set of payoffs of strong, perfect equilibrium points of the inertia supergame, are given. We also find that if one allows for the right correlating device then the correlated α-core is the topological closure of the set of payoffs of the strong, perfect equilibrium point of the inertia supergame.
Expanding oral care opportunities: direct access care provided by dental hygienists in the United States.

Abstract Dental hygienists expand access to oral care in the United States. Background Many Americans have access to oral health care in traditional dental offices however millions of Americans have unmet dental needs. For decades dental hygienists have provided opportunities for un-served and under-served Americans to receive preventive services in a variety of alternate delivery sites, and referral to licensed dentists for dental care needs. Methods Publications, state practice acts, state public health departments, the American Dental Hygienists' Association, and personal interviews of dental hygiene practitioners were accessed for information and statistical data. Results Dental hygienists in 36 states can legally provide direct access care. Dental hygienists are providing preventive services in a variety of settings to previously un-served and under-served Americans, with referral to dentists for dental needs. Conclusion Dental hygienists have provided direct access to care in the United States for decades. The exact number of direct access providers in the United States is unknown. Limited research and anecdotal information demonstrate that direct access care has facilitated alternate entry points into the oral health systems for thousands of previously un-served and underserved Americans. Older adults, persons with special needs, children in schools, pregnant women, minority populations, rural populations, and others have benefited from the availability of many services provided by direct access dental hygienists. Legislatures and private groups are becoming increasingly aware of the impact that direct access has made on the delivery of oral health care. Many factors continue to drive the growth of direct access care. Additional research is needed to accumulate qualitative and quantitative outcome data related to direct access care provided by dental hygienists and other mid level providers of oral health services.
Postpartum Assessment The Psychological Component

The postpartum patient's emotional status plays a significant part in her recovery and her adjustment to her infant. Postpartum hospital stays are very brief, so nurses must make every encounter with the patient meaningful. Developing a systematic method of assessing the patient will save time and allow for quicker identification of patient needs. Assessment guidelines that focus on three aspects of the patient's psychological status are provided 1) patient's reaction to the birth experience, 2) patient's adaptation to the infant, and 3) family's reaction to the infant.
Characterization of functional organization within rat barrel cortex using intrinsic signal optical imaging through a thinned skull.

Abstract We used optical imaging of intrinsic signals to characterize the functional representations of mystacial vibrissae (whiskers) in rat somatosensory cortex. Stimulation of individual whiskers for 2 s at 5 Hz resulted in a discrete area of functional activity in the cortex. Images of whisker representations were collected both through the dura and through a thinned skull. We characterized the functional representation of a whisker both spatially and temporally with two-dimensional images and three-dimensional surface plots of intrinsic signal development in the cortex in response to whisker stimulation. Single unit recordings verified that the representation of the whisker obtained with optical imaging corresponded with the electrophysiological response area of that whisker in the cortex. Lesions in the center of the functional activity were found to be in the center of the dense cytochrome oxidase patch for the corresponding whisker. In addition, a 3 x 3 matrix of whiskers was stimulated and the distances between the centers of the imaged representations and the distances between the centers of the layer IV cytochrome oxidase staining of the nine whiskers were found to be highly correlated (r = 0.98). This study shows a striking correspondence among imaging, physiology, and anatomy in the rat somatosensory cortex. Furthermore, the ability to use optical imaging through a thinned skull should allow investigations into the long-term changes in a sensory representation within a single animal.
Agrarian Structure and Political Power: Landlord and Peasant in the Making of Latin America

The troubled history of democracy in Latin America has been the subject of much scholarly commentary. This volume breaks new ground by systematically exploring the linkages among the historical legacies of large landholding patterns, agrarian class relations, and authoritarian versus democratic trajectories in Latin American countries. The essays address questions about the importance of large landownders for the national economy, the labor needs and labor relations of these landowners, attempts of landowners to enlist the support of the state to control labor, and the democratic forms of rule in the twentieth century."
An Individual Wheel Inverse Dynamics-Based Control Algorithm of a UGV in Stochastic Terrain Conditions

An All-Wheel Drive Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) equipped with individual electric motors for each wheel offers tremendous potential to control indirectly the torque delivered to each individual wheel and thus control UGV energy efficiency and mobility. The objective of this study is to develop an analytical method for a single wheel angular velocity control that is based on inverse longitudinal dynamics of a quarter-of-vehicle. The method includes a stochastic terrain model and an inverse dynamics-based control algorithm of a UGV single pneumatic wheel to overcome stochastic terrain behavior.A stochastic terrain mathematical model was developed and used as a disturbance load in the control algorithm to introduce the on-line (real time) influence of the terrain conditions on a single wheel of UGV. The control algorithm is based on a developed strategy that utilizes the inverse dynamics approach and the wheel torque control that provides a wheel with both the specified/required angular velocity and rolling radius.Such an approach opens up new ways of optimization and control of both unmanned ground vehicle dynamics and vehicle performance by distributing power between the drive wheels.© 2014 ASME
CCR5 and HIV: the less, the better

[Comment on Pandrea et al, page 1069, and][1][comment on Wang et al, page 1174][2]Two reports in this issue of Blood underscore the central importance of the regulation of chemokine receptor CCR5 expression to the pathogenic infection of SIV and associated destruction of gut mucosa in nonnatural
The Electrical Thresholds of Ventricular Myocardium

The Electrical Thresholds of Ventricular Myocardium. According to the basic principles of electrophysiology, an action potential cannot propagate three-dimensionally if its front is too sharply curved. The critical radius of curvature is estimated for ventricular myocardium as 1/3 mm and checked against experimental determinations of the pacing threshold. An implication of the agreement found is that pacemaker electrodes can be improved by optimizing their tip curvatures. The same basic principles imply that there should exist a vortex-like action potential, which has in fact heen found in both two- and three-dimensional settings. It rotates in 120 msec and has a 2/3-cm diameter. This diameter can he used to derive the electrical threshold for fibrillation in normal ventricular myocardium: ahout 16 mA, depending on electrode geometry. This compares favorably with ohservations. As theory suggests, the ratio of this threshold to the pacing threshold seems independent of pulse duration and depends on electrode geometry: the minimum ratio is about five for large electrodes. Electrical defihrillation in normal myocardium should require local potential gradients of about 6 V/cm or current densities near 20 mA/cm2, roughly as observed, but much more uniform deHhrillating fields are needed to achieve this theoretical minimum throughout the myocardium. It is suggested that in normal myocardium, the transition from monomorphic tachycardia or ventricular flutter to fibrillation in some cases may be a consequence of the three-dimensional geometry of vortex-like action potentials; the transition should take a long time in two-dimensional preparations unless they are pervaded hy discontinuities or other nonuniformities. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 1, pp. 393–410, October 1990)
Alternate sources of electric energy

A comprehensive look at power sources is offered. The renewable sources covered are solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean thermal energy conversion, tidal power, and energy from ocean waves. Also discussed are alternate nonrenewable sources, namely, fuel cell power plants, nuclear fusion, and magnetohydrodynamics. >
Determination of rare-earth isotope ratios by resonance ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract The use of resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS) for single-atom detection has generated widespread interest. Use of the resonance ionization effect in isotope-ratio mass spectrometry promises to overcome the problem of isobaric interference encountered for a variety of samples. The present work concerns the measurement of Nd and Sm isotope ratios in binary mixtures without any chemical separation. High selectivity is obtained. as shown by the preliminary results. Quantitative data are given to demonstrate the analytical potential of the technique.
Dynamics and Stability Limits of Syngas Combustion in a Backward-Facing Step Combustor

The stability bands and combustion dynamics of syngas under different operating conditions and fuel compositions are investigated. Pressure measurements and high-speed video data are used to distinguish three operating modes. A stable region near the lean flammability limit is characterized by the shedding of small-scale vortices in the shear-layer. A quasistable region is present at intermediate equivalence ratios. At high equivalence ratios, we observe an unstable operating mode characterized by the periodic interaction between a large vortex and the flame. As the amount of hydrogen in the fuel is increased, the lean flammability limit is extended and transitions between operating regimes moves to lower equivalence ratios. Numerical simulations performed using a vortex method correspond to the experimental measurements and confirm the observed instability mechanism.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Efficiently squeezing near infrared light into a 21nm-by-24nm nanospot

Recent work demonstrated light transmission through deep subwavelength slits or coupling light into waveguides with deep subwavelength dimension only in one direction. In this paper, we propose an approach to squeeze light (λ=1550 nm) from a dielectric waveguide into a deep subwavelength spot. Vertical confinement is achieved by efficiently coupling light from a dielectric waveguide into a 20-nm metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguide. The horizontal dimension of the plasmonic waveguide is then tapered into 20 nm. Numerical simulation shows that light fed from a dielectric waveguide can be squeezed into a 21nm-by-24nm spot with efficiency 62%.
Practical Application of Theoretical Models to Magnetometer Surveys on Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites — A Case History

Wastes were to be exhumed and removed from a hazardous and chemical waste disposal site. The major disposal practice was shallow burial of wastes in metal drums in parallel trenches. The actual boundaries of the trenches beneath the landscaped cover were not accurately known. Theoretical two-dimensional models were used to evaluate the application of magnetic methods to define trench boundaries on the disposal site. The models predicted that both the total field and the vertical component anomalies were diagnostic; however, the vertical component anomaly was more focused on the trench boundaries. A survey with a vertical component fluxgate magnetometer was successful in defining trench boundaries. Observations made along traverses that trended perpendicular to the long axis of the parallel trenches indicated vertical magnetic intensity values with a cyclical pattern of large positive values over trenches and large negative values over intertrench corridors. Vertical magnetic intensity values determined with theoretical two-dimensional models compared favorably to the observed vertical magnetic values. The models were used to constrain the interpretation of the field observations to define trench boundaries; the magnetic survey defined trench boundaries with an accuracy within ± 2 feet.
Connecting the dots between animal and human studies of locomotion. Focus on "Infants adapt their stepping to repeated trip-inducing stimuli"

During an infant's first well-baby examination, the clinician may lift the neonate from under her arms, place her feet in contact with a firm surface, and lean her upper body forward to evoke the infant stepping reflex. In recent years, researchers have taken interest in infant stepping as a
A Monte Carlo simulation for data processing students

In the typical two-year data processing program there is so much material that must be covered that inevitably some important subjects are given abbreviated coverage or eliminated entirely. For example, almost all of our programming assignments and examples involve the use of computers in "accounting" type problems, in spite of the fact that computers are widely used to solve "operations research" type problems. This paper discusses a simple simulation problem which can be used to introduce data processing students to the use of computers to solve operations research type problems.
Changes in asthma prevalence and impact on health and function in Seattle middle-school children: 1995 vs 2003

Background The prevalence of asthma has increased during the past several decades but may have stabilized during the last 5 years. It is not known whether the functional and health impact of asthma has decreased during the past decade. Objective To evaluate changes during a recent 8-year period in the prevalence and health and functional impact of current asthma symptoms in young teenagers. Methods In 1995 and 2003, 2,330 and 2,397 middle-school students from Seattle, WA, respectively (median age, 13 years), completed written surveys and answered questions pertaining to 4 wheezing or asthma video scenarios. Children were categorized as having physician-diagnosed current asthma (wheeze in the past year and a physician diagnosis of asthma), undiagnosed current asthma symptoms (wheeze in the past year without a physician diagnosis), or no asthma. Outcome measures were the prevalence of asthma and undiagnosed asthma symptoms and the differences between years in respiratory-associated functional impairment (exercise limitation, missed school, disrupted sleep) and health impact (physician visits, wheeze-limited speech). Results The prevalence of physician-diagnosed current asthma increased from 1995 to 2003 (3.0% to 6.2%), whereas that for undiagnosed current asthma symptoms decreased (12.0% to 6.2%). The degree of functional and health impairment was similar between the 2 study periods for each subgroup and was highest in the children with physician-diagnosed current asthma. Conclusions The prevalence of current asthma symptoms in middle-school children from Seattle decreased slightly between 1995 and 2003, whereas the diagnosis of asthma increased. However, the health and functional impact of asthma did not diminish. Asthma is being diagnosed more often, but many children with asthma are still not achieving good asthma control.
Electrodeposition of Three-Dimensional Titania Photonic Crystals from Holographically Patterned Microporous Polymer Templates

To fabricate a photonic crystal with large and complete photonic bandgap, it often requires backfilling of high index inorganic materials into a 3D polymer template. However, the pore network may become disconnected before the template is completely filled in a conformal coating process, which, therefore, limits the achievable maximum bandgap in the 3D photonic crystals. Here, we demonstrate nearly complete filling of the holographically patterned, diamond-like polymer templates with titania sol−gel through the electrodeposition method. The deposition proceeded in two stages: a thin titania seed layer (∼55 nm thick) was conformally coated on the surface of the polymer template at the early stage of electrodeposition, after which the deposition occurred preferentially from the template bottom layer at a rate of ∼0.4 µm/min. After preannealing and a slow ramping rate to 500 °C to remove the polymer template, an inverse 3D anatase titania crystal was obtained without pattern collapse. The measurement of film...
Surface‐enhanced resonance Raman study of avidin–dye interactions: A model for chromophore‐containing proteins

Resonance Raman (RR) and surface-enhanced resonance Raman (SERR) spectroscopy were used to study the behavior of 2-(4′-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (HABA) at different pH values (2.7–11.8) in solution and bound to avidin. Major changes in the RR spectrum of the dye are observed near pH 8.0 and 3.0. These pH values are close to the pKa values for the phenolic and carboxylic acid functional groups of HABA and reflect deprotonation of these groups. In addition, however, tautomeric forms of the dye are possible within each pH range and these can be identified from the characteristic vibrational modes of the azo and hydrazone forms of HABA. Similar changes in the SERR spectrum of HABA were also observed as a function of pH. However, a comparison of the RR and SERR spectra has shown that the tautomeric equilbrium is shifted toward the hydrazone form on the Ag surface compared with the effect in solution. The RR and SERR spectra of the HABA-avidin complex are nearly identical and indicative of the hydrazone form of the dye. Hence the complex is not dissociated on the Ag surface. This finding is encouraging with regard to the application of SERR techniques to the study of native proteins containing chromophores.
Testing techniques for 200 A, 15 kV loadbreak elbows

Abstract The paper describes the development of testing techniques for 200 A separable connector systems. Three techniques are discussed in detail while four future areas of study are mentioned. The three techniques discussed are load simulation testing, high voltage testing, and field testing of the separable connectors. The results obtained from these three tests are presented and a possible cause of the failure of these devices is presented.
Palladium‐Catalyzed ortho‐Selective C ? H Deuteration of Arenes: Evidence for Superior Reactivity of Weakly Coordinated Palladacycles

We disclose a protocol for the palladium-catalyzed ortho-selective C-H deuteration of arenes. Phenylacetic acids and benzoic acids are suitable substrates for this reaction. This reaction offers a catalytic route to ortho-deuterated phenylacetic acids and benzoic acids and demonstrates the sharp difference in reactivity of palladacycle intermediates held together by weak and strong coordination.
A duality based approach for network revenue management in airline alliances

In this article, we develop a revenue management model for airline alliances. In particular, our model allows the members of the alliance to decide how to share the revenues from itineraries spanning flight legs operated by multiple airlines and how to coordinate their capacity allocation decisions. We start with a deterministic linear programming approximation to the revenue management problem that takes place over the whole alliance network. This linear program models the decisions made by a central planner. In the linear program, we relax the constraints that link the decisions for different airlines by associating dual multipliers with them, in which case, the linear program decomposes by the airlines into smaller linear programs. We extract a booking control policy from the smaller linear programs that allows each airline to make its booking control decisions autonomously. Furthermore, the dual multipliers indicate how to share the revenues from itineraries that span flight legs operated by multiple airlines. We prove that the revenue sharing scheme provided by our approach has a number of intuitively appealing features. Computational experiments indicate that our model and our revenue sharing scheme coordinate the decisions of the alliance members quite well.
Temperature and Molecular Size Dependence of the High-Pressure Limit

In kinetic models, gas-phase reactions involving large molecules (of more than about a dozen atoms) are often assumed to be in the high-pressure limit, that is, to not exhibit significant falloff o...
Function of the SmpB tail in transfer-messenger RNA translation revealed by a nucleus-encoded form.

Stalled bacterial ribosomes are freed when they switch to the translation of transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA). This process requires the tmRNA-binding and ribosome-binding cofactor SmpB, a β-barrel protein with a protruding C-terminal tail of unresolved structure. Some plastid genomes encode tmRNA, but smpB genes have only been reported from bacteria. Here we identify smpB in the nuclear genomes of both a diatom and a red alga encoding a signal for import into the plastid, where mature SmpB could activate tmRNA. Diatom SmpB was active for tmRNA translation with bacterial components in vivo and in vitro, although less so than Escherichia coli SmpB. The tail-truncated diatom SmpB, the hypothetical product of a misspliced mRNA, was inactive in vivo. Tail-truncated E. coli SmpB was likewise inactive for tmRNA translation but was still able to bind ribosomes, and its affinity for tmRNA was only slightly diminished. This work suggests that SmpB is a universal cofactor of tmRNA. It also reveals a tail-dependent role for SmpB in tmRNA translation that supersedes a simple role of linking tmRNA to the ribosome, which the SmpB body alone could provide.
Der zerrissene Osten und die gelungene Wiedervereinigung

Man kommt nicht daran vorbei, dass in der DDR die sozialistische Kaderpolitik das Leistungsprinzip bei der Stellenbesetzung, nicht nur von Professorenstellen, systematisch ausgehohlt hat. Damit wurden viele Menschen aus den Universitaten ausgeschlossen und demotiviert. Der personelle Neuanfang nach der Wende war alternativlos.
Context-dependent protein folding of a virulence peptide in the bacterial and host environments: structure of an SycH-YopH chaperone-effector complex.

Yersinia pestis injects numerous bacterial proteins into host cells through an organic nanomachine called the type 3 secretion system. One such substrate is the tyrosine phosphatase YopH, which requires an interaction with a cognate chaperone in order to be effectively injected. Here, the first crystal structure of a SycH–YopH complex is reported, determined to 1.9 A resolution. The structure reveals the presence of (i) a nonglobular polypeptide in YopH, (ii) a so-­called β-motif in YopH and (iii) a conserved hydrophobic patch in SycH that recognizes the β-motif. Biochemical studies establish that the β-motif is critical to the stability of this complex. Finally, since previous work has shown that the N-­terminal portion of YopH adopts a globular fold that is functional in the host cell, aspects of how this polypeptide adopts radically different folds in the host and in the bacterial environments are analysed.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Smith-Magenis Syndrome (del 17p11.2)

Smith-Magenis syndrome is associated with a microdeletion of the short arm of chromosome 17 with phenotypic abnormalities including dysmorphic facies, self-injurious behavior, mental and neurologic disturbances, and congenital cardiac defects. The majority of patients present in mid-childhood or adulthood. We describe a fetus in which the diagnosis of Smith-Magenis syndrome was made at 16 weeks of gestation following amniocentesis for increased risk for Down syndrome detected by second-trimester maternal serum screening. Ultrasound evaluation revealed multiple fetal anomalies. The pregnancy was terminated at 20 weeks of gestation. Post-mortem findings included dysmorphic facial features, tetralogy of Fallot, a thymic duct remnant, pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia, and abnormal lung fissuring. This represents the second case of prenatally diagnosed Smith-Magenis syndrome. Molecular genetic techniques in the diagnosis of the Smith-Magenis syndrome and other small deletions are becoming an important tool in the genetic evaluation of ultrasound abnormalities.
Current Concepts in Cardiovascular Pathology: The Role of LDL Cholesterol in Plaque Rupture and Stabilization

Abstract Emerging evidence is redefining traditional concepts of coronary atherosclerosis. Recent data indicate that severe stenoses, the traditional focus of attention, do not cause most coronary events. Rather, interest has increased in the often less stenotic but more vulnerable lesions that are characterized by thin fibrous caps, large lipid accumulations, large numbers of macrophages, and depletion of smooth muscle cells. Such lesions appear prone to rupture, which allows the blood to come into contact with the highly thrombogenic material in the lipid core of the plaque, thereby precipitating thrombosis. The fibrous cap may become weakened through decreased synthesis of the extracellular matrix or increased degradation of the matrix. The cytokine interferon-γ, produced by T-lymphocytes, inhibits the ability of smooth muscle cells to synthesize collagen, a structurally important component of the fibrous cap. A family of enzymes known as matrix metalloproteinases can degrade all major constituents of the vascular extracellular matrix: collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. Additional studies on the biochemical mechanisms of atherosclerosis may provide a fuller understanding of the ways in which lipid-lowering therapy can confer clinical benefit.
Characterization of HDEHP-lanthanide complexes formed in a non-polar organic phase using 31P NMR and ESI-MS

HDEHP (di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid) is one of the extractant molecules most intensively used in liquid–liquid extraction systems. Of particular interest in this investigation is its application in the TALSPEAK process, which is among the methods currently considered to be ready for technological deployment for the separation of trivalent actinides (AmIII and CmIII) from lanthanide (LnIII) cations. However, several fundamental features of the chemistry of this separation system are not well understood. It has become clear that the lactic acid (LacH), which is employed as a buffer in the aqueous phase, plays a very complex role in the biphasic chemistry of the system. In this study, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (31P NMR) was used to investigate the rate of HDEHP (AH) exchange occurring in the binary complexes Ln(AHA)3 (Ln = La and Sm), which are usually considered to be the predominant species present in a non-polar organic phase (1,3-diisopropylbenzene). The rate data indicate considerably faster ligand exchange kinetics for La(AHA)3 than is seen for Sm(AHA)3, with a corresponding shift from a dissociative interchange to an associative process. With the introduction of lactic acid (LacH) and higher concentrations of lanthanides into the system, ternary complexes (Ln3+-HDEHP-lactate) become dominant, as demonstrated using 31P NMR and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). Lactate partitioning experiments indicate that the amount of lactate extracted is correlated with the concentration of Ln3+. The terminal ternary complex species appears to have the general stoichiometry 1 : 2 : 1 (Ln3+ : HDEHP : lactate). The detection of bimetallic ternary complexes (by ESI-MS) with La3+ and the observation of multiple phosphorus environments (by NMR) suggest the presence of polymetallic complexes with the general formula (LaA2Lac)n. A model is proposed in which DEHP− molecules bridge two metal ions.
Characterization of contractile function and expression of muscarinic receptors, G proteins and adenylate cyclase in cultured tracheal smooth muscle of swine

Smooth muscle cells lose their contractile function and phenotype very rapidly when placed in culture. During organ culture of smooth muscle strips, phenotype is lost more slowly. In the present studies, we established an organ culture model to study contractile function and expression of muscarinic receptors, G proteins and adenylyl cyclase in different serum concentrations in tracheal smooth muscle from swine. The results show that contractile function and the amounts of M3 receptors, G proteins and adenylyl cyclase were maintained for up to 5 days in culture. The expression of M2 receptors was significantly decreased in culture when compared to freshly isolated muscles. Maximal isometric tension was significantly increased in cultured muscles compared with freshly isolated muscles. Different serum concentrations did not significantly affect contractile function and expression of muscarinic receptors, G proteins and adenylyl cyclase. In conclusion, our studies suggest that cultured smooth muscle might be used as a model to study the regulation of contractile function of smooth muscle by various signal transduction pathways.