cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grain Boundary Weak Links in High-TC Superconductors

The transport critical current density (Jc) for high-{Tc} thin films, bicrystals, and bulk ceramics is shown to be determined by magnetic field penetration into the grain boundaries. The gross grain orientations may not in all cases be an important factor in determining this penetration. The parameter ({lambda}{sub G}/{lambda}{sub J}){sup 2} can characterize the strength of the grain boundary coupling, which depends mainly on the crystal coherence and connectivity at the boundary area.
An end-to-end tool chain for multi-view modeling and analysis of avionics mission computing software

We present an end-to-end tool-chain for model-based design and analysis of component-based embedded real-time software, with avionics mission computing as an application domain. The tool-chain covers the entire system development lifecycle including modeling, analysis, code generation, and run-time instrumentation. Emphasis is placed on integration of tools developed by multiple institutions via standardized interface format definitions in XML. By capturing all relevant information explicitly in models at the design level, and performing analysis that provides insight into non-functional aspects of the system, we can raise the level of abstraction for the designer, and facilitate rapid system prototyping.
Effect of dietary sucrose and genotype on metabolic parameters of a new strain of genetically obese rat: LA/N-corpulent

Abstract A new strain of genetically obese rat, LA/N-corpulent ( cp ) was studied. Homozygous ( cp/cp ) corpulent and heterozygous ( cp/+ ) and homozygous ( +/+ ) lean young male rats were fed for 4 weeks diets containing 54% carbohydrate as either sucrose or starch. A genotype effect between corpulent and lean rats (corpulent > lean) was observed with food intake, weight gain, total fat pad weight and size, liver weight and size, activities of liver lipogenic enzymes, fasting levels of serum triglyceride, free fatty acid, total cholesterol and insulin, and response levels of serum insulin and glucose. Levels of insulin and triglyceride were 6 to 8 times greater in corpulent than lean rats. The magnitude of metabolic responses in lean rats was similar except for total fat pad weight and size which was greater in cp/+ than +/+ rats. A sucrose effect (sucrose > starch) was observed with weight gain, total fat pad weight and size, liver weight and size, activities of liver lipogenic enzymes, fasting level of serum triglyceride and response levels of serum insulin and glucose. The data demonstrate that corpulent ( cp/cp ) rats have metabolic characteristics similar to type IV hyperlipoproteinemia in humans and that these characteristics are magnified by feeding of sucrose.
Maxima and Minima in One Variable

This chapter highlights maxima and minima in one variable function. It presents some basic mathematical theory and some simple applications. Finding a maximum or minimum is clearly important in everyday experience. A manufacturer wants to maximize her profits, a contractor wants to minimize his costs subject to doing a good job, a physicist wants to find the wavelength that produces the maximum intensity of radiation. Even a manufacturer with a monopoly cannot maximize her profit by charging a very high price because at some point, consumers will stop buying. Max-min functions have a great impact in science and engineering applications. Often scientific max-min problems ask how the maximum depends on some parameter. Many interesting basic results in optics can be proved using minimization.
Heavy Truck Occupant Crash Protection - A Plan for Investigating Ways to Improve It

Description d'un programme de recherche dont l'objectif principal est l'identification et le developpement d'amelioration apportees a la cabine d'un poids lourd et de structures qui doivent etre a la fois pratiques et effectives, a savoir des ameliorations dont les effets peuvent etre realises dans des accidents non spectaculaires qui sont neanmoins fatals a l'occupant du camion
Deformable Atlas for Multi-structure Segmentation

We develop a novel deformable atlas method for multistructure segmentation that seamlessly combines the advantages of image-based and atlas-based methods. The method formulates a probabilistic framework that combines prior anatomical knowledge with image-based cues that are specific to the subject's anatomy, and solves it using expectation-maximization method. It improves the segmentation over conventional label fusion methods especially around the structure boundaries, and is robust to large anatomical variation. The proposed method was applied to segment multiple structures in both normal and diseased brains and was shown to significantly improve results especially in diseased brains.
Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Anxiety is Associated with Less Developed Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements in Six-Month -Old Infants: An Initial Study

AIMS There are an increasing number of reports suggesting an association between maternal anxiety experienced during pregnancy and adverse outcomes of the offspring. However, exploration of the biological changes in the brain that mediate that relationship has been hampered by the lack of appropriate biomarkers. This report represents an initial step exploring whether a potential infant biomarker, smooth pursuit eye movements, may be associated with prenatal exposure to maternal anxiety. STUDY DESIGN Blinded cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine. Data collected from July 2011 to May 2012. METHODOLOGY Forty-three infants including 34 whose prenatal maternal anxiety status was identified (12 with a known maternal prenatal anxiety diagnosis and 22 without) had eye movements recorded during a smooth pursuit eye movement task at four and/or six months of age. RESULTS At 6 months of age, infants with prenatal exposure to maternal anxiety, compared to infants without such exposure, spent a higher percentage of time utilizing smooth pursuit (t=2.7, df=24, P=.013), had longer duration of smooth pursuit uninterrupted by saccades (t=2.5, df=24, P=.019), and had decreased frequency of forward saccades (t=3.8, df=24, P=.001). No differences between groups were identified at 4 months of age. CONCLUSION Smooth pursuit abnormalities may, at six months of age, be a potential biomarker for prenatal maternal anxiety exposure.
Optical Properties of van der Waals Heterostructures

Monolayers of van-der-Waals materials can be combined to form a wide variety tailored heterostructures. In this paper, we discuss the resulting optical and optoelectronic properties of such heterostructures and how they relate to the properties of the isolated layers.
Rating and Classification of Incident Reporting in Radiology in a Large Academic Medical Center.

The purpose of this article is to provide a rate of safety incident report of adverse events in a large academic radiology department and to share the various types that may occur. This is a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant, institutional review board–approved study. Consent requirement was waived. All incident reports from April 2006-September 2012 were retrieved. Events were further classified as follows: diagnostic test orders, identity document or documentation or consent, safety or security or conduct, service coordination, surgery or procedure, line or tube, fall, medication or intravenous safety, employee general incident, environment or equipment, adverse drug reaction (ADR), skin or tissue, and diagnosis or treatment. Overall rates and subclassification rates were calculated. There were 10,224 incident reports and 4,324,208 radiology examinations (rate = 0.23%). The highest rates of the incident reports were due to diagnostic test orders (34.3%; 3509/10,224), followed by service coordination (12.2%; 1248/10,224) and ADR (10.3%; 1052/4,324,208). The rate of incident reporting was highest in inpatient (0.30%; 2949/970,622), followed by emergency radiology (0.22%; 1500/672,958) and outpatient (0.18%; 4957/2,680,628). Approximately 48.5% (4947/10,202) of incidents had no patient harm and did not affect the patient, followed by no patient harm, but did affect the patient (35.2%, 3589/10,202), temporary or minor patient harm (15.5%, 1584/10,202), permanent or major patient harm (0.6%, 62/10,202), and patient death (0.2%, 20/10,202). Within an academic radiology department, the rate of incident reports was only 0.23%, usually did not harm the patient, and occurred at higher rates in inpatients. The most common incident type was in the category of diagnostic test orders, followed by service coordination, and ADRs.
AFL's Concept of Big Business: A Quantitative Study of Attitudes toward the Large Corporavtion, 1894-1931

IN the latter part of the nineteenth century American society encountered a series of complex problems. Rapid industrialization, immigration, and urbanization created what Robert H. Wiebe has described as a "distended society," a nation pervaded by a sense of "crisis" and a "search for order."' One of the focal points of discontent was the large corporation. Because of its power, its wealth, its new elite, and its all too frequent displays of antisocial behavior, big business became one of the major negative symbols of American reform. The social relations of the large corporation were all the more important because it was big business which first adopted the bureaucratic values and authority structure which ultimately provided most Americans-including reformers-with the means of imposing a new type of order on their society.2 The image of big business which was held by various other elements in society is thus highly important to the historian. American labor's attitude toward the large corporation is especially interesting because union relations with big business were often strained during the years of changing economic conditions and social values in the first three decades of the twentieth century. The emphasis here is upon the American Federation of Labor, and the major source of information is labor journals, in particular, AFL's official publication, the American Federa-
Study on the Compound Wallboard Mechanics and Thermo Engineering Performance Design of Countryside Energy-saving Residence

According to the energy-saving demand in severe cold regions,a type of energy-saving wallboard is designed which adapts to the one or two storey building in the countryside.This wallboard does double duty—energy-saving and load-bearing,which can replace the clay brick to build the house in the countryside.By the test of its thermo engineering performance and mechanics performance,the compound wallboard proves to have good energy-saving and load-bearing effect.
Kurtosis analysis of wind speed time series based on SV model

Wind speed forecasting is one of the most important issues in the domain of wind power generation.Wind speed changes irregularly and fluctuates violently,which makes it difficult to be forecasted.Comprehensive investigation on characteristics of the wind speed data is a positive key solution to improve the precision of wind speed forecasting.With the technique of stochastic volatility(SV) model kurtosis analysis,the leptokurtosis of wind speed was developed.Based on the specific definition of kurtosis in power systems,the extended SV excess kurtosis theorem was induced and proved.SV models were built adapting to the wind speed characteristics.In the case study,SV models with different conditional distributions were also presented and the overall kurtosis of wind speed was analyzed.In addition,a feasible scheme based on the SV-t type models for choosing the best conditional distribution in SV wind speed forecasting model was proposed.Results of the case study based on actual wind speed data demonstrate clearly that the proposed model is a valid method for wind speed modeling with the consideration of the wind characteristics of excess kurtosis and can provide a promising way for the practical wind speed modeling.
Responses of monkey medullary dorsal horn neurons during the detection of noxious heat stimuli

1. We examined the activity of thermally sensitive trigeminothalamic neurons and nonprojection neurons in the medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal nucleus caudalis) in three monkeys performing thermal and visual detection tasks. 2. An examination of neuronal stimulus-response functions, obtained during thermal-detection tasks in which noxious heat stimuli were applied to the face, indicated that wide-dynamic-range neurons (WDR, responsive to innocuous mechanical stimuli with greater responses to noxious mechanical stimuli) could be subclassified based on the slope values of linear regression lines. WDR1 neurons exhibited significantly greater sensitivity to noxious heat stimulation than WDR2 neurons or nociceptive-specific neurons (NS, responsive only to noxious stimuli). 3. In one behavioral task, the monkeys detected 1.0 degrees C increases in noxious heat from preceding noxious heat stimuli ranging from 44 to 48 degrees C. WDR1, WDR2, and NS neurons increased their discharge frequency as a function of the intensity of the first noxious heat temperature (T1) as well as the final temperature (T2). The responses of WDR1 neurons were greater than those produced by WDR2 or NS neurons across all the temperatures examined. The order of stimulus presentation affected the responses of WDR1 neurons to 1.0 degrees C increases in the noxious heat range but not those of WDR2 or NS neurons. 4. In a second behavioral task, the monkeys detected small increases in noxious heat (0.2-0.8 degrees C) from a first temperature of 46 degrees C. Although the responses of all three classes of neurons were monotonically related to stimulus intensity, WDR1 neurons exhibited greater sensitivity to small temperature increases than either WDR2 or NS neurons. 5. Subpopulations of all three classes of neurons exhibited responses that were independent of thermal stimulus parameters or sensory modality and that only occurred during the behavioral task. These task-related responses were time-locked to specific behavioral events associated with trial initiation and trial continuation. 6. These data provide evidence that a subpopulation of WDR neurons is the dorsal horn cell type most sensitive to small increases in noxious heat in the 45-49 degrees C temperature range and provides the most information about stimulus intensity. The findings support the view that nociceptive neurons have the capacity to precisely encode stimulus features in the noxious range and that WDR neurons are likely to participate in the monkeys' ability to perceive the intensity of such stimuli.
Impact of glyphosate on the Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbiosis with glyphosate-resistant transgenic soybean: a minireview.

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] expressing an insensitive 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene has revolutionized weed control in soybean production. The soybean nitrogen fixing symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, possesses a glyphosate-sensitive enzyme and upon exposure to glyphosate accumulates shikimic add and hydroxybenzoic acids such as protocatechuic acid (PCA), accompanied with B. japonicum growth inhibition and death at high concentrations. In a series of greenhouse and field experiments, glyphosate inhibited nodulation and nodule leghemoglobin content of GR soybean. Glyphosate accumulated in nodules of field-grown GR soybean, but its effect on nitrogenase activity of GR soybean was inconsistent in field studies. In greenhouse studies, nitrogenase activity of GR soybean following glyphosate application was transiently inhibited especially in early growth stages, with the greatest inhibition occurring under moisture stress. Studies using bacteroid preparations showed that the level of glyphosate inhibition of bacteroid nitrogenase activity was related to in vitro glyphosate sensitivity of the B. japonicum strains. These studies indicate the potential for reduced nitrogen fixation in the GR soybean system; however, yield reductions due to this reduced N 2 fixation in early stages of growth have not been demonstrated.
Characterization of high-affinity antidepressant binding to rat and human brain

Studies examining the interaction of various radiolabeled psychotropic agents with neuronal membranes have played an important role in elucidating the central sites of action of many of these compounds. The benzodiazepines and opiate alkaloids, for example, have been demonstrated to interact with a high degree of specificity at recognition sites on neuronal membranes following pharmacologically relevant doses. In contrast, antidepressants interact with many membrane sites with varying degrees of specificity and affinity, including both pre- (Koe, 1976) and postsynaptic (Snyder and Yamamura, 1977) re-uptake and/or receptor sites, and perhaps other, as yet unidentified, binding or recognition sites (Biegon and Samuel, 1979). Therefore, the in vitro conditions employed in studying the binding of radiolabeled antidepressants should be clearly defined and optimized for selective and specific ‘labeling’ of a given membrane site. In this report, we will review studies from our laboratories on the binding of [3H]-imipramine and [3H]-desipramine to membrane preparations from rat and human brain as well as platelets, emphasizing the conditions under which these ligands will selectively label the serotonin and norepinephrine transport sites, respectively.
Detecting Behavioral Deficits Post Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), ranging from mild to severe, almost always elicits an array of behavioral deficits in injured subjects. Some of these TBI-induced behavioral deficits include cognitive and vestibulomotor deficits as well as anxiety and other consequences. Rodent models of TBI have been (and still are) fundamental in establishing many of the pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI. Animal models are also utilized in screening and testing pharmacological effects of potential therapeutic agents for brain injury treatment. This chapter details validated protocols for each of these behavioral deficits post traumatic brain injury in Sprague-Dawley male rats. The elevated plus maze (EPM) protocol is described for assessing anxiety-like behavior; the Morris water maze protocol for assessing cognitive deficits in learning memory and spatial working memory and the rotarod test for assessing vestibulomotor deficits. Language: en
Efficacy of multivariate analysis and zone soil sampling to study relationships between site variables affecting crop yield and yield response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization

Site-specific crop management requires an understanding of relationships between soil and crop measurements in relation to within-field yield variability. The objectives of this study were to identify underlying associations of soil and crop properties using multivariate techniques and to determine their importance in explaining soybean {Glycine max [L.] Merr.) yield variability on five producer's fields. Soil, terrain, and crop variables measured included soil texture, soil organic matter, soil pH, exchangeable Ca and Mg, cation exchange capacity, soil-test P and K; elevation; early growth and early P and K uptake; crop height, plant population, and the incidence of several weeds and diseases. These measurements often were highly correlated and the correlations varied across fields. Factor analysis (FA) grouped correlated site variables into at least three common factors for all fields: conditions for early growth, the interaction between landscape position and soil properties of intrinsic origin, and soil P and K availability. Multiple regression of yield on new variables derived from FA or principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the importance of grouped variables in explaining yield variability varied from field to field. Use of FA or PCA resulted in a similar prediction of within-field yield variability. The explained yield variation was 65 % in one field with large yield variation (35.1 % coefficient of variation) and 10 to 42 % in four fields with small yield variation (< 10 % coefficient of variation). Non-measured variables, such as soil water
Identity Manager Installation

In the previous two chapters, you were provided with the instructions for installing and configuring Oracle Internet Directory (OID) and Oracle Access Manager (OAM).
Arfvedsonite in basalt dykes, Buchans, Newfoundland

Arfvedsonite, an uncommon sodic amphibole, occurs in basalt dykes at Buchans, Newfoundland. Stability and textural relations suggest that the mineral grew during subsolidus cooling of basalt within the submarine geothermal system which persisted during contemporaneous massive sulfide ore formation. It is only sporadically preserved, readily altering to chlorite during prehnite-pumpellyite facies metamorphism or associated hydrothermal alteration. Sodic amphiboles may occur more widely in similar parageneses than has previously been recognized.
The effect of caffeine on skeletal muscle anabolic signaling and hypertrophy

Caffeine is a widely consumed stimulant with the potential to enhance physical performance through multiple mechanisms. However, recent in vitro findings have suggested that caffeine may block skel...
How We Care for an Older Patient With Cancer

As the number of older patients with cancer is increasing, oncology disciplines are faced with the challenge of managing patients with multiple chronic conditions who have difficulty maintaining independence, who may have cognitive impairment, and who also may be more vulnerable to adverse outcomes. National and international societies have recommended that all older patients with cancer undergo geriatric assessment (GA) to detect unaddressed problems and introduce interventions to augment functional status to possibly improve patient survival. Several predictive models have been developed, and evidence has shown correlation between information obtained through GA and treatment-related complications. Comprehensive geriatric evaluations and effective interventions on the basis of GA may prove to be challenging for the oncologist because of the lack of the necessary skills, time constraints, and/or limited available resources. In this article, we describe how the Geriatrics Service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center approaches an older patient with colon cancer from presentation to the end of life, show the importance of GA at the various stages of cancer treatment, and how predictive models are used to tailor the treatment. The patient's needs and preferences are at the core of the decision-making process. Development of a plan of care should always include the patient's preferences, but it is particularly important in the older patient with cancer because a disease-centered approach may neglect noncancer considerations. We will elaborate on the added value of co-management between the oncologist and a geriatric nurse practitioner and on the feasibility of adapting elements of this model into busy oncology practices.
Abstract 81: Pharmacological Inhibition of Calpain Attenuates Adipose Tissue Apoptosis, Macrophage Accumulation and Inflammation in Diet-induced Obese Mice

Background and ObjectiveObesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and apoptosis that contributes to development of insulin resistance and other metabolic complications. Adipose tissue macrophages have been proposed as a link between obesity and insulin resistance. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes are not defined. Calpains are calcium-dependent neutral cysteine proteases that are essential for multiple cellular functions, such as cytoskeletal remodeling and apoptotic cell death. Recent studies have demonstrated that activated calpain promotes adipocyte differentiation in vitro, and enhances macrophage recruitment during nephropathy. However, the functional role of calpain activation in adipose tissue macrophage accumulation and obesity remains to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to define whether pharmacological inhibition of calpain influences diet-induced obesity and adipose tissue macrophage accumulation in mice. Methods and ResultsMale C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks...
Dissecting LSD1‐Dependent Neuronal Maturation in the Olfactory Epithelium

Neurons in the olfactory epithelium (OE) each express a single dominant olfactory receptor (OR) allele from among roughly 1,000 different OR genes. While monogenic and monoallelic OR expression has been appreciated for over two decades, regulators of this process are still being described; most recently, epigenetic modifiers have been of high interest as silent OR genes are decorated with transcriptionally repressive trimethylated histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3) whereas active OR genes are decorated with transcriptionally activating trimethylated histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3). The lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) demethylates at both of these lysine residues and has been shown to disrupt neuronal maturation and OR expression in the developing embryonic OE. Despite the growing literature on LSD1 expression in the OE, a complete characterization of the timing of LSD1 expression relative to neuronal maturation and of the function of LSD1 in the adult OE have yet to be reported. To fill this gap, the present study determined that LSD1 (1) is expressed in early dividing cells before OR expression and neuronal maturation and decreases at the time of OR stabilization; (2) colocalizes with the repressor CoREST (also known as RCOR1) and histone deacetylase 2 in these early dividing cells; and (3) is required for neuronal maturation during a distinct time window between activating reserve stem cells (horizontal basal cells) and Neurogenin1 (+) immediate neuronal precursors. Thus, this study clarifies the role of LSD1 in olfactory neuronal maturation.
America's New Climate Unilateralism: A Better Approach to Copenhagen

This article criticizes the American Clean Energy and Security Act, a bill passed by the U.S. House of Representatives in June 2009 that effectively taxes importers of various projects from specific countries. Although the House tried to justify this fee as the best way to avoid carbon leakage, defined as a significant increase in the release of greenhouse gases in other countries, I argue that this bill is protectionist and creates unrealistic expectations as to how other countries will react to the United States’ attempt to establish unilateral control over such charges. I predict that a WTO dispute panel would not rule in the United States’ favor if this bill were challenged and therefore advocate for multilateral negotiations aimed at addressing the underlying issues with carbon leakage and apportioning liability to various countries.
Estradiol (E2)- and tamoxifen (Tmx)-bound ER-alpha (ERα) interact differentially with histone deacetylases 1 and 3 (HDACs 1 and 3).

Abstract Although ERα activation properties have been intensively studied, this is not the case for their repressive properties. In this report, the ERα ligand binding domain (LBD) is shown to interact both with a deacetylase function and with HDAC1 and HDAC3. Ligands do not affect binding to the deacetylase activity or to HDAC1. In distinction, E2 reduced LBD binding to HDAC3, whereas Tmx had no effect. Knock-down of either HDAC1 or 3 led to increased transcriptional activity by both HDACs, presumably by decreased repression. In distinction, only HDAC3 knock-down led to increased activity in the presence of Tmx. In summary, ERα differentially interacts with HDACs 1 and 3 to regulate transcriptional activity.
Event-Related Potentials as Biomarkers of Behavior Change Mechanisms in Substance Use Disorder Treatment

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are one of the most prevalent psychiatric conditions and represent a significant public health concern. Substantial research has identified key processes related to reinforcement and cognition for the development and maintenance of SUDs, and these processes represent viable treatment targets for psychosocial and pharmacological interventions. Research on SUD treatments has suggested that most approaches are comparable in effectiveness. As a result, recent work has focused on delineating the underlying mechanisms of behavior change that drive SUD treatment outcome. Given the rapid fluctuations associated with the key neurocognitive processes associated with SUDs, high-temporal-resolution measures of human brain processing, namely event-related potentials (ERPs), are uniquely suited to expand our understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms of change during and after SUD treatment. The value of ERPs in the context of SUD treatment are discussed along with work demonstrating the predictive validity of ERPs as biomarkers of SUD treatment response. Example associations between multiple ERP components and psychosocial and/or pharmacological treatment outcome include the P3a and P3b (in response to neutral and substance-related cues), the attention-related negativities (e.g., N170, N200), the late positive potential, and the error-related negativity. Also addressed are limitations of the biomarker approach to underscore the need for research programs evaluating mechanisms of change. Finally, we emphasize the advantages of ERPs as indices of behavior change in SUD treatment and outline issues relevant for future directions in this context.
A Requirements-Based Analysis of Success in Open- Source Software Development Projects

The literature on open-source requirements is commonly concerned either with the processes associated with these requirements or with very specific requirements-related aspects of open-source development. In this study we bridge between these two approaches by exploring the existing relationships between open-source requirements and few characteristics of open-source projects (software quality and software project success). First we develop a requirements-based taxonomy of open-source projects and we discover patterns linking between this taxonomy and project success. We also propose a classification of requirement types based on their representativeness in open-source projects. This highlights the overall importance of various types of requirements in the context of open-source software development. We also identify exceptions defined as the unusually high frequency of a requirement type and explain them based on the specific domain addressed within the project containing the exception. Finally, we investigate the lifecycle of 16 open-source projects and discover and explain patterns of evolution for a number of requirement types.
Neutral Nonstructural Carbohydrates

The photosynthetic creation of carbohydrates and their subsequent metabolism are at the heart of growth and productivity of the cotton plant. Carbohydrate metabolism in cotton has received considerable attention since the pioneering work of Phillis and Mason (1933) and Ergle (1936), and it has played a central role in various models of cotton growth and yield (Baker et al., 1972; Harley et al., 1992; Wall et al., 1994). This chapter deals with some of the cellular and tissue-level processes involved in nonstructural carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, problems associated with the analysis of soluble carbohydrates in tissues are discussed, and the metabolism and excretion by phloem-feeding insects of plant sugars which cause cotton fiber stickiness are examined briefly.
The Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas

The non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHLs) represent a group of diseases arising from clonal proliferation of lymphocytes. NHL is the most common hematologic malignancy, with an estimated new patient incidence of 54,000 with 14,000 deaths from disease,1 accounting for 4% of the new cancer diagnosed in 2004. The NHLs represent a diverse group of diseases with distinctive natural histories and clinical presentations.2 This diversity arises from the fact that each of the lymphomas is derived from distinct stages of the complex process of lymphocyte ontogeny. Morphology was the mainstay of diagnosis and classification of NHL for many years. In 1994, the authors of the Revised European and American Lymphoma (REAL)3 sought to create a classification system that defined distinct clinical entities. To accomplish this, the morphologic appearance was supplemented by the incorporation of additional information derived from immunophenotyping, genetics, and clinical features. This classification was the basis for the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.4,5 There are 27 entities included in the WHO classification of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoid neoplasms; this number excludes subtypes and subcategories recognized in the WHO classification. The major categories of the WHO classification are shown in Table 68.1.
Output feedback receding horizon regulation via moving horizon estimation and model predictive control

Abstract This manuscript develops an algorithm that fuses Carleman moving horizon estimation (CMHE) and Carleman model predictive control (CMPC) together, to design an output feedback receding horizon controller. CMHE identifies the system states as the initial condition for CMPC to make optimal control decisions. The control decisions made by CMPC update the dynamic models used in CMHE to make more precise estimations. Modeling the nonlinear system with Carleman approximation, we estimate the system evolution for both CMHE and CMPC analytically. The Gradient vectors and Hessian matrices are then provided to facilitate the optimizations. To further reduce real-time computation, we adapt the advanced-step NMHE and advanced-step NMPC concepts to our CMHE/CMPC pair to develop an asCMHE/asCMPC pair. It pre-estimates the states and pre-designs the manipulated input sequence one step in advance with analytical models, and then it updates the estimation and control decisions almost in the real-time with pre-calculated analytical sensitivities. A nonlinear CSTR is studied as the illustration example. With CMHE/CMPC pair, the computational time is decreased to one order of magnitude smaller than standard nonlinear MHE and nonlinear MPC. With asCMHE/asCMPC pair, the real-time estimation and control decisions takes a negligible amount of wall-clock time.
The meaning of “coherent” and its quantification in coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy

We have recently introduced a new technique, coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy (CHS), which aims at characterizing a specific kind of tissue hemodynamics that feature a high level of covariation with a given physiological quantity. In this study, we carry out a detailed analysis of the significance of coherence and phase synchronization between oscillations of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and total hemoglobin concentration ([Hbt]), measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a typical protocol for CHS, based on a cyclic thigh cuff occlusion and release. Even though CHS is based on a linear time invariant model between ABP (input) and NIRS measurands (outputs), for practical reasons in a typical CHS protocol, we induce finite "groups" of ABP oscillations, in which each group is characterized by a different frequency. For this reason, ABP (input) and NIRS measurands (output) are not stationary processes, and we have used wavelet coherence and phase synchronization index (PSI), as a metric of coherence and phase synchronization, respectively. PSI was calculated by using both the wavelet cross spectrum and the Hilbert transform. We have also used linear coherence (which requires stationary process) for comparison with wavelet coherence. The method of surrogate data is used to find critical values for the significance of covariation between ABP and [Hbt]. Because we have found similar critical values for wavelet coherence and PSI by using five of the most used methods of surrogate data, we propose to use the data-independent Gaussian random numbers (GRNs), for CHS. By using wavelet coherence and wavelet cross spectrum, and GRNs as surrogate data, we have found the same results for the significance of coherence and phase synchronization between ABP and [Hbt]: on a total set of 20 periods of cuff oscillations, we have found 17 coherent oscillations and 17 phase synchronous oscillations. Phase synchronization assessed with Hilbert transform yielded similar results with 14 phase synchronous oscillations. Linear coherence and wavelet coherence overall yielded similar number of significant values. We discuss possible reasons for this result. Despite the similarity of linear and wavelet coherence, we argue that wavelet coherence is preferable, especially if one wants to use baseline spontaneous oscillations, in which phase locking and coherence between signals might be only temporary.
A practical guide for combining data to model species distributions

Understanding and accurately modeling species distributions lies at the heart of many problems in ecology, evolution, and conservation. Multiple sources of data are increasingly available for modeling species distributions, such as data from citizen science programs, atlases, museums, and planned surveys. Yet reliably combining data sources can be challenging because data sources can vary considerably in their design, gradients covered, and potential sampling biases. We review, synthesize, and illustrate recent developments in combining multiple sources of data for species distribution modeling. We identify five ways in which multiple sources of data are typically combined for modeling species distributions. These approaches vary in their ability to accommodate sampling design, bias, and uncertainty when quantifying environmental relationships in species distribution models. Many of the challenges for combining data are solved through the prudent use of integrated species distribution models: models that simultaneously combine different data sources on species locations to quantify environmental relationships for explaining species distribution. We illustrate these approaches using planned survey data on 24 species of birds coupled with opportunistically collected eBird data in the southeastern United States. This example illustrates some of the benefits of data integration, such as increased precision in environmental relationships, greater predictive accuracy, and accounting for sample bias. Yet it also illustrates challenges of combining data sources with vastly different sampling methodologies and amounts of data. We provide one solution to this challenge through the use of weighted joint likelihoods. Weighted joint likelihoods provide a means to emphasize data sources based on different criteria (e.g., sample size), and we find that weighting improves predictions for all species considered. We conclude by providing practical guidance on combining multiple sources of data for modeling species distributions.
Revisiting Neighborhood Context and Racial Disparities in Drug Arrests Under the Opioid Epidemic

As opioid addiction has risen in recent years, racial disparities in drug arrests may be changing in their size and sources. Neighborhood conditions, like economic disadvantage and racial compositi...
Parenting in transition: refugee populations’ challenges in navigating parenting upon resettlement

With the exception of the last three fiscal years, there has been a consistent influx of refugees being resettled to the U.S. during the last 20 years from Somalia, the Democratic Republic of Congo...
Low-Inductance Load Test of a New 250-Ka, 150-Ns Pulser for Fast X-Pinch Sources

X pinches are well-known sources for point-projection radiography: given the right conditions, they generate very bright, x-ray bursts launched from a very small, dense plasma source. To improve the performance of x pinches, a compact pulser was built at the University of Rochester. The pulser is simplified Linear Transformer Driver: it consists of 5 LTD bricks (which is two capacitors and high-current switch all are connected in series) directly coupled to the transmission line, with bricks hanging from the transmission line rather than positioned radially outward, as it is the case in usual LTD designs. The pulser can store up to 4-kJ of initial energy when charged to ±100 kV, and simulations predict it can deliver up to 300-kA of peak current into an inductive x-pinch load with less than 150-ns time-to-peak. In this paper we present short-circuit measurements of the pulser. The load is 2.54-cm-long, 9.6-cm-diameter metal cylinder installed in the anode-cathode gap with inductance of only 1.13 nH. The current oscillations into this load allow us to directly measure the driver internal inductance and resistance. The data is compared to the Screamer simulations.
Reproductive Life Goals: A Systematic Review of Pregnancy Planning Intentions, Needs, and Interventions Among Women Involved in U.S. Criminal Justice Systems.

Background: Women involved in criminal justice systems (WICJ) are affected by multilevel biological and sociocultural factors that result in adverse health outcomes and health disparities. Criminal justice systems (CJS) must be appropriately resourced to address these issues. Materials and Methods: We developed a systematic review to understand the intentions and needs for pregnancy prevention and planning among WICJ to inform future reproductive health services. We conducted a systematic literature review of epidemiologic and interventional studies that addressed the pregnancy prevention and planning needs of U.S. WICJ (2000-2019). An initial screen identified 7061 articles and 3 independent reviewers determined that 28 articles (16 descriptive studies in adults, 7 descriptive studies in adolescents, and 5 interventional studies) met inclusion criteria. Results: The literature review identified high rates of contraception underutilization and negative attitudes toward pregnancy among WICJ in a wide variety of settings. WICJ described minimal access to reproductive health services, including evidence-based contraception, and experienced high rates of unplanned and undesired pregnancies. Results were interpreted in the context of the reproductive justice (RJ) framework. Conclusions: The CJS, although not designed to provide health care, should dedicate resources to address the multilevel barriers to care experienced by women. WICJ require targeted, gender-responsive, trauma-informed pregnancy prevention and planning interventions that acknowledge the history of reproductive coercion in this population and address key aspects of RJ, including the right to and to not have a child.
Thermal instability and multiphase gas in the simulated interstellar medium with conduction, viscosity, and magnetic fields

Thermal instability (TI) plays a crucial role in the formation of multiphase structures and their dynamics in the Interstellar Medium (ISM) and is a leading theory for cold cloud creation in various astrophysical environments. In this paper we use two-dimensional (2D) simulations to investigate thermal instability under the influence of various initial conditions and physical processes. We experiment with Gaussian random field (GRF) density perturbations of different initial power spectra. We also enroll thermal conduction and physical viscosity in isotropic hydrodynamic and anisotropic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. We find that the initial GRF spectral index $\alpha$ has a dramatic impact on the pure hydrodynamic development of thermal instability, influencing the size, number and motions of clouds. Cloud fragmentation happens due to two mechanisms: tearing and contraction rebound. In the runs with isotropic conduction and viscosity, the structures and dynamics of the clouds are dominated by evaporation and condensation flows in the non-linear regime, and the flow speed is regulated by viscosity. Cloud disruptions happen as a result of the Darrieus--Landau instability (DLI). Although at very late times, all individual clouds merge into one cold structure in all hydrodynamic runs. In the MHD case, the cloud structure is determined by both the initial perturbations and the initial magnetic field strength. In high $\beta$ runs, anisotropic conduction causes dense filaments to align with the local magnetic fields and the field direction can become reoriented. Strong magnetic fields suppress cross-field contraction and cold filaments can form along or perpendicular to the initial fields.
EDUCAÇÃO E CIÊNCIAS NA INFÂNCIA: UM RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA

Neste artigo o ensino de ciencias na educacao infantil sera abordado atraves de um relato de experiencia da pratica pedagogica, no Projeto Pequenos Cientistas. O objetivo do trabalho em questao e demonstrar a importância que o ensino de ciencias tem na aprendizagem infantil e o quanto ele influencia para a construcao de cidadaos criticos e conscientes. Este projeto de pesquisa foi um estudo de caso realizado durante todo o ano de 2018, onde as praticas pedagogicas foram voltadas para a compreensao do ensino de ciencias na educacao infantil. Os resultados apontam que as escolas tem grande dificuldade em abordar os conhecimentos desta area de forma efetiva com as criancas menores, por isso, a ciencia que contribui de forma significativa na educacao infantil, passa a ser um conteudo raso e com abordagens falhas, nao atingindo as perspectivas necessarias, conforme os Parâmetros Curriculares de Ciencias Naturais. Desta forma, conclui-se que e necessario reformular a abordagem do ensino com as criancas, tornando a aprendizagem efetiva e significativa.
Neuroimmune interaction in inflammatory diseases.

The inﬂammatory response is modulated through interactions among the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Intercommunication between immune cells and the autonomic nervous system is a growing area of interest. Spatial and temporal information about inﬂammatory processes is relayed to the central nervous system (CNS) where neuroimmune modulation serves to control the extent and intensity of the inﬂammation. Over the past few decades, research has revealed various routes by which the nervous system and the immune system communicate. The CNS regulates the immune system via hormonal and neuronal pathways, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The immune system signals the CNS through cytokines that act both centrally and peripherally. This review aims to introduce the concept of neuroimmune interaction and discuss its potential clinical application, in an attempt to broaden the awareness of this rapidly evolving area and open up new avenues that may aid in the treatment of inﬂammatory diseases.
RNA Ligase and Its Involvement in Guide RNA/mRNA Chimera Formation EVIDENCE FOR A CLEAVAGE-LIGATION MECHANISM OF TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI mRNA EDITING

RNA editing in Trypanosoma brucei results in the addition and deletion of uridine residues within several mitochondrial mRNAs. Editing is thought to be directed by guide RNAs and may proceed via a chimeric guide RNA/mRNA intermediate. We have previously shown that chimera-forming activity sediments with 19 S and 35-40 S mitochondrial ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs). In this report we examine the involvement of RNA ligase in the production of chimeric molecules in vitro. Two adenylylated proteins of 50 and 57 kDa co-sediment on glycerol gradients with RNA ligase activity as components of the ribonucleoprotein particles. The two adenylylated proteins differ in sequence and contain AMP linked via a phosphoamide bond. Both proteins are deadenylylated by the addition of ligatable RNA substrate with the concomitant release of AMP and by the addition of pyrophosphate to yield ATP. Incubation with nonligatable RNA substrate results in an accumulation of the adenylylated RNA intermediate. These experiments identify the adenylylated proteins as RNA ligases. AMP release from the mitochondrial RNA ligase is also concomitant with chimera formation. Inhibition by nonhydrolyzable analogs indicates that both RNA ligase and chimera-forming activities require alpha-beta bond hydrolysis of ATP. Deadenylylation of the ligase inhibits chimera formation. These results strongly suggest the involvement of RNA ligase in in vitro chimera formation and support the cleavage-ligation mechanism for kinetoplastid RNA editing.