cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early-life stress has persistent effects on amygdala function and development in mice and humans

Relatively little is known about neurobiological changes attributable to early-life stressors (e.g., orphanage rearing), even though they have been associated with a heightened risk for later psychopathology. Human neuroimaging and animal studies provide complementary insights into the neural basis of problem behaviors following stress, but too often are limited by dissimilar experimental designs. The current mouse study manipulates the type and timing of a stressor to parallel the early-life stress experience of orphanage rearing, controlling for genetic and environmental confounds inherent in human studies. The results provide evidence of both early and persistent alterations in amygdala circuitry and function following early-life stress. These effects are not reversed when the stressor is removed nor diminished with the development of prefrontal regulation regions. These neural and behavioral findings are similar to our human findings in children adopted from orphanages abroad in that even following removal from the orphanage, the ability to suppress attention toward potentially threatening information in favor of goal-directed behavior was diminished relative to never-institutionalized children. Together, these findings highlight how early-life stress can lead to altered brain circuitry and emotion dysregulation that may increase the risk for psychopathology.
Simple Method for Streamflow Disaggregation

AbstractStreamflow disaggregation from monthly to daily was performed using a relatively simple, flexible, and adaptive method. Only streamflow acts as a decision variable in this disaggregation process. To disaggregate monthly to daily flow at the target station (TS), monthly counterparts at the source station (SS) were selected on the basis of minimum error criteria, which are calculated with respect to streamflow volume within a three-month time window. Daily streamflow indexes at SS were then calculated to disaggregate monthly to daily streamflow at TS during the disaggregation process. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been demonstrated through its application at both regulated and unregulated waterways located in the northwest states, including Idaho and Wyoming. For both regulated and unregulated monthly streamflow, the proposed method well represents daily streamflow realizations similar to historical flows and preserves both mass balance and a series of statistical characteristics. How...
Scaling Analysis of the Effect of Binder Content and Binder Distribution on the Gas Permeability of Porous Green Ceramics

Two models have been developed to describe how variations in binder content and binder distribution influence the specific surface and the gas permeability of porous media. In the Core-Shell model, a shell of binder surrounds each ceramic particle, and the specific surface increases with decreasing volume fraction of binder. In the Multi-Sphere model, binder particles occupy the interstices between the ceramic particles, and the specific surface generally decreases with decreasing volume fraction of binder. The variation in the permeability with binder content predicted by each model is different as compared with the case of a constant specific surface.
Experimentally controlled optical bistability and multistability in a three-level atomic system

Optical bistability and multistability are experimentally demonstrated in an optical ring cavity containing three-level (Λ-type) rubidium atoms. They are sensitive to the induced atomic coherence and can be controlled by coupling field and atomic density.
Nursing Student Perceptions of Reflective Journaling: A Conjoint Value Analysis

This study used a statistical technique, conjoint value analysis, to determine student perceptions related to the importance of predetermined reflective journaling attributes. An expert Delphi panel determined these attributes and integrated them into a survey which presented students with multiple journaling experiences from which they had to choose. After obtaining IRB approval, a convenience sample of 66 baccalaureate nursing students completed the survey. The relative importance of the attributes varied from a low of 16.75% (format) to a high of 23.58% (time). The model explained 77% of the variability of student journaling preferences (r(2) = 0.77). Students preferred shorter time, complete confidentiality, one-time complete feedback, semistructured format, and behavior recognition. Students with more experience had a much greater preference for a free-form format (P < .05) when compared to students with less journaling experience. Additionally, the results of English as a second language students were significantly different from the rest of the sample. In order to better serve them, educators must consider the relative importance of these attributes when developing journaling experiences for their students.
Artificial boundary layers in discontinuous Galerkin solutions to shallow water equations in channels

In this work, we consider the application of Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) solutions to open channel flow problems, governed by two-dimensional shallow water equations (SWE), with solid curved wall boundaries on which the no-normal flow boundary conditions are prescribed. A commonly used approach consists of straightforwardly imposing the no-normal flow condition on the linear approximation of curved walls. Numerical solutions indicate clearly that this approach could lead to unfavorable results and that a proper treatment of the no-normal flow condition on curved walls is crucial for an accurate DG solution to the SWE. In the test case used, errors introduced through the commonly used approach result in artificial boundary layers of one-grid-size thickness in the velocity field and a corresponding over-prediction of the surface elevation in the upstream direction. These significant inaccuracies, which render the coarse mesh solution unreliable, appear in all DG schemes employed including those using linear, quadratic, and cubic DG polynomials. The issue can be alleviated by either using an approach accounting for errors introduced by the geometric approximation or an approach that accurately represents the geometry.
Neoplastic Prostate Pathology for the Practicing Urologist: When to Call Your Pathologist About Pathology Results

The standard methods for routine histologic processing and examination must be adhered to for the preparation of prostate tissue. Likewise, pathology reporting of prostate cancer should be standardized, and the Gleason scoring system is the cornerstone of this reporting. The advent of robotic-assisted surgery emphasizes the importance of urologist–pathologist interactions for the proper handling of these specimens, and for the proper histologic evaluation of the corresponding microscopic slides.
Chromosomal abnormalities not currently detected by cell-free fetal DNA: a retrospective analysis at a single center.

Background Cell-free fetal DNA analysis is used as a screening test to identify pregnancies that are at risk for common autosomal and sex chromosome aneuploidies. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the chromosomal abnormalities that would not be detected by cell-free fetal DNA in a single medical center. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort analysis of 3182 consecutive invasive diagnostic procedures that were performed at Montefiore Medical Center's Division of Reproductive and Medical Genetics from January 1, 2009 to August 31, 2014. All patients underwent cytogenetic analysis; one-third of the patients (1037/3182) went through chromosomal microarray analysis. Results Clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 220 of 3140 cases (7%) after we excluded multiple gestation pregnancies (n = 42). Of these 125 cases (57%) were diagnosed with the common autosomal trisomies that involved chromosomes 21, 18, and 13 and with sex chromosome aneuploidies. There were 23 mosaic karyotypes; 8 of them involved trisomy in chromosomes 21 and 13; 5 of them were sex chromosome mosaics, and 10 of them were other mosaic cases. Five cases of triploidy were detected. Additionally, 19 unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements, a rare autosomal trisomy, and 47 clinically significant findings on chromosomal microarray analysis were diagnosed. Based on the published detection rates of cell-free fetal DNA testing and considering the "no-results" rate, we calculated that 99 of 220 chromosomal changes (45%) could not have been detected by cell-free fetal DNA testing: 16 of the 125 common aneuploidies and sex chromosome aneuploidies, 1 of the 5 triploidy cases, 15 of the 23 mosaic cases, all cases of unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements (n = 19), rare autosomal trisomy (n = 1), and 47 clinically significant chromosomal microarray abnormalities. Conclusions Current cell-free DNA testing could not detect up to one-half of the clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities that were found, which included clinically significant chromosomal microarray abnormalities. Among the 99 abnormal karyotypes that were not identified by cell-free DNA screening, 79% were from women with abnormal screening or abnormal ultrasound finding; 21% were from women who underwent invasive testing simply for advanced maternal age/concern, with no other risk factors or ultrasound findings. This information highlights the limitations of cell-free DNA screening and the importance of counseling patients about all prenatal screening and diagnostic procedures and about the added gain of invasive testing with karyotype and microarray.
Politics as a Peculiar Business: Additive vs. Entangled Political Economy

This is a preliminary draft of the third of what will be eight chapters in a book titled Politics as a Peculiar Business: Public Choice in a System of Entangled Political Economy. This chapter contrasts two approaches to working with the compound noun “political economy.” The standard, additive framework treats polity and economy as distinct objects, and with polity intervening into economy to change its attributes. The alternative, entangled framework treats polity and economy as comprising a single system that is only partially decomposable into separate subsystems. This alternative framework sets forth an alternative treatment of property rights and of the capital accounts of political enterprises.
Accelerated Development of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Induced by Interactions with Colletotrichum graminicola (Melanconiales: Melanconiaceae), the Causal Fungus of Maize Anthracnose

European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), larvae developed ca. 20% faster on maize tissues infected with Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) Wils., the causal fungus of anthracnose leaf blight and stalk rot, than on noninoculated tissues. Large larvae fed healthy maize stalks vacuum-infiltrated with culture filtrates of C. graminicola grown in a sodium polypectate/corn stalk medium developed ca. 25% faster than larvae reared on stalks infiltrated with noninoculated medium. No differences in pupal weight were noted in any experimental treatment. We suggest that stimulation of larval development by C. graminicola is related to maceration of corn tissue and breakdown of complex carbohydrates by fungal enzymes.
Photosynthetic responses to light variation in rainforest species I. Induction under constant and fluctuating light conditions

Photosynthetic induction under constant and fluctuating light conditions was investigated in intact leaves of Alocasia macrorrhiza and Toona australis, two species native to Australian rainforests. When leaves were exposed to saturating light following a long period at low light intensity, an induction period of 25–40 min was required before steady-state photosynthesis was achieved. A long induction period was required regardless of plant growth conditions (high vs. low light) and ambient CO2 concentrations during mesurement. In low-light grown A. macrorrhiza, the initial slope of the relationship between assimilation and internal CO2 pressure increased 7-fold from 30 s following illumination to the end of the induction period. Both stomatal and carboxylation limitations play a role in photosynthetic induction, but carboxylation limitations predominate during the first 6–10 min. In both species, leaf induction state increased 2 to 3-fold during a sequence of five 30-or 60-s lightflecks separated by 2 min of low light. Rates of induction during 60-s lightflecks and during constant illumination were similar. Induction loss in low-light grown leaves of Alocasia macrorrhiza required more than 60 min of continuous exposure to low light conditions. These results suggest that, under forest understory conditions, leaves are at intermediate induction states for most of the day. The ability to utilize sunflecks may therefore be strongly influenced by the ability of leaves to maintain relatively high states of induction during long periods of low light.
The Impact of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics on Diagnosis and Treatment

Chromosomal abnormalities have long been associated with malignant transformation. For many years such aneuploidy was considered to be random and therefore an epi-phenomenon of malignancy. However, the discovery by Nowell and Hungerford that a specific cytogenetic aneuploidy was associated with a specific disease, the Philadelphia chromosome and its association with the clinical diagnosis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia, initiated a new era of the study of chromosomes in leukaemia [1]. This cytogenetic aneuploidy was called Philadelphia One, because it was expected that other non-random chromosome abnormalities would be rapidly discovered. There is no Philadelphia Two to date. In acute leukaemia, somewhere between 40 and 80% of patients were found to have aneuploidy, but, again, multiple abnormalities were discovered [2] and it was not until 1973 that an association with clinical characteristics for a specific non-random chromosome aneuploidy, the 8;21 translocation, was described [3]. It now seems clear that non-random chromosome abnormalities are associated with specific diagnoses, that is, distinctive natural histories of the disease and perhaps more important have proven to be an independent and important prognostic factor in predicting response to therapy [4,5].
Evidence for regulation of sodium transport from airspace to vascular space by cAMP.

Evidence has been accumulating that regulation of the rate of solute and fluid removal from the alveolar spaces may play an important role in the prevention and/or resolution of alveolar pulmonary edema. In this study, the isolated perfused rat lung was used to investigate the effects of an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) analogue or a phosphodiesterase inhibitor on active sodium transport from airspace to vascular space. Three tracers were instilled into the airways of isolated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (KRB)-perfused rat lungs. The appearance of tracers in the single-pass perfusate was measured, and the apparent permeability-surface area products (PS) were calculated for each tracer at each sample time based on Fick's first law of diffusion. After steady-state PS values had been reached, a cAMP analogue or phosphodiesterase inhibitor was added to the perfusate. Both agents caused significant increases in the PS for 22Na. In another group of experiments, a cAMP analogue was added to t...
Governing Civil Society in Nigeria and Zimbabwe: A Question of Policy Process and Non-State Actors’ Involvement

Sovereign nations have the right to regulate the activities and operations of civil society organizations (CSOs) within their jurisdiction. The nature of official policy controls bears important implications for the breath and health of associational life, to the degree that they are relaxed, restrictive, or intrusive. Since nations in Africa have often been seen to subvert the growth and impact of CSOs, this article traces the policy controls that govern CSOs in Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Within the context of policy change, the article employs the Advocacy Coalition Framework in an effort to trace the policy process in these two countries. It particularly focuses on CSOs-focused policies and on clarifying the role and influence of non-state actors. Although political elites continue to dominate the policy process, non-state actors increasingly permeate the process through various formal and informal strategies, including the use of venues and influencing public opinion. Overall, CSOs-focused policies reflect distorted beliefs originating from the West’s preoccupations with a homogeneous, governance-focused African civil society.
Goals and Behavior

You must imagine your life … and then it happens. (John Updike, The Witches of Eastwick ) To say that behavior is regulated by feedback processes is to assume the existence of reference values for behavior. In this chapter we consider reference values and some differences among them. For most practical purposes the term reference value is interchangeable with the term goal . Life, in this framework, is a continual process of establishing goals and adjusting patterns of behavior to match those goals more closely, using informational feedback as a guide. GOALS This emphasis on goals is very much in line with a growing emphasis on goal constructs in today's personality–social psychology (Austin & Vancouver, 1996; Elliott & Dweck, 1988; Miller & Read, 1987; Pervin, 1982, 1989). A variety of labels are used in this literature, reflecting differences in the emphases that various writers place on aspects of the goal construct. The next section briefly reviews a few of these constructs. An Overview of Broad Goal Constructs One of the earliest of this generation of goal constructs was Klinger's (1975, 1977) use of the phrase current concern to describe goals with which a person is presently engaged. This phrase conveys the sense that the goals are temporary. They occupy the mind for a while but eventually yield to other concerns. The phrase also suggests a sense of mental engagement with an issue or problem, a quality of unfinished business.
Modeling distributed beamforming in wireless networks

Distributed beamforming in wireless ad hoc networks has the promise of greatly improving network throughput. However, unlike traditional beamforming from a fixed array, the random locations of the nodes collaborating to form the array lead to a random beam pattern. In particular, the position and size of side lobes can vary greatly and have a significant impact on the concurrent transmissions that are the source of much of the throughput gain realized from distributed beamforming. Here, we present a simple model that captures this randomness and then use the model to consider the average throughput of a large ad hoc wireless networks. Numerical results are compared to those obtained if one employs the oft-used pie-wedge approximation for a directed antenna beam, and the difference is shown to be significant in regions where the side lobe interference is non-negligible.
Influence of perioperative complication severity on 1- and 2-year outcomes of low back surgery

Several factors potentially influence outcomes of surgery, including perioperative complications. Complications may take many forms and the Clavien–Dindo (CD) classification is designed to categorize them by degree of severity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of perioperative complications by severity categorization on the 1-and 2-year pain and disability outcomes for patients who received low back surgery. Data used for the study involved a purposive sample (N = 477; 8.1%) from a spine outcomes registry of 5876 patients who received spine surgery and encountered complications. All complications were categorized using the CD classification and were collapsed according to distribution frequencies, i.e., Grade I–II and Grade III–V. Adjusted and unadjusted regression analyses were used to determine the association between CD classification and 1- and 2-year outcomes. The majority of surgical complications were Grade III−V (N = 358; 75.1%), with two incidences in which death occurred. For the unadjusted models, there were no significant associations between CD classification categorizations for 1-year outcomes; however, 2-year outcomes were significantly worse (P <0.05) for those with Grade III–V categorization. When adjusted and controlled for baseline characteristics, CD classification did not influence 1-or 2-year pain and disability outcomes. When control variables are considered, the severity of perioperative surgical complications does not appear to influence 1- or 2-year pain and disability outcomes. Level 4.
Simulation and Measurement of Power Distribution Networks (PDN)

Abstract In this publication, signal integrity issues of Power Distribution Networks (PDNs) are addressed (to insure acceptable quality of signals within); Transmission line effects, Crosstalk, and Impedance mismatch. Power Integrity issues of PDNs are also addressed (to insure acceptable quality of power delivery within); Voltage drop, High impedance, Parasitic Via inductances, and Noise coupling. In this work, ANSYS™ HFSS 2013 FEM simulation techniques development, adaptive meshing, and convergence to S-parameters, Differential S-parameters, and Z-parameters to design and simulate PDNs under different conditions and the results are compared to measurements performed in our laboratories.
Differential susceptibility to xylem cavitation among three pairs of Ceanothus species in the Transverse Mountain Ranges of southern California.

AbstractChaparral shrub communities of California are often dominated by indigenous species of the genus Ceanothus, which is further divided into two subgenera: Cerastes and Ceanothus. Cerastes is ...
Sacubitril/Valsartan: The Newest Addition to the Toolbox for Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy of Heart Failure

Sacubitril/valsartan combines a neprilysin inhibitor with an angiotensin receptor blocker. As an inhibitor of neprilysin, an enzyme that degrades biologically active natriuretic peptides, this first-in-class therapy increases levels of circulating natriuretic peptides, resulting in natriuretic, diuretic, and vasodilatory effects. In patients with chronic New York Heart Association class II-IV heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, the PARADIGM-HF trial demonstrated that sacubitril/valsartan significantly reduced the primary endpoint of cardiovascular mortality and heart failure hospitalization, compared with enalapril. The rate of all-cause mortality was also significantly reduced. Subsequently, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Heart Failure Society of America recently updated guideline recommendations for Stage C patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction to recommend angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or sacubitril/valsartan in conjunction with other evidence-based therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality. Several analyses have suggested the cost-effectiveness of this new therapy. To ensure tolerability, initiating the lower dosage form of sacubitril/valsartan is warranted in patients with severe renal impairment, moderate hepatic impairment, and low blood pressure, and close monitoring is warranted in such patients. A 36-hour washout period is recommended when switching patients from an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor to sacubitril/valsartan. Similarly, sacubitril/valsartan is contraindicated in patients receiving concomitant angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker and those with a history of angioedema.
ARM Architecture and Programming

This chapter covers the ARM architecture, ARM instructions, ARM programming and development of programs for execution on ARM virtual machines. These include ARM processor modes, register banks in different modes, instructions and basic programming in ARM assembly. It introduces the ARM toolchain under Ubuntu (15.10) Linux and emulated ARM virtual machines under QEMU. It shows how to use the ARM toolchain to develop programs for execution on the ARM Versatilepb virtual machine by a series of programming examples. It explains the function call convention in C and shows how to interface assembly code with C programs. Then it develops a simple UART driver for I/O on serial ports, and a LCD driver for displaying both graphic images and text. It also shows the implementation of a generic printf() function for formatted printing to output devices that support the basic print char operation.
Afterword: The Machiavellian Moment: A Very Short Retrospect and Re-Introduction

Published in 1975, The Machiavellian Moment stands a little short of a midpoint in a sequence of works I have written over the last 60 years. I shall attempt to situate it in this sequence and thei...
A History of Superconductivity

This first International Symposium on Superconductivity, ISS-88, is an historic event. It brings together for the first time a truly international collection of scientists and engineers to discuss the full range of issues—from basic science to practical technology—raised by the discovery of the new high-temperature superconductors. It celebrates the founding of ISTEC, the first major research organization in the world to be formed for the expressed purpose of advancing the science and technology of these new materials. The international emphasis of both ISTEC and this Symposium is a clear reflection of the times in which we live—times in which the international character of science and technology is fully being appreciated, not only by scientists and engineers, but the general populace as well.
Identification of Distributed-Parameter Vibrating Systems

Abstract This paper describes a method for the identification of the parameters entering into the equations of motion of distributed-para-meter systems. Because the motion of distributed systems is described in terms of partial differential equations, these parameters are in general continuous functions of the spatial variables. For vibrating systems, these parameters ordinarily represent the mass, stiffness and damping distributions. In this paper, these distributions are expanded in terms of finite series of known functions of the spatial variables multiplied by undetermined coefficients. Assuming that the nature of the equations of motion is known and that a limited number of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions is given, use is made of the least-squares method, in conjunction with the eigenfunctions' orthogonality, to compute the undetermined coefficients, thus identifying the system distributed parameters.
The revisionist's rubric: conceptual engineering and the discontinuity objection

ABSTRACTThis paper is about conceptual engineering (CE). Specifically, it discusses a common objection to CE, which I call the Discontinuity Objection. According to the Discontinuity Objection, CE leads to problematic discontinuities in subject and/or inquiry – making it philosophically uninteresting or irrelevant. I argue that a conceptual engineer can dismiss the Discontinuity Objection by showing that the pre-engineering concept persists through the proposed changes. In other words, the Discontinuity Objection does not apply if the proposal involves identity-preserving changes. Two existing views on identity-preserving changes are considered and rejected. I then argue that an identity-preserving conceptual change is one that allows the concept to continue to perform its function. A concept’s function is its job, its point and purpose, its role in a conceptual repertoire. In a slogan: Preserve a concept’s function, and you preserve the concept itself; preserve the concept, and you preserve the subject. ...
“I Sought & Made to Myself an Extraordinary Destiny”

This essay traces the difficulties over more than forty years in recovering an accurate “female biography” of Mary Hays. In doing so, I explore the intellectual and affective relationship between t...
Energetics of van der Waals Adsorption on the Metal–Organic Framework NU-1000 with Zr6-oxo, Hydroxo, and Aqua Nodes

We report measurements of adsorption isotherms and the determination of the isosteric heats of adsorption of several small gases (H2, D2, Ne, N2, CO, CH4, C2H6, Ar, Kr, and Xe) on the metal–organic framework (MOF) NU-1000, which is one of the most thermally stable MOFs. It has transition-metal nodes of formula Zr6(μ3-OH)4(μ3-O)4(OH)4(OH2)4 that resemble hydrated ZrO2 clusters and can serve as catalysts or catalyst supports. The linkers in this MOF are pyrenes linked to the nodes via the carboxylate groups of benzoates. The broad range of adsorbates studied here allows us to compare trends both with adsorption on other surfaces and with density functional calculations also presented here. The experimental isotherms indicate similar filling of the MOF surface by the different gases, starting with strong adsorption sites near the Zr atoms, a result corroborated by the density functional calculations. This adsorption is followed by the filling of other adsorption sites on the nodes and organic framework. Capi...
Association of Social Service Spending, Environmental Quality, and Health Behaviors on Health Outcomes.

Abstract Recent studies on state-level spending on social services have shown that states with higher ratios of social to health care spending were associated with better health outcomes. This study extends this work by examining the association of specific elements of social service spending and other determinants of health, such as health behaviors, education, and environmental factors at the metropolitan/city level, on several measures of health outcomes between 2005 and 2014. This study found that several potential determinants of health including exercise, air pollution, smoking, per pupil educational spending, and several types of social service spending were associated with improvements in health outcomes. These health outcomes included age-adjusted mortality, chronic disease prevalence, days of poor health, and obesity rates. The results suggest that a broader strategy beyond health care that includes investments in social services, improved environmental quality, and health behaviors could improv...
Inter-visit variability of conjunctival microvascular hemodynamic measurements in healthy and diabetic retinopathy subjects.

Abstract Conjunctival microcirculation imaging provides a non-invasive means for detecting hemodynamic alterations due to systemic and ocular diseases. However, reliable longitudinal monitoring of hemodynamic changes due to disease progression requires establishment of measurement variability over time. The purpose of the current study was to determine inter-visit variability of conjunctival microvascular hemodynamic measurements in non-diabetic control (NC, N = 7) and diabetic retinopathy (DR, N = 10) subjects. Conjunctival microvascular imaging was performed during 2 visits, which were 17 ± 12 weeks apart. Images were analyzed to determine vessel diameter (D), axial blood velocity (V), blood flow (Q), wall shear rate (WSR) and wall shear stress (WSS). The inter-visit variability was determined based on mean inter-visit differences. In NC, inter-visit variability of D, V, Q, WSR and WSS were 0.2 ± 0.5 μm, −0.01 ± 0.16 mm/s, −8 ± 46 pl/s, −3 ± 46 s−1 and −0.01 ± 0.10 dyne/cm2, respectively. Inter-visit variability of D, V, Q, WSR and WSS were beyond the normal 95% confidence limits in 60%, 20%, 40%, 20% and 20% of DR subjects, respectively. The variability of hemodynamic measurements over time was established in non-diabetic subjects, suggestive of the potential of the method for detecting longitudinal changes due to progression of DR.
Analysis of MRC for Mixed-ADC massive MIMO

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with one-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) suffer from substantial channel estimation error caused by the coarse quantization which results in spectral efficiency (SE) loss. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of so-called mixed-ADC architectures to overcome this issue. We study to what extent one can combat the SE loss by exploiting just N << M pairs of high-resolution ADCs, where M denotes the number of BS antennas. Unlike previous work on this problem, we incorporate both high-resolution and one-bit observations in the channel estimation algorithm, and we use a more accurate model for the quantization noise based on the Bussgang decomposition.
Obesity, anorexia, and bulimia

Eating disorders are common in our society. They represent a heterogeneous group of disorders with respect to pathophysiology (biological, social-cultural, psychological, familial, and developmental), presentation, and treatment. The patient may have superimposed comorbid psychiatric illnesses and may even exhibit features common to both anorexia and bulimia. Regardless, the health care provider must remain cognizant of these illnesses to be able to offer prompt referral to an appropriate center with expertise in treating these pervasive illnesses.
Pain in the Critically Ill Patient

Most critically ill patients experience moderate to severe pain while in the intensive care unit (ICU). Causes include pre-existing chronic pain, acute postsurgical pain, and pain due to multiple ICU procedures and devices. Pain in these patients is often underappreciated and undertreated because of persistent knowledge gaps and lack of a systematic approach by clinicians. Untreated pain is associated with delirium, prolonged length of stay, chronic pain, post-traumatic stress disorder, and even mortality. A multidisciplinary approach using structured protocols and employing multimodal therapies is recommended to identify, characterize, and manage pain in the ICU. The goal is to decrease the severity of the pain as much as is safely possible so that patients can actively participate in their care. Patient self-report using the numeric rating scale (NRS-V) is the most reliable approach for assessment of pain in ICU patients. In noncommunicative patients, psychometric tools such as the critical-care pain observation tools (CPOT) should be used. Opioids are still the main treatment options. Whenever possible, they should be supplemented with appropriate adjuvants such as acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and neuraxial or regional nerve blocks. Patients should be closely monitored for adequacy of analgesia, side effects, and drug interactions. Management should be adjusted as needed based on this monitoring.
Free shear flow coherent structures in a low-dimensional eigenfunction space

Large-scale coherent structures in the free shear layers have been the subject of many studies (see Ho & Huerre1 for a comprehensive review) due to their important role in the mixing, entrainment and the laminar-turbulent transition processes.
7 Molecular Mechanisms of Histoplasma Pathogenesis

Histoplasma capsulatum is a thermally dimorphic fungus that causes respiratory and systemic disease in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Mammalian body temperatures trigger differentiation of Histoplasma into pathogenic yeasts, which infect and survive within host phagocytes. A signaling histidine kinase and three transcription factors regulate the dimorphic switch and expression of the yeast-phase regulon. Factors uniquely produced by yeasts facilitate Histoplasma survival by concealing molecular signatures to prevent Histoplasma detection by phagocytes and by detoxifying antimicrobial defense molecules produced by phagocytes. The synthesis of α-linked cell wall glucan polysaccharides enables stealthy entry into phagocytes and the expression of an extracellular superoxide dismutase and an extracellular catalase that protect Histoplasma yeasts specifically from host-derived reactive oxygen. Once survival and intracellular residence is accomplished, Histoplasma synthesizes factors for nutrient acquisition in the nutrient-limited phagosome, including iron-scavenging siderophores and a ferric reductase. In addition, Histoplasma yeasts secrete several novel factors with undefined functions that are probably linked to pathogenesis by virtue of their pathogenic-phase-specific expression and their extracellular location, which enables them to act at the host–pathogen interface.
Inhibition of NF-κB during human dendritic cell differentiation generates anergy and regulatory T-cell activity for one but not two human leukocyte antigen DR mismatches

We examined the in vitro inhibition of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) maturation via NF-kappaB blockade on T-cell allostimulation, cytokine production, and regulatory T-cell generation. DC were generated from CD14+ monocytes isolated from peripheral blood using GM-CSF and IL-4 for differentiation and TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and PGE2 as maturational stimuli with or without the NF-kappaB inhibitors, BAY 11-7082 (BAY-DC) or Aspirin (ASA-DC). Stimulator and responder cells were one versus two HLA-DR mismatched in direct versus indirect presentation assays. Both BAY-DC and ASA-DC expressed high levels of HLA-DR and CD86 but always expressed less CD40 compared with controls. Some experiments showed slightly lower levels of CD80. Both BAY- and ASA-allogeneic DC and autologous alloantigen pulsed DC were weaker stimulators of T cells (by MLR) compared with controls, and there was reduced IL-2 and IFN-gamma production by T cells stimulated with BAY-DC or ASA-DC (by ELISPOT) (more marked results were always observed with ASA-treated DC). In addition, NF-kappaB blockade of DC maturation caused the generation of T cells with regulatory function (T regs) but only when T cells were stimulated by either allogeneic (direct presentation) or alloantigen pulsed autologous DC (indirect presentation) with one HLA-DR mismatch and not with two HLA-DR mismatches (either direct or indirect presentation). However, the T regs generated from these ASA-DC showed similar FoxP3 mRNA expression to those from nontreated DC. Extension of this study to human organ transplantation suggests potential therapies using one DR-matched NF-kappaB blocked DC to help generate clinical tolerance.
Peers and Peeps

This chapter explores the influence of peers on the well-being and life outcomes of African American boys and adolescents. This chapter discusses the importance of and the development of peer relationships among African American boys. Particular attention is paid to the “streets,” which often serve as the primary institution of socialization for African American males living in disorganized urban settings. The connection between street socialization and hypermasculinity is examined, along with peer interactions such as gang membership and romantic relationships.
Paenibacillus amylolyticus 27C64 has a diverse set of carbohydrate-active enzymes and complete pectin deconstruction system.

A draft genome of Paenibacillus amylolyticus 27C64 was assembled and a total of 314 putative CAZymes in 108 different families were identified. Comparison to well-studied polysaccharide-degrading organisms revealed that P. amylolyticus 27C64 has as many or more putative CAZymes than most of these organisms. Four different pectic substrates and xylan supported growth but cellulose was not utilized. Measurement of enzyme activities in culture supernatants revealed low levels of cellulase activity, high levels of xylanase activity, and pectinase activities that adapted to the specific polysaccharides provided. Relative expression levels of each putative pectinase in cells grown with and without three different pectic substrates were evaluated with RT-qPCR and distinct sets of genes upregulated in response to homogalacturonan, methylated homogalacturonan, and rhamnogalacturonan I were identified. It is also noted that this organism’s pectinolytic system differs from other well-studied systems and contains enzymes which are of value for further study.
Emergency Department High Utilizers among Family Medicine Patients.

Background: Increases in emergency department (ED) use are contributing to inefficient health care spending and becoming a public health concern. Previous studies have identified characteristics of ED high utilizers aimed at designing interventions to improve efficiency. We aim to expand on these findings in a family medicine outpatient population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis on a population of ED high utilizers, defined as those who had been to the ED 6 or more times in 1 year, including medical and demographic characteristics from 2015 to 2017. Results: Compared with our source population, ED high utilizers were most commonly female, African American, or single and insured by Medicare or Medicaid. They did not have a chronic pain or substance use diagnosis, but more than half had a psychiatric condition. The only demographic characteristic that changed over time was home location from 2015 to 2017 (P Conclusions: Most demographic characteristics did not change over time, whereas individuals did change. Interventions aimed at improving efficiency of ED use should be geared toward unchanging characteristics rather than individuals. The only demographic characteristic that did change significantly was home location that correlated in time with the availability of new EDs providing support for a theory of supply-sensitive ED use.
Cross Talk Between ER Stress, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Health and Disease

In mammals, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses compose the major defense networks that help the cells adapt to and survive stress conditions caused by biochemical, physiological and pathological stimuli. However, chronic ER stress, oxidative stress, or inflammation have been found to be associated with the initiation and progression of a variety of human diseases in the modern world. Under many pathophysiologic conditions, ER stress response, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses are integrated and amplified in specialized cell types to facilitate the progression of disease. In the past few decades, ER stress response, oxidative stress, and inflammation as well as their interactive relationships have been hot research topics in biomedicine. In this review, we summarize the recent advance in our understanding of the cross talk between ER stress response, oxidative stress, and inflammation in immunity and in inflammatory and metabolic diseases.
Trends in Yellowstone River Basin Water Supply as Interpreted Through Hydrologic Analysis, 1898-2007

The Yellowstone River and its tributaries provide an important case study in the changes in magnitude and timing of discharge. As part of a review of water demands on the river and potential effects on fish and other aquatic biota, we assessed long term trends (1898-2007) and more recent changes (1970-2007) in the hydrographs of the Yellowstone River and its tributaries using data from 18 USGS Hydro-Climatic Data Network Stations. We evaluated seven variables used to characterize the discharge: 1) annual discharge, 2) magnitude of discharge, 3) absolute annual minimum discharge, 4) monthly discharge, 5) date when half of annual volume passed station, 6) date when maximum daily mean occurred, and 7) date when discharge returned to baseflow. Declines in volume and magnitude of annual and seasonal discharges are present in the basin, more so in areas where there are no water storage facilities. Timing of flow events are occurring earlier in the year throughout the basin, leaving less water in the summer and fall when water demands are the greatest. The appearances of significant trends have increased over the period 1970-2007, and it is expected that they will continue without serious changes in the basin. Lessened flows and altered timing stands to greatly affect all users of water in the basin, as is occurring in the rest of western North America. Effects on the native biota inhabiting the river can also be expected.
Exploring the role of electrode microstructure on the performance of non-aqueous redox flow batteries

Redox flow batteries are an emerging technology for long-duration grid energy storage, but further cost reductions are needed to accelerate adoption. Improving electrode performance within the electrochemical stack offers a pathway to reduced system cost through decreased resistance and increased power density. To date, most research efforts have focused on modifying the surface chemistry of carbon electrodes to enhance reaction kinetics, electrochemically active surface area, and wettability. Less attention has been given to electrode microstructure, which has a significant impact on reactant distribution and pressure drop within the flow cell. Here, drawing from commonly used carbon-based diffusion media (paper, felt, cloth), we systematically investigate the influence of electrode microstructure on electrochemical performance. We employ a range of techniques to characterize the microstructure, pressure drop, and electrochemically active surface area in combination with in-operando diagnostics performed in a single electrolyte flow cell using a kinetically facile redox couple dissolved in a non-aqueous electrolyte. Of the materials tested, the cloth electrode shows the best performance; the highest current density at a set overpotential accompanied by the lowest hydraulic resistance. We hypothesize that the bimodal pore size distribution and periodic, well-defined microstructure of the cloth are key to lowering mass transport resistance.
Measurement of Individual Activity (Explicit Text)

The data that could be measured is far greater than what is currently measured. Partially this is due to a lack of breadth in what health features are considered medically significant. Partially this is due to a lack of depth in what information technologies are considered practically deployable. This Part II systematically examines the range of features that could potentially be relevant to measuring health and then systematically examines the range of technologies that could potentially be utilized to measure these features. This is the health informatics foundation of viable health systems.
Multiobjective Optimization of Multiconductor DC Power Cables

In this paper, an equivalent circuit approach is proposed to model the electric and thermal responses in multi-conductor DC cable systems intended for electric ships. The proposed model is sufficient to address the complexity of the nonlinear physics, including space charge accumulation within the dielectric, yet flexible enough to enable rigorous population-based design. Indeed, a genetic algorithm has been implemented to establish the Pareto-optimal fronts between mass, size and loss for cables of variable geometry and conductor material properties. The fronts of the multi-conductor cable are then compared to those of single conductor cables.