cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk assessment for anterior cruciate ligament injury

Anterior cruciate ligament tears are one of the most frequent soft tissue injuries of the knee. A torn anterior cruciate ligament leaves the knee joint unstable and at risk for further damage to other soft tissues manifested as pain, dislocation, and osteoarthritis. A better understanding of the anatomical details of knee joints suffering anterior cruciate ligament tears is needed to understand and develop prediction models for anterior cruciate ligament injury and/or tear. Magnetic resonance images of 32 patients with anterior cruciate ligament tears and 40 patients with non-tears were evaluated from a physician group practice. Digital measurements of femoral condyle length, femoral notch width, anterior cruciate ligament width in the frontal and sagittal plane, and the anterior cruciate ligament length in the sagittal plane were taken in both groups to identify trends. Monte Carlo simulations were performed (n = 2000) to evaluate the relationship between notch width index and sagittal width and to establish functional relationships among the anatomical parameters for potential injury risk. Sensitivity analysis performed shows the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury a function of force and notch width index. Females have a significantly shorter anterior cruciate ligament when compared to that of males. The notch width index was also significantly different between torn and non-torn individuals. The NWI was not significantly different between genders (p value = 0.40). Anterior cruciate ligament injury has been shown to be caused by the forces which act on the ligament. These forces can result from hyperextension of the tibia or the internal rotation of tibia. The anatomical parameters of the knee joint (i.e., notch width index, anterior cruciate ligament width and length) have no role in the cause of an injury.
Bicycle Trauma Injuries and Hospital Admissions in the United States, 1998-2013.

Cycling is associated with many health benefits, but also with the risk of injury. Trends in bicycle-related injuries are difficult to assess because the majority of nonfatal injuries sustained while cycling are not reported to police and thus are not included in traffic statistics.1 We sought to evaluate trends in adult cycling injuries and hospital admissions in the United States using emergency department data.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory and the Regulation of Emotion in the Second Half of Life

Far more attention has been paid to emotion regulation in childhood than in adulthood and old age. However, a growing body of empirical research suggests that the emotion domain is largely spared from deleterious processes associated with aging and points instead to developmental gains in later life. By applying tenets from socioemotional selectivity theory, we attempt to explain the observed gains in terms of motivation. We argue that age is associated with increasing motivation to derive emotional meaning from life and decreasing motivation to expand one's horizons. These changes lead to age differences in social and environmental choices (consistent with antecedent emotion regulation), coping (consistent with response-focused regulation), and cognitive processing of positive and negative information (consistent with goal-directed attention and memory). Broader implications for life-span development are discussed.
A review of the literature on rural suicide: risk and protective factors, incidence, and prevention.

Abstract. Background. Suicide is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Differences in rates of suicide exist between urban and rural areas; however, little rigorous research has examined the phenom...
Case report: Freebased cocaine smoking and reactive airway disease

The case of a 19-year-old white female who presented with marked respiratory distress and pleuritic chest pain following freebased cocaine smoking is presented. A ventilation-perfusion scan revealed radioactive aerosol trapping in the large airways with multiple ventilation defects of the small airways, a finding compatible with reactive airway disease of the large airways and concomitant mucous plugging of the small airways. Freebased cocaine, impurities of the freebasing process, or admixtures to the freebased cocaine provided prior to smoking, are proposed as possible etiologies in what appears to be a condition of environmentally induced reactive airway disease, a previously unreported effect of cocaine use.
Constituents with independence from growth temperature for bacteria using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/differential mobility spectrometry with analysis of variance and principal component analysis.

Four bacteria, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus warneri, and Micrococcus luteus, were grown at temperatures of 23, 30, and 37 °C and were characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/differential mobility spectrometry (Py-GC/DMS) providing, with replicates, 120 data sets of retention time, compensation voltage, and ion intensity, each for negative and positive polarity. Principal component analysis (PCA) for 96 of these data sets exhibited clusters by temperature of culture growth and not by genus. Analysis of variance was used to isolate the constituents with dependences on growth temperature. When these were subtracted from the data sets, Fisher ratios with PCA resulted in four clusters according to genus at all temperatures for ions in each polarity. Comparable results were obtained from unsupervised PCA with 24 of the original data sets. The ions with taxonomic features were reconstructed into 3D plots of retention time, compensation voltage, and Fisher ratio and were matched, through GC-mass spectrometry (MS), with chemical standards attributed to the thermal decomposition of proteins and lipid A. Results for negative ions provided simpler data sets than from positive ions, as anticipated from selectivity of gas phase ion-molecule reactions in air at ambient pressure.
A scanning microscope with 5 A resolution.

Abstract We describe a scanning electron microscope using a field emission source which has achieved 5 A point resolution using transmitted electrons in thin specimens. Details of the design and construction of the instrument are given together with examples of its performance on objects of biological interest. From this work it appears that scanning microscopes are capable of the same performance as conventional electron microscopes and they possess some advantages over those instruments.
Data manipulation and programming problems in automatic information retrieval

Automatic information retrieval programs require the manipulation of a variety of different data structures, including linear text, sparse matrices, and tree or list structures. The main data manipulations to be performed in automatic information systems are first briefly reviewed. A variety of data representations which have been used to describe structured information are then examined, and the characteristics of various processing languages are outlined in the light of the procedures requiring implementation. Advantages and disadvantages of these programming languages for the retrieval application are examined, and suggestions are made for the design of programming facilities to aid in information retrieval.
Linear maps leaving invariant subsets of nonnegative symmetric matrices

Let  be a certain set of nonnegative symmetric matrices, such as the set of symmetric doubly stochastic matrices or the set, of symmetric permutation matrices. It is proven that a linear transformation mapping  onto  must be of the form X ↦ PtX P for some permutation matrix P except for several low dimensional cases.
A potentiometric method for recording ion-exchange elution curves

Abstract The properties of a differential membrane detector cell combined with the ion-exchange chromatographic process have been evaluated in the separation and determination of sodium and potassium.
Les maladies à prions et l'encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine

Les prions sont des particules transmissibles depourvues d'acide nucleique, composees seulement d'une proteine modifiee (PrP Sc ). La proteine cellulaire normale (PrP C ) est convertie en PrP Sc par un processus post-traductionnel: elle acquiert un contenu eleve en brins bβ. Des prions bovins auraient ete transmis a l'homme; ils seraient a l'origine d'une nouvelle forme de maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob.
Deep vein thrombi associated with the use of plastic ankle-foot orthoses

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a well-known complication of neurologic disorders that result in immobility, such as stroke and spinal cord injury. There is little information available, however, regarding the association of DVT with orthotic devices commonly used in this patient population. We report an unusual case in which lesser saphenous vein DVTs were associated with the use of plastic ankle-foot orthoses (PAFOs) in a patient with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy treated with plasmaphoresis and intravenous Ig. The possible role of PAFOs in the development of the DVTs, as well as other contributing factors such as plasmaphoresis, is discussed. The need for posthospitalization DVT prophylaxis in patients with paralysis is reviewed.
SOLIDIFICATION VOID FORMATION IN TUBES: ROLE OF LIQUID SHRINKAGE AND BUBBLE NUCLEATION

Experiments were carried out to observe the solidification sequence and void distribution for experimental liquids enclosed in Pyrex tubes under a wide range of cooling rates. A physical model based on liquid thermal shrinkage and nucleation considerations has been developed to predict the number of voids formed in terms of the heat transfer rate and thermophysical properties of the phase-change material. Agreement of the results with our experimental data is encouraging. Understanding such aspects of the solidification process is vital to development of better thermal energy storage systems for a variety of applications.
Structure of colloidal dispersions with an attractive primary minimum and far-field repulsion in the pair-potential : adhesive-hard-sphere and random-phase approximations

Abstract An analytical method to estimate the static structure factors of charged dispersions dominated by the presence of primary minima in the interparticle potentials is presented. the near-field attraction is approximated by square-well potentials and the far-field repulsion by Yukawa tails. Analytical representation of the structure factor is obtained for the square-well/Yukawa (SWY) dispersions using an adhesive-hard-sphere (AHS) reference and random-phase approximation (RPA). The accuracy of the AHS + RPA combination in predicting structure factors of SWY fluids is examined using Monte Carlo simulations for the SWY fluids over a range of conditions. The results show that AHS + RPA describes the structure factors very well at low to moderately high volume fractions when the range of the square-well potential is less than 10% of the particle diameter and that of the Yukawa tail is sufficiently large. At high volume fractions the AHS + RPA results agree well with those of simulations in the low-q region, but deviate appreciably in the high-q region. At low volume fractions, the model can be applied to even relatively long-ranged Yukawa repulsive interactions. These results provide an unambiguous test of the AHS + RPA model. The AHS + RPA model has been found to describe small-angle neutron scattering intensities of a micellar system consisting of cationic dodecyl tributylammonium bromide surfactant in water and D2O reasonably well.
A Public Choice Note on College Student Migration

Provides a compatible model to previous work on college student migration in the form of a recursive set of equations. Points out that “hidden resource distortion”, a form of rent seeking in the political process, is positively related to institutional support for public colleges and universities in the United States. This result has implications concerning the goals of educational administrators, namely the incentive to “budget‐maximize”. This activity relates to the setting of public college tuition levels, which is a major factor determining the migration incentives of college students. In this model, resource distortion in the educational production function ultimately alters the choice set facing “consumers” in the search for optimal human capital attainment.
Structural analysis of realistic solid propellant materials.

A numerical method is developed for analyzing stresses and deformations in solid propellants. It applies to linear, rheologically simple, viscoelastic materials, but an extension to more general temperature-dependent properties is indicated. To illustrate its application, the method is used to analyze the thermal stresses in solid-rocket grains with circular ports. Two materials are considered: 1) a simple, four-parameter, solid-propellant material, chosen because an independent analytical solution for it is available for comparison, and 2) a realistic solid propellant grain (in a rigid case) whose viscoelastic properties are characterized by a large number of parameters. Agreement with the analytical solution for case 1 is good, and significant thermal stresses (up to 10 psi radial, 20 psi circumferential) are seen for case 2, which simulates environmental temperature cycling for a cylindrical grain with 4-in. inside radius and 16-in. outside radius.
Fluid flow nozzle energy harvesters

Power generation schemes that could be used downhole in an oil well to produce about 1 Watt average power with long-life (decades) are actively being developed. A variety of proposed energy harvesting schemes could be used to extract energy from this environment but each of these has their own limitations that limit their practical use. Since vibrating piezoelectric structures are solid state and can be driven below their fatigue limit, harvesters based on these structures are capable of operating for very long lifetimes (decades); thereby, possibly overcoming a principle limitation of existing technology based on rotating turbo-machinery. An initial survey [1] identified that spline nozzle configurations can be used to excite a vibrating piezoelectric structure in such a way as to convert the abundant flow energy into useful amounts of electrical power. This paper presents current flow energy harvesting designs and experimental results of specific spline nozzle/ bimorph design configurations which have generated suitable power per nozzle at or above well production analogous flow rates. Theoretical models for non-dimensional analysis and constitutive electromechanical model are also presented in this paper to optimize the flow harvesting system.
Multi-Aperture Sensors For Precision-Guided Munitions

A multi-aperture sensor concept has been developed as a solution to the U.S. Army and Air Force's need for a class of low-cost, adequate performance optical sensors capable of generating detection and tracking information for precision-guided munitions. The Honeywell multi-aperture sensor consists of a number of small apertures. Behind each aperture is a low-cost, single-element IR detector. The concept offers a wide field-of-view while maintaining a high resolution center region. The concept is an attractive solution for classes of munitions where low cost is extremely important. A proof-of-principle device has been built and the concept demonstrated in the lab.
CONJUNCTIVAL AND CORNEAL LESIONS IN HYPERCALCEMIA

THE hypercalcemia, which accompanies certain disease states and may be the clue to the diagnosis of the underlying pathological physiology, is often overlooked by the clinician. The reasons for this are not far to seek, since the symptoms referrable to hypercalcemia per se are usually nondescript and common to many disease patterns—namely, fatigue and vague muscle and bone pains, nausea with or without vomiting, and polyuria (1). In the past few years we have observed, in approximately one-half the patients with hypercalcemia, distinctive phenomena in the eyes which are believed to be the direct result of the hypercalcemia. These observations, together with a brief discussion of the possible mechanism of their production and of their diagnostic value, form the basis of this report. DESCRIPTION OF LESIONS Two distinct types of ocular abnormalities have been observed; one in the conjunctiva, the other in the cornea. Neither can be identified except with the aid of the slit lamp. The conjunctival lesions app...
Goal gradient in helping behavior

Abstract People are more likely to pitch in as charitable campaigns approach their goals. Such “goal gradient helping” occurs in part because late-stage efforts provide donors with a heightened sense of personal impact, an influential source of satisfaction from prosocial acts. Using web robot technology in an Internet field study of micro-lending, Study 1 demonstrated that charity contribution rates increase as recipients approach their fundraising goals. Study 2, a large-scale field experiment, found that funds close to reaching campaign goals received more donations than did funds far from reaching campaign goals. Study 3 replicated the goal gradient helping effect in a controlled scenario experiment, and mediational analyses showed that increased perceived impact of late-stage contributions, and the resultant satisfaction from this impact, explain goal gradient helping. In conclusion, people are not charitable simply to be kind or to relieve negative emotions; they find satisfaction from having personal influence in solving a social problem.
Imbalanced cytokine production by macrophages from autoimmune-prone mice.

Abstract Peritoneal macrophages from multiple autoimmune-prone strains of mice (MRL/lpr, MRL/+, NZB/W, BXSB, and B6/gld) show defective expression of the cytokines IL-1 and IL-6. Autoimmune mice were all used between 1 and 6 weeks of age, the earliest times being well before the onset of overt disease. Northern blot analysis reveals a parallel reduction in the levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA. In contrast, the production of other proteins, including the cytokine TNF-α, appears to be normal. These findings imply an imbalance within the cytokine network of autoimmune macrophages. Studies on bone marrow-derived macrophage precursors, as well as macrophages from chimeric mice, suggest an intrinsic macrophage defect as opposed to conditioning by the autoimmune environment. This defect appears to be constant throughout the lifespan of autoimmune MRL/lpr mice, being equally apparent in 1-week old mice as in fully diseased 6 – 12-month-old mice. Aberrant regulation of IL-1 and IL-6 represents a novel defect in the function of autoimmune macrophages that is both intrinsic and substantial, and has the potential to contribute to the immune dysregulation that characterizes autoimmunity.
Investigation of biochemical biorefinery sizing and environmental sustainability impacts for conventional bale system and advanced uniform biomass logistics designs

The 2011 US Billion-Ton Update1 estimates that there are enough agricultural and forest resources to sustainably provide enough biomass to displace approximately 30% of the country's current petroleum consumption. A portion of these resources are inaccessible at current cost targets with conventional feedstock supply systems because of their remoteness or low yields. Reliable analyses and projections of US biofuels production depend on assumptions about the supply system and biorefinery capacity, which, in turn, depend on economics, feedstock logistics, and sustainability. A cross-functional team has examined optimal combinations of advances in feedstock supply systems and biorefinery capacities with rigorous design information, improved crop yield and agronomic practices, and improved estimates of sustainable biomass availability. Biochemical-conversion-to-ethanol is analyzed for conventional bale-based system and advanced uniform-format feedstock supply system designs. The latter involves ‘pre-processing’ biomass into a higher-density, aerobically stable, easily transportable format that can supply large-scale biorefineries. Feedstock supply costs, logistics and processing costs are analyzed and compared, taking into account environmental sustainability metrics. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Spatial control of microtubule length and lifetime by opposing stabilizing and destabilizing functions of Kinesin-8.

Summary Background To function in diverse cellular processes, the dynamic behavior of microtubules (MTs) must be differentially regulated within the cell. In budding yeast, the spindle position checkpoint (SPOC) inhibits mitotic exit in response to mispositioned spindles. To maintain SPOC-mediated anaphase arrest, astral MTs must maintain persistent interactions with and/or extend through the bud neck. However, the molecular mechanisms that ensure the stability of these interactions are not known. Results The presence of an MT extending through and/or interacting with the bud neck is maintained by spatial control of catastrophe and rescue, which extends MT lifetime >25-fold and controls the length of dynamic MTs within the bud compartment. Moreover, the single kinesin-8 motor Kip3 alternately mediates both catastrophe and rescue of the bud MT. Kip3 accumulates in a length-dependent manner along the lattice of MTs within the bud, yet induces catastrophe spatially near the bud tip. Rather, this accumulation of Kip3 facilitates its association with depolymerizing MT plus ends, where Kip3 promotes rescue before MTs exit the bud. MT rescue within the bud requires the tail domain of Kip3, whereas the motor domain mediates catastrophe at the bud tip. In vitro, Kip3 exerts both stabilizing and destabilizing effects on reconstituted yeast MTs. Conclusions The kinesin-8 Kip3 is a multifunctional regulator that differentially stabilizes and destabilizes specific MTs. Control over MT catastrophe and rescue by Kip3 defines the length and lifetime of MTs within the bud compartment of cells with mispositioned spindles. This subcellular regulation of MT dynamics is critical to maintaining mitotic arrest in response to mispositioned spindles.
New Chemical Attractants for Trapping Lacanobia subjuncta,Mamestra configurata, and Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Significant numbers of 3 pest species of noctuid moths were captured in traps baited with acetic acid, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 3-methyl-1-pentanol. These were Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote & Robinson); Mamestra configurata Walker, bertha armyworm; and Xestia c-nigrum (L.), spotted cutworm. The combination of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol was superior to the individual chemicals in attracting all 3 species, whereas the combination of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-pentanol was superior to the individual chemicals in attracting X. c-nigrum. For the 3 species of moths, numbers captured were similar in traps baited with the combination of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol or acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-pentanol. Traps baited with these attractants captured both males and females at a ratio near 1:1.
SU-E-T-55: A Study of Film Dosimetry for Routine Beam Profile and PDD Constancy Checks in Proton Beams

Purpose: Radiographic film dosimetry suffers from energy dependence in Proton dosimetry, and thus is not suitable for absolute dosimetry. In this study, we investigate film dosimetry for the constancy check of percentage depth dose (PDD) and beam profile measurements in proton beams. Methods: From PDD measured by film and ion chamber (IC), calibration factors as a function of depth (IC/film) was obtained. These factors imply variable slopes (with energy and depth) of linear characteristic curves that relate film response to dose. They were used to convert day‐to‐day film measurements into dose. Film dosimetry of a 186 MeV proton beam was performed to investigate this hypothesis. In addition, Monte Carlos simulation of a 250 MeV proton beam was performed calculating proton fluence spectrum along the off‐axis direction. By multiplying stopping powers of film emulsion and water, respectively, to the spectrum, doses to film and water were calculated. The ratio of film dose to water dose was evaluated across the off‐axis distance to understand film response. Results: The measured and calibrated PDD approached to that of IC, but near the end of spread‐out‐bragg‐peak (SBOP), a spurious peak is observed due to the mismatch of distal edge between calibration film and measurement film. The SBOP width was measurable within 1mm. The distal edge was reproducible within 1.5mm. Entrance dose was reproducible within 5.5%. The possible sources of such errors include developer uncertainty, film emulsion nonuniformity, and misalignment of film edge to the phantom surface. For off‐axis evaluation, the dose ratio varied within 3%, and thus film is shown to be accurate for dosimetry across off‐axis distance. Conclusions: Radiographic film can be suitable for beam profile measurements and may be suitable for PDD constancy check for proton beams. Routine use will confirm such error which will be presented in this study.
One number does not fit all: Mapping local variations in resolution in cryo-EM reconstructions

The resolution of density maps from single particle analysis is usually measured in terms of the highest spatial frequency to which consistent information has been obtained. This calculation represents an average over the entire reconstructed volume. In practice, however, substantial local variations in resolution may occur, either from intrinsic properties of the specimen or for technical reasons such as a non-isotropic distribution of viewing orientations. To address this issue, we propose the use of a space-frequency representation, the short-space Fourier transform, to assess the quality of a density map, voxel-by-voxel, i.e. by local resolution mapping. In this approach, the experimental volume is divided into small subvolumes and the resolution determined for each of them. It is illustrated in applications both to model data and to experimental density maps. Regions with lower-than-average resolution may be mobile components or ones with incomplete occupancy or result from multiple conformational states. To improve the interpretability of reconstructions, we propose an adaptive filtering approach that reconciles the resolution to which individual features are calculated with the results of the local resolution map.
Some Social and Political Dimensions of Nuclear Power: Examples from Three Mile Island

Public concerns about the social and political implications of energy choices have found expression in the nuclear debate. The Three Mile Island accident, in its complexity and far-reaching consequences, served to focus criticism of nuclear power that had been building up for a decade. It revealed with striking clarity that technology is a social concept to be understood in terms of social and political relationships if it is to be brought under public control. The ramifications of the accident revealed the conceptual difficulties of assessing social risks and the political difficulties in managing them. This article draws examples from the Three Mile Island accident to review several characteristics of nuclear technology, its scale and costs, its complexity, its uncertain and unpredictable physical effects, and its indirect risks. It then explores the implications for social, political and administrative institutions as they grope for ways to manage the risks of nuclear power in the context of critical public scrutiny. Finally it identifies a range of issues calling for policy research.
Trousseau Syndrome and the Unknown Cancer: Use of Positron Emission Tomographic Imaging in a Patient With a Paraneoplastic Syndrome

Trousseau syndrome is defined as a migratory thrombophlebitis found typically in patients with an underlying malignancy. Conventional diagnostic testing and imaging can be used to successfully diagnose a primary malignancy in approximately 85% to 95% of patients. However, along with a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, numerous tests are frequently required, including blood tests, tumor markers, chest radiography, upper endoscopy, and computed tomography of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. We present a case in which positron emission tomographic imaging was important for diagnosing the malignancy underlying Trousseau syndrome. Positron emission tomography may play an important role in the efficient evaluation of such cases.
Dependence of melt temperature on screw speed and size in extrusion

Melt temperature in an extrusion process can significantly influence production rate, product quality, and yield. However, prediction of melt temperature is extremely difficult because errors in the predictions of output rate, screw power, and heat transfer, which are used to calculate melt temperature, cumulatively cause a very large error in the prediction of melt temperature. This paper analyzed the overall energy balance of an extruder and developed a simple equation to predict the melt temperature of a projected extruder in scale-up as a function of screw diameter, depth, and speed based on the experimental results of an experimental extruder and the polymeroperties. The predicted melt temperatures agreed reasonably with the measured values reported in a previous scale-up study.
The role of cytoskeletal proteins in cardiomyopathies

Cardiomyopathies are serious heart muscle disorders in children and adults, which result in morbidity and premature death. These disorders include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Recently, mutations in seven genes, all encoding sarcomeric proteins, have been identified as causes of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The genes include those encoding the beta-myosin heavy chain, alpha-tropomyosin, cardiac troponin T, myosin binding protein-C, myosin essential light chain, myosin regulatory light chain, and troponin I. Advances in the understanding of dilated cardiomyopathy have been made recently as well and it appears as if cytoskeletal proteins play a central role. Dystrophin has been identified as the gene responsible for X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy and this protein, which is also responsible for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, plays an important role in myocyte and cardiomyocyte function. Mutations in other cytoskeletal proteins such as metavinculin, alpha-dystroglycan, alpha- and gamma-sarcoglycan, and muscle LIM protein have also been found to result in dilated cardiomyopathy, suggesting that cytoskeletal proteins play a central role in cardiac function.
A Tetramethylbiphenyl Poly(benzobisthiazole): Synthesis, Chracterization, Fiber Spinning, and Properties

Poly(benzobisthiazole)s containing an o-tetramethyl substituted biphenyl moiety were synthesized based on 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzenedithiol dihydrochloride and 2,2‘,6,6‘-tetramethylbiphenyl-4,4‘-dicarbonyl chloride. Homopolymerization of the two monomers and copolycondensation of the two monomers with terephthaloyl chloride were carried out in poly(phosphoric acid) (PPA). The interfacial polymerization technique was used to enhance the formation of a homogeneous liquid crystalline polymer solution suitable for fiber spinning. Copolymers of tetramethylbiphenyl PBZT/PBZT (25/75) were successfully spun into fibers from liquid crystalline solutions in PPA. Fibers were thermally cross-linked between 500 and 550 °C. The thermal cross-linking reaction was studied by thermogravimeteric analysis and by 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Fiber morphology and properties are also reported and discussed.
Lagrangian numerical simulation of particulate flows

Abstract The Lagrangian numerical simulation (LNS) scheme presented in this paper is motivated by the multi-phase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC). In this numerical scheme we solve the fluid phase continuity and momentum equations on an Eulerian grid. The particle motion is governed by Newton's law thus following the Lagrangian approach. Momentum exchange from the particle-to-fluid is modeled in the fluid phase momentum equation. Forces acting on the particle include drag from the fluid, body force and force due to interparticle stress. There is a freedom to use different models for these forces and to introduce other forces. The effect of viscous stresses are included in the fluid phase equations. The volume fraction of the particles appear in the fluid phase continuity and momentum equations. A finite volume method is used to solve for the fluid phase equations on an Eulerian grid. Particle positions are updated using the Runge–Kutta scheme. This numerical scheme can handle a range of particle loadings and particle types. The LNS scheme is implemented using an efficient three-dimensional time-dependent finite volume algorithm. We use a Chorin-type pressure-correction based fractional-step scheme on a non-staggered cartesian grid. In this paper, we consider only incompressible Newtonian suspending fluid. However, the average velocity field of the fluid phase is not divergence-free because its effective density is not constant. Our pressure-correction based fractional-step scheme accounts for varying properties in the fluid phase equations. This method can also account for suspending fluids with non-constant properties. The numerical scheme is verified by comparing results with test cases and experiments.
Hypothyroidism and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema: are we missing something here?

Summary We report the case of a 42-year-old female with a history of hypothyroidism and asthma presenting with progressive dyspnea and orthopnea after 2 days of an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Based on the clinical and radiological findings, the patient was admitted as a case of cardiogenic pulmonary edema secondary to possible viral myocarditis. However, a normal brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level with a normal ejection fraction (EF) on echocardiogram changed our working diagnosis from cardiogenic to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Further questioning revealed a history of nocturnal snoring, frequent awakening, and daytime fatigue, suggesting a possible sleep apnea syndrome (SAS). In conclusion, we believe that SAS was the missing link between our patient’s hypothyroidism and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Success rate of interpolation in subsegment prediction

We consider the accuracy of linear interpolation in predicting which subsegment contains a random key, given that the key is contained in a particular segment consisting of a fixed number of subsegments. We assume that keys are stored in a file in sorted order, that the file is divided into fixed-size segments, and that the first key in the segment containing the desired key is known, as is the first key of the next segment. We present empirical results for real files in which keys are social security numbers, names and telephone numbers, and for files of keys generated randomly from the uniform and from the exponential distributions. We present a theoretical analysis of the average success rate for the case in which keys are uniformly distributed. We show that the success rate depends on the number of subsegments in a segment, the size of a subsegment, and the distribution of keys, and that it is much higher than for random guessing. We describe practical applications in which this technique can be efficiently used.
Isolation and Characterization of Whitewater Arroyo Virus, a Novel North American Arenavirus

Abstract Rodents are principal hosts for each of the well-characterized arenaviruses. Prior to the present study, Tamiami (TAM) virus was the sole arenavirus known to be indigenous to North America; it has been isolated only from southern Florida where its primary host is the cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus. Recently, arenavirus antibody was found in Neotoma albigula woodrats collected from the southwestern United States. The purpose of the present study was to isolate and characterize the arenavirus associated with N. albigula. Three isolates of a novel arenavirus (proposed name “Whitewater Arroyo,” WWA) were recovered from two arenavirus antibody-positive N. albigula collected from Whitewater Arroyo in McKinley County, New Mexico. Two-way serologic tests indicated that WWA virus is antigenically distinct from other arenaviruses but most closely related to TAM virus. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleocapsid protein gene sequence data showed that WWA virus is a novel arenavirus that is genetically most closely related to TAM virus. The recovery of WWA virus from antibody-positive N. albigula suggests that WWA virus infection in this species can be chronic and thus that N. albigula is a reservoir host of the virus.
Mechanisms of transmembrane transport in isolated cells and their experimental study.

Abstract Chemotherapeutic agents traverse cell membranes either by passive diffusion or by interaction with specific transport systems which mediate the translocation of naturally occurring substrates. Studies to define mechanisms of transport of cytotoxic agents must, therefore, be designed and interpreted within the context of current concepts of membrane transport which derive largely from studies with naturally occurring inorganic and organic substrates and metabolites. It is the objective of this paper to present current concepts of membrane transport as a framework for studies with chemotherapeutic agents. Emphasis is placed on concepts and principles which have recently gained attention in this investigative area. A number of elements in diffusional solute transport are examined including: the influence of chemical and electrical forces in diffusion, factors which govern substrate mobility in the extracellular and intracellular compartments and in the cell membrane, and characteristics of water flow through membranes and its effect on solute movement. The concept of unstirred layers which surround cells and their relevance to transport studies is reviewed. Characteristics of facilitated diffusion are examined with special reference to channel and carrier models of such mediated transport. The energetic bases for active transport processes are discussed together with some current models for energy coupling. The article concludes with a description of some common methods used in investigating solute and water transport in isolated cells, and cautions to be observed in the application of these methods and the interpretation of results.
Metal-Organic Framework Templated Synthesis of Ultrathin, Well-Aligned Metallic Nanowires

With well-defined porous structures and dimensions, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can function as versatile templates for the growth of metallic nanostructures with precisely controlled shapes and sizes. Using MOFs as templates, metallic nanostructures can be grown without the need of bulky surfactants and thus preserve their intrinsic surface. Additionally, the high surface area of MOFs can also ensure that the surface of the template metallic nanostructures is readily accessible, which is critical for the proper function of catalysts or sensors. The hybrid metal@MOF structures have been demonstrated to exhibit useful properties not found in either component separately. Here we report the growth of ultrafine metallic nanowires inside one-dimensional MOF pores with well-controlled shape and size. Our study shows that solvent selection plays an important role in controlling precursor loading and the reduction rate inside the MOF pores for the formation of the nanowires. The growth of the well-aligned, ul...
Hearing aids and cochlear damage: The case against fitting the pure tone audiogram

Herein we propose a different approach to hearing aids, an approach that flows logically from the pathophysiology of cochlear disorders. This approach challenges some central tenets of the industry by 1) suggesting that many, if not most, cases would be better served by flat, undistorted gain across all frequencies rather than by “fitting” gain to the audiogram; and 2) suggesting that most of the improvements in hearing aid technology are targeted at reducing patient complaints as opposed to increasing measurable word recognition performance. We recommend that it is better to accommodate the damaged cochlea in these cases than to attempt to reverse-engineer the audiometric test results.
Laparoscopic subtotal colectomy with transrectal extraction of the colon and ileorectal anastomosis.

Background The abdominal incision extraction site continues to be major source of morbidity after laparoscopic colectomy: mainly, incisional pain, wound infection, and incisional hernia. Also, in selected cases, it may delay initiating chemotherapy.
Labor and populism: New York City, 1891 ‐1896

(1972). Labor and populism: New York City, 1891 ‐1896. Labor History: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 520-532.
Calbindin D28k mRNA in hippocampus, superior temporal gyrus and cerebellum: comparison between control and Alzheimer disease subjects

To further investigate the role of calbindin D28k in Alzheimer's disease (AD); hippocampus, superior temporal gyrus and cerebellum from control and AD cases were examined by quantitative in situ hybridization. We report here a decrease in CaBD28k mRNA in the CA2 region of AD hippocampus compared to control subjects. There were no significant differences between AD and control subjects in the other regions studied.
What songbirds teach us about learning

Bird fanciers have known for centuries that songbirds learn their songs. This learning has striking parallels to speech acquisition: like humans, birds must hear the sounds of adults during a sensitive period, and must hear their own voice while learning to vocalize. With the discovery and investigation of discrete brain structures required for singing, songbirds are now providing insights into neural mechanisms of learning. Aided by a wealth of behavioural observations and species diversity, studies in songbirds are addressing such basic issues in neuroscience as perceptual and sensorimotor learning, developmental regulation of plasticity, and the control and function of adult neurogenesis.
Subframe Video Synchronization via 3D Phase Correlation

This paper introduces an accurate approach for synchronization (temporal alignment) between two video sequences of the same dynamic scene captured by uncalibrated cameras. With the homography assumption in spatial domain, an iterative procedure that successively achieves the alignment in space and time is proposed and its convergence is experimentally verified. Subframe accuracy is achieved by extending the existing image subpixel registration scheme to subframe video synchronization. In order to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method, we adopt a novel use of audio signals for their high sampling rate to obtain the synchronization ground-truth. The proposed video synchronization technique has potential use in temporal super-resolution, image-based rendering and tele-immersion.
Acoustic pressure effects on wave growth studies in wind-wave facilities

An equation for evaluating momentum flux from wind to waves is presented. The presence of an acoustic pressure wave and of water wave reflection in wind-wave facilities is shown to lead to incorrect data regarding momentum transfer.
Diet divergence in two sympatric congeneric butterflies: community or species level phenomenon?

Two species ofEuphydryas butterflies were studied in California, USA, and showed considerable diet overlap at the species level. They utilize many of the same plant genera for oviposition. However,E. editha is less likely to use woody perennials than isE. chalcedona. Both butterfly species are known to specialize on different host plants in different populations, so species level divergence may not be a good predictor of community level divergence. Within five communities,E. editha andE. chalcedona showed no dietary overlap. A major component of the niche ofE. editha in one community was occupied byE. chalcedona in a second community, even though both butterfly species occupied both communities. These resource use patterns indicate that community level interactions may affect diet divergence. The degree to which divergence within communities is greater (or less) than expected from a species level comparison may be used to provide a measure of community organization. Equations are given in the Appendix for calculating overlap probabilities from presence/absence types of data; in this study, presence is oviposition on a particular plant species, absence is no oviposition on that plant species. Given the various assumptions of the model,E. editha andE. chalcedona show significant community level components of their dietary divergence in the areas studied. However, in some other communitiesE. editha andE. chalcedona do share host plant species. Therefore, we could not demonstrate community level divergence conclusively, nor has this been demonstrated for any other pair of insect herbivore species. We do not know whether this is because the phenomenon is truly rare or just very hard to demonstrate.
The transcriptomes of dormant leafy spurge seeds under alternating temperature are differentially affected by a germination-enhancing pretreatment

Seed dormancy is an important stage in the life cycle of many non-domesticated plants, often characterized by the temporary failure to germinate under conditions that normally favor the process. Pre-treating dormant imbibed seeds at a constant temperate accelerated germination of leafy spurge seeds under alternating temperatures. However, dormant seeds will also germinate without a pre-treatment, albeit at a much slower rate, which gives rise to longer periods of imbibition before germination. Transcriptome analyses on seeds exposed to prolonged imbibition highlighted pathways associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and interacting networks of genes involved in plant defense. In addition to the many pathways associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis enriched with down-regulated genes upon germination, there were also numerous pathways enriched with up-regulated genes associated with energy metabolism, such as glycolysis. Transcriptome data further suggest that metabolism and signaling by the plant hormones ethylene, gibberellin, and abscisic acid are involved in the developmental transition from dormancy to germination. More specifically, sub-network enrichment analysis identified ABI3 as a central hub of a sub-network at germination including several down-regulated genes such as DELLA (i.e., RGL2), which represses gibberellin signaling processes required for germination. The 595-fold increase in the expression of ACC oxidase (ACO4) at germination also suggests an important role for ethylene biosynthesis in germinating leafy surge seeds. Furthermore, the 10-578-fold difference in expression of many genes such as HY5 and Histone H3 between two populations at germination, which were treated with and without a constant temperature germination-enhancing pretreatment, revealed disparate impacts on various biosynthetic, growth, signaling, and response processes. Overall, our results indicate a constant temperature pretreatment (20°C for 21d) is not required for germination of leafy spurge seeds at an alternating temperature. However, the presence or absence of the pretreatment does affect the rate of germination and the germination transcriptional programs.
Internet Delivered Behavioral Obesity Treatment

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of an Internet behavioral weight loss program; and determine if adding periodic in-person sessions to an Internet intervention improves outcomes. Methods 481 healthy overweight adults (28% minority) were randomized to one of 3 delivery methods of a behavioral weight loss program with weekly meetings: Internet (n = 161), InPerson (n = 158), or Hybrid (Internet + InPerson, n = 162). Outcome variables were weight at baseline and 6 months and percent of subjects achieving a 5 and 7% weight loss. The study took place in two centers in Vermont and Arkansas from 2003 to 2008. Results Conditions differed significantly in mean weight loss [8.0 (6.1)kg vs. 5.5 (5.6)kg vs. 6.0 (5.5)kg], for InPerson, Internet, and Hybrid respectively, p Conclusions These results demonstrate that the Internet is a viable alternative to in-person treatment for the delivery and dissemination of a behavioral weight-control intervention. The addition of periodic in-person sessions did not improve outcomes.