cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditional growth charts

Growth charts are often more informative when they are customized per subject, taking into account prior measurements and possibly other covariates of the subject. We study a global semiparametric quantile regression model that has the ability to estimate conditional quantiles without the usual distributional assumptions. The model can be estimated from longitudinal reference data with irregular measurement times and with some level of robustness against outliers, and it is also flexible for including covariate information. We propose a rank score test for large sample inference on covariates, and develop a new model assessment tool for longitudinal growth data. Our research indicates that the global model has the potential to be a very useful tool in conditional growth chart analysis.
Rereading Walter Pater

Introduction: an initial reading 1. The periegetic critic and the imaginative sense of place 2. The retrojective apologist 3. Heraclitus, Hegel, and Plato 4. The dubious academic 5. Visiting the dead Conclusion: rereading, revising, and reshuffling.
MAGUS: Multiple sequence Alignment using Graph clUStering.

MOTIVATION The estimation of large multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) is a basic bioinformatics challenge. Divide-and-conquer is a useful approach that has been shown to improve the scalability and accuracy of MSA estimation in established methods such as SATe and PASTA. In these divide-and-conquer strategies, a sequence dataset is divided into disjoint subsets, alignments are computed on the subsets using base MSA methods (e.g. MAFFT), and then merged together into an alignment on the full dataset. RESULTS We present MAGUS, Multiple sequence Alignment using Graph clUStering, a new technique for computing large-scale alignments. MAGUS is similar to PASTA in that it uses nearly the same initial steps (starting tree, similar decomposition strategy, and MAFFT to compute subset alignments), but then merges the subset alignments using the Graph Clustering Merger, a new method for combining disjoint alignments that we present in this study. Our study, on a heterogeneous collection of biological and simulated datasets, shows that MAGUS produces improved accuracy and is faster than PASTA on large datasets, and matches it on smaller datasets. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION MAGUS: https://github.com/vlasmirnov/MAGUS. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Nonuse and Easements: Creating a Pliability Regime of Private Eminent Domain

Nonuse and Easements: Creating a Pliability Regime of Private Eminent Domain analyzes nonused easements based on the entitlement-protections of property standards and liability rules created by Guido Calabresi and Douglas Melamed in their landmark work, Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of the Cathedral. The article takes a comparative approach in its evaluation by studying both the common law and civil law rules pertaining to nonused easements. The common law applies a classic property standard that protects the holder of the easement from the nonconsensual termination of his easement regardless of whether the easement is ever used; the civil law utilizes a quasi-property standard that automatically extinguishes an easement after a statutorily-prescribed period of nonuse. This article argues that while such property standards may be appropriate for easements in use, the application of property rules to nonused easements if inefficient and leads to the wasteful use of real property. The article then develops a system whereby the nonuse of an easement acts as a triggering event that allows liability rules - as opposed to property standards - to govern easements. This system is referred to in the article as private eminent domain based on nonuse. The article details the system of private eminent domain based on nonuse, the benefits and shortfalls of such a system, and how the system could be implemented.
SIGH, what's in a name? An examination of the factor structure and criterion validity of the (Structured Interview Guide for the) Hamilton Anxiety scale (SIGH-A) in a sample of African American adults with co-occurring trauma experience and heavy alcohol use.

The Hamilton Anxiety Inventory (HAM-A) is one of the oldest and most commonly used anxiety rating scales in clinical research. Despite its ubiquity, no studies have examined the scale's underlying factor structure and criterion validity among Black and African American adults with psychopathology (Mage = 42.25, SD = 11.44). Therefore, we estimated a confirmatory factor analysis of the commercially available Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Anxiety scale (SIGH-A; Williams, 1996) among African American adults (n = 88; 43% female) with co-occurring heavy alcohol use and trauma-related symptoms. Next, we examined the criterion validity of its Psychic and Somatic factors and overall anxiety severity score from participants who completed a single screening session (i.e., cross-sectional analysis) for a larger study. Results indicated that a two-factor solution provided an adequate fit to the data. Regression analyses indicated that the total SIGH-A score, but not its subscales, significantly predicted posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity. Neither the SIGH-A subscales nor total scores were significant predictors of alcohol consumption. The current findings suggest that the SIGH-A factor structure among African American adults with alcohol and trauma-related conditions is similar to previous reports that have tested largely White samples but highlight potential shortcomings when its subscales are used independently. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Association of body mass index with morbidity in patients hospitalised with COVID-19.

Purpose To evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and clinical outcomes other than death in patients hospitalised and intubated with COVID-19. Methods This is a single-centre cohort study of adults with COVID-19 admitted to New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine from 3 March 2020 through 15 May 2020. Baseline and outcome variables, as well as lab and ventilatory parameters, were generated for the admitted and intubated cohorts after stratifying by BMI category. Linear regression models were used for continuous, and logistic regression models were used for categorical outcomes. Results The study included 1337 admitted patients with a subset of 407 intubated patients. Among admitted patients, hospital length of stay (LOS) and home discharge was not significantly different across BMI categories independent of demographic characteristics and comorbidities. In the intubated cohort, there was no difference in in-hospital events and treatments, including renal replacement therapy, neuromuscular blockade and prone positioning. Ventilatory ratio was higher with increasing BMI on days 1, 3 and 7. There was no significant difference in ventilator free days (VFD) at 28 or 60 days, need for tracheostomy, hospital LOS, and discharge disposition based on BMI in the intubated cohort after adjustment. Conclusions In our COVID-19 population, there was no association between obesity and morbidity outcomes, such as hospital LOS, home discharge or VFD. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the reported effects of BMI on outcomes, which may be population dependent.
Elder orphans on Facebook: Implications for mattering and social isolation

Abstract The number of older adults at risk for social disconnectedness, loneliness, and the negative mental and physical health outcomes associated with each will reach unprecedented size in the next decade. Elder orphans, or adults aged 65+ who live alone and are unmarried and childless, are particularly at risk for social isolation. Prior research has shown that social media use, specifically Facebook use, can provide individuals with access to social resources that promote well-being. To date, the research regarding Facebook use and its impact on loneliness is somewhat inconclusive. There have been studies with young adults, however, that suggest that Facebook use might promote the perception of mattering - a protective resource against loneliness. It is the aim of this study to assess how the modalities of Facebook can be harnessed in order to address the threat of loneliness among elder orphans through the promotion of mattering. This study employed online survey methodology among a sample of elder orphan Facebook users (n = 517). Results of this study show that Facebook activities were significantly and positively related to mattering and significantly and negatively related to loneliness among elder orphans.
Perceived provider barriers to collecting and documenting a complete family history in a statewide oncology consortium.

221Background: A complete family history is essential in identifying patients who may benefit from genetic evaluation for hereditary cancer syndromes. Fewer than 40% of patients with cancer have a ...
Case Provenance: The Value of Remembering Case Sources

Case-based reasoning systems routinely record the results of prior problem-solving, but not the provenanceof new cases: the way in which the new cases were derived. This paper proposes the value of tracking provenance information in CBR, especially when timely feedback may not be available. It illustrates the use of provenance information with studies of the application of provenance information to guide case-base maintenance. Experiments with two data sets illustrate the benefit of using provenance to propagate maintenance and to target maintenance effort.
Effect of thyroid hormone on polypeptide chain assembly kinetics in liver protein synthesis in vivo.

Abstract The time constant for assembly and release of polypeptide chains in the process of protein synthesis in rat liver in vivo has been determined by a new technique which is independent of most sources of variation and error in amino acid incorporation experiments. In this method the ratio of incorporation of 14C-amino acids into completed soluble proteins to that in total protein (including ribosome-bound chains) is measured as a function of short incubation periods (15 to 105 s) after hepatic portal vein injection to obtain tc, the average polypeptide chain assembly time. For normal male Long-Evans rats, ages 2 to 2½ months, tc in liver in vivo is 1.16 ± 0.16 min. Induction of hyperthyroidism by three injections of triiodothyronine (40 µg/100 g body weight) over 72 hours led to a value of tc = 0.92 ± 0.08 min, representing a 27% increase in synthetic rate. Surgically thyroidectomized rats showed a markedly longer time for polypeptide chain assembly, tc = 1.92 ± 0.22 min, corresponding to a 39% depression in protein synthetic output compared with sham-operated and normal controls of the same age. Almost complete recovery of protein synthetic rate in thyroidectomized rats was achieved by replacement doses of triiodothyronine (20 µg/100 g body weight) given daily for 2 days prior to assay. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of control of the protein synthetic pathway, the anabolic action of the thyroid hormones, and other methodology which has been used in attempts to estimate protein synthetic capacity.
Personal Selling & Sales Management Abstracts

(2001). Personal Selling & Sales Management Abstracts. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 255-260.
Chapter 16 Pathological changes in the nociceptor: alterations in TRPV1 activity and expression.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the functional and anatomical changes exhibited by one particular molecular effector of nociceptive neurons, the capsaicin receptor, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). The chapter reviews that TRPV1 contributes to capsaicin-evoked pain sensation, as well as to pain sensation evoked by noxious heating of the skin. Pharmacological and gene knock-out studies have provided evidence in support of both predictions. It also examines that for acute thermal nociception, evidence from multiple sources points toward an extremely important role for TRPV1 in thermal hyperalgesia following pathological insults to peripheral target tissues. The chapter also discusses that infection or damage to the peripheral targets of nociceptive neurons, such as skin, muscle and visceral tissues, results in an inflammatory response consisting of vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, activation of resident inflammatory cells, recruitment of circulating inflammatory cells and the generation and/or release of numerous soluble factors that sensitize the nociceptor terminal. It highlights that TRPV1 sensitization manifest as a shift in the dose response profile for thermal or chemical agonist activation.
Molecular Determinants of Dextran Sodium Sulfate Colitis-Induced Platelet Adhesion in Colonic Venules

Platelets have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Animal experimentation has recently focused on defining the magnitude and mechanism of platelet accumulation in the inflamed bowel. We have previously shown that the recruitment of adherent platelets in colonic venules of mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis can be blocked by a P-selectin monoclonal antibody (mAb) and is attenuated in P-selectin deficient mice. The objectives of this study were to determine whether: (1) the counter-receptor for P-selectin mediated recruitment of platelets in the DSS colitis model is PSGL-1, and (2) immunoblockade of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) affects platelet recruitment in DSS colitis.
CHARACTERISTICS OF REACTOR FUEL PROCESS WASTES

Review of types of high level radioactive liquid wastes produced as effluents from reactor fuel processing plants; wastes expected from processes under development for power reactor fuels; chemical compositions, physical properties, and fission product activity level of wastes.
CHAPTER 42 – Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) constitute a group of chemical compounds that are distinct from estrogen. The ideal SERM would provide an estrogen-like effect at bone, preserving bone mass and reducing the risk of osteoporotic fracture. Additionally, it would lower the risk of coronary artery disease through improvements in lipoprotein profiles, improved vascular endothelial function, and possibly other mechanisms. Unlike estrogen, however, the ideal SERM would exert no proliferative effect at the uterine endometrium, so that there would be no regular or irregular uterine bleeding. This chapter discusses the current understanding of the mechanism of action of SERMs and reviews the effects on the skeleton of tamoxifen and raloxifene, the two SERMs for which there are both preclinical and clinical data. Additionaly, the clinical effects of these two drugs on lipids, uterus, and breast, as well as their overall clinical safety and tolerability, are considered.
Overlapping Potentials and Multiple Scattering

This paper contains an impact parameter representation of the multiple scattering series in which the total phase shifts produced by the nucleons of a target nucleus is related to the phase shift resulting from scattering by a single nucleon, by two nucleons and so on. The first term of this series yields the additivity assumption of Glauber, Czyz and Maximon. The second term depends directly on the “off energy shell effects”. Using an improved version of the Glauber approximation for potential scattering, the second term has been evaluated for the case in which the interaction with each individual particle can be described by a potential. The overlapping of these potentials is shown to have an effect identical with the presence of correlations in target nucleus. When the incident particle is a nucleon, the consequence for elastic scattering of the overlapping potentials is estimated to be equal to that of the correlations in the target nucleus in the 500 to 1000 Mev range and to decrease with increasing energy like (l/k) where k is the wave number of the incident nucleon.
Increasing dietary palmitic acid decreases fat oxidation and daily energy expenditure

Background: Oleic acid (OA) is oxidized more rapidly than is palmitic acid (PA). Objective: We hypothesized that changing the dietary intakes of PA and OA would affect fatty acid oxidation and energy expenditure. Design: A double-masked trial was conducted in 43 healthy young adults, who, after a 28-d, baseline, solid-food diet (41 % of energy as fat, 8.4% as PA, and 13.1% as OA), were randomly assigned to one of two 28-d formula diets: high PA (40% of energy as fat, 16.8% as PA, and 16.4% as OA; n = 21) or high OA (40% of energy as fat, 1.7% as PA, and 31.4% as OA; n = 22). Differences in the change from baseline were evaluated by analysis of covariance. Results: In the fed state, the respiratory quotient was lower (P = 0.01) with the high OA (0.86 ± 0.01) than with the high-PA (0.89 ± 0.01) diet, and the rate of fat oxidation was higher (P = 0.03) with the high-OA (0.0008 ± 0.0001) than with the high-PA (0.0005 ± 0.0001 mg.kg fat-free mass -1 .min -1 ) diet. Resting energy expenditure in the fed and fasting states was not significantly different between groups. Change in daily energy expenditure in the high-OA group (9 ± 60 kcal/d) was significantly different from that in the high-PA group (-214 ± 69 kcal/d; P = 0.02 or 0.04 when expressed per fat-free mass). Conclusions: Increases in dietary PA decrease fat oxidation and daily energy expenditure, whereas decreases in PA and increases in OA had the opposite effect. Increases in dietary PA may increase the risk of obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82: 320-6.
The cytoskeleton of chick lens cells

Abstract The cytoskeleton of the chick lens cells was studied by morphological and immunocytochemical methods. Actin, microtubules and intermediate (10 nm) filaments were identified in the epithelial cells. The cortical fiber cells contained intermediate filaments and dispersed chains of protein. In the nuclear fiber cells, the intermediate filaments were absent, while the protein chains were aggregated. While the size of the chain backbone corresponds to actin, the conclusive demonstration that it is actin remains to be shown.
Simulation of the development of small-angle X-ray scattering during the crystallization of polymers☆

Abstract Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) from one-dimensional transforming systems has been simulated. In order to show two limiting types of transformation behaviour, both ‘classical’ growth and the spinodal demixing of chain conformation defects have been modelled. Nests of simulated SAXS curves represent stages in the transformation process. It is shown that the following behaviour can be used to characterize the type of transformation: (a) motion of the SAXS peak position, (b) peak shape change, (c) second-order peak intensity, (d) intensity cross-over, and (e) intensity decrease.
Glioma stem cells: not all created equal.

A growing body of evidence suggests that only a small subpopulation of malignant glioma cells have true tumorigenic potential. A study by Penuelas et al. in this issue of Cancer Cell demonstrates that TGF-β can stimulate self-renewal and inhibit differentiation in a proportion of these glioma-initiating cells.
Do Rural Poor Develop Themselves? (Innovations Case Discussion: Barefoot College of Tilonia)

heads. Conventional conceptions intervene in underdeveloped regions with imported tools and techniques, which raises a range of concerns about fidelity versus local adaptation, ownership, and sustainability. The Barefoot approach circumvents these concerns by building up local wisdom and expertise, using local resources in ways that sustain and strengthen the local community. Many aspects of the Barefoot approach are attractive, compelling, and consistent with what we know about learning. A puzzle implied by the account presented here, however, is how the development process is initiated and spread. What are good ways to balance external stimulation with local ownership? How are effective models of development disseminated to new settings?
An exploratory analysis of HER-2 amplification and overexpression in advanced endometrial carcinoma: A gynecologic oncology group study

Abstract Objectives. To investigate the frequency and potential prognostic or predictive value of HER-2 amplification or overexpression in advanced and recurrent endometrial cancers. Methods. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC; DAKO Herceptest®) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH; Vysis Inc. PathVysion® DNA Probe Kit) were performed on specimens collected on a randomized Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) protocol testing the addition of paclitaxel to doxorubicin/cisplatin. Results. HER-2 overexpression (either 2+ (moderate) or 3+ (strong) immunostaining) and HER-2 gene amplification (a ratio of HER-2 copies to chromosome 17 ( CEP17 ) copies ≥2) were detected in 44% (104 of 234; 58 were 2+ and 46 were 3+) and 12% (21 of 182) of specimens, respectively. There was a significant increased frequency of overexpression in serous tumors vs. all others (23 of 38, 61% vs. 81 of 196, 41%, respectively, P =0.03). HER-2 amplification also appeared to be more common in serous tumors, but results were not significant (6 of 28, 21% vs. 15 of 141, 11%, P =0.12). There was a significant association between grade and HER-2 amplification among nonserous tumors, with grades 1, 2, and 3 cancers demonstrating 3%, 2%, and 21% amplification, respectively ( P =0.003). Neither overexpression nor amplification predicted overall survival (OS) after adjusting for treatment and performance status. Conclusions. HER-2 amplification was more common in high grade tumors with a trend to being more common in serous tumors. There was no clear evidence for a survival difference or a difference in benefit from the addition of paclitaxel for women with HER-2 amplified or overexpressed tumors; however, power to detect clinically meaningful differences was low.
A new particle size classifier: Variable-slit impactor with photo-counting

Abstract A novel instrument for measuring aerosol particle size distributions is described. The device exploits inertial impaction for a useful measure of particle size and photo-detection for speed of particle counting. Upon fixing the angles of the surfaces bounding the two-dimensional air flow, the geometry is self-similar at all settings of the variable jet width; moreover, at fixed volume flow rate the jet Reynolds number is fixed. Dynamic and geometric similarity then implies that impaction efficiency depends on a single dimensionless group, the Stokes number, which under certain conditions is proportional to the ratio of particle radius to jet width; thus calibration for all particle sizes is accomplished simply by varying the jet width using a single particle size. Tests using monodisperse latex particles confirm the expected scaling features and show that decreasing the angle between plate and impaction surface improves size discrimination. The advantages of the new impactor are its rapidity, flexibility, continuously adjustable size intervals and ease of calibration.
Crude fiber, form of ration, type of silage and digestibility of optimum rations.

Abstract The influence of type of silage (corn versus wheat), amount of ration fiber, and physical form of ration (meal versus pellet) on total ration digestibility and rumen volatile fatty acid concentration was studied in a 2 3 factorial experiment. Only pelleting of the high fiber ration consistently improved calculated NE lactation of the rations. Large differences in ration composition resulted in only small differences in rumen fermentation and volatile fatty acid production when the feeds were fed as mixed total rations. High-fiber grain mixtures resulted in amounts of volatile fatty acids and ratios of acids similar to low-fiber mixtures.
Toward a practical theory for distributed parameter systems

The control of dist,ributed parameter (DP) systems represents a real challenge, both from a theoretical and a practical point of view, to the systems engineer. Distribut.ed parameter systems arise in various application areas, such as chemical proms systems, aerospace systems, magneto-hydrodynamic systems, and communicat. ions systems, to ment.ion just a few. Thus, there is sufficient motivation for research directed t,oward the analysis, synt.hesis, and design techniques for DP systems. On t.he surface, it. may appear that t.he available theory for distributed parameter systems is almost at the same level as that associated with lumped systems. However, there exists a much wider gap between the theory and its applications. In the remainder of this correspondence, we shall briefly discus the reasons for this gap and suggest, certain tentative approaches which may contribute to the development of a theory and computat,ional algorithms which take into account. some of the practical problems associated with the design of controllers for DP systems. In order to make these concepts clear it. becomes necessary to briefly review, in an informal manner, what a DP system is and in what sense it differs, from both a mat,hemat.ical and a practical point of view, from a conventional lumped system.
Inflammatory and atherosclerotic interactions in the depleted uremic patient.

Despite the improvements in dialysis technology, the cardiovascular mortality rate is still unacceptably high among dialysis patients. It is obvious that traditional risk factors, such as hypertension, chronic heart failure (CHF), dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus, may account for a large part of the increased cardiovascular mortality rate in these patients. However, based on recent research it could be speculated that other, non-traditional risk factors might also contribute to the high cardiovascular mortality rate in dialysis patients. Chronic inflammation, as evidenced by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP), is a common feature in dialysis patients and is associated with an increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Indeed, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6) may cause malnutrition and progressive atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by several pathogenetic mechanisms, which will be discussed in this review. Based on the strong associations observed between malnutrition, inflammation and atherosclerosis in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) we have proposed that these features constitute a specific syndrome (MIA), which carries a high mortality rate. As elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines may play a central part in the vicious circle of malnutrition, inflammation and atherosclerosis, further research is needed to investigate whether or not different anti-cytokine treatment strategies may improve survival in dialysis patients.
Stories in Stone: Travels through Urban Geology by David B. Williams. Walker & Co., New York, NY. 212 pages; 2009; $26 (hardbound).

We live in the Stone Age. In this delightful book David Williams points out that one needn't travel to wild places such as Yosemite or the Grand Canyon to see geology—geology is in our cities in th...
Towards a Molecular Understanding of Actin Bundle Stability and Mechanics

Fascin and fimbrin are highly conserved actin-binding proteins used by cells to crosslink filamentous actin into compact ordered bundles. Despite the importance of these ubiquitous actin-binding proteins to cytoskeletal function, the molecular basis for their crosslinking and mechanical properties remains unknown. Here, we present a multi-scale approach aimed at reconciling the conserved sequence and structure of fimbrin and fascin with the unique properties that they endow to actin bundles. Equilibrium and nonequilibrium measurements indicate differential mediation of bundle mechanical properties, as well as the capacity for remodeling under sustained load. Atomistic simulations of fimbrin and fascin reveal distinct mechanisms of conformational flexibility that may have consequences on their cooperative actin-binding and mechanical properties in situ. Integrated structure-based modeling combined with experimental assays of bundle mechanics provides a promising approach to reconciling the conserved structure and sequence of actin crosslinking proteins with emergent actin bundle stability and mechanical properties.
Nonlinear observers: a circle criterion design and robustness analysis

Globally convergent observers are designed for a class of systems with monotonic nonlinearities. The approach is to represent the observer error system as the feedback interconnection of a linear system and a time-varying multivariable sector nonlinearity. Using LMI software, observer gain matrices are computed to satisfy the circle criterion and, hence, to drive the observer error to zero. In output-feedback design, the observer is combined with control laws that ensure input-to-state stability with respect to the observer error. Robustness to unmodeled dynamics is achieved with a small-gain assignment design, as illustrated on a jet engine compressor example.
Engineering of improved microbes and enzymes for bioremediation

Bioremediation with microorganisms is an attractive alternative to conventional techniques, such as incineration and chemical treatment, for disposing of pollutants. Recent progress in molecular biology, microbiology, and genetics is providing the driving force towards engineering improved microbes and enzymes for bioremediation. A number of genetic engineering approaches have been developed in the past several years that have proven useful in introducing/evolving the desired properties for different biodegradative pathways or enzymes. The initial excitement generated in this area should continue to pave the way for rational or irrational design of microbes or enzymes with novel remedial properties.
Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT) in schizophrenia.

Alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, was studied in two groups of 9 and 4 schizophrenic patients. The majority of patients received maximum daily doses in excess of 1000 mg with one patient receiving as much as 3000 mg daily; duration of treatment varied, three patients being treated for 8 weeks. The drug had no demonstrable antipsychotic effects; neither did it evoke mental depression or extrapyramidal syndromes as side reactions. In these nor-motensive patients, no significant changes in blood pressure were noted. Chemical studies in three patients suggested that the drug impaired the biosynthesis of some catecholamines, especially norepinephrine, although such a conclusion must be tentative. The use of AMT as a neuropharmacological tool for testing current biochemical theories regarding the action of antipsychotic drugs, the precipitation of endogenous depressions and the mechanism of drug-induced extrapyramidal syndromes was stressed.
Personality as a Prospective Vulnerability to Dysphoric Symptoms Among College Students: Proposed Mechanisms

Personality and psychopathology have long been associated; however, the mechanisms that account for this link are not well understood. Stress generation and cognitive vulnerability are examined as potential mechanisms to explain the association between negative emotionality and dysphoria. To evaluate these mechanisms, college students completed measures of personality, dysfunctional attitudes, negative cognitive style, dysphoric symptoms, and negative events. Two years later the same students reported on the occurrence of negative events and levels of dysphoric symptoms that they had experienced over the 2-year follow-up period. Consistent with hypotheses, negative emotionality predicted prospective increases in dysphoric symptoms and the generation of more stressors over time. Both dysfunctional attitudes and negative cognitive style interacted with these additional stressors to predict prospective elevations in dysphoria, and these cognitive vulnerability–stress components partially mediated the association between negative emotionality and future elevations of dysphoric symptoms.
From image edges to geons to viewpoint-invariant object models: a neural net implementation

Three striking and fundamental characteristics of human shape recognition are its invariance with viewpoint in depth (including scale), its tolerance of unfamiliarity, and its robustness with the actual contours present in an image (as long as the same convex parts [geons] can be activated). These characteristics are expressed in an implemented neural network model (Hummel & Biederman, 1992) that takes a line drawing of an object as input and generates a structural description of geons and their relations which is then used for object classification. The model's capacity for structural description derives from its solution to the dynamic binding problem of neural networks: independent units representing an object's parts (in terms of their shape attributes and interrelations) are bound temporarily when those attributes occur in conjunction in the system's input. Temporary conjunctions of attributes are represented by synchronized activity among the units representing those attributes. Specifically, the model induces temporal correlation in the firing of activated units to: (1) parse images into their constituent parts; (2) bind together the attributes of a part; and (3) determine the relations among the parts and bind them to the parts to which they apply. Because it conjoins independent units temporarily, dynamic binding allows tremendous economy of representation, and permits the representation to reflect an object's attribute structure. The model's recognition performance conforms well to recent results from shape priming experiments. Moreover, the manner in which the model's performance degrades due to accidental synchrony produced by an excess of phase sets suggests a basis for a theory of visual attention.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ecdysteroids in developing ovarian follicles of Hyalophora cecropia

Developing ovarian follicles of the silkmoth Hyalophora cecropia accumulate large amounts of ecdysteroids during oogenesis. As measured by an ecdysteroid radioimmunoassay (RIA), this accumulation begins near the end of vitellogenesis, just prior to nurse cell collapse, and continues through the beginning of chorion formation. Analysis of ovarian ecdysteroids by a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and RIA demonstrates that the major proportion of these are present in a highly polar form, most likely as conjugates; ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone were present as well, in much lower proportions. Light microscopic autoradiographs of photoactivated follicles after in vivo incubation with [3H]ecdysone indicate that within the oocyte ecdysteroids are associated with the yolk sphere membranes.
The Truth in Vulgar Relativism

L'A. critique le rejet du relativisme ordinaire par B. Williams et defend l'idee qu'une forme du relativisme moral peut fonder la tolerance en termes de non-condamnation et/ou non-interference avec d'autres societes. Soulignant l'insuffisance de la position de D. Wong, d'une part, et adoptant la distinction etablie par D. Lyons entre le relativisme de l'agent et le relativisme de l'expert, d'autre part, l'A. evalue les differentes strategies d'inference des principes moraux et denonce la definition antropologique de la tolerance fondee sur la diversite morale des cultures
Resist-based measurement of the contrast transfer function in a 0.3-NA EUV microfield optic

Although extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography offers the possibility of very high-resolution patterning, the projection optics must be of extremely high quality in order to meet this potential. One key metric of the projection optic quality is the contrast transfer function (CTF), which is a measure of the aerial image contrast as a function of pitch. A static microfield exposure tool based on the 0.3-NA MET optic and operating at a wavelength of 13.5 nm has been installed at the Advanced Light Source, a synchrotron facility at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. This tool provides a platform for a wide variety of research into EUV lithography. In this work we present resist-based measurements of the contrast transfer function for the MET optic. These measurements are based upon line/space patterns printed in several different EUV photoresists. The experimental results are compared with the CTF in aerial-image simulations using the aberrations measured in the projection optic using interferometry. In addition, the CTF measurements are conducted for both bright-field and dark-field mask patterns. Finally, the orientation dependence of the CTF is measured in order to evaluate the effect of non-rotationally symmetric lens aberrations. These measurements provide valuable information in interpreting the results of other experiments performed using the MET and similar systems.
Effect of specimen size and nickel content on the impact properties of 12 Cr-1 MoVW ferritic steel

The ferritic steel 12 Cr-1 MoVW is a candidate material for use in the first wall of magnetic fusion reactors. One of the primary concerns of materials in this application is service-induced embrittlement from aging and irradiation. Unirradiated Charpy impact data have been developed on three typical heats of 12 Cr-1 MoVW steel and on heats that have been modified with nickel and chromium additions for subsequent simulation of helium effects of irradiation. The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature and the upper-shelf energy were reduced by nickel additions. The addition of nickel while simultaneously maintaining a constant net chromium equivalent caused the transition temperature to increase. The use of a subsize specimen is mandated by the small volume and high gamma heating in high-flux research reactors used for very high-fluence irradiation experiments. Therefore, an understanding of the behavior of the subsize specimen is important in predicting corresponding irradiation-induced transition temperature shifts and upper-shelf drops of full-size Charpy specimens. Data are reported from subsize Charpy impact specimens, and the full- and subsize specimens are compared. The effect of specimen size on the upper-shelf energy of this material can be reduced better by volume normalization than by area normalization.
The influence of incompatible responses on the reduction of aggression: an alternative explanation.

Abstract The present research was designed to test an alternative explanation for the results of Baron's (1976) study concerning the reduction of aggression via incompatible responses. Prior to being detained at an intersection after the signal turned green, subjects were exposed to one of the following stimulus conditions: control, humor, aggression, or sexual arousal. According to the incompatible response hypothesis, the humor and sexual arousal conditions should serve to increase the latency of horn honking (reduce aggression), whereas the aggression condition should not. The obtained results offered no support for this hypothesis. They were, however, congruent with a distraction or attentional shift hypothesis.
Modeling Analyst Behavior

Analyst earnings forecasts have formed the basis for many well-known portfolio management strategies. Earnings forecasts over a considerable period of time form large data bases scrutinized by asset managers and academic researchers alike. There has been almost no analysis of how these forecasts are derived. The analysis here suggests a classification of analysts into three categories-leaders, followers, and rebels - and aims to differentiate the independent opinion-makers (in theory, both leaders and rebels) from the followers. Opinion-makers may be influential for two distinct reasons: Their earnings forecast revisions may be accurate and provide significant explanation of subsequent asset returns, or the market may weight their earnings revisions highly out of respect or their celebrated status.
Mapping Resistance to Multiple Races of Heterodera glycines in Soybean PI 89772

Breeding soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars for resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN) [Heterodera glycines Ichinohe] is the most efficient means to control this pest. Evaluating and developing new resistance germplasm sources for soybean breeding is very important to prevent SCN from race shifts and provide durable resistance in soybean. We evaluated a newly found germplasm, soybean plant introduction (PI) 89772, which is resistant to SCN Races 1, 2, 3, 5, and moderately resistant to Race 14. The objectives were to identify molecular markers associated with SCN resistance, investigate resistant allelic relationships, and evaluate marker-assisted selection efficiency. The F 2 and F 2:3 populations were produced by crossing PI 89772 with the susceptible soybean cultivar Hamilton. Thirty-nine restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and 54 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers found to be polymorphic were used to anchor loci conferring resistance to SCN Races 1, 2, 3, and 5. Two to three loci were found to give resistance to each SCN race. We found that resistance loci for different races could be anchored within the same region on linkage group (LG) G. A region on LG Bl was also shared by loci providing resistance to SCN Races 1, 2, and 5. Our results indicated that no single locus could provide complete resistance to any one SCN race. The major loci combinations provided high levels of resistance. We conclude that these markers could be highly useful in marker-assisted selection.
Review of motor control mechanisms underlying impact absorption from falls

The absorption of impacts resulting from contact with a landing surface during gait, running and drop landings has received considerable attention in the literature. This research has important clinical relevance as failure to appropriately plan and control impact absorption may lead to injuries to the musculo-skeletal system. This review attempts to summarize evidence gathered by studies on the motor control aspects of impact absorption during landing movements. Although this review focuses primarily on the control of landings from self-initiated falls or 'drop landings', an understanding of the motor control mechanisms underlying impact absorption is essential to understand common anticipatory and reflex mechanisms involved in a broader variety of movements such as running and jumping. The review is structured in three parts: the first two parts examine the preparatory muscle activity occurring during the fall (Part I) and after touch down (Part II). Part III explores the proposed sensorimotor mechanisms underlying the control of landing. The review concludes with as yet unresolved questions and directions for future research.
Reevaluation of the Effect of Calcium Ions on Auxin-induced Elongation

The mechanism by which calcium ions inhibit cell elongation has been reinvestigated. Growth-inhibiting levels of calcium, when applied to isolated walls (in vitro treatment) do not decrease cell wall extensibility as measured by the Instron technique. Thus, the hypothesis that calcium inhibits growth by forming wall-stiffening calcium bridges must be abandoned. Treatment of living auxin-treated sections with calcium (in vivo treatment) does cause a decrease in the subsequently measured wall extensibility, but this decline appears to be simply a consequence of the growth inhibition rather than its cause. Growth-inhibiting levels of calcium do not appreciably reduce the rate of auxin-enhanced H(+) excretion. Pretreatment with calcium does not reduce the capacity of walls to undergo acid-activated wall loosening in the absence of calcium. High concentrations of CaCl(2) (0.02 m) cause an initial elastic shrinkage of Avena sections comparable to that caused by the same osmolarity of mannitol, but the subsequent growth inhibition is too great to be explained by an osmotic inhibition. Calcium ions do inhibit H(+)-induced extension of frozen-thawed sections under tension. The growth-inhibitory effects of calcium, then, may be ascribed to a direct inhibition exerted by calcium ions on the H(+)-induced wall-loosening process.
Distributed vibration control and identification of coupled elastic/piezoelectric shells: Theory and experiment

Abstract In the recent development toward building large and flexible aerospace structural systems, active distributed vibration control and structural identification are of importance to their high-demanding performance. In this paper, a generic distributed parameter systems—a generic layered shell made of a passive elastic material sandwiched between two piezoelectric layers—is proposed and analysed. One of the coupled piezoelectric layers monitors the structural oscillation via the direct piezoelectric effect and the other controls the oscillation via the converse effect. Theories on distributed structural identification and control are derived. System dynamic equations and state equations of the coupled shell are formulated using Hamilton's principle and Kirchhoff-Love theory. Distributed structural identification and control of elastic structures are demonstrated by laboratory experiments.
Numerical study of convection in the directional solidification of a binary alloy driven by the combined action of Buoyancy, surface tension, and electromagnetic forces

Abstract Directional solidification of a dilute electrically conducting binary alloy driven by the combined action of buoyancy, surface-tension, and electromagnetic forces is considered. A numerical methodology using a moving finite element technique is proposed for the simulation of the above phase change process. The melt is modeled as a Boussinesq fluid and the transient Navier–Stokes equations are solved simultaneously with the transient heat and solute transport equations. The location of the advancing solid–liquid interface is numerically determined using an energy preserving weak form of the Stefan condition. The standard SUPG/PSPG method for the simulation of incompressible fluid flow is here extended to flows driven by the combination of buoyancy, surface tension, and electromagnetic forces. A reference problem of directional solidification of a dilute germanium alloy in a horizontal open-boat configuration is considered. The relative influence of thermocapillary convection and buoyancy-driven convection on the solidification process is investigated by varying the Bond number. Thermocapillary convection is shown to have a significant influence on various solidification parameters, such as the shape of the solid–liquid interface and the solute segregation, especially under low gravity conditions. The influence of an external magnetic field on the reference solidification problem is investigated both in a normal and a reduced gravity environment. It is demonstrated that the application of an appropriate strong magnetic field significantly damps the melt flow and improves the solute segregation pattern. The relative influence of an external magnetic field on the solidification process is also studied by independently varying the orientation and magnitude of the applied magnetic field.