cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robustness of class-based path-vector systems

Griffin, Jaggard, and Ramachandran [2004] introduced a framework for studying design principles for path-vector protocols, such as the border gateway protocol (BGP) used for inter-domain routing in the Internet. They outlined how their framework could describe hierarchical-BGP-like systems in which routing at a node is determined by the relationship with the next-hop node on a path (e.g., an ISP-peering relationship) and some additional scoping rules (e.g., the use of backup routes). The robustness of these class-based path-vector systems depends on the presence of a global constraint on the system, but an adequate constraint has not yet been given in general. In This work, we give the best-known sufficient constraint that guarantees robust convergence. We show how to generate this constraint from the design specification of the path-vector system. We also give centralized and distributed algorithms to enforce this constraint, discuss applications of these algorithms, and compare them to algorithms given in previous work on path-vector protocol design.
Influence of coarse wood and pine saplings on nitrogen mineralization and microbial communities in young post-fire Pinus contorta

Nitrogen (N) limits productivity in many coniferous forests of the western US, but the influence of postfire structure on N cycling rates in early successional stands is not well understood. We asked if the heterogeneity created by downed wood and regenerating pine saplings affected N mineralization and microbial community composition in 15-yr old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) stands established after the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming, USA). In three 0.25-ha plots, we measured annual in situ net N mineralization in mineral soil using resin cores (n = 100 per plot) under pine saplings, downed wood (legacy logs that survived the fire, and fire-killed trees that had fallen and were contacting or elevated above the ground), and in bare mineral soil. Annual in situ net N mineralization and net nitrification rates were both greater in bare mineral soil (8.4 � 0.6 and
An algorithmic approach to adaptive state filtering using recurrent neural networks

Practical algorithms are presented for adaptive state filtering in nonlinear dynamic systems when the state equations are unknown. The state equations are constructively approximated using neural networks. The algorithms presented are based on the two-step prediction-update approach of the Kalman filter. The proposed algorithms make minimal assumptions regarding the underlying nonlinear dynamics and their noise statistics. Non-adaptive and adaptive state filtering algorithms are presented with both off-line and online learning stages. The algorithms are implemented using feedforward and recurrent neural network and comparisons are presented. Furthermore, extended Kalman filters (EKFs) are developed and compared to the filter algorithms proposed. For one of the case studies, the EKF converges but results in higher state estimation errors that the equivalent neural filters. For another, more complex case study with unknown system dynamics and noise statistics, the developed EKFs do not converge. The off-line trained neural state filters converge quite rapidly and exhibit acceptable performance. Online training further enhances the estimation accuracy of the developed adaptive filters, effectively decoupling the eventual filter accuracy from the accuracy of the process model.
Consumption of blueberries with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat breakfast decreases postprandial serum markers of oxidation

We sought to determine whether consumption of blueberries could reduce postprandial oxidation when consumed with a typical high-carbohydrate, low-fat breakfast. Participants (n 14) received each of the three treatments over 3 weeks in a cross-over design. Treatments consisted of a high blueberry dose (75 g), a low blueberry dose (35 g) and a control (ascorbic acid and sugar content matching that of the high blueberry dose). Serum oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), serum lipoprotein oxidation (LO) and serum ascorbate, urate and glucose were measured at fasting, and at 1, 2 and 3 h after sample consumption. The mean serum ORAC was significantly higher in the 75 g group than in the control group during the first 2 h postprandially, while serum LO lag time showed a significant trend over the 3 h for both blueberry doses. Changes in serum ascorbate, urate and glucose were not significantly different among the groups. To our knowledge, this is the first report that has demonstrated that increased serum antioxidant capacity is not attributable to the fructose or ascorbate content of blueberries. In summary, a practically consumable quantity of blueberries (75 g) can provide statistically significant oxidative protection in vivo after a high-carbohydrate, low-fat breakfast. Though not tested directly, it is likely that the effects are due to phenolic compounds, either directly or indirectly, as they are a major family of compounds in blueberries with potential bioactive activity.
The Science and Theory behind Facial Aging.

Summary:The etiology of age-related facial changes has many layers. Multiple theories have been presented over the past 50–100 years with an evolution of understanding regarding facial changes related to skin, soft tissue, muscle, and bone. This special topic will provide an overview of the current
Development of an Improved Airbag-Induced Thermal Skin Burn Model

The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Airbag Skin Burn Model has been improved through laboratory testing and the implementation of a more flexible heat transfer model. A new impinging jet module based on laboratory measurements of heat flux due to high-velocity gas jets has been added, along with an implicit finite-difference skin conduction module. The new model can be used with airbag gas dynamics simulation outputs, or with heat flux data measured in the laboratory, to predict the potential for thermal skin burn caused by exposure to airbag exhaust gas.
Activation of platelet-rich plasma using soluble type I collagen.

Purpose Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has recently been found to be a useful delivery system for growth factors important to oral tissue healing. But application of PRP in a liquid form to a wound site within the oral cavity can be complicated by significant loss of the PRP into the surrounding oral space unless gelation through the clotting mechanism is accomplished. Gelation is currently accomplished using bovine thrombin; however, rare but serious complications of this method have led to the search for alternative clotting mechanisms, including the use of soluble collagen as a clotting activator. In this work, our hypothesis was that soluble type I collagen would be as effective as bovine thrombin in causing clotting of the PRP and stimulating growth factor release from the platelets and granulocytes. Materials and Methods PRP from human donors was clotted using type I collagen or bovine thrombin. Clot retraction was determined by measuring clot diameters over time. The release of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from both types of clots was measured over 10 days using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assasy. Results Clots formed using type I collagen exhibited far less retraction than those formed with bovine thrombin. Bovine thrombin and type I collagen stimulated similar release of PDGF-AB and VEGF between 1 and 10 days; however, thrombin activation resulted in a greater release of TGF-β1 during the first 5 days after activation. Conclusions The use of type I collagen to activate clotting of PRP may be a safe and effective alternative to bovine thrombin. The use of collagen results in less clot retraction and equal release of PDGF-AB and VEGF compared with currently available methods of clot activation.
Evolution of Southern Hemisphere spring air masses observed by HALOE

The evolution of Southern Hemisphere air masses observed by the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) during September 21 through October 15, 1992, is investigated using isentropic trajectories computed from United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) assimilated winds and temperatures. Maps of constituent concentrations are obtained by accumulation of air masses from previous HALOE occultations. Lagged correlations between initial and subsequent HALOE observations of the same air mass are used to validate the air mass trajectories. High correlations are found for lag times as large as 10 days. Frequency distributions of the air mass constituent concentrations are used to examine constituent distributions in and around the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex.
Confirming the two factor model of dispositional cancer worry.

Keywords: dispositional cancer worry; confirmatory factor analysis; severity; frequency; asymptotic covariance matrix
Shape of Complex Resistivity Arcs for lonically Conducting Glasses

It is shown experimentally and theoretically that the plot of the bulk glass complex resistivity, ρ★, must approach the origin at high frequencies and intersect the real axis at low frequencies, in both cases at a 90° angle. The ρ★ plot is not described accurately by an arc of a circle with its center below the real axis, although such circular arcs retain their usefulness in some cases for extrapolating the dc resistivity, ρ.
Linear artificial molecular muscles

Two switchable, palindromically constituted bistable (3)rotaxanes have been designed and synthesized with a pair of mechanically mobile rings encircling a single dumbbell. These designs are reminiscent of a "molecular muscle" for the purposes of amplifying and harnessing molecular mechanical motions. The location of the two cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT 4+ ) rings can be controlled to be on either tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) or naphthalene (NP) stations, either chemically ( 1 H NMR spectroscopy) or electrochemically (cyclic voltammetry), such that switching of inter-ring distances from 4.2 to 1.4 nm mimics the contraction and extension of skeletal muscle, albeit on a shorter length scale. Fast scan-rate cyclic voltammetry at low temperatures reveals stepwise oxidations and movements of one-half of the (3)rotaxane and then of the other, a process that appears to be concerted at room temperature. The active form of the bistable (3)rotaxane bears disulfide tethers attached covalently to both of the CBPQT4+ ring components for the purpose of its self-assembly onto a gold surface. An array of flexible microcantilever beams, each coated on one side with a monolayer of 6 billion of the active bistable (3)rotaxane molecules, undergoes controllable and reversible bending up and down when it is exposed to the synchronous addition of aqueous chemical oxidants and reductants. The beam bending is correlated with flexing of the surface- bound molecular muscles, whereas a monolayer of the dumbbell alone is inactive under the same conditions. This observation supports the hypothesis that the cumulative nanoscale movements within surface-bound "molecular muscles" can be harnessed to perform larger-scale mechanical work.
Measuring faculty perceptions of instructional technology

Electronic learning requires more work for faculty; that work does not often translate into better pay, increased scholarship and publication, increased status, or other results valued by academia. Despite electronic learning's dubious benefits to faculty, it is clear that electronic learning is here to stay, and with that fact comes another question: what is the best way to assist faculty in keeping up with the technology? To address this research question this study looks at the impact of faculty training on their adoption of instructional technology. Phase 1 is underway, and the researchers will report on the results of that phase at the conference.
Remaking the White Wedding? Same-Sex Wedding Photographs’ Challenge to Symbolic Heteronormativity

Recent scholarship has identified the modern wedding as a principal site for the construction of heteronormativity. This article examines whether and how the participation of same-sex couples in the wedding ritual can challenge this construction. Photographs from the 2004 San Francisco same-sex weddings were quantitatively content-coded for subjects’ gender presentation and for the extent to which the couple embodied the heteronormative wedding standard of one bride and one groom. I find that all the men in these photographs conformed to gender norms and thus no male couple conformed to the wedding standard. In contrast, approximately one-fifth of the women presented non-normative gender, and more than two-thirds of the formally dressed lesbian couples conformed to the wedding standard of a bride and a groom. In a close reading of four photographs, I argue that these images have the potential to challenge assumptions about normative sex, gender, and sexuality at the level of the symbolic when understood i...
Optimal design of periodically time-varying and multirate digital filters

A description of time-varrying digital filters is developed that uses a transfer function of two frequency variables. This proves to be particularly powerful for periodically time-varying systems and results in the sources and effects of aliasing and folding being explicitly shown. This method is used to allow the optimal frequency domain design of these systems using time-invariant methods. An application to a narrow-band filter design gives up to a factor of three improvement in efficiency.
Implicit invocation meets safe, implicit concurrency

Writing correct and efficient concurrent programs still remains a challenge. Explicit concurrency is difficult, error prone, and creates code which is hard to maintain and debug. This type of concurrency also treats modular program design and concurrency as separate goals, where modularity often suffers. To solve these problems, we are designing a new language that we call Panini. In this paper, we focus on Panini's asynchronous, typed events which reconcile the modularity goal promoted by the implicit invocation design style with the concurrency goal of exposing potential concurrency between the execution of subjects and observers.Since modularity is improved and concurrency is implicit in Panini, programs are easier to reason about and maintain. The language incorporates a static analysis to determine potential conflicts between handlers and a dynamic analysis which uses the conflict information to determine a safe order for handler invocation. This mechanism avoids races and deadlocks entirely, yielding programs with a guaranteed deterministic semantics. To evaluate our language design and implementation we show several examples of its usage as well as an empirical study of program performance. We found that not only is developing and understanding Panini programs significantly easier compared to standard concurrent object-oriented programs, butt also performance of Panini programs is comparable to their equivalent hand-tuned versions written using Java's fork-join framework.
Toward a Unity of Ethics and Practice: Interpreting Inclusion and Diversity

This article proceeds from the claim that the separation between normative political theory, political science, and politics is artificial, and that it should be challenged. In the first section, insights offered by Hans-Georg Gadamer and Charles Taylor, as well as more recent hermeneutic studies, will be brought in to show what we have to gain by incorporating normative theory and normative commitments into interpretive research programs. In the second section, I will interpret the normative commitments, with regard to inclusion, contained in the national-cosmopolitan debate, and the normative commitments, with regard to diversity, contained in the communitarian-multicultural debate. This section will close with the phrasing of “thematic questions,” which occupy each of the debates, and of the typical answers each approach gives to these questions. This thematic-questions-and-typical-answers framework can be used as an interpretive instrument in the study of existing communities. The last section will exemplify how such an interpretation may be conducted. I will put forth an interpretation of the European Parliament's debate on the opening of accession negotiations with Turkey. I will show how asking the text the thematic questions, looking for answers within it, and identifying their normative orientation can produce insights on the community.
Design Methods, Tools, and Outcome Measures: A Survey of Practitioners

Several tools and methods drawn from research in design and manufacturing have been successfully transplanted into industry. This paper describes a survey conducted of practicing designers and engineers in fields ranging from product development to aerospace to better understand the methodologies and metrics they employ. Preliminary results suggest that respondents found methodologies such as need finding, storyboarding, and brainstorming useful, but were less familiar with approaches such as systematic design, axiomatic design, or TRIZ. There was wide variation in what respondents felt were appropriate design outcome measures, but positive customer feedback in particular was deemed important in evaluating project performance. Finally, a broad range of design tools was cited as useful by respondents, but computer aided drawing applications in particular were rated highly. It is hoped that this survey can be of value in formulating future research goals in design theory and tool development.
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors represent a new class of agents which were designed to retain only that unique property. Because of this inhibition, administration of these agents results in the significant reduction of elevated blood pressure of various etiologies and in the amelioration of symptoms associated with congestive heart failure resistant to digitalis glycosides and diuretics. The mechanism(s) of action is not entirely certain but almost certainly resides in the inhibition of ACE. Certainly, the future will see still further advances made in this therapeutic area as well as with other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system.
DNA-PKcs is required to maintain stability of Chk1 and Claspin for optimal replication stress response

The ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR)-checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) axis is the major signaling pathway activated in response to replication stress and is essential for the intra-S checkpoint. ATR phosphorylates and activates a number of molecules to coordinate cell cycle progression. Chk1 is the major effector downstream from ATR and plays a critical role in intra-S checkpoint on replication stress. Activation of Chk1 kinase also requires its association with Claspin, an adaptor protein essential for Chk1 protein stability, recruitment and ATR-dependent Chk1 phosphorylation. We have previously reported that, on replication stress, the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is rapidly phosphorylated by ATR at the stalled replication forks and is required for cellular resistance to replication stresses although the impact of DNA-PKcs onto the ATR signaling pathway remains elusive. Here we report that ATR-dependent Chk1 phosphorylation and Chk1 signaling are compromised in the absence of DNA-PKcs. Our investigation reveals that DNA-PKcs is required to maintain Chk1–Claspin complex stability and transcriptional regulation of Claspin expression. The impaired Chk1 activity results in a defective intra-S checkpoint response in DNA-PKcs–deficient cells. Taken together, these results suggest that DNA-PKcs, in addition to its direct role in DNA damage repair, facilitates ATR-Chk1 signaling pathway in response to replication stress.
Egalitarian dialogue and instrumental dimension. Two principles of dialogic learning in the classroom

Dialogic conceptualizations of learning have rapidly arisen in the last two decades. Building upon Vygotsky's socio-cultural psychology, these theories emphasize that people make meaning in interaction with others, where language is the main mediational tool. One of those accounts is the theory of "dialogic learning" (Flecha, 2000). This article explores two of the principles of dialogic learning: egalitarian dialogue and instrumental dimension, through the meanings that a group of elementary school children gave to learning in interactive groups , a practice of dialogic learning in the classroom. The data revealed the meanings that students gave to those two principles of dialogic learning and how each of those principles gets manifested in interactive groups. Regarding egalitarian dialogue, children perceived that participants in interactive groups hold validity claims, engage in communicative action, and care about the effects and context of the interactions. As for the principle of instrumental dimension, the students pointed out multiple ways in which dialogue act as a tool to learn more, for example, facilitating the identification of gaps and errors in one's reasoning and fostering the development of communicative abilities. Dialogo igualitario y dimension instrumental. Dos principios del aprendizaje dialogico en el aula RESUMEN : En las dos ultimas decadas han surgido con rapidez conceptualizaciones dialogicas del aprendizaje. Basandose en la psicologia socio-cultural de Vygotsky, estas teorias enfatizan que las personas crean significado en la interaccion social, donde el lenguaje es la principal herramienta mediacional. Una de esas teorias es la del "aprendizaje dialogico" (Flecha, 2000). Este articulo explora dos de los principios del aprendizaje dialogico: dialogo igualitario y dimension instrumental, a traves de los significados que un grupo de ninas y ninos de educacion primaria dan a aprender en grupos interactivos , una practica de aprendizaje dialogico en el aula. Los datos revelaron lo que significa para las y los estudiantes esos dos principios del aprendizaje dialogico, asi como la forma como cada uno de ellos se manifiesta en los grupos interactivos. Relacionado con el dialogo igualitario, las ninas y ninos percibieron que las y los participantes en grupos interactivos tienen pretensiones de validez, participan de accion comunicativa, y se preocupan por los efectos y el contexto de las interacciones. Sobre el principio de dimension instrumental, las y los estudiantes destacaron multiples formas en las que el dialogo actua como herramienta para aprender mas, por ejemplo facilitando la identificacion de lagunas y errores en el propio razonamiento y fomentando el desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas. Palabras clave : aprendizaje dialogico, dialogo, interaccion, grupos interactivos.
Personality Characteristics and Experiential Avoidance in Trichotillomania: Results from an Age and Gender Matched Sample

Abstract Despite its prevalence and a growing body of research, significant gaps remain in the knowledge of trichotillomania (TTM). The current study sought to address this issue by examining personality characteristics, impulsivity, and experiential avoidance of those with TTM compared to an age and gender matched sample. 56 Female participants (28 with TTM and 28 non-clinical age-matched controls) completed the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), Barratt's Impulsivity Scale (BIS), and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ). Paired-sample t -tests compared each of the 28 individuals who met criteria for TTM to an age and gender matched individual who did not meet criteria for TTM or any Axis I condition. Significant differences were found between many of the PAI scales and subscales, impulsivity, and experiential avoidance. The TTM group displayed higher levels of pathology than the control group. The findings provide evidence that individuals with TTM demonstrate differing levels of personality characteristics compared to individuals without TTM and that treatment may benefit from acknowledging and targeting these areas.
Measurement, Modeling and Performance of the MIMO Channel

Environmental properties, array geometries and antenna patterns impact the modeling and performance of the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless channel. This paper investigates the phenomenon, model-ing, and impact on the Shannon capacity of angular clustering of multipath and of the line-of-sight (LOS) component of a short-range MIMO link. Clus-tering of multipath angles of arrival has been observed in both indoor and outdoor environments and reduces the capacity of the MIMO link. The LOS component of a short-range MIMO link is shown to have non-unity rank and to dominate the capacity of measured channels. To fully exploit this MIMO channel feature, antennas must be spaced sufficiently far apart. The final topic of the paper is the use of antenna selection and beam selection to provide an SNR advantage to a MIMO link, in conditions either with or without inter-ference.
Objective and Subjective Sleep Disorders in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis

Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) is one of the fastest growing dialysis modalities. It is unknown whether sleep and mood are disturbed while performing repeated overnight exchanges. In this report, we aim to describe and compare the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), periodic limb movements (PLMS), poor sleep quality (SQ), and depression among APD patients compared with stages 3b–5 (estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤44 ml/min/1.73 m2) chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study. Study participants were recruited from outpatient nephrology clinics, local dialysis centers, and the Thomas E. Starzl Transplant Institute in Western Pennsylvania between April 2004 and July 2009. There were 186 participants in this study including 22 APD patients, 89 CKD patients, and 75 HD patients. In-home polysomnography was performed and two questionnaires were completed, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). SDB and PLMS were quantified by in-home unattended polysomnography; poor SQ was defined by a score >5 on the PSQI, and the presence of moderate to severe depression was defined by a score >5 on the PHQ-9. The APD patients had a median age of 37.5 years, were predominantly female (72.7 %), and had a median body mass index (BMI) of 23.8 kg/m2. In univariate analyses, APD patients had significantly lower apnea-hypopnea index compared to HD patients by 12.2 points (likelihood ratio test p = 0.008) and revealed the least percent of TST with nocturnal hypoxemia compared to CKD patients by 2.7 points, respectively (likelihood ratio test p = 0.01). The APD group had also significantly greater stages 3 to 4 sleep compared to the CKD patients by 8.6 points (likelihood ratio test p = 0.009). In multivariate analyses and after adjustment for age, gender, race, and BMI, both APD and HD patients had higher average PSQI scores than CKD patients by 2.54 and 2.22 points, respectively (likelihood ratio test p = 0.005). No other comparisons of sleep parameters among groups reached statistical significance. The limitations of this study are the small sample size of the APD population and the demographic and clinical differences among the three study groups. Despite differences in univariate analyses, after multivariate adjustment, APD patients had similar sleep parameters and sleep architecture and as poor SQ and symptoms of depression as HD patients. Future studies with larger APD cohorts are needed.
Dehydrogenase conversion to oxidase and lipid peroxidation in brain after carbon monoxide poisoning

The conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase and lipid peroxidation were measured in brain from carbon monoxide- (CO) poisoned rats. Sulfhydryl-irreversible xanthine oxidase increas...
An assembly language I.D.E. to engage students of all levels: tutorial presentation

MIPS assembly language is widely taught in computer organization and related courses due to its elegant design and ease of learning. In this workshop, participants will explore varied uses of the MARS integrated development environment (IDE) and simulator for MIPS assembly language programming. Basic exploration is guided by a set of MIPS programming exercises to illustrate MARS use and its extensive and intuitive interactive debugging capabilities. The next level of exploration will introduce MARS "tools", applications that can interact with executing MIPS programs by observing the simulated MIPS memory and registers. Exercises will demonstrate how currently-available MARS tools can be used to illustrate or experiment with concepts in different computer science courses. For instance, the Data Cache Simulation tool can be used by students at any level to explore the performance of different cache organizations while executing an arbitrary MIPS program. The advanced phase of the workshop will introduce participants to ways in which they can customize and extend certain MARS capabilities. The most powerful of these is the ability to develop and plug-in their own tools by extending an abstract Java class provided with MARS. By the end of the workshop, participants will be able to utilize MARS to compose and debug basic MIPS assembly programs, see potential uses for MARS in a variety of computer science courses ranging from operating systems to breadth-first introduction, and be aware of at least two techniques for extending and leveraging MARS' capabilities.
E.B. “Ted” Sayles, Pioneer Southwestern Archaeologist

(1997). E.B. “Ted” Sayles, Pioneer Southwestern Archaeologist. KIVA: Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 69-85.
Application-Aware Collective Communication (Extended Abstract)

Preliminary results are presented of hardware support for collective communication that takes advantage of a priori routing information.
Thermoregulation During Extended Exercise in the Heat: Comparisons of Fluid Volume and Temperature

Objective This study aimed to determine the physiological and thermoregulatory responses of individuals exercising in the heat (US military red flag conditions, wet-bulb globe temperature 31.5–32.2oC) while consuming varied volumes of ambient temperature water and ice slurry. Methods Participants (N = 12) walked on a treadmill for 3 hours at approximately 40% peak aerobic capacity in a hot environment while consuming ambient temperature (35.5°C) water (W), ice slurry (0°C, two-thirds shaved ice and one-third water) at a ratio of 2 g·kg -1 body mass every 10 minutes (FS), and reduced volume ice slurry as described at a rate of 1 g·kg -1 body mass every 10 minutes (HS). Trials were completed at least 14 days apart, in a randomized, repeated measures design. Results Percent body weight loss was higher during the HS trial (1.8 ± 0.01%) compared with FS (0.5 ± 0.01%; P P P = .04 vs HS, and P = .005 vs W, main effect for trial). No differences were found in rectal temperature between HS and W. Heart rate was lower at the end of the third hour during FS (141 ± 10 beats/min) compared with HS (157 ± 19 beats/min) and W (154 ± 18 beats/min) ( P = .001 and P = .007, respectively, time × trial interaction). There were no differences in heart rate between HS and W. Conclusions The temperature of consumed fluids may be as important as the volume for the management of thermoregulation and other physiological responses for extended work in hot environments.
A 3D study comparing filtered backprojection, weighted least squares, and penalized weighted least squares for CT reconstruction

We have extended 2D weighted least squares and penalized weighted least squares transmission reconstruction methods (WLSTR and PWLSTR respectively) to 3D to explore their impact on image noise and spatial resolution. 3D sinograms of circular and elliptical water cylinders were simulated using a conventional third generation CT system geometry. Data were generated using the realistic CT simulation software CATSIM. Resolution-Noise curves demonstrated that for high contrast wires the in-plane resolution can be improved using PWLS with a Huber-like prior compared to the resolution of the respective FBP image, maintaining the noise, or the noise can be reduced matching the resolution. The achieved noise reduction is greater for the elliptical cylinder than for the circular cylinder. For both phantoms we observed modest degradation in the xz-resolution compared to the in-plane resolution (for equal noise levels). Although in the case of the circular cylinder, improved resolution in the xz-plane is still achievable when compared to the respective resolution in the xz-plane observed in the FBP images (for equal noise levels), the resolution in the xz-plane for the elliptical cylinder is worse than the respective resolution of the FBP images. We present a method and results for resolution recovery in the latter case. Similarly to the previous 2D results, the Huber- like prior resulted in better resolution-noise curves than the quadratic. Furthermore, the use of priors reduces image noise significantly compared to the results generated without a prior.
The External Benefits of Education

Education's external benefits are social benefits that spillover to benefit others in the society and future generations. These include lower government health, welfare, and prison costs; strengthened democracy, human rights, political stability, and social capital; less crime and poverty; environmental benefits; better international competitiveness; new ideas and diffusion of technology. These set the stage for new development within families and nations. Comprehensive identification and monetary valuation of the external social benefits show that indirect effect externalities are part of private market and nonmarket benefits. When the direct external social benefits are included, total external benefits are slightly larger than half of the total benefits. Short-term benefits are smaller, whereas long-term external benefits are substantial.
Floración primera del zacate gigante del Volcán Turrialba, Costa Rica

A giant grass growing stwms up to 6 m tall and forming a large colony in a swamp on the SW slope of Volcan Turrialba. Costa Rica, has never been seen to bloom by the local inhabitants, nor by the author since 1966, neither has it responded to various photoperiods in cultivation at the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology of Iowa State University. Spontaneous flowering of one of these plants confirmed a previous determination on anatomic characters as Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.
Heavy-quark symmetry implies stable heavy tetraquark mesons $Q_iQ_j \bar q_k \bar q_l$

A pair of theory papers use the recently discovered double-charmed baryon to predict double-beauty tetraquarks.
Anti-CD20 Cell Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis-A Fixed Dosing Schedule for Ocrelizumab is Overkill.

Anti-CD 20 therapies have found significant uses in multiple sclerosis (MS). Based singularly on the accumulated evidence with the use of rituximab (RTX; Rituxan, Genentech, and Biogen) in neuroimmunological diseases, ocrelizumab (OCR; Ocrevus, Genentech) was developed as a treatment option for MS and selectively targets CD20 B cells, a cell surface antigen found on pre-B cells, mature, and memory B cells, but not on lymphoid stem cells and plasma cells. On the basis of indirect evidence, elimination of the antigen-presenting capabilities and antigen nonspecific immune functions of B cells appear to be central to the therapeutic efficacy of anti-CD20 B-cell therapies. An important question is this—Why does the drug need to be dosed at fixed intervals and not based on a measurable endpoint, such as tracking peripheral CD20 cell counts? There is minimal scientific validity in infusing the drug every 6 months particularly if CD20 cell counts are negligible in the peripheral blood. In this analysis, a case is made for following CD19 cell populations as a surrogate for CD20 cells on a monthly basis to guide OCR redosing parameters and does not follow a scheduled dosing parameter.
Whale Shrines and Temples in the Kantō Region

This chapter studies whaling culture in the Kantō Region (central-eastern Honshū), the seat of Japan’s capital, Tokyo. Whales migrated in the Pacific Ocean off the Bōsō peninsula, south of Tokyo, and several fishing villages engaged in classical whaling, and local fishermen created many whale graves. In addition, surprisingly, there are also whale graves and monuments in Tokyo, because whales occasionally drifted into the bay of Edo (the old name for Tokyo) and local fishermen caught them. There are interesting episodes about these whales.
Management of idiopathic tracheal stenosis

Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis usually occurs in women, produces stenosis of 1 to 3 cm, is densely collagenous, and is unaccompanied by systemic disease. It may be successfully managed by one stage resection and reconstruction, most often including a portion of the lower larynx.
Establishment of a leukemic cell line MT-ALL with multilineage differentiation potential.

Multiple steps are involved in hematopoietic differentiation and maturation from multipotent progenitor cells to terminally differentiated cells of each lineage. The availability of recombinant growth factors and of various clonogenic precursor cell assays has provided useful information about hematopoietic precursors, notably of the myeloid lineage [1–3]. However, the direct evaluation of primitive human lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells has been hampered by their low frequency in normal donors and the difficulties involved in expanding them in in vitro culture [4, 5]. Therefore, little is known about the events and mechanisms that result in the irreversible commitment of multipotent uncommitted progenitors to a specific cell lineage. Leukemias have been traditionally used as a model for lymphohematopoietic development and have been studied extensively for the expression of differentiation antigens [6, 7] and recently for rearrangements of genes of the immunoglobulin supergene family [8, 9]. They are considered to represent clonal expansions of lymphoid and myeloid progenitor cells and therefore provide an opportunity to study homogeneous populations of lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells. However, leukemic cell lines with the potential for multilineage differentiation that would allow the study of early events of lymphohematopoietic development are very rare [10, 11]. We report a novel acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), MT-ALL, with a predominantly mature CD3+ TCR α/β+ phenotype, which in response to various growth factors displays the potential for multilineage differentiation in vitro. This leukemia may be instrumental in elucidating mechanisms involved in early lymphohematopoietic development.
Improving Android permissions models for increased user awareness and security

Determining how to make users more aware of the permissions used in their favorite apps is one of the largest challenges facing mobile developers today. Research has shown that the less aware a user is, the less secure they feel while using the app. Unfortunately, this same research has shown that users are not well informed of the permissions their apps use, leading to many users feeling insecure. This makes us ask, how can users become more informed about the permissions their apps use so they can feel more secure? o better understand this question, we examined the effects of the previous and current Android permissions models, as well as our proposed permissions model through an in person study. Our primary findings were I) Our proposed permissions model makes users significantly more secure than both Android models. II) Run-time based permissions models make users significantly more informed than install-time based models.
2006 Formative evaluation and adaptation of a safe sleep intervention for infants in rural underserved communities

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This abstract describes a recently-funded 2 year study that aims to: (1) explore the community advisors’ perspectives of the safe sleep intervention’s acceptability, feasibility, and adaptability using focus groups and key informant interviews. (2) Adapt the selected safe sleep interventions (SSI) and identify promising implementation strategies to support it through an evidence-based quality improvement process with a multistakeholder group. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Background sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) is the leading cause of post-neonatal infant death in the United States. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed account for over 50% of SUID, leading to recommendations for supine sleep position and safer sleep environments for infants. However, despite significant reductions in SIDS after “back to sleep” and “safe to sleep” campaigns, significant racial and urban-rural disparities persist. In 2015, the rural-urban crude death rate ratio was 4:1 and Black infants are twice as likely to die from SUID as White infants. Adherence to safe sleep recommendations is highly variable and a number of hospital and community-based interventions have been suggested to improve knowledge and change parent behavior. Hospital programs to promote safe sleep education and policies may serve to educate families about safe sleep, but may not be uniformly available in rural and underserved areas. The AAP evidence-based safe sleep guidelines have demonstrated reductions in SIDS and SUID when child caregivers adhere to them. Community-based SSI, including safety baby showers, promote safe sleep practices, but barriers may exist for participation, especially in rural areas. Partnering with community groups serving a high risk area, we will explore the barriers and facilitators to more widespread safety baby shower (SBS) delivery/adoption in rural underserved communities (RUC). Observation of the evidence-based SBS as it is currently delivered, focus groups and key informant interviews will be conducted with program leaders and participants. Based on this knowledge and using an evidence-based development process, we will adapt the SBS and identify implementation strategies to support its uptake in RUC. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We expect to develop a modified safe sleep intervention that reaches more expectant and new mothers is more efficient at delivering safe sleep guidelines to rural community members and can be more readily adopted and implemented by RUC. Supporting implementation strategies will be identified during the formative evaluation. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Developing a safe sleep intervention adapted for the local context through a collective decision-making process between intervention experts and local community advisors will potentially improve safe sleep guideline delivery and adherence in RUC. The next study will pilot test the effectiveness of the adapted safe sleep intervention with identified supporting implementation strategies.
Students’ Views of Design in an Engineering Design-Based Science Curricular Unit

Recent reforms in science education have supported the inclusion of engineering and their practices in K-12 curricula. To this end, many classrooms have incorporated engineering units that include design challenges. Design is an integral part of engineering and can help students think in creative and interdisciplinary ways. In this study, we examined students’ conceptions of design during and after participation in a design-based science curriculum unit. Our study was guided by the following research question: What are students’ views of design after participation in an engineering design-based science curriculum unit and how are these views reflected in their enactment throughout the unit? Using a qualitative approach, we examined students’ conversations throughout the enactment of the curriculum and interviews conducted after the completion of the unit. We found that students had complex and diverse views of design, and these views were reflected in their group discussions throughout the curriculum and design challenge. Students most frequently expressed design as learning and as a process of integration into a coherent whole. These aspects of design were also frequently observed in students’ conversations during the unit. Interestingly, we found evidence of students demonstrating several aspects of design throughout the curriculum that were not explicitly expressed during the student interviews. Taken together, these findings support the complex nature of design as seen at the middle school level.
Muñoz Vargas, Jaime, comp. Perfiles sobre José Revueltas. México: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, 2014. Págs. 98

A bookrview of: Munoz Vargas, Jaime, comp. Perfiles sobre Jose Revueltas. Mexico: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, 2014. Pags. 98
Spark-based Spatial Association Mining

Spatial association mining, as one of important techniques for spatial data mining, is used to discover interesting relationship patterns among spatial features based on spatial proximity from a large spatial database. Explosive growth in georeferenced data has emphasized the need to develop computationally efficient methods for analyzing big spatial data. Parallel and distributed computing is effective and mostly-used strategy for speeding up large scale dataset algorithms. This work presents parallel spatial association mining on the Spark RDD framework - a specially-designed in-memory parallel computing model to support iterative algorithms. The initial experiment result shows that the Spark-based algorithm has significantly improved performance than the method with MapReduce in spatial association pattern mining.
Automated reduction of blood coagulation models

Mathematical modeling of thrombosis typically involves modeling the coagulation cascade. Models of coagulation generally involve the reaction kinetics for dozens of proteins. The resulting system of equations is difficult to parameterize, and its numerical solution is challenging when coupled to blood flow or other physics important to clotting. Prior research suggests that essential aspects of coagulation may be reproduced by simpler models. This evidence motivates a systematic approach to model reduction. We herein introduce an automated framework to generate reduced-order models of blood coagulation. The framework consists of nested optimizations, where an outer optimization selects the optimal species for the reduced-order model and an inner optimization selects the optimal reaction rates for the new coagulation network. The framework was tested on an established 34-species coagulation model to rigorously consider what level of model fidelity is necessary to capture essential coagulation dynamics. The results indicate that a nine-species reduced-order model is sufficient to reproduce the thrombin dynamics of the benchmark 34-species model for a range of tissue factor concentrations, including those not included in the optimization process. Further model reduction begins to compromise the ability to capture the thrombin generation process. The framework proposed herein enables automated development of reduced-order models of coagulation that maintain essential dynamics used to model thrombosis.
Modeling Bond Behavior of Lap-Spliced Enamel-Coated Rebar

AbstractBond behavior of coated rebar spliced in concrete has gained significant attention due to the modified interfacial behavior between the coated surface and cementitious materials. This paper...