cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagonal representation for the transfer-matrix method for obtaining electronic energy levels in layered semiconductor heterostructures.

We develop a multiband k\ensuremath{\cdot}P transfer-matrix algorithm by defining a ``diagonal representation'' that provides a unified way of calculating energy levels and wave functions for superlattices as well as for quantum wells with arbitrarily shaped band-edge profiles. Numerical results of transfer-matrix calculations are presented for specific heterostructures. We show that, contrary to expectations, the various versions of the boundary conditions used in the literature lead to results for the subband energies that agree with one another reasonably well for the wide-band-gap materials.
Isolation, partial characterization, and localization of the A and B proteins from the tubular accessory gland of male Tenebrio molitor

Abstract In its fully differentiated state, the tubular accessory gland of the male mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, synthesizes five groups of proteins (A, B, C, D1 and D2) which are easily distinguished from one another on two-dimensional pI-SDS polyacrylamide gels (Black et al., 1982: Devl Biol. 94, 106–115). In the present work, the A and B proteins have been isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis and Amicon ultrafiltration. The isolation procedure provided two fractions of interest: one contained a mixture of A and B proteins (A/B) and the other consisted of only B proteins. The major proteins in the A class have a molecular weight of 17,900 while those of the B class are 19,000 daltons in size. Antibodies have been produced to the A/B mixture and to the B fraction. Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and straight line immunoelectrophoresis show that the A and B proteins share common immunological characteistics. The proteins from the tubular accessory gland were displayed on one dimensional SDS gels and electrophoretically blotted onto nitrocellulose paper. The antibodies to the A/B mixture recognize A and B bands on these gels. In addition, these antibodies show affinity for C proteins and another band of lower molecular weight. Using the anti-A/B with techniques of immunodiffusion, straight line immunoelectrophoresis, and immunoblotting, we have identified the A and B protein in extracts of soluble proteins in the spermatophore. Furthermore, the A/B proteins have been localized by immunohistochemical techniques within the apical portions of the secretory cells of the tubular gland and also in the lumen of the spermatophore.
Antisera to a Synthetic Peptide Recognize Native and Denatured Rat Estrogen Receptors

Specific polyclonal antisera to the rat estrogen receptor (rER) were developed using a synthetic peptide as the antigen. The peptide corresponds to amino acids 270–284 deduced from the cloned rER cDNA and has no homology to other steroid hormone receptors. Antipeptide antisera raised in rabbits specifically recognize a 67,000 mol wt protein, shown to be the rER, in Western blot experiments. In immunoprecipitation experiments, one tested antiserum bound unoccupied as well as 17β-estradiol-occupied rERs, indicating that this region is exposed in both receptor forms. This antiserum shows no crossreactivity with rat progesterone or glucocorticoid receptors. Cross-reactivity with rabbit, human, and, to a lesser extent, bovine ERs was observed. (Endocrinology 127: 1028–1032,1990)
Energy enhancement in time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing using a photorefractive polymer

Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) optical focusing achieves light focusing into scattering media beyond one transport mean free path, which is desirable in biomedical optics. However, the focused optical energy needs to be increased for broad applications. Here, we report the use of a photorefractive polymer (PRP) as the phase conjugate mirror in TRUE optical focusing. The PRP boosted the focused optical energy by ∼40 times in comparison to the previously used photorefractive Bi_(12)SiO_(20) crystal. As a result, we successfully imaged absorbing objects embedded in the middle plane of a tissue-mimicking phantom having an optical thickness of 120 scattering mean free paths.
Christian Ethics and Contemporary Social Issues

INCE the beginning of human society men have faced problems of conduct, personal and social, and they have formulated principles and codes to guide them in the solution of these problems. The problems of conduct which have been so persistent throughout history have taken on the name "morality" and reflection upon these problems, and theories regarding them, have been called "ethics." Morality is the attempt to discover and to live the "good" life which is the healthy, satisfactory, happy, or the full and abundant life. Morality is thus a part of the ever-present will-to-live as it expresses itself on the human level.
Group formation and anemone use in captively reared anemonefish (Amphiprion frenatus)

We studied group formation and anemone use in captively reared anemonefish Amphiprion frenatus. Four small fish (23–32 mm total length) were simultaneously released into a central area of the aquaria (ca. 160 l) that was divided in half with an anemone placed on each half, with the opportunity to settle on either side. Four-day trials were conducted for analyzing settlement patterns. Because of the monogamous mating system, we predicted that small fish should settle in pairs. However, all four small fish settled on the same side in 7 of 14 replicates, which was a higher than expected value under random settlement.
Parametricity and variants of Girard's J operator

Abstract The Girard–Reynolds polymorphic λ -calculus is generally regarded as a calculus of parametric polymorphism in which all well-formed terms are strongly normalizing with respect to β -reductions. Girard demonstrated that the addition of a simple “non-parametric” operation, J , to the calculus allows the definition of a non-normalizing term. Since the type of J is not inhabited by any closed term, one might suspect that this may play a role in defining a non-normalizing term using it. We demonstrate that this is not the case by giving a simple variant, J′ , of J whose type is otherwise inhabited and which causes normalization to fail. It appears that impredictivity is essential to the argument; predictive variants of the polymorphic λ -calculus admit non-parametric operations without sacrificing normalization.
IMAGING THE FINAL-STATE PHASE SPACE IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS

Abstract The status of Bose-Einstein correlations in relativistic heavy ion collisions is discussed. Due to advances in experimental techniques which have greatly extended the available data sets, it is now possible to obtain quite detailed information regarding the final-state phase distributions of the produced hadrons. The role of systematic effects in the theoretical modeling of these final-state distributions is also presented.
Single-event-effect mitigation from a system perspective

With the sharp decline in the availability of radiation-hardened devices from manufacturers, as well as the desire to shrink power, weight, and volume of spacecraft systems, the use of devices that are susceptible to single-event effects (SEEs) has become commonplace. We present herein a perspective and user's tool for understanding SEE's and potential system-level mitigation techniques.
Globalization and Inequality: A Plea for Global Justice

Our age is marked by two main trajectories: globalization and democratization–which are not readily compatible. While the move toward democracy requires a certain civic equality among all participants, globalization in its present form fosters or enhances social inequality. The paper concentrates on three main types of inequality: those of power, wealth and knowledge. In each of these domains the presentation follows a prominent mentor or set of mentors: in the first domain the political scientist Samuel Huntington; in the second the economist Amartya Sen; and in the last the philosophers Heidegger and Gadamer. By way of conclusion, the paper issues a plea for cosmopolitan or global democratic justice, as a counterpoise to prevailing modes of global inequality and inequity.
An Aminopeptidase from Bovine Brain Which Catalyzes the Hydrolysis of Enkephalin

: An aminopeptidase from bovine brain which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the tyrosyl1-glycine2 bond of methionine5-enkephalin has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The enzyme also catalyzes the hydrolysis of di-peptides, tripeptides, and amino acid β-naphthylamides. The enzyme can be inactivated by dialysis against EDTA, and reconstituted with divalent metal ions. Inhibition of the enzyme is observed in the presence of p-chloromercuribenzoate and puromycin, the latter compound not being hydro-lyzed by the enzyme. The enzyme is composed of a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight approx. 100,000. The properties of this enzyme are similar to those reported for other brain aminopeptidases active on enkephalin, although distinct differences are observed.
Inhibition of chronic hindlimb flexion in rat: evidence for mediation by 5-hydroxytryptamine.

Abstract Prolonged high-intensity stimulation of the rat hindlimb produces a persistent unilateral flexion. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has been implicated in the modulation of spinal cord mechanisms. Electrical stimulation across the upper hindlimb was used to induce a persistent hindlimb flexion. The flexion was measured after stimulation and at 72 h, both before and after spinal transection at T7. Transection of the spinal cord typically resulted in an increase in flexion of 3–5 g (rebound). Pretreatment with para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) to deplete 5-HT, or the administration of metergoline, a non-specific 5-HT antagonist, had no significant effect on flexion at 72 h in the intact rat but abolished rebound. The 5-HT1A agonist,(±)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT) and 5-HT1B agonist,m-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine-HCl (TFMPP), had no effect on flexion at 72 h in the intact rat but reduced rebound. The 5-HT2 agonist, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane-HCl (DOI), suppressed post-stimulation flexion and flexion subsequent to spinal section. Furthermore, ketanserin, a 5-HT2 antagonist, restored flexion suppressed by DOI in the acutely spinalized rat. These results suggest that chronic hindlimb flexion is suppressed in the intact rat by descending, serotonergic fibers which exert an effect through spinal 5-HT2 receptors. Moreover, 5-HT1 agonist suppression of rebound implicates these receptors as well in the modulation of chronic hindlimb flexion.
Communication channels, innovation tasks and NPD project outcomes in innovation-driven horizontal networks

Abstract Inter-organizational collaborations and horizontal networks are increasingly playing a pivotal role in innovations and new product development among firms. In this study, we investigate the link between the innovation task analyzability and the richness of communications channels used in network arrangements and the link between task analyzability and ties and project development time. We investigated the links based on the data collected from 372 respondents representing ninety three different innovation-driven horizontal networks. The results of structural equation modeling reveal a negative link from task analyzability to communication channel richness and a positive link from communication channel richness to ties. Communication channel richness was found to partially mediate the influence that task analyzability has on both NPD project outcomes of ties and development time. The implications of our results for theory and practice are discussed.
A Poem to the Unknown God: Samson Agonistes and Negative Theology

Samson Agonistes is a dark, painful, and difficult work. Among its highlights are a character who kills with astonishing efficiency, and others who defend that killing as the will of God while celebrating the terrifying deaths of the enemies. In a day and age in which God is once again invoked to justify war and its accompanying horrific episodes of brutality, vengeance, and devastation, can a work which includes the killing of those described as “Infidel[s]” (221) 1 be read with anything like sympathy? How can we understand Milton’s portrayal of Samson’s violence and justifications for violence? Each of Milton’s works can and should be read in relation to the entire body of his work; however, in the case of Samson Agonistes, contextual reading becomes even more important. Considered in terms of the date of first publication and the order of printing, Samson is the last of the great works. As such, Samson Agonistes, to be properly understood, needs to be considered in the light of Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained.The three works form a literary triptych, a three-paneled painting of God, or more properly ideas of God, in which the two shorter works continually reference and comment on each other as well as on the great epic. As I have recently argued, Paradise Lost presents its image of God as an object of criticism, while Paradise Regained presents the Son as both a new positive image, and as a negation and rejection of the Father’s image (Bryson, passim). Samson Agonistes also functions as a negation, though it does not present any image of deity whatsoever. That refusal (not failure) to present an image of God in Samson Agonistes is the primary source of the work’s power, and the center of its critique of those whose religious certitude enables them to engage in and/or excuse violence of the most brutal and horrific nature. Milton creates a portrait of what results from acting with the appearance of certainty, but without its actual presence or substance. In other words, Milton’s Samson does not present an occasion for celebration, but an occasion for doubt, reflection, and the realization that we may not truly know what we think we know, especially if what we think we know is the mind and will of an absent, unnamable, and unknowable God. According to Joseph Wittreich, “the Samson story functions as a warning prophecy, an oracular threat, that would avert the disaster it announces and contravene the situation it seems to court” (Interpreting xii). Milton, after crafting the Son’s rejection of politics and violence in Paradise Regained, is not presenting us with a Samson whose primary talent is killing people
Genetics of Organophosphate Resistance in Field Populations of the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

The genetics of resistance to the organophosphate insecticide diazinon were investigated in four populations of the house fly, Musca domestica L., collected in the southern United States. Crosses were made between individual females of lines derived from each population and males of a susceptible strain with three recessive mutants on chromosome II. Individual F, females were crossed to mutant males, and the progenies were scored for resistance to diazinon and for the presence of mutant phenotypes. A major chromosome II gene for resistance to diazinon was present in all populations at an overall frequency of 83%. Map distances between the resistance gene and the mutant aristapedia and between the mutants aristapedia and stubby wing were highly variable in all populations. Recombination among the visible mutants was usually reduced in resistant progenies relative to susceptible progenies. The data suggest that a single major gene for resistance to diazinon was present on chromosome II in all test populations at variable map positions and is usually associated with a chromosome rearrangement, probably an inversion. The results are similar to those obtained earlier with house fly populations selected for resistance to insecticides in the laboratory; therefore, they seem to be characteristic of field and laboratory populations of the house fly. Overall, the data offer an explanation for previous results suggesting the existence of multiple, closely linked genes for metabolic resistance to insecticides on house fly chromosome II.
HOMICIDE TRENDS IN THE UNITED STATES

Unlike most other causes of death, homicide has been increasing in the United States, especially since the mid-1960s. Its impact is greatest among nonwhite men. The elimination of homicide would add approximately one and one-half years to their life span. This analysis examines trends and differentials using vital statistics data about homicide victims. A decomposition of components of change reveals that almost all of the rise in homicide mortality among nonwhites and a substantial fraction of the rise among whites results from the increasing use of firearms to kill people.
Holographic grating formation in photopolymers: analysis and experimental results based on a nonlocal diffusion model and rigorous coupled-wave analysis

The one-dimensional nonlocal diffusion model for holographic recording in photopolymers proposed by Sheridan [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A17, 1108 (2002)] is rewritten in dimensionless form by introduction of four dimensionless variables. The dimensionless nonlocal diffusion equation is rigorously solved by use of the finite-difference time-domain method and compared with the four-harmonic-component approximation. In general, the error in the four-harmonic-component approximation increases as RD and σD decrease. The dynamic behavior of holographic grating formations based on DuPont OmniDex613 photopolymers (recorded with UV light of free-space wavelength 363.8 nm) are experimentally studied by use of the real-time diffraction-monitoring technique. By application of rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA), the growth curves of experimentally monitored diffraction efficiencies are converted to the corresponding refractive-index modulations. After the holographic recording reaches steady state, the refractive-index modulation is ∼0.01. Furthermore, the conversion from diffraction efficiencies to refractive-index modulations is also accomplished by use of Kogelnik’s theory (corrected for reflection losses) and compared to the RCWA. As a result, the error in refractive-index modulations estimated by Kogelnik’s theory at steady state is ∼30%. The effects of postbaking conditions on the refractive-index modulation are investigated for the first time to the authors’ knowledge. To accomplish this we baked the holographic grating samples at various temperatures (Tb= 90, 120, 150 °C) for three time periods (tb=1, 1.5, 2 h). In general, it was found that refractive-index modulation can increase from ∼0.01 to ∼0.02 after baking. Finally, we estimated the characteristic parameters including diffusion coefficient and the nonlocal response length by fitting the theoretical model to the experimental data for the recording UV wavelength of 363.8 nm.
Effect of Therapist Color-Blindness on Empathy and Attributions in Cross-Cultural Counseling

Empathy and attributions of client responsibility for the cause of and solution to a problem were examined for 247 psychologists who were identified as having low, moderate, and high color-blind racial attitudes. Participants responded to 1 of 4 vignettes that controlled for client race (i.e., African American, European American) and client attributions regarding the cause (i.e., depression, discrimination) of a problem. Analyses revealed that the therapists’ level of color-blindness was directly related to their capacity for empathy and also to their attributions of responsibility for the solution to the problem with an African American client but not with a European American client. No relationship was found between therapist color-blindness and attributions of responsibility for cause of the problem. Implications of these results for counseling practice, training, and research are discussed.
Pattern identification and perceived stimulus quality as a function of stimulation waveform on a fingertip-scanned electrotactile display

The effect of stimulation waveform on pattern perception was investigated on a 49-point fingertip-scanned electrotactile (electrocutaneous) display. Waveform variables burst frequency (F), number of pulses per burst (NPB), and pulse repetition rate (PRR) were varied in a factorial design. Contrast reduction was used to limit performance of perceiving a 1-tactor gap defined within a 3 /spl times/ 3 tactor outline square. All three variables accounted for significant variations in performance with higher levels of F and NPB and lower levels of PRR, leading to better performance. In addition, we collected qualitative data on each waveform, and the qualitative differences were related to performance (e.g., waveforms perceived as having a more localized sensation were correlated with better pattern identification performance than those waveforms perceived as more broad). We also investigated the effect of stimulation contrast on pattern perception.
Long-Run versus Short-Run Planning Horizons and the Rangeland Stocking Rate Decision

Reduced future forage production, diminished range condition, and reduced animal performance have been major factors considered when setting rangeland stocking rates. The relative economic importance of diminished current period animal performance versus intertemporal forage production impacts was investigated using a dynamic optimal control model. The model is applied to yearling stocker production in eastern Colorado. Results indicate that intertemporal grazing impacts to forage production are not that important; reduced weight gain during the current period drives the economic stocking rate decision. Further, ranchers have no economic incentive as profit maximizers to continually overgraze the range.
A mixed methods analysis of a single-course strategy to integrate technology into PETE

In recent years increased attention has been placed on physical education teachers’ use of technology. To date little research has been disseminated regarding the strategies physical education teacher education (PETE) programs are employing to prepare preservice teacher’s to use technology. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence a technology course had on advancing change in preservice teachers. A mixed methods process involving qualitative and quantitative data collection was employed. Participants included 12 preservice teachers enrolled at a mid-Atlantic university. Data analysis revealed four dominant themes emerged from participant data: (1) Increased Technological and Technological Pedagogical Knowledge; (2) Persistent First- and Second-Order Barriers to Technology Use; (3) Necessity of Experiential and Hands-on Learning; and (4) Variation in Warrant for Technology Use. Findings illustrate strengths and limitations of a technology course in a preservice PETE program as well as its po...
Effects of Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia on Bone in F344 Rats

Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia was induced in 40 F344 rats by inoculating them with neoplastic cells to evaluate the effect of acute leukemia on bone remodeling and calcium balance. The rats developed leukemia and splenomegaly by 9 days after inoculation. The rats had reduced body weight (day 12), food intake (days 4,8, 12), urine production (day 12), and fecal output (day 12). Serum calcium and phosphorus and urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus were decreased on days 8 and 12 in leukemic rats. Static bone histomorphometry of trabecular bone in lumbar vertebrae demonstrated reduced bone area, no change in the number of osteoclasts, and reduced osteoclast perimeter at day 12. Dynamic bone histomorphometry revealed reduced double labeled perimeter, mineralizing perimeter, trabecular mineral appositional rate, and bone for- mation rate in rats with LGL leukemia at days 9 and 12. There was no change in periosteal mineral appositional rate. Rats with leukemia and intramedullary neoplastic cells had a reduction in bone formation rate that resulted in a loss of trabecular bone.
Single shortest path-based logical topologies for grooming IP traffic over wavelength-routed networks

We consider the problem of designing logical topologies for grooming IP traffic over wavelength-routed networks; in particular non-bifurcated minimum hop routing is used to route IP traffic. We present two approaches to solve this problem. The first approach is a two-step approach where in the first step we solve a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation to determine an initial single shortest path logical topology; this is followed by a pruning approach to find an improved logical topology in the second step. Our second approach is a heuristic solution for moderate size networks. We then consider different performance measures to show the effectiveness of our solution approaches in generating minimum average packet hop-based logical topology
MicroRNA expression profiles of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with docetaxel-induced multidrug resistance

Background. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of variable microRNA (miRNA) expression in the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in head and neck cancer. Methods. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines UMSCC-1 and SQ20B were treated with docetaxel at increasing concentrations to develop resistant cell lines. Paren- tal and resistant cells were treated with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, methotrexate, and doxorubicin to confirm cross-re- sistance. The miRNA pattern of resistant cells was then com- pared with their parental cells. Results. Docetaxel treatment successfully induced resist- ance primarily and induced multidrug cross-resistance. Resist- ant cells showed significant downregulation of miR-100, miR- 130a, and miR-197 and upregulation in miR-101, miR-181b, miR-181d, and miR-195 expression when compared with their parent cells (p < .01). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis confirmed statistically significant downregula- tion in miR-100 and miR-130a and upregulation in miR-181d expression (p < .001). Conclusion. Alterations in miRNA expression has direct relationship to MDR in head and neck cancer and may serve as biomolecular targets for reversal of MDR. V V C 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 33: 786-791, 2011
A comparative study of ripening among berries of the grape cluster reveals an altered transcriptional programme and enhanced ripening rate in delayed berries

Transcriptional studies in relation to fruit ripening generally aim to identify the transcriptional states associated with physiological ripening stages and the transcriptional changes between stages within the ripening programme. In non-climacteric fruits such as grape, all ripening-related genes involved in this programme have not been identified, mainly due to the lack of mutants for comparative transcriptomic studies. A feature in grape cluster ripening (Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir), where all berries do not initiate the ripening at the same time, was exploited to study their shifted ripening programmes in parallel. Berries that showed marked ripening state differences in a veraison-stage cluster (ripening onset) ultimately reached similar ripeness states toward maturity, indicating the flexibility of the ripening programme. The expression variance between these veraison-stage berry classes, where 11% of the genes were found to be differentially expressed, was reduced significantly toward maturity, resulting in the synchronization of their transcriptional states. Defined quantitative expression changes (transcriptional distances) not only existed between the veraison transitional stages, but also between the veraison to maturity stages, regardless of the berry class. It was observed that lagging berries complete their transcriptional programme in a shorter time through altered gene expressions and ripening-related hormone dynamics, and enhance the rate of physiological ripening progression. Finally, the reduction in expression variance of genes can identify new genes directly associated with ripening and also assess the relevance of gene activity to the phase of the ripening programme.
Country portfolios with imperfect corporate governance

Equity home bias is one of the most enduring puzzles in international nance. In this paper, I start out by documenting a novel stylized fact about home bias: countries with weaker domestic institutions hold fewer foreign assets. I then explore a macroeconomic mechanism by which the presence of agency problems in rms may explain this pattern. To do so, I develop a two-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of international portfolio choice with corporate governance frictions and two distinct agents { outside investors (outsiders) and large controlling shareholders (insiders). Insiders can extract private benets of control from a rm at a cost which is lower when institutions are weaker. I show that the interaction between the insider’s private benets and investment decisions leads asset and labor income for outsiders to be more negatively correlated in countries with weaker institutions. Thus, outsiders in these countries bias their portfolios more towards home assets to hedge their labor income risk. Calibrating the model to match existing estimates of private benets of control, I am also able to replicate the cross-country dispersion in insider ownership and investment volatility seen in the data.
Evolutionary recovery of electronic circuits from radiation induced faults

Radiation hard technologies for electronics are the conventional approach for survivability in high radiation environments. This work presents a novel approach based on evolvable hardware. The key idea is to reconfigure a programmable device, in-situ, to compensate, or bypass its degraded or damaged components. The paper demonstrates the approach using a JPL-developed reconfigurable device, a field programmable transistor array (FPTA), which shows recovery from radiation damage when reconfigured under the control of evolutionary algorithms. Experiments with total radiation dose up to 350kRad show that while the functionality of a variety of circuits, including a rectifier and a digital to analog converter implemented on a FPTA-2 chip, is degraded/lost at levels before l00KRad, the correct functionality can be recovered through the proposed evolutionary approach. The evolutionary algorithm controls the state of about 1,500 switches that determine configurations on the FPTA-2 programmable device. Evolution is able to use the resources of the reconfigurable cells, even radiation damaged components, to synthesize a new solution.
Turbulent Fluxes in the Hurricane Boundary Layer. Part II: Latent Heat Flux

Abstract As part of the recent ONR-sponsored Coupled Boundary Layer Air–Sea Transfer (CBLAST) Departmental Research Initiative, an aircraft was instrumented to carry out direct turbulent flux measurements in the high wind boundary layer of a hurricane. During the 2003 field season flux measurements were made during Hurricanes Fabian and Isabel. Here the first direct measurements of latent heat fluxes measured in the hurricane boundary layer are reported. The previous wind speed range for humidity fluxes and Dalton numbers has been extended by over 50%. Up to 30 m s−1, the highest 10-m winds measured, the Dalton number is not significantly different from the Humidity Exchange over the Sea (HEXOS) result, with no evidence of an increase with wind speed.
Closed string field theory: Quantum action and the Batalin-Vilkovisky master equation

The complete quantum theory of covariant closed strings is constructed in detail. The nonpolynomial action is defined by elementary vertices satisfying recursion relations that give rise to Jacobi-like identities for an infinite chain of string field products. The genus zero string field algebra is the homotopy Lie algebra L∞ encoding the gauge symmetry of the classical theory. The higher genus algebraic structure implies the Batalin-Vilkovisky (BV) master equation and thus consistent BRST quantization of the quantum action. From the L∞ algebra, and the BV equation on the off-shell state space we derive the L∞ algebra, and the BV equation on physical states that were recently constructed in d = 2 string theory. The string diagrams are surfaces with minimal area metrics, foliated by closed geodesics of length 2π. These metrics generalize quadratic differentials in that foliation bands can cross. The string vertices are succinctly characterized; they include the surfaces whose foliation bands are all of height smaller than 2π.
Role of mouse germ-cell mutagenesis in understanding genetic risk and in generating mutations that are prime tools for studies in modern biology

Highlights are presented on (1) the role mouse germ-cell mutagenesis has played in assessing the genetic harm from radiations and chemicals, and (2) the contributions to the field of modern biology that are being made by the products of this research - the propagated mutations. Among the numerous findings in radiation mutagenesis were the humped dose-effect curve for spermatogonial stem cells, the major differences between the sexes and between germ-cell stages of each sex in both yield and nature of mutations, the dose-rate effect, which provided the first evidence for repair of mutational (or premutational) damage, the augmenting effect of certain regimes of dose fractionation, and many others. Chemical mutagenesis studies that followed revealed at least three patterns of mutation yield and demonstrated that germ-cell stage - much more than the nature of the chemical - governs the nature of the DNA lesions induced. Two {open_quotes}supermutagens,{close_quotes} one for intragenic mutations and one for deletions and other rearrangements, have become very useful in the manufacture of mutations for specific purposes. The mutations propagated from radiation- and chemical-mutagenesis experiments are providing prime resources for basic studies in genome organization, gene structure, and function. DNA lesions that involve specific loci have made possiblemore » increasingly detailed characterization of extensive deletion complexes that facilitate high-intensity physical and functional mapping with them. Numerous loci associated with interesting developmental anomalies have been identified and have become accessible to positional cloning. Several of the genes accessed with the aid of induced mutations (deletions, other rearrangements, and point mutations) are furnishing prime reagents for elucidating human disease conditions. 61 refs.« less
Event related potentials in adults diagnosed as reading disabled in childhood

The purpose of this study was to identify electrophysiological correlates of reading disability (RD) in adults with psychometrically documented childhood reading histories. Specific a-priori hypotheses for these correlates were generated from the findings of Harter, Anllo-Vento, Wood & Schroeder (1988a); Harter, Diering & Wood (1988b). The subjects were 32 males with normal intelligence and no history of attention deficit disorder or current major psychopathology. Event related potentials were recorded over Ol, 02, C3′, C4′, F3, and F4 to letter stimuli using an intralocation selective attention paradigm. Subjects with RD showed a general reduction in positivity starting at 150 ms and continuing up to 500 ms. The reduced positivity at left central P240 replicated the findings of Harter et al. (1988b) with children. However, adult RD was associated with more diffuse, bilateral reduction in electrophysiological response to all stimuli. A possible relationship between the bilaterality of the neural deficit a...
Brainstem motoneuron pools that are selectively resistant in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are preferentially enriched in parvalbumin: evidence from monkey brainstem for a calcium-mediated mechanism in sporadic ALS.

Abstract Some brainstem motoneuron groups appear more resistant to the process of neurodegeneration in ALS (for example, oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nuclei) than others (for example, trigeminal, facial, ambiguus, and hypoglossal nuclei). The possibility that the differential presence of the calcium-chelating protein parvalbumin might underlie this difference in vulnerability was examined immunohistochemically as a way to determine whether a calcium-mediated mechanism might be involved in ALS. In normal monkey brainstem, we found that the abundance of parvalbumin-containing neurons in the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nuclei was approximately 90% of the abudance of choline acetyltransferase (CHAT)-containing motoneurons. In contrast, the abundance of parvalbumin-containing neurons in the other brainstem motor nuclei innervating skeletal muscle (trigeminal, facial, ambiguus, and hypoglossal) was only about 30–60% of the abundance of CHAT-containing motoneurons. Since some of these motoneuron pools contain nonmotoneuron internuclear neurons that might be parvalbumin-containing, we also carried out double-label studies to specifically determine the percentage of cholinergic motoneurons that contained paravalbumin in each of these motoneuron pools. We found that 85–100% of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens motoneurons were parvalbumin-containing. In contrast, only 20–30% of the trigeminal, facial, ambiguus, and hypoglossal motoneurons were parvalbumin-containing. These results raise the possibility that motoneuron death in sporadic ALS is related to some defect that promotes cytosolic calcium accumulation in motoneurons. This excess calcium entry may promote cell death via an excitotoxic pathway. Motoneurons rich in parvalbumin may resist the deleterious effects of this putative calcium gating defect because they are better able to sequester the excess calcium.
Empirical evaluation of interactive multimodal error correction

The first commercial dictation systems for continuous speech have become available. Although they generally received positive reviews, error correction is still limited to choosing from a list of alternatives, speaking again or typing. We developed a set of multimodal interactive correction methods which allow the user to switch modality between continuous speech, spelling, handwriting and pen gestures. We integrated these correction methods with our large vocabulary speech recognition system to build a prototypical multimodal listening typewriter. We designed an experiment to empirically evaluate the efficiency of different error correction methods. The experiment compares multimodal correction with methods available in current speech recognition applications. We confirm the hypothesis that switching modality can significantly expedite corrections. However in applications where a keyboard is acceptable, typing correction remains the fastest method to correct errors for users with good typing skills. If the keyboard is not desired, either due to application constraints or user preferences, our multimodal error correction enables state-of-the-art speech recognition technology to deliver keyboard-free text input which beats fast unskilled typing in input speed, including the time necessary to correct errors.
A study of broadcast station license application exhibits on ascertainment of community needs

The requirement that station licensees “ascertain the needs of their community” as part of the application for renewal of license is relatively new and, as this study plainly shows, is little understood by many broadcasters. The authors examined a large sample of applications filed in the Public Reference Room of the Federal Communications Commission to arrive at their conclusions. They particularly wish to thank William Dempsey, President and General Manager of WZZM‐TV, Grand Rapids, Michigan, who permitted experimentation in methods of ascertaining community needs in a series of studies conducted for the station. Dr. Thomas F. Baldwin is associate professor in the Departments of Television‐Radio and Communication, and Mr. Surlin is a graduate assistant in the Department of Communication at Michigan State University.
Contributions of Coronary Perfusion Pressure, Metabolic Acidosis and Adrenergic Factors to the Reduction of Myocardial Contractility during Hemorrhagic Shock in the Cat

The contributions of metabolic acidosis, coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and adrenergic support to left ventricular performance during hemorrhagic shock at aortic pressure (AP) of 30 ± 5 mm Hg were evaluated in cats in which AP, cardiac output (CO), and heart rate (HR) were controlled, and arterial pH, Po2 and Pco2 were continuously monitored. After 2 hours of shock, the stroke volume (SV), ejected at end-diastolic pressure of 10 cm H2O (SV10), was irreversibly reduced to 46 ± 4% (P < .001) of initial values (arterial pH 6.93 ± .05). In control animals SV10 after 2 hours was 86 ± 6% (pH 7.32 ± .07). Eight animals were subject to shock, but their CPP was held at 100 mm Hg. These showed no difference in SV10 from controls after 2 hours, although the pH had fallen to 6.90 ± .05. Reduction of CPP in these animals without correction of pH resulted in a rapid fall of SV10. In 10 animals subjected to shock for 2 hours, the arterial pH was maintained near 7.40 by infusion of Tris buffer. Five showed no greater reduction of SV10 than the controls, and five became severely depressed. In five cats subjected to beta-receptor blockade, hemorrhagic shock (pH 7.40) produced a rapid fall of SV10 which initially could be reversed by reelevation of AP. In less than 15 minutes, the SV10 depression became irreversible. Thus, shock (2 hours) and associated metabolic acidosis is detrimental to ventricular contractility only if CPP is also reduced. The contribution of acidosis may be related to the amount of sympathetic support during shock. With beta-receptor blockade, shock results in a marked reduction in SV10, even in the absence of metabolic acidosis.
Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome in a Patient With Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis

A patient presented with a rapid deterioration in renal function requiring dialysis. Renal biopsy demonstrated fibrillary glomerulonephritis. The patient was treated with steroids and cyclophosphamide and recovered sufficient renal function to discontinue dialysis. However, as immunosuppressive therapy was withdrawn, renal function worsened and the patient developed pulmonary hemorrhage and respiratory distress. Immunosuppressive therapy was reinstituted. During treatment the patient's renal function improved and pulmonary manifestations resolved. This case is further evidence that fibrillary glomerulonephritis can present as a pulmonary-renal syndrome and can respond to aggressive treatment with immunosuppressive agents.
How benefits of expressive writing vary as a function of writing instructions, ethnicity and ambivalence over emotional expression

Written emotional disclosure has been reported to confer a variety of benefits on physical and psychological well-being. However, variable findings suggest that outcomes may vary systematically as a function of specific parameters of the experimental design. This study aims to investigate the unique and combined effects of disclosure instructions focusing on emotional expression and instructions facilitating cognitive reappraisal and to examine how ambivalence over emotional expression and ethnicity moderate the effects of these writing instructions. Seventy-one Asian and 59 Caucasian undergraduates (N ¼ 130) with at least minimal physical or depressive symptoms were randomly assigned to one of the four writing conditions: emotional disclosure (ED), cognitive reappraisal (COG), the combination of ED and COG, or a control condition. Selfreported physical symptoms, positive affect (PA) and negative affect were assessed at baseline and three follow-ups spanning 4 months. Mixed linear models revealed that COG writing reduced physical symptoms, ED buffered a decrease in PA over time, and the combination of ED and COG (i.e. self-regulation; SR) was most effective. Asians and highly ambivalent participants benefited most from expressive writing. Findings contribute to the development of a SR moderator model and carry implications for designing expressive disclosure studies, particularly for ethnic minorities.
OCSA: An algorithm for burst mapping in IEEE 802.16e mobile WiMAX networks

Most of IEEE 802.16e resource allocation proposals only focus on how to allocate the resources to meet QoS parameters such as throughput, delay, and delay-jitter. As described in the standard, the mapping from the allocation into downlink subframe for each burst needs to be in a rectangular shape. The rectangular mapping problem is a variation of a bin or strip packing problem, which is known to be NP complete. However, the mapping decision needs to be made within a few milliseconds for each Mobile WiMAX frame. In this paper, we introduce a heuristic algorithm, called One Column Striping with non-increasing Area first mapping (OCSA). The algorithm is fast and simple to implement and minimizes the unused slots in the frame.
Videotaped Oral Histories: Problems and Prospects

Few people have considered the ramification of recording oral history interviews on videotape. By 1970 development of videotape, field cameras, and video recorders had made video recording available as a tool to historians. A video recording of an interview can help scholars observe and understand the environment and the nonverbal elements of the interview, including the interviewee's appearance and body language. Unfortunately, because of confusion and competition in the video industry, archivists and scholars must choose among many video formats of varying quality and applicability.
Varieties of Communism and Risk-Taking Propensity of Russian Entrepreneurs

Research has debated if exposure to communism reduces an individual's risk-taking propensity. Some have argued that communism suppresses individuals' risk-taking to keep a low profile. Others have ...
Social Construction of the Self in Servant Leadership Context

This paper seeks to highlight the importance of studying and understanding through research the concept of social constructionism of the Self in order to function effectively as a Servant leader in organization in any given social context or structure. In doing this, the author defines social constructionism, explains social construction of the Self; defines and explains Servant Leadership theory; and explicates the role of the socially constructed Self in Servant Leadership (SL). In addition, the author clarifies the conceptualization of social construct of the Self in Servant Leadership through review of literature on the topic of social construction of the Self on Servant Leadership in leading and managing organizations. This topic's emphasis on review of current literatures on SL is geared to the design of an exploratory study on the effect of the instructor's Servant leadership teaching style to pre-service teachers' success on inclusive pre-service multicultural teacher education, an important research study to pursue on Servant Leadership.
Facial feature parsing and landmark detection via low-rank matrix decomposition

Facial feature parsing is an active research topic in image understanding. In this paper, we address the feature parsing problem by applying low-rank matrix decomposition on facial images. Specifically, the face is considered as a combination of the skin background which resides in a low dimensional subspace with the salient feature components (e.g., eyes, nose and mouth) as the sparse noise. Given a face image, the feature parsing problem can then be naturally formulated as sparse noise detection when recovering a low-rank matrix. To enhance the feature parsing, a linear transformation matrix is learned to boost the discriminant feature extraction. Furthermore, with the derived parsing maps, the algorithm is easily extended to implement facial landmark detection task. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is evaluated through several experiments on comprehensive datasets.