cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Loading on Composite Beams with Fluid–Structure Interaction

Cyclic loading tests were conducted for quasi-isotopically laminated glass fiber composite beams in air and water, respectively, to analyze their structural behavior and failure under Fluid–structure Interaction (FSI). Experimental results showed a significant FSI effect on fatigue failure of the composites under frequency loading of 10 and 5 Hz. The FSI reduced the fatigue life cycles by approximately 50 % at those cyclic loads. While the experiments were undertaken using the displacement-controlled mode, a computational study was also performed using the force-controlled mode to complement the experimental study as well as to provide enhanced understanding of the FSI effect on composites under cyclic loading. The knowledge gained from this study would contribute to the development of future life cycle prediction tools that would help to prevent premature failures of a composite structure in contact with water and subjected to cyclic loading.
National parks as protected areas for U.S. freshwater fish diversity

We assessed the representation of freshwater fish diversity provided by the National Park Service (NPS) and the potential for parks to serve as freshwater protected areas (FPAs) in the United States. Although most parks were not designed with freshwater conservation in mind, nearly two-thirds (62%) of native U.S. fishes reside in national parks. However, only 18% of the nation's highly imperiled fish species are represented within the NPS. The ability for parks to serve as protected areas depends on activities upstream from their boundaries and we found that a substantial part of these watersheds has some form of conservation status. Using a conservation planning approach that integrates fish diversity representation provided by parks and their current and future ecological threats (i.e., climate change, dams, watershed impervious surface, invasive species) and management challenges (i.e., land stewardship beyond park boundaries), we identify 50 parks that could serve as core members of a nationally comprehensive FPA system. While the NPS has limitations as the potential basis for an FPA network, it provides considerable representation of freshwater fish diversity that should be taken into account during systematic conservation planning for freshwaters.
Chemical solution deposition of -oriented SrTiO3 buffer layers on Ni substrates

Biaxially textured -oriented SrTiO3 films were solution deposited on LaAlO3 single crystals and -oriented polycrystalline Ni tapes. Solution variables including varying titanium alkoxide chain length, inclusion of chelating agents, and inclusion of donor dopant, were investigated for their effect on film orientation, morphology, and oxygen diffusivity. The best SrTiO3 orientation on high lattice mismatch (11%) Ni substrates was achieved through use of a discontinuous nucleation seed layer, which provided nucleation sites for subsequent continuous SrTiO3 films. Increased titanium alkoxide chain lengths appeared to suppress titanium hydrolysis reactions and improve film orientation. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance showed that significant quantities of water were generated due to esterification reactions, which appeared to cause hydrolysis and subsequent orientation degradation in the absence of chelating agents such as acetylacetone.
Retargeting the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor to the Apical Surface of Polarized Epithelial Cells Reveals the Glycocalyx as a Barrier to Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer

Lumenal delivery of adenovirus vectors (AdV) results in inefficient gene transfer to human airway epithelium. The human coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (hCAR) was detected by immunofluorescence selectively at the basolateral surfaces of freshly excised human airway epithelial cells, suggesting that the absence of apical hCAR constitutes a barrier to adenovirus-mediated gene delivery in vivo. In transfected polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, wild-type hCAR was expressed selectively at the basolateral membrane, whereas hCAR lacking the transmembrane and/or cytoplasmic domains was expressed on both the basolateral and apical membranes. Cells expressing apical hCAR still were not efficiently transduced by AdV applied to the apical surface. However, after the cells were treated with agents that remove components of the apical surface glycocalyx, AdV transduction occurred. These results indicate that adenovirus can infect via receptors located at the apical cell membrane but that the glycocalyx impedes interaction of AdV with apical receptors.
The prevalence of suicidal behavior among preadolescent children who are psychiatric inpatients

The prevalence of suicidal behavior displayed by preadolescent children hospitalized on inpatient psychiatric units is estimated to range between 18% and 80% of the population. The current study provides an independent estimate of the prevalence of this problem. A semistructured interview was used to assess suicidal behavior displayed by 61 admissions to a child psychiatric inpatient unit between April 1988 and September 1989. According to the Pfeffer Spectrum of Suicidal Behavior Scale, 63% of the sample engaged in some form of suicidal behavior. Preadolescents and their parents reported similar rates of suicidal thoughts, threats and attempts. The dangerousness of recent suicidal behavior was not found to differ by age, sex, legal custody status or socioeconomic status.
Oxygen and Hydrogen Diffusion in Minerals

This chapter provides a summary and review of experimentally determined oxygen and hydrogen volume diffusion in minerals. A very extensive and detailed review of stable isotope exchange processes including oxygen and hydrogen volume diffusion can be found in Cole and Chakraborty (2001) and a detailed review of hydrogen diffusion in minerals, especially nominally anhydrous minerals, can be found in Ingrin and Blanchard (2006). In addition, a detailed review of oxygen and hydrogen diffusion in silicate melts is provided by Zhang and Ni (2010), and oxygen and hydrogen diffusion rates can also be found in the chapters, in this volume, on specific minerals and mineral groups (e.g., Van Orman and Crispin 2010; Cherniak 2010). Interested readers are encouraged to refer to these reviews for additional information on oxygen and hydrogen diffusion in geological materials. In this chapter only volume diffusion through the crystal lattice will be considered. The majority of the experiments employed isotope tracers (e.g., 18O, 2H). The isotope diffusion of hydrogen in the nominally anhydrous minerals is regarded as an impurity tracer diffusion mechanism, and the effective diffusion coefficients obtained from the hydrogen uptake or extraction experiments correspond to chemical interdiffusion of different species. The relationship between the measured effective diffusivity and the hydrogen diffusivity is governed by the specific reaction involved (e.g., see Kohlstedt and Mackwell 1998). Elsewhere in this volume, a detailed outline and discussion of the experimental methods employed in diffusion studies is presented by Watson and Dohmen (2010). Therefore, only a brief overview of methods commonly employed for oxygen and hydrogen diffusion studies is presented below. ### Bulk exchange experiments #### Hydrothermal bulk exchange. Carefully sized powders of either natural or synthetic crystals of the mineral of interest are loaded into a sealed tube with a known amount of 18O and/or 2H- enriched water. …
Quadrilateral meshes with bounded minimum angle

We present an algorithm that constructs a strictly convex quadrilateral mesh for a simple polygonal region in which no newly created angle is smaller than D(18.43) (=arctan(1/3)). This is the first known result on quadrilateral mesh generation with a provable guarantee on the minimum angle.
Latina Immigrant Mothers: Negotiating New Food Environments to Preserve Cultural Food Practices and Healthy Child Eating

Latina immigrant mothers face complex challenges as they try to ensure their children get adequate nourishment to grow up healthy in their new U.S. communities. Eighty-three Latina immigrant mothers living in a rural area of a Midwestern state who had young children and low household incomes were interviewed to explore their satisfaction with the food their children were eating, as well as ecological factors that affected children's eating patterns. Three overarching themes emerged from the data: (i) Mothers as gatekeepers of healthy child eating; (ii) Barriers to healthy child eating; and (iii) Changing child eating patterns. Mothers retained their cultural identity as primary caregivers and wanted their children to consume nourishing food. Mothers varied in their ability to negotiate their new food environments to maintain cultural food practices and promote healthy child eating patterns. Family and consumer science professionals could facilitate opportunities to (i) link immigrant families to Extension Master Gardeners to learn techniques to successfully grow food in a new climate; (ii) bring immigrant families, school food service staff, growers and grocers together to strategize how to increase children's access to locally grown food at school; (iii) assist immigrant families in identifying strategies to maintain healthy cultural food traditions while consuming less fat, salt, and sugar; and (iv) increase representation of immigrant families on school and community program advisory committees to ensure policies and programs are informed by families. Such opportunities can strengthen social capital among immigrant families and their community and support healthy child eating patterns.
Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors for Erectile Dysfunction

OBJECTIVETo review the pharmacologic and clinical trial data of the Food and Drug Administration–approved phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED).DATA SOURCESPrimary research and review articles were identified through a search of ScienceDirect, PubMed/MEDLINE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1990–August 2004). The following search terms were used in the Medicine Dentistry and Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmaceutical Sciences subcategories: phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, PDE5 inhibitor, erectile dysfunction, sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil, prostatectomy, and diabetes. Web of Science (1990–August 2004) was used to search for additional abstracts using the same search terms as above. The package inserts for sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil were also consulted.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONAll identified research, review articles, and abstracts were assessed for relevance, and all relevant information was included. Priority was given t...
Passive Electrical Properties of Paramecium and Problems of Ciliary Coordination

Potential recordings made simultaneously from opposite ends of the cell indicate that the cytoplasmic compartment of P. caudatum is nearly isopotential. Measured decrements of the spread of steady-state potentials are in essential agreement with calculated decrements for a short cable model of similar dimensions and electrical constants. Action potentials and passively conducted pulses spread at rates of over 100 µm per msec. In contrast, metachronal waves of ciliary beat progress over the cell with velocities below 1 µm per msec. Thus, electrical activity conducted by the plasma membrane cannot account for the metachronism of ciliary beat. The electrical properties of Paramecium are responsible, however, for coordinating the reorientation of cilia (either beating or paralyzed by NiCl2) which occurs over the entire cell in response to current passed across the plasma membrane. In response to a depolarization the cilia assume an anteriorly directed orientation ("ciliary reversal" for backward locomotion). The cilia over the anterior half of the organism reverse more strongly and with shorter latency than the cilia of the posterior half. This was true regardless of the location of the polarizing electrode. Since the membrane potential was shown to be essentially uniform between both ends of the cell, the cilia of the anterior and posterior must possess different sensitivities to membrane potential.
Ideologies, Practices, and their Implications for Special Education

We propose that the articles in this special issue support an emphasis upon specific instructional and assessment practices, as opposed to broad, vague, and often emotive educational ideologies. Often, well-researched, effective practices can be associated with any ideology, as can poor, rotelike practices. The value of a particular instructional or assessment practice is probably dependent upon, at the very least, context and learner characteristics, and empiricism remains the most reliable means for evaluating practices.
Ni-Ge Intermixing on GaAs Produced by Temperature Standardized Rapid Thermal Annealing

A new Rapid Thermal Annealing technique has been developed which uses very small samples of low melting elements and eutectic alloys to standardize temperature measurements. Temperatures of thin films during anneal are shown to lie within −3°C to +13°C of nominal for measured short anneal times using a special sample geometry. Results of annealing Ge/Ni/GaAs and Au/Ge/Ni/GaAs at 200°C and 250°C are presented. Rutherford backscattering is used to analyze the films and the resulting channeling spectra show that Ge consumption follows parabolic kinetics, with an activation energy estimate of ∼ 0.7eV. The data is consistent with a controlling process of fast Ni diffusion through grain boundaries at these low temperatures. We expect that a Ni2Ge phase is being formed preferentially, along with a NixGaAs phase at the GaAs/Ni interface. In this contact metal system Au interacts only minimally for the times and temperatures studied. Our results agree with those of previous workers who studied Ni diffusion during NixGaAs phase formation at comparable temperatures.
Ecological Energetics of an Abundant Aerial Insectivore, the Purple Martin

We thank T. Fagin for help with estimating the seasonal range area occupied by Purple Martins. We thank an anonymous reviewer, Mark Brigham, and J Boyles for their comments on this manuscript.
Simulation modeling within workflow technology

This paper presents an approach for integrating simulation modeling and analysis capabilities within the workflow management system (WFMS) being developed in the Large Scale Distributed Information Systems (LSDIS) Lab at the University of Georgia. Simulation modeling can be used for studying the efficiency of workflow designs as well as studying the general performance and reliability of WFMSs. We also discuss the importance of using sophisticated monitoring and animation capabilities, and the use of workflow management technology to advance simulation technology itself. Finally, we demonstrate a sample simulation where tasks and task managers are simulated.
Improved isolation of glucobrassicin and other glucosinolates

A convenient, rapid and straightforward method for the isolation of a number of important glucosinolates is described. The techniques presented are particularly useful for the preparative scale isolation of the indole glucosinolates, glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin and should facilitate the extension of studies into these important naturally occurring compounds.
The Cost of Equity Capital?a Comment

An algebraic relationship is developed linking the expected long-term yield to an investor with the company's expected internal rate of return on its equity assets. Assuming that the market normally ranks shares by expected yield, allowing where necessary for a risk premium, it is shown that the cost of equity capital must be the company's expected internal rate of return.
Intra-articular anesthesia and knee muscle response.

Abstract Background Many receptors located within the intra-articular knee structures contribute to the neuromuscular responses of the knee. The purpose was to compare the automatic postural response induced by a perturbation at the foot before and after an intra-articular injection of a local anesthetic (bupivicaine), after a saline (sham) injection, and after no intra-articular injection (control) in the knee. Methods Muscle onset latencies and automatic response magnitudes for the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, medial hamstrings, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius were measured using electromyography (EMG) when anteriorly directed perturbations were applied to the feet of 30 subjects. All subjects then received a lidocaine skin injection followed by: an intra-articular bupivicaine injection (treatment group); an intra-articular saline injection (sham group); or no injection (control group), depending on their randomized group assignment. The perturbation tests were then repeated. Findings Muscle onset latencies and automatic response magnitudes did not change as a result of the intra-articular injections. Latencies were significantly greater for the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis when compared to the medial hamstrings, biceps femoris and tibialis anterior (P Interpretation There were no differences in muscle response when anteriorly directed perturbations were applied to the foot with or without an injection of local anesthetic in the knee. Intra-articular receptors were either unaffected by the anesthetic or the extra-articular receptors or receptors of the other joints were able to compensate for their loss.
Continuous protein production in nanoporous, picolitre volume containers

The synthetic manufacture of functional proteins enables a bottom-up understanding of the workings of biological systems and opens new opportunities for the treatment of disease. Cell-free protein synthesis is a practical approach for enabling such manufacturing, however, it is typically carried out in fairly large volumes, when compared to a natural cell, leading to increases in cost and loss of efficiency. Here we demonstrate continuous cell free protein synthesis in arrays of cellular scale containers that continuously exchange energy and materials with their environment. A multiscale fabrication process allows the monolithic integration of nanoporous silicon containers within an addressable microfluidic network. Synthesis of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in the containers continues beyond 24 h and yields more than twice the amount of protein, on a per volume basis, than conventional scale batch reactions. By mimicking the physical volume and controlled flux of a natural cell, the resulting "cell mimic" devices can enable fundamental studies of biological systems as well as serve applications related to the functional screening of proteins and the on-demand production of biologics.
An Analysis of the History of Marine Animal Diversity

Abstract According to when they attained high diversity, major taxa of marine animals have been clustered into three groups, the Cambrian, Paleozoic, and Modern Faunas. Because the Cambrian Fauna was a relatively minor component of the total fauna after mid-Ordovician time, the Phanerozoic history of marine animal diversity is largely a matter of the fates of the Paleozoic and Modern Faunas. The fact that most late Cenozoic genera belong to taxa that have been radiating for tens of millions of years indicates that the post-Paleozoic increase in diversity indicated by fossil data is real, rather than an artifact of improvement of the fossil record toward the present. Assuming that ecological crowding produced the so-called Paleozoic plateau for family diversity, various workers have used the logistic equation of ecology to model marine animal diversification as damped exponential increase. Several lines of evidence indicate that this procedure is inappropriate. A plot of the diversity of marine animal gene...
Cardiovascular/Pulmonary Essentials: Applying the Preferred Physical Therapist Practice Patterns

Moffat M, Frownfelter D, eds. Thorofare, NJ 08086, Slack Inc, 2007, paperback, 299 pp, illus, ISBN: 978-1-5564-2668-1, $58.95. This book is part of a series that attempts to link the Guide to Physical Therapist Practice (Guide) with everyday practice and is written to help physical therapist practitioners develop the decision-making skills that are consistent with an autonomous, doctoring profession. This book discusses the management of patients/clients with cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions. The book distinguishes itself as a completely Guide-based resource that is based on disablement theory and uses the Guide's patient/client management model. It is well-referenced throughout and typically cites normative values for tests and measures and provides evidence for efficacy and effectiveness of interventions where available. References are generally current, and most cite peer-reviewed journals. Content is comprehensive, considering that it is not feasible for any reference to include every possible condition seen in the clinic. Sensibly enough, the book is divided into 8 chapters, each of which corresponds to a cardiovascular/pulmonary practice pattern. Chapters are organized consistently and include, as appropriate for each pattern, sections on anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pathophysiology, as well as commonly used diagnostic or imaging procedures and pharmacological interventions. Each chapter also includes several case vignettes that represent common clinical …
Preferences for Relational Style with Mental Health Clinicians: A Qualitative Comparison of African American, Latino and Non-Latino White Patients

The goal of this study is to analyze preferences for relational styles in encounters with mental health providers across racial and ethnic groups. Four primary themes describe what patients want from a mental health provider: listening, understanding, spending time, and managing differences. However, using contextual comparative analysis, the findings explicate how these themes are described differently across African Americans, Latinos, and non-Latino Whites, uncovering important qualitative differences in the meaning of these themes across the groups. The article suggests that closer attention to qualitative preferences for style of interaction with providers may help address disparities in mental health care for racial and ethnic minorities.
SULPHUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACID METABOLISM IN SURFACE HORIZONS OF A HARDWOOD FOREST

Abstract The O1, O2 and A1 horizons of a hardwood forest mineralized and incorporated into organic matter 15 S-labelled cysteine and methionine. Based upon assays of samples collected seasonally during 1 yr ( n = 10–30), mineralization was the dominant process for cysteine whereas with methionine the reverse was true, except in the A1 horizon. Analysis of samples for existing amounts of organic S revealed that carbon-bonded S was a major component throughout the sampling period in all horizons. This S pool was fractionated further into sulphonate S and amino acid S. The former component represented, on a mean annual basis, 59, 44 and 28% of total S in the O1, O2 and Al horizons, respectively. In contrast, amino acid S comprised 22, 24 and 15% of the total S in these respective horizons. With Al horizon samples, decreases in existing amounts of amino acid S coincided with increases in cysteine mineralization suggesting that cysteine is an important component of this S pool in the Al horizon.
Is the Elderly Patient's Denial of Long Term Care Adversive to Later Adjustment to Placement?

This study examined the relationship between older people's adjustment to long term care (LTC) placement and their level of mental readiness prior to such placement. It was hypothesized that elderly patients denial of the likelihood of LTC would not affect their later adjustment. Results of a multiple regression analysis showed that the patient's denial of possible future LTC was not a significant predictor of later adjustment to long term care. Activities of daily livings, socio-economic status, and nursing home placement were not significant predictors either. The only significant predictor of later adjustment was the patient's degree of acceptance of long term care placement once it occurred.
Evaluation of Cervical Cancer Screening Programs in Côte d'Ivoire, Guyana, and Tanzania: Effect of HIV Status.

BACKGROUND: HIV infection increases a womans risk for cervical cancer and cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates are higher in countries with high HIV prevalence and limited resources for screening. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) allows screening and treatment of cervical lesions in a single-visit approach (SVA) but data on its performance in HIV-infected women are limited. This studys objective was to examine cervical cancer screening using VIA/SVA in programs serving HIV-infected women. METHODS: A VIA/SVA program with cryotherapy for VIA-positive lesions was implemented in Cote dIvoire Guyana and Tanzania from 2009 to 2012. The effect of HIV status on VIA positivity and on presence of cryotherapy-eligible lesions was examined using a cross-sectional study design with Chi-square tests for comparisons and constructed multivariate logistic regression models. A P-value of < 0.05 was significant. FINDINGS: VIA was performed on 34921 women 10% (3580) were VIA positive; 2508 (85%) eligible women received cryotherapy during the same visit; only 234 (52%) of those who postponed returned for treatment; 622 (17%) VIA-positive women had lesions too large to be treated with cryotherapy and were referred for excisional treatment. In multivariate analysis-controlling for HIV status location of the screening clinic facility location facility type and country-compared to HIV-uninfected/unknown women HIV-infected women had higher odds of being VIA positive (OR 1.95 95% CI 1.76 2.16 P<0.0001) and of having large lesions requiring referral (OR 1.93 95% CI 1.49 2.51 P< 0.0001). Minor treatment complications occurred in 19 of 3032 (0.63%) women; none required further intervention. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that compared to HIV-uninfected/unknown women HIV-infected women had nearly twice the odds of being VIA-positive and to require referral for large lesions. SVA was safe and resulted in significant reductions in loss to follow-up. There is increased need for excisional treatment in countries with high HIV prevalence.
Thiol-Disulfide Isomerization in Thrombospondin: Effects of Conformation and Protein Disulfide Isomerase

Thiol-disulfide isomerization in thrombospondin may affect the function of this adhesive protein. Two assays were developed to analyze the determinants of thiol-disulfide exchange and to correlate this exchange with thrombospondin conformation. (1) A competitive immunoassay for the EDTA-conformation of thrombospondin was developed with monoclonal antibody D4.6. (2) The free thiol(s) in thrombospondin was labeled with [3H]N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) under various conditions (the presence or absence of calcium, temperature, and pH), and thrombin digests of the labeled protein were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Consistent with previous reports, thrombin digest fragments of 150, 120, 20, and 14 kD were observed, each with radioactivity under some condition, plus a 25-kD peptide that was not labeled. Sequence data for these fragments and comparisons of SDS-PAGE analyses under reducing and nonreducing conditions indicated that Cys974 was the free thiol. The appearance of thiol label in the 120-kD fragment was previously shown to be a consequence of thiol-disulfide exchange (J Biol Chem 265:17859,1990) and label was recovered in this peptide only under conditions (absence of calcium, 37 degrees C and pH 8.4) that led to the appearance of the EDTA-conformation of thrombospondin. Additional evidence for the correlation of EDTA-conformation and thiol-disulfide exchange was the enhanced conversion of thrombospondin to its EDTA-conformation in the presence of protein disulfide isomerase and the inability of thrombospondin pretreated with NEM to attain the EDTA-conformation. Flow cytometry with antibody D4.6 revealed platelet-associated thrombospondin in the EDTA-conformation in the presence of calcium, suggesting that the EDTA-conformation is a physiological conformation that does not necessarily require EDTA.
Miniaturization of Ultrawideband Monocone Antennas Using Dielectric Loading

A so-called intelligent approach for miniaturization of monocone antennas using dielectric loading is presented. Two impedance mismatches causing the degradation in impedance bandwidth due to high permittivity dielectric loading are identified. The input impedance mismatch is addressed by modifying the structure of the antenna feed. Adding a spatial quarter-wave transformer matches the wave impedance of the loading region to that of free space. The feasibility of such a loading scheme is validated by effectively miniaturizing a monocone antenna with a material of $\upvarepsilon_{\rm r}=9.0$ . Simulations show the diameter of the ground plane is reduced by 55.2%, while the miniaturized monocone has a relative impedance bandwidth of 106.3%. The proposed dielectric loading concept is further applied to miniaturize three other monocone antennas to show its generality. In addition, the feasibility is further validated through miniaturization of monocone antennas using dielectric materials of various permittivity values. Finally, a miniaturized monocone antenna using a dielectric material of $\upvarepsilon_{\rm r}=9.0$ is fabricated and measured to experimentally verify and validate the concept.
Grant funding: Playing the odds.

Few science policy issues are more important than the allocation of research funding. Although a 2015 Report suggested that peer review has some ability to prioritize applications ([ 1 ][1]), it is not clear that the best science is being funded ([ 2 ][2]). There is evidence of poor precision and
Detection of Subsurface Objects and Coherence Analysis

The cross-Wigner distribution function is introduced as a measure for the mutual coherence of electromagnetic signals. The averaged cross-Wigner distribution function is applied to the detection of subsurface objects with radar.
Context as Relevance-Driven Abduction and Charitable Satisficing

It has been widely assumed that the full meaning of a linguistic expression can be grasped only within a situation, the context of the utterance. There is even agreement that certain factors within the situation are particularly significant, including gestures and facial expressions of the participants, their social roles, the setting of the exchange, the objects surrounding the participants, the linguistic, cultural and educational backgrounds of the participants, their beliefs, including those concerning the situation, the social procedures and conventions that regulate the situation. Finally, there is some agreement that context is dynamic, reflexive (the speakers are mutually aware of their beliefs), not limited to linguistics actions, and last but not least, a psychological construct. This definition of context is not (very) controversial, but it leaves out two major problems, which will be addressed in this paper: how is context arrived at? And, since a perfectly natural interpretation of the above definition could be that the context of each utterance is the entire universe, how is the relevant context delimited? Four related concepts will provide the answer to both questions: abductive reasoning, driven by relevance and cooperation, and bounded rationality and the principle of charity. Simply put, context is derived abductively by the speakers assuming that for the speakers to behave the way they behave and do so rationally, a given context must be available to them. The context is bounded by the simple requirement that speakers not try to optimize their interpretation/calculation, but rather satisfice, i.e., find the first acceptable solution and by the need to follow the principle of charity, which forces intersubjective agreement. Thus, abductive reasoning and bounded rationality will be shown to be sufficient to calculate the relevant context of utterances (or other rationality-driven interactions) and to effectively delimit the potentially infinite search space that must be explored to do so.
Experimental Data on the Olfactory Sense of Coleoptera, with Special Reference to the Necrophori.

When Forel (1908) stated that the olfactory sense of insects was located in the antennae, his declaration was accepted by the majority of entomologists. More recent discoveries have made it necessary to modify this view. McIndoo (1914, '15, '17, '20) claims that the olfactory sense is located on the bases of the legs and wings. With the exception of one case (1917), McIndoo's morphological studies were supplemented with physiological tests. McIndoo maintains that the removal of antennae does not obliterate the olfactory sense, but that multilation so disturbs the animal that its responses are not normal. His experimental work is very well done; the greatest objection to it is the artificial set of conditions under which the experiments were made.
Boll Weevils: The Relative Importance of Color and Pheromone in Orientation and Attraction to Traps

Saturn Yellow was important in orienting and attracting boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, to baited and unbaited traps at a distance of 2 m or less; moderately important at distances up to 6 or 7 m; and not important at greater distances. When boll weevils were given a choice between 2 colors of traps in the same circle, the average number of responding marked females was the same (28%) regardless of whether the red traps were baited and the yellow traps unbaited or whether grandlure was in all traps. However, untreated (no pheromone) Saturn Yellow traps spaced 8 m apart caught only 4.4% of released female boll weevils.
Bridge over troubled waters: A synthesis session to connect scientific and decision making sectors

Lack of access to relevant scientific data has limited decision makers from incorporating scientific information into their management and policy schemes. Yet, there is increasing interest among decision makers and scientists to integrate coastal and marine science into the policy and management process. Strategies designed to build communication between decision makers and scientists can be an effective means to disseminate and/or generate policy relevant scientific information. Here researchers develop, test, and present a workshop model designed to bridge the gap between coastal and marine decision makers and scientists. Researchers identify successful components of such a workshop as well as areas for improvement and recommendations to design and conduct similar workshops in the future. This novel workshop format can be used in other fora to effectively connect decision makers and scientists, and to initiate an iterative process to generate and transfer policy relevant scientific information into evidence-based decisions, an important element in protecting coastal and marine resources.
Gender and age implications of extended working life policies in the US and Ireland

Policies designed to extend working life and reduce pension costs have been the dominant policy response to population ageing. Such policies include increasing state pension age, flexible working a...
The Geometrodynamic Foundation of Classical Electrodynamics: A Brief Summary

We summarize how the Lorentz Force motion observed in classical electrodynamics may be understood as geodesic motion derived by minimizing the variation of the proper time along the worldline of test charges in external potentials, while the spacetime metric remains invariant under, and all other fields in spacetime remain independent of, any rescaling of the charge-to-mass ratio q/m. In order for this to occur, time is dilated or contracted due to attractive and repulsive electromagnetic interactions respectively, in very much the same way that time is dilated due to relative motion in special relativity, without contradicting the latter’s wellestablished experimental content. As such, it becomes possible to lay an entirely geometrodynamic foundation for classical electrodynamics in four spacetime dimensions. PACS: 04.20.Fy; 03.50.De; 04.20.Cv; 11.15.-q The equation of motion for a test particle along a geodesic line in curved spacetime as specified by the metric interval 2 2 c d g dx dx μ ν μν τ = with metric tensor gμν was first obtained by Albert Einstein in §9 of his landmark 1916 paper [1] introducing the General Theory of Relativity. The infinitesimal linear element / d ds c τ = for the proper time is a scalar invariant that is independent of the chosen system of coordinates. Likewise the finite proper time B A d τ τ = ∫ measured along the worldline of the test particle between two spacetime events A and B has an invariant meaning independent of the choice of coordinates. Specifically, the geodesic of motion is stationary, and results from a minimization of the variational equation
Methodology and assessment in clinical anti-emetic research: a meta-analysis of outcome parameters.

Abstract There have been major clinical advances in the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis. These advances were achieved partly by the introduction of new anti-emetic agents but important improvement came from the use of existing agents in ways developed from the results of studies based on new approaches and methods in anti-emetic research. By developing basic research tools, improving methodology and applying psychometrically sound assessments better management or chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting has been achieved. The goals of anti-emetic assessment are discussed here along with data and examples of assessment techniques for emesis and nausea. Examination of 153 separate anti-emetic studies between the years of 1975 and 1988 showed that emesis was the most common outcome measure used and that approximately 1 out of five studies measured some other type of outcome usually in the context of nausea and emesis. The frequency of outcome events was most commonly the dimension assessed. Examination of size of the effect of an anti-emetic regimen for these anti-emetic studies showed it to be independent of the type of outcome measured, but to be quite dependent on how the outcome was quantified. For instance, differences in the frequency or incidence of either nausea or emesis were generally larger than measurements made of the duration of either of these.
A Student Project in Basketball — A Basketball Proficiency Test

(1939). A Student Project in Basketball — A Basketball Proficiency Test. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 587-589.
Ketamine as a first-line treatment for severely agitated emergency department patients.

Abstract Objective Emergency physicians often need to control agitated patients who present a danger to themselves and hospital personnel. Commonly used medications have limitations. Our primary objective was to compare the time to a defined reduction in agitation scores for ketamine versus benzodiazepines and haloperidol, alone or in combination. Our secondary objectives were to compare rates of medication redosing, vital sign changes, and adverse events in the different treatment groups. Methods We conducted a single-center, prospective, observational study examining agitation levels in acutely agitated emergency department patients between the ages of 18 and 65 who required sedation medication for acute agitation. Providers measured agitation levels on a previously validated 6-point sedation scale at 0-, 5-, 10-, and 15-min after receiving sedation. We also assessed the incidence of adverse events, repeat or rescue medication dosing, and changes in vital signs. Results 106 patients were enrolled and 98 met eligibility criteria. There was no significant difference between groups in initial agitation scores. Based on agitation scores, more patients in the ketamine group were no longer agitated than the other medication groups at 5-, 10-, and 15-min after receiving medication. Patients receiving ketamine had similar rates of redosing, changes in vital signs, and adverse events to the other groups. Conclusion In highly agitated and violent emergency department patients, significantly fewer patients receiving ketamine as a first line sedating agent were agitated at 5-, 10-, and 15-min. Ketamine appears to be faster at controlling agitation than standard emergency department medications.
Epicurus on Freedom: What sort of an incompatibilist is Epicurus?

If our sources can be trusted, Epicurus asserts an incompatibility between libera voluntas (sometimes translated as ‘free will’) and determinism, and he denies that determinism is true, positing a mechanism, the swerve, by which it is rendered false, saying that the swerve is needed in order for us to be free. Because of this, Epicurus has been hailed as the first person to discover the free will problem. But this is too hasty. Much of the recent discussion of Epicurus has been muddled by assimilating his position and his concerns to those of modern libertarians. Before we answer the question of how the swerve is supposed to secure our freedom, at least two other questions need to be addressed: What type of freedom is the swerve supposed to secure? And why should we care about having freedom in this sense – that is, why does it matter? Only if Epicurus is concerned to secure the same type of freedom as are modern libertarians, and for the same sort of ethical concerns, are we justified in calling Epicurus a ‘libertarian.’ Before considering in detail the passages in which Epicurus' theory of freedom and the role of the swerve are discussed, in this chapter I will lay some conceptual groundwork that I hope will clarify the following discussion. First, I will set forth (rather schematically) some varieties of ‘problems of free will,’ and I will situate interpretations of Epicurus, including my own, in terms of these varieties.
La interpretación del género en El vampiro de la colonia Roma

Muchos criticos han considerado las influencias que tuvo Luis Zapata al escribir Elvampiro de la colonia Roma (1979), tales como el genero picaresco, el naturalismo y el beat norteamericano, pero ninguno ha examinado los enlaces que la novela tiene con la teoria de diferencia sexual. Por esta razon, este ensayo toma los principios desarrollados por Judith Butler en su libro Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1990) y los aplica a la novela de Zapata. Varios aspectos de la novela tienen correspondencia con la teoria de Butler en relacion a la caracteristica performativa del genero, pues en ella varios personajes interpretan papeles en sus representaciones de genero. Esta relacion con la teoria de Butler es logica porque Zapata se inspiro tambien en la comunidad homosexual cuando escribio la novela, aunque once anos antes de las ideas propuestas por la teorica estadounidense.
Highly efficient and broadband optical polarizers based on dielectric nanowires

The development of optical materials and devices that mimic the functionalities of conventional bulky optical components but on a much smaller footprint remains an important priority in nanophotonics. One prominent class of such optical elements are polarizers that change the polarization state of incident light. Recently, advances in plasmonic and photonic metasurfaces have given rise to different classes of subwavelength polarizers. Low efficiency and narrow band of operation remain, however, significant challenges. Here, we propose a device based on high refractive index dielectric nanowire dimers and analyze its working mechanism as efficient and broadband circular polarizers in the optical region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Our analysis predicts that a polarization conversion of roughly 97% with a transmission efficiency of more than 93% in a broad range of the visible spectrum is possible with nanowire dimers.
Clinical Reasoning: A 52-year-old woman with 3 weeks of progressive gait ataxia and dysarthria.

A 52-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with a 3-week history of progressive gait instability with multiple falls and slurred speech. She denied focal weakness, vision changes, cognitive decline, headaches, diplopia, or vertigo. No recent travels, change in medications, or illness were noted by the patient. Twelve years ago, the patient had been diagnosed with HIV and was initiated on treatment with ritonavir, atazanavir, and emtricitabine-tenofovir, but had not been compliant with her HIV medications. She was also diagnosed with hepatitis C, for which she received no treatment. She had smoked half a pack of cigarettes per day for the last 14 years and had a history of prior IV heroin use. She denied alcohol use.
Optimizing Hospital Resource Utilization in Bariatric Readmission.

Background and objectives The prevalence of patients with a history of bariatric surgery is climbing. Medical and surgical questions arising in this patient population may prompt them to present to the nearest emergency department (ED), irrespective of that facility's experience with bariatric surgery. The emergency physician is the first to evaluate patients with a history of bariatric surgery who present with abdominal symptoms. As a quality improvement project aimed at reducing resource utilization, we sought to determine which patients presenting to the ED could be treated in an outpatient setting in lieu of hospital admission. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of bariatric patients admitted from our ED with abdominal symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, obstruction, and hematemesis. We collected the following variables: type of bariatric operation, admission and discharge diagnoses, and all interventions performed during admission. Results One hundred sixty-nine patients (76.1%) had a history of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The time from bariatric operation to presentation averaged 42 ± 4.63 (SD) months. The most common symptom was abdominal pain (80.2%). Ninety-four percent of patients underwent invasive management via upper endoscopy, laparoscopy, or laparotomy. The most common postprocedural diagnoses were stricture, bowel obstruction, inflammatory findings, and cholecystitis. Conclusion Most patient encounters resulted in invasive management (204/282; 72.3%). The subset of these patients requiring endoscopic evaluation or therapy (37.7%) may be suitable for outpatient management if appropriate measures are available for rapid follow-up and procedural scheduling.
Predatory Lending, Passive Judicial Activism, and the Duty to Decide

Since 1999, the North Carolina General Assembly has enacted a series of statutes designed to curb abusive practices in consumer mortgage lending, including the nation's first predatory lending law. These laws implicitly recognize that the practice of securitization has created incentives for predatory lending practices to develop in the home mortgage market. Against this financial and legislative background, the North Carolina appellate courts issued five decisions between 2003 and 2008 dealing with predatory lending issues. This Article analyzes these five North Carolina decisions from two perspectives: first, as demonstrating the courts' evolving response to the widespread use of securitization, and second, as representing fundamentally different approaches to the courts' basic adjudicative duty. As explained in the Article, this adjudicative duty requires judges to reach decisions that respond to the parties' arguments with candor, respect guidance from the legislature, and are narrowly structured so that they do not unnecessarily preclude future legislative or judicial action on similar issues. Based on an examination of the judicial duty to decide, the Article concludes that two of these five decisions, Shepard and Skinner, illustrate a form of passive judicial activism by using procedural doctrines to unnecessarily preclude future litigation and supplant the ability of the legislature to act in an area where it has expressed strong concern. Conversely, the remaining three decisions, Melton, Richardson, and Tillman, are narrowly decided and comply with the courts' adjudicative duty.