cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to Letter of Ralph J Cicerone and Kevin Crowley regarding "How the US National Academy of Sciences misled the world community on cancer risk assessment: new findings challenge historical foundations of the linear dose response." [DOI 10.1007/s00204-013-1105-6, Review Article].

genetics community, one a Nobel Prize winner, more than three decades after their deaths was made only after an exhaustive examination of the published literature, previously classified documents, and copious letters and other types of personal documents in the files of Curt Stern, Hermann J. Muller and other key people. The discovery of their scientific deceptions/misrepresentations occurred unexpectedly during research for an earlier paper entitled “Toxicology Rewrites its History and Rethinks the Future: Giving Equal Focus to Both Harmful and Beneficial Effects” (Calabrese 2011a, b, c). Prior to my submittal of this manuscript, I sent it to several people for a final set of informal evaluations. One reviewer’s comments, which suggested an extensive study of Muller and his role in the development of the linear-no-threshold (LNT) concept and its acceptance by regulatory agencies, prompted the present Muller–Stern-NAS investigation. The first inkling of an “honesty” issue occurred after a detailed evaluation of Muller’s Nobel Prize Lecture of December 12, 1946 in which he vigorously denied even the possibility of a threshold response for radiation-induced genomic mutation, demanding a switch to a LNT risk assessment model (i.e., note Muller’s—”no escape from the conclusion that there is no threshold”—comment during his Nobel Prize Lecture). While his statements were not surprising, I linked them to data that had recently emerged at the University of Rochester. A newly completed chronic study on the effects of ionizing radiation on germ cell mutation in male fruit flies in August 1946 by Dr. Ernst Caspari, working under the direction of Stern, supported a threshold rather than a linearity dose response. The Caspari data were important since they were derived from the strongest lowdose-rate study to date. The threshold findings were so unexpected and challenging that Stern, a strong proponent of the LNT, refused Dear Editor,
A switching pattern for single-phase single-stage current source boost inverter

The dc voltage of sustainable energy (SE) sources, such as photovoltaic panels and fuel-cells, are typically boosted and then converted to an ac voltage in a two-stage process. This common topology requires a large electrolytic capacitor, which might reduce the lifetime of the overall system. From the system reliability and efficiency point of view, it is desired to eliminate the use of large electrolytic capacitors, and integrate the boosting and inverting processes into a single-stage converter. In this paper, a switching pattern for a single-phase single-stage dc-ac converter, here called current source boost inverter (CSBI), is formulated for grid-tied applications. The aforementioned desirable features are all integrated into the presented CSBI to enhance the overall system reliability and efficiency. Moreover, in the proposed switching pattern, only one switch is modulated at any period of time to improve the efficiency of CSBI. The developed switching pattern for the grid-tied CSBI is experimentally verified through a single-phase micro-CSBI and the results are presented in this paper.
Why the new severe aortic insufficiency after mitral and tricuspid valve repair

Fig 1. Midesophageal 2-chamber TEE color Doppler image showing severe mitral regurgitation with 2 jets originating from anterior mitral leaflet chordae tendineae rupture (left) and cleft (right). A 55-YEAR-OLD, 79-kg, 163-cm otherwise healthy woman was admitted to the authors’ institution for evaluation of chronic palpitations and gradually worsening exercise tolerance. She denied chest pain, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Her past medical history was notable for an endocardial cushion defect with a septum primum atrial septal defect (ASD) that was repaired when the patient was 17 years of age. The physical examination revealed an irregularly irregular rhythm and a grade II of VI systolic murmur. An electrocardiogram confirmed the presence of atrial fibrillation. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed as part of the diagnostic evaluation. This study demonstrated a partial atrioventricular canal with an intact patch repair of the ASD. Two jets of severe mitral regurgitation resulting from an anterior mitral leaflet cleft and chordal rupture (Fig 1, Video clip 1) were observed. There was severe tricuspid regurgitation caused by prolapse of the anterior tricuspid leaflet concomitant with tethering and fibrosis of the septal tricuspid leaflet (Figs 2 and 3, Video clips 2 and 3). Biatrial dilatation was also present. The trileaflet aortic valve moved normally. A centrally directed jet of mild aortic insufficiency was observed (Figure 4, Video clip 4). Coronary angiography also was performed and indicated the absence of hemodynamically significant stenoses. The patient was transported to the operating room where a large anterior mitral leaflet cleft between the A1 and A2 scallops primarily was repaired, and a 30-mm mitral annuloplasty ring was implanted during cardiopulmonary bypass. The tricuspid septal and posterior leaflets were retracted posteriorly by the fibrotic endocardial cushion. The tricuspid valve was repaired using a 34-mm annuloplasty ring. A Maze cryoablation was also performed, and the left atrial appendage was ligated. The
Effects of contaminated sediments on particle size selection by the polychaete Capitella sp. I

Capitellid polychaetes are generally considered opportunistic species, characteristic of or- ganically enriched and disturbed habitats. The feeding behavior of capitellids dramatically affects physical properties of sediments by repackaging sediment particles into large fecal pellets that persist for years. Particle size selection by Capitella sp. I was quantified using two approaches. Organic-rich sediments from four locations subjected to varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbance were used in the first approach. Sediment contamination, measured as the con- centrations of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) varied from 0.08 to 31 ppm. The median size of mineral particle ingested was 4 mm for all sediments. Worms selectively ingested the smallest particles in the most contaminated sediment. Because of potential ambiguity in obtaining accurate measurements of in situ particle sizes of natural sediments, a second experiment used glass beads as tracers added to natural sediment. Treatments consisted of phenanthrene added at six concentrations, from 0.07 to 13 ppm. Worms preferentially fed on small beads (most preferred particle size 1764 mm) in all treatments, and selection was unaffected by phenanthrene concentrations. Selective feeding on the finest sediment particles and their incorporation into long-lived fecal pellets may affect the persistence of organic contaminants in sediments. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Evolution of ocean slicks under a rising wind

[1] Airborne synthetic aperture radar and high-resolution infrared imagery are used to examine the evolution of natural ocean slicks during a period of freshening wind. Initially the slicks are of the order of 50 m in width and have radar and thermal contrasts of the order of 10 dB and several 0.1°C. While there can be over time a transient reorganization of surface film material by internal waves, the slicks are observed to disperse and are no longer detectible after 5 h. The dispersion occurs through the action of Langmuir circulation, which results in along-wind streaks or “windrows”, as well as other effects. Prominent streaks occur preferentially along a slick's upwind side, the downwind side resembling more of a “leading edge”, at least early on. Over time, the leading edge develops a corrugated shape, and gaps begin to develop within the slicks. The formation of gaps is compared with a conceptual model by Dysthe (2006) for the tearing of a surface film in the region of positive surface straining. Eventually, the slicks break into elongated patches that co-exist with windrows, which is consistent with the effects of advective dispersion.
Cripto-1: an embryonic gene that promotes tumorigenesis

Several studies have shown that cell fate regulation during embryonic development and oncogenic transformation share common regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways. Indeed, an embryonic gene member of the EGF-Cripto-1/FRL1/Cryptic family, Cripto-1, has been implicated in embryogenesis and in carcinogenesis. Cripto-1 together with the TGF-beta ligand Nodal is a key regulator of embryonic development and is a marker of undifferentiated human and mouse embryonic stem cells. While Cripto-1 expression is very low in normal adult tissues, Cripto-1 is re-expressed at high levels in several different human tumors, modulating cancer cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stimulating tumor angiogenesis. Therefore, inhibition of Cripto-1 expression using blocking antibodies or antisense expression vectors might be a useful modality not only to target fully differentiated cancer cells but also to target a subpopulation of tumor cells with stem-like characteristics.
High-speed fluorescence imaging system for freely moving animals

An image sensor to be used in a miniature microscope system for recording brain activity over a wide cortical area (4–9 mm2) is presented. The image sensor is a 32×32 pixel array fabricated in bulk CMOS process. Each pixel has a 74 µm × 34 µm photodiode. The SNR performance of the image sensor is comparable to current state-of-the-art voltage-sensitive dye imaging sensors. The power consumption and weight of the proposed microscope is much lower than other voltage-sensitive dye imaging systems and can be used on awake and freely moving animals.
Minimum Earthquake Magnitude Associated with Coseismic Surface Faulting

Rupture of the ground surface by faulting associated with shallow earthquakes is an important element to consider in the evaluation of fault activity. Observational data compiled in this report indicate that the minimum earthquake magnitude associa ted with reported sudden surface faulting is about M, 5. Considering that the epicentral areas of many earthquakes of M, 5 or less were not searched for evidence of surface faulting, the actual minimum magnitude may be smaller. A combined empirical and theoretical analysis suggests that under ideal c onditions, coseismic surface faulting of a few millimeters associated with earthquakes having moment magnitudes as small as 3 could be recognized by simple field methods. Several factors such as dimensions, depth, and orientation of the rupture surface together with observational conditions affect the development and subsequent recognition of surface faulting. Surface displacements ranging from a few millimeters to several decimeters have accompanied earthquakes having magnitudes between 5 and 6. The larger fault displacements and the earthquakes can damage structures, and that possibility should be considered in regions where shallow earthquakes of that size can occur. The generally small and short surface ruptures associated with such earthquakes may leave very little evidence in the topogra phy, stratigraphy, or near -surface structure, especially if the displacements are consistently small and the recurrence intervals for earthquakes are long. Such c onditions may explain why so few active faults have been recognized in some regions of infrequent shallow eart hquakes, such as eastern North America.
Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia.

Although there is substantial evidence in the historical and anthropological record of the sexual use of children by adults, surprisingly little is known about the etiology of pedophilia or its relation to other forms of sexual aggression. After briefly reviewing the research on pedophilia, we argue that one major difficulty in conducting or interpreting such research lies in the different definitions “pedophilia” has received. Most important, much of the research has accepted a legal definition of pedophilia, treating all offenders convicted of “child molestation” as pedophiles, regardless of the age or appearance of the victim. We argue that a distinction should be made between biological children and sociolegal children. Laws governing child molestation reflect sociolegal childhood, regardless of its discrepancy with biological childhood. “True” pedophiles should be identified by their preference for biological children. By using legal classifications, researchers may well be confusing two distinct types of offenders, child molesters and rapists, and confounding attempts to understand pedophilia.
CHANGES IN SELF-PERCEPTION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARACTERISTICS.

A purported individual “personality” assessment of male and female college students resulted in communications that showed standings on either a positive (masculinity or femininity) or a negative (hostility) personality characteristic that were discrepant from Ss' initial self-ratings. Post-communication self-ratings showed acceptance of the negative communication, and failure of the positive communication to have an effect. Degree of communication discrepancy did not affect the results. Two replications of the study, one with a male and the other with a female communicator, were carried out.
A comprehensive radiography of intoxication as persuasive action

The research aims a) to make visible joints of informational intoxication as persuasive communication action and b) to differentiate informational intoxication from disinformation and manipulation. It stresses that the action of intoxication consists in an assembly of informative measures aimed at influencing a target by introducing into its informational flow some information determining the vitiation of the functional decisions through influence. The main ontological elements of the intoxication process are agent of intoxication, target of intoxication, intoxication message, intoxication channel and intoxication situation. The most difficult to realize in informational intoxication is to install, to institute the intoxication situation that situation in which the agent creates attracts the target into deliberately and consciously participating to its own intoxication.
Acute Stress and Intravesical Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Induces Mast Cell Dependent Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Release From Mouse Bladder Explants

Purpose: Corticotropin-releasing hormone is typically released from the hypothalamus but it has proinflammatory effects outside of the brain, possibly through the activation of mast cells. These cells express corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors with selective secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis. This condition is characterized by bladder inflammation and worsened by stress. We investigated the effect of intravesical corticotropin-releasing hormone and acute restraint stress on vascular endothelial growth factor release from mouse bladder explants and the role of mast cells.Materials and Methods: The bladder of C57BL/6 mast cell deficient (W/Wv) and normal congenic (+/+) female mice (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Maine) at ages 10 to 12 weeks was catheterized using anesthesia. After emptying urine 1) normal saline or corticotropin-releasing hormone was introduced for 45 minutes, urine was coll...
Below-ground carbon and nitrogen accumulation in perennial grasses: A comparison of caespitose and rhizomatous growth forms

An experiment was conducted to compare below-ground soil organic carbon and total nitrogen accumulation between caespitose and rhizomatous perennial grasses in long-term ( 90 cm2) in the mesic community. In contrast, both pool sizes were smaller beneath the caespitose grass at all clone basal areas than the combined pools for the rhizomatous grass in the semi-arid community. The occurrence of larger soil nutrient pools beneath the rhizomatous species in the semi-arid community was largely a consequence of niche separation for microsites characterized by soils with higher nutrient concentrations, rather than plant-induced increases in nutrient concentrations. Although nutrient islands do not occur beneath rhizomatous grasses, their distribution in the semi-arid community was restricted to microsites characterized by soils with higher SOC and N concentrations. A greater efficiency of nutrient accumulation per unit rhizome mass and the maintenance of rhizome nutrient pools of similar magnitude to those of the rhizomatous grass in the mesic community may also contribute to the distribution of rhizomatous grasses in semi-arid communities. The existence of nutrient islands beneath a wide range of clone sizes in both mesic and semi-arid communities provides circumstantial evidence to suggest that nutrient islands beneath caespitose grasses may contribute to clone fitness in this growth form.
Transglutaminase and neuronal differentiation

During mouse brain maturation cellular transglutaminase specific activity increases 2.5 fold from day 3 to adulthood. A more pronounced increase is seen during morphological differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells, where serum withdrawal induces neurite outgrowth concomitant with a 10 fold increase in transglutaminase specific activity. In contrast, non-dividing neuroblastoma cells lacking neurites show only a 1.5 fold increase in enzyme specific activity. Transglutaminase activity does not reach maximal levels until extensive neurite formation has occurred. More than 80% of the transglutaminase activity is found in the soluble component of brain and neuroblastoma homogenates. Using [3H]-putrescine as the acyl acceptor, endogenous acyl donor substrates in the neuroblastoma cells included proteins that comigrated on SDS-PAGE with tubulin and actin; however, very high molecular weight crosslinked material is the major reaction product in vitro. When purified brain tubulin, microtubule associated proteins and microtubules were compared as exogenous substrates, only the polymeric microtubules were a good acyl donor substrate. Furthermore, preincubation of purified tubulin with transglutaminase and putrescine stimulated both the rate and extent of microtubule assembly. These findings suggest that transglutaminase may mediate covalent cross-linking of microtubules to other cellular components, or the post-translational modification of tubulin by the formation of γ-glutamylamines.
Sigma: Strain-level inference of genomes from metagenomic analysis for biosurveillance

Motivation: Metagenomic sequencing of clinical samples provides a promising technique for direct pathogen detection and characterization in biosurveillance. Taxonomic analysis at the strain level can be used to resolve serotypes of a pathogen in biosurveillance. Sigma was developed for strain-level identification and quantification of pathogens using their reference genomes based on metagenomic analysis. Results: Sigma provides not only accurate strain-level inferences, but also three unique capabilities: (i) Sigma quantifies the statistical uncertainty of its inferences, which includes hypothesis testing of identified genomes and confidence interval estimation of their relative abundances; (ii) Sigma enables strain variant calling by assigning metagenomic reads to their most likely reference genomes; and (iii) Sigma supports parallel computing for fast analysis of large datasets. The algorithm performance was evaluated using simulated mock communities and fecal samples with spike-in pathogen strains. Availability and Implementation: Sigma was implemented in C++ with source codes and binaries freely available at http://sigma.omicsbio.org. Contact: vog.lnro@cnap Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
On rates of birth defects

The proportion of children born with a particular defect is not a "birth defect rate" but, rather, a prevalence proportion. The implications of confusing a rate and a proportion are discussed in terms of the interpretation of birth defect data. It is recommended that "prevalence proportion" or "prevalence" be used to report the frequency of various defects rather than the often-used "prevalence rate."
A service level agreement language for dynamic electronic services

This paper proposes a novel language for Service Level Agreements (SLAs) for dynamic and spontaneous electronic services. In a cross-organizational setting, it is important for customers of a service to obtain, monitor and enforce quality of service (QoS) guarantees by service providers, usually expressed in the form of SLAs. Since the supervision and management of SLAs and the provisioning of corresponding systems should be automated for economic reasons, we need a formal language to define an SLA. If moreover, providers and customers want to sign custom-made SLAs, the SLA language, correspondingly, must provide a large degree of flexibility. The SLA language described in this paper aims at providing the needed flexibility by means of an XML-based representation and a runtime system for SLAs. Using this language, parties to a SLA can describe how parameters are measured and computed from raw metrics, the guarantees they want with respect to those parameters and the involvement of third parties to, e.g., verify independently SLA compliance.
1–10GHz inductorless receiver in 0.13µm CMOS

In this paper, we describe an inductorless wideband radio receiver architecture from 1GHz to 10GHz. Two receiver RF frontends designs are presented and compared: a traditional inductor peaking LNA and mixer (IPLM) and a capacitive peaking LNA and mixer circuit (CPLM). Measurement results indicate that CPLM with the same bandwidth has better linearity, comparable noise figure and uses only 17% more power. The silicon area for the CPLM is only 22% of the IPLM. Both designs can be mated with an inductorless, ring-oscillator based, wide lock range and low power PLL also shown in this paper.
A dynamic multiscale viscosity method for the spectral approximation of conservation laws

We consider the spectral approximation of a conservation law in the limit of small or vanishing viscosities. In this regime, the continuous solution of the problem is known to develop sharp spatial and temporal gradients referred to as shocks. Also, the standard Fourier–Galerkin solution is known to break down if the mesh parameter is larger than the shock width. In this paper we propose a new dynamic, multiscale viscosity method which enables the solution of such systems with relatively coarse discretizations. The key features of this method are: (1) separate viscosities are applied to the coarse and the fine scale equations; (2) these viscosities are determined as a part of the calculation (dynamically) from a consistency condition which must be satisfied if the resulting numerical solution is optimal in a user-defined sense. In this paper we develop these conditions, and demonstrate how they may be used to determine the numerical viscosities. We apply the proposed method to the one dimensional Burgers equation and note that it yields results that compare favorably with the vanishing spectral viscosity solution. � 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Pricing Private Mortgage Insurance

Issues involved in an evaluation of the price of private mortgage insurance are discussed. Cost considerations are emphasized as long-run equilibrium competitive market prices equal long-run marginal and average cost. An empirical evaluation of current insurance premiums vis-a-vis competitive market norms requires more empirical information on the determinants of foreclosures, especially the links between micro and macro determinants. Option pricing models suggest other data comparisons that also may shed light on an evaluation of insurance premiums.
EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO PROTOTYPIC SKILL AND EXPERIENCE IN IDENTIFICATION OF PERFORMANCE ERROR

This study investigated the effect of type and length of exposure to a prototypic skill and experience in discriminating correct from incorrect performance on proficiency in detecting errors. Subjects were 24 physical education majors. Experimental groups received one or three exposures to prototypic skilled performances of the volleyball serve, spike, and block through either a visual or audio-visual mode. Practice in discrimination was provided through the use of skill checklists applied in the reciprocal style of teaching. Proficiency in detection of error was assessed by subjects' ability to recognize errors in performance by occurrence and identification. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 3 × 3 × 2 analysis with repeated measures on the last three factors to investigate the effects of treatment type, number of exposures, skill type, and practice. A Pearson correlation was computed to determine if a relationship existed between knowledge of performance and ability to detect error. Only the visual mode and o...
Absorption and translocation of glyphosate isopropylamine and trimethylsulfonium salts in Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi

Abstract Growth chamber and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate foliar absorption and translocation of the isopropylamine (Ipa) or trimethylsulfonium (Tms) salts of glyphosate in Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi. Glyphosate was applied at 250 g ai ha−1. Absorption of 14C-glyphosate in both formulations increased similarly in both species over 72 h. Seventy-two hours after treatment (HAT), A. theophrasti absorbed 26% of applied 14C of both formulations, whereas S. faberi absorbed 43% of both formulations. The addition of 1% ammonium sulfate (AMS) to both formulations increased the amount of herbicide absorbed to 35% in A. theophrasti and 60% in S. faberi 72 HAT. Translocation of absorbed 14C-glyphosate in both formulations (with or without AMS) was greater for S. faberi than A. theophrasti 72 HAT. For A. theophrasti, 17% of 14C absorbed in Ipa and Tms formulations were translocated out of the treated leaf, whereas additions of AMS increased the amount translocated to 25 and 23% for Ipa...
Combinatorial tasks and outcome listing: Examining productive listing among undergraduate students

Although counting problems are easy to state and provide rich, accessible problem-solving situations, there is much evidence that students struggle with solving counting problems correctly. With combinatorics (and the study of counting problems) becoming increasingly prevalent in K–12 and undergraduate curricula, there is a need for researchers to identify potentially significant factors that might have an effect on student success as they solve counting problems. We tested one such factor among undergraduate students—their systematic listing of what they were trying to count. We argue that even creating partial lists of the set of outcomes led to significant improvements in performance in students’ success on problems, implying that systematic listing may be worthwhile for students to engage in as they learn to count. Our findings suggest that more needs to be done to refine instructional interventions that facilitate listing. We discuss these findings and suggest avenues for further research.
Manipulating the inter pillar gap in pillar array ultra-thin layer planar chromatography platforms

An advantage of separation platforms based on deterministic micro- and nano-fabrications, relative to traditional systems based on packed beds of particles, is the exquisite control of all morphological parameters. For example, with planar platforms based on lithographically-prepared pillar arrays, the size, shape, height, geometric arrangement, and inter pillar gaps can be independently adjusted. Since the inter pillar gap is expected to be important in determining resistance to mass transfer in the mobile phase as well as the flow rate, which influences the mass transfer effect and axial diffusion, we herein study the effect of reducing inter pillar gaps on capillary action-based flow and band dispersion. Atomic layer deposition is used to narrow the gap between the pillars for photo-lithographically defined pillar arrays. The plate height of gap-adjusted arrays is modeled based on predicted and observed flow rates. A reduction in the flow rate with smaller gaps hinders the efficiency in the modeled case and is correlated with actual separations. A conclusion is drawn that simultaneously reducing both the gap and the pillar diameter is the best approach in terms of improving the chromatographic efficiency.
Is Red Coloration of Male Northern Cardinals Beneficial during the Nonbreeding Season?: A Test of Status Signaling

I tested the hypothesis that bright colors may function as signals of status during the nonbreeding season, offsetting possible costs associated with such traits. Male Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) do not defend territories during the nonbreeding season and unfamiliar individuals interact over food resources. To test whether red coloration functions as a signal of status among unfamiliar individuals, I manipulated male coloration by a reddening, a lightening, or a sham control treatment to decouple color from other characteristics that might influence dominance. I observed interactions among males from these treatment groups at a single food source. During the trials, dominant individuals gained mass at a higher rate than subordinant individuals, suggesting a benefit of dominance. There was no effect of treatment or manipulated coloration on the initial or final dominance rank, indicating that males are not using red coloration as a signal of status. However, in the final dominance rank, males with naturally redder plumage were more dominant to those that originally had duller plumage. These results suggest that although red coloration is an indicator of dominance, adult males are not using it alone as a signal of status in controlling food resources.
How New York beat crime.

The article examines crime fighting methods in New York City, where the rates of many crimes, including homicide, robbery, and burglary, have dropped by over 80 percent between 1990 and 2011. Studies of the crime rate in New York suggest that many common assumptions about links between crime and drug use, poverty, and incarceration rates are false. The city effected this change in part by employing its police force in recognized "hotspots," areas that statistics showed had higher concentrations of crime, and implementing a more aggressive policy for street stops and misdemeanor arrests. The article concludes that these findings may lead to advances in the science of criminology. INSET: IN BRIEF.
Evaluation of a Management Model for Second-Generation European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) for Use in Kansas

A European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), decision model developed from published literature was evaluated. Model strengths and weaknesses were determined using sensitivity analysis and field validation data. Correspondence between the model-described oviposition period and actual oviposition period was high in 1982. The degree of correspondence in 1983 was not as high, but final treatment recommendation was unaffected in most cases. Model-predicted yield reductions underestimated field losses and affected the reliability of model recommendations. The model was equally sensitive to changes in mean number of egg masses per plant, mean number of eggs per mass, percent ECB survivorship, estimated corn yield, market value of corn, and percent control. Changes in chemical cost and application cost did not influence model output as much as the other variables. The model was most sensitive to an improper estimation of the proportion of oviposition that had been completed at the time an egg-mass sample was collected. Skewing the triangular oviposition period toward termination of oviposition resulted in an increased predicted larval density. The control decision was affected only by changes in triangle skewness, when the economic and biological conditions resulted in a cost/benefit ratio near one. Extending the base length of the oviposition period had only a minor influence on the resulting control decision, regardless of cost/benefit ratio.
Survival of Mouse Poliomyelitis Virus in Living Invertebrates

for different viral agents of diseases, the virus of mouse poliomyelitis was found to survive for periods varying from 7 to 28 days in two species of snails and four species of insects, but not for 21 days in a species of earthworm. This information may be of interest in connection with studies on dissemination of human poliomyelitis. In addition to survival, the possibilities for multiplication and transmission were investigated. Mouse poliomyelitis is a viral disease similar to human poliomyelitis, and is known also as encephalomyelitis of mice (Theiler). The mouse appears to be the natural host; guinea pigs, rabbits, and rhesus monkeys are resistant. The usual mode of transmission is most likely through infected mouse excreta. The virus has been recovered from Musca domestica as long as 12 days after infection, and from feces of flies and roaches several days after feeding upon infected material (Jackson Memorial Laboratory, 1941). Syverton and Fischer (1950) found that the virus could be acquired by feeding and would remain active for as long as 7 days in the body of the roach Periplaneta americana. If a viremia occurs in mouse poliomyelitis the acquisition of virus from the blood by bloodsucking arthropods would appear quite possible. Horstmann (1952) and
Some Factors Influencing the Fecundity and Flight Potential of Bactra verutana

Tests were conducted to increase the fecundity of a laboratory-reared colony of the tortricid moth, Bactra verutana Zeller. Moths were ca. 60% larger and the females laid ca. twice (1:1.9) as many eggs on a soy flour-wheat germ diet as on Cyperus rotundus plants, but wing length was only 22% longer. Unfed males mated no more than once each 24 h and deposited seven spermatophores during an average life time of 9 days. By day 4 or 5 of life, one-third of the males could not fertilize more than an average 23% of the egg load of a virgin female. Female mating could be delayed 4 days after emergence before fecundity was affected. Females mated twice if newly emerged males were presented daily for 2 or 3 days. Unmated females deposited an average of ca. 27 eggs; mated females deposited 5 to 10 times as many eggs, with egg viability varying from 80 to 90%. Clipping two-thirds to three-fourths of one forewing to prevent flight did not reduce fecundity.
Observation of Configurational Switching of Deep Defects in a-Si:H Using Thermal Step Insertion During Capacitance Transient Measurements

In standard, isothermal capacitance transient measurements, configurational changes in defect states are normally very difficult to identify because, depending on the relative rates of thermal emission to the configurational relaxation, charge will be emitted predominantly from only one configuration. We have found, however, that employing a thermal step during the emission phase of the transient enhances the effect of defect relaxation; one can then observe the resultant switch between distinct configurations. We have applied this method quite successfully to lightly doped n-type a-Si:H samples by varying the overall temperature (between 270K and 350K) and the magnitude of the temperature switch (from 20K to 35K). For the smallest temperature steps, the resultant transients suggest two distinct configurations that, we believe, reflect only a fraction of the many latent configurations that account for the full range of relaxation possible.
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Incident ESRD: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Background and objectives Carotid intima-media thickness has been reported to predict kidney function decline. However, whether carotid intima-media thickness is associated with a hard kidney end point, ESRD, has not been investigated. Design, setting, participants, & measurements We studied 13,197 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities participants at visit 1 (1987–1989) without history of cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure, at baseline and assessed whether carotid intima-media thickness measured by B-mode ultrasound is associated with ESRD risk using Cox proportional hazards models. Regarding carotid intima-media thickness parameters, we investigated the mean and maximum values of overall and segment-specific (common, bifurcation, and internal carotid arteries) measurements. Results Mean age was 54.0 (SD=5.7) years old, and there were 3373 (25.6%) blacks and 7370 (55.8%) women. During a median follow-up of 22.7 years, 433 participants developed ESRD (1.4/1000 person-years). After adjusting for shared risk factors for atherosclerosis and kidney disease, including baseline kidney function, carotid intima-media thickness was significantly associated with ESRD risk (hazard ratio [HR] between quartiles 4 and 1, 1.46; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.02 to 2.08 for overall mean intima-media thickness and HR between quartiles 4 and 1, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.24 to 2.48 for overall maximum intima-media thickness). The associations were largely consistent in demographic and clinical subgroups. When we explored segment–specific intima-media thicknesses, the associations with ESRD were most robust for bifurcation carotid ( e.g. , adjusted HR between quartiles 4 and 1 of mean intima-media thickness, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.13 for bifurcation; adjusted HR between quartiles 4 and 1 of mean intima-media thickness, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.97 for common; and adjusted HR between quartiles 4 and 1 of mean intima-media thickness, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.29 for internal). Conclusions Carotid intima-media thickness was independently associated with incident ESRD in the general population, suggesting the shared etiology of atherosclerosis and ESRD.
Novel real-time volumetric tool segmentation algorithm for intraoperative microscope integrated OCT(Conference Presentation)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows for micron scale imaging of the human retina and cornea. Current generation research and commercial intrasurgical OCT prototypes are limited to live B-scan imaging. Our group has developed an intraoperative microscope integrated OCT system capable of live 4D imaging. With a heads up display (HUD) 4D imaging allows for dynamic intrasurgical visualization of tool tissue interaction and surgical maneuvers. Currently our system relies on operator based manual tracking to correct for patient motion and motion caused by the surgeon, to track the surgical tool, and to display the correct B-scan to display on the HUD. Even when tracking only bulk motion, the operator sometimes lags behind and the surgical region of interest can drift out of the OCT field of view. To facilitate imaging we report on the development of a fast volume based tool segmentation algorithm. The algorithm is based on a previously reported volume rendering algorithm and can identify both the tool and retinal surface. The algorithm requires 45 ms per volume for segmentation and can be used to actively place the B-scan across the tool tissue interface. Alternatively, real-time tool segmentation can be used to allow the surgeon to use the surgical tool as an interactive B-scan pointer.
Exploration on the Course Contains and the Education Innovation of Electronic Technology in Agricultural Machinery Specialty

The specility of electronic technology course are many kinds,work state of units is complex,the method of circuit analyzing is agile and it’s a fast development subject. This lead to the conflict between the contains and course period. So the best scheme is suggested,it make the students reach the basic request of this subject in limited period and have ability to apply the knowledge of electronic technology.
Detection of HSV-IgG,HbsAg and HCV in patients with STD and HIV infection

Objective:To compare the co-infection status of HSV,HBV and HCV in patients with STD and HIV infection,and provide evidence of developing prevention and control strategies.Methods: Serum samples confirmed to be infected with HIV/AIDS,syphilis,gonorrhea and chlamydia by Western blot were tested for HSV2-IgG,HSV2-IgM,HbsAg and HCV-IgG by ELISA.The detection levels were compared between the two groups.Results: Out of 120 specimens in STD group,the positive rate of HSV was 32.5%,HBV was 10.0%,both HSV and HBV were detected in 7 specimens,both HBV and HCV were detected in 2 specimens;In 85 specimens of HIV/AIDS group,the positive rate of HBV was 41.2%,HCV was 18.8%;the specimens infected by more than one virus accounted for 38.8%.Conclusion: Co-infection of HSV2,HBV and HCV in HIV/AIDS patients is more frequent than that of STD patients.
Microleakage of composite and two types of glass ionomer restorations with saliva contamination at different steps.

Purpose This study's purpose was to evaluate microleakage of two types of glass ionomer (GI) and composite restorations with saliva contamination at different stages of restorative procedures. Methods Extracted teeth with Class V cavities were restored with a conventional GI, nanofilled RMGI, or total-etched composite. The preparations were contaminated with saliva before the adhesive/primer application or before the restoration placement (N=10). The restored teeth were thermocycled (1000X), stained (basic fuchsin), and sectioned. Microleakage distance was measured and subjected to analysis of variance and Duncan's post-hoc test (P=.05). Results For the enamel margin, no significant difference was found between the conventional GI and composite restoration, with or without saliva contamination (P>.05). The nanofilled RMGI with contamination before restoration had the highest microleakage. For the cementum margin, composite had significantly more microleakage than both types of GI restorations, regardless of saliva contamination. Conclusions Conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer restorations had less cementum microleakage, while the composite had less enamel microleakage. Saliva contamination did not affect microleakage of the conventional GI at either enamel or cementum margins. The nanofilled RMGI system was not sensitive to saliva contamination at the gingival margin, but had increased microleakage at the enamel margin, especially after the primer application.
Abstract PR06: Sox2 functions as a critical oncogene in Rb loss initiated tumors

Tumor suppressors, while important proteins to in the context of tumor formation, are difficult to target for therapeutic purposes. The Rb tumor suppressor, which is lost or functionally inactivated in nearly every human tumor type, is not unique in that regard because restoration of the loss of Rb function has been challenging. Using cellular reprogramming to iPS cells as a model for tumor formation, we identified Sox2 as a direct target of Rb repression. Sox2 is a core pluripotency member with strong reprogramming abilities, and as such, is a potent oncogene in some cellular contexts. Using mouse genetics and genomic analysis we have confirmed that Sox2 does indeed promote tumor formation upon Rb loss. We have also investigated the consequence of Sox2 suppression in tumors initiated by Rb loss, including small cell lung cancer. This raises the possibility of using Sox2 inhibition as a more clinically feasible form of treatment than restoration of Rb loss. This abstract is also being presented as Poster B05. Citation Format: Michael S. Kareta, Jr., Megan O9Brien, Marius Wernig, Julien Sage. Sox2 functions as a critical oncogene in Rb loss initiated tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Cancer Cell Cycle - Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response; Feb 28-Mar 2, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(11_Suppl):Abstract nr PR06.
Surgical Techniques: Thrombolysis, IVUS, and Balloon Angioplasty for VTOS

Venous thoracic outlet syndrome (VTOS) requires imaging to confirm the diagnosis and assess the extent of involvement and chronicity. In patients who present with acute effort thrombosis, thrombolysis is typically the first step. Tools for performing pharmacomechanical thrombolysis and strategies for their use will be discussed. Angioplasty and occasionally stenting are important techniques for managing residual stenoses after operative decompression of the thoracic outlet.
Twisted Macrocycles with Folded ortho-Phenylene Subunits.

Many foldamers, oligomers that adopt well-defined secondary structures, are now known, including many exhibiting functional behavior. However, examples of foldamer subunits within larger architectures remain rare, despite the importance of higher-order structure in biomacromolecules. Here, we investigate the dynamic covalent assembly of short o-phenylenes, a simple class of aromatic foldamers, into twisted macrocycles. o-Phenylene tetramers have been combined with rod-shaped p-phenylene-, tolane-, and diphenylbutadiyene-based linkers using imine formation. Macrocyclization proceeds efficiently, inducing folding of the o-phenylenes. The resulting [3 + 3] macrocycles (three o-phenylenes and three linkers) are shape-persistent, triangular structures with twisted cores and internal diameters up to approximately 2 nm. The homochiral D3-symmetric and heterochiral C2-symmetric conformers can be distinguished by NMR spectroscopy. Analysis of the conformational distribution for the p-phenylene-linked macrocycle su...
Multi-artery heat-pipe spreader: monolayer-wick receding meniscus transitions and optimal performance

Abstract For high heat flux and low thermal resistance, the multiple-artery heat-pipe spreader uses distributed high-permeability arteries (posts) for liquid supply and high-capillary pressure monolayer wick for liquid spreading and evaporation. Experiments indicate the receding meniscus transitions in monolayer play a role in sudden drop in thermal resistance prior to dryout. Using monolayer SEM images and the minimum surface energy principles, the meniscus dynamics up to dryout is analyzed, and the meniscus location, capillary pressure, effective thermal conductivity, and permeability are also predicted for heterogeneous, periodic sintered copper-particle (including bimodal particle size) unit cells. The liquid thickness is nonuniform within the heterogeneous unit cell, and with increase in the wick superheat local dryout occurs (meniscus snaps) in the loose-packed region influencing the wet-wick properties and the occurrence of the minimum thermal resistance. The monolayer wick continues to function under local dryout (away from post) until a receding dry front is formed followed by complete dryout. These predictions are in good agreement with experiments. The optimal wick thermal-hydraulic performance, i.e., dimensionless ratio of heat flux to thermal resistance (wick figure of merit Z m ) is sought through analysis. The uniform, sintered, close-packed 30–50 μ m particles give the highest Z m over a range of superheat in the wet regime, and 30 μ m particles give a record low resistance near 2.5 μ K/(W/m2)