cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ovarian cancer screening. The use of serial complementary tumor markers to improve sensitivity and specificity for early detection

Background. The use of serum tumor markers for the early detection of ovarian cancer has been limited because of their low sensitivity and low positive predictive value. CA 125 levels are elevated in only about one half of women with Stage I ovarian cancer, thus researchers have focused on using the serial measurement of complementary markers to improve the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of this approach for screening. Methods. Multiple serum markers have been analyzed in women with early stage epithelial ovarian cancer. CA 125, CA 15-3, C19-9, CA 54-61, CA 72-4, CEA, HMFG2, IL-6, IL-10, LSA, M-CSF, NB70K, OVX1, PLAP, TAG72, TNF, TPA, and UGTF have been studied alone and in combination in this setting. Complementarity and logistic regression analyses have been performed to assess those markers with the highest likelihood of improving sensitivity and specificity for early detection. Serial analysis of a second-generation CA 125 measuring the intercept (initial level) and slope (change of levels over time) can be used to discriminate malignant cases from benign and normal cases. Results. Analyses have shown that the serial measurement of the new, more sensitive CA 125 has a high sensitivity (83%), specificity (99.7%), and positive predictive value (16%) for the early detection of ovarian cancer. OVX1 used in combination with CA 125 provides the best complementarity. Serial measurements of the two markers have sensitivities in the range of that for transvaginal ultrasonography. Conclusion. The serial measurement of complementary serum markers can improve the use of marker screening for epithelial ovarian cancer. With the use of several different methods of analysis, it has been shown that this approach improves the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of serum markers CA 125 and OVX1. A procedure that measures complementary serum markers over time can be used as a primary screening technique followed by transvaginal ultrasongraphy. This could provide a cost-effective means of early detection and could significantly decrease the probability of surgical intervention for false-positive test results.
An algebraic formulation of geophysical inverse problems

Many geophysical inverse problems derive from governing partial differential equations with unknown coefficients. Alternatively, inverse problems often arise from integral equations associated with a Green’s function solution to a governing differential equation. In their discrete form such equations reduce to systems of polynomial equations, known as algebraic equations. Using techniques from computational algebra one can address questions of the existence of solutions to such equations as well as the uniqueness of the solutions. The techniques are enumerative and exhaustive, requiring a finite number of computer operations. For example, calculating a bound to the total number of solutions reduces to computing the dimension of a linear vector space. The solution set itself may be constructed through the solution of an eigenvalue problem. The techniques are applied to a set of synthetic magnetotelluric values generated by conductivity variations within a layer. We find that the estimation of the conductivity and the electric field in the subsurface, based upon single-frequency magnetotelluric field values, is equivalent to a linear inverse problem. The techniques are also illustrated by an application to a magnetotelluric data set gathered at Battle Mountain, Nevada. Surface observations of the electric (Ey) and magnetic (Hx) fields are used to construct a model of subsurface electrical structure. Using techniques for algebraic equations it is shown that solutions exist, and that the set of solutions is finite. The total number of solutions is bounded above at 134 217 728. A numerical solution of the algebraic equations generates a conductivity structure in accordance with the current geological model for the area.
Gallium and other agents in diseases of the lung

The use of gallium for pulmonary diseases is hampered by its relative lack of specificity, typical 1- to 3-day delay between injection and imaging time, and suboptimal imaging characteristics. Other nuclear and nonnuclear imaging modalities, such as 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) and high-resolution chest computed tomography, have replaced gallium in many clinical algorithms. Yet gallium and other radiotracers, such as thallium, sestamibi, and labeled white blood cells, are useful in many specific clinical situations involving lymphoma and other neoplasias, inflammatory processes such as sarcoid and interstitial pneumonia, tuberculosis and other infections, and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Gallium and some of the other single-photon agents still have value in establishing a diagnosis, assessing the location and extent of disease, differentiating active disease from chronic scarring, guiding potential biopsy, and determining recurrence and response to therapy in patients with certain lung diseases, particularly when access to PET imaging is not available.
Motion after-effects and word contingency.

Abstract Stimulus-selectivity in phenomena such as the McCollough effect and other contingent after effects are controversial. Word specific McCollough effects have been reported (Allan et al., Percept Psychophys 1989;45:104–113) that suggest an associative model rather then a neural one. However, failures to replicate make this finding controversial (Humphrey et al., J Exp Psychol: Gen 123:86–90). We applied the same contingency to the motion after-effect. Moving words, words paired with sine wave gratings and words composed of sine wave gratings failed to generate text contingent after-effects in stimulus situations that normally evoke motion after-effects. Thus, there was little evidence that motion adaptation can be made textually contingent.
Neonatal nutrition and longitudinal growth from birth to adolescence in baboons

Clinically normal baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis [Kingfjdon, 1971]) were used in an experiment which (1) examined growth in 48 subjects randomly assigned to three diet treatments (LC = low calorie; MC = medium calorie; HC = high calorie); (2) tested the hypothesis that different amounts of caloric availability during the neonatal period (birth to 16 weeks) had a significant effect on growth and development as measured by weight, crown-rump length, and triceps circumference in the subsequent infant, juvenile, and adolescent periods; (3) evaluated the rate of growth in these subjects; and (4) evaluated the extent to which they were capable of canalization (catch-up and catch-down growth). The LC subjects were fed 40% fewer calories than MC subjects and HC subjects were fed 40% more calories than MC subjects. Early in life baboon growth was influenced by caloric shortages and excesses. Canalization of growth attainment occurred in both the LC and HC infants after preweaning dietary treatments had ceased. This suggested that removal of environmental (caloric) insults allowed growth to be regulated by its genetic component (developmental canalization) and to return to a more normal growth pattern. Catch-up growth of LC infants occurred by 26 weeks. Catch-down growth of HC infants to normal levels occurred by 26 weeks. This indicates that growth canalization can work in both directions (reduction from caloric excess and increase from caloric insufficiency) within the same time frame. Following infancy, there were few significant treatment differences in growth of males, whereas females retain the effects of neonatal dietary treatments throughout the 5-year study.
A molecular dynamics and microporomechanics study on the mechanical properties of major constituents of hydrated cement

Abstract Cement paste is the matrix material for concrete and cement based composites. This paper presents a molecular dynamics (MD) method for estimating mechanical properties of hydrated cement major constituents: calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) structurally related tobermorite 14 A and jennite, and calcium hydroxide (CH). Microporomechanics technique is used to calculate properties of two types of C–S–H, namely, low density (LD) and high density (HD) C–S–H gels. Simulation results reported by the authors were compared with existing computational and experimental values. This research is intended to give a general step to study the complicated cement hydrated products from a multiscale view.
Will the most informative object stand? Determining the impact of structural context on informativeness judgements

A fundamental unsolved problem in the cognitive sciences concerns why, how, and to what extent humans judge object stimuli as conveying different amounts of information. Central to this problem is how the notion of informativeness is conceptualised by humans in the first place. In this paper, we investigate this question from the standpoint of how the structure of categories of objects influences informativeness judgements about their members. Results from our two experiments show that the structural or relational context surrounding single-object cues from a categorical stimulus largely determines such informativeness judgements. Moreover, we found that object cues elicit absolute magnitude judgements about their associated concept that are not consistent with the prototype interpretation of the concept. We were able to account for over 90% of the variance in the data from our two judgement experiments with a general theory and measure of information referred to as Representational Information.
Therapy Services in Early Intervention Current Status, Barriers, and Recommendations

The purpose of this study was to determine (a) the major challenges in providing specialized therapies to infants, toddlers, and preschoolers with disabilities; (b) what models of service delivery are used and why; (c) what makes the provision of therapy services go well; and (d) what strategies are used for overcoming barriers to effective services. Focus groups were conducted with early intervention therapists, nontherapist professionals, administrators, and parents. Results showed that a shortage of pediatric therapists and policy/administrative constraints caused services to be of lower quality than desired. We also found that concepts of “needing” therapy were muddled and that most people said that “more is better” as long as the quality is high enough.
EMA-real-time PCR as a reliable method for detection of viable Salmonella in chicken and eggs

Culture-based Salmonella detection takes at least 4 d to complete. The use of TaqMan probes allows the real-time PCR technique to be a rapid and sensitive way to detect foodborne pathogens. However, unlike RNA-based PCR, DNA-based PCR techniques cannot differentiate between DNA from live and dead cells. Ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) is a dye that can bind to DNA of dead cells and prevent its amplification by PCR. An EMA staining step prior to PCR allows for the effective inhibition of false positive results from DNA contamination by dead cells. The aim of this study was to design an accurate detection method that can detect only viable Salmonella cells from poultry products. The sensitivity of EMA staining coupled with real-time PCR was compared to that of an RNA-based reverse transcription (RT)-real-time PCR. To prevent false negative results, an internal amplification control was added to the same reaction mixture as the target Salmonella sequences. With an optimized EMA staining step, the detection range of a subsequent real-time PCR was determined to be 10(3) to 10(9) CFU/mL for pure cultures and 10(5) to 10(9) CFU/mL for food samples, which was a wider detection range than for RT-real-time PCR. After a 12-h enrichment step, EMA staining combined with real-time PCR could detect as low as 10 CFU/mL Salmonella from chicken rinses and egg broth. The use of EMA with a DNA-based real-time PCR can successfully prevent false positive results and represents a simple, yet accurate detection tool for enhancing the safety of food.
Muscle ultrasonography in arthrogryposis: Comparison with clinical, neuromyographic and histologic findings in 41 cases

We studied the ultrasonographic appearance of muscles in 41 patients with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC). The observations were compared to the findings in clinical testing, electroneuromyography, and histological examination. The strength of the muscles in AMC-patients did not always correspond to the ultrasonographic morphology of the muscles. In extension contractures of the elbow and in equinovarus adductus deformities of the foot there was a distribution of pathological changes in the muscles corresponding to the primary deformity. The sound transfer through the muscles was decreased, notably in the neurogenic form of AMC.Ultrasonography is an important complement to the clinical examination and it should always be done prior to surgery and muscle biopsy.
Tuning millisecond chemical reactors for the catalytic partial oxidation of cyclohexane

It is demonstrated that millisecond partial oxidation of cyclohexane can be tuned by varying the catalyst and operating conditions to generate product distributions that favor (1) oxygenates, (2) olefins, or (3) syngas (H2 and CO). High selectivities to parent oxygenates require low conversions using low-temperature catalysts, such as Ag or Co. Olefins are favored by Pt or Pt-Sn and H2 addition eliminates the production of CO and CO2, thereby increasing olefin selectivities. For syngas, Rh is the catalyst of choice. Finally, a Pt-10% Rh single gauze gives high selectivities to both oxygenates and olefins. Conventional methods for the partial oxidation of cyclohexane are liquid-phase processes that are plagued by poor conversions, high recycle costs, long residence times (minutes to hours), and expensive catalysts. In contrast, with a cyclohexane–oxygen feed at C6H12/O2=2, a Pt-10% Rh single gauze catalyst can give total selectivities exceeding 80% to oxygenates and olefins at 25% cyclohexane conversion and complete oxygen conversion. The products consist of nearly 60% selectivity to the C6 products, cyclohexene and 5-hexenal. The temperature profile attained in the single-gauze reactor allows the preservation of these highly non-equilibrium products. Alternative catalysts for cyclohexane oxidation to oxygenates and olefins include α-alumina monoliths coated with Pt, Rh, Pt-Rh, Pt-Sn, Co, Mo or Ag. The Co, Mo and Ag catalysts give very high selectivities to C6 oxygenates but are hindered by poor conversions (<5%) of both cyclohexane and oxygen at these millisecond contact times. H2 addition to cyclohexane oxidation feed mixtures over Pt and Pt-Sn is shown to significantly increase the selectivities to C6 olefins while reducing the formation of CO and CO2. Cyclohexane oxidation in air over Rh monoliths enables the production of high yields (>95%) of syngas. This process could find applications in the automotive industry as the production of hydrogen from liquid fuels becomes important.
Localization limiters in transient problems

Abstract In materials with strain softening, closed form solutions have shown that the energy dissipation associated with the localization and damage processes vanishes. For finite element solutions, the dissipation depends on the size of the element in the localized zone. To remedy this situation, non-local and imbricate formulations have previously been proposed. In this paper, a simple remedy based on introducing additional higher order terms in the governing equations in the strain-softening portions of the domain is proposed. It is shown that the resulting formulation provides solutions which are independent of element size with a finite energy dissipation. Example solutions are given for one-dimensional rod problems and one-dimensional spherically symmetric problems.
Weld overlay coatings for erosion control

Abstract Research was conducted to develop a criterion for selecting weld overlay coatings for erosion mitigation in circulated fluidized beds (CFBs). Initially, 11 weld overlay alloys were deposited on 1018 steel substrates using the plasma arc welding process and erosion tested at 400°C. Erosion resistance was evaluated by determining the steady state erosion rate, and the microstructure of each coating was characterized before erosion testing. The steady state erosion rates for several weld overlay coatings (Ultimet, Inconel-625 and 316L SS) were considerably lower than the other coatings evaluated (Armacor-M, B-60, TS-2, Stellite-6, Hastelloy-22, high Cr iron and 420 SS). No correlations were found between the room temperature hardness of the weld overlay coatings and their erosion resistance at elevated temperature. Microhardness tests were performed on the eroded samples below the erosion surface in order to determine the size of the plastically deformed zone, and it was found that some coatings deformed plastically as a result of erosion while others did not. Possible erosion mechanisms for these groups of coatings were analyzed.
Comparison of CMOS current conveyor circuits for non-Foster applications

Current conveyors are an important component implementing non-Foster circuits such as negative capacitors negative resistors. However, different topologies exist for implementing negative capacitance using a current conveyor, and the performance of such topologies can vary greatly. Therefore, this paper considers two competing realizations of negative capacitance using a current conveyor, where both circuits are designed for -5 pF in a 0.5 micron CMOS process. Simulation results are presented that show significant bandwidth differences for the two -5 pF designs, where one approach has more than twice the bandwidth of the second approach.
Effect of Escherichia coli dnaE antimutator mutants on mutagenesis by the base analog N4-aminocytidine

Previous studies in our laboratory have identified a set of mutations in the Escherichia coli dnaE gene that confer increased accuracy of DNA replication (antimutators). The dnaE gene encodes the polymerase subunit of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme that replicates the E. coli chromosome. Here, we have investigated their effect on mutagenesis by the base analog N4-aminocytidine (4AC). For three different mutational markers, rifampicin resistance, nalidixic acid resistance and lacI forward mutagenesis, the dnaE911 allele reduced 4AC-induced mutagenesis by approximately 2.5-fold, while the dnaE915 allele reduced it by 2.5-, 3.5- and 6.5-fold, respectively. We also investigated the dependence of 4AC mutagenesis on mutations in the MutHLS mismatch repair system and the UvrABC nucleotide excision repair system. The results show that mutagenesis by 4AC is unaffected by defects in either system. The combined results point to the critical role of the DNA polymerase in preventing mutations by base analogs.
Renal metabolism of substance P in the dog

Abstract Substance P is a potent vasodilatory, diuretic, and natriuretic agent. Since subcellular fractions of the kidney rapidly inactivate substance P in vitro, the present study was designed to examine this observation in vivo in anesthetized dogs. Arterial, renal venous, and urinary levels of immunoreactive substance P were determined by radioimmunoassay and were found to be 117±11, 128±12 and 659±104 pg/ml, respectively. The urinary and fractional excretion of immunoreactive substance P were 122±22 pg/min and 6.6±2.0%, respectively. When substance P was infused intravenously, the arterial and renal venous plasma levels of immunoreactive material increased whereas the urinary levels did not change. Infusions of 50 ng/kg/min of substance P significantly decreased mean arterial pressure, urinary volume, creatinine clearance as well as the urinary excretion, clearance, and fractional excretion of immunoreactive substance P. During intrarenal infusion of 125 I-(8-Tyr) substance P, high levels of radioactive material were found in the urine and renal venous plasma which failed to migrate on thin layer chromatography with intact 125 I-(8-Tyr) substance P. Thus under these conditions, intact substance P was not released from the kidney into the urine or renal venous blood, but instead circulating substance P was rapidly and completely metabolized, probably by both vascular and tubular elements of the kidney.
Is the protein surrounding the active site critical for hydrogen peroxide reduction by selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase? An ONIOM study.

In this ONIOM(QM:MM) study, we evaluate the role of the protein surroundings in the mechanism of H2O2 reduction catalyzed by the glutathione peroxidase enzyme, using the whole monomer (3113 atoms in 196 amino acid residues) as a model. A new optimization scheme that allows the full optimization of transition states for large systems has been utilized. It was found that in the presence of the surrounding protein the optimized active site structure bears a closer resemblance to the one in the X-ray structure than that without the surrounding protein. H2O2 reduction occurs through a two-step mechanism. In the first step, the selenolate anion (E−Se-) formation occurs with a barrier of 16.4 kcal/mol and is endothermic by 12.0 kcal/mol. The Gln83 residue plays the key role of the proton abstractor, which is in line with the experimental suggestion. In the second step, the O−O bond is cleaved, and selenenic acid (R−Se−OH) and a water molecule are formed. The calculated barrier for this process is 6.0 kcal/mol, a...
Gender differences in suicide methods

Introduction Gender differences in suicide completion rates have been attributed to the differences in lethality of suicide methods chosen by men and women, but few empirical studies have investigated factors other than demographic characteristics that might explain this differential.
The ten commandments of legal risk management

Abstract Effective legal risk management is not a separate field of endeavor. Rather, it is inextricably linked with good management and with ethical management; managers who behave professionally and according to ethically defensible principles of action are quite unlikely to find themselves and their organizations stuck in a legal and/or ethical quagmire. Behavioral decision theory offers some explanations for why those managers who go astray do so, but explaining how basic human tendencies, uncorrected, may incline us to questionable decisions is not to justify such decisions. Managers who follow the guidelines set forth in this article may nonetheless find themselves or their companies under assault in the law courts or the court of public opinion, but should such an unlikely event occur, they will be far more likely to be able to successfully defend themselves.
Spongipyran Synthetic Studies. Total Synthesis of (+)-Spongistatin 2.

Abstract Evolution of a convergent synthetic strategy to access (+)-spongistatin 2 (2), a potent cytotoxic marine macrolide, is described. Highlights of the synthesis include: development of a multicomponent dithiane-mediated linchpin union tactic, devised and implemented specifically for construction of the spongistatin AB and CD spiro ring systems; application of a CaII ion controlled acid promoted equilibration to set the thermodynamically less stable axial–equatorial stereogenicity in the CD spiroketal; use of sulfone addition/Julia methylenation sequences to unite the AB and CD fragments and introduce the C(44)–C(51) side chain; and fragment union and final elaboration to (+)-spongistatin 2 (2) exploiting Wittig olefination to unite the advanced ABCD and EF fragments, followed by regioselective Yamaguchi macrolactonization and global deprotection. Correction of the CD spiro ring stereogenicity was subsequently achieved via acid equilibration in the presence of CaII ion to furnish (+)-spongistatin 2 (2). The synthesis proceeded with a longest linear sequence of 41 steps.
SU-C-213CD-02: The Use of Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeters in a Cone Beam Quality Assurance Testing

Purpose: The number of cone beam techniques available on LINACs and the large variation of dose with position means that a large number of measurements would be required to perform the annual QA as recommended by TG142. We evaluate the accuracy of a more efficient method of measuring the imaging dose of cone beam scanning modes using optically stimulated luminescent (OSL) (Microdot, Landauer) dosimeters. Methods: Special inserts were constructed to hold OSL dosimeters at the 5 standard points of measurement (1 central, 4 peripheral) of a commercial CT dose phantom. The phantom was loaded with OSLs and scanned for each of four cone beam modes: two half‐fan modes (pelvis, low dose thorax) and two full fan modes (head, pelvis spot‐light). KVP and mAs settings were at default values, the head technique used 100KVP, the others used 125 KVP. All scans were then re‐measured using a 0.6cc ion chamber positioned at the same points. Ion chamber and OSL results were compared. A single calibration point, the measurement with the highest dose, was used to convert the readout to cGy. Results: Doses measured by the ion chamber varied from 0.17 cGy to 4.6 cGy. The correspondence between the PMT reading and the chamber reading (RADCAL 9096) was linear, the correlation coefficient being 0.996. The average absolute difference between the chamber and the OSL dose was 0.13 cGy. Conclusions: The use of OSLs was found to be of sufficient accuracy to permit their use for the annual QA recommended by TG 142. The number of scans required for a comprehensive set of dose measurements for 4 scans modes and five measurement points was reduced from 20 to 5, including a single calibration scan. This is a significant reduction in the time needed for TG 142 QA.
FUSE OBSERVATIONS OF HIGHLY IONIZED GAS IN THE VELA SUPERNOVA REMNANT

We present Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) data on O VI absorption lines observed toward nine stars behind the Vela supernova remnant (SNR). The O VI observations are compared with International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) observations of C IV absorption toward the same stars. All of these stars are B stars, which generally have complex continua, making the extraction of absorption lines difficult. However, four of the stars, HD 72088, HD 72089, HD 72350, and HD 72537, are rapid rotators (v sin i 150 km s-1), making the derivation of absorption column densities much easier. We present O VI and C IV column densities for the "main component" (i.e., the low-velocity component) for these stars. In the FUSE spectra of three of the rapid rotators (HD 72088, HD 72089, and HD 72537) we find high-velocity components of O VI at ~150 km s-1 that we attribute to the SNR shock. HD 72350 has very strong H2 absorption, which obscures any possible high-velocity O VI absorption. To detect the high-velocity O VI absorption in HD 72088 requires employing a technique for removing the H2 line at 1032.35 A (121.6 km s-1 relative to O VI). The O VI data are consistent with steady radiative shock models with vs ≈ 150 km s-1, but we do not detect C IV at the same velocities. Instead we find high-velocity C IV at lower velocities (~100 km s-1). We discuss the implications of our results for models of the evolution of the Vela SNR.
Applications of artificial neural networks to RF and microwave measurements

This article describes how artificial neural networks (ANNs) can be used to benefit a number of RF and microwave measurement areas including vector network analysis (VNA). We apply ANNs to model a variety of on-wafer and coaxial VNA calibrations, including open-short-load-thru (OSLT) and line-reflect-match (LRM), and assess the accuracy of the calibrations using these ANN-modeled standards. We find that the ANN models compare favorably to benchmark calibrations throughout the frequencies they were trained for. We summarize other current applications of ANNs, including the determination of permittivities of liquids from the reflection coefficient measurements of an open-ended coaxial probe and the determination of moisture content of wheat from free-space transmission coefficient measurements. We also discuss some potential applications of ANN models related to power measurements, material characterization, and the comparison of nonlinear vector network analyzers. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 12: 3–24, 2002.
Prediction of the properties of model polymer solutions and blends

In this work we present an extension of the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) developed for associating fluids by applying this extension to polymer solutions and blends. The polymer molecule is modeled as a flexible chain made of bonded spherical segments. These segments interact with the Lennard-Jones potential. The extension of SAFT is compared with molecular simulation results for polymer solutions and blends. Since the sameforce model is used in the simulation and theory, this comparison is a strong test of the assumptions made in deriving the theory
Echinococcus granulosus infection: clinical presentation, medical treatment and outcome

Background Chemotherapy of cystic echinococcosis became a treatment option 25 years ago, when new anthelminthic drugs were introduced. Benzimidazole carbamates were shown to kill the entire metacestode stage of the parasite, and praziquantel exhibited an effect on protoscoleces. Continuous or intermittent treatment with albendazole is recommended for a period of up to 6 months, and praziquantel may enhance the effect, in particular in the case of cyst spillage. Degenerative changes in the cysts occur in approximately 75% of the patients by the end of the treatment period. Benzimidazoles have to be applied in high daily doses, and adverse effects are observed, such as leucopenia, elevation of liver transaminases, and alopecia. Unfortunately, prospective randomized trials on the efficacy of chemotherapy versus surgery are not available. New treatment methods, such as percutaneous puncture, aspiration, injection of scolicidal agents and re-aspiration (PAIR) or modified PAIR-based techniques, have received much attention, and in experienced hands these approaches yield rates of cure and relapse equivalent to those following surgery. Adjunct treatment with benzimidazoles is the cornerstone of the interdisciplinary approach in cystic echinococcosis.
Injection and Monitoring at the Wallula Basalt Pilot Project

Abstract Continental flood basalts represent one of the largest geologic structures on earth but have received comparatively little attention for geologic storage of CO2. Flood basalt lava flows have flow tops that are porous, permeable, and have large potential capacity for storage of CO2. In appropriate geologic settings, interbedded sediment layers and dense low-permeability basalt rock flow interior sections may act as effective seals allowing time for mineralization reactions to occur. Previous laboratory experiments showed the relatively rapid chemical reaction of CO2-saturated pore water with basalts to form stable carbonate minerals. However, recent laboratory tests with water-saturated supercritical CO2 show that mineralization reactions occur in this phase as well, providing a second and potentially more important mineralization pathway than was previously understood. Field testing of these concepts is proceeding with drilling of the world's first supercritical CO2 injection well in flood basalt being completed in May 2009 near the township of Wallula in Washington State and corresponding CO2 injection permit granted by the State of Washington in March 2011. Injection of a nominal 1000 MT of CO2 was completed in August 2013 and site monitoring is in progress. Well logging conducted immediately after injection termination confirmed the presence of CO2 predominantly within the upper flow top region, and showed no evidence of vertical CO2 migration outside the well casing. Shallow soil gas samples collected around the injection well show no evidence of leakage and fluid and gas samples collected from the injection zone show strongly elevated concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe and 13C/18O isotopic shifts that are consistent with basalt-water chemical reactions. If proven viable by this field test and others that are in progress or being planned, major flood basalts in the U.S., India, and perhaps Australia would provide significant additional CO2 storage capacity and additional geologic sequestration options in regions of these countries where conventional storage options are limited.
Conditioning of Color Connotations

The study demonstrated that the connotative meanings of color names may be conditioned to terms with which they are associated. In a paired-associate learning task CVC trigrams served as stimuli for color name responses. Subsequent ratings of the trigrams on the semantic differential varied systematically according to the color names with which they had been associated. Possible implications for the study of racial prejudice were noted.
Emotion Regulation as a Mediator of the Relation Between Emotion Socialization and Deliberate Self-Harm

This study examined (a) whether retrospective reports of specific parent responses to sadness (i.e., reward, punishment, neglect, override, magnification) were related to deliberate self-harm (DSH) and (b) whether difficulties regulating emotions (i.e., difficulties monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotions) mediated those relations. One hundred eighteen college students completed measures of parental emotion socialization, emotion regulation difficulties, and DSH. Parental reward and override of sadness were directly related to lower DSH scores. Parental punishment and neglect of sadness were related to higher DSH scores, and these associations were mediated by difficulties evaluating emotions. In other words, parental punishment and neglect of sadness may place individuals at risk for DSH by fostering negative evaluations of emotional experiences and the belief that nothing can be done to effectively manage emotions.
Understanding the design space of referencing in collaborative augmented reality environments

For collaborative environments to be successful, it is critical that participants have the ability to generate effective references. Given the heterogeneity of the objects and the myriad of possible scenarios for collaborative augmented reality environments, generating meaningful references within them can be difficult. Participants in co-located physical spaces benefit from non-verbal communication, such as eye gaze, pointing and body movement; however, when geographically separated, this form of communication must be synthesized using computer-mediated techniques. We have conducted an exploratory study using a collaborative building task of constructing both physical and virtual models to better understand inter-referential awareness -- or the ability for one participant to refer to a set of objects, and for that reference to be understood. Our contributions are not necessarily in presenting novel techniques, but in narrowing the design space for referencing in collaborative augmented reality. This study suggests collaborative reference preferences are heavily dependent on the context of the workspace.
The influence of multiple scorers on cytogenetics study results.

Abstract Cytogenetics data resulting from one laboratory in a multiple-laboratory study were analyzed to determine if 5 well-trained scorers produce significantly different results using metaphase scoring procedures. Although the scorers reached the same general conclusion, results show that scorer differences exist (p For severely damaged cells not only were there scorer differences but the differences were greater at higher doses. This phenomenon may be related to the operational definition of a severely damaged cell, since scorers who identify more damage than other scorers would logically tend to classify more cells as severely damaged both overall and at lower doses.
Risk Assessment: Promises and Pitfalls

Risk assessment pervades our daily lives. Insurance companies and anti-terrorism specialists make their livelihoods by guessing at the likelihood of catastrophic events. All players in the criminal justice system have also routinely — and informally — used risk assessment. In setting a sentence, courts consider the recidivism risk an offender presents; parole authorities attempt to ascertain how likely a potential parolee is to re-offend; presidents and governors assess the likelihood a convicted offender will commit further crimes after receiving a pardon. In the past, however, risk assessment has been an informal process, in some cases assisted through the clinical judgments of psychologists and psychiatrists. Increasingly, it is now being supplemented with statistical data and actuarial methods. The authors in this Issue discuss currently used methodologies in assessing risk and address the application of risk assessment at different points of the criminal justice system. While some of the authors focus on sex offenders, risk assessment is much more broadly applicable, as others indicate. What are the advantages of risk assessment in sentencing and post conviction? What pitfalls does risk assessment present?
Radiation Imprisonment and Magnetic Field Effects on Luminescence in Pink Ruby

The theory of imprisoned radiation developed by Holstein and recently extended by Scherr is adapted to apply to the luminescence decay in a solid. In addition to including a correction for losses from the excited level, it is necessary to consider reflections at the sample surfaces. Reflections are calculated approximately for a slab. The single Gaussian absorption function used in the reabsorption theory in lieu of an actual absorption function for the imprisoned radiation has the same integrated absorption $I$ as the actual function and has a height equal to $\sqrt{2}I$ times the integral of the square of the actual function. Calculations are described for the ruby $R$ lines, including the case where the Zeeman components are separated in a magnetic field. Experimental measurements of decay times at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K of the ruby $R$ lines are presented for samples having a ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{+3}$ concentration of approximately ${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and thickness from 0.6 to 13 mm. Magnetic fields up to 20 kG are used. The various decay times, lying between 5 and 12 msec, are predicted within about 5% by the theory, with the help of the approximate absorption corrections and of Zeeman component intensities given by Sugano and Tanabe. The ${R}_{1}$ line is used for most comparisons. Intensity increases of up to 100% in the steady-state $R$-line emission in a 20-kG magnetic field are shown to be accounted for by approximate treatments related to the decay-time theory. No change of transition probabilities with magnetic field is indicated by the foregoing results. Further observations suggest that the channels leading from the excitation levels for both single ions and pairs are affected by magnetic field, however. These observations include changes in the relative intensities of various pair lines when the field is applied, and a field-dependent difference in the emission intensities produced with blue and green excitation. Field-induced changes in pumping light absorption, if present, are insufficient to account for these variations.
Evaluation and Care of Suicidal Behavior in Emergency Settings

The author offers a sequential protocol for the evaluation and care of suicidal behavior in emergency settings. This protocol contains the following components: 1) a review of the limitations of clinical and demographic risk factors; 2) an exploration of frequent negative reactions that arise during the suicidal encounter in clinicians; 3) an objective schema for grading suicidal behavior; 4) an understanding of chronic suicidal behavior; and 5) a flexible treatment approach. Pertinent literature on suicide evaluation and management is reviewed with an emphasis toward the clinical applicability in emergency settings. Language: en
CyberKnife Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer: Rationale and Technical Feasibility:

There is a clear dose response for localized prostate cancer radiotherapy and there probably is a radiobiological rationale for hypo-fractionation. Combining the two should maximize tumor control a...
A PHONOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF PATIENTS WITH THE STARR-EDWARDS MITRAL VALVE PROSTHESIS.

Abstract 1. 1. Phonocardiographic studies have been performed in 14 patients who have had complete mitral valve replacement with the Starr-Edwards caged-ball prosthesis. 2. 2. Two prominent sounds occur with each cardiac cycle—the prosthetic closing click (CC) and the prosthetic opening click (OC). The sounds correspond to mitral closure and the mitral opening snap in their relation to the cardiac cycle. 3. 3. A mean Q-CC interval of 0.073 second and an A2-OC interval of 0.110 second indicate the presence of only mild obstruction by the prosthetic valve, with an estimated mean effective valve area of 2.5 cm.2. 4. 4. Variation of the Q-CC interval, the loudness of the CC, and the A2-OC interval has been examined in atrial fibrillation. 5. 5. An early diastolic sound (prosthetic third heart sound) has been recorded in 11 patients (79 per cent). It occurs approximately at the time of the normal third heart sound in relation to the cardiac cycle and the apex impulse. 6. 6. Sounds related to atrial systole (prosthetic atrial sounds) have been observed in 4 of 5 patients with sinus rhythm. An early sound occurs 0.095 second, and a late sound occurs 0.16 second, after the onset of the P wave. Prosthetic third sounds and late prosthetic atrial sounds appear to be produced by movements of the prosthetic valve and mitral annulus during atrial systole and early diastolic ventricular filling. 7. 7. Phonocardiograms of patients with the Starr-Edwards mitral prosthesis may give indirect information about residual hemodynamic abnormalities and valvular malfunction.
Effective Use of PCR for the Detection of Cytomegalovirus Viremia and Monitoring Therapy in Immunocompromised Patients

Objective: To establish criteria for the most productive use of quantitative cytomegalovirus (CMV) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in transplant and HIV patients, both for diagnosis and monitoring infections. Method: We evaluated the medical records of 108 HIV, bone marrow transplant (BMT), and solid organ transplant (SOT) patients who had positive CMV viral load tests. Results: Cytomegalovirus was detected at median of 47 and 183.5 days after BMT and SOT, respectively. All HIV patients who had positive CMV viremia had CD4 cell counts <175 cells/μL, and all HIV patients with endorgan disease had CD4 cell counts <75 cells/ μL. The median time for CMV to become undetectable after treatment was 22, 21, and 31 days for HIV, BMT, and SOT patients, respectively. Conclusion: Cytomegalovirus viral load screening focusing on high-risk periods may be cost effective. A CMV viral load does not decrease rapidly with treatment. The CMV PCR for monitoring therapy should not be performed more than once a week.
Concrete Fictions and Hegemonic Methodologies: Doing Policy Research in Government

Faced with having to justify programs to offices of management and budget, government agencies generate numbers which describe expected program impacts. But the assumptions or data on which these numbers are based are frequently suspect, as is the utility of relying on counts and modeling techniques for evaluating the achievement of program aims. The result is that agencies often create "concrete fictions," hard numbers with feet of (soft) clay. Offices of management and budget are able to make their methodology "hegemonic" because agencies usually have to secure their approval to get funding. But imposing this methodology encourages agencies to use research staffs more to defend against the budget office than to help create effective programs, creates differences between the expectations of government and the public, and fosters the overrepresentation of particular interests.
Carcinogenic responses to chemicals applied directly to rat mammary glands in situ

In four experiments, concentrated glycerin suspensions of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), or the water-soluble compounds, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO) were delivered into pockets in the mammary fat pads in female Sprague-Dawley rats. In a 90-day experiment, each of three groups of 20-22 rats were treated with either 25, 50, or 100 ..mu..g DMBA delivered to each of four sites in each rat per group. Dose-related responses were detected for incidence of rats with mammary adenocarcinoma (MAC), and for number of MAC per treated site. In a 120-day study, each of three groups of 20 animals were treated with either 250, 500, or 1000 ..mu..g MNU at each of 80 sites per group. Dose-related MAC responses were detected for incidence of rats with MAC, number of MAC per treated site, and time to detection of MAC. In two experiments of 90 days duration, groups of 20 females were treated with either 1000 ..mu..g ENU or 1000 ..mu..g 4-NQO at each of 80 sites per group. ENU produced a total of 27 MAC sites in 65% of the rats, and 4-NQO produced a total of 26 MAC in 60% of the rats. A comparison of the time to detection of allmore » MAC data for the three water-soluble compounds at the 1000 ..mu..g treatment level, or on the basis of moles per treatment, yielded a carcinogenic potency relationship of 4-NQO > ENU > MNU. 21 references, 2 figures, 1 table.« less
Suicide and the secularization of the body in early modern Saxony.

A jurisdictional dispute over the burial of suicides in Electoral Saxony in the years 1702–1706 brought into sharp contrast conflicting views of the body in popular belief and Lutheran pastoral theology, and in the secularizing project of the early Enlightenment. The dispute centred on the practical, local implications of territorialism, a theory of church subordination to the state developed in the 1690s by the Saxon jurist Christian Thomasius (1655–1728), the most influential German political philosopher of the early Enlightenment. Considered in its intellectual and institutional contexts, the Saxon dispute illustrates the importance of the body to an understanding of secularization, the early Enlightenment and the history of suicide.
Fast Fourier Transforms: A Review

The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed review of the Fast Fourier Transform. Some familiarity with the basic concepts of the Fourier Transform is assumed. The review begins with a definition of the discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) in section 1. Directly evaluat­ ing the DFT is demonstrated there to be an 0 (N 2 ) process.
Permanent-magnet structures for the production of transverse helical fields

A need has arisen for permanent-magnet structures that produce helical transverse magnetic fields of 0.5 to 2.0 kOe in circularly polarized microwave/millimeter-wave sources. Three such configurations are discussed and compared with respect to performance, economy, ease of manufacture, and general utility.
IT-Adventures: A Program to Spark IT Interest in High School Students Using Inquiry-Based Learning With Cyber Defense, Game Design, and Robotics

The IT-Adventures program is dedicated to increasing interest in and awareness of information technology among high school students using inquiry-based learning focused on three content areas: cyber defense, game design programming, and robotics. The program combines secondary, post-secondary, and industry partnerships in educational programming, competitive events, and service learning projects targeted at high school students to accomplish its goals. This paper provides details about the IT-Adventures program as well as the capstone event for students-the IT-Olympics. Project assessment findings, such as differences between students who compete in different content areas, and descriptive measures about the participants are also provided.