cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variations in Pleural Fluid WBC Count and Differential Counts With Different Sample Containers and Different Methods

Objective: To compare the results of pleural fluid analysis for WBC counts and differential cell counts as follows: (1) counting performed manually vs that performed by an automated cell counter; (2) cells collected in different types of specimen containers; and (3) cell counts performed at 4 and 24 h postthoracentesis. Methods: Twenty-eight pleural fluid samples were each collected in five different containers (ie, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-treated glass, citrate-treated glass, heparinized glass, plain glass, and plain plastic tubes). The WBC counts and differential cell counts were obtained manually (on the EDTA tube) and with an automated counter on all tubes within 4 h of collection, and again after 24 h of refrigeration. Results: There was a close correlation between the WBC counts obtained manually and those obtained with the automated counter from the pleural fluid samples collected in the EDTA tubes (r = 0.92). With the automated counter, the pleural fluid WBC counts were similar among the three tubes containing anticoagulants, but the counts obtained from the tubes without anticoagulants were significantly lower. The differential cell counts obtained manually and those obtained with the automated cell counter differed substantially. Although the percentage of lymphocytes was similar, the automated counter was inaccurate in differentiating neutrophils from large monocytes or mesothelial cells. The WBC counts obtained within 4 h of collection and 24 h after collection were virtually identical. Conclusions: The WBC counts obtained manually and with the automated counter from pleural fluid samples in EDTA tubes correlated very closely. The pleural fluid WBC count was lower if the pleural fluids had been collected in tubes without an anticoagulant. Automated WBC counts from pleural fluid specimens were inaccurate, possibly due to difficulty in separating neutrophils from monocyte/mesothelial cells. Refrigerated storage for up to 24 h had no significant effect on the total WBC count or on the WBC count differential regardless of the tube utilized.
Sex modulates approach systems and impulsivity in substance dependence.

Background Personality traits such as pathological engagement in approach behaviors, high levels of impulsivity and heightened negative affect are consistently observed in substance dependent individuals (SDI). The clinical course of addiction has been shown to differ between sexes. For example, women increase their rates of consumption of some drugs of abuse more quickly than men. Despite the potential influence of personality and sex on features of addiction, few studies have investigated the interaction of these factors in substance dependence.
Systematics of the Argyrotaenia franciscana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Species Group: Evidence from Mitochondrial DNA

Moths of the Argyrotaenia franciscana species group represent a challenging case of evolutionary lability and taxonomic complexity in California. We studied their evolutionary rela- tionships using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from 49 specimens in 18 populations of the A. franciscana group, as well as 2 outgroup species. Most specimens were sequenced over a 799-bp segment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Single specimens each of A. franciscana insulana Powell and A. citrana (Fernald) were sequenced over a 2.3-kb region including COI, tRNA leucine (UUR), and cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII). mtDNA variation within and among Argyrotaenia citrana, A. franciscana (Walsingham), and A. franciscana insulana is most simply interpreted as DNA polymorphism within a single species for which the oldest name is A. franciscana. Maximal divergence among haplotypes was 3.8%, which is on the high end of the range for intraspecificmtDNAvariationinLepidoptera. Argyrotaenianiscana (Kearfott)ismostcloselyrelated to a new species, and this pair forms the closest outgroup to the A. franciscana-citrana complex. The status of A. isolatissima Powell remains uncertain.
Simulation Policy Development: Lessons Learned

An accumulation of factors over several years led faculty and administration at Auburn University School of Nursing to recognize the need to implement simulation across the curriculum. For many years the Nursing Resource Center (NRC) was underused, with basic fundamentals and assessment concepts practice being the only activities in the lab. Some faculty held a narrow view of the role, importance, and potential of traditional and nontraditional lab and simulation experiences. The belief that students learned best from traditional clinical experiences with human patients was dominant. At this point, the Institute of Medicine (2001, 2003), the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses faculty (Cronenwett et al., 2007), and the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2008) called for an educational shift to emphasize patient safety and error reduction practices. Because of this shift in culture, clinical practice in a safe, controlled environment without potential harm to patients became a priority. As society demanded more professional nurses to meet its health care needs, enrollment increased in our school of nursing, along with other nursing programs. The combination of increasing competition for clinical sites on one hand and mandates from the Institute of Medicine, the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses faculty, and the American Association of Colleges of Nursing on the other made it apparent that a strong clinical lab and simulation program was needed.
Intestinal invasion and disseminated disease associated with Penicillium chrysogenum

Background Penicillium sp., other than P. marneffei, is an unusual cause of invasive disease. These organisms are often identified in immunosuppressed patients, either due to human immunodeficiency virus or from immunosuppressant medications post-transplantation. They are a rarely identified cause of infection in immunocompetent hosts.
Class E amplifier with inductive clamp circuit

A class E RF amplifier, which can operate into any load conditions without need for other additional circuitry to protect transistors, is introduced. This is provided by a new topology which incorporates inductive clamp circuitry to the basic class E amplifier circuit. Class E amplifiers with this topology can be used in plasma applications where the load conditions are dynamic.
Continuum‐scale investigation of evaporation from bare soil under different boundary and initial conditions: An evaluation of nonequilibrium phase change

Evaporation and condensation in bare soils govern water and energy fluxes between the land and atmosphere. Phase change between liquid water and water vapor is commonly evaluated in soil hydrology using an assumption of instantaneous phase change (i.e. chemical equilibrium). Past experimental studies have shown that finite volatilization and condensation times can be observed under certain environmental conditions, thereby questioning the validity of this assumption. A comparison between equilibrium and non-equilibrium phase change modeling approaches showed that the latter is able to provide better estimates of evaporation, justifying the need for more research on this topic. Several formulations based on irreversible thermodynamics, first order reaction kinetics, or the kinetic theory of gases have been employed to describe non-equilibrium phase change at the continuum scale. In this study, results from a fully coupled non-isothermal heat and mass transfer model applying four different non-equilibrium phase change formulations were compared with experimental data generated under different initial and boundary conditions. Results from a modified Hertz-Knudsen formulation based on kinetic theory of gases, proposed herein, were consistently in best agreement in terms of preserving both magnitude and trends of experimental data under all environmental conditions analyzed. Simulation results showed that temperature dependent formulations generally better predict evaporation than formulations independent of temperature. Analysis of vapor concentrations within the porous media showed that conditions were not at equilibrium under the experimental conditions tested. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Nyamanini and Midway Viruses Define a Novel Taxon of RNA Viruses in the Order Mononegavirales

Here, we report the sequencing and classification of Nyamanini virus (NYMV) and Midway virus (MIDWV), two antigenically related viruses that were first isolated in 1957 and 1966, respectively. Although these viruses have been cultured multiple times from cattle egrets, seabirds, and their ticks, efforts to classify them taxonomically using conventional serological and electron microscopic approaches have failed completely. We used a random shotgun sequencing strategy to define the genomes of NYMV and MIDWV. Contigs of 11,631 and 11,752 nucleotides, representing the complete genome of NYMV and the near-complete genome of MIDWV, respectively, were assembled. Each virus genome was predicted to carry six open reading frames (ORFs). BLAST analysis indicated that only two of the ORF proteins of each virus, the putative nucleocapsid and polymerase, had detectable sequence similarity to known viral proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of these ORF proteins demonstrated that the closest relatives of NYNV and MIDWV are negative-stranded-RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. On the basis of their very limited sequence similarity to known viruses, we propose that NYMV and MIDWV define a novel genus, Nyavirus, in this order.
Metabolism of homologous and heterologous lipoproteins by cultured rat and human skin fibroblasts.

Rat fibroblasts degraded human low density lipoprotein (LDL) very slowly, one-tenth to one-fortieth the rates observed in human fibroblasts. In rat cells, human LDL caused only very small increases in cell cholesterol content and acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity and caused only small decreases in beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) reductase activity; in human cells, however, human LDL induced very large changes in all three of these parameters, as expected. The binding of human LDL to rat fibroblasts was not reduced by previous incubation with human LDL or with 25-hydroxycholesterol. Thus, in rat fibroblasts there appear to be few, if any, regulated high-affinity receptors that recognize human LDL. Rat LDL fractions (d 1.02-1.05 g/ml), in contrast, were degraded more rapidly than human LDL by rat fibroblasts, caused a significant increase in cell cholesterol content, an increase in ACAT activity, and a significant decrease in HMG CoA reductase activity. Moreover, the degradation of this rat LDL fraction by rat fibroblasts as a function of concentration was biphasic, i.e., there appeared to be a high-affinity component of degradation. Thus, it appears that rat fibroblasts do have a receptor for homologous lipoproteins. However, because both apoprotein B and apoprotein E are present in these rat lipoprotein fractions, the observed effects may relate to recognition of either or both of these apoproteins. The metabolism and metabolic effects of the conventionally defined high density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction of the rat by rat or human fibroblasts resembled those of human LDL in human fibroblasts. It is suggested that rat HDL may, because of its apo E content and higher concentration in rat plasma relative to that of LDL, play an important role in cholesterol homeostasis in vivo.
Abstract 3291: Accuracy of Stroke Identification by EMS Dispatch Units: An Analysis of National Emergency Medical Services Information System Data (NEMSIS).

Background: The accuracy of stroke identification by dispatch units is an important determinant for directing appropriate level of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and response times. Objective: To...
Eye movement deficits following ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi in monkeys II. Pursuit, vestibular, and optokinetic responses.

Eye movement deficits following ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi in monkeys. II. Pursuit, vestibular, and optokinetic responses. The eyes are moved by a combination of neu...
A COMSOL-GEMS interface for modeling coupled reactive-transport geochemical processes

An interface was developed between COMSOL MultiphysicsTM finite element analysis software and (geo)chemical modeling platform, GEMS, for the reactive-transport modeling of (geo)chemical processes in variably saturated porous media. The two standalone software packages are managed from the interface that uses a non-iterative operator splitting technique to couple the transport (COMSOL) and reaction (GEMS) processes. The interface allows modeling media with complex chemistry (e.g. cement) using GEMS thermodynamic database formats. Benchmark comparisons show that the developed interface can be used to predict a variety of reactive-transport processes accurately. The full functionality of the interface was demonstrated to model transport processes, governed by extended Nernst-Plank equation, in Class H Portland cement samples in high pressure and temperature autoclaves simulating systems that are used to store captured carbon dioxide (CO2) in geological reservoirs. An interface was developed between COMSOL and GEMS.Noniterative operator splitting was used to couple transport and reaction processes.Coupled reactive-transport processes in media with complex chemistry can be modeled.Applications include modeling cementitious systems.
This Noble House: Jewish Descendants of King David in the Medieval Islamic East

In pre-modern societies rationalising power often brought together memory and authority through the establishment of and laying claim to ancient ancestral roots in a few key genealogies. Muḥammad, ...
Maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and duration of breastfeeding

Abstract Background Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may affect breast development and decrease duration of breastfeeding, thus interfering with the health benefits of breastfeeding. We investigated the association between maternal PFAS exposure and breastfeeding duration. Methods We measured PFAS concentrations in maternal serum collected during pregnancy in 2003–2006. After delivery, women (n=336) completed standardized breastfeeding surveys every 3 months until ending breastfeeding or 36 months postpartum. We estimated relative risks (RRs) for ending any breastfeeding within 3–6 months postpartum by Poisson regression, adjusted for relevant confounding factors. Results Women in the 4th quartile of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) serum concentration had 1.77 times the risk of ending any breastfeeding by 3 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23, 2.54; p-trend=0.003) and 1.41 times the risk of ending any breastfeeding by 6 months (95%CI: 1.06, 1.87; p-trend=0.038), compared with women in the first quartile. Women in the 4th quartile of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid serum concentration had a marginally increased risk of discontinuing any breastfeeding by 3 months (RR=1.32; 95%CI: 0.97, 1.79; p-trend=0.065). Conclusions Maternal serum PFOA concentrations were inversely related to duration of any breastfeeding in this cohort, even after controlling for prior breastfeeding. These findings suggest that PFOA exposure may adversely affect breastfeeding duration and highlight the need to consider the potential adverse effects of maternal environmental chemical exposure on breastfeeding.
François Cooren, Organizational Discourse: Communication and Constitution

If it is generally accepted that “communication matters in organizations” (p. 1, emphasis in original), then how do we study communication and how it matters in organizations? Organizational Discourse: Communication and Constitution provides the answer to this question. In this accessibly written book, Francois Cooren introduces readers to six different perspectives that can be used to study organizational discourse. The book is organized to build the complexity of analysis and interpretation that each perspective brings to a set of data that includes transcripts, or written records of talk, thus demonstrating how readers would construct their own complexity of arguments using these perspectives.
Improvement and analysis of the hydrogen-cerium redox flow cell

The H2-Ce redox flow cell is optimized using commercially-available cell materials. Cell performance is found to be sensitive to the upper charge cutoff voltage, membrane boiling pretreatment, methanesulfonic-acid concentration, (+) electrode surface area and flow pattern, and operating temperature. Performance is relatively insensitive to membrane thickness, Cerium concentration, and all features of the (−) electrode including hydrogen flow. Cell performance appears to be limited by mass transport and kinetics in the cerium (+) electrode. Maximum discharge power of 895 mW cm−2 was observed at 60 °C; an energy efficiency of 90% was achieved at 50 °C. The H2-Ce cell is promising for energy storage assuming one can optimize Ce reaction kinetics and electrolyte.
Predator-prey Interactions of Juvenile Toadfish, Opsanus tau.

which we identified by their unique markings) that were attacked when embryos were present were tolerated in the nest when there were no embryos. Since none of these species are cryptic, and many of them are highly conspicuous (see 9), it is unlikely that the ability of D. albisella to perceive the fishes explains this pattern. These patterns suggest that D. albisella exhibits a threat-dependent level of aggression in which the size of the defended area around the nest varies as a function of relative threat of egg predation. Funding provided by Army Research Office Grant DAAG 559810304. Literature Cited
Abstract P4-10-02: Transmembrane protein 33 (TMEM33) induces apoptosis via UPR signaling and autophagy in breast cancer cells

Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (EnR stress) and the related unfolded protein response (UPR) are activated in breast cancer cells and can promote cell survival and endocrine resistance. TMEM33 is a novel transmembrane protein that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (EnR) and has been shown to activate the PERK and IRE1α branches of the UPR. However, the underlying mechanism of action of this EnR resident protein TMEM33 and the cellular functions that it regulates remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that overexpression of TMEM33 induces robust cell death in breast cancer cells. TMEM33 overexpression strongly activates UPR associated pro-death JNK-p53 signaling. We also observed a significant inhibition of the downstream survivin, which blocks cell death activation by binding to caspases and inhibiting their activation. We further show that the blockage of JNK activation with either an inhibitor or overexpression of survivin, protects cells against TMEM33 induced apoptosis. In addition, we show that TMEM33 overexpression induces autophagy in breast cancer cells. Inhibition of autophagy with using either the inhibitor chloroquine or knockdown of the Atg5 gene, further sensitizes breast cancer cells to the effects of TMEM33 overexpression. Cell death induced by TMEM33 is also decreased by overexpression of the autophagy gene Beclin 1. The findings in this study demonstrate that the novel EnR resident protein TMEM33 induces cell death by activating IRE1α-JNK-p53-survivin signaling in breast cancer cells. Concurrently, autophagy is also activated by TMEM33, and functions as a pro-survival mechanism. Cell fate reflects the balance between the pro-death and pro-survival activities as regulated by TMEM33. Citation Format: Clarke R, Hu R, Zhang X, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Kasid U. Transmembrane protein 33 (TMEM33) induces apoptosis via UPR signaling and autophagy in breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-10-02.
Investigations of wave run-up using a LBGK modeling approach

In this paper, free surface water waves are predicted in nearshore regions. The suitability of a LBGK modeling approach is examined. Boundary conditions are reviewed on sloped beaches. Wave propagation in shallow water is presented. It is assumed that the waves do not overturn; limiting the present study to steep waves. The uniform grid solutions are compared with analytical solutions and other findings reported in the literature. This study is important to a variety of applications, in particular, the coastal engineering community. The present investigations could potentially play a future role in storm surge predictions.
A prognostic nomogram for prediction of recurrence following surgical resection of desmoid tumors.

10015 Background: Desmoid tumors can respond to novel chemotherapeutics (e.g., sorafenib). We sought to construct a postoperative nomogram identifying desmoid patients who are at high-risk for loca...
Observations of Water Column and Bathymetric Effects on the Incident Acoustic Field Associated With Shallow-Water Reverberation Experiments

As a part of the 2013 Targets and Reverberation Experiment (TREX13), measurements of the acoustic field generated by a source used in midfrequency (1.8–3.6 kHz) reverberation experiments are studied at 5 and 6 km range. The TREX13 reverberation sources were placed off the coast of Panama City, FL, USA, in waters ∼20 m deep, and data discussed here are from a 2-h period in the late afternoon on April 28, 2013. The observed coda of the source signal is partitioned into an initial primary arrival, and a distinct second arrival delayed by roughly 2 s. Characteristics of the two arrivals are studied in terms of the effective number of modes, interference features, and the direction of acoustic intensity, which was directly measured by a vector sensor located at 5 km range. A shift in frequency within the primary arrival is observed over the 2-h measurement period. Frequency shifts are related to a change in range of dislocations, defined as points of complete destructive interference in the acoustic field, that modulate with tidal variation in the sound-speed profile. Precise frequencies are identified with the vector property called circularity, a nondimensional measure of acoustic intensity curl, that is maximal within the vortex-like intensity field within a dislocation. Using the waveguide invariant β, the frequency shift is used to estimate the tidal change in the thermocline depth. These interference features are absent in the second arrival, which is postulated to be an acoustic path horizontally refracted by the gently sloping bathymetry (∼0.4°) forming the coastal environment. A description of the refraction using modal rays is developed, and the transition of the mode from being trapped to leaky is handled as a transition to a virtual mode near the cutoff depth. Models of the primary and refracted arrivals are presented to support the conclusions.
Does God Make the Man?: Media, Religion, and The Crisis of Masculinity, by Stewart M. Hoover and Curtis D. Coats

In times of political and social upheaval, both the form and the content of masculinity become subjects of hot contestation. Recent years in the United States are no exception. Stewart Hoover and C...
Impaired Pulmonary Arterial Vasoconstriction and Nitric Oxide-Mediated Relaxation Underlie Severe Pulmonary Hypertension in the Sugen-Hypoxia Rat Model.

Pulmonary vasoreactivity could determine the responsiveness to vasodilators and, in turn, the prognosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). We hypothesized that pulmonary vasoreactivity is impaired, and we examined the underlying mechanisms in the Sugen-hypoxia rat model of severe PH. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with Sugen (20 mg/kg s.c.) and exposed to hypoxia (9% O2) for 3 weeks, followed by 4 weeks in normoxia (Su/Hx), or treated with Sugen alone (Su) or hypoxia alone (Hx) or neither (Nx). After hemodynamic measurements, the heart was assessed for right ventricular hypertrophy (Fulton’s index); the pulmonary artery, aorta, and mesenteric arteries were isolated for vascular function studies; and contractile markers were measured in pulmonary arteries using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Other rats were used for morphometric analysis of pulmonary vascular remodeling. Right ventricular systolic pressure and Fulton’s index were higher in Su/Hx versus Su, Hx, and Nx rats. Pulmonary vascular remodeling was more prominent in Su/Hx versus Nx rats. In pulmonary artery rings, contraction to high KCl (96 mM) was less in Su/Hx versus Nx and Su, and phenylephrine-induced contraction was reduced in Su/Hx versus Nx, Hx, and Su. Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation was less in Su/Hx versus Nx and Hx, suggesting reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation. ACh relaxation was inhibited by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and guanylate cyclase blockade in all groups, suggesting a role of the NO-cGMP pathway. Nitrate/nitrite production in response to ACh was less in Su/Hx versus Nx, supporting reduced endothelial NO production. Sodium nitroprusside (10−8 M) caused less relaxation in Su/Hx versus Nx, Hx, and Su, suggesting a decreased responsiveness of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) to vasodilators. Neither contraction nor relaxation differed in the aorta or mesenteric arteries of all groups. PCR analysis showed decreased expression of contractile markers in pulmonary artery of Su/Hx versus Nx. The reduced responsiveness to vasoconstrictors and NO-mediated vasodilation in the pulmonary, but not systemic, vessels may be an underlying mechanism of severe PH in Su/Hx rats and appears to involve attenuation of the NO relaxation pathway and a switch of pulmonary VSM cells to a synthetic less reactive phenotype.
Extrarenal tissue distribution of CHIP28 water channels by in situ hybridization and antibody staining

This study is an extension of in situ hybridization experiments showing expression of mRNA encoding CHIP28 in selected epithelial or endothelia in spleen, colon, lung, and eye (H. Hasegawa, R. Zhang, A. Dohrman, and A. S. Verkman. Am. J. Physiol. 264 (Cell Physiol. 33): C237-C245, 1993). Additional tissues from rat were screened by in situ hybridization, and tissues from rat and humans were stained with a polyclonal anti-CHIP28 antibody. Northern blot showed the 2.8-kilobase mRNA encoding CHIP28 in kidney, lung, and heart. In situ hybridization showed strong hybridization in epithelial cells in choroid plexus, iris, ciliary body, and lens and in epithelial and subepithelial layers of trachea. Except for colonic crypts, specific hybridization was not observed in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, thyroid gland, and muscle. Immunoblot of tissues from exsanguinated rats showed immunoreactive CHIP28 protein in kidney, lung, trachea, and heart. In fixed frozen rat and/or human tissues, the anti-CHIP28 antibody stained epithelial cells in kidney proximal tubule and thin limb of Henle, lung alveolus, bronchial mucosa and glands, choroid plexus, ciliary body, iris, lens surface, colonic crypt, sweat gland, pancreatic acini, gallbladder epithelium, and placental syncytial trophoblast cells. Endothelial cells were stained in many tissues. These studies indicate a wide and selective CHIP28 tissue distribution, suggesting an important role for CHIP28 in fluid transport. The absence of CHIP28 in many nonrenal membranes believed to be water permeable suggests the existence of non-CHIP28 water transporters.
Habitat Indicators of a Federally Listed Glacial Relict Plant Species Restricted to Cliffs in the Northern United States

Conservation of global biodiversity requires studies of rare taxa at high risk for extinction due to anthropogenic impacts. Rhodiola integrifolia subsp. leedyi (Leedy's roseroot, Crassulaceae) is a rare cliff-dwelling subspecies federally listed as threatened in the United States. Thought to be glacial relicts, all seven known populations of Leedy's roseroot are endemic to cliffs, likely in large part due to the specific environmental factors at these cliffs. This study took place at Glenora Cliffs, New York, the location of the largest population of this subspecies in the world. We identified habitat factors associated with Leedy's roseroot occurrence by comparing areas where Leedy's roseroot was present to adjacent areas where Leedy's roseroot was absent. Leedy's roseroot occurrence was associated with increased light, lower height on the cliff, geologic features of the cliff including greater degree of water seeping from crevices, higher plant species richness, and higher mean temperatures, with temperature trends varying over the growing season. Leedy's roseroot stem length was correlated with decreased light and temperature, and cliff features. Analysis of the Glenora Cliffs plant species community suggested seepage and cliff features structure the community. Leedy's roseroot co-occurred with other cliff-dwelling species that may serve as indicators of Leedy's roseroot habitat. Our characterization of habitat factors associated with Leedy's roseroot supports its glacial relict status, suggests global climate change may impact it differently than most plant species, and informs management and potential ex situ conservation of this rare subspecies.
Conjoint psychometric field estimation for bilateral audiometry

Behavioral testing in perceptual or cognitive domains requires querying a subject multiple times in order to quantify his or her ability in the corresponding domain. These queries must be conducted sequentially, and any additional testing domains are also typically tested sequentially, such as with distinct tests comprising a test battery. As a result, existing behavioral tests are often lengthy and do not offer comprehensive evaluation. The use of active machine-learning kernel methods for behavioral assessment provides extremely flexible yet efficient estimation tools to more thoroughly investigate perceptual or cognitive processes without incurring the penalty of excessive testing time. Audiometry represents perhaps the simplest test case to demonstrate the utility of these techniques. In pure-tone audiometry, hearing is assessed in the two-dimensional input space of frequency and intensity, and the test is repeated for both ears. Although an individual’s ears are not linked physiologically, they share many features in common that lead to correlations suitable for exploitation in testing. The bilateral audiogram estimates hearing thresholds in both ears simultaneously by conjoining their separate input domains into a single search space, which can be evaluated efficiently with modern machine-learning methods. The result is the introduction of the first conjoint psychometric function estimation procedure, which consistently delivers accurate results in significantly less time than sequential disjoint estimators.
The coupling of the solar wind to the Earth’s magnetosphere

The magnetosphere is a very complex system. Here we have presented some qualitative insight into the coupling of parts of the system with emphasis on those controlled by the solar wind. We still continue to improve our understanding of the magnetosphere with the study of existing databases, with the development of various types of numerical models, and with the development of new and more sophisticated instruments and missions. We have learned much about the magnetosphere in the last half century since the beginning of the International Geophysical Year in 1957. It has been important to do so because our increasingly technological society has moved critical systems into space for monitoring weather, for communnication, and for global monitoring of the health of the planet and the activities of one’s neighbours. It is clear that if we are to use space as much as our present plans foretell, we must continue to improve our understanding of this environment and how it works, and be able to predict its behaviour given knowledge of interplanetary conditions.
The Unintended Interpretations of Intuitionistic Logic

We present an overview of the unintended interpretations of intuitionistic logic that arose after Heyting formalized the “observed regularities” in the use of formal parts of language, in particular, first-order logic and Heyting Arithmetic. We include unintended interpretations of some mild variations on “official” intuitionism, such as intuitionistic type theories with full comprehension and higher order logic without choice principles or not satisfying the right choice sequence properties. We conclude with remarks on the quest for a correct interpretation of intuitionistic logic.
Particularism Doesn’t Flatten

Sean McKeever and Michael Ridge object that moral particularism ‘flattens the moral landscape’, that is, that particularism treats reasons of different kinds as if they were reasons of the same kind. This objection is misguided in two respects. First, particular ists need not say that every feature can be a moral reason. Second, even if particularists were committed to saying that every feature can be a moral reason, they would still not be committed to the view that every feature can have direct moral relevance. The failure of this objection shows that the objection exploits side-constraints that need not be placed on moral particularism.
Fatty acid changes in soybean (Glycine max) under soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) infestation and their implications on plant defense against insects

The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) is one of the most important pests of soybeans in the Northcentral region of the US. It has been hypothesized that aphids avoid effective defenses by inhibiting induction of jasmonate-regulated plant defense responses. Given the role fatty acids play in jasmonate-induced plant defenses, we analyzed the fatty acid profile of soybean leaves and seeds from aphid-infested plants. Results showed that aphids reduce the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in leaves with a concomitant increase in palmitic acid. In seeds, a reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids was associated with an increase in stearic acid and oleic acid. One of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, linolenic acid, is the precursor of jasmonate; thus, these changes in fatty acid metabolism may be examples of “metabolic hijacking” where one organism takes over the metabolism of another, leading to prevention of production of compounds that would otherwise be detrimental to the attacker. The pattern of fatty acid changes points to a possible interference in fatty acid biosynthesis and desaturation, especially at FAB1, leading to an increase in palmitate, and at FAD2 and FAD6, leading to a reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, the regulation does not seem to be transcriptional.
Intergenerational learning: Are children key in spurring climate action?

Abstract Complex environmental problems are typically resolved after the public is no longer willing to accept their risks and demands change (i.e., Reflexive Modernization). Notable examples include responses to the ozone hole and acid deposition. In the case of climate change, however, the politicization of the issue can result in adults ignoring the risks and accepting the status quo (i.e., Anti-Reflexivity). Although strategies such as strategic framing have seen some successes, new methods are needed to engage citizens in addressing climate change impacts. We argue that child-based climate communication is an understudied but promising pathway to incite climate action among children and adults alike. Children have unique perspectives on climate change, represent an audience that is easily reached through schools, and are arguably best equipped to navigate the ideologically fraught topic of climate change with older generations in ways that inspire action. We review research to support this novel communication approach and outline best practices for programmatic implementation and associated research.
AN ALGORITHM FOR DISTORTION ANALYSIS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL PATTERNS USING ITS PROJECTIONS

ABSTRACT This paper develops an algorithm for determining the distortion in a two-dimensional pattern from perturbations in its projections. The algorithm is based on the biproportional model which uses the x- and y- projections of the pattern's matrix for distortion analysis. This method is an iterative procedure, adjusting at each iteration its x- and y- projections until they converge. This paper derives the mathematical basis of the method and simulation programs which have been developed. The method is then applied to an example, the image processing of sample cells of human chromosomes with sister chromatid exchanges.
Advances in the science and treatment of alcohol use disorder

Alcohol is a major contributor to global disease and a leading cause of preventable death, causing approximately 88,000 deaths annually in the United States alone. Alcohol use disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, with nearly one-third of U.S. adults experiencing alcohol use disorder at some point during their lives. Alcohol use disorder also has economic consequences, costing the United States at least $249 billion annually. Current pharmaceutical and behavioral treatments may assist patients in reducing alcohol use or facilitating alcohol abstinence. Although recent research has expanded understanding of alcohol use disorder, more research is needed to identify the neurobiological, genetic and epigenetic, psychological, social, and environmental factors most critical in the etiology and treatment of this disease. Implementation of this knowledge in clinical practice and training of health care providers is also needed to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment of individuals suffering from alcohol use disorder.
Defence Diplomacy : Strategic Engagement and Interstate Conflict

This book analyzes examples of strategic engagement in order to identify the factors which contribute to the success or failure of defence diplomacy in preventing interstate conflict. For more than a century, nations have engaged in defence diplomacy to cultivate mutual understanding and mitigate conflict. A subset of defence diplomacy is strategic engagement, defined as peacetime defence diplomacy between nations that are actual or potential adversaries. This book analyzes three cases of strategic engagement in order to elucidate the factors which contribute to the success or failure of this diplomacy in preventing conflict. It uses an inductive framework to compare strategic engagement in the following cases: Anglo– German defence diplomacy prior to World War I; U.S.–Soviet defence diplomacy during the Cold War; and post-Cold War U.S.–China defence diplomacy. Based upon archival, literature, and personal interview research, the book argues that defence diplomacy can mitigate the risk of interstate conflict between potential adversaries. The lessons learned from this book can be employed to discern the significant elements conducive to achieving a successful outcome of strategic engagement and averting conflict or even war. This book will be of much interest to students of defence studies, diplomacy studies, foreign policy and international relations.
In situ stabilization of soil lead using phosphorus and manganese oxide.

In addition to the formation of insoluble lead (Pb) compounds, adsorption is another potentially important process controlling the bioavailability of Pb in soils. Less attention has been given to manganese (Mn) oxides, even though they are known to adsorb Pb more strongly than any other metal (hydr)oxides. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of P and Mn oxide on bioavailable Pb in five metal-contaminated soils or mine spoils from Kansas and Missouri. Cryptomelane was used as the representative Mn oxide. Nine treatments were used: zero P, 5000 mg of P as triple superphosphate (TSP) or phosphate rock (PR), 2500 and 5000 mg of Mn oxide/kg, and combinations of Mn oxide and P as TSP or PR. Changes in bioavailable Pb over time were measured using a modified physiologically based extraction procedure (PBET), and mineralogical changes were observed using X-ray diffraction. The addition of P or cryptomelane reduced bioavailable Pb in all five materials. The addition of P and cryptomelane together was...
PsyD Programs in Counseling Psychology: Current Status and Future Directions:

This article depicts the unique integration of science and practice found in Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) programs. To dispel myths and provide accurate information about the counseling psychology P...
Curvature-slope correlation of nuclear symmetry energy and its imprints on the crust-core transition, radius, and tidal deformability of canonical neutron stars

Background: The nuclear symmetry energy ${E}_{\mathrm{sym}}(\ensuremath{\rho})$ encodes information about the energy necessary to make nuclear systems more neutron rich. It is currently poorly known especially at suprasaturation densities but has broad impacts on properties of neutron stars and on nuclear structure and reactions. While its slope parameter $L$ at the saturation density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ of nuclear matter has been relatively well constrained by recent astrophysical observations and terrestrial nuclear experiments, its curvature ${K}_{\mathrm{sym}}$ characterizing the ${E}_{\mathrm{sym}}(\ensuremath{\rho})$ around $2{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ remains largely unconstrained. Over 520 calculations for ${E}_{\mathrm{sym}}(\ensuremath{\rho})$ using various nuclear theories and interactions in the literature have predicted several significantly different ${K}_{\mathrm{sym}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}L$ correlations.Purpose: If a unique ${K}_{\mathrm{sym}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}L$ correlation of ${E}_{\mathrm{sym}}(\ensuremath{\rho})$ can be firmly established, it will enable us to progressively constrain the high-density behavior of ${E}_{\mathrm{sym}}(\ensuremath{\rho})$ using the available and better constrained slope parameter $L$. We investigate if and by how much the different ${K}_{\mathrm{sym}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}L$ correlations may affect neutron star observables. We also examine if LIGO/VIRGO's observation of tidal deformability using gravitational waves from GW170817 and NICER's recent extraction of neutron star radius using high-precision x-rays can distinguish the different ${K}_{\mathrm{sym}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}L$ correlations predicted.Methods: A metamodel of nuclear equations of state (EOSs) with three representative ${K}_{\mathrm{sym}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}L$ correlation functions is used to generate multiple EOSs for neutron stars. We then examine effects of the ${K}_{\mathrm{sym}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}L$ correlation on the crust-core transition density and pressure as well as the radius and tidal deformation of canonical neutron stars.Results: We found that the ${K}_{\mathrm{sym}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}L$ correlation affects significantly both the crust-core transition density and pressure. It also has strong imprints on the radius and tidal deformability of canonical neutron stars, especially at small $L$ values. The available data from LIGO/VIRGO and NICER set some useful limits for the slope $L$ but cannot distinguish the three representative ${K}_{\mathrm{sym}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}L$ correlations considered.Conclusions: The ${K}_{\mathrm{sym}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}L$ correlation is important for understanding properties of neutron stars. More precise and preferably independent measurements of the radius and tidal deformability from multiple observables of neutron stars have the strong potential to help pin down the curvature-slope correlation and thus the high-density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy.
Effects of soccer ball inflation pressure and velocity on peak linear and rotational accelerations of ball-to-head impacts

Exposure to head impacts is common in soccer and, in some cases, has been associated with neurocognitive and physiological consequences in soccer players. Ball-to-head impacts are particularly frequent, as soccer players regularly use their heads to pass, clear, and shoot the ball during game play and practice. The attenuation of head accelerations resulting from impact is of interest to promoting athlete brain health and numerical models have suggested that reducing soccer ball inflation pressure can lower head accelerations from ball-to-head impacts. The present study sought to test the effect of ball inflation pressure on peak linear acceleration and peak rotational acceleration of the head in a biomechanical reconstruction of ball-to-head impacts using an anthropomorphic testing device head and neck. Adult-sized soccer balls were inflated to five different pressures (34, 48, 55, 62, and 76 kPa), a range that spanned the lower bound on inflation pressure regulated by Federation Internationale de Football Association and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (60 kPa). Balls were then thrown via a ball launcher at the forehead of the anthropomorphic testing device at three different velocities (17.3, 19.7, and 22.2 m/s). Repeated-measures analyses of variance, with pressure and velocity as repeated measures, revealed an increase in peak linear acceleration (p = 0.001) and peak rotational acceleration (p = 0.002) with higher ball velocities, and a decrease in peak linear acceleration (p < 0.001) and peak rotational acceleration (p < 0.001) with lower ball pressures. Consistent with previous numerical models, the results of this study suggest that reducing soccer ball inflation pressure may reduce head accelerations of ball-to-head impacts.
Network science characteristics of brain-derived neuronal cultures deciphered from quantitative phase imaging data.

Understanding the mechanisms by which neurons create or suppress connections to enable communication in brain-derived neuronal cultures can inform how learning, cognition and creative behavior emerge. While prior studies have shown that neuronal cultures possess self-organizing criticality properties, we further demonstrate that in vitro brain-derived neuronal cultures exhibit a self-optimization phenomenon. More precisely, we analyze the multiscale neural growth data obtained from label-free quantitative microscopic imaging experiments and reconstruct the in vitro neuronal culture networks (microscale) and neuronal culture cluster networks (mesoscale). We investigate the structure and evolution of neuronal culture networks and neuronal culture cluster networks by estimating the importance of each network node and their information flow. By analyzing the degree-, closeness-, and betweenness-centrality, the node-to-node degree distribution (informing on neuronal interconnection phenomena), the clustering coefficient/transitivity (assessing the “small-world” properties), and the multifractal spectrum, we demonstrate that murine neurons exhibit self-optimizing behavior over time with topological characteristics distinct from existing complex network models. The time-evolving interconnection among murine neurons optimizes the network information flow, network robustness, and self-organization degree. These findings have complex implications for modeling neuronal cultures and potentially on how to design biological inspired artificial intelligence.
Ethical Analysis and Beyond! How Christian Anthropology and the Concept of Dignity Can Also Address Moral Distress in End-of-Life Care.

McCarthy et al. (2020) have made an important contribution to the field of ethics by identifying the important similarities between Christian and secular bioethics that can be drawn on to further s...
The Power of a Genre: Political News Presented as Fact-Checking Increases Accurate Belief Updating and Hostile Media Perceptions

Concerns over misinformation have inspired research on how people are influenced by, and form perceptions of, media messages that aim to correct false claims. We juxtapose two seemingly incongruent...