cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dopaminergic innervation of the amygdala is highly responsive to stress

The amygdala has been implicated in the neuronal sequelae of stress, although little is known about the neurochemical mechanisms underlying amygdala transmission. In vivo microdialysis was employed to measure extracellular levels of dopamine in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in awake rats. Once it was established that impulse-dependent release of dopamine could be measured reliably in the amygdala, the effect of stress, induced by mild handling, on amygdala dopamine release was compared with that in three other dopamine-innervated regions, the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and caudate nucleus. The magnitude of increase in dopamine in response to the handling stimulus was significantly greater in the amygdala than in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. This increase was maximal during the application of stress and diminished after the cessation of stress. In contrast, the increases in extracellular dopamine levels in other regions, in particular the nucleus accumbens, were prolonged, reaching maximal values after the cessation of stress. These results suggest that dopaminergic innervation of the amygdala may be more responsive to stress than that of other dopamine-innervated regions of the limbic system, including the prefrontal cortex, and implicate amygdalar dopamine in normal and pathophysiological processes subserving an organism's response to stress.
Directed evolution of ligand dependence: Small-molecule-activated protein splicing

Artificial molecular switches that modulate protein activities in response to synthetic small molecules would serve as tools for exerting temporal and dose-dependent control over protein function. Self-splicing protein elements (inteins) are attractive starting points for the creation of such switches, because their insertion into a protein blocks the target protein's function until splicing occurs. Natural inteins, however, are not known to be regulated by small molecules. We evolved an intein-based molecular switch that transduces binding of a small molecule into the activation of an arbitrary protein of interest. Simple insertion of a natural ligand-binding domain into a minimal intein destroys splicing activity. To restore activity in a ligand-dependent manner, we linked protein splicing to cell survival or fluorescence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Iterated cycles of mutagenesis and selection yielded inteins with strong splicing activities that highly depend on 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Insertion of an evolved intein into four unrelated proteins in living cells revealed that ligand-dependent activation of protein function is general, fairly rapid, dose-dependent, and posttranslational. Our directed-evolution approach therefore evolved small-molecule dependence in a protein and also created a general tool for modulating the function of arbitrary proteins in living cells with a single cell-permeable, synthetic small molecule.
The three-waveguide nonlinear directional coupler: the center waveguide excitation

Abstract A mathematical model for the three-waveguide nonlinear directional coupler is analyzed. An analytic solution to the equations describing the model is obtained for the case when power is initially launched into the center waveguide. The instability of this center-excite solution is characterized both analytically and numerically. Information is obtained that may be useful for future studies of chaos in the three-guide coupler as well as in the design of practical devices.
Role-Taking Accuracy in Medical Encounters: A Test of two Theories

Abstract This paper tests five hypotheses derived from two contrasting theoretical perspectives on role-taking accuracy: a social contact theory and an institutional resource theory. We investigate how well doctors and patients perceive one another's perspectives in a medical encounter. The cumulative weight of the data supports the proposed social contact theory. Increased contact between residents and patients, as reflected in physician's year in residency, contributes to more accurate role-taking on the part of physicians. Conditions of social compatibility between doctors and patients vis a vis gender or race lead to more accurate role-taking. Finally, personal characteristics are better predictors of role-taking accuracy than institutional status variables such as type of residency training program or doctor's year in residency status.
Significance of visual cues in choice behavior in the female zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata castanotis).

Female zebra finches show a preference for male zebra finches over heterospecific males based solely on the auditory cues of males, such as songs. The present study was designed to investigate whether females show a similar preference for male zebra finches based solely on visual cues. Using a Y-maze apparatus, social preference of female zebra finches was studied between male zebra finches and male Bengalese finches in three experiments. In experiment 1, where female zebra finches could see and hear live male zebra finches and male Bengalese finches, the females preferred to associate with the male zebra finches. In experiment 2, using a sound-attenuated experimental apparatus, subjects could see, but not hear, male zebra finches and male Bengalese finches. The subjects did not show a significant preference for associating with zebra finches. In experiment 3, as in experiment 2, females could see live male zebra finches and male Bengalese finches in the sound-attenuated chambers. However, in experiment 3, the subjects also heard prerecorded auditory cues (i.e., songs and calls) of male zebra finches, which were presented simultaneously in both arms of the maze. Although the females could not use the auditory cues to identify the location of the male zebra finches, they preferred to associate with the male zebra finches rather than the male Bengalese finches. These results suggest that visual cues alone were effective in initiating choice behaviors by females and that auditory cues facilitate such visually based choice behaviors.
The reaction of copper metal with benzotriazole

Abstract Intense, visible luminescence, attributed to charge transfer excited states, was observed in Cu(I) complexes of benzotriazole but not in the Cu(II) analogues. Microspectrofluorimetry was used to character cuprous benzotriazole, a surface phase formed from bulk copper and benzotriazole in dichloromethane.
Crack closure load development for surface microcracks in Al 2219-T851

The development of crack closure load with increasing crack length for noncrystallographic transgranular surface microcracks produced by cyclic fatigue of Al 2219-T851 is studied for two environmental relative humidities (5 and 30 pct). Closure loads are found to be initially low for short cracks and increase with subsequent crack propagation. The increase in closure with crack length is faster if the humidity is low or if the initiation crack size is large, as determined by the size of the surface intermetallic particle initiation site. At 30 pct humidity it is possible to associate the closure load increase observed to a decreasing crack planarity with increasing crack length.
Mechanistic study of gold(I)-catalyzed intermolecular hydroamination of allenes.

The intermolecular hydroamination of allenes occurs readily with hydrazide nucleophiles, in the presence of 3−12% Ph3PAuNTf2. Mechanistic studies have been conducted to establish the resting state of the gold catalyst, the kinetic order of the reaction, the effect of ligand electronics on the overall rate, and the reversibility of the last steps in the catalytic cycle. We have found the overall reaction to be first order in gold and allene and zero order in nucleophile. Our studies suggest that the rate-limiting transition state for the reaction does not involve the nucleophile and that the active catalyst is monomeric in gold(I). Computational studies support an “outersphere” mechanism and predict that a two-step, no intermediate mechanism may be operative. In accord with this mechanistic proposal, the reaction can be accelerated with the use of more electron-deficient phosphine ligands on the gold(I) catalyst.
The contributions of attrition and fragmentation to char elutriation from fluidized beds

Abstract The elutriation rates of unburned carbon from a 20-cm-i.d. bubbling fluidized bed were evaluated for a variety of coals. Elutriation rates were determined from cyclone catches while carbon loading in the fluidized bed were evaluated from transient gas and particle emissions. The elutriation rates were well correlated with carbon loading in the bed, but there was no evidence that they depend on superficial velocity through the bed. These results suggest that fragmentation, rather than attrition, is primarily responsible for carbon loss during fluidized bed combustion. The experiments found evidence that the fragmentation rates were dependent on coal rank.
Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Cancer—Response

We thank Dr. Weiss ([1][1]) for his thoughtful reading of our article ([2][2]). This review was part of a larger project ([3][3]) in which the main issue was whether there is sufficient evidence to justify a recommendation for the use of oral contraceptives for primary prevention of ovarian cancer
Magnetoacoustic Effects in Tilted Magnetic Fields

Abstract : It is shown that the entire Fermi surface can be mapped by using geometric resonances in the sound attenuation in tilted magnetic fields and the drift velocity of the carriers along the magnetic field simultaneously determined. The general features of the phenomena considered do not prove dependent on the particular models used in our calculations. In addition to the results specifically pertaining to tilted fields, when the assumptions of equal effective masses and relaxation times are dropped for a two band model of a semi-metal, the contribution of the two types of carriers to the ultrasonic absorption is additive. On examining the contribution to the absorption for a model of majority and minority carriers, the minority carriers dominate the attenuation when they are in the region of geometric resonances. (Author)
Effect of temperature and recoil-energy spectra on irradiation-induced amorphization in Ca2La8(SiO4)6O2

Abstract Single crystals of Ca 2 La 8 (SiO 4 ) 6 O 2 have been irradiated with different ions/energies in an in-situ study of the effects of temperature and recoil-energy spectra on irradiation-induced amorphization. The dose for complete amorphization (∼ 0.36 dpa) is independent of recoil-energy spectra at 15 K and increases with temperature in two stages. The low-temperature stage (below ∼ 200 K) has an activation energy of 0.01 ± 0.003 eV and may be associated with simultaneous close-pair recombination. The high-temperature stage (above ∼ 200 K) has an activation energy of 0.13 ± 0.02 eV and may be associated with irradiation-enhanced defect mobility. The critical temperature for amorphization increases from ∼ 360 K for 0.8 MeV Ne + to ∼ 710 K for 1.5 MeV Kr + . The amorphization dose increases more rapidly with temperature for Ne + due to the larger fraction of recoverable defects produced by the low energy recoils.
State-feedback control of non-linear systems†

A design method for state-feedback controllers for single-input non-linear systems is proposed. The method makes use of the transformations of the non-linear system into ‘controllable-like’ canonical forms. The resulting non-linear state feedback is designed in such a way that the eigenvalues of the linearized closed-loop model are invariant with respect to any constant operating point. The method constitutes an alternative approach to the design methodology recently proposed by Baumann and Rugh. Also a review of different transformation methods for non-linear systems is presented. An example and simulation results of different control strategies are provided to illustrate the design technique.
Race and Sex Differences on the Sensation Seeking Scales

The Sensation Seeking Scale, Form IV, was administered to white and black, male and female college students (ns = 50; N = 200). Analyses showed that blacks scored significantly lower than whites on three subscales, General, Thrill and Adventure Seeking, and Boredom Susceptibility. Females scored lower than males on the scales Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Disinhibition, and Boredom Susceptibility. There were no interactions of race and sex.
Declining Adrenal Androgens: An Association with Bone Loss in Aging Women

Bone loss in aging women is a major contributing factor to the onset of osteoporosis. To determine whether a decline in adrenal androgen output might be important in the loss of bone with age, we studied a highly selected group of 14 women, average age 70, and measured adrenal androgens in relationship to trabecular bone density. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels were used as a marker of adrenal sex steroid output while quantitative, computerized tomography was used to determine trabecular bone density. Our results showed that both bone density (r = -0.69, P less than 0.01) and DHEAS levels (r = -0.68, P less than 0.01) declined with age, and that DHEAS was positively correlated with bone density (r = 0.66, P = 0.01). These data emphasize the association of declining adrenal sex steroid production with declining bone density during the process of aging.
GPS-Based Radio Tomography With Edge-Preserving Regularization

A tomographic forward and inverse model is presented for deriving 3-D images of ionospheric electron density from ground-based dual-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements and ionosonde data. The GPS observation geometry is discretely modeled, and a linear algebraic relationship is derived between the integrated electron density measurements and the ionospheric electron density. Because the inverse problem is ill conditioned, regularization is used to stabilize the solution in the presence of noise. In this paper, we regularize the inverse problem by incorporating neighborhood smoothness and continuity constraints applicable to general ionospheric conditions. To avoid oversmoothing of edges, nonconvex regularizing functionals are used to capture potential localized ionospheric density structures. A deterministic relaxation technique is used to minimize the proposed cost function. The specific formulation of the reconstruction geometry is directly related to the sparseness and the nonuniform distribution of the GPS ray paths. The grid boundaries, the regularization parameters, the model order, and the grid placement are selected in conjunction with available remote sensing data and appropriate optimality criteria. The algorithm is tested using simulations of ionospheric structures with actual GPS observation geometry. These simulations demonstrate the effectiveness in detecting and reconstructing ionospheric height and density fluctuations, and illustrate the statistical performance and bounds of the inversion technique.
The Sound of Symmetry Revisited: Subjective and Objective Analyses of Voice

Previous research (Hughes et al. Evolution and Human Behavior 23:173–180, 2002) has shown that ratings of voice attractiveness are negatively correlated to fluctuating asymmetry (FA, a measure of developmental stability and fitness) but are unrelated to the second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D, a measure of prenatal sex hormone exposure). In the present study, we considered ratings of these voices based on a number of other descriptive traits that may be particularly important in mate selection. Men with voices rated as approachable, intelligent, sexy, and warm showed greater bilateral body symmetry. Women with voices rated as approachable, sexy, and most likely to get dates also tended to be more symmetrical. Furthermore, voices rated as dominant and mature were negatively correlated to 2D:4D ratios in women, suggesting an effect of exposure to higher levels of prenatal androgen. Unlike subjective ratings, objective measures of voice obtained through spectrogram analyses did not account for much variance in either symmetry or digit ratios. These findings implicate the perceptual qualities of voice as a salient marker of underlying genetic quality and viability.
The Origin of Nucleotide Dependence of Conformational Changes in ABC Transporters

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are one of the most ubiquitous membrane transporters. They are all powered by ATP binding and hydrolysis in the two highly conserved cytoplasmic nucleotide binding domains (NBDs). It has been structurally established that the NBDs adopt a closed dimeric conformation only in the ATP-bound state, while appearing as open dimers or separate monomers in their nucleotide-free and ADP-bound states. The origin of such conformational changes, however, is yet to be characterized. To study the mechanism of nucleotide-dependent conformational changes, an extensive set of molecular dynamics simulations was performed on several intact ABC transporter structures and in various nucleotide binding states. Through these simulations we identify significantly large electrostatic potential regions centered at each subdomain of the NBDs in all ABC transporters simulated. Interestingly, the magnitude and location of the charge centers are independent of the nucleotide binding state of the NBDs. We propose that the repulsion between these charge centers is the main drive for the large separation between the NBDs in the absence of ATP. In particular, a conserved charged residue in the helical subdomain of the NBD is found to significantly contribute to the electrostatic repulsion between the NBD monomers. Removing the charge of this conserved residue during the MD simulations results in drastic changes of the NBD conformations, such that the NBDs are unable to complete their opening or closing motion in response to the bound nucleotide, hence a semi-open conformation is maintained in the mutant NBDs both in nucleotide-free and ATP-bound states.
Transport equations for many-particle systems

The formalism of Kadanoff and Baym is used to derive a new transport equation for many-particle systems in dc electric fields. We use it to derive the conductivity of a metal, when limited by the electron-phonon interaction. The final result is identical to Holstein's formula, which he derived from the Kubo formula. We also solved two other problems: the electrical current in a system limited by Gaussian white noise, and the diffusion coefficient from impurity scattering. We also discuss the lack of thermal stability in particle systems limited by Gaussian white noise.
Let Them Decide: Student Performance and Self-Selection of Weights Distribution

Previous researchers have focused on student sense of control, grading, and academic performance. However, the influence of letting students self-select the percentage weights for graded course components is not clear. In this research students selected the percentage weights distribution for the graded components in the Capstone: Strategic Management course. Students were then surveyed to solicit their feedback. The results indicate that student sense of control and performance were positively influenced by self-selecting the weights distribution. Moreover, the self-selection process itself may account for variance in performance more so than calculating final course grades using a particular weights distribution.
Dependence of the threshold voltage on channel length in BC-mosfet's

Abstract The effects of the source-to-drain proximity on the threshold voltage of BC-MOSFET's are considered in this paper. A one-dimensional numerical analysis of Poisson's and the total charge transport equations has yielded the majority carrier concentration along the channel. Utilizing the minimum value of the carrier concentration, n min nd the channel doping, n d , a simple expression has been obtained for the magnitude of the difference between the threshold voltages of short and long channel BC-MOSFET's. The results based on this equation are in good agreement with experimental results published in the literature.
Measure-Jupiter: low-cost missions to explore jupiter in the post-Galileo era

MEASURE-Jupiter is a mission concept for the first wave of new missions to explore the giant planets in the post-Galileo era. This paper addresses the feasibility of low-cost, focused science missions to explore Jupiter based on the science information returned by the Galileo mission.
Total synthesis of (±)-sterpuric acid

Abstract The unusual sesquiterpenoid fungal metabolite sterpuric acid (1) has been assembled in 11 steps and 11% overall yield from the readily available vinyl sulfone 2.
Massive short-range antiferromagnetism in mictomagnetic CuMn alloys☆

Abstract Cu-Mn alloys with 25 to 66 at.% Mn are mictomagnetic. The freezing temperature has a maximum at ∼ 50 at.% Mn. The Curie constant, the unidirectional remanence after field-cooling to 4.2 K and the susceptibility after zero-field cooling to 4.2 K decrease sharply with increasing Mn content. These results can be accounted for in terms of antiferromagnetic coupling between nearest neighbor Mn moments, which gives reise to increasingly massive short range antiferromagnetism as the Mn content increases.
Determination of Multiple φ-Torsion Angles in Proteins by Selective and Extensive 13C Labeling and Two-Dimensional Solid-State NMR

Abstract We describe an approach to efficiently determine the backbone conformation of solid proteins that utilizes selective and extensive 13C labeling in conjunction with two-dimensional magic-angle-spinning NMR. The selective 13C labeling approach aims to reduce line broadening and other multispin complications encountered in solid-state NMR of uniformly labeled proteins while still enhancing the sensitivity of NMR spectra. It is achieved by using specifically labeled glucose or glycerol as the sole carbon source in the protein expression medium. For amino acids synthesized in the linear part of the biosynthetic pathways, [1-13C]glucose preferentially labels the ends of the side chains, while [2-13C]glycerol labels the Cα of these residues. Amino acids produced from the citric-acid cycle are labeled in a more complex manner. Information on the secondary structure of such a labeled protein was obtained by measuring multiple backbone torsion angles φ simultaneously, using an isotropic–anisotropic 2D correlation technique, the HNCH experiment. Initial experiments for resonance assignment of a selectively 13C labeled protein were performed using 15N–13C 2D correlation spectroscopy. From the time dependence of the 15N–13C dipolar coherence transfer, both intraresidue and interresidue connectivities can be observed, thus yielding partial sequential assignment. We demonstrate the selective 13C labeling and these 2D NMR experiments on a 8.5-kDa model protein, ubiquitin. This isotope-edited NMR approach is expected to facilitate the structure determination of proteins in the solid state.
Recent advances in syntheses and therapeutic applications of multifunctional porous hollow nanoparticles

Summary This paper reviews recent advances in the synthesis of porous hollow nanoparticles (PHNPs) of iron oxide and Au for biomedical applications. It first summarizes the synthesis and characterization of various PHNPs of iron oxide and Au. It then outlines the common chemistry applied to make these PHNPs biocompatible and target-specific. Finally the review presents several representative examples to highlight the applications of these PHNPs for drug delivery and for hyperthermia cancer therapy.
A nonlinear onsager theory of irreversibility

Abstract Let V denote a material body and let P=∫v ∑ a=1 N J α X α ν denote the internal production of entropy of V, where Ja are the thermodynamic fluxes and Xa are the thermodynamic forces. A constitutive theory is obtained which determines the thermodynamic fluxes in terms of variational derivatives of a convex functional Φ[W;X] which assumes its absolute minimum at Xa = 0. It is shown that 0 ⩽ P ⩽ Φ[W;2X]−Φ[W;X] for all Xa and for all additional parameters Wα, and hence we have identical satisfaction of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. If Φ = ∝vφ(W;X)dv, then J a = ∂φ ∂X a and we obtain the reciprocity relations ∂J a ∂X b = ∂J b ∂x a . The constitutive theory is not restricted to linear relations since the only requirements on φ(W;X) are convexity in Xa and ( ∂ ∂X a )φ¦ x a=0 = J a ¦ x a=0 = 0 . Specific constitutive relations are obtained for the heat flux vector and the dissipative stress tensor. Since φ can depend on the parameters Wα as well as on the Xa's, the dissipative stress and the heat flux can depend on the strain and temperature as well as on the rate of strain and the temperature gradient.
Development of an AlphaScreen assay for discovery of inhibitors of low-affinity glycan–lectin interactions

The development of high-throughput screening (HTS) assays with increased sensitivity for the identification of potent and selective inhibitors of galectins has been hampered by the weak binding affinities between galectins and their carbohydrate ligands. To circumvent this obstacle, we have developed an AlphaScreen assay for a 384-well plate format in a competitive binding configuration for discovery of new inhibitors of galectin-3. His-tagged galectin-3 was bound to nickel chelate acceptor beads, whereas biotinylated asialofetuin (biotin-ASF), a galectin-3 nanomolar binding partner, was bound to streptavidin-coated donor beads. Inhibitors of the carbohydrate-galectin interaction lead to a reduction of the AlphaScreen signal by competing with the biotin-ASF. The obtained IC50 values for known carbohydrate ligands of galectin-3 are in good agreement with the Kd values reported and measured for galectin-3 by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Thus, the developed AlphaScreen assay in a competitive binding configuration offers several advantages over the existing screening assays for inhibitors of glycan-lectin interactions. In addition, the assay format for the galectin-3/ASF pair could be easily applied in screening for glycan- and/or small molecule-based inhibitors of other members of the galectin family.
Los ciegos ven mejor lo invisible: visión, ceguera y crítica social en la literatura contemporánea costarricense

El autor costarricense Fernando Contreras Castro emplea una gran variedad de metaforas opticas en su obra para desarrollar su critica de la continuada marginalizacion y fragmentacion de multiples grupos sociales. Este analisis de su obra se basa en la discusion filosofica milenaria sobre la capacidad de metaforas visuales para representar la realidad humana. Las ideas de Platon y Descartes, Hegel y Heidegger, Nietzsche y Sartre se ven en conflicto a lo largo de la obra de Contreras, mientras busca una representacion mas clara de la sociedad contemporanea costarricense. Contreras simultaneamente emplea y cuestiona la eficacia de multiples tropos visuales para desarrollar su critica social y politica de la sociedad costarricense en cuatro de sus obras: Unica mirando al mar (1993), Los Peor (1995), Urbanoscopio (1998) y Cierto Azul (2009). Este articulo traza el paralelismo entre el desarrollo de metaforas opticas en la obra de Contreras y su cuestionamiento continuo de la eficacia de las mismas para representar la realidad humana. En ultima instancia, la optica de las obras de Contreras "arroja luz" en los grupos que frecuentemente quedan invisibilizados por las estructuras ideologicas de la sociedad contemporanea y de esa manera forma una nueva vision critica de los discursos utopicos del progreso neoliberal que han predominado en el hemisferio durante las ultimas decadas.
Characterizing binary simplical matroids

In an earlier paper we defined a class of matroids whose circuit are combinatorial generalizations of simple polytopes; these matroids are the binary analogue of the simplical geometrics of Crapo and Rota. Here we find necessary and sufficient conditions for a matroid to be isomorphic to such a binary simplical matroid.
Comparing Two Service Delivery Models for Homeless Individuals With Complex Behavioral Health Needs: Preliminary Data From Two SAMHSA Treatment for Homeless Studies

Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) and the Comprehensive, Continuous, Integrated System of Care (CCISC) are two models for delivering services to homeless persons with complex behavioral health needs. This quasi-experimental study presents preliminary data comparing these two programs. The first program was based out of a community mental health center and utilized the ACT model of care with supported housing (ACT-SH), and the second program was based out of a substance abuse treatment agency and used the CCISC model of care in a residential treatment facility (CCISC-RT). Participants completed clinical assessment interviews at baseline before being admitted to the programs and then 6 months later. Measures included the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) to measure mental health symptoms; the Treatment Services Needed and Received (TSNR) to assess service needs, utilization, and levels of unmet needs; and a tool assessing employment, housing, and past-month substance use. Results indicated that participants i...
A Comparative Thermodynamic and Experimental Analysis on Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Glycerin

Glycerin production has soared with the increase in biodiesel production in recent years. One possibility of using this excess glycerin is in hydrogen production. Steam reforming of glycerin for hydrogen production involves complex reactions. As a result, several intermediate byproducts are formed and end up in the product stream, affecting the final purity of the hydrogen produced. Furthermore, the yield of the hydrogen depends upon several process variables, such as the temperature, ratio of reactants, and system pressure. In this study, a thermodynamic equilibrium analysis coupled with experimentation has been performed for the steam-reforming process of glycerin over the following variable ranges: pressure of 1−5 atm, temperature of 600−1000 K, and water/glycerin feed ratio of 1:1−9:1. The equilibrium concentrations of different compounds were calculated by the method of direct minimization of the Gibbs free energy. The study revealed that the best conditions for producing hydrogen are as follows: t...
Automatic Beam Current Stabilization for Williams Tube Memories

One difficulty encountered in the operation of the Williams type electrostatic memory is the critical nature of the storage tube beam current. Ordinarily, frequent adjustment is required to maintain this parameter within the reliable operating region. By the use of a simple circuit the adjustment may be made automatically resulting in increased reliability and ease of operation.
Structure of a Many-Particle Quantum-Mechanical Medium

A discussion is given of the wave function of a many-particle system. The wave function itself is quite complex, containing all combinations of "clusters" of interacting particles. Expectation values, however may be calculated in a straightforward manner, as is shown in detail. In particular, the expectation value of an operator may be expanded in "linked clusters," each "linked cluster" being weighted with its probability of occurrence in the wave function. The theory is applied to the calculation of the momentum spectrum and pair correlation functin for a dilute gas, a degenerate Fermi-Dirac system, and a degenerate Bose-Einstein system of hard spheres.
Prioritisation of software requirements using grey relational analysis

While many efforts have been undertaken to prioritise requirements in software projects, almost none has shown practical methods to do so. Most methods that produce consistent results tend to be complex and consequently difficult to implement. On the other hand, informal methods can save time and are easy to implement, but lack the structure and consistency needed to reliably analyse requirements. This paper introduces a new approach for prioritising software requirements. Because of the imprecise nature of requirement and attribute data, this approach represents the problem as a grey multi-attribute decision problem by relying on grey relational analysis to address this decision problem. In addition, the approach allows decision makers to use an objective or subjective weighting scheme to model the importance of attributes before solving the decision problem. This approach is practical and can be easily implemented as a decision making tool to assist decision makers in prioritising requirements.
Adipocyte differentiation-related protein in human skeletal muscle: relationship to insulin sensitivity.

Objective: To determine whether adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP), a lipid droplet—associated protein that binds to and sequesters intracellular fatty acids, is 1) expressed in human skeletal muscle and 2) differentially regulated in human skeletal muscle obtained from obese non-diabetic (OND) and obese diabetic (OD) subjects. Research Methods and Procedures: Ten OND subjects and 15 OD subjects underwent a weight loss or pharmacological intervention program to improve insulin sensitivity. Anthropometric data, hemoglobin A1C, fasting glucose, lipids, and glucose disposal rate were determined at baseline and at completion of studies. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle (SkM) were obtained in the fasting state from OND and OD subjects. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting. Results: ADRP was highly expressed in SkM from OND (4.4 ± 1.54 AU/10 μg, protein, n = 10) and OD (5.02 ± 1.33 AU/10 μg, n = 12) subjects. OND subjects undergoing weight loss had decreased triglyceride levels and improved insulin action. SkM ADRP content increased with weight loss from 5.14 ± 2.15 AU/10 μg to 9.92 ± 1.57 AU/10 μg (p < 0.025). OD subjects were treated with either troglitazone or metformin, together with glyburide, for 3 to 4 months. Both treatments attained similar levels of glycemic control. OD subjects with lower baseline ADRP content (2.85 ± 1.07 AU/10 μg, n = 6) displayed up-regulation of ADRP expression (to 9.27 ± 2.76 AU/10 μg, p < 0.025). Discussion: ADRP is the predominant lipid droplet—associated protein in SkM, and low ADRP expression is up-regulated in circumstances of improved glucose tolerance. Up-regulation of ADRP may act to sequester fatty acids as triglycerides in discrete lipid droplets that could protect muscle from the detrimental effects of fatty acids on insulin action and glucose tolerance.
FERA readout system for APEX

Abstract A data acquisition system is described for processing energy and timing signals from large arrays of solid-state detectors and photomultiplier tubes. Signals are digitized using Fast Encoding and Readout ADCs (FERAs), and then downloaded to Data Stacks for subsequent readout via CAMAC. The acquisition electronics uses additional ECL modules to make logical decisions about data compression and synchronization. Three modes of readout are available, providing varying degrees of event compression. The system is characterized by a very short readout period, as well as the ease with which readout mode can be reconfigured. This FERA readout system is currently being used in the ATLAS Positron EXperiment (APEX) at Argonne National Laboratory.
Transposable Elements in Lactococci: A Review

Abstract Genetic studies have identified the presence of transposable elements within the genus Lactococcus, which includes industrially important microorganisms used in the production of fermented dairy products. Three insertion sequences have been fully characterized in addition to several reports of transposition like events. The three insertion sequence elements, ISS 1 , IS 904 , and IS 981 , exhibit the physical and genetic properties characteristic of known insertion sequences. They are closely related to insertion sequences isolated from a wide variety of microorganisms. In lactococci, insertion sequence elements are associated with lactose and sucrose metabolism, proteinase activity, nisin production and immunity, conjugal transfer determinants, and bacteriophage resistance, which are attributes significant for growth in a milk environment. The characteristics, involvement in lactococcal evolution, and recent developments as tools for genetic engineering of the lactococcal elements are discussed.
Separation of benzodiazepines by electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry

Benzodiazepines are a commonly abused class of drugs; requiring analytical techniques that can separate and detect the drugs in a rapid time period. In this paper, the two-dimensional separation of five benzodiazepines was shown by electrospray ionization (ESI) ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)–mass spectrometry (MS). In this study, both the two dimensions of separation (m/z and mobility) and the high resolution of our IMS instrument enabled confident identification of each of the five benzodiazepines studied. This was a significant improvement over previous IMS studies that could not separate many of the analytes due to low instrumental resolution. The benzodiazepines that contain a hydroxyl group in their molecular structure (lorazepam and oxazepam) were found to form both the protonated molecular ion and dehydration product as predominant ions. Experiments to isolate the parametric reasons for the dehydration ion formation showed that it was not the result of corona discharge processes or the potential applied to the needle. However, the potential difference between the needle and first drift ring did influence both the relative intensity ratios of the two ions and the ion sensitivity. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Teaching Bayesian analysis to Emergency Medicine residents.

Abstract— Our objective was to determine if a brief didactic would improve Emergency Medicine (EM) resident performance at using a key evidence-based medicine (EBM) concept. We used a prospective, before and after, assessment of EM resident estimates of post-test pulmonary embolism (PE) probability for a defined pre-test probability, computed tomography (CT) and D-dimer results. The survey provided test sensitivity, and specificity for D-dimer and CT. Three months later, residents attended a brief didactic conference on how to use Fagan's Nomogram and likelihood ratios (LRs) to calculate post-test probability of disease. The accuracy of estimates of post-test PE probability was reassessed. The absolute percentage difference in resident estimates from the true post-test PE probabilities decreased from 14.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.7%–19.9%) to 4.5% (95% CI 2.0–6.8%) after the educational intervention. This 10% effect size was statistically significant, p = 0.002. The study demonstrates the efficacy of the lecture method in teaching an EBM concept to EM residents.
INVESTIGATIONS OF CRYSTAL-CHEMICAL VARIABILITY IN LEAD URANYL OXIDE HYDRATES. II. FOURMARIERITE

Structures have been refined for twelve crystals of fourmarierite from various localities in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and one synthetic crystal. Single-crystal diffraction data were collected using Mo Ka X-radiation and a CCD-based detector mounted on a Bruker three-circle diffractometer. All crystals have orthorhombic symmetry, space group Bb21m. The natural crystals have similar unit-cell parameters: a 14.00‐14.03, b 16.40‐16.48, c 14.32‐14.38 A. The parameters for the synthetic crystal, which contains less Pb than the natural crystals, are a 13.938(2), b 16.638(3), c 14.672(2) A. The structures refined to agreement indices (R1) in the range of 3.6 to 6.2%. The structure of fourmarierite contains uranyl pentagonal bipyramids that share edges and corners to form sheets oriented parallel to (001). There are two distinct Pb 2+ cations and eight H2O groups located in the interlayer. On the basis of the structure refinements, the site occupancy of Pb(1) in the natural crystals is typically deficient, ranging from 71 to 100%, whereas the site occupancy of Pb(2) is ~100% in the crystals studied. In the synthetic crystal the Pb( 1) and Pb(2) occupancies are 13% and 87%, respectively. Increase of the Pb content is correlated with a minor increase in the a unitcell parameter, as well as large decreases in the b and c unit-cell parameters, and the unit-cell volume. The substitution O 2‐ $ (OH) ‐ at two anion sites [O(12) and O(15)] in the sheet of uranyl polyhedra provides the charge-balance mechanism associated with interlayer cation variation. The structural formula for fourmarierite may be written as Pb 1‐x[(UO2)4O3‐2x(OH)4+2x](H2O)4, Z = 8, with the constituents of the sheet of uranyl polyhedra enclosed in square braces.
The Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis A Review of Atherosclerosis and Restenosis

Insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and -II) and their regulatory proteins are secreted by cells of the cardiovascular system. They are growth promoters for arterial cells and mediators of cardiovascular disease. IGFs are bound to IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), which modulate IGF ligand-receptor interaction and consequently to IGF action. IGFBPs are in turn posttranslationally modulated by specific proteases. This dynamic balance (IGFs, IGFBPs, and IGFBP proteases) constitutes the IGF axis and ultimately determines the extent of IGF-dependent cellular effects. Dysregulated actions of this axis influence coronary atherosclerosis through effects on vascular smooth muscle cell growth, migration, and extracellular matrix synthesis in the atherosclerotic plaque. IGF-I promotes macrophage chemotaxis, excess LDL cholesterol uptake, and release of proinflammatory cytokines. Endothelial cells also receive the effects of IGFs stimulating their migration and organization forming capillary networks. Neointimal hyperplasia of restenosis after coronary artery injury is also modulated by the IGF axis. IGFs stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration to form the neointima and upregulate tropoelastin synthesis after disruption of the elastic layer. Understanding IGF axis regulation establishes a scientific basis for strategies directed to limit or reverse plaque growth and vulnerability in atherosclerosis and in the neointimal hyperplasia of restenosis.
Morphology of polyanhydride copolymers: Time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering studies of crystallization

Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to study the isothermal crystallization kinetics of a family of polyanhydride copolymers consisting of 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane and sebacic acid monomers. In situ SAXS experiments permitted the direct observation of the crystallization kinetics. The structural parameters (the long period, lamellar thickness, and degree of crystallinity) were obtained from Lorentz-corrected intensity profiles, one-dimensional correlation functions, and interface distribution functions to form a comprehensive picture of the crystal morphology. The combination of these three analyses provided information not only on the lamellar dimensions but also on the polydispersity (nonuniformity) of these dimensions. Where possible, the crystallization kinetics were interpreted with a modified version of the Avrami equation. The results can be used to perform the rational design of controlled-drug-release formulations because crystallinity affects drug-release kinetics. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 463–477, 2005
Statutory Interpretation from the Inside: Methods Appendix

This is the Methods Appendix detailing the study design for Abbe R. Gluck & LIsa Schultz Bressman, Statutory Interpretation from the Inside, Parts I and II (65 Stan L. Rev. 901 (2013) and 66 Stan. L. Rev. -- (forthcoming 2014).The paper "Statutory Interpretation from the Inside -- An Empirical Study of Congressional Drafting, Delegation and the Canons: Part I" to which these Appendices apply is available at the following URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2244952
OMISSION AND RESPONSIBILITY IN LEGAL THEORY

Is the act/omission distinction relevant to assessments of responsibility, and if so, why? The traditional view is that the distinction is relevant in that ceteris paribus acts are more blameworthy than omissions. Until about the 1960s that position tended to be assumed rather than justified, but since then there has been considerable debate over the issue. Some philosophers have challenged the validity of the moral position upon which the distinction rests, and some have questioned its conceptual grounding.See, e.g., J. Bennett, Whatever the Consequences Analysis, 26 (1966); P. Unger, LIVING HIGH AND LETTING DIE (1996) on the moral relevance of the AOD. See, e.g., J. Bennett, THE ACT ITSELF (1995); B. Vermazen, Negative Acts, in ESSAYS ON DAVIDSON: ACTIONS AND EVENTS 95 (Vermazen and Hintikka, eds., 1985) on the concept of omission. But others have come to its defense.See, e.g., A.M. Honore, Are Omissions Less Culpable? in ESSAYS FOR PATRICK ATIYAH 31 (Cane and Stapleton, eds., 1991); M. Moore, ACT AND CRIME 23 (1993). So the question remains. Exactly what (if anything) does the act/omission distinction (henceforth AOD) tell us about responsibility in general or legal responsibility?
The Effects of Ginseng, Ephedrine, and Caffeine on Cognitive Performance, Mood and Energy

A variety of claims regarding the purported energy-enhancing properties of nutritional supplements and food constituents have recently been made. It appears that the supplements most frequently associated with such assertions are ginseng, ephedrine, and caffeine. Claims of increased energy are difficult to evaluate objectively because their meaning is not usually defined or specified. Often it is not clear whether the claims refer to physical or mental energy or both. Furthermore, an agreed upon scientific definition of either physical or mental energy enhancement does not exist. In spite of obvious differences in what the term physical energy, as opposed to mental energy implies, there is no clear scientific consensus on whether there is a difference between the two types of energy. Because the substances in question have been anecdotally associated with improvements in both physical and mental performance, their effects on both functions will be discussed, but with an emphasis placed on cognitive function and mood. Of the three substances discussed, caffeine's effects on cognitive and physical function, mood, and energy are best understood. It is clear that this food/drug enhances these functions when administered in moderate doses. Ephedrine may also enhance certain physical and mental functions related to "energy," but the evidence that ginseng has such properties is exceedingly weak.
East German Higher Education Policies and Student Resistance, 1945–1948

Those who opposed Communist rule in East Germany often did so because Communism in practice strongly reminded them of the fascism they had experienced in the Third Reich. The new East German regime was also one that attempted total control of people's lives; therefore it became natural to describe it as totalitar. Most sensitive to the similarities between the old and new regimes were university students. They displayed stronger direct opposition to the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in the years from 1946–1949 than any other social group. This is reflected in the political battles that were fought in universities during these years, leading to SED election failures in the elections of the postwar years: 1946/47 and late 1947. The latter were the last freely contested elections in East Germany until 1989. It is also reflected in the disproportionate number of students arrested by Soviet and East German authorities in the early postwar years.
Multivariate MTM filters-analysis and design options

The modified trimmed mean (MTM) filters are known to possess desirable robustness and detail preservation properties. They combine the averaging operation with the median operation which implies that the filters also attenuate noise efficiently. We investigate multivariate extensions of the MTM filters. In the multivariate case, there is no unique way to define the MTM filters and hence there are several design options. A few of the most promising definitions for these filters and various design options are studied. The robustness of multivariate MTM filters is analyzed using the influence function approach. Filtering examples are also given using RGB color images.