cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The design and operation of a 100-kg/h electric melter for nuclear waste vitrification

The vitrification of simulated nuclear waste calcines was studied in a ceramic-lined melter with a glass surface area of 0.76 m2. The melter contained 0.25 m3 of glass heated by the flow of an AC current (ranging from 600-1200 A) between two Inconel-690 slab-type electrodes immersed directly in the glass at either end of the melter tank. The melter was maintained at operating temperatures for 13.5 months and produced 62000 kg of glass. The maximum sustained operating period was 122 h, during which glass was produced at the rate of 70 kg/h. The basis design features of the melter, and some of the operating experiences, are discussed. The proposed use of ceramic-lined electric-heated glass melters for the vitrification of nuclear wastes is feasible, but additional studies of the chemistry of the melting process and of the corrosion process of the complex nuclear waste glasses are indicated.
The role of crack blunting in sustained load crack growth

Sustained load crack growth occurs in metals following critical crack extension above KIc and in aggressive environments while maintaining a constant load below KIc. In this paper, crack arrest measurements are performed on precracked, 0.0254-m thick, side-grooved WOL specimens exposed to 34.5 MN/sq m hydrogen at ambient temperature. The specimens are loaded inside a pressure vessel while in contact with the high pressure hydrogen environment. Crack growth is observed with each loading increment. The crack blunting observed in the fracture mechanics tests on 321 stainless steel is found to be similar to that produced in the 321 stainless steel tensile specimens. Rounding and branching of the crack decreases the effective stress intensity at the crack tip. It is possible, for materials in which cracks tend to blunt or branch in hydrogen, that although cracks will arrest at a relatively high stress intensity in decreasing stress intensity test, a crack may begin to grow at a lower stress intensity when loaded in hydrogen, and the crack may continue to grow when the stress intensity is continually increasing.
Ventilation tube placement in a managed care population

To date, little information is available regarding the actual incidence of ventilation tube placement in a known population of pediatric patients. We evaluated the incidence of ventilation tube placement in a known population of pediatric patients whose health coverage is provided through a large managed care organization. Epidemiological data provided by a large managed care organization on a population of 67995 children from July 1, 1993, through June 30, 1994, were evaluated. A primary care physician referral to an otolaryngologist was required for assessment, and precertification for ventilation tube placement was obtained using explicit criteria developed by a large national health services utilization review organization. In children younger than 24 months, 30.11% underwent ventilation tube placement compared with an overall incidence of 4.49% for all children younger than 18 years. The details of this study are presented to understand better the implications of the epidemiology of otitis media and how it relates to a physician's participation in a managed care organization. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:226-228
Training phonological awareness: A study with inner-city kindergarten children

A small-scale, longitudinal, phonological awareness training study with inner-city kindergarten children was conducted in four classrooms. The central goals of the study were the creation and evaluation of a phonological awareness training program and a preliminary look at the consequence of that training on basic phonological processes.
Dynamic entropy as a measure of caging and persistent particle motion in supercooled liquids.

The length-scale dependence of the dynamic entropy is studied in a molecular dynamics simulation of a binary Lennard-Jones liquid above the mode-coupling critical temperature ${T}_{c}.$ A number of methods exist for estimating the entropy of dynamical systems, and we utilize an approximation based on calculating the mean first-passage time (MFPT) for particle displacement because of its tractability and its accessibility in real and simulation measurements. The MFPT dynamic entropy $S(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ is defined as equal to the inverse of the average first-passage time for a particle to exit a sphere of radius \ensuremath{\epsilon}. This measure of the degree of chaotic motion allows us to identify characteristic time and space scales and to quantify the increasingly correlated particle motion and intermittency occurring in supercooled liquids. In particular, we identify a ``cage'' size defining the scale at which the particles are transiently localized, and we observe persistent particle motion at intermediate length scales beyond the scale where caging occurs. Furthermore, we find that the dynamic entropy at the scale of one interparticle spacing extrapolates to zero as the mode-coupling temperature ${T}_{c}$ is approached.
Kinetics of drug release from drug carrier of polymer/TiO2 nanotubes composite—pH dependent study

This study was to investigate the kinetics of drug release from polymer/TiO2 nanotubes composite. Lidocaine and carprofen were selected as model drugs to represent weak base and weak acid drugs, respectively. Mathematical models used to fit the in vitro drug release experimental data indicate that at higher pH, the drug release was first order diffusion controlled. At lower pH, the release of the two drugs exhibits two staged controlled release mechanism. The first phase is due to drug diffusion and the second stage is a result of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer degradation. The rate of drug release from polymer/TiO2 nanotubes drug carrier was mainly controlled by three pH dependent factors: the solubility of the drug, the degree of polymer swelling/degradation, and the electrostatic force between polymer and drug. This study suggests that controlled release could be achieved for polymer/TiO2 nanotubes drug carrier via the modulation of pKa values of polymers and drug solubility. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41570.
Human antibody responses to bacteriophage φX 174: Sequential induction of IgM and IgG subclass antibody☆

We studied the appearance of antigen-specific immunoglobulin classes and IgG subclasses in normal adult human subjects in response to primary, secondary, and tertiary immunization with the T-cell-dependent neo-antigen bacteriophage phi X 174. To complete the study we developed a sensitive, specific, and reproducible ELISA assay which was closely comparable to the widely used neutralization assay for total antibody (r = +0.97) and for IgG antibody (r = +0.93), and reasonably comparable for IgM antibody (r = +0.76). We confirmed that the initial response to primary immunization was predominantly, but not exclusively, IgM antibody. The secondary and tertiary responses demonstrated memory, amplification, and switch from IgM to IgG antibody. There was an orderly appearance of phage-specific IgG subclasses. IgG3 and IgG1 antibodies appeared 2 to 6 weeks after primary immunization. In all subjects there was a marked increase in IgG1 and IgG3 antibody after secondary immunization, and IgG2 antibody followed closely; IgG4 antibody appeared in some subjects. IgM antibody persisted in significant amounts (approx 50%) throughout the secondary response period. Following tertiary immunization, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 antibody consistently increased, and IgG4 antibody appeared in all subjects; IgG1 antibody predominated. Low levels of IgM antibody (approx 1% of total) persisted during the tertiary response. The persisting antibody on long-term follow-up (median 4 years after immunization) was virtually all (greater than 90%) IgG1.
Demonstration of a c.c.d. image processor for two-dimensional edge detection

An analog technique for image processing that provides 2-dimensional edge detection is described. The algorithm implemented is the Sobel operator using a 3 × 3 array of picture elements. The implementation is unique in that a fully integrated circuit approach is employed which has the potential of being integrated directly into either an optical or infrared sensor. The n channel charge-coupled device (c.c.d.) technology used results in a processor area of less than 0.06 cm2, and can provide an increase in processing speeds of several orders of magnitude over general-purpose machines. Typical results from this processor are given and are compared with computer simulation.
Cancer Cell-Derived Interleukin 1α Contributes to Autocrine and Paracrine Induction of Pro-metastatic Genes in Breast Cancer

Abstract Invasion and metastasis of cancer cells is a complex process requiring the activity of proteins that promote extracellular matrix degradation, motility of cancer cells, and angiogenesis. Although exclusively the cancer cells make several of these proteins, few key proteins are derived from stromal cells in response to cancer cell–stromal cell interaction. In this report, we show that the breast cancer cell-derived interleukin-1alpha (IL-1α) plays an important role in expression of pro-metastatic genes in cancer as well as in stromal cells. Neutralizing antibody against IL-1α inhibited IL-6, and IL-8 expression in IL-1α-expressing cancer cells. In addition, this antibody also prevented induction of IL-6, IL-8, and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) but not vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in fibroblasts by conditioned medium (CM) from IL-1α-expressing breast cancer cells. These results suggest that inhibition of IL-1α activity by either neutralizing antibody against IL-1α or chemical inhibitor of IL-1α processing may prevent invasion and metastasis of breast cancer.
The Future Is Now: Promoting Professionalism Among Counselors‐in‐Training

The authors address the need for promoting professionalism among graduate students and new counselors and outline specific, practical suggestions for incorporating professional development activities into training, supervision, professional, and organizational practice.
The biogeographical realm Antarctica: A proposal

Abstract This paper diseusses the plaee and ex te nt of the Antarctic Realm within a biogeographic system of the world. Within this realm, I propose four biogeographical provinces (Maudlandia, Marielandia, Insulantarctica and Neozealandia) and give brief justifications for this proposal.
Validity of the t - J model

Emery and Reiter [Phys. Rev. B 38, 11 938 (1988)] have questioned the validity of a single-band t-J model to describe the low-energy properties of ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes. Their criticisms are based on an examination of the exact solution in a ferromagnetic background. In this Comment we present several arguments which lead us to conclude that this ferromagnetic limit however is compatible with the t-J model.
Clozapine and body mass change

Background: Patients treated with clozapine have been reported to gain weight. We hypothesized that patients would also experience an increase in body mass, which can be more directly related to cardiovascular morbidity. Methods: Forty-two patients who had been treated with clozapine for at least 1 year were weighed and measured, and waist-hip ratios (WHR) and body mass index (BMI), measured as kg/m2, were calculated. Patients were also asked about a series of factors potentially related to change in body mass. Results: Female patients gained both weight and body mass. Their WHR after 37 months of clozapine therapy was .83, with a significant increase in BMI from 23.2 to 29.1 kg/m2 (p = .001). Male subjects also gained weight and body mass. Their WHR after 39 months of clozapine therapy was .93, with a significant increase in BMI from 26.4 to 29.7 kg/m2 (p Conclusions: Both female and male patients treated with clozapine gain body mass. This may place them at greater risk for cardiovascular morbidity.
Measurement of Equilibrium Concentrations of Vacancies in Copper

The net added fraction of thermally-generated atomic sites, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}N}{N}$, has been measured, during equilibrium heating to near the melting point, in a coarse-grained copper bar of 99.999% purity. The linear thermal expansion, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}L}{L}$, and the x-ray lattice expansion, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}a}{a}$, as measured simultaneously, agree within the measurement error of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ throughout the temperature interval between 56 and 850\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. At 1000 and at 1075\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}N}{N}=3(\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}L}{L}\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}a}{a})$ is (0.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ and (1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, respectively. Using expected limits for the binding energies of vacancy clusters, it is concluded that $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}N}{N}$ consists almost entirely of monovacancies. An assumed value of $(1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)k$ for the formation entropy, combined with these concentrations, yields a monovacancy formation energy of (1.17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11) eV. The ratio of this formation energy to the activation energy for self-diffusion is therefore about 0.57, near the ratios found for the other noble metals. The results imply a monovacancy migration energy of (0.88\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.13) eV. The present results are compared with the results of a wide variety of other investigations of defects in copper which include: (1) theoretical calculations, (2) quenching and annealing, (3) thermal diffusion, (4) annealing after irradiation, and (5) annealing after cold work. In certain cases apparent disagreement is found. However, it is concluded that in no case is there a sufficiently firm body of experimental data available either to confirm or to contradict the present monovacancy data. The need for further definitive experiments in these areas is emphasized.
Autofluorescence of Eosinophils: a Bone Marrow Study

DURING a fluorescent immuno-histological investigation of bone marrow, we observed that certain granulocytes of the unaltered control series showed intense yellow autofluorescence of their granules instead of the expected light yellow–green autofluorescence of cytoplasm1. These cells were identified as eosinophils by Wright's stain and phase contrast microscopy. We considered this finding an original observation until we recently found a previous reference2. Our report is intended to confirm the reference and quantitate the autofluorescence with reference to individual patients.
Optimization of media nutrient composition for increased photofermentative hydrogen production by Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Abstract By optimizing concentrations of key nutrients in the media of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, we achieved nearly 150-fold greater photofermentative hydrogen (H 2 ) production than was achieved by analogous, sulfur-deprived cultures, which are well known to produce much more H 2 than cultures grown on complete media. This was associated with a 44-fold increase in glycogen concentration. Using response surface methodology to determine optimum conditions, we found that, instead of completely starving cells of sulfur or another essential nutrient, the highest H 2 production (0.81 ± 0.36 μmol H 2 mg Chl −1 h −1 ) occurred with 0.52 mM NH 4 + , 20.1 μM SO 4 2− , and 46 mM HCO 3 − . H 2 profiling experiments provided initial screening of NH 4 + , HCO 3 − , SO 4 2− , and PO 4 3− concentrations and identified the significant variables in H 2 production to be NH 4 + , SO 4 2− , and the interactions of both NH 4 + and SO 4 2− with HCO 3 − . Our results indicate that optimized amounts of nitrogen and sulfur in the nutrient media are superior to total deprivation of these nutrients for H 2 production.
Position resolution and energy spectra from a two-dimensional gas proportional detector in the region of the krypton K-edge

Abstract Results are presented of the position resolution and energy spectra from a two-dimensional gas proportional detector in the region of the krypton K-edge of 14.326 keV. Measurements were made with a gas mixture of Kr/10%CO 2 and the position resolution was fit by a simple model based on the photoelectron and Auger electron range. In the energy region below the K-edge, X-rays interact primarily in the L-shell, yielding an energetic photoelectron that limits position resolution to no better than several hundred μm. For X-rays with energy just above the K-edge, position resolution in the range of 90 μm FWHM was achieved using the technique of escape peak gating. We found broad low-level wings forming about 31% of the total area in the position spectrum above the K-edge, indicating that the L-shell interactions are included (and inseparable) in the gating technique of photopeak events within this energy range. Furthermore, the shape of the position spectrum was well explained when the energy dependence of σ L / ( σ K + σ L ) was considered above the K-edge.
Civil Society, Science, and Empire in Late Republican France: The Foundation of Paris's Museum of Man

In 1938 an important civic institution for the support of science opened in Paris: the Musee de l'homme, a state-of-the-art anthropological museum under the direction of Paul Rivet. From the outset, there was more to the museum than met the eye. A socialist and humanist, Rivet used both bones and objects to try to convince the public of the equality of all peoples and cultures. Behind these displays lay research facilities designed to lure practitioners from all branches and schools of French anthropology under a single roof, that humanity might be studied there in its totality. Ironically, at this most "democratic" of museums, artifacts and funds from the empire were essential. Therefore colonialism at the Musee de l'homme went unchallenged.
The -method and Fredholm integral equations

Abstract Instead of using approximate methods on the equation f(x) = g(x) + λ ∫ 0 1 K(x,t)f(t) dt , the τ-method is employed to obtain the exact solution of the equation h(x) = g(x) + λ ∫ 0 1 K(x,t)h(t) dt + R(x,λ) ,The analytical from of R(x, λ) determines the type of approximation which results. In this paper R(x, λ) is chosen to be a function which is rational in the parameter λ in which case, the approximation to the true solution has the same character. An example is given.
Performance of high rate turbo codes on a PR4-equalized magnetic recording channel

We discuss the applicability of high rate turbo codes for magnetic recording, citing in particular the attractiveness of interleaver gain as opposed to coding gain. We then examine the performance of rate 4/5, 8/9, and 16/17 turbo codes on a PRA-equalized magnetic recording channel at a user density of S/sub u/=2.0. Simulation results show that a gain of 7.1 dB relative to the uncoded situation is attainable at an error rate of 10/sup -5/ for the rate 4/5 and 8/9 codes, whereas the rate 16/17 code achieves a gain of 6.5 dB.
Physical attraction, attachment styles, and dating development:

We test theoretical arguments developed by Hazan and Diamond (2000) suggesting that attachment theory presents a more parsimonious theory of mate selection than Buss’ sexual strategies theory. We hypothesized that physical attractiveness and indicators of attachment anxiety and avoidance would be related to mate choice variables (e.g., number of first dates, and the probability of entering into an exclusive relationship in a 32-week period). We used a sample (N = 242) of Latter-day Saint (LDS) young single adults. In general, our results support the idea that both physical attractiveness and attachment dimensions are important for understanding romantic relationship formation and dating processes. Physical attractiveness is generally the strongest predictor, and is more meaningful for females. Implications for theory are discussed.
The role of heat shock proteins in gastrointestinal diseases

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a highly conserved family of proteins which inhabit almost all subcellular locations and cellular membranes. Depending on their location, these proteins perform a variety of chaperoning functions including folding of newly synthesised polypeptides. HSPs also play a major role in the protection of cells against stressful and injury-inciting stimuli. By virtue of this protective function, HSPs have been shown to prevent acinar cell injury in acute pancreatitis. Also, the levels of HSPs have been shown to be markedly elevated in various forms of cancers when compared with non-transformed cells. Further, inhibition of HSPs has been shown to induce apoptotic cell death in cancer cells suggesting that inhibition of HSPs has a potential to emerge as novel anti-cancer therapy, either as monotherapy or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. Several studies have suggested that HSPs can interact with and inhibit both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis at multiple sites. Besides the anti-apoptotic role of HSPs, recent studies suggest that they play a role in the generation of anti-cancer immunity, and attempts have been made to utilise this property of HSPs in the generation of anti-cancer vaccines. The anti-apoptotic function and mechanism of various subtypes of HSPs as well as the current status of anti-HSP therapy are discussed in this review.
Benzodiazepines and heightened aggressive behavior in rats: reduction by GABAA/α1 receptor antagonists

Rationale Positive modulators of the benzodiazepine/GABAA receptor complex can heighten aggressive behavior; the GABAA/α1 subunit may play a critical role in benzodiazepine-modulated aggressive behavior.
Prioritisation of candidate genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms for dental caries susceptibility

Discovery of causal genes and awareness of risk factors for dental caries may assist development of personalised prevention and early detection of dental caries. A computational approach to identify and prioritise candidate genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was developed and applied to dental caries susceptibility. Information on normal biological functions from gene ontology (GO) and on clinical relevance from the genetic association studies reported in literature identified good candidate genes. Although no significant agreement was found between the selected genes/SNPs from our study to those obtained from the first genome wide association study (GWAS) for caries susceptibility, it should be noted that the GWAS showed only moderate to weak associations. The genes that were prioritised in our study may still serve as high priority targets for searches of rare variants by whole exome/genome sequencing in future.
Physical mechanisms of importance to laser thrombolysis

Bubble dynamics plays a key role in many medical procedures including Laser Thrombolysis (L-T), acoustic and laser lithotripsy, interocular laser surgery, photoacoustic drug delivery, and perhaps ultrasonic imaging. The authors are investigating the effect that interfaces of different materials, especially biological and biomedical materials, have on the dynamics of nearby bubbles. Collapsing bubbles often become nonspherical, resulting in spectacular directed motion with potentially both beneficial and undesirable consequences. This directed motion may explain L-T mass removal and some types of laser-induced tissue damage.
Improving actual handover behavior with a simulation-based training intervention:

A simulation-based training intervention to improve patient handovers between anesthesia providers (APs) and Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) nurses (RNs) in adult (VUH) and pediatric (VCH) PACUs, was developed, implemented, and evaluated. The intervention included didactic webinars, an electronic handover report tool, a 2-hour simulation-based training session and a 1-hr “refresher” course several months later. Training focused on interpersonal skills and overcoming obstacles to effective handovers. Trained nurses observed and evaluated 981 actual PACU handovers over 12 months using a standardized rating tool. A different blinded observer scored pre- and post-training simulated handovers. A culture survey was administered before and after the intervention. After training, handover quality improved significantly with more than 70% of handovers rated as “effective” in both PACUs (P<0.001). The training status of the handover giver (AP) was the critical determinant of handover effectiveness. Following full ...
DNA exhibits multi-stranded binding recognition on glass microarrays

In the course of exploring the hybridization properties of glass DNA microarrays, multi-stranded DNA structures were observed that could not be accounted for by classical Watson–Crick base pairing. Non-denatured double-stranded DNA array elements were shown to hybridize to single-stranded (ss)DNA probes. Similarly, ssDNA array elements were shown to bind duplex DNA probes. This led to a series of experiments demonstrating the formation of multi-stranded DNA structures on the surface of microarrays. These structures were observed with a number of heterogeneous sequences, including both purine and pyrimidine bases, with shared sequence identity between the ssDNA and one of the duplex strands. Furthermore, we observed a strong binding preference near the ends of duplexes containing a 3′-homologous strand. We suggest that such binding interactions on cationic solid surfaces could serve as a model for a number of biological processes mediated through multi-stranded DNA.
In Vitro and in Vivo Cytotoxicity to EL-4 Sarcoma in New Zealand Mice

The immune response to EL-4 tumor was studied in female NZB/W, BALB/c and CDF1 mice after both in vivo and in vitro immunization with spleen cells as attackers and 51Cr-labeled EL-4 cells as targets. NZB/W mice demonstrated marked changes with age in the cytotoxic response after both in vivo and in vitro sensitization, whereas the other strains did not. These changes were characterized by hyporesponsiveness at 9 months of age, and hyper-responsiveness at 6 months of age, relative to 1 month of age. Antibody to EL-4 tumor was found in unimmunized NZB/W mice and tended to increase with age. Nevertheless, the cytotoxic antibody response in NZB/W mice after in vivo sensitization was similar at 1 month and 6 months of age, but was reduced at 9 months of age. Nine-month-old NZB/W mice failed to mount an adequate cytotoxic response and were killed by the tumor, whereas 1- and 6-month-old animals mounted cytotoxic responses and survived.
Adolescent Social Initiative Antecedents in the Ecology of Social Connections

This article reports on an investigation of adolescent social initiative, a particular form of adolescent social competence. Specifically, the study explored the extent to which variations in this form of social competence can be understood as a function of the history of interpersonal relationships in the lives of adolescents. The sample (N = 750) consisted of two age cohorts (ages 11-13 and 14-17) that were assessed annually for 3 consecutive years (1995-1997) by way of a mailed self-report survey. Findings indicated that positive aspects of the parent-adolescent relationship (support, behavioral control) measured 2 years previous predicted adolescent social initiative directly or indirectly through the quality of interpersonal relationship with best friend, school officials, and community adults measured 1 year previous to the assessment of social initiative and/or through adolescent individual characteristics (self-esteem, antisocial behavior) measured concomitantly with social initiative. Although si...
Parallel pathways mediating both sound localization and gaze control in the forebrain and midbrain of the barn owl

The hypothesis that sound localization and gaze control are mediated in parallel in the midbrain and forebrain was tested in the barn owl. The midbrain pathway for gaze control was interrupted by reversible inactivation (muscimol injection) or lesion of the optic tectum. Auditory input to the forebrain was disrupted by reversible inactivation or lesion of the primary thalamic auditory nucleus, nucleus ovoidalis (homolog of the medial geniculate nucleus). Barn owls were trained to orient their gaze toward auditory or visual stimuli presented from random locations in a darkened sound chamber. Auditory and visual test stimuli were brief so that the stimulus was over before the orienting response was completed. The accuracy and kinetics of the orienting responses were measured with a search coil attached to the head. Unilateral inactivation of the optic tectum had immediate and long-lasting effects on auditory orienting behavior. The owls failed to respond on a high percentage of trials when the auditory test stimulus was located on the side contralateral to the inactivated tectum. When they did respond, the response was usually (but not always) short of the target, and the latency of the response was abnormally long. When the auditory stimulus was located on the side ipsilateral to the inactivated tectum, responses were reliable and accurate, and the latency of responses was shorter than normal. In a tectally lesioned animal, response probability and latency to contralateral sounds returned to normal within 2 weeks, but the increase in response error (due to undershooting) persisted for at least 12 weeks. Despite abnormalities in the response, all of the owls were capable of localizing and orienting to contralateral auditory stimuli on some trials with the optic tectum inactivated or lesioned. This was not true for contralateral visual stimuli. Immediately following tectal inactivation, the owls exhibited complete neglect for visual stimuli located more than 20 degrees to the contralateral side (i.e., beyond the edge of the visual field of the ipsilateral eye). In the tectally lesioned animal, this neglect diminished with time. Unilateral inactivation of nucleus ovoidalis had different effects in three owls. Response error to contralateral sound sources increased for one owl and decreased for two; response error to ipsilateral sources did not change significantly for any. The probability of response to ipsilateral (but not contralateral) stimuli decreased for one owl. The latency of response to ipsilateral (but not contralateral) stimuli increased for one and decreased for another. All of the owls, however, routinely localized and oriented toward ipsilateral and contralateral auditory stimuli with nucleus ovoidalis inactivated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Optimal path selection for Ethernet over SONET under inaccurate link-state information

Ethernet over SONET (EoS) is a popular approach for interconnecting geographically distant Ethernet segments using a SONET transport infrastructure. It typically uses virtual concatenation (VC) for dynamic bandwidth management. The aggregate SONET bandwidth that supports a given EoS system is obtained by "concatenating" a number of virtual channels (VCs), which together form a virtually concatenated group (VCG). This aggregate bandwidth can be increased on demand by adding one or more VCs to the existing VCG. The new VC must be selected such that its end-to-end delay is within a certain range that reflects the delays of all existing VCs in the VCG and the available memory buffer of the EoS system. Algorithmically, the problem of selecting such a VC becomes that of finding a path in a graph network that is bounded by an upper and lower bounds. In this paper, we first prove that the TSCP problem is NP-complete. We then propose a new solution for it based on the "backward-forward" search approach. We show that this solution is much more efficient than the previously proposed MLW-KSP algorithm. We then consider the TSCP problem under inaccurate link information, in which the delay and available bandwidth for each link are taken as random variables. The problem is now formulated as that of finding the most probable path that satisfies the upper and lower delay constraints. We consider two cases. In the first case, we assume that the link delays are random but the link bandwidths are exact. We then consider the more general case where both the link delays and bandwidths are random. Heuristic solutions are presented for both cases. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms and to demonstrate the advantages of the probabilistic path selection approach over the classic trigger-based approach.
Crystal structure of the bi-functional quinone reductase/ O-methyl transferase GilM from the gilvocarcin biosynthetic pathway (584.6)

Gilvocarcin V, produced by Streptomyces griseoflavus and various other Streptomyces strains, shows significant antitumor activity and remarkably low toxicity. The enzyme GilM a pivotal enzyme in the gilvocarcin biosynthetic pathway exhibits dual functionality in that it catalyzes a reduction of a quinone intermediate to a hydroquinone and an O-methylation. GilM mediates its reductive catalysis through the aid of GilR that provides FADH2 for the GilM reaction, through which FAD is regenerated for the next catalytic cycle. This unusual synergy eventually completes the biosynthesis of the polyketide-derived defuco-gilvocarcin chromphore. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of GilM along with insights into its dual functionality and its interaction with the partner enzyme GilR.
Tensor polarization in pion-deuteron elastic scattering

Angular distributions of the deuteron tensor polarization, ${t}_{20}$, in \ensuremath{\pi}-d elastic scattering have been measured at pion energies of 180, 220, and 256 MeV. The experiment and analysis are described in detail. Theoretical calculations in which the effects of pion absorption on the elastic channel are small seem to reproduce the data. An excitation function was measured in order to search for a rap- id energy dependence of ${t}_{20}$. No rapid angular or energy dependence was found near a pion energy of 134 MeV, where other experiments have suggested the existence of dibaryon resonances.
The Effect of Hole Diameter on the Torsional Mechanical Properties of the Equine Third Metacarpal Bone

The torsional monotonic structural material properties of equine metacarpi with or without, either a 5/16 inch or 3/8 inch diameter bicortical lateromedial middiaphyseal hole were assessed to determine the effect of a hole on metacarpal strength. Torsional stiffness was not significantly effected by the presence of a bicortical hole, whereas yield and failure angles, torques and energies of metacarpi with a hole were 51% to 97% of those of intact bones. Significant differences were not apparent for yield and failure mechanical properties between metacarpi with a 5/16 inch diameter hole and metacarpi with a 3/8 inch diameter hole; however, postyield mechanical properties were lower for metacarpi with a 3/8 inch hole. Whereas some metacarpi with a 5/16 inch hole were capable of plastic deformation before failure, metacarpi with a 3/8 inch diameter hole appeared to have sufficient stress concentration to propagate complete fracture on structural yield.
A Neural Network for Damaging Wind Prediction

Abstract A neural network is developed to diagnose which circulations detected by the National Severe Storms Laboratory’s Mesocyclone Detection Algorithm yield damaging wind. In particular, 23 variables characterizing the circulations are selected to be used as the input nodes of a feed-forward, supervised neural network. The outputs of the network represent the existence/nonexistence of damaging wind, based on ground observations. A set of 14 scalar, nonprobabilistic measures and a set of two multidimensional, probabilistic measures are employed to assess the performance of the network. The former set includes measures of accuracy, association, discrimination, skill, and the latter consists of reliability and refinement diagrams. Two classification schemes are also examined. It is found that a neural network with two hidden nodes outperforms a neural network with no hidden nodes when performance is gauged with any of the 14 scalar measures, except for a measure of discrimination where the results are opp...
DISCRIMINATION, WOMEN, AND WORK : Processes and Variations by Race and Class

Research on gender and workplace stratification has made clear that persistent employment, wage, and mobility gaps exist, and that discrimination at organizational and interactional levels is playi...
Nutritional Consequences of Vegetarianism

HEALTH ASPECTS OF VEGETARIANISM ......... . . The Range of Eating Styles Compatible with Health . . DIETARY INADEQUACIES THAT MAY ARISE ON VEGETARIAN DIETS ...... . . Iron Deficiency Anemia , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Megaloblastic Anemias Due to Vitamin B/2 and Folic Acid Deficiencies . Calcium-Deficient Diets " . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . , . . Vitamin D, Rickets, and Osteomalacia . Zinc Deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vitamin B6 ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Nutrients Possibly Low in Vegetarian Diets .. . DECREASED RISKS OF CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASES ON VEGETARIAN DIETS . .
Changes in Fasting Lipids during Puberty.

Objective To describe longitudinal changes in plasma lipid levels and pubertal stage in youths from age 8-18 years, in Project HeartBeat! Study design Fasting blood samples and pubertal stage, using physical assessment of secondary sex characteristics, were obtained every 4 months for up to 4 years in a mixed longitudinal study of 633 children (49.1% female, 20.1% black), initially aged 8, 11, and 14 years. Total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and nonhigh density lipoprotein-cholesterol measurements were obtained. Data were collected from 1991-1995. Results Pubertal stage correlations with age varied among all race-sex groups (range, r = 0.61-0.70), and a given pubertal stage could represent a range of 5 years or more of chronological age. Throughout puberty, levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and nonhigh density lipoprotein-cholesterol decreased, TG in males increased, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and TG in females showed no changes. Within a given pubertal stage, plasma lipid levels tended to differ by race, sex, or both. Conclusions Lipid levels change markedly by pubertal stage, and patterns differ by sex and race. Chronological age ranges widely within a given pubertal stage and is an insensitive indicator of pubertal stage and the related changes in lipid levels. Pubertal development should be considered when determining screening criteria to identify youths with adverse blood lipid levels.
Bringing Together Spatial Demography and Political Science: Reexamining the Big Sort

In this chapter we examine the arguments in Bishop’s The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America is Tearing us Apart from the perspective of a stronger synthesis between demographers and political scientists. We argue that such a synthesis can provide considerable insights into the question of the geographic sorting of partisans. After examining critiques leveled by political scientists against the analyses in The Big Sort, we examine the quite limited consideration of migration studies in Bishop’s book. Here, we identify four central limitations in the book that are produced by this inattention to migration studies. We conclude by examining the opportunity that The Big Sort and its arguments provide for the movement away from research silos and toward greater interdisciplinary research on migration-induced political polarization. Ironically, if Bishop is correct that “the clustering of like-minded Americans is tearing us apart,” the clustering of like-minded scholars – demographers and political scientists engaging in a closer, more fruitful dialogue – may provide us with insights that can help remedy any negative effects of geographic polarization.
Implementation Costs of an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Program in the United States: A Financial Model and Sensitivity Analysis Based on Experiences at a Quaternary Academic Medical Center.

Background Despite positive results from several international Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols, the United States has been slow to adopt ERAS protocols, in part due to concern regarding the expenses of such a program. We sought to evaluate the potential annual net cost savings of implementing a US-based ERAS program. Study Design Using data from existing publications and experience with an ERAS program, a model of net financial costs was developed for surgical groups of escalating numbers of annual cases. Our example scenario provided a financial analysis of the implementation of an ERAS program at a United States academic institution based on data from the ERAS Program for Colorectal Surgery at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Results Based on available data from the United States, ERAS programs lead to reductions in lengths of hospital stay that range from 0.7 to 2.7 days and substantial direct cost savings. Using example data from a quaternary hospital, the considerable cost of $552,783 associated with implementation of an ERAS program was offset by even greater savings in the first year of nearly $948,500, yielding a net savings of $395,717. Sensitivity analysis across several caseload and direct cost scenarios yielded similar savings in 20 of the 27 projections. Conclusions Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols have repeatedly led to reduction in length of hospital stay and improved surgical outcomes. A financial model, based on published data and experience, projects that investment in an ERAS program can also lead to net financial savings for US hospitals.
Understanding the structure and structural degradation mechanisms in high-voltage, lithium-manganese–rich lithium-ion battery cathode oxides: A review of materials diagnostics

Materials diagnostic techniques are the principal tools used in the development of low-cost, high-performance electrodes for next-generation lithium-based energy storage technologies. This review highlights the importance of materials diagnostic techniques in unraveling the structure and the structural degradation mechanisms in high-voltage, high-capacity oxides that have the potential to be implemented in high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries for transportation that can use renewable energy and is less-polluting than today. The rise in CO2 concentration in the earth’s atmosphere due to the use of petroleum products in vehicles and the dramatic increase in the cost of gasoline demand the replacement of current internal combustion engines in our vehicles with environmentally friendly, carbon free systems. Therefore, vehicles powered fully/partially by electricity are being introduced into today’s transportation fleet. As power requirements in all-electric vehicles become more demanding, lithium-ion battery (LiB) technology is now the potential candidate to provide higher energy density. Discovery of layered high-voltage lithium-manganese–rich (HV-LMR) oxides has provided a new direction toward developing high-energy-density LiBs because of their ability to deliver high capacity ( ∼ 250 mA h/g) and to be operated at high operating voltage (∼ 4.7 V). Unfortunately, practical use of HV-LMR electrodes is not viable because of structural changes in the host oxide during operation that can lead to fundamental and practical issues. This article provides the current understanding on the structure and structural degradation pathways in HV-LMR oxides, and manifests the importance of different materials diagnostic tools to unraveling the key mechanism(s). The fundamental insights reported, might become the tools to manipulate the chemical and/or structural aspects of HV-LMR oxides for low cost, high-energy-density LiB applications.
Response Surface Utilization in the Exploration of a Supersonic Business Jet Concept with Application of Emerging Technologies

Commercial and independent market assessments continue to reveal a strong market desire for a supersonic business jet capable of meeting the requirements for supersonic, overland flight. However, the challenge of meeting the as-yet undefined regulations for overland flight, as well as meeting current and future noise and emission regulations, is daunting. An integrated modeling and simulation environment, based on the creation of response surface metamodels, allows for the rapid evaluation of a design space. From this environment the effects on metrics such as emissions, economics, sonic boom profiles aid noise levels can rapidly be seen and manipulated. Such an environment also allows the application of technologies to the vehicle in order to evaluate their potential impact on the system-level metrics.
A Model of Organizational Context and Shared Decision Making: Application to LGBT Racial and Ethnic Minority Patients.

Shared decision making (SDM) occurs when patients and clinicians work together to reach care decisions that are both medically sound and responsive to patients’ preferences and values. SDM is an important tenet of patient-centered care that can improve patient outcomes. Patients with multiple minority identities, such as sexual orientation and race/ethnicity, are at particular risk for poor SDM. Among these dual-minority patients, added challenges to clear and open communication include cultural barriers, distrust, and a health care provider’s lack of awareness of the patient’s minority sexual orientation or gender identity. However, organizational factors like a culture of inclusion and private space throughout the visit can improve SDM with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (“LGBT”) racial/ethnic minority patients who have faced stigma and discrimination. Most models of shared decision making focus on the patient–provider interaction, but the health care organization’s context is also critical. Context—an organization’s structure and operations—can strongly influence the ability and willingness of patients and clinicians to engage in shared decision making. SDM is most likely to be optimal if organizations transform their contexts and patients and providers improve their communication. Thus, we propose a conceptual model that suggests ways in which organizations can shape their contextual structure and operations to support SDM. The model contains six drivers: workflows, health information technology, organizational structure and culture, resources and clinic environment, training and education, and incentives and disincentives. These drivers work through four mechanisms to impact care: continuity and coordination, the ease of SDM, knowledge and skills, and attitudes and beliefs. These mechanisms can activate clinicians and patients to engage in high-quality SDM. We provide examples of how specific contextual changes could make SDM more effective for LGBT racial/ethnic minority populations, focusing especially on transformations that would establish a safe environment, build trust, and decrease stigma.
Striving toward Lean Clean Sheet Design of Space Systems

This paper provides an initial model toward achieving a lean clean sheet design of space systems. It achieves that goal through the incorporation of governing principles of lean derived from the Lean Enterprise Model and combines those principles with applied methodologies that show promise for implementation. The overarching theme of best value design product and process is presented as the goal of a lean clean sheet design. A case example of the model applied to a space-separated interferometer is presented and measures of effectiveness are explored.
Characterization of the tensile behavior of a metallic fiber woven structure

The mechanics of a woven wire mesh material are investigated to characterize the elasto-plastic behavior of this class of materials under tensile conditions. The study focuses on a representative 3...