cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Document capture using a digital camera

This paper covers a method for capturing documents using a digital camera. A typical cheap VGA digital camera (resolution 640 by 480 pixels) does not have adequate resolution to capture text over a page. By displacing the sensor spatially and taking multiple acquisitions we seek to enhance the resolution. There are many approaches in the literature to multi-frame reconstruction. Our approach differs from most previous work in that we make an additional restriction that we wish to enhance the resolution of documents which consist primarily of regions that are spatially piecewise constant (e.g. monochrome text on a monochrome background). We show that this enables us to achieve resolution enhancement that is superior to previously reported schemes. A simulation involving 16 frames of a VGA camera gives excellent rendition of an A4 or legal sized page with 9 pt text.
MATLAB tensor classes for fast algorithm prototyping.

Tensors (also known as mutidimensional arrays or N-way arrays) are used in a variety of applications ranging from chemometrics to psychometrics. We describe four MATLAB classes for tensor manipulations that can be used for fast algorithm prototyping. The tensor class extends the functionality of MATLAB's multidimensional arrays by supporting additional operations such as tensor multiplication. The tensor as matrix class supports the 'matricization' of a tensor, i.e., the conversion of a tensor to a matrix (and vice versa), a commonly used operation in many algorithms. Two additional classes represent tensors stored in decomposed formats: cp tensor and tucker tensor. We descibe all of these classes and then demonstrate their use by showing how to implement several tensor algorithms that have appeared in the literature.
Analysis and compensation of dead-time effect in direct matrix converter

This study describes a detailed analysis and compensation of dead-time effect in direct matrix converter. To prevent a short circuit in the power supply, a switching delay time is needed to insert into pulse width modulation (PWM) signals. Due to the dead time, the waveform of output current emerges distortion and increases total harmonic distortion (THD). Dead time compensation is necessary to optimize current distortion and reduce THD. Through analysis of dead time effect, deviations of voltage vectors caused by dead time effect are dependent on the direction of output currents. The voltage distortion increases harmonic components of output voltage and decreases control performance. Combined with the characteristics of carrier-based modulation method, in order to avoid determining the direction of output currents, a compensation method for dead time effect is suggested. The value of dead time is adjusted on-line by the value of corresponding phase current. The deviation of voltage vectors caused by dead time effect is directly compensated to three phase reference voltages. This dead time compensation method is suitable to matrix converter. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme can effectively improve the sinusoidal waveform and phase offset of the output current. The algorithm is simple to understand and easy to digital realization.
How Do I View My Sister? Stereotypic Views of African American Women and Their Potential to Impact Intimate Partnerships

Abstract Little research to date has focused on what factors interfere with the process of African American women and men developing and maintaining healthy relationships. A better understanding of these factors can help to improve relationships between these individuals and create stronger families within the African American community. Research has documented that prevailing stereotypes of African American women impact the lives of African American women and that stereotypes have the potential to impact interpersonal relationships. The purpose of the current study was to assess whether African American men endorsed stereotypic views of African American women, and to discuss the potential of these views to negatively impact the quality of relationships between African American women and men. Results indicate that 71% of men surveyed endorsed stereotypic views of African American women. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are presented.
Oscillations of first-order neutral equations with variable coefficients

We obtain sufficient conditions for the oscillation of all solutions of the first-order neutral delay differential equation $$\frac{d}{{dt}}\left[ {y(t) + P(t)y(t - \tau )} \right] + Q(t)y(t - \sigma ) = 0$$ .
Clinical appropriateness and not race predicted referral for joint arthroplasty

Objective To understand the reasons behind racial disparities in the use of total joint arthroplasty (TJA), we sought to examine the predictors of time to referral to orthopedic surgery for consideration of joint replacement. Methods In this prospective, longitudinal study of 676 primary care clinic patients with at least a moderately severe degree of hip or knee osteoarthritis (OA), we examined the effects of race, health beliefs (i.e., perceived benefits and risks) of TJA, and clinical appropriateness of TJA on referral to orthopedic surgery. Results The sample included 255 African Americans (38%) and 421 whites (62%); 523 patients had knee OA (78%) and 153 had hip OA (22%). Subjects were 60% male, with a mean ± SD age of 64 ± 9 years, a mean ± SD body mass index of 33.6 ± 8 kg/m2, and a mean ± SD summary Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score of 56 ± 14, suggesting moderately severe OA. At baseline, African Americans perceived fewer benefits and greater risk from TJA than whites. There were no significant racial group differences in the proportions of cases deemed clinically appropriate for TJA. After controlling for potential confounders, clinical appropriateness (hazard ratio [HR] 1.95, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.15–3.32; P = 0.01) predicted referral to orthopedic surgery. Neither race (HR 1.30, 95% CI 0.94–2.05; P = 0.1) nor health beliefs (HR 1.0, P = 0.5) were associated with referral status. Conclusion In this sample of primary care clinic patients, African Americans and whites were equally likely to be referred by their physicians to orthopedic surgery. Clinical appropriateness predicted future referral to orthopedic surgery, and not race or TJA-specific health beliefs.
Design and development of a micro-thermocouple sensor for determining temperature and relative humidity patterns within an airstream

This paper describes the production and calibration of a miniature psychrometer treated with a specially developed porous coating. The investigation was conducted to determine localized patterns of rapidly changing temperature and relative humidity in dynamic flowing gas environments (e.g., with particular attention to future applications to the human respiratory system). The technique involved the use of dry miniature thermocouples and wetted miniature thermocouples coated with boron nitride to act as a wicking material. A precision humidity generator was developed for calibrating the psychrometer. It was found that, in most cases, the measured and expected (i.e., theoretically predicted) relative humidity agreed to within 0.5 to 1.0 percent relative humidity. Procedures that would decrease this discrepancy even further were pinpointed, and advantages of using the miniature psychrometer were assessed.
Further evidence for the uniformity of the microsymbiont population from soybean nodules.

Summary The microsymbiont population in soybean root nodules (Glycine max L.cv.Williams 82 inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum 2143) was characterized during symbiotic development.The microsymbiont population obtained from nodules of plants at different ages was subjected to sucrose density centrifugation.The microsymbionts were fractionated according to their buoyant densities and characterized with regard to several enzyme activities and O2 uptake.No differences were observed in the specific activities of these enzymes in the microsymbionts obtained at various buoyant densities.This would suggest the absence of discrete subpopulations.These results are consistent with the concept of a single microsymbiont population.
Effect of the secretin family of peptides on gastric emptying and small intestinal transit in rats

Abstract We have compared the effects of the secretin family of peptides and their synthetic fragments on gastric emptying (GE) and small intestinal transit (SIT) using an unanesthetized rat model which simultaneously measures the GE and SIT of both solids and liquids. The meal consisting of 5% polyethylene glycol w/v, 5% Indian ink v/v and 20 non-digestible plastic beads was given intragastrically 10 minutes after the intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 ml of saline or peptides (2 and 5 μg/kg). Plasma secretin and the immunospecificity of secretin fragments were determined. In control rats, the t 1 2 for the GE of both solids and liquids were 56±3.8 and 19±2.3 minutes, respectively. Liquids emptied faster than the solids and liquids travelled ahead of the solids in the intestine. Secretin (5μg/kg) inhibited GE of both solids and liquids by 33–37%. Secretin delayed the SIT of the meal by approximately 35%. Fragments of secretin and of VIP had no effect on GE and SIT of both solids and liquids. The whole molecule of secretin was required to inhibit GE and to delay SIT of solids and liquids. Glucagon, PHI and growth hormone releasing factor (GHRF 1–44 ) inhibited GE and SIT of both solids and liquids. For all peptides tested, the inhibition of SIT was proportional to the inhibition of GE suggesting that the prolongation of SIT was secondary to delayed GE. These observations indicate that the peptides of the secretin family inhibit GE and prolong SIT. Thus, the structural requirement required for the secretin family of peptides to effect their motor actions on the stomach is similar to that required for pancreatic enzyme secretion.
Dependence of the sex ratio at birth on the age of the father.

RECENTLY I have attempted to develop a general theory of ageing applicable to mammals1. This theory assumes that, during the life-time of the animal, whole chromosomes, which are contained in the somatic cells, suffer a total loss of function in a single random event. It further assumes that the probability of such an event remains constant throughout life-time and that it is the same for all individuals of a given species.
A linear stratified ocean model of the coastal undercurrent

The linear, stratified ocean model of McCreary (1981) is used to study the wind-driven response of the ocean near an eastern coast. The model can be regarded as an extension of the inviscid models of Lighthill (1969) and of Gill & Clarke (1974) that allows the vertical diffusion of heat and momentum into the deep ocean. Solutions are still found as expansions of vertical normal modes. Vertical mixing affects each mode as a linear drag with a drag coefficient that increases rapidly with mode-number, n. A zonally uniform band of steady equatorward winds forces the ocean, and the resulting flow field has many features in common with observations at eastern boundaries. There is a surface equatorward jet and a poleward Coastal Undercurrent confined within 10-20 km of the coast. Both currents extend well poleward of the wind band. Upwelling does not reach great depths, but occurs only above the core of the Undercurrent. Weak downwelling occurs at greater depths. There is offshore Ekman drift in the surface mixed layer and return flow at a depth slightly above the core of the Undercurrent. The baroclinic alongshore pressure gradient field and the vertical mixing of heat and momentum are essential elements of the model dynamics, but the $\beta $ and horizontal mixing are not. Low-order vertical modes (n 6) tend toward a two-dimensional balance. They generate the transverse circulation pattern associated with coastal Ekman pumping.
Are these two stimuli from the same set? Response times of children and adults with familiar and arbitrary sets

Abstract When fourth-grade children and adults decide whether two stimuli are from the same or different sets, reaction time data suggest that the S s use an encoding strategy if the sets have familiar names and a search strategy if the sets are arbitrarily grouped elements. Kindergarten S s show some signs of encoding, but also exhibit behavior suggestive of deficiencies in mediation and rehearsal, and a dependence on visual cues.
Prosthetic H-Graft Portacaval Shunts vs Transjugular Intrahepatic Portasystemic Stent Shunts: 18-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Trial

Background Widespread application of transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt (TIPS) continues despite the lack of trials documenting efficacy superior to surgical shunting. Here we present an 18-year follow-up of a prospective randomized trial comparing TIPS with small-diameter prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunt (HGPCS) for portal decompression. Study Design Beginning in 1993, patients were prospectively randomized to undergo either TIPS or HGPCS as definitive therapy for portal hypertension due to cirrhosis. Complications of shunting and long-term outcomes were noted. Failure of shunting was prospectively defined as the inability to place shunt, irreversible shunt occlusion, major variceal rehemorrhage, unanticipated liver transplantation, or death. Survival and shunt failure were compared using Kaplan-Meier curve analysis. Median data are reported. Results Patient presentation, circumstances of shunting, causes of cirrhosis, severity of hepatic dysfunction (eg, Child's class, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score), and predicted survival after shunting did not differ between patients undergoing TIPS (n = 66) or HGPCS (n = 66). Survival was significantly longer after HGPCS for patients of Child's class A (91 vs 19 months; p=0.009) or class B (63 vs 21 months; p=0.02). Shunt failure occurred later after HGPCS than TIPS (45 vs 22 months; p=0.04). Conclusions Compared with TIPS, survival after HGPCS was superior for patients with better liver function (eg, Child's class A or B). Shunt failure after HGPCS occurred later than after TIPS. Rather than TIPS, application of HGPCS is preferred for patients with complicated cirrhosis and better hepatic function.
Cultural/Linguistic Variation in the United States and its Implications for Assessment and Intervention in Speech-Language Pathology

This clinical forum focuses on effective practices in assessment and intervention for culturally/linguistically diverse preschool and school-age children. The contributors are innovative scholars w...
Porous surface replacement of the hip with chamfered-cylinder component.

One hundred porous surface replacements (PSR) were performed in 92 patients (63 men and 29 women) with a mean age of 53 (range 17–76). Follow-up times range from 1 to 4 years, with 48 patients having a follow-up of at least 2 years. Preoperative diagnoses were osteoarthritis (OA) 63, osteonecrosis (ON) 13, dysplasia 9, rheumatoid-ankylosing spondylitis 6, and other 9. Seventeen hips had metalbacked acrylic-fixed THARIES acetabular sockets, nine hips had a porous cobalt chrome hemispheric beaded acetabular component with adjuvant fixation screws and externally protruding screw hubs, and 74 hips had a porous chamfered cylinder-design acetabulum. Pain relief has been immediate and more complete than with acrylic-fixed or biologic-ingrowth stem-type replacement with comparable walking and function improvements. There have been no major systemic complications, sepsis, or loosening. There have been two transient peroneal nerve palsies and three trochanteric fibrous unions. There have been three reoperations, one for subluxation, one for “metalosis” due to mesh pad loosening, and one femoral neck fracture. Examination of one removed femoral surface component which has been histologically sectioned revealed excellent (90%) bone ingrowth. Circumferential progressive radiolucencies developed at the bone-cement interface by 1 year in all of the 17 acrylic-fixed acetabular components. Reaming or seating defects were noted in 25% of the ingrowth components on postoperative radiographs. Radiographic analysis of immediate postoperative films of the chamfered cylinder design acetabular components frequently demonstrated bone-component interface radiolucencies which represented component seeting defects. These initial interface radiolucencies became progressively more narrow over the first six months postoperatively suggesting “healing” of the reamed bone-component interface with trabecular bone around the chamfered cylinder acteabular components. Partial healing of initial interface voids with residual narrow radiolucencies were typical of the nine hemispheric-design acetabula with adjuvant screws and screw hubs. This new porous surface replacement (PSR) of the hip using porous ingrowth fixation avids the major disadvantages of acrylicfixed SR: excessive acetabular reaming and difficulty with acetabular revision. (When conversion to stem-type replacement is necessary the modular polyethylene socket liner can be exchanged.) THe PSR has the prospect of enhanced fixation and imporved longterm durability.
Pathology of lymphoma in HIV.

Purpose of review HIV-infected individuals have a greatly increased risk of developing malignancies, even when HIV infection is successfully controlled with antiretrovirals. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is considered an AIDS-defining entity, and this disease is currently the most common type of cancer in HIV-infected individuals in the USA and Europe. Here, we describe the different types of lymphomas occurring in individuals with AIDS, and the most relevant pathologic features helpful for histologic and immunohistochemical diagnosis. Recent findings The incidence of some AIDS-related lymphoma subtypes has changed since the introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy, and some of the diagnostic methodologies have evolved. New biomarkers of disease have been identified, which may be useful for diagnosis. Summary Better pathological classification strategies and deeper molecular understanding of the different lymphoma subtypes that occur in people with AIDS will begin to allow the transition to more precise diagnosis and targeted treatments.
Physiological and environmental control of Gram negative bacteria on skin

The relative importance of the environment versus the physiology of the host in the control of Gram negative bacteria on skin has been examined by two experimental designs. (I) The changes in incidence of Gram negative carriage from three skin sites in a climate controlled chamber at 35 degrees C and 90% humidity for 64 h were determined. Following 2 weeks of tetracycline treatment the above experiment was repeated. High temperatures and humidity increased the overall frequency of isolation of Gram negative bacteria although there were individual differences. This effect was reversed 24 h after a return to the natural environment. Tetracycline inhibited the increase in isolation of Gram negative organisms in six subjects, enhanced it in three and had no effect on one subject. Gram negative populations were less than 10 colony forming units/cm2 of skin in most instances but ranged up to 10,000/cm2 skin. No residual effect occurred after return to natural environment and at no time was there a loss of normal flora. (2) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inoculated on normal skin of ten volunteers and survival determined during a 24 h period. Viability was lost between 2 and 6 h on most subjects as compared to 24 h or longer for K. Pneumoniae and P. vulgaris on an inert surface and between 8 and 24 h for Ps. aeruginosa. It was concluded that extremes of environment can affect Gram negative skin carriage but under normal conditions in healthy individuals there is evidence of physiological control of Gram negative flora.
Opticopyrometric determination of temperature in an Ar ICP

The temperature/spatial profile of an Ar ICP has been obtained by two-color infrared (IR) optical pyrometry. The temperatures range from 1668 to 2543 K, depending upon position and radio frequency (rf) input power. Results show at powers of 1.5 to 2.0 kW that the spatial dependence of the temperature closely resembles the spatial dependence of electron number density, suggesting that the electron number density plays an important role in determining the thermodynamic temperature.
X-Ray Microbeam Diffraction Mapping of Different Texture Scales Important in Fatigue Cracking or in Large Deformations

Polychromatic synchrotron x-ray microbeam diffraction allows one to record Laue patterns simultaneously from all of the grains within the column of material irradiated. This paper describes 3-D texture mapping in polycrystalline Al and Cu samples. Transmission methods for determining the depths of diffracting volumes are outlined. The focus is on how the texture scale between micro- (i.e., individual grain orientations) and macro-texture defines fatigue crack paths in Al-Li 2090 T8E41: very large volumes of near single crystal material lead to large asperity formation, and at least forty volume percent of the material consists of these volumes. Results on grain subdivision in Cu after large deformations are also briefly reviewed.
Yield loss assessments for cultivars of broccoli, lettuce, and onion exposed to ozone.

Abstract The effects of the photochemical oxidant air pollutant ozone (O 3 ) on growth and yield of three garden crops, broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L.), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.), and onion ( Allium cepa L.) were studied in an open-top chamber experiment conducted in the field in southern California. Four cultivars each of leaf lettuce, broccoli, and globe onion were exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF), non-filtered (NF) air, or NF plus 1·5 times ambient O 3 concentration from 4 weeks after germination in January or February until harvest. Exposures lasted 31 days for lettuce, 55 to 78 days for broccoli, and 105 days for onion. Results showed that despite severe O 3 injury to outer leaves, lettuce yields were not affected by O 3 . Broccoli also was resistant to O 3 and no growth reduction was observed at ambient O 3 concentrations. Onions were more susceptible to O 3 , but only one cv. ‘Rio Bravo’ had significant yield losses ( ca. 5%) at ambient O 3 levels. These results suggest that, in general, concentrations of O 3 in the winter and spring may be below the threshold for adverse effects on yields of broccoli, lettu and onion.
On the dynamics of tapping mode atomic force microscope probes

A mathematical model is developed to investigate the grazing dynamics of tapping mode atomic force microscopes (AFM) subjected to a base harmonic excitation. A multimode Galerkin approximation is utilized to discretize the nonlinear partial differential equation of motion governing the cantilever response and associated boundary conditions and obtain a set of nonlinearly coupled ordinary differential equations governing the time evolution of the system dynamics. A comprehensive numerical analysis is performed for a wide range of the excitation amplitude and frequency. The tip oscillations are examined using nonlinear dynamic tools through several examples. The non-smoothness in the tip/sample interaction model is treated rigorously. A higher-mode Galerkin analysis indicates that period doubling bifurcations and chaotic vibrations are possible in tapping mode microscopy for certain operating parameters. It is also found that a single-mode Galerkin approximation, which accurately predicts the tip nonlinear responses far from the sample, is not adequate for predicting all of the nonlinear phenomena exhibited by an AFM, such as grazing bifurcations, and leads to both quantitative and qualitative errors.
Psychosocial Mediation of Religious Coping Styles: A Study of Short-Term Psychological Distress Following Cardiac Surgery

Although religiousness and religious coping styles are well-documented predictors of well-being, research on the mechanisms through which religious coping styles operate is sparse. This prospective study examined religious coping styles, hope, and social support as pathways of the influence of general religiousness (religious importance and involvement) on the reduced postoperative psychological distress of 309 cardiac patients. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that controlling for preoperative distress, gender, and education, religiousness contributed to positive religious coping, which in turn was associated with less distress via a path fully mediated by the secular factors of social support and hope. Furthermore, negative religious coping styles, although correlated at the bivariate level with preoperative distress but not with religiousness, were associated both directly and indirectly with greater post-operative distress via the same mediators.
Expanded use of transplantation techniques: abdominal wall transplantation and intestinal autotransplantation

Surgical principles and techniques derived from organ transplantation surgery can provide novel applications in general surgery. We present an update on our 5-year experience with intestinal autotransplantation and abdominal wall transplantation. Nine patients underwent intestinal or multivisceral transplantation with the addition of 10 abdominal wall grafts to cover the large open areas from previous surgeries. Seven patients underwent near-total abdominal evisceration, ex vivo resection of masses at the base of the mesentery, followed by intestinal autotransplantation; 44% of the abdominal wall graft recipients are alive, but none of the fatalities were related to the graft itself. In two cases the graft had to be removed due to venous thrombosis. Of patients with intestinal autotransplants, 71% are alive with two mortalities due to recurrent metastatic malignancy. In only one case, the intestinal autograft had to be removed because of venous thrombosis. All surviving patients but one are on a regular diet; two are on supplemental enteral feeds. These results show that anastomotic and resection techniques derived from the experience in solid organ transplant can be utilized in complex wound closure, as is the case of abdominal wall transplantation, or resection of large retroperitoneal tumors with intestinal autotransplantation.
Overlay Analysis of Step-and-Repeat Lithographic Systems for Mask Making

The demand for smaller device geometrics and larger wafer size has drastically increased the need for more accurate level-to-level registration. It is more important than ever before to understand and control the overlay parameter of a step-and-repeat mask-making system. Furthermore, such an understanding is necessary for evaluation of mask quality. This paper discusses some important aspects of mask-making systems and gives a mathematical description of the first order and higher-order parameters. Some measurement techniques for obtaining those parameters are presented. Data are presented for special test patterns and for product masks fabricated on both optical and e-beam systems. This paper also includes a discussion of measurement strategy and a scheme for data reduction which minimizes estimating errors.
Cortical nociceptive responses and behavioral correlates in the monkey.

Abstract Experiments were performed to characterize cerebral cortical activity and pain behavior elicited by electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp in unanesthetized monkeys. Four monkeys were trained on two different operant paradigms: two on a simple escape task and two on an appetitive tolerance-escape task. All monkeys were implanted with bipolar stimulating electrodes in the right maxillary canine tooth and subdural recording electrodes over the left primary (SI) and/or secondary (SII) somatosensory cortices. Subdural tooth pulp-evoked potentials (TPEPs) recorded over the SII consisted of components P1 (27.5 ms), N1 (40.3 ms), P2 (84.0 ms), N2 (163.5 ms), P3 (295.3 ms), and N3 (468.0 ms). The long latency component (P3-N3) was found exclusively over the SII and was elicited by high intensity stimulation. The appearance of component P3-N3 required the recruitment of Aδ nerve fibers into the maxillary nerve compound action potential and was correlated with high frequencies of escape. Administration of morphine sulfate (4 mg/kg, i.m.) caused a contemporaneous reduction in escape frequency and in the amplitude of P3-N3 recorded over the SII. The relationships between TPEP amplitude, escape behavior and Aδ nerve fiber activity strongly suggest that the SII is involved with nociception and pain behavior.
THE THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS OF PROTEIN FOLDING : A LATTICE MODEL ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE PATHWAYS WITH INTERMEDIATES

The kinetics and thermodynamics of folding of a representative sequence of a 125-residue protein model subject to Monte Carlo dynamics on a simple cubic lattice were investigated. The diverse trajectories that lead to the native state can be classified into a relatively small number of average pathways: a “fast track” in which the chain forms a stable core that folds directly to the native state and several “slow tracks” in which particular contacts form before the core is complete and direct the chain to a misfolded intermediate. Rearrangement from the intermediates to the native state is slow because it requires breaking stable contacts, which involve primarily surface residues. The transition state for folding is identified by activated dynamics simulations and consists of a reduced version of the core in the absence of other (native and nonnative) contacts which slow folding. Each track involves an ensemble of structures that can be characterized by two progress coordinates for the reaction. These coordinates are based on a comparison of folding and nonfolding trajectories: one coordinate monitors the formation of the core and the other monitors whether the chain is trapped in a long-lived intermediate. From Monte Carlo simulations, we obtain an estimate for the density of states and calculate equilibrium averages, including the free energy, energy, and entropy, as functions of the two coordinates. The thermodynamics are in good agreement with the observed kinetics; the transition states correspond to plateaus or barriers in the free energy while the intermediates are energetically stabilized local free energy minima. The complexities of the folding mechanism bear a striking similarity to those observed experimentally for lysozyme, a well-studied protein of comparable size.
Femoral artery occlusion after blunt trauma: diagnosis by multislice CT angiography

Segmental vascular occlusion resulting from blunt trauma is rarely seen, especially in the absence of skeletal injury or other findings of major traumatic injury [1]. We report a case that was extremely unusual: femoral artery occlusion in the absence of any other findings, resulting from relatively minor trauma in an otherwise healthy child. Although this type of phenomenon is rare [1], the consequences of missing such an occurrence in a child can include retarded long-bone growth and even limb loss [2, 3]. Therefore, recognition of the CT appearance is imperative, and the vasculature must be carefully evaluated even when pathology is unsuspected. We present the CT findings in the setting of femoral artery occlusion, using four-slice CT.
Analyzing Tradeoffs in Electricity Choices Using the Texas Interactive Power Simulator (TIPS)

The Texas Interactive Power Simulator (TIPS) is an interactive analytical tool developed at the University of Texas at Austin for quantitatively comparing the first-order economic and environmental tradeoffs of different electricity production methods in Texas. The tool is designed for analysis of different power choices and is presented in an online format for use by students, the general public, and government decision-makers. The core electricity industry data are Texas-specific, but the flexibility of the framework, when combined with user supplied content, extends its applicability to the United States and world electricity markets. TIPS provides a method for assessing the tradeoffs of electricity generation technologies in terms of economic costs and environmental impacts. Economic costs include major factors such as the cost of capacity, fuel, operation and maintenance (O&M), as well as the costs of conservation programs and environmental impact mitigation technology. Environmental impacts include market externalities such as the environmental impacts on air, land, and water, and are normalized per kWh generated (for example, pounds of CO2 or NOx , acres of land, or gallons of cooling water consumed per kWh of generated electricity). Environmental impacts can further be associated with a cost, which is included in the overall levelized cost of electricity. Users can supply their own data for interactive experimentation, though peer-reviewed data are provided as default values. TIPS’ outputs include text, graphs, and pictograms showing the electricity output and environmental impact of the user’s selections, which allow the user to interpret the overall impact for different fuel mixes. Source data are incorporated from government sources and peer reviewed technical literature. The TIPS interactive interface allows the user to analyze a desired electricity mix according to the percentage breakdown of electricity production for each generation technology. The user input determines the overall direct and indirect costs of a unit of electricity according to the particular cost parameters associated with each generation technology. This manuscript discusses the methodology used in TIPS calculation and shares the results of using TIPS to analyze the cost and environmental impacts for a variety of illustrative and possible generation scenarios in Texas, including the following: high carbon prices, nuclear renaissance, and continuing wind market growth.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Polysaccharide from cell walls of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract The cell wall fraction of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contained about 25% carbohydrate after prolonged treatment with salivary amylase
Findings and implications from data mining the IMC review process

The computer science research paper review process is largely human and time-intensive. More worrisome, review processes are frequently questioned, and often non-transparent. This work advocates applying computer science methods and tools to the computer science review process. As an initial exploration, we data mine the submissions, bids, reviews, and decisions from a recent top-tier computer networking conference. We empirically test several common hypotheses, including the existence of readability, citation, call-for-paper adherence, and topical bias. From our findings, we hypothesize review process methods to improve fairness, efficiency, and transparency.
The statistical theory of multi-step compound and direct reactions

The theory of nuclear reactions is extended so as to include a statistical treatment of multi-step processes. Two types are distinguished, the multi-step compound and the multi-step direct. The wave functions for the system are grouped according to their complexity. The multi-step direct process involves explicitly those states which are open, while the multi-step compound involves those which are bound. In addition to the random phase assumption which is applied differently to the multi-step direct and to the multi-step compound cross-sections, it is assumed that the residual interaction will have non-vanishing matrix elements between states whose complexities differ by at most one unit. This is referred to as the chaining hypothesis. Explicit expressions for the double differential cross-section giving the angular distribution and energy spectrum are obtained for both reaction types. The statistical multi-step compound cross-sections are symmetric about 90/sup 0/. The classical statistical theory of nuclear reactions is a special limiting case. The cross-section for the statistical multi-step direct reaction consists of a set of convolutions of single-step direct cross-sections. For the many step case it is possible to derive a diffusion equation in momentum space. Application is made to the reaction /sup 181/Ta(p,n)/sup 181/W using the statistical multi-stepmore » compound formalism.« less
Cuticular hair organs evoking reflexive closing and opening of the crayfish claw

Abstract 1. 1. Cuticular hair organs on the index of the propus of the chelae of the crayfish Procambarus simulons simulons Faxon evoke reflexive closing and opening of the dactyl when stimulated by touch. 2. 2. These receptor organs are arranged in eight linear fields (A-H), with each row innervated by a separate branch of an afferent nerve. 3. 3. Nerve branches A and F innervate receptors on either side of the cutting edge of the propus; these organs trigger claw closing. Branches B and G innervate receptors driving both claw opening and closing; branchs C, D, E and H innervate hair organs that drive claw opening. 4. 4. The hair organs, which consist of groups of simple or pappose setae, can be divided into four types based on morphology. 5. 5. The cuticular hair organs show directional sensitivity.
Technique and Apparatus for Determining the Response of Scintillators and Semiconductors to Low Energy X-Ray Excitation

This paper describes the apparatus and techniques that are being developed at our laboratory in order to investigate the response of scintillators and semiaonductors to X-ray excitation. Examples of the signal averaging technique are shown using the highly attenuated output of a precision pulse generator as the signal source. A discussion of the intended applications of the apparatus is presented.
Stimulation of Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity in Neural Cell Culture: Potential Role of Insulin

Age-dependent decreases in the levels of ornithine decarboxylase activity were observed in the optic lobes, cerebral hemispheres, and midbrain-diencephalon of 6--17-day-old chick embryos. In dissociated cell cultures from chick embryonic brains a similar pattern of declining ornithine decarboxylase activity with time in culture was observed. Ornithine decarboxylase activity in the dissociated brain cell cultures was stimulated by changing the culture medium. The peak stimulatory effect was shown to occur 12 h after changing the medium. Although serum-free medium stimulated ornithine decarboxylase activity slightly, the presence of serum in the medium was the primary stimulatory factor. Both fetal calf serum and heat-inactivated fetal calf serum produced dose-dependent stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity. Dialyzed fetal calf sera stimulated ornithine decarboxylase, but to a lower level than that produced by nondialyzed sera. Insulin (0.5--10 microgram/ml) stimulated ornithine decarboxylase activity in a dose-dependent manner in serum free medium. In addition, 10(-2) M-L-asparagine stimulated ornithine decarboxylase activity in serum-free medium.
Theoretical studies of surface diffusion: Self-diffusion in the bcc (110) system

Abstract Self-diffusion in the bcc (110) system is studied using numerical molecular dynamics simulations. Calculations based on Lennard-Jones pair potentials extracted from fits to bulk thermodynamic data produce self-diffusion constants in excellent agreement with available experimental data.
Gibberellins, brassinosteroids and light‐regulated development

The regulation of plant development by light requires the action of several well-studied plant hormones. However, the mechanism by which light and hormones affect identical developmental responses remains unclear. Recently, studies of mutants altered in light signal perception or transduction have suggested a role for gibberellins and brassinosteroids in light-regulated development. For instance, mutants in the major light-stable phytochrome from several plant species exhibit altered responsiveness to, or metabolism of, gibberellins. In contrast, mutants that develop as light-grown plants in the absence of light have implicated a role for brassinosteroids in the control of cell elongation, the expression of photoregulated genes, and the promotion of apical dominance, leaf senescence and male fertility. Future studies should help elucidate whether light and hormones independently affect these developmental responses or whether hormones are involved in the sequence of events initiated by excitation of photoreceptors.
Computational Transonic Flutter Boundary Tracking Procedure

An automated flutter boundary tracking procedure is presented for the efficient calculation of transonic flutter boundaries. The new procedure uses aeroelastic responses to march along the boundary by taking steps in speed and Mach number, thereby reducing the number of response calculations previously required to determine a transonic flutter boundary. The tracking procedure reduces computational costs since only two response calculations are required per Mach number and provides a complete boundary in a single job submission. Flutter boundary results are presented for a typical airfoil section oscillating with pitch and plunge degrees of freedom. These transonic flutter boundaries are in good agreement with 'exact' boundaries calculated using the conventional time-marching method. The tracking procedure was also extended to include static aeroelastic twist as a simulation of the static deformation of a wing and thus contains all of the essential features that are required to apply it to practical three-dimensional cases. Application of the procedure is also made to flutter boundaries as a function of structural parameters, the capability of which is useful as a design tool.
Inheritance of Cytoplasmic‐Virescent cyt‐V and Dense‐Glanding dg Mutants in American Pima Cotton

Morphological mutants of cotton (Gossypium spp.) have been used extensively in genetic mapping studies and in several instances have proven useful in agronomic improvement efforts. This investigation was conducted to determine the inheritance, allelism, and linkage associations of two spontaneous mutants found in plants of American Pima (G. barbadense L.) cotton. The two mutants were crossed to the normal phenotype cultivar PS-6 and to several genetic marker stocks. Appropriate F 1 , F 2 , and BC populations were created for analyses of inheritance and linkage studies. Analyses of F 1 and F 2 populations of a virescent mutant indicated that it is inherited as an extranuclear factor. Expression of the mutant is transient, being strongest in the first true leaf after germination and fading by the fourth or fifth true leaf. It is proposed that the mutant be designated cytoplasmic-virescent and be assigned the gene symbol cyt-V. Analyses of F 1 , F 2 , and BC populations of a second, juvenilely expressed, densely glanded mutant indicated that it is inherited as a single, recessively expressed gene. Tests for assodation of the dense glanding trait with 13 other mutant markers produced no evidence of linkage. Linkage tests with two markers, T 1 and ms 13 , were inconclusive. Expression of the dense glanding mutant is confined to expanding leaves and internodes, and to bracteoles. Expression is strongest in the first and second apical leaves, and fades by the fourth or fifth leaf. The designation dense-glanding and gene symbol dg are assigned to the mutant.
Poetry as Rumination: the Model for Bede’s Caedmon

Bede’s comparison of the first English poet as he versifies scripture to a ritually clean animal chewing the cud (History of the English Church IV, 24), as well as his remark that by this act Caedmon turned his instructors into auditors, are derived from Rufinus of Aquileia’s description of the blind Alexandrian scholar Didymus at work internalizing texts that were read to him (Historia Ecclesiastica XI, 7).
Creationism in the United States: III. The Ban on the Teaching of Evolution Reaches the U.S. Supreme Court

JoHN Scopes' conviction in 1925 for teaching human evolution gave fundamentalists a victory, just as William Jennings Bryan's death gave them a martyr. Whereas some northern states quietly disposed of anti-evolution legislation after Scopes' conviction,' Mississippi and Arkansas passed their own anti-evolution laws. In states that had no anti-evolution laws, there often were local restrictions on the teaching of evolution, as well as enough fundamentalists to keep people "stirred up" (de Camp 1968, 1969). Despite predictions to the contrary, the ACLU could find no one in Tennessee willing to challenge the Butler Law for which Scopes was convicted (Scopes goes free, but law is upheld, 1927; Will ask court to rehear case, 1927). Although none of the anti-evolution laws was challenged for decades, the Scopes trial (which inspired Inherit the Wind; see Moore 1998a) remained an emotional topic. For example, the Arkansas Gazette said in an editorial that "For the state of Tennessee, the Scopes trial has been a moral disaster" (as quoted in Kazan 1966c). Interest-
Finite-bias resistance peaks in nanoscale superconductor-normal-metal Ta-W point contacts

High resistance (10--1000 \ensuremath{\Omega}) ballistic nanoconstrictions were formed between bulk superconducting tantalum and an electrochemically sharpened (10--200 nm radius at tip) tungsten whisker. Measurements of the dynamic resistance of these contacts showed resistance peaks at symmetric voltages sizeably larger than the superconducting gap $(|V|g10\ensuremath{\Delta}).$ The voltage at which these peaks occur was found to be linear in the square root of the measured contact resistance, strongly supporting a model in which the resistance peaks result from the destruction of superconductivity by the magnetic field produced by current flow through the contact. The model is in quantitative agreement with observation and implies that each resistance peak corresponds to the appearance of a single flux quantum around the current flowing through the contact.
Serotonin regulation of tachykinin biosynthesis in the rat neostriatum.

Abstract Serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission was altered to determine its role in regulating the biosynthesis of tachykinins in the neostriatum (NS). Depletion of 5-HT with subchronic p -chlorophenylalanine> ( p CPA) treatment decreased preprotachykinin (PPT, the prohormone precursor to SP) mRNA levels in the NS. By contrast, raising extracellular 5-HT levels with zimelidine (a 5-HT uptake inhibitor) or clorgyline (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor) resulted in increased levels of PPT mRNA. To determine whether 5-HT receptors played a role in mediating the changes in PPT mRNA, animals were treated with the 5-HT 2 agonist DOI. This drug significantly increased both PPT mRNA and SP-like immunoreactivity in the NS. These results together indicate that neostriatal tachykinin biosynthesis is sensitive to alterations in 5-HT neurotransmission.
Leveraging Cooperative, Channel and Multiuser Diversities for Efficient Resource Allocation in Wireless Relay Networks

Relay stations can be deployed between mobile stations and base stations in a single-hop wireless network to extend its coverage and improve its capacity. In this paper, we exploit cooperative diversity, channel diversity and multiuser diversity gains in an OFDMA-based wireless relay network. We study a joint channel and relay assignment problem with the objective of maximizing a well-adopted utility function that can lead to a stable system. This problem turns out to be NP-hard. First, a mixed integer linear programming formulation is presented to provide optimal solutions. We then present three simple greedy algorithms to solve the problem in polynomial time, namely, Greedy-ChannelFirst, Greedy-RelayFirst and Greedy-Joint. We also perform a comprehensive theoretical analysis for the performance of the proposed algorithms. Our analytical results show the Greedy-ChannelFirst algorithm is a constant factor approximation algorithm which always provides a solution whose objective value is guaranteed to be no smaller than the optimal value multiplied by a constant less than 1; however, the other two algorithms do not provide a similar performance guarantee. Extensive simulation results have been presented to show that all three proposed algorithms perform very well on average cases.