cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Additional Diagnostic Yield of Adding Serology to PCR in Diagnosing Viral Acute Respiratory Infections in Kenyan Patients 5 Years of Age and Older

The role of serology in the setting of PCR-based diagnosis of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) is unclear. We found that acute- and convalescent-phase paired-sample serologic testing increased the diagnostic yield of naso/oropharyngeal swabs for influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, and parainfluenza viruses beyond PCR by 0.4% to 10.7%. Although still limited for clinical use, serology, along with PCR, can maximize etiologic diagnosis in epidemiologic studies.
RNA interference of IL-10 in leukemic B-1 cells.

RNA interference, or RNAi, is designed to work by Watson-Crick base pairing and to result in a posttranscriptional block in protein synthesis. Antiapoptotic proteins are a major focus of cancer therapy and make attractive targets for RNAi. An IL-10 RNAi sequence was designed in accordance with Tuschl rules and was modeled to a hairpin configuration. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common leukemia in the Western world, the failure to undergo apoptosis may be responsible for the accumulation of malignant B-1 cells. Interleukin-10, despite controversy, has been shown to have antiapoptotic properties, and increased endogenous IL-10 production has been found in CLL by several labs. A malignant B-1 cell line, LNC, derived from an NZB mouse (a murine model for CLL) was utilized as a target for IL-10 RNAi. Our earlier studies of antisense IL-10 resulted in antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects. The cytotoxic effects of IL-10 RNAi were dose- and time-dependent, with an optimal dose 10-fold lower than that of antisense IL-10. IL-10 RNAi lowered IL-10 protein as measured by ELISA. 2 µM IL-10 RNAi initiated a G2/M block and a decrease in the message for cdc25C, the M-phase inducer phosphatase. IL-10 RNAi efficiently induced apoptosis. Bcl7C , a member of the antiapoptotic Bcl family, was significantly down-regulated. IL-10 modulating Bcl7C expression represents a novel mechanism in the evasion of apoptosis. This approach, by itself or in conjunction with current therapies, merits consideration in similar B-cell malignancies. This article was published in Cancer Immunity , a Cancer Research Institute journal that ceased publication in 2013 and is now provided online in association with Cancer Immunology Research .
Joint Language and Translation Modeling with Recurrent Neural Networks

We present a joint language and translation model based on a recurrent neural network which predicts target words based on an unbounded history of both source and target words. The weaker independence assumptions of this model result in a vastly larger search space compared to related feedforward-based language or translation models. We tackle this issue with a new lattice rescoring algorithm and demonstrate its effectiveness empirically. Our joint model builds on a well known recurrent neural network language model (Mikolov, 2012) augmented by a layer of additional inputs from the source language. We show competitive accuracy compared to the traditional channel model features. Our best results improve the output of a system trained on WMT 2012 French-English data by up to 1.5 BLEU, and by 1.1 BLEU on average across several test sets.
Formal Synthesis of (+)-Lasubine II and (-)-Subcosine II via Organocatalytic Michael Addition of a Ketone to an α-Nitrostyrene.

The first examples of an organocatalytic Michael addition of a ketone to in situ generated α-nitrostyrenes are reported. A suitably functionalized γ-nitroketone obtained from the organocatalyzed Michael addition was converted into (+)-2-epi-lasubine II, the immediate synthetic precursor of (+)-lasubine II and (−)-subcosine II (enantiomers of the natural quinolizidine alkaloids). Two of the three stereocenters in (+)-2-epi-lasubine II are set by the Michael reaction.
A phase II trial of stereotactic radiosurgery boost following surgical resection for solitary brain metastases

1552 Background: At present there is no standard of care for adjuvant therapy following resection of solitary brain metastases. The objective of this study was to determine the local control, survi...
The Genetics of Febrile Seizures

Investigators from Virginia Commonwealth University, Norwegian Center for Epilepsy and University of Southern Denmark carried out twin studies to analyse the genetic influence of developing epilepsy after febrile seizures.
Recommendations for exploring the disfluency hypothesis for establishing whether perceptually degrading materials impacts performance

The target articles explore a common hypothesis pertaining to whether perceptually degrading materials will improve reasoning, memory, and metamemory. Outcomes are mixed, yet some evidence was garnered in support of a version of the disfluency hypothesis that includes moderators, and along with evidence from prior research, researchers will likely continue to explore the impact of disfluency on reasoning and learning. Toward this end, evidence and discussion from the target articles also suggest recommendations – both explicitly and implicitly – about how to explore this effect: (a) treat disfluency as a hypothesis to be tested and evaluate the disfluency hypothesis against alternatives; (b) pursue multiple replications of any disfluency effects; (c) attempt to measure differences in processing fluency across conditions; and (d) resist labeling manipulated variables with theoretically-laden terms. We expand on these recommendations in the present commentary.
Tablet and Wearable Computers for Integrated Design and Construction

Integrated design and construction teams rely on rapid information exchange between the design office and the point of work on site during construction. But existing means of communication are not compatible with the rugged setting of the construction jobsite, where both paper documents and electronic equipment may be easily damaged or destroyed. Recent advances in rugged, affordable, portable computers promise to dramatically improve communication between construction personnel at the point of work on site and their off-site collaborators. Using a wireless-enabled tablet or wearable computer, a field worker can access the project information needed to complete a task without ever leaving the point of work. Pen-based tablet computers are becoming a popular alternative to keyboard-input notebook computers. Wearable computers are in use today by emergency medical personnel, firefighters and others requiring extreme mobility and instantaneous information access at their point of work. This paper presents the results of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign study on this new breed of wireless-enabled portable computers for integrated design and construction. It discusses opportunities for saving time and money on integrated projects, and issues in implementing this innovative technology. Results indicate that tablet and wearable computers may significantly reduce rework, while productivity decreased slightly when tablet and wearable computers were used.
Should reparations be to individuals or to groups

The discussion occasioned by my note “Discrimination and Morally Relevant Characteristics” has helped to clarify some of the available positions on the justification of special benefits for victims of discrimination. J. L. Cowan (“Inverse Discrimination”) agrees that the justification for special help lies in the fact that one has been wronged, not in the fact, say, that one is black. But he thinks that it is important to emphasize that the special benefits which are due to many blacks are due only because they are individuals who have been wronged, not because of any fact relating to their race. In his view, “reparations for blacks” must be understood as “reparations for wronged individuals who happen to be black.” P. W. Taylor and M. D. Bayles criticize my approach from the opposite direction. They think that my approach pays insufficient attention to the moral status of wronged groups. In what follows I shall attempt to point out some weaknesses in my critics’ positions and to elaborate further my own.
Putting the Bias in Skill-Biased Technological Change? A Relational Perspective on White-Collar Automation at General Electric

The skill-biased technological change (SBTC) theory of rising inequality rests on assumptions that are challenged by a relational perspective. This article develops a historical case study of the design and implementation of technologies to automate white-collar work at the General Electric Company (GE) starting in the 1950s in order to interrogate the assumptions on which the SBTC thesis rests. Executives at GE resisted framing computer technologies as automation and sought to neutralize the class-based implications of the term. Yet they actively pursued white-collar automation technologies designed to prevent the industrial relations of the heavily unionized manufacturing sector from being replicated in the growing service sector. A new conception of productivity that locates managers as the core productive workers of the firm is embedded in the company’s internal definition of white-collar automation as information handling, lending legitimacy to the changing distribution of earnings in the following d...
A COMPARISON STUDY OF ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT MODEL ON HEAVY METALS OF OFFSHORE SEDIMENTS

Heavy metal contamination in offshore is a worldwide problem,because these metals are generally indestructible and most of them can cause heavy damages to coastal ecological environments and systems.Those pollutions are mainly transported into coast and adjacent sea by input and/or industrial wastewaters discharge.Most Heavy metals,especial for particle-active components,are deposition in coastal sedimentary environment.Sediments are the main repository and source of heavy metals in the aquatic environment and play an important role in the transport and storage of potentially hazardous metals.The paper reviewed the ecological risk assessment methods on heavy metals in coastal sediments,including how the chemical forms or type of the binding of metals act on bioavailability,pollution degree evaluation by contamination index,and ecological effect assessment of heavy metals based on ecological risk index.The advantages and disadvantages of those methods were also compared and discussed.Assessing sediment pollution by using the heavy metal chemical form might not firmly guarantee the occurrence of deleterious ecological effects.Contamination index could hardly give comprehensive and systematic information about bioavailability of heavy metals.The ecological risk index have been derived with a variety of both theoretical methods that rely upon equilibrium partitioning models and empirical methods that rely upon analyses of matching,field-collected chemistry,and biological effects data.But evaluation on the potential ecological risk of heavy metals based on ecological risk index might lose information about environmental effects on heavy metals.To sum up,the evaluation together with the different methods should be a useful crosscheck for us in the assessing process.
Religion, Wissenschaft und Philosophie

Es gilt allgemein, das die Wissenschaft nicht fahig ist, uber die Religion zu urteilen. Man sagt, das die Wissenschaft auserhalb der Schranken stehe, worin die Fragen nach Dasein und Wesen Gottes zu entscheiden sind, und das diese Probleme die Metaphysik angehen. „Die Psychologie verwirft weder, noch behauptet sie das transzendentale Dasein der religiosen Gegenstande; sie ignoriert einfach das Problem als auserhalb ihres Feldes liegend“1.
Implementing the Cohort-Component Method

In previous chapters, we discussed a variety of data sources, measurement issues, and projection techniques related to mortality, fertility, and migration, the three components of population change. In this chapter, we describe how to put these components together in a complete projection model. We begin with a discussion of several issues that must be considered when setting up a cohort-component model. Then, we present three step-by-step examples, each based on commonly used computational procedures. These examples illustrate three different approaches to projecting migration, the most difficult component of population growth to forecast accurately for states and local areas. We close with an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the cohort-component method.
Mismatch Repair Polymorphisms as Markers of Breast Cancer Prevalence in the Breast Cancer Family Registry.

Background: Major breast cancer susceptibility genes involved in DNA repair, including BRCA1 and BRCA2, have been identified. However, mutations in these genes account for only 5-10% of identified breast cancer cases. Additional DNA repair pathway genes may also contribute to susceptibility. Materials and Methods: We investigated the association between 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in mismatch repair (MMR) genes and breast cancer risk among 313 sister-sets enrolled in the New York site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR) (n=744) using conditional logistic regression analysis. Results: An increase in breast cancer risk was observed for women with the MUTYH_rs3219489 variant allele (odds ratio (OR)=2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.10-4.52) and for women with the MSH2_rs2303428 variant allele (OR=1.73, 95% CI=1.00-2.99). Conclusion: Deficiencies in DNA repair pathways, such as MMR, have implications for the onset of familial breast cancer.
Involvement of the nucleus accumbens and dopamine system in chronic pain.

Chronic pain syndrome is a complex disorder that includes not only the presence of spontaneous pain and exaggerated responses to painful and nonpainful stimuli but also the development of a negative affective, motivational, and cognitive state and the persistent desire to eliminate pain. Recent evidence indicates that chronic pain shares basic mechanisms with reward-based learning and drug addiction1–3 and that the transition from acute to chronic pain reflects functional reorganization of this reward/motivational circuitry.4
Same Sex Unions and the Catholic Church: How Law and Doctrine Evolve

This Article makes the case for reforming the Catholic Church’s law and teaching on the topic of same-sex unions. It is divided into two large parts. Part I surveys the present state of the Church’s rules governing same-sex relations. It is further subdivided into three subsections: the first examining the formation and reinforcement of the anti-sodomy norm in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; the second reviewing the jurisprudence of the Roman Rota (one of the Vatican’s two supreme appellate tribunals) on homosexuality; the third glancing briefly at more affirming recent statements of Pope Francis and leading Cardinals and bishops. The second part then states the case for reform. It begins by recapitulating the natural-law case against same-sex unions, especially as articulated by Pope John Paul II; it then focuses on personalist philosophy to build a case grounded in human dignity and human rights; it looks to see how arguments grounded on dignity, respect, and human rights were used in legislative and constitutional reform in the United States and in three Catholic countries; and it returns again to natural law. Building on the premise that natural law requires an understanding of nature, the Article reviews the state of the science on same-sex attraction. It closes with a reflection on the many ways the Church has dynamically reinterpreted its normative structure and proposes that reform of the law on same-sex unions would be in keeping with other large historical shifts in the Church’s law and doctrine.
Inhibition of human cancer cell growth by analogues of antimycin A.

In a recent study, several new derivatives of antimycin A (AMA) were produced by means of a novel transacylation reaction, and these were shown to mediate selective toxicity toward cultured A549 human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cells, as compared with WI-38 normal human lung fibroblasts. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether the analogues all expressed their cytotoxicity by the same mechanism. This was done by studying the effects of the compounds in several types of cell lines. In comparison with 2- O -methylantimycin, which acts at the locus of Bcl-2, none of the new derivatives exhibited a difference in cytotoxicity toward cells expressing different levels of Bcl-2. In cell lines that over- or underexpress estrogen or Her2 receptors, AMA analogue 2 exhibited Her2 receptor dependency at low concentration. Three compounds ( 1, 4 , and 6 ) exhibited concentration-dependent increases in reactive oxygen species, with 6 being especially potent. Compounds 5 and 6 diminished mitochondrial membrane potential more potently than AMA, and 1 also displayed enhanced activity relative to 2 – 4 . Interestingly, only 1 and AMA displayed strong inhibition of the respiratory chain, as measured by monitoring NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) oxidase. Because four of the analogues have positively charged substituents, two of these ( 4 and 6 ) were studied to see whether the observed effects were due to much higher level of accumulation within the mitochondria. Their presence in the mitochondria was not dramatically enhanced. Neither of the two presently characterized mechanisms of cell killing by AMA can fully account for the observed results.
Comparison of Scoring Criteria for Clock Drawing Test

This study compared clock drawings by 42 medically hospitalized patients with a mean age of 51.9 (SD = 10.1) years, using four sets of published scoring criteria to determine comparability of classification and to assess validity by comparison to other measures of cognitive functioning. We found impairment in 20 of 42 cases using the criteria of Mendez et al. (1992); 11 of 42 cases by Sunderland et al. (1989); 9 of 42 cases with Freedman et al. (1994); and 8 of 42 cases according to Rouleau et al. (1992). Kappa coefficients of impairment status between sets of scoring criteria ranged from .41 to .86. Pearson correlations of raw scores between schemes ranged from .72 to .94. All except Sunderland et al. were significantly correlated with the Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination. All correlated significantly with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised Block Design; however, only Mendez et al. correlated significantly with the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination. On the basis of these results and our experience, we recommend using the Freedman scoring scheme.
Quantitative Contour Analysis as an Image-based Discriminator Between Benign and Malignant Renal Tumors.

Objective To investigate whether morphologic analysis can differentiate between benign and malignant renal tumors on clinically acquired imaging. Materials and Methods Between 2009 and 2014, 3-dimensional tumor volumes were manually segmented from contrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CT) images from 150 patients with predominantly solid, nonmacroscopic fat-containing renal tumors: 100 renal cell carcinomas and 50 benign lesions (eg, oncocytoma and lipid-poor angiomyolipoma). Tessellated 3-dimensional tumor models were created from segmented voxels using MATLAB code. Eleven shape descriptors were calculated: sphericity, compactness, mean radial distance, standard deviation of the radial distance, radial distance area ratio, zero crossing, entropy, Feret ratio, convex hull area and convex hull perimeter ratios, and elliptic compactness. Morphometric parameters were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test to investigate whether malignant renal masses demonstrate more morphologic irregularity than benign ones. Results Only CHP in sagittal orientation (median 0.96 vs 0.97) and EC in coronal orientation (median 0.92 vs 0.93) differed significantly between malignant and benign masses (P = .04). When comparing these 2 metrics between coronal and sagittal orientations, similar but nonsignificant trends emerged (P = .07). Other metrics tested were not significantly different in any imaging plane. Conclusion Computerized image analysis is feasible using shape descriptors that otherwise cannot be visually assessed and used without quantification. Shape analysis via the transverse orientation may be reasonable, but encompassing all 3 planar dimensions to characterize tumor contour can achieve a more comprehensive evaluation. Two shape metrics (CHP and EC) may help distinguish benign from malignant renal tumors, an often challenging goal to achieve on imaging and biopsy.
Direct read of idle block RAM from FPGAs utilizing photon emission microscopy

In many reverse engineering efforts, side channels have been utilized to extract both design information and data from integrated circuits. In this paper, a technique is demonstrated to recover data by directly reading idle SRAM cells within an FPGA, without engaging the read circuitry. This is accomplished using photon emission microscopy to capture the photons that are emitted as leakage currents flow from the source to the drain of NMOS transistors within the SRAM cell. Depending on whether a 0 or 1 state is stored in a particular cell, the location of the emitting transistor is different. The read circuity in many integrated circuits cannot be easily activated in a repeatable pattern, thus forming need to access the contents of idle SRAM cells. This was evaluated and refined on a 220 nm process node FPGA. We discuss the physics of photon emission in these devices and the consequences for successful imaging of SRAM contents. Through initial investigations and calculations, we predict that extraction of data from idle SRAM can be conducted on more modern parts. Through an extension of this technique, data such as encryption keys, state information, and restricted variables that would not be accessible through traditional bitstream and firmware reverse engineering efforts can be extracted from the integrated circuit. This information can then be utilized to ensure the integrity of a system, or as a threat to the integrity of the system.
U.S. Ocean and Coastal Policy

In this presentation, I draw on the major findings and conclusions found in our book The Future of U.S. Ocean Policy: Choices for the New Century (co-authored with Robert W. Knecht), published by Island Press, Washigton, D.C. in 2000.
Performance Specified State Estimation With Minimum Risk

Measurements that significantly deviate from those predicted by the model or from the normal pattern of sensed data are considered as outliers. Since outliers can degrade the performance of state estimation, outlier accommodation is critical. The traditional Neyman-Pearson Kalman filter approach is to ignore all residuals greater than a designer specified threshold. The criticism of such techniques is that they allow missed detections to pass through undetected thereby corrupting both the state estimate and covariance. This causes the state estimation gain and all subsequent outlier decisions to be based on an invalid model. In sensor rich applications, where large numbers of sensor measurements are available, all the sensor data may not be needed to achieve the system accuracy specification. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) is one such sensor rich application since various satellite systems are available, each of which supplies more than the minimal number of satellites needed to estimate the system state. Using more data than is required to meet the specification exposes the state estimate to unneeded risk of outlier inclusion. This paper formulates and solves the state estimation problem from the perspective of minimizing risk while achieving a performance specification.
IL1-Induced JAK/STAT Signaling Is Antagonized by TGFβ to Shape CAF Heterogeneity in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is poorly responsive to therapies and histologically contains a paucity of neoplastic cells embedded within a dense desmoplastic stroma. Within the stroma, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) secrete tropic factors and extracellular matrix components, and have been implicated in PDAC progression and chemotherapy resistance. We recently identified two distinct CAF subtypes characterized by either myofibroblastic or inflammatory phenotypes; however, the mechanisms underlying their diversity and their roles in PDAC remain unknown. Here, we use organoid and mouse models to identify TGF-beta and IL-1 as tumor-secreted ligands that promote CAF heterogeneity. We show that IL-1 induces LIF expression and downstream JAK/STAT activation to generate inflammatory CAFs, and demonstrate that TGF-beta antagonizes this process by downregulating IL-1R1 expression and promoting differentiation into myofibroblasts. Our results provide a mechanism through which distinct fibroblast niches are established in the PDAC microenvironment and illuminate strategies to selectively target CAFs that support tumor growth.
Injectable amine functionalized graphene and chondroitin sulfate hydrogel with potential for cartilage regeneration

Damaged cartilage does not readily heal and often requires surgical intervention that only modestly improves outcomes. A synthetic material that could be injected and covalently crosslinked in situ to form a bioactive, mechanically robust scaffold that promotes stem cell chondrogenic differentiation holds promise for next-generation treatment of cartilage lesions. Here, Johnson–Claisen rearrangement chemistry was performed on graphene oxide (GO) to enable functionalization with a primary amine covalently bound to the graphenic backbone through a chemically stable linker. The primary amines are used to form covalent crosslinks with chondroitin sulfate, an important component of cartilage that promotes regeneration, to form a hydrogel (EDAG–CS). The EDAG–CS system gels in situ within 10 min, and the graphenic component imparts improved mechanical properties, including stiffness (320% increase) and toughness (70% increase). EDAG–CS hydrogels are highly porous, resistant to degradation, and enable the growth of human mesenchymal stem cells and their deposition of collagen matrix. This system has potential to improve clinical outcomes of patients with cartilage damage.
Exploring the Roles of Central and Peripheral Nervous System Function in Gait Stability: Preliminary Insights from Cancer Survivors

Abstract Background Impairments in central and/or peripheral nervous systems are known to be associated with altered gait; however, the interplay between cognitive function, peripheral sensation, and orbital gait stability remains largely unclear. Elucidating these relationships is expected to provide a clearer understanding of potential fall risk factors across various populations and targets for novel interventions. Many patients diagnosed with cancer are treated with chemotherapy agents known to be neurotoxic to the central and/or peripheral nervous systems that can contribute to movement deficiencies, making this population a novel model to investigate these relationships. Research Question The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate how central and peripheral nervous system impairments associate with orbital stability during single- and dual-task gait. Methods Twenty cancer survivors were enrolled and separated into three groups: no prior chemotherapy exposure (CON, n = 6), and prior treatment with chemotherapy and having no/mild chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) symptoms (-CIPN, n = 8) or moderate/severe CIPN symptoms (+CIPN, n = 6). Testing included single- and dual-task (i.e., serial sevens) treadmill walking as well as a computerized test of executive function. Maximum Floquet multipliers were calculated to assess orbital stability during gait. Results Worse executive function was associated with decreased orbital stability during the dual-task condition in the +CIPN group (Spearman’s ρ = 0.94, P = 0.017). Additionally, decreased orbital stability during dual-task gait was observed for the -CIPN group compared to the CON group (ES = 1.96, P = 0.019). Significance Executive dysfunction was associated with decreased gait stability during challenging dual-task gait in survivors with sensory symptoms of CIPN. The association between combined central and peripheral nervous system impairments and decreased gait stability in cancer survivors provides a novel demonstration of potential compensatory strategies that accompany deficiencies in these functions. Future work is needed to confirm these relationships and whether they hold in other populations.
Ordering the Mind: Reading Style in Hugh Blair

Hugh Blair’s rhetorical theory reflects the tenets of New Science, answering the call for communication as the transfer of knowledge from the composer to the audience. Reading Blair on style throug...
Early Childhood Obesity and the Chronic Inflammatory State: a Segue to Adult-type Oncogenesis?

Purpose: The link between childhood and adult obesity is becoming increasingly clear. Likewise, as a community of healthcare professionals, we have acknowledged the imminent threat of childhood obesity upon the future development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, we have not yet turned our attention towards adult-type oncogenesis. In the two counties that we serve, both with growing birth rates, childhood obesity is a significant burden, particularly affecting the young Hispanic population. Similarly, the Hispanic population disproportionately faces adult obesity and adult-type cancers. …
Rutas del conceptualismo en Guatemala (1954-2011)

This essay explores the relationship between concepts such as political art and art as a strategy of political action (Camnitzer, 2008), as well as power over and power to do (Holloway, 2002) in Guatemala (1954-2011). Within this framework, this work situates the conceptualist practices in the country, also mediated by war (1960-1996) and exile; and studies the role of Costa Rica as both a haven for exiles and epicenter of Central American artistic relations. Guatemalan conceptualism, and Central American conceptualism in general, is still relatively unknown given the lack of archives, documentation and research that take this period into account. Nevertheless, conceptualist art practices stayed vibrant well into the 21st century due to the persistence of the original social conditions and the artistic transnational networks that validate them. At least until the Guatemala elections of 2011, in, conceptualism was as much part of the political as the artistic language.
Structure and stability of the Si(105) surface

Abstract Recent experimental studies have shown that well-annealed, unstrained Si(1 0 5) surfaces appear disordered and atomically rough when imaged using scanning tunnelling microscopy. We construct new models for the Si(1 0 5) surface that are based on single- and double-height steps separated by Si(0 0 1) terraces, and propose that the observed surface disorder of Si(1 0 5) originates from the presence of several structural models with different atomic-scale features but similar energies. This degeneracy can be removed by applying compressive strains, a result that is consistent with recent observations of the structure of the Ge/Si(1 0 5) surface.
Fishhook Injury of the Anterior Chamber Angle of the Eye

A 36-year-old man presented with a corneal penetrating fishhook injury with the tip embedded in the inferior anterior chamber angle of the eye. Complete removal was achieved with extension of the wound at the limbus using the "cut-out" technique. Intraocular fishhook injuries are common in fishing communities and effective surgical removal may involve modified techniques previously described for skin or mucosal tissue.
Gender, science, and academic rank: Key issues and approaches

In the social study of science, gender is a critical research site because relations of gender are hierarchical and inequality is a central feature of science. The focus here is on a key dimension ...
Software-Defined Cyber–Energy Secure Underwater Wireless Power Transfer

Underwater wireless power transfer (UWPT) is a critical infrastructure for supplying power to underwater devices, such as underwater sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles. Enabling a software-defined architecture for UWPT promises to build a flexible and programmable underwater energy network. Although it is crucial that UWPT be made more resilient to cyberattacks and energy stealing, this remains an open challenge. In this article, we propose a software-defined UWPT (SD-UWPT) system that is both cyber and energy secure. A moving target defense approach and an active synchronous detection method are developed to protect the SD-UWPT against scanning-based attacks and power bot attacks. To enable energy-secure UWPT, an impedance measurement based approach is further established to prevent energy stealing. Through comprehensive evaluations, we validate the benefits of SD-UWPT and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed cyber–energy secure strategies against various attacks.
Anatomy of the Head and Neck

The skull is comprised of numerous flat bones that encase the brain and provide structural support for the face. The skull consists of two parts: The neurocranium is the bone case surrounding the brain.
Self-affirmation inductions to reduce defensive processing of threatening health risk information.

Self-affirmation reduces defensiveness toward threatening health messages. In this study, we compared several possible self-affirmation inductions in order to identify the most effective strategy.W...
A Wringing-Based Proof of a Second-Order Converse for the Multiple-Access Channel under Maximal Error Probability

The second-order converse bound of multiple access channels is an intriguing problem in information theory. In this work, in the setting of the two-user discrete memoryless multiple access channel (DM-MAC) under the maximal error probability criterion, we investigate the gap between the best achievable rates and the asymptotic capacity region. With “wringing techniques” and meta-converse arguments, we show that gap at blocklength $n$ is upper bounded by $O(1/\sqrt{n})$ .
Dietary factors in the modulation of inflammatory bowel disease activity.

CONTEXT: As patients look to complementary therapies for management of their diseases, it is important that the physician know the effectiveness and/or lack of effectiveness of a variety of dietary approaches/interventions. Although the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) is not fully understood, many suspect that diet and various dietary factors may play a modulating role in the disease process. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The purpose of this article is to present some of what is known about various dietary/nutritional factors in inflammatory bowel disease, with inclusion of evidence from various studies regarding their putative effect. MedLINE was searched (1965-present) using combinations of the following search terms: diet, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. Additionally, references of the articles obtained were searched to identify further potential sources of information. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: While much information is available regarding various dietary interventions/supplements in regard to inflammatory bowel disease, the lack of controlled trials limits broad applicability. Probiotics are one of the few interventions with promising results and controlled trials. CONCLUSION: While there are many potential and promising dietary factors that may play a role in the modulation of inflammatory bowel disease, it is prudent to await further controlled studies before broad application/physician recommendation in the noted patient population.
Pathophysiology of glia in perinatal white matter injury

Injury to the preterm brain has a particular predilection for cerebral white matter. White matter injury (WMI) is the most common cause of brain injury in preterm infants and a major cause of chronic neurological morbidity including cerebral palsy. Factors that predispose to WMI include cerebral oxygenation disturbances and maternal-fetal infection. During the acute phase of WMI, pronounced oxidative damage occurs that targets late oligodendrocyte progenitors (preOLs). The developmental predilection for WMI to occur during prematurity appears to be related to both the timing of appearance and regional distribution of susceptible preOLs that are vulnerable to a variety of chemical mediators including reactive oxygen species, glutamate, cytokines, and adenosine. During the chronic phase of WMI, the white matter displays abberant regeneration and repair responses. Early OL progenitors responds to WMI with a rapid robust proliferative response that results in a several fold regeneration of preOLs that fail to terminally differentiate along their normal developmental time course. PreOL maturation arrest appears to be related in part to inhibitory factors that derive from reactive astrocytes in chronic lesions. Recent high field MRI data support that three distinct forms of chronic WMI exist, each of which displays unique MRI and histopathological features. These findings suggest the possibility that therapies directed at myelin regeneration and repair could be initiated early after WMI and monitored over time. These new mechanisms of acute and chronic WMI provide access to a variety of new strategies to prevent or promote repair of WMI in premature infants.
The transdermal contraceptive patch: a new approach to hormonal contraception.

The transdermal contraceptive patch delivers ethinyl estradiol and norelgestromin (17-deacetylnorgestimate) at a rate over 7 days that results in efficacy paralleling that achieved with oral contraceptives. Due to the pharmacokinetics of the system adequate steroid levels are maintained for 2 days beyond the recommended duration of use of an individual patch with resulting maintenance of efficacy. With perfect use the failure rate is 0.70 pregnancies/100 woman-years and for typical use the rate is 0.88 pregnancies/100 woman-years. Body weight above 90 kg (198 pounds) is associated with lower efficacy. Cycle control is similar to that achieved by oral contraceptives. With the exception of a transient increase in breast tenderness the side effect profile is similar to that noted by oral contraceptive users. A major advantage of this method compared to oral contraceptives is a nearly 90% perfect adherence to the dosing schedule across all age groups. Partial or total detachment of the patch occurs at an overall rate of 3.8%. This rate is not affected by warm humid climates vigorous exercise or exposure to saunas or water baths. (authors)
Nondestructive shell-stability estimation by a combined-loading technique.

The variation of specimen lateral stiffness with compressive axial loading is studied experimentally, and it is demonstrated that buckling loads can be predicted for monocoque shells from such data. A study of the initial specimen geometry is presented, and an evaluation is made of its effect on the distribution of stiffness at zero axial load. When the lateral test force used to determine the stiffness is considered as a destabilizing load in combination with the axial compression, it is shown that critical values of the force can be estimated by the 'Southwell plot' procedure. These critical forces can be correlated with axial load and extrapolated to yield an accurate estimate of the buckling load.
Growth and Laboratory Maintenance of Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter jejuni is a fastidious organism, growing in microaerophilic conditions with a temperature range between 37 degrees and 42 degrees C. Multiple types of media can be used to cultivate it; however, Mueller Hinton broth and agar support the best C. jejuni growth. Optimum atmosphere for C. jejuni is 85% N2, 10% CO2, and 5% O2.
Enhanced performance of a thermal ground plane utilizing an Inorganic Aqueous Solution

In this paper, two TGPs with monoporous sintered wick structures fabricated from spherical copper particles, are studied. The TGPs used in this study are 3" by 5" troughs, 4.8mm in depth, made of copper. On the back side of the trough, a 1cm 2 raised section, referred to as pedestal, is used as a heater interface; pedestal is subjected to heat fluxes from 50 to 250 W/cm 2 and the data is recorded when steady state is achieved at each heat flux. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of working fluid on two TGPs with different monoporous wick structures. The result of the comparison between TGPs charged with water and with IAS has shown a remarkable improvement in performance of IAS charged TGPs, relative to water, when used in the same device. The use of IAS enables one to significantly improve thermal performance and broaden the operating temperature range in vapor chambers.
10-Formyltetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase: Identification of the Natural Folate Ligand, Covalent Labeling, and Partial Tryptic Digestion

Abstract 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.6) was previously identified as a folate-binding protein in rat liver cytosol (R. J. Cook and C. Wagner, Biochemistry 21, 4427-4434, 1982) by virtue of the tetrahydrofolate polyglutamate tightly bound to the partially purified enzyme, In this current study we provide evidence to show that when liver cytosol was rapidly processed to identify the protein bound folate, large amounts of both 10-formyl- and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate were present. After overnight storage of the cytosol at 5°C before processing, almost no formylfolates were present and the major protein-bound form was tetrahydrofolate. This suggests that 10-formyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamates are tightly bound to the enzyme in vivo and are converted to tetrahydrofolate forms during isolation by the hydrolase activity associated with the enzyme. Covalent binding of the stable folate analogue, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, to the purified enzyme resulted in 2 mol bound per mole of enzyme subunit. This is consistent with earlier reports suggesting the enzyme is capable of carrying out both oxidative and hydrolytic conversion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate at the same time. Partial tryptic digestion of the purified enzyme selectively inhibited dehydrogenase activity of the enzyme but did not affect the hydrolase or aldehyde dehydrogenase activities.
Are eyeblink responses to tone in the decerebrate, decerebellate rabbit conditioned responses?

Bloedel and associates18 recently claimed to have established conditioned eyeblink responses in the acute decerebrate, decerebellate rabbit. Their training procedure was extreme massed practice (mean intertrial interval of 9 s) and they used an idiosyncratic definition of the conditioned response (10% or more of the unconditioned response amplitude). They did not measure or control the excitability of their preparations and did not run any separate control groups for alpha responses, alpha conditioning or pseudoconditioning. Using normal animals we compared their training procedure with procedures standard in the field and analyzed the consequences of their scoring procedure. Our group trained at a 30-s intertrial interval (ITI) showed clear learning in the training session. In marked contrast, 3 groups trained at a 9-s ITI developed no conditioned responses. We also found that the method of scoring used by Bloedel and associates counts many spontaneous responses as conditioned responses (CRs) if unconditioned response (UR) amplitudes are low, excludes genuine CRs if UR amplitudes are high and does not control for the occurrence of spontaneous responses. It must therefore be concluded that the eyeblink responses to tone reported by Bloedel and associates to occur in the decerebrate, decerebellate rabbit are not associative CRs as they develop in the normal animal.
Change in the Racial Composition of Occupations, 1960–1970: How Much Progress for Blacks?

This study estimates change in the racial inequality of employment during the 1960s, a decade characterized by substantial economic growth and significant government antidiscriminatory activity. Th...
Employment in the manufacturing sector of developing economies: A study of Mexico and Peru

This article finds that the existence of elastic production functions and shifts in relative prices which make it profitable for companies to substitute capital for labour explained a large portion of the failure of manufacturing industries in Mexico and Peru to provide large scale employment opportunities even when their volume of output was expanding.
Acoustic interneurons in the brain of noctuid moths

Abstract Ultrasonic stimuli were directed at one tympanic organ of various noctuid moth species. At low intensities these stimuli excite only one tympanic sense cell. Interneuron responses to this minimal input were detected in the suboesophageal and protocerebral ganglia. Typically, one phasic and one or two tonic spike sequences were detected on both sides of the brain. Commonly, these signals remained stable for hours in response to one or two 40 kHz pulses/sec delivered at low intensities. Sometimes intensities 20 to 30 dB higher partially or completely suppressed one of the tonic spike responses while leaving the other unaffected. In some preparations the protocerebral response did not remain steady but showed abrupt and marked lapses in acoustic excitability lasting from a few seconds to an hour. In a few visual stimulation caused temporary failure of the protocerebral response to low sound intensities. Return of the acoustic response might be delayed several minutes after with-drawal of the visual stimulus. Lapses in the acoustic response were frequently spontaneous and unpredictable, and on recovery the acoustic response was often more sensitive than before. Suppression by high sound intensities and lapses in responsiveness of the protocerebral acoustic response are discussed in relation to the acoustic avoidance behaviour shown by noctuid moths.
Disposition and metabolism of bruceantin in the mouse

A microbiologic assay of the agar diffusion type, employing a strain of yeast tentatively identified as Candida macedoniensis, was developed to study the disposition, excretion, and metabolism of the antitumor agent bruceantin (BN; NSC 165563) in the mouse. Bioautographic studies showed the assay to be specific for BN. Normal and tumor-bearing male BDFl mice were studied. Tumor-bearing mice were implanted sc with 10 6 L1210 ascites cells and held for 7 days prior to dosing. Average tumor weight was 307 mg and advanced generalized disease was evident. Three groups of 5 or 10 mice were injected iv with BN (1.5 mg/kg; approx. LD10). At various times after injection, blood, tissues, urine, and feces were obtained and extracted with chloroform to recover BN. Recovery of BN was in the range of 91 to 121%. Disposition and excretion of BN were similar for normal and tumor-bearing mice. Decay of BN in blood was biphasic with α-phase half-lives of 5 to 6 min. Estimated half-lives for the β-phase were possibly >0.5 day. Average zero time intercepts for α-and β-phases were 550 and 51 ng/ml respectively. Higher levels of BN were found in lung, pancreas, intestine, and spleen (1–6 μg/g) than in liver, kidney, and tumor (0.3–0.5 μg/g) after 15 min. Concentrations of BN in brain and peritoneal fat were below detectable limits (0.1 μg/g tissue). Urine and fecal excretion of BN accounted for 2% of the dose after 24 h. In vitro metabolism studies using a postmitochondrial microsome fraction of liver, lung, and kidney suggest that bruceantin is inactivated by an NADPH-dependent enzyme present in liver but not in lung or kidney.