cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limited Surgery and External Irradiation in Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Current management of the primary disease in patients with soft tissue sarcoma is based upon conservative multi-modality approaches directed toward limb salvage and reduced resection of grossly uninvolved tissue at torso and head/neck sites. Regrettably, there has not been demonstrated an effective systemic therapy for occult metastatic tumor although, paradoxically, chemotherapy is clearly efficacious in the treatment of an important proportion of patients with gross metastatic disease. Accordingly, there have been clear improvements in the cosmetic and functional results at the primary sites, but no proof of higher long-term survival rates. The superior survival results of recent studies, as compared with historical controls, may merely reflect treatment of progressively more favorable disease with succeeding time periods.
Abstract 201: Enhancing Pgc-1α Activity Improves Heart Function Through Activating Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Chagas Disease

Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCM) is presented with ventricular hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction that can lead to heart failure. I have found that a substantial decline in mitochondrial ...
Identification of the Dimer Exchange Interface of the Bacterial DNA Damage Response Protein UmuD

The Escherichia coli SOS response, an induced DNA damage response pathway, confers survival on bacterial cells by providing accurate repair mechanisms as well as the potentially mutagenic pathway translesion synthesis (TLS). The umuD gene products are upregulated after DNA damage and play roles in both nonmutagenic and mutagenic aspects of the SOS response. Full-length UmuD is expressed as a homodimer of 139-amino-acid subunits, which eventually cleaves its N-terminal 24 amino acids to form UmuD′. The cleavage product UmuD′ and UmuC form the Y-family polymerase DNA Pol V (UmuD′2C) capable of performing TLS. UmuD and UmuD′ exist as homodimers, but their subunits can readily exchange to form UmuDD′ heterodimers preferentially. Heterodimer formation is an essential step in the degradation pathway of UmuD′. The recognition sequence for ClpXP protease is located within the first 24 amino acids of full-length UmuD, and the partner of full-length UmuD, whether UmuD or UmuD′, is degraded by ClpXP. To better under...
High Harmonic Phase Spectroscopy Using Long Wavelengths

We report on two high harmonic spectroscopy studies, one in Argon, the other in Nitrogen. We focus on intensity and group delay measurements of the attosecond pulse trains generated with long wavelength laser fields using the RABBITT technique. Our results are compared to different models showing a good degree of agreement with the experiment. These two studies emphasize the ability offered by high harmonic spectroscopy to measure atomic and molecular features with good accuracy.
The thermal dependence of carbon stable isotope incorporation and trophic discrimination in the domestic cricket, Acheta domesticus.

Abstract Stable isotopes are valuable tools in physiological and ecological research, as they can be used to estimate diet, habitat use, and resource allocation. However, in most cases a priori knowledge of two key properties of stable isotopes is required, namely their rate of incorporation into the body (incorporation rate) and the change of isotope values between consumers and resources that arises during incorporation of the isotopes into the consumer’s tissues (trophic discrimination). Previous studies have quantified these properties across species and tissue types, but little is known about how they vary with temperature, a key driver of many biological rates and times. Here, we explored for the first time how temperature affects both carbon incorporation rate and trophic discrimination via growth rates, using the domestic cricket, Acheta domesticus. We raised crickets at 16 °C, 21 °C, and 26 °C and showed that temperature increased carbon isotope incorporation rate, which was driven by both an increased growth rate and catabolism at higher temperatures. Trophic discrimination of carbon isotopes decreased at higher temperatures, which we attributed to either lower activation energies needed to synthesize non-essential amino acids at higher temperatures or the increased utilization of available resources of consumers at higher temperatures. Our results demonstrate that temperature is a key driver of both carbon isotope incorporation rate and trophic discrimination, via mechanisms that likely persist across all ectotherms. Experiments to determine incorporation rates and trophic discrimination factors in ectotherms must include temperature as a major factor, and natural variation in temperature might have significant effects on these isotopic properties that then can affect inferences made from isotope values.
The Travel Cost Approach to Recreation Demand Modeling: An Introduction

The travel cost approach offers some of the most widely used demand models for valuing recreation sites. Originally suggested in a letter from Harold Hotelling to the director of the National Park Service, the approach’s basic idea—i.e., that the distances recreationists travel to the sites they visit indicate the implicit prices they are willing to pay for using these sites—has spawned an extensive literature.* Drawing on this literature, this chapter introduces and develops our indirect approach for measuring households’ valuation of water quality changes. In particular, we generalize the travel cost model to reflect the role of recreation sites’ characteristics on households’ demands for the services of these sites.
A Decade of Research on Social Media and Journalism: Assumptions, Blind Spots, and a Way Forward

Amid a broader reckoning about the role of social media in public life, this article argues that the same scrutiny can be applied to the journalism studies field and its approaches to examining social media. A decade later, what hath such research wrought? In the broad study of news and its digital transformation, few topics have captivated researchers quite like social media, with hundreds of studies on everything from how journalists use Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat to how such platforms facilitate various forms of engagement between journalists and audiences. Now, some 10 years into journalism studies on social media, we need a more particular accounting of the assumptions, biases, and blind spots that have crept into this line of research. Our purpose is to provoke reflection and chart a path for future research by critiquing themes of what has come before. In particular, our goal is to untangle three faulty assumptions—often implicit but no less influential—that have been overlooked in the rapid take-up of social media as a key phenomenon for journalism studies: (1) that social media would be a net positive; (2) that social media reflects reality; and (3) that social media matters over and above other factors.
Learning in Cycles

Organizations face a key challenge in dynamic environments: the contexts in which experience is gained will not always match the contexts in which experience will be applied. This challenge has bee...
Parent involvement and children's externalizing behavior: Exploring longitudinal bidirectional effects across gender.

Abstract The current study longitudinally examined potential bidirectional associations between parents' home-based involvement, school-based involvement, and home-school communication and their children's externalizing behavior across child gender. Using the Early Childhood-Longitudinal Study – Kindergarten Cohort of 1998–99, three sets of analyses were conducted examining home involvement (n = 16,555), school involvement (n = 12,011), and home-school communication (n = 16,555). Cross-lagged panel analyses indicated a small effect of school-based involvement in kindergarten on externalizing behavior in the first grade but no other significant effects with no differences in patterns across gender. The utilized methodology also enabled an examination of longitudinal trends in different types of parent involvement across gender, which revealed important developmental differences in average parent involvement. Ultimately, the results of this study did not indicate robust unidirectional or bidirectional effects between parent involvement and student externalizing behavior. These findings are an important step forward in understanding the family variables influencing student behavior at school.
System-Independent Ultrasound Attenuation Coefficient Estimation Using Spectra Normalization

Ultrasound attenuation coefficient estimation (ACE) has diagnostic potential for clinical applications such as differentiating tumors and quantifying fat content in the liver. The two commonly used ACE methods in the ultrasound array imaging system are the spectral shift method and the reference-phantom-based methods. The spectra shift method estimates the central frequency downshift along depth, whereas the reference-phantom-based methods use a well-calibrated phantom to cancel system dependent effects in attenuation estimation. In this study, we propose a novel system-independent ACE technique based on spectra normalization of different frequencies. This technique does not require a reference phantom for normalization. The power of each frequency component is normalized by the power of an adjacent frequency component in the spectrum to cancel system-dependent effects, such as focusing and time gain compensation (TGC). This method is referred to as the reference frequency method (RFM), and its performance has been evaluated in phantoms and in vivo liver studies. The RFM technique can be applied to various transducer geometries (e.g., linear or curved arrays) with different beam patterns (e.g., focused or unfocused).
Foundations of Semi-Superpower Status: Financing Britain's Defense Posture, 1945-1971

This paper, based on the author's prior work, endeavors to condense into a brief, succinct discussion of the resourcing of Britain's military position, discussed here as "semi-superpower status," in the 1945-1971 period.
Converting remittances to investment: a dynamic optimal policy

The existing literature does not provide a theoretical framework for conversion of remittances into investment. If a government introduces some measure for the earner abroad to save more, the earner’s cost (to the extent of his/ her share of savings in the home country) jumps to the pre-policy cost minus the additional costs causing inefficiency prior to the remittance policy affecting the quantity of savings and hence pushing the market out of equilibrium. The supply and the demand of the savings, then adjust over time to bring the new post-policy market equilibrium. The interest rate adjustment mechanism is based on the fact that when the remittance-investment policy leads the market out of equilibrium, the buyers’ and sellers’ decisions are not coordinated at the current interest rate. It is essential to take into account the efficiency losses during the adjustment process while computing the benefits of remittance-investment policy. This paper develops a dynamic model and derives an optimal remittance-investment policy minimizing the efficiency losses (output and/ or consumption of funds lost) during the dynamic adjustment process taking into account the gains from the post-policy market equilibrium subject to a policy cost constraint.
Doing family: The reproduction of heterosexuality in accounts of parenthood:

The cultural and legal landscape in the United States has shifted towards increased recognition of LGBQ-parent families. This shift raises questions about the everyday experiences of LGBQ parents a...
Automated Detection of Symptomatic Autonomic Dysreflexia Through Multimodal Sensing

Objective: Autonomic Dysreflexia (AD) is a potentially life-threatening syndrome which occurs in individuals with higher level spinal cord injuries (SCI). AD is caused by triggers which can lead to rapid escalation of pathophysiological responses and if the trigger is not removed, AD can be fatal. There is currently no objective, non-invasive and accurate monitoring system available to automatically detect the onset of AD symptoms in real time in a non-clinical setting. Technology or Method: We developed a user-independent method of symptomatic AD detection in real time with a wearable physiological telemetry system (PTS) and a machine learning model using data from eleven participants with SCI. Results: The PTS could detect onset of AD symptoms with an average accuracy of 94.10% and a false negative rate of 4.89%. Conclusions: The PTS can detect the onset of the symptoms AD with high sensitivity and specificity to assist people with SCIs in preventing the occurrence of AD. It would enable persons with high level SCIs to be more independent and pursue vocational activities while granting continuous medical oversight. Clinical Impact: The PTS could serve as a supplementary tool to current solutions to detect the onset of AD and prepare individuals who are newly injured to be better prepared for AD episodes. Moreover, it could be translated into a system to encourage individuals to practice better healthcare management to prevent future occurrences.
Modeling DC electrical breakdown using a truncated emission spectrum for trapped radiation

Spontaneously emitted radiation from excited atoms can be of principle importance in certain modes of electrical breakdown, especially positive streamers and some regimes of Townsend breakdown. The electrostatic particle-in-cell code Aleph utilizes the direct simulation Monte Carlo method to compute radiation transport. When there is strong radiation trapping, this approach is limited in that it must resolve the timescale associated with self-absorption. This renders many cases computationally intractable as sub-femtosecond time steps can be required to compute solutions for phenomena that occur over nanoseconds or microseconds. For two specific cases which exhibit strong radiation trapping, we find that spontaneous emissions having a frequency near the line center are inactive in the breakdown process and can be neglected. This enables larger time steps and a computational speedup of up to two orders of magnitude is observed. Some considerations for determining the validity of making such an approximation for Townsend breakdown problems and positive ionization wave problems are presented.
Echoes of Harlem: Women’s Memories in Othello and Harlem Duet

Although Othello has appeared in earlier chapters, Djanet Sears’ 1997 play Harlem Duet is the book’s first full-scale reorientation of the play that is so central to formulations of race in the Renaissance, and afterwards. Sears’ play directly addresses black women’s absence from Othello, as it tells the story of Billie, a woman in the process of breaking up with her lover, Othe, who has left her for his white colleague Mona. Dramatizing Billie’s attempt to grapple with the historical void that has absorbed so much of the history of black women in the Atlantic world, Sears’ play uses Othello’s handkerchief as a recurring marker of romantic loss, a vagrant symbol of what Billie wanted, and what she cannot achieve.
How Does Mission Ground Time Impact on Population Coverage of Aeromedical Retrieval Systems

Abstract Background Aeromedical retrieval is an essential component of contemporary emergency care systems. However, in many locations, ground emergency medical services are dispatched to the scene of an incident first to assess the patient and then call for a helicopter if needed. The time to definitive care therefore includes the helicopter's flight to the scene, flight to the trauma center, and nonflying time. Mission ground time (MGT) includes the time required to get the helicopter airborne, as well as time spent at the scene, packaging and loading the casualty into the aircraft. Estimates of MGT typically vary from 10 to 30 min. The impact of MGT duration on population coverage—the number of residents that could be taken to a trauma center within a set time—is not known. The aim of this study was to compare population coverage for different durations of MGT in a single state. Methods Coverage was calculated using elliptical coverage areas (“isochrones”) based on the location of helicopter bases and Level I and Level II trauma centers. The calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel, assuming a cruising speed of 133 knots (246 km/h), and mapped using arcGIS. The access time threshold was set at 60 min, and we evaluated MGTs of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min. Results MGT has a marked impact on population coverage. The effect is, furthermore, not linear. When considering the state's three Level I trauma centers, decreasing MGT from 30 to 10 min increased population coverage from 61.2% to 84.2%. When also considering Level II centers, decreasing MGT from 30 min to 10 min increased coverage by 20%. Conclusions Elliptical isochrones, with allowance for MGT, provide realistic estimates of population coverage. MGT significantly impacts the proportion of the population that can be taken to a Level I and/or Level II Trauma Center within a set time. The impact is not linear, reflecting the uneven distribution of the population. Consideration should be given to minimizing MGT to preserve the benefits of aeromedical retrieval.
ReLy: Machine Learning for Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Messaging in Industrial Robots

Robotic factory floors are transforming the manufacturing sector by delivering an unprecedented boost to productivity. However, such a paradigm raises questions on safety and coordination, especially when in the presence of unexpected events. Time-critical communication messages for such industrial robots mandate the requirement of ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC). Classical WiFi-connected industrial robots often suffer from the traditional dense network problems prevalent in production WiFi networks, where transmission of an emergency notification packet is “best effort,” devoid of time guarantees. In this work, we propose a machine-learning-based framework called ReLy that intelligently embeds the time-critical messages in the preamble of outgoing frames at the transmitter. These messages are inferred from the channel state information variations at the receiver. As ReLy is implemented entirely at the physical layer, the transmitter is able to deliver information within 5 ms latency and ultra-high reliability of 99 percent. We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of achieving URLLC with moving robots in a busy workshop with a number of other peer robots, equipment, desks, and robotic arms, as expected in a typical factory setting.
Anomalous diffusion of cosmic rays: A geometric approach

In this work, we analyze the process leading to the occurrence of anomalous transport phenomena associated with galactic cosmic rays propagating through the interstellar space. The origin of non-conventional transport is found in the dynamics of cosmic rays dominated by long uninterrupted flights interspersed with interactions with magnetized scattering clouds. The process is analyzed via a geometric Monte Carlo model that is able to mimic the intrinsic non-local character of the investigated transport phenomena. Numerical results show the existence of ranges of density and re-emission strengths of the interstellar magnetic clouds leading to heavy-tailed (Levy α-stable) distributions of the propagating cosmic rays denoting a marked superdiffusive character. The correspondence between the geometric Monte Carlo integration method proposed in this work and the fractional Green’s functions suggests a novel approach to efficiently performing integration in higher dimensional spaces.
Running a College on the Side: Reflections on My Engagement with Coursera

In recent years, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have become one of the most important innovations in global higher education. Another important trend is the rise of online content aggregators, such as Coursera, edX, and FutureLearn. Coursera, the leading aggregator, by May 2020, had surpassed 56 million subscribed learners globally offering 4,500 online courses, 300 specializations, and 20 entire degrees. Since 2015, through membership in Open SUNY (online courses and entire degree programs offered through the SUNY system), SUNY Empire State College has obtained a unique opportunity to join Coursera and reach out to the world’s largest community of online learners. One of the college’s pioneers on Coursera, Val Chukhlomin, has led the development of seven Coursera MOOCs. In just four years, his MOOCs have enrolled more than 120,000 learners from more than 200 countries. In this essay, Chukhlomin shares his observations and insights into the Coursera world and discusses some of the pertinent problems. Please note that quite recently, Open SUNY merged with SUNY Online.
Inverse Design Inspired VO2 Smart Window Film

Inspired from inverse design methodology, a smart window film is designed utilizing VO2 material. The structure enables high visible, low near infrared transmittance and high visible and near infrared transmittance at high and low temperatures, respectively.
Chapter 13. Antiviral Agents

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses studies on antiviral agents with an emphasis on interferon. The role played by interferon in the course of natural varicella infection was studied in human patients with and without impairment of host–defense mechanisms. With normal defense mechanisms, interferon titres present in cutaneous vesicles were initially high and appeared to prevent virus dissemination and allow rapid recovery. On the other hand, in patients with Hodgkins disease, lymphomas, and leukemias, where there is an impairment of host–defense mechanisms, low titres of cutaneous interferon were initially present, and viral dissemination was rapid and in some cases led to death. In those cases, which were resolved favorably, the remission followed the late appearance of high interferon titres. In animal experiments, it was found that macrophages stimulated to produce interferon by a nonreplicating virus could be transferred to mice already infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) or Semliki Forest (SFV) virus and exhibiting clinical symptoms. Some early studies of poly IC in man have shown that a low titre of interferon (1:16) is achieved after intravenous administration. No effect on prolongation of life or alleviation of the disease conditions was seen in terminal cancer patients after intravenous administration of poly IC, but the only side effect noted was mild fever.
Frequency stabilization of a tunable erbium-doped fiber laser

A single-frequency Er-doped fiber laser that is tunable from 1.52 to 1.58 μm has been constructed. The laser linewidth was determined to be less than 1.6 MHz FWHM by observing the spectrum of the beat between the fiber laser and a 1.523-μm He–Ne laser. The frequency of the fiber laser was locked to several absorption lines of acetylene near 1.53 μm. This research demonstrates the inherent stability of fiber lasers and their potential for use in a wavelength standard for optical communications.
Developing Schools' Capacities to Respond to Community Crisis: The Tennessee Initiative

TOPIC: The development and implementation of a statewide initiative addressing mental health issues within schools postcrisis. PURPOSE: The potential for a community crisis occurs every day. After a crisis, schools are practical, logical, and effective places to help students recover from a tragedy. If crisis-related trauma is not addressed adequately, it can impact academic outcomes such as reading achievement, grade point average, and overall academic performance. For these reasons, it is imperative that school administrators support students in the aftermath of a crisis. CONCLUSIONS: This ongoing project continues in an effort to support students, faculty, and staff after a traumatic event within the Tennessee public school system.
Electronic Documentation of Lifestyle Counseling and Glycemic Control in Patients With Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To establish quantitative characteristics of lifestyle counseling documentation associated with improved glycemic control in patients with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We retrospectively studied 10,870 hyperglycemic (HbA 1c ≥7.0% [53 mmol/mol]) adults with diabetes followed at primary care practices affiliated with two academic hospitals between 2000 and 2010. Documentation intensity was represented by the mean number of characters per note documenting lifestyle counseling. Heterogeneity was calculated as the normalized Levenshtein distance between lifestyle counseling sentences between consecutive notes. Cox proportional hazards model was constructed to assess association of heterogeneity and intensity of lifestyle counseling documentation to time to HbA 1c 1c level, insulin therapy, medication intensification, and frequency of lifestyle counseling. RESULTS Comparing patients in the highest versus lowest tertile by documentation heterogeneity and documentation intensity, median time to HbA 1c P P P 1c target, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Higher heterogeneity and intensity of lifestyle counseling documentation in provider notes were associated with better glycemic control. Further studies involving direct observation of patient care are needed to establish the nature of the relationship between documentation characteristics and patient outcomes.
Real-time bowel ultrasound to characterize intestinal motility in the preterm neonate

To characterize normal patterns of intestinal motility by ultrasound (US) in the preterm neonate during the first 5 days of life. Bowel US examinations were performed with an US machine (Vivid-i, General Electric) equipped with a 13-MHz linear and 7 MHz sector transducer. Still images and clips were taken from all abdominal quadrants along with Doppler of the superior mesenteric artery. Cumulative motility (CM) was quantified for each patient. Comparisons were made between CM for each day of life. Inter-observer correlations were made using the intra-class correlation coefficient. Notation was made of feeding status, bowel sounds and clinical demographics. Twenty infants were enrolled in the study. Seventeen infants had 5 days of complete US results available. Mean CM visualized on day of life (DOL) 1 was 28±12. By DOL 4 (38±17, P=0.006) and DOL 5 (41±20, P=0.008) mean CM increased. There was no difference in the resistance index on days imaged. Mean CM correlated with days to reach full feeds and gestational age, but gestational age was a stronger predictor of days to reach full feeds. Intra-observer correlation coefficient was 0.84. Real-time US provides a quantitative measure of intestinal motility in the preterm infant. Further studies are needed to establish the link between bowel US findings and feeding tolerance.
Electrodeposition of bismuth from nitric acid electrolyte

The electrodeposition of Bi from acidic nitrate solution was examined. Bismuth deposition was determined to be quasi-reversible on Au, with a current efficiency of 100%, based on integration of deposition and stripping voltammetric waves. No interference from nitrate reduction was found on Bi and Au, whereas nitrate reduction occurred on W and Cu electrodes. Analysis of current-time transients clearly shows nucleation on Au to be instantaneous. Field emission SEM revealed nodular deposits with moderate surface roughness. Nodule size varied from 1 to 5 μm depending on deposition potential and deposit thickness. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for all deposits were indexed to rhombohedral bismuth. The deposits showed fairly strong (0 1 2) crystallographic texture at high deposition overpotentials.
"I did not know...any danger was attached": safety consciousness in the early American ice and refrigeration industries.

On the afternoon of 10 July 1893, Captain James Fitzpatrick of the Chicago Fire Department received a call to put out a fire in the ice plant at the World's Columbian Exposition. Fitzpatrick had gone to fight small blazes in the same building twice before, both caused by a design defect in the plant's smokestack. To obscure the stack from the view of fairgoers, the architect had encased it in a 225-foot wooden tower that stood five feet
Vulnerability and Resilience in Natural Disasters: A Marketing and Public Policy Perspective:

Abstract This essay addresses how the definitions of disaster and vulnerability serve as guides for market and policy responses and shows how a fundamental lack of understanding of what creates a disaster and what constitutes human (and consumer) vulnerability constrains the ability of individuals, communities, and institutions to mitigate and/or recover from natural hazards and the responses that follow. The essay outlines the current state of affairs on conceptualizations of disaster and vulnerability, distinguishes between risk and vulnerability, and notes ten paradoxes of disaster that create constraints on resilience. Fundamentally, the perspective taken here is that disaster is socially constructed and that vulnerability is a dynamic process that depends on a host of contextual factors. The essay shows that sustainable models of economic, social, and environmental development are at the heart of disaster and vulnerability analysis. Furthermore, it argues that market and policy responses must conside...
Limited Microsurgical Arteriolysis for Complications of Digital Vasospasm

Twenty-two digits in seven patients with chronic digital vasospasm were surgically treated after failed medical management. All patients complained of severe ischaemic pain. Chronic digital tip ulceration was present in seven digits and dry gangrene in one. Following surgical microarteriolysis all digital ulcers healed completely. Severe digital ischaemic pain was significantly improved in all digits and completely resolved in 19 of 22 digits.
ROMP-generated oligomeric sulfonyl chlorides as versatile soluble scavenging agents.

A new method for homogeneous nucleophilic scavenging employing oligomeric sulfonyl chloride (OSC) reagents is described. The method utilizes OSC to rapidly scavenge a variety of amines that are present in excess. The OSC reagents are generated from ROM polymerization of 2-chlorosulfonyl-5-norbornene utilizing the second generation Grubbs catalyst to produce oligomers of varying size as stable, free-flowing powders. Following the scavenging event, these oligomers are precipitated with ethyl acetate leaving products in excellent yield and purity.
Federal control of Indian Lands v. State control of Gaming - Cabazon Bingo and the Indian Gaming regulatory act.

In September, 1988, the 100th Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, concluding five years of debate over the Indian Gaming issue — brought to a head by a Supreme Court decision in February, 1987, that barred states from regulating Indian Gaming. That case (State of California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians) forced the legislature to take a serious look at issues of gaming on Indian lands. The result was the creation of a three-tiered system whereby tribes will control ceremonial games, the federal government will control bingo, and the states and tribes will negotiate agreements to cover casino games, parimutuel racing, and jai alai, if such games are legal in that particular state. In light of the case of the Cabazon Indians and the passage of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, this paper will address the following competing issues: tribal sovereignty, state interests, federal interests, and states like Nevada, which have a regulated gaming industry.
On the statistical averaging procedure for the refractive index of matter waves

A discrepancy concerning the statistical averaging procedure is resolved for the refractive index of matter waves travelling in a dilute gas.
Is Medical Care Different? Old Questions, New Answers

This paper examines whether changes in medical markets may be making them more like other markets. The emergence of HMOs and other managed care systems appears to have increased the consumer's potential ability to make better comparative judgments about the price and quality of medical care, and also seems to have made medical care more like other goods. However, the evidence that medical care is a "reputation good" suggests that it is, in this respect, different from other goods. Finally, the social concerns about medical care use necessarily make medical care different.
The organization of collaborative math problem solving activities across dual interaction spaces

In this paper we focus on the organization of activities that produce shared graphical representations on the whiteboard of a CSCL system with dual interaction spaces called VMT Chat, and the ways these representations are used in conjunction with chat postings as semiotic resources by interactants as they jointly make sense of and build upon each other's mathematical statements.
The sterol requirement of Tetrahymena setosa HZ-1

The growth rate of Tetrahymena setosa cells is stimulated significantly by as little as 0.1 μg and optimally by about 1 μg of ergosterol per ml of medium. Cell yields in the stationary phase are, however, not perceptibly affected by increasing sterol concentrations. Ergosterol, in concentrations that stimulate growth optimally, does not cause a reduction of tetrahymanol synthesis. The latter process is impaired only at much higher ergosterol concentrations. Epicholesterol and coprostanol inhibit ergosterol-stimulated growth competitively. It is concluded that the trace amounts of sterol needed by T. setosa do not serve to replace tetrahymanol but function in some other manner, probably unrelated to the control of membrane fluidity. This conclusion supports the views advanced earlier by Holz, Erwin, Wagner & Rosenbaum.
Annotation and sequence diversity of transposable elements in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important legume crop grown and consumed worldwide. With the availability of the common bean genome sequence, the next challenge is to annotate the genome and characterize functional DNA elements. Transposable elements (TEs) are the most abundant component of plant genomes and can dramatically affect genome evolution and genetic variation. Thus, it is pivotal to identify TEs in the common bean genome. In this study, we performed a genome-wide transposon annotation in common bean using a combination of homology and sequence structure-based methods. We developed a 2.12-Mb transposon database which includes 791 representative transposon sequences and is available upon request or from www.phytozome.org. Of note, nearly all transposons in the database are previously unrecognized TEs. More than 5,000 transposon-related expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were detected which indicates that some transposons may be transcriptionally active. Two Ty1-copia retrotransposon families were found to encode the envelope-like protein which has rarely been identified in plant genomes. Also, we identified an extra open reading frame (ORF) termed ORF2 from 15 Ty3-gypsy families that was located between the ORF encoding the retrotransposase and the 3’LTR. The ORF2 was in opposite transcriptional orientation to retrotransposase. Sequence homology searches and phylogenetic analysis suggested that the ORF2 may have an ancient origin, but its function is not clear. This transposon data provides a useful resource for understanding the genome organization and evolution and may be used to identify active TEs for developing transposon-tagging system in common bean and other related genomes.
Characterization of a fiber-optic shape and position sensor

We report the results of a study of the performance characteristics of a distributed fiber-optic shape and position sensor. Strain measurements from distributed fiber Bragg gratings in a multi-core optical fiber multiplexed via the frequency domain reflectometry technique are used to deduce the shape of the optical fiber. We have measured a range of two- and three-dimensional shapes using a multi-core fiber with a sensor spacing of 1.0 cm and a gage length of 0.5 cm and have reported the accuracy and precision of these measurements. A discussion of error sources is also included.
Ultrasonic wave velocity measurement in small polymeric and cortical bone specimens

A system was refined for the determination of the bulk ultrasonic wave propagation velocity in small cortical bone specimens. Longitudinal and shear wave propagations were measured using ceramic, piezoelectric 20 and 5 MHz transducers, respectively. Results of the pulse transmission technique were refined via the measurement of the system delay time. The precision and accuracy of the system were quantified using small specimens of polyoxymethylene, polystyrene-butadiene, and high-density polyethylene. These polymeric materials had known acoustic properties, similarity of propagation velocities to cortical bone, and minimal sample inhomogeneity. Dependence of longitudinal and transverse specimen dimensions upon propagation times was quantified. To confirm the consistency of longitudinal wave propagation in small cortical bone specimens ( 0.997) were maintained between propagation time and distance throughout the size ranges down to less than 0.4 mm. Results for polyoxymethylene, polystyrene-butadiene, and high-density polyethylene were accurate to within 5 percent of reported literature values. Measurement repeatability (precision) improved with an increase in the wave transmission distance (propagating dimension). No statistically significant effect due to the transverse dimension was detected.
Intelligence: What is it?

A century of clashes and discoveries has upended assumptions and revealed fascinating paradoxes – intelligence is not what most of us had imagined
Spatial mode cleaning in radically asymmetric strongly focused laser beams

We demonstrate that a femtosecond laser pulse strongly focused in air can produce a highly symmetric damage pattern on glass. This damage pattern contains a series of near-perfect radial rings, with diameters much larger than the predicted focal spot diameter. These rings disappear when the experiment is conducted in vacuum, indicating atmospheric involvement. Surprisingly, the shape and size of the rings seem to be nearly independent of the shape of the generating laser beam, showing dramatic spatial mode cleaning. A “half moon” initial laser mode created by obscuring one side of the round beam produces rings of similar quality to those obtained with the unclipped beam. While spatial mode cleaning has previously been reported in filaments, this is the most dramatic demonstration of the effect that we are aware of. We argue that the effect is due primarily to ionization, in contrast to studies in longer filaments that attribute it to self-focusing.
A Study of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Spider Telangiectasias of the Lower Extremities

There is an association of some vascular tumors with estrogen receptors and an association of vascular telangiectasias with high levels of circulating estrogen. Because of this a study of patients with lower extremity starburst telangiectasias and predisposing factors associated with hyperestrogenemic and hyperprogesteronemic and hyperprogesteronemic states was undertaken in order to look for estrogen and progesterone receptors in biopsy specimens of lower extremity telangiectasias noted to arise in this setting. Contrary to expected results using immunocytochemical techniques no patient in this study was found to have estrogen or progesterone receptors present in their lower extremity telangiectasias. Possible explanations for these results are discussed. (authors)
Die Erkennung dento-fazialer Anomalien in der klinischen Kieferorthopädie

Es wurde gezeigt, das trotz der unzahligen individuellen Variationen, welche innerhalb der gleichen Familie, der gleichen Rasse und verschiedener Rassen moglich sind, in der Median-Sagittalebene des Gesichtsschadels ein Gebiet besteht, das allen gemeinsam ist; es wurde vom Verfasser “maxillo-faziales Dreieck” genannt. Dieses anatomische Gebiet kann als Grundlage zur Bestimmung der Entwicklungsvorgange des Gesichtsschadels in vertikaler und sagittaler Richtung benutzt werden. Beispiele extremer Entwicklungshemmung und Deformierung wurden gebracht.
Domestic Farm Policy and the Gains from Trade: Comment

Schmitz, Sigurdson, and Doering (SSD) (1986) consider whether gains from trade necessarily exist when an economy is distorted with farm programs. Their answer (p. 820) is that "farm programs, such as production subsidies, in the presence of international trade barriers can completely eliminate any trade gains." Anania and Bohman (AB), while critical of some of the SSD analysis, agree (p. 739) that "increasing the volume of trade through subsidies can lead to negative gains from trade." The authors of the original article summarize and extend some of their analysis using general equilibrium techniques in SSD (1988). In this note I show that trade gains remain despite the existence of the agricultural policies examined by SSD and AB. To allow a straightforward comparison to the SSD and AB papers, this question of trade policy is first analyzed from the perspective of standard economic objectives. The issue of noneconomic objectives is addressed later; in an example, I illustrate the point that optimal policy is dependent on the policy goal. Therefore, progress on the agricultural policy debate requires a clear statement of these goals and of the perceived market breakdowns which the policies are meant to redress. Trade economists have identified several distor-
Reward for being an immigrant: Earnings gap between immigrant and native-born West Indians

Motivated by recent findings of a diminishing earnings gap between the West Indians and other black workers, this study examines the earnings processes of immigrant and native-born West Indians in an effort to find the role of culture traits in their earnings. The decomposition of the earnings difference between immigrant and native-born West Indians indicates that a significant amount of the gap is unexplained by the observable labor market characteristics. Most of the observable human capital endowments of the immigrants are treated unfavorably by the market compared to those of the native-born West Indians. The earnings advantage of immigrants attributable to unobserved factors, however, turns out to be more than sufficient to overcome their market treatment adversity.
Is Research in Normal and III Children Involving Radiation Exposure Ethical?-Reply

In Reply The letter from Dr Morton in this issue of the Archives is a thoughtful and well-tempered query about research performed in our laboratory. We appreciate the comments of Dr Morton because they focus on the importance of facilitating research in minors. Clinical research studies remain an obligatory step in improving the treatment of these patients. However, because of the intendant difficulties of research that has included minors, many investigators have been reluctant to consider clinical studies that have as their objective an improved understanding of those brain abnormalities that lead to serious brain disorders that afflict pediatric populations. During the early 1990s, our laboratory received permission to study a limited number of "normal," healthy control subjects, aged 12 to 18 years, as part of a clinical research protocol that involved administering a radioactive tracer for measuring functional brain activity by PET. The study, despite our best efforts to minimize the
Emerging associations on marine rocky shores: specialist herbivores on introduced macroalgae

Summary 1 Sacoglossan sea slugs (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) can change their highly specialized algal host associations in response to introduced hosts. 2 Adult sacoglossans (Placida dendritica) collected from the introduced green macroalga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides in west-coast Scottish sea lochs tended to associate with and consume introduced hosts over the native C. tomentosum in pairwise-choice feeding trials. 3 On west-coast Irish shores, where native congeneric hosts were more common, significantly more P. dendritica attacked C. tomentosum on the shore whereas Elysia viridis disproportionately attacked the exotics. In Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland, juvenile E. viridis attacked both C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides and the native, sympatric C. vermilara; in pairwise-choice feeding trials, sacoglossans preferred the host species from which they were collected. 4 In the Channel Islands, adult E. viridis were common on C. tomentosum on Guernsey shores. In pairwise-choice feeding trials adults exhibited no preference between native and introduced hosts, indicating that the stenophagous herbivores could change their associations. 5 On temperate Australian shores, the native sacoglossan Placida aoteana attacked the recently introduced C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides as well as native congeners and conspecifics. P. aoteana was common and its herbivory evident in Victoria and Tasmania. Slugs collected from native C. fragile exhibited no preference between algal subspecies in Victoria but a strong preference for the introduced subspecies in Tasmania. 6 Flexibility in host use enables stenophagous marine herbivores to respond within years to the presence of recently introduced hosts. The implicit peril of the host-specificity paradigm − that specialists could change their associations − does occur in stenophagous sacoglossans, and there is considerable intra- and interspecific variation in response. 7 Biological control of invasive green algae using sacoglossan herbivores is fraught with several risks, including taxonomic uncertainty of species’ boundaries, ecological flexibility of feeding, unexplored role of host susceptibility and insufficient evolutionary–developmental information to establish coevolutionary associations.
Stress intensity factors for cracks emanating from pressurized semi-circular cylindrical cavities

Abstract Mode I stress intensity factors are given for the case of a crack emanating from the base of a semi-circular cylindrical cavity on one surface of a finite block. The cavity is under a uniform pressure and the block is restrained by a normal pressure on the surface of the block opposite to the cracked cavity. The solution was obtained by the modified mapping collocation technique. In addition to the stress intensity factor results, a comprehensive collocation accuracy control method is presented which utilizes computer graphics to provide added insight into the nature of the complex stress functions that represent the stress field solution. The geometries and loadings given provide a range of data potentially useful in the tool and die industry with particular application for metal forming and swaging dies.
Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle

Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is manifested by decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and results from impaired insulin signaling and multiple post-receptor intracellular defects including impaired glucose transport, glucose phosphorylation, and reduced glucose oxidation and glycogen synthesis. Insulin resistance is a core defect in type 2 diabetes, it is also associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Recent studies have reported a mitochondrial defect in oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle in variety of insulin resistant states. In this review, we summarize the cellular and molecular defects that contribute to the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.