cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas phase reaction of Cl atoms with a series of oxygenated organic species at 295 K

The relative rate technique has been used to determine the rate constants for the reaction of chlorine atoms with a series of oxygenated organic species. Experiments were performed at 295 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of synthetic air or nitrogen. The decay rates of the organic species were measured relative to that of ethane or n-butane. Using rate constants of 5.7 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, and 2.25 × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for the reaction of Cl with ethane and n-butane respectively the following rate constants were derived, in units of 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1: propane, (16.0 ± 0.4);i-butane, (15.1 ± 0.9) n-pentane, (31.0 ± 1.6); n-hexane, (34.5 ± 2.3); cyclohexane, (36.1 ± 1.5); methanol, (4.57 ± 0.40); ethanol, (8.45 ± 0.91); n-propanol, (14.4 ± 1.2); t-butylalcohol, (3.26 ± 0.19); acetaldehyde, (8.45 ± 0.79); propionaldehyde, (11.3 ± 0.9); dimethylether, (20.5 ± 0.8); diethylether, (35.6 ± 2.8); and methyl-t-butylether, (16.6 ± 1.2). Quoted errors represent 2σ, and do not include any errors due to uncertainties in the rate constants used to place our relative measurements on an absolute basis. The results are discussed with respect to the mechanisms of these reactions and to previous literature data.
Ten-Year Results From the Natrelle 410 Anatomical Form-Stable Silicone Breast Implant Core Study

Background Silicone breast implants have long been used for breast augmentation and reconstruction. During this time, these medical devices have gone through a number of modifications to improve their safety, quality, and clinical outcome performance. Objectives The authors conducted a 10-year study to determine the safety and effectiveness of Natrelle 410 silicone breast implants. Methods This prospective, multicenter study enrolled 941 subjects who were undergoing either augmentation, augmentation revision, reconstruction, or reconstruction revision. Data on complications, reoperations, explantations, and subject satisfaction were collected at annual clinic visits, and one-third of subjects underwent biennial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to screen for implant rupture. The authors used the Kaplan-Meier estimator to calculate risk rates for local complications, reoperations, and explantations. Results Capsular contracture rates increased approximately 1% per year from the previously reported 6-year rates. The rates were significantly lower than those from the Natrelle round gel core study. The overall rate of confirmed ruptured implants in subjects who underwent MRI was 5.7%. Eleven late seromas were reported. The most common reason for explantation was a subject requesting a size or style change. Satisfaction rates remained high through 10 years, with most subjects saying they were somewhat or definitely satisfied with their implants. Conclusions This 10-year prospective trial demonstrated the long-term safety and effectiveness of Natrelle 410 anatomical form-stable implants. The complication rates were low and the satisfaction rates were high. Level of Evidence: 1 ![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Nucleation of recrystallization in a Co- Cr- Mo alloy

Incoherent twin boundaries and twin-twin intersections have been identified as nucleation sites for recrystallization in a Co-Cr-Mo alloy. The recrystallized grain is a region of hep and has a twin orientation with respect to the fee matrix in its early stages of growth. This crystallographic relationship is discussed in terms of a martensitic embryo nucleation model for the fee → hcp transformation.
Persistent equilibria in strategic games

A perfect equilibrium [Selten] can be viewed as a Nash equilibrium with certain properties of local stability. Simple examples show that a stronger notion of local stability is needed to eliminate unreasonable Nash equilibria. The persistent equilibrium is such a notion. Properties of this solution are studied. In particular, it is shown that in each strategic game there exists a pesistent equilibrium which is perfect and proper.
Dynamic Modeling of Structures from Measured Complex Modes

A technique is presented to use a set of identified complex modes together with an analytical mathematical model of a structure under test to compute improved mass, stiffness and damping matrices. A set of identified normal modes, computed from the measured complex modes, is used in the mass orthogonality equation to compute an improved mass matrix. This eliminates possible errors that may result from using approximated complex modes as normal modes. The improved mass matrix, the measured complex modes and the higher analytical modes are then used to compute the improved stiffness and damping matrices. The number of degrees-of-freedom of the improved model is limited to equal the number of elements in the measured modal vectors. A simulated experiment shows considerable improvements, in the system's analytical dynamic model, over the frequency range of the given measured modal information.
Newton's method, zeroes of vector fields, and the Riemannian center of mass

We present an iterative technique for finding zeroes of vector fields on Riemannian manifolds. As a special case we obtain a ''nonlinear averaging algorithm'' that computes the centroid of a mass distribution @m supported in a set of small enough diameter D in a Riemannian manifold M. We estimate the convergence rate of our general algorithm and the more special Riemannian averaging algorithm. The algorithm is also used to provide a constructive proof of Karcher's theorem on the existence and local uniqueness of the center of mass, under a somewhat stronger requirement than Karcher's on D. Another corollary of our results is a proof of convergence, for a fairly large open set of initial conditions, of the ''GPA algorithm'' used in statistics to average points in a shape-space, and a quantitative explanation of why the GPA algorithm converges rapidly in practice; see [D. Groisser, On the convergence of some Procrustean averaging algorithms, Preprint, 2003]. We also show that a mass distribution in M with support Q has a unique center of mass in a (suitably defined) convex hull of Q.
Liquidity risk, leverage and long-run IPO returns

Abstract We examine the risk-return characteristics of a rolling portfolio investment strategy where more than 6000 Nasdaq initial public offering (IPO) stocks are bought and held for up to 5 years. The average long-run portfolio return is low, but IPO stocks appear as “longshots”, as 5-year buy-and-hold returns of 1000% or more are somewhat more frequent than for non-issuing Nasdaq firms matched on size and book-to-market ratio. The typical IPO firm is of average Nasdaq market capitalization but has relatively low book-to-market ratio. We also show that IPO firms exhibit relatively high stock turnover and low leverage, which may lower systematic risk exposures. To examine this possibility, we launch an easily constructed “low-minus-high” (LMH) stock turnover portfolio as a liquidity risk factor. The LMH factor produces significant betas for broad-based stock portfolios, as well as for our IPO portfolio and a comparison portfolio of seasoned equity offerings. The factor-model estimation also includes standard characteristic-based risk factors, and we explore mimicking portfolios for leverage-related macroeconomic risks. Because they track macroeconomic aggregates, these mimicking portfolios are relatively immune to market sentiment effects. Overall, we cannot reject the hypothesis that the realized return on the IPO portfolio is commensurable with the portfolio's risk exposures, as defined here.
Stereoselective cyclic carbolithiation of alkyne derivatives. A stereoselective synthesis of exocyclic alkenes

Abstract (Trimethylsilyl)alkyne derivatives that are lithiated in the δ position via non-radical routes can cyclize in a stereoselective manner (≥96-98%) to give exocyclic alkenes containing five-membered carbocycles in high yields.
The Synthesis of Planar RR and Spatial CC Chains and the Equation of a Triangle

This paper formulates the planar and spatial versions of an equation that determines one vertex of a triangle in terms of the other two vertices and their interior angles. The fact that a slight modification of Sandor and Erdman's standard form equation for the design of RR chains yields this planar triangle equation is the basis for identifying the equivalent equation for a spatial triangle as the standard form equation for CC chains. The simultaneous solution of two of the planar equations yields an analytical expression of Burmester's relationship between the fixed pivot of an RR chain and the relative position poles of its floating link. A similar solution of simultaneous spatial triangle equations yields Roth's generalization of this insight, specifically, the fixed axis of a CC chain views two relative screw axes in one-half the dual crank rotation angle. These results provide the foundation for generalizing planar linkage synthesis techniques based on complex numbers to the synthesis of spatial linkages.
Semiparametric deconvolution with unknown error variance

Deconvolution is a useful statistical technique for recovering an unknown density in the presence of measurement error. Typically, the method hinges on stringent assumptions about the nature of the measurement error, more specifically, that the distribution is entirely known. We relax this assumption in the context of a regression error component model and develop an estimator for the unknown density. We show semi-uniform consistency of the estimator and provide an application to the stochastic frontier model.
The Wigner function for thermal equilibrium

We provide a simple mathematical framework which is useful for a precise description of the thermal equilibrium Wigner function and for obtaining approximations to it in both cases of Boltzmann and Fermi Dirac statistics. Regular and singular asymptotic expansions of this Wigner function are derived and their validity shown for respectively smooth and discontinuous potentials. We also generalize some continuation methods, previously suggested for Boltzmann statistics, to the case of Fermi Dirac statistics.
New Generation of Neutron Decay Experiments

New generation of neutron decay experiments, which can be done with high accuracy at new Spallation Neutron Sources, are very important for solution of current problems of fundamental physics and for tests of the Standard Model. The open problems of theory related to these experiments and possible approaches to their solutions are discussed.
BN isosteres of indole.

Indole is a heterocycle of great importance to biological systems and materials applications. Synthesis of indole and its derivatives has been a major focus of research for over a century. BN/CC isosterism is an emerging strategy for expanding the structural diversity of indole-based compounds. Two classes of BN indoles have been reported to date: the well-studied “external” BN indoles (or 1,3,2-benzodiazaborolines), and the recently reported “fused” BN indoles. This perspective presents the history of both classes of indole isosteres, with a general overview of their synthesis, functionalization, and properties.
Nucleosynthesis in Neutrino-driven Winds. II. Implications for Heavy Element Synthesis

During the first 20 s of its life, the enormous neutrino luminosity of a neutron star drives appreciable mass loss from its surface. This neutrino-driven wind has been previously identified as a likely site for the r-process. Qian & Woosley have derived, both analytically and numerically, the physical conditions relevant for heavy element synthesis in the wind. These conditions include the entropy (S), the electron fraction (Ye), the dynamic timescale, and the mass loss rate. Here we explore the implications of these conditions for nucleosynthesis. We find that the standard wind models derived in that paper are inadequate to make the r-process, though they do produce some rare species above the iron group. We further determine the general restrictions on the entropy, the electron fraction, and the dynamic timescale that are required to make the r-process. In particular, we derive from nuclear reaction network calculations the conditions required to give a sufficient neutron-to-seed ratio for production of the platinum peak. These conditions range from Ye ≈ 0.2 and S 100 baryon-1 for reasonable dynamic timescales of ~0.001-0.1 s, to Ye ≈ 0.4-0.495 and S 400 baryon-1 for a dynamic timescale of ~0.1 s. These conditions are also derived analytically to illustrate the physics determining the neutron-to-seed ratio.
Clearing the air: The costs and consequences of higher CAFE standards and increased gasoline taxes

Abstract Concerns about energy security and climate change have sparked legislators’ interest in reducing gasoline consumption by increasing corporate average fuel-economy (CAFE) standards. Using an empirically rich simulation model and cost estimates for anticipated fuel-economy technologies, we estimate annual costs of reducing long-run gasoline consumption by 10% via a 3.8 miles per gallon increase in the standards, and the potential cost savings from allowing manufacturers to buy and sell fuel-economy credits. Maximum gasoline savings would be realized only after all existing vehicles were replaced, or 14 years in our model. A gasoline tax would produce greater immediate savings by encouraging people to drive less, and eventually to choose more-fuel-efficient vehicles. We demonstrate the advantage of a tax by comparing the cost of the higher CAFE standards over the first 14 years against the cost of a gasoline tax that would save the same amount of gasoline over that time.
A protection scheme for the preparation of acid chlorides of serine and threonine

Abstract N-acetyl oxazolone derivatives of serine and threonine are readily converted into reactive acid chlorides that condense efficiently with various C-protected aminoacids, even poorly nucleophilic ones.
Reflections on a work-oriented design project

This article reports our experiences in developing a work-oriented design practice. We sketch our general approach to relating work practice studies and design, including our use of case-based prototypes. We go on to describe our entry into the law firm that was the setting for this project and our decision to focus our design efforts on two forms of work at the firm. We discuss our experiences in developing a case-based prototype to support the work of document search and retrieval. We then describe our encounters with organizational politics at the firm in the context of a joint exploration of image analysis technologies in relation to the work of litigation support. We conclude with findings on the practices of working with document collections, the value of case-based prototypes, and recommendations for combining work practice studies and design interventions.
Weak neutral currents and the origin of biomolecular chirality

It has long been known that Earth's biochemistry is overwhelmingly dissymmetric or chiral1–4. In model chemical systems5–7 that spontaneously evolve to a state dominated by either the L or the D enantiomer, parity violation in β-decay and that attributable to weak neutral currents (WNC) in molecules8,9 is thought to be too small to have any significant influence on the emergent chirality10,11. Other conceivable systematic chiral influences are generally even weaker12–14. We show here that there is a simple and extremely sensitive mechanism by which a minute but systematic chiral interaction, no stronger than the WNC interaction in amino acids, can, over a period of ∼15,000 yr, determine which enantiomer will dominate. Such a mechanism is especially interesting when considering the origins of terrestrial biochemistry, particularly in view of the work by Mason and Tranter15, who found that it is the terrestrially dominant L amino acids that are favoured by the WNC interaction.
On the importance of aerodynamic and structural geometrical nonlinearities in aeroelastic behavior of high-aspect-ratio wings $

Theoretical development of a nonlinear aeroelastic analysis for high-aspect-ratio wings is presented. The analysis couples a geometrically exact beam theory with a nonplanar aerodynamic theory. The aim of the present effort is to investigate the effects of geometrical nonlinearities on the aeroelastic behavior of high-aspect-ratio wings. The focus of the present work is on characterizing the physical origins of nonlinearities and assessing their relative importance. Results presented show that the structural geometrical nonlinearities have a significant effect on the structural dynamics and on the dynamic aeroelastic characteristics of a high-aspect-ratio wing. The geometrically exact calculation of the angle of attack and aerodynamically consistent application of the airloads is also important for accurate aeroelastic characterization. On the other hand, the geometrical aerodynamic nonlinearity emerging from the nonplanar wake effects is quite negligible. Nonplanar effects were negligible for both the steady and unsteady airload calculations with the assumption of a fixed wake model.
Programmable Imaging: Towards a Flexible Camera

In this paper, we introduce the notion of a programmable imaging system. Such an imaging system provides a human user or a vision system significant control over the radiometric and geometric characteristics of the system. This flexibility is achieved using a programmable array of micro-mirrors. The orientations of the mirrors of the array can be controlled with high precision over space and time. This enables the system to select and modulate rays from the scene's light field based on the needs of the application at hand. We have implemented a programmable imaging system that uses a digital micro-mirror device (DMD), which is used in digital light processing. Although the mirrors of this device can only be positioned in one of two states, we show that our system can be used to implement a wide variety of imaging functions, including, high dynamic range imaging, feature detection, and object recognition. We also describe how a micro-mirror array that allows full control over the orientations of its mirrors can be used to instantly change the field of view and resolution characteristics of the imaging system. We conclude with a discussion on the implications of programmable imaging for computer vision.
A Consistent Adjacency Spectral Embedding for Stochastic Blockmodel Graphs

We present a method to estimate block membership of nodes in a random graph generated by a stochastic blockmodel. We use an embedding procedure motivated by the random dot product graph model, a particular example of the latent position model. The embedding associates each node with a vector; these vectors are clustered via minimization of a square error criterion. We prove that this method is consistent for assigning nodes to blocks, as only a negligible number of nodes will be misassigned. We prove consistency of the method for directed and undirected graphs. The consistent block assignment makes possible consistent parameter estimation for a stochastic blockmodel. We extend the result in the setting where the number of blocks grows slowly with the number of nodes. Our method is also computationally feasible even for very large graphs. We compare our method with Laplacian spectral clustering through analysis of simulated data and a graph derived from Wikipedia documents.
An Infrared/X-ray Survey for New Members of the Taurus Star-Forming Region

We present the results of a search for new members of the Taurus star-forming region using data from the Spitzer Space Telescope and the XMM-Newton Observatory. We have obtained optical and near-infrared spectra of 44 sources that exhibit red Spitzer colors that are indicative of stars with circumstellar disks and 51 candidate young stars that were identified by Scelsi and coworkers using XMM-Newton. We also performed spectroscopy on four possible companions to members of Taurus that were reported by Kraus and Hillenbrand. Through these spectra, we have demonstrated the youth and membership of 41 sources, 10 of which were independently confirmed as young stars by Scelsi and coworkers. Five of the new Taurus members are likely to be brown dwarfs based on their late spectral types (>M6). One of the brown dwarfs has a spectral type of L0, making it the first known L-type member of Taurus and the least massive known member of the region (M ~ 4-7 M_(Jup)). Another brown dwarf exhibits a flat infrared spectral energy distribution, which indicates that it could be in the protostellar class I stage (star+disk+envelope). Upon inspection of archival images from various observatories, we find that one of the new young stars has a large edge-on disk (r = 25 = 350 AU). The scattered light from this disk has undergone significant variability on a timescale of days in optical images from the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Using the updated census of Taurus, we have measured the initial mass function for the fields observed by XMM-Newton. The resulting mass function is similar to previous ones that we have reported for Taurus, showing a surplus of stars at spectral types of K7-M1 (0.6-0.8 M ) relative to other nearby star-forming regions, such as IC 348, Chamaeleon I, and the Orion Nebula Cluster.
The interaction of a kainate receptor from goldfish brain with a pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP binding protein.

Kainate receptors are present in high concentrations in goldfish brain (Henley and Oswald, 1988a and b; Ziegra et al., 1990), possibly in neuronal and glial cells. In a number of systems, the kainate receptor has been assumed to be an integral ion channel (Watkins and Evans, 1981); but, for some kainate receptors, ion channel activity has not been demonstrated (Wada et al., 1989). This study presents evidence that a portion of the [3H]kainate-binding sites in goldfish brain is sensitive to guanine nucleotides, with a loss of high affinity binding in the presence of nonhydrolyzable GTP analogs. Pertussis toxin pretreatment of membranes causes a loss of high affinity [3H]kainate binding and of the guanine nucleotide-sensitive binding. Pertussis toxin catalyzes the specific [32P]ADP-ribosylation of a 40-kDa substrate in a kainate-sensitive manner. In addition, incorporation of [alpha-32P]GTP-gamma-azidoanilide by photoaffinity labeling was enhanced in the presence of kainate. These results indicate that a subpopulation of [3H]kainate-binding sites in goldfish brain may be coupled to G proteins.
The Total Synthesis of Eleutherobin: A Surprise Ending.

An "sp2 -sp3 Stille coupling" of the vinyl triflate 1 and the stannyl compound 2 is a key step toward the completion of the total synthesis of eleutherobin, a natural product exhibiting taxol-like cytotoxic activity.
D-branes and physical states

Abstract States obtained by projecting boundary states, associated with D-branes, to fixed mass level and momentum generically define non-trivial cohomology classes. For on-shell states the cohomology is the standard one, but when the states are off shell the relevant cohomology is defined using a BRST operator with ghost zero-modes removed. The zero-momentum cohomology falls naturally into multiplets of SO ( D − 1, 1). At the massless level, a simple set of D-brane configurations generates the full set of zero-momentum states of standard ghost number, including the discrete states. We give a general construction of off-shell cohomology classes, which exhibits a non-trivial interaction between left- and right-movers that is not seen in on-shell cohomology. This includes, at higher mass levels, states obtained from typical D-brane boundary states as well as states with a more intricate ghost dependence.
Automatic continuity in homeomorphism groups of compact 2-manifolds

We show that any homomorphism from the homeomorphism group of a compact 2-manifold, with the compact-open topology, or equivalently, with the topology of uniform convergence, into a separable topological group is automatically continuous.
Global institutions and ecological crisis

Abstract Rapidly escalating environmental problems of the late 20th century have a common characteristic: their increasingly global nature. Damage to ecosystems, the atmosphere, oceans, forests, agricultural systems, and water supplies threatens both the stability of industrialized nations and the growth prospects of the developing world. The concepts of growth management and sustainable development have emerged as responses to the environmental crisis. If these concepts are to be applied on the scale necessary to avert ecological catastrophe, a transformation of existing national and international institutions is required. The future world economic system must be based on a kind of global ecological Keynesianism, with a significant social direction of capital flows demand management, and technological choices, to promote ecological sustainability.
Gel permeation chromatography VII. Molecular weight detection of gpc effluents

A detector system for GPC has been built consisting of a pressure cell and capillary viscometer, a constant flow rate pumping system, a concentration detector, and a computer interfacing system. This detector system provides two chromatograms; pressure drop (ΔP) vs retention volume and concentration (C) vs retention volume. Since at constant flow rate ΔP is proportional to the effluent viscosity η, the intrinsic viscosity of any effluent fraction can be computed from the equation, where subscripts 1 and 0 refer to the solution and solvent, respectively. The precision and accuracy of the above technique were evaluated using well characterized broad and narrow molecular weight distribution polymers. Both the precision and accuracy were found to be comparable to light scattering and other classical molecular weight measurement techniques. In its present form, the molecular weight detector system was found to be very sensitive to polymers with very high molecular weights, as expected, and also useful for molecular weights less than 50,000.
Theory of ferroelectrics: a vision for the next decade and beyond

Abstract In the last ten years significant advances have been made in our understanding and ability to compute and predict properties of ferroelectrics and piezoelectrics using fundamental physics. Phase diagrams, electromechanical and elastic properties, and effects of defects and surfaces are now amenable to computation. Most importantly, new techniques have been developed, and new understanding of the meaning of polarization in dielectrics has been developed. Prospects for the future are discussed.
Tree-based link-state routing in the presence of routing information corruption

Traditionally, link-state routing (LSR) uses two costly techniques to achieve its robustness and responsiveness: message forwarding on every communication link in the broadcast of network status updates, and the periodic broadcast of local status by every router. In this paper, we present a novel LSR protocol, called Tree-based LSR (T-LSR), which reduces the operational overhead of LSR as follows. A leader router is elected to periodically broadcast network status on behalf of all the other routers in the network, and a spanning tree is constructed to support these broadcasts. The spanning tree is used for most flooding operations, although the protocol reverts to conventional flooding during leader election and spanning tree construction. The T-LSR protocol distinguishes itself from previous tree-based, lightweight LSR methods by its fault-tolerance features: in addition to surviving network partitioning, the T-LSR protocol is shown to maintain consistent routing information and leader preferences throughout the network in the presence of undetected transmission/information corruption problems. The results of a simulation study demonstrate that the T-LSR protocol imposes a small fraction of the overhead of conventional LSR.
Feminist directions in medical ethics.

I explore some new directions - suggested by feminism - for medical ethics and for philosophical ethics generally. Moral philosophers need to confront two issues. The first is deciding which moral issues merit attention. Questions which incorporate the perspectives of women need to be posed - e.g., about the unequal treatment of women in health care, about the roles of physician and nurse, and about relationship issues other than power struggles. "Crisis issues" currently dominate medical ethics, to the neglect of what I call "housekeeping issues." The second issue is how philosophical moral debates are conducted, especially how ulterior motives influence our beliefs and arguments. Both what we select - and neglect - to study as well as the "games" we play may be sending a message as loud as the words we do speak on ethics.
Design analysis of a novel low temperature bolometer

The authors propose a novel antenna-coupled superconducting bolometer which makes use of the thermal boundary resistance available at low temperatures. The radiation is collected by a planar self-complementary antenna and thermalized in a small thin-film resistor. The resulting temperature rise is detected by a transition edge thermometer which can be (but need not be) a separate film. All components are deposited directly on substrate so that arrays can be conveniently produced by conventional lithographic techniques. The active area of the bolometer is thermally decoupled by its small size and by the thermal resistance of the boundaries with the substrate and the antenna terminals. Design calculations based on a 2- mu m*2- mu m film of a superconductor with T/sub c/ approximately=0.1 K give an NEP approximately=10/sup -18/ WHz/sup -1/2/, a time constant approximately=10/sup -6/ s, and responsivities up to approximately=10/sup 9/ V/W. These specifications meet the requirements for NASA's Space Infrared Telescope Facility and Sub-Millimeter Moderate Mission. Useful applications also exist at /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He temperatures. The calculated NEP scales as T/sup 5/2/. Materials, architectures, and readout schemes are discussed.
Second Moment of Halo Occupation Number

The halo approach to large-scale structure provides a physically motivated model to understand the clustering properties of galaxies. An important aspect of the halo model involves a description of how galaxies populate dark matter halos or what is now called the halo occupation distribution. We discuss a way in which clustering information, especially in the nonlinear regime, can be used to determine moments of this halo occupation number. We invert the nonlinear part of the real space power spectrum from the IRAS Point Source Catalog galaxy redshift survey to determine the second moment of the halo occupation distribution in a model-independent manner. The precise measurement of higher order correlations can eventually be used to determine successive higher order moments of this distribution.
Anisotropy of the magnetic-field-induced phase transition in superconducting UPt3.

Measurements of the attenuation of longitudinal ultrasound in superconducting UPt3, show a peak,below Hc2, which depends strongly on the orientation of the field relative to the c axis. We propose an explanation of this peak in terms of a vortex phase transition in an unconventional superconducting state, which is consistent with recent neutron-scattering data.
UV RADIATION FIELDS PRODUCED BY YOUNG EMBEDDED STAR CLUSTERS

A large fraction of stars form within young embedded clusters, and these environments produce a substantial ultraviolet (UV) background radiation field, which can provide feedback on the star formation process. To assess the possible effects of young stellar clusters on the formation of their constituent stars and planets, this paper constructs the expected radiation fields produced by these clusters. We include both the observed distribution of cluster sizes N in the solar neighborhood and an extended distribution that includes clusters with larger N. The paper presents distributions of the FUV and EUV luminosities for clusters with given stellar membership N, distributions of FUV and EUV luminosity convolved over the expected distribution of cluster sizes N, and the corresponding distributions of FUV and EUV fluxes. These flux distributions are calculated both with and without the effects of extinction. Finally, we consider the effects of variations in the stellar initial mass function on these radiation fields. Taken together, these results specify the distributions of radiation environments that forming solar systems are expected to experience.
The Net Effects of Large Plant Locations and Expansions on County Employment

This paper argues that the net economic impact of new firm locations or expansions is determined by a multitude of opposing forces. Using a unique database, I set out to evaluate the net effects of these opposing forces by looking at the net change in local employment and population arising from large (greater than 300 new jobs) firm locations or expansions in the State of Georgia. The analysis suggests that the employment multipliers associated with new firm locations are much less than one; that is, the net employment effect of a large firm opening is smaller than the gross employment impact. This result is consistent with other empirical economic impact studies, which find multipliers much smaller than those of typical input–output models, often less than unity, and a previous study showing little net effect of large plant openings. Expansions of existing establishments are shown to have substantial multiplicative effects, however, with an average employment multiplier of 2.0. I discuss possible reasons for differential impacts across new and expanding firms, focusing on the nature of the firms. Differences in net impact across industries and high-tech versus low-tech firms also is evaluated. I find that the impact of large firm locations or expansions on population in the resident county generally is negative, but positive for the broader region encompassing the county of location and its contiguous neighbors.
The MSX Galactic Plane Survey Submillimeter Results

The MidCourse Space eXperiment (MSX) surveyed the Galactic plane within 5° latitude in four mid-infrared spectral bands. A set of full resolution (20 '' ) 1.5°×1.5° images on 6'' pixel centers has been created in each spectral band by co-adding all the survey data. A lower (1.2 ' ) resolution atlas of 10°×10° images provide large-scale panoramas of the plane. A new class of objects has been identified in the images, infrared dark clouds, which are silhouetted against the mid-infrared background emission from the interstellar medium in the Galactic plane. The IRAS ISSA plates indicate that these clouds are dark out to 100 μ m. Submillimeter emission traces the form of the dark cloud and reveals cores indicative of class 0 protostars.
Reductive, selective deoxygenation of acylbenzo[b]furans, aromatic aldehydes and ketones with NaBH3CN-TMSCl

Abstract Aromatic aldehydes, ketones and acylbenzo[b]furans have been reductively deoxygenated with sodium cyanoborohydride and the mild electrophile chlorotrimethylsilane.
Advance Selling by a Newsvendor Retailer

Retailers often face a newsvendor problem. Advance selling helps retailers to reduce demand uncertainty. Consumers, however, may prefer not to purchase in advance unless given a discount because they are uncertain about their valuation for the product in advance. It is then unclear whether or when advance selling to pass some uncertainty risk to consumers is optimal for the retailer. This paper examines the advance selling price and inventory decisions in a two-period setting, where the first period is the advance selling period and the second is the selling (and consumption) period. We find that an advance selling strategy is not always optimal, but is contingent on parameters of the market (e.g., market potential and uncertainty) and the consumers (e.g., valuation, risk aversion, and heterogeneity). For example, we find that retailers should sell in advance if the consumers' expected valuation exceeds consumers' expected surplus when not buying early by a certain threshold. This threshold increases with the degree of risk aversion but decreases with stock out risk. If the degree of risk aversion varies across consumers, then a retailer should sell in advance if the probability for a consumer to spot buy is less than a critical fractile.
The Role of Valence-Band Excitation in Laser Ablation of KCl.

We present recent measurements of excited-atom and ion emission from KCl surfaces illuminated by vacuum-ultraviolet synchrotron radiation (h-nu = 8-28 eV) and ultraviolet laser light (h-nu = 4 eV). At low intensities characteristic of the synchrotron experiments, excited atoms are desorbed by simple valence-band excitation process involving the metallization of the KCl surface. At the higher intensities typical of laser desorption and ablation, we observe a strong decrease in K emission as a function of the number of laser shots, but an essentially constant yield of Cl. K(+) and Cl(-) emission at high intensities show similar behavior. The energetics of these desorption phenomena can be treated in a bond-orbital model which shows that creation of a single valence hole is sufficient to excite an ion to an anti-bonding state.
Dismissals and match-specific rents

Abstract Labor contracts that result in dismissals are quite common in the real world. The question that arises is why employers do not just offer reduced wages instead of asking workers with low realized productivity to leave. This paper argues that such behavior can be explained by workers' understandable unwillingness to agree to contracts that an employer will not have an incentive to honor in the future. Specifically, we construct a matching model in which the employer and the worker are both uncertain about the value the other places on the match. Because the worker's match-specific productivity is the employer's private information, a commitment to pay a wage equal to the worker's value of marginal product is not enforceable. In the absence of a wage guarantee, the employer will offer retained workers wages below their value of marginal product, which causes quits to be inefficiently high. The employer can reduce quits by contractually promising a guaranteed wage to retained workers. Although this will lead to some involuntary dismissals, the loss from dismissals will be less than the gain from lower quits if the wage guarantee is not too high.
Heck reaction with 3-fluoro-3-buten-2-one

Abstract 3-Fluoro-3-buten-2-one (2) is readily prepared from 1-fluoro-1-chloro-2-methoxy-2-methylcyclopropane (1) in 82% yield by heating the cyclopropane in aqueous quinoline solution. Ketone 2 reacts with aryl iodides (3) in a Heck reaction catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2 to give Z-3-fluorobenzalacetones (4) in 36–86% yield.
How Membrane Loads Influence the Modal Damping of Flexural Structures

This paper considers the transverse vibration of flexural structures subjected to preloads that are tangent to the structural midplane; the effects of such membrane loads on the damping of the structural vibration modes are of particular interest. The theory developed indicates that tensile loads increase the natural frequencies of vibration (as is well known), but decrease the modal damping; for beams, the effect on damping is stronger than the effect on frequency. Conversely, compressive loads decrease the natural frequencies and increase the modal damping. These conclusions are consistent for various models of material damping. Available experimental data shows good agreement with theory.
Territorial politics and the reach of the state: unevenness by design

Guillermo O’Donnell drew attention to “brown spots” in Latin America’s political topography, which he defined as peripheral regions where the presence of the republican state is attenuated and more arbitrary forms of power hold sway. Similarly uneven projections of state authority are visible across sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviews three ways of explaining such unevenness in the state’s reach: (a.) a geographic, economic, and demographic determinism perspective, (b.) a historical-sociological perspective, and (c.) a political perspective centered on strategic bargaining between social actors and state actors. We propose that unevenness in state quality is often an artifact of state-building, rather than evidence of state failure. An analysis of statebuilding in modern Africa, focusing on Cote d’Ivoire, explores some of these dynamics.
Toll Like receptor 7 regulates viral loads and cytokine secretion during acute retroviral infection.

Background Acute HIV infection is characterized by a high viremia accompanied by a powerful wave of pro-inflammatory cytokines that affects the subsequent course of infection and pathogenesis. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that regulate cytokine secretion and viremia is a key priority. The innate immune receptor TLR7 has been identified a retrovirus-sensing protein, and is expressed in several key immune lineages. In vitro data suggests that HIV can trigger TLR7-dependent innate immune responses, but TLR7s role in vivo is unclear. Methods To determine whether TLR7 affects viremia or cytokine secretion during acute retroviral infection, we analyzed the plasma of wild type and TLR7 deficient mice infected with the model retrovirus, Friend virus (FV). Results We identified 16 cytokines that are significantly upregulated in the plasma of wild-type mice infected with FV, the majority of which are also upregulated during HIV infection. Individual cytokines have distinct kinetic profiles and intensities, with peak levels ranging from 5dpi to 14dpi. To examine the contribution of TLR7 to this response, we compared viral loads and cytokine levels of wild-type or TLR7 deficient mice. Surprisingly, we found that majority of the pro-inflammatory cytokines exhibited exacerbated secretion in the absence of TLR7, while only an early wave of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was attenuated. This exacerbated cytokine storm was accompanied by an elevated viremia. Significantly, IL-10 deficient mice also exhibited elevated viremia and cytokine secretion during acute infection. By contrast, TLR7deficient mice exhibit an attenuated antibody response, while anti-viral antibody levels in IL-10 deficient mice were normal. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that TLR7 negatively regulates viral loads and cytokine secretion during acute retroviral infection by promoting an early wave of IL-10, and that TLR7 regulates the development of anti-viral antibodies independently of IL-10. These results reveal that TLR7 plays multiple roles in regulating the immune response to retroviral infection.
Phase distance mapping: a phase-based cache tuning methodology for embedded systems

Networked embedded systems typically leverage a collection of low-power embedded systems (nodes) to collaboratively execute applications spanning diverse application domains (e.g., video, image processing, communication, etc.) with diverse application requirements. The individual networked nodes must operate under stringent constraints (e.g., energy, memory, etc.) and should be specialized to meet varying applications' requirements in order to adhere to these constraints. Phase-based tuning specializes a system's tunable parameters to the varying runtime requirements of an application's different phases of execution to meet optimization goals. Since the design space for tunable systems can be very large, one of the major challenges in phase-based tuning is determining the best configuration for each phase without incurring significant tuning overhead (e.g., energy and/or performance) during design space exploration. In this paper, we propose phase distance mapping, which directly determines the best configuration for a phase, thereby eliminating design space exploration. Phase distance mapping applies the correlation between a known phase's characteristics and best configuration to determine a new phase's best configuration based on the new phase's characteristics. Experimental results verify that our phase distance mapping approach, when applied to cache tuning, determines cache configurations within 1 % of the optimal configurations on average and yields an energy delay product savings of 27 % on average.
Effective field theory and non-Gaussianity from general inflationary states

We study the effects of non-trivial initial quantum states for inflationary fluctuations within the context of the effective field theory for inflation constructed by Cheung et al. which allows us to discriminate between different initial states in a model-independent way. We develop a Green’s function/path integral based formulation that incorporates initial state effects and use it to address questions such as how state-dependent is the consistency relation for the bispectrum, how many e-folds beyond the minimum required to solve the cosmological fine tunings of the big bang are we allowed so that some information from the initial state survives until late times, among others. We find that the so-called consistency condition relating the local limit of the bispectrum and the slow-roll parameter is a state-dependent statement that can be avoided for physically consistent initial states either with or without initial non-Gaussianities.
Distributed algorithm for optimal power flow on a radial network

The optimal power flow (OPF) problem is fundamental in power system operations and planning. Large-scale renewable penetration calls for real-time feedback control, and hence the need for fast and distributed solutions for OPF. This is difficult because OPF is nonconvex and Kirchhoff's laws are global. In this paper we propose a solution for radial networks. It exploits recent results that suggest solving for a globally optimal solution of OPF over a radial network through the second-order cone program (SOCP) relaxation. Our distributed algorithm is based on alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM), but unlike standard ADMM algorithms that often require iteratively solving optimization subproblems in each ADMM iteration, our decomposition allows us to derive closed form solutions for these subproblems, greatly speeding up each ADMM iteration. We present simulations on a real-world 2,065-bus distribution network to illustrate the scalability and optimality of the proposed algorithm.
Modeling and simulating Poisson processes having trends or nontrigonometric cyclic effects

Abstract We formulate a nonparametric technique for estimating the (cumulative) mean-value function of a nonhomogeneous Poisson process having a long-term trend or some cyclic effect(s) that may lack familiar trigonometric characteristics such as symmetry over the corresponding cycle(s). This multiresolution procedure begins at the lowest level of resolution by estimating any long-term trend in the target counting process; then at progressively higher levels of resolution, the procedure yields estimates of the cyclic behavior associated with progressively smaller cycle lengths. We also formulate an efficient algorithm for generating realizations of such counting processes.