cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition from Slope to Fan Facies, Lower Cretaceous Sediments, Andean Foothills, Southern Chile: ABSTRACT

In southern South America, mid-Cretaceous compressional deformation transformed an Early Cretaceous back-arc basin-slope-platform setting into a protocordillera-foreland basin. The Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks exposed in the Andean foreland fold and thrust belt at lat. 51°S record an abrupt transition from back-arc basin-slope facies to foreland-basin submarine-fan facies. The Zapata Formation of Portlandian to Albian age represents deposition on the slope of a coeval back-arc basin which formed to the west. The 600-m section consists predominantly of rhythmically interbedded and extensively bioturbated mudstone and siltstone. The siltstone beds are laterally continuous and contain sedimentary structures suggesting deposition by turbidity currents. Sporadic turbidite sandstones occur as shallow channel-fill sequences or as thin, laterally persistent graded beds rich in coarse detrital mica. Slumped intervals are common, and show a northwest-southeast trend of slump fold axes, which parallels the axis of the back-arc basin to the west. The overlying Punta Barrosa Formation of Albian to Cenomanian age was deposited contemporaneously with deformation in the cordillera to the west. It represents a rapid change in depositional regime, signaled by an abrupt increase in sandstone beds. The thick sandstone beds are lenticular, commonly amalgamated, and show thickening/coarsening-upward and thinning/fining-upward cycles indicative of deposition in a submarine-fan environment. NNW to SSE paleocurrent trends indicate a longitudinal basin-fill pattern; this persists through the Upper Cretaceous flysch sequence. The Punta Barrosa Formation thus represents the establishment of submarine-fan deposition associated with the initiation of a foreland basin on the site of the preexisting back-arc basin slope. End_of_Article - Last_Page 643------------
Man-machine interaction in creative applications

Some aspects of creative activity are reviewed, and means by which the processes involved may be augmented with the help of a digital computer are discussed. A computer aided facility for writing, arranging and producing simple musical compositions is described to illustrate these concepts.
Ohmic distortion of reversible voltammograms in thin-layer cells

Abstract A continuum-model approach, analogous to porous electrode theory, has been applied to a thin-layer cell of rectangular and cylindrical geometry. A reversible redox couple is assumed, and the local reaction current density is related to the potential through the formula of Hubbard and Anson for a uniformily accessible thin-layer cell. The placement of the reference electrode is also accounted for in the analysis. Primary emphasis is placed on the effect of the solution-phase ohmic potential drop on the voltammogram characteristics. Correlation equations for the peak-potential displacement from E 0 ′ and the peak current are presented in terms of two dimensionless parameters.
Administration of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides targeting NF-κB prolongs allograft survival via suppression of cytotoxicity

Presentation of alloantigens by antigen-presenting cells (APC) deficient in expression of costimulatory molecules (CM) induces alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness or tolerance. NF-KB has been shown to be a crucial transcription factor that regulates CM expression on the surface of APC. We designed an antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynu-cleotide (ODN) to specifically inhibit mRNA of mouse NF-KB, resulting in a deficiency in CM expression on APC that may prolong organ allograft survival. Anti-NF-κB ODN was delivered systemically by an osmotic pump implanted in the abdominal cavity of recipients following transplantation of vascularized heart allografts. The animals in control groups were given scrambled control ODN or were left untreated. Normal C3H (H2 k ) recipients rejected B10 (H2 b ) heart allografts at a median survival time (MST) of 15 days. A 14-day administration of 12.5 mg/kg/day anti-NF-κB ODN prolonged the survival of cardiac allografts to an MST of 25 days (P 0.05 compared to untreated controls). To investigate the underlying mechanisms of the immunosuppressive effect of anti-NF-κB ODN administration, graft infiltrating cells, spleen cells, and serum were collected from animals on day 7 posttransplant. Freshly isolated graft-infiltrating cells from anti-NF-κB ODN-treated recipients exhibited significantly decreased donor-specific CTL activity. Generation of CTL activity of spleen T cells from anti-NF-κB ODN-treated recipients was also impaired compared with untreated animals. Administration of anti-NF-κB ODN did not influence the titers of complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies. These data suggest that treatment with anti-NF-κB ODN markedly inhibits the cellular response of allograft recipients, resulting in significant prolongation of allograft survival. Antisense ODN therapy targeting NF-KcB may be a novel strategy for future immunosuppressive therapy.
Using Pre-Release Test Failures to Build Early Post-Release Defect Prediction Models

Software quality is one of the most pressing concerns for nearly all software developing companies. At the same time, software companies also seek to shorten their release cycles to meet market demands while maintaining their product quality. Identifying problematic code areas becomes more and more important. Defect prediction models became popular in recent years and many different code and process metrics have been studied. There has been minimal effort relating test executions during development with defect likelihood. This is surprising as test executions capture the stability and quality of a program during the development process. This paper presents an exploratory study investigating whether test execution metrics, e.g. Test failure bursts, can be used as software quality indicators and used to build pre- and post-release defects prediction models. We show that test metrics collected during Windows 8 development can be used to build pre- and post-release defect prediction models early in the development process of a software product. Test metrics outperform pre-release defect counts when predicting post-release defects.
Determination of disulfide bonds in highly bridged disulfide-linked peptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry with postsource decay.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry with postsource decay was used to generate fragment ions from peptide fragments containing heteropeptides linked together by two disulfide bonds. Postsource decay analysis of these peptide samples generates a series of singly charged fragment ions that, in addition to the peptide sequence ions, provide useful information for assigning disulfide arrangement in highly bridged disulfide-linked peptides. The assignment was made possible by fragmentation at peptide bonds between two Cys residues in a peptide that constitutes the highly bridged fragment, while retaining the disulfide linkage to the other peptide. Fragmentation using other types of instruments, such as quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation, usually did not generate such fragment ions. The data obtained from postsource decay also provide fragment ions derived from both symmetric and nonsymmetric cleavages of disulfide bonds. The present method is a h...
Detection and Antibiotic Treatment of Mycoplasma arginini Contamination in a Mouse Epithelial Cell Line Restore Normal Cell Physiology

Mycoplasma contamination of cultured cell lines is difficult to detect by routine observation. Infected cells can display normal morphology and the slow growth rate of mycoplasma can delay detection for extended periods of time, compromising experimental results. Positive identification of mycoplasma typically requires cells to be either fixed and stained for DNA or processed with PCR. We present a method to detect mycoplasma using live-cell optical microscopy typically used for routine observation of cell cultures. Images of untreated mycoplasma-infected epithelial cells alongside images of infected cells treated with Plasmocin, a commercially available antibiotic targeted to mycoplasma, are shown. We found that optical imaging is an effective screening tool for detection of mycoplasma contamination. Importantly, we found that cells regained normal function after the contamination was cleared. In conclusion, we present a technique to diagnose probable mycoplasma infections in live cultures without fixation, resulting in faster response times and decreased loss of cell material.
Clinically-Silent Mutation in the Putative Iron-Responsive Element in Exon 17 of the β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene

Three missense mutations in exon 17 of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene have been reported to cosegregate in families with early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). All three mutations result in amino acid substitutions at codon 717 and may produce AD by altering the structure of the transmembrane domain of APP. Alternatively, the mutations may destabilize the stem of a putative iron-responsive element (IRE) in which they lie and confer pathogenicity by inactivating this negative regulatory element. We have detected a clinically-silent mutation in codon 716 that would also be expected to disrupt the putative IRE but results in no amino acid substitution. This result strongly suggests that the missense mutations at codon 717 produce AD by altering the amino acid sequence of APP rather than the IRE. Furthermore, the identification of a clinically-silent mutation among four point mutations that span only three nucleotides of exon 17 suggests that this region may be a mutational "hot" spot.
Closure of Coronary Arteriotomy in the Dog by Means of an Autogenous Arterial Patch

A simple technique of application of a patch graft to a coronary arteriotomy without using a cardiopulmonary bypass is described. Twelve dogs were subjected to this procedure, the circumflex coronary artery being used in eight, and the left anterior descending coronary artery in four. A 66 per cent patency of the segment was obtained. In one dog, a coronary arteriogram showed a patent segment six months later. Histological study revealed some intimal thickening of the patch, as well as of the host artery. Gross myocardial infarction was observed in those with occluded segments.
Topographical relationship between the entorhinal cortex and the septotemporal axis of the dentate gyrus in rats: II. Cells projecting from lateral entorhinal subdivision

Projections from the rat lateral entorhinal cortex (area 28-l) to the dentate gyrus were traced and then interpreted according to a parcellation scheme that recognized four cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of area 28-l: areas dorsolateral (dl), ventrolateral (vl), ventromedial (vm), and TR. Following lesions of area 28-l, anterograde degeneration was traced with the Fink-Heimer method. In parallel experiments iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made in the lateral perforant path terminal zone of the dentate molecular layer. Retrograde neuronal labeling patterns within area 28-l were charted following dorsal, midseptotemporal (mid ST), and ventral dentate injections. In two additional cases HRP was deposited in the ventral subiculum. Lesions of area dl (which lies entirely on the posterolateral cortex) produced terminal degeneration that was confined to the dorsal one-half of the dentate gyrus. Lesions involving primarily areas vl and vm (which lie on the posteroinferior cortex) caused a complementary pattern of degeneration; silver grains predominated in the ventral dentate gyrus. Injections of HRP into the outer dentate molecular layer labeled layer II neurons within area 28-l. Deposits of HRP in the dorsal one-third of the dentate gyrus labeled a rostrocaudal strip of neurons within the dorsal one-third of area dl; no other subdivisions of area 28-l contained labeling. After mid-ST deposits of HRP, a rostrocaudally oriented strip of labeled cells appeared in the ventral one-third of area dl. Mid-ST injections also labeled neurons in the caudolateral quadrant of area vl. Injection of HRP into the ventral dentate gyrus labeled neurons in the caudomedial quadrant of area vl as well as a few neurons in caudal area vm. No labeled cells were ever found in area dl following ventral dentate HRP deposits. Neurons within area TR were never retrogradely labeled from injections of HRP into the dentate perforant path zone. However, ventral subicular injections of HRP labeled a few cells in the posterior part of area TR, as well as hundreds of neurons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of area vl. The results indicate a highly organized innervation of the dentate gyrus by several subdivisions of area 28-l. In area dl, rostrocaudal strips of layer II neurons innervate distinct segments of the dorsal ST axis. The posterior half of areas vl and vm innervates the ventral half of the ST axis; a lateromedial gradient there corresponds to increasingly ventral terminations along the dentate ST axis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
United States Immigration Policy and the Industrial Heartland: Laws, Origins, Settlement Patterns and Economic Consequences

Immigration laws affect the national composition and size of the immigrant flow. Immigrants from different national origins have markedly different settlement patterns within the US. The regional economic consequences of immigration depend on both the number of immigrants settling within a region and the trade linkages among regions. This article traces the chain from immigration laws to economic consequences for an older industrial region, the Industrial Heartland. Changes in the laws since 1965 have permitted large increases in immigration from several Asian and Latin American countries. These immigrants are less likely to settle in the Industrial Heartland than immigrants from Europe. The National-Regional Impact Evaluation System (NRIES II) an interregional econometric model is used to estimate the economic consequences of the Asian, European and Mexican settlement patterns on the six states of the Heartland. Each case entails adding 100000 immigrants per year nationally for five years. The consequenc...
CORD BLOOD COAGULATION CHANGES IN MATERNAL HYPERTENSIGN

The occurrence of thrombocytopenia and disseminated intra-vascular coagulation (DIC) are newborn hematologic manifestations of maternal hypertension syndromes. Since hepatic disease occurs in mothers with preeclampsia-eclampsia we examined the levels of various coagulation factors to determine if other coagulopathies exist other than DIC. Fifty-three (53) cord blood samples were studied (PTT; pro time; fibrinogen, factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII levels). There were 30 normal term controls, 6 with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and 17 with moderate to severe preeclampsia (PRE). Newborns with asphyxia were excluded. The mean gestational age was 37 in the two study groups; APGARs were 8/9 in PIH and 7/8 in PRE. The significant changes (*) are shown in the Table (mean ±SE). Reduced factor VII and V with elevated factor VIII levels in the PRE group suggest liver damage as the cause of the coagulopathy. Elevated factor VIII levels was the only abnormality found in PIH neonates. No infant had DIC or evidence of vitamin K deficiency. Hepatic dysfunction may be a major manifestation of infants born of toxemic mothers.
Spatial Patterns of Migration and Income Change in the Mountain West: The Dominance of Service-Based, Amenity-Rich Counties

One of the most recognizable and important changes occurring in the West is rapid population growth. This article intends to address questions associated with whether patterns of population growth and income migration are associated with “new” and “old” West economies. Rural restructuring in the U.S. has created a group of counties with service-based economies. In the Mountain West, a number of counties with service-based economies are located in areas with high levels of environmental or natural amenities, creating what has been termed the “New West.” Migration to the rural parts of the Mountain West, and the income transfers associated with migration, are increasingly concentrated within these New West counties. Rapid population growth, the changing characteristics of in-migrants, and their spatial concentration in New West counties provide a basis for conflicts over what the rural West is becoming.
Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Secondary Hyperalgesia, and the Default Mode Network

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which encompasses the anterior paracingulate cortex and extends rostrally along the medial frontal wall, has recently received a considerable amount of scientific inquiry as a distinct subregion of the frontal lobe. This is, in part, because the mPFC is involved
Adsorbate fluorescence EXAFS: Determination of bromine bonding structure in c(2×2)Br-Ni(001)

Abstract X-ray fluorescence detection has been applied successfully to the EXAFS structure determination of the distance from the surface plane for an adsorbate in an ordered monolayer on a well-defined single crystal metal surface in ultrahigh vacuum.
The impact of academic competencies on wages, unemployment, and job performance

Abstract When schooling is controlled, tests assessing competence in mathematical reasoning, science, and English have almost no impact on wage rates and earnings during the eight years following high school graduation in NLS-Youth and other data sets. Analyses of military data sets, however, indicate that these same tests are good predictors of job performance. The conclusion is that the market rewards competencies signalled by credentials. Competencies not signalled by credentials go unrewarded for many years because employers do not know which job applicants have them and because workers and employers prefer employment contracts in which wage rates adjust only partially to reflect outstanding performance.
Dendritic cells and lymphoma cells: come together right now.

In this issue of Blood , Kolstad et al report an elegantly designed and well-implemented study showing that intratumoral injection of ex vivo-produced immature dendritic cells (DCs), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and low-dose rituximab into an irradiated tumor elicits
Chromosome cohesion: a cycle of holding together and falling apart.

All organisms have mechanisms to ensure that dividing cells produce new cells with the proper number of chromosomes. The dividing cell closely monitors that chromosomes are copied exactly once and then distributed correctly to daughter cells. After replication, the chromosomes (now comprising two chromatids) align at the center of the cell, and are attached to a structure known as the spindle apparatus. A key point of attachment is the centromere, a characteristic constriction carried by each chromosome. The spindle, which is composed of microtubules, pulls the chromatids apart so that two complete sets of chromosomes are gathered together at each pole of the cell, which can then divide. Cohesion between chromosome copies, which keeps the chromatids together until just the right time, therefore plays a critical part in this process.
Testing price-exchange rate noncausality: Results from a vector error correction model

Previous tests of the martingale property of the exchange rate have examined the random walk property of the exchange rate or have tested for Granger causality of the exchange rate by macroeconomic variables. Interestingly, if purchasing power parity (PPP) holds in the long run, causality tests should be conducted by estimating a vector error correction model which includes price levels. This paper conducts exchange rate causality tests employing vector error correction models and finds evidence that the Swiss exchange rate is Granger caused by lagged deviations in PPP and, hence, is Granger caused by prices.
A Longitudinal Hormonal Profile of the Genetically Obese Mouse

Obese mice (C57BL/6J ob/ob) and their lean littermates were studied at various ages from immediately post weaning until 62 weeks of age, at which time mortality increased markedly. Several age-related changes were noted. 1) Plasma glucose levels were elevated in obese mice at 5–20 weeks and 62 weeks of age, but were similar to those in the lean mice at 20–60 weeks of age. Plasma insulin levels were elevated in obese mice, and there were no age-related differences. 2) Brain serotonin was elevated in obese mice at all ages and increased with age in both obese and lean animals. 3) Pituitary contents of ACTH and β-endorphin were elevated in young obese mice and increased further as these mice approached their life expectancy. 4) The ratios of ACTH to β-endorphin immunoreactivities were similar in obese and lean mice, except in obese mice over 50 weeks of age where this ratio was increased. We conclude that: 1) the obese mouse is characterized by hyperinsulinemia and hyperadrenocorticism throughout its life; 2...
Enantiomeric Deoxycholic Acid: Total Synthesis, Characterization, and Preliminary Toxicity toward Colon Cancer Cell Lines

Deoxycholic acid (DCA) is an endogenous secondary bile acid implicated in numerous pathological conditions including colon cancer formation and progression and cholestatic liver disease. DCA involvement in these disease processes results partly from its ability to modulate signaling cascades within the cell, presumably through both direct receptor activation and general detergent mediated membrane changes. To further explore DCA induced changes in cell signaling, we completed a total synthesis of enantiomeric deoxycholic acid (ent-DCA) from achiral 2-methyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione. Using a modified method of the synthesis of ent-testosterone that proceeds through the (R)-(-)-Hajos-Parrish ketone, we have completed the successful synthesis of ent-DCA in 25 steps with a yield of 0.3% with all stereochemical assignments of the product confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Our studies toward this synthesis also uncovered the methodology for the development of a novel A,B-cis steroidal skeleton system containing a C3-C9 single bond as well as conditions to selectively ketalize the typically less reactive 12-carbonyl in poly-keto A,B-cis androgens. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of ent-DCA, determined by a dye solubilization method, was identical to the cmc of natural DCA. Toxicity studies toward HT-29 and HCT-116 human colon cancer cell lines demonstrated that ent-DCA had similar effects on proliferation, yet showed a markedly decreased ability to induce apoptosis as compared to natural DCA.
Pectus excavatum: Pathophysiology and clinical characteristics

Pectus Excavatum is the most common congenital abnormality of the chest wall. In the majority of the cases the condition is idiopathic. Affected patients tend to have lung volumes that are mildly decreased but within the normal range and they are often associated with mild air-trapping. Many patients show evidence of lower airway obstruction. Exercise intolerance is the most common symptom associated with pectus excavatum, and it is now believed to be due to cardiovascular rather than pulmonary causes. The psychological effect of the deformity often exceeds its actual physical effect. Several surgical techniques are available for the repair of the deformity, although the need for it is still considered controversial by many. The current article provides an in depth review of the pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of pectus excavatum, as well as an overview of the treatment options in order to help the practitioners caring of affected patients in their evaluation.
Synchronization of occurrence of the ovarian philometrid, Philometra carolinensis, with the spawning season of its fish host, the spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus

The philometrid Philometra carolinensis inhabits the ovaries of the spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus. A 2-year study in estuaries of South Carolina showed that each year adult female worms were present only during the spawning season of the host and that only sexually mature fish were infected. Overall prevalence was 13.1%. Young-of-the-year fish were uninfected and mature 1-year-old fish were less frequently infected than older fish. Abundance of the philometrid was significantly different in age-1 and -2 spotted seatrout. Prevalence, mean abundance, and intensity peaked during the first 2 months of the host’s 4-month spawning season, which then declined abruptly. Occurrence of the philometrid in the fish host was unaffected by water temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. Histological studies revealed that the worms were hematophagous. Worms induced disruption of the ovarian lamellar walls resulting in the interruption of development and the loss of host eggs into the ovarian lumen prior to their maturation. The data show that development of this parasite is linked to the host’s reproductive status and suggest that paratenesis plays an important role in the maintenance of the parasite’s life cycle.
EMG changes in agonist muscles during practice of a multijoint throwing skill.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine, for a planar multijoint throwing skill, if electromyographic (EMG) amplitudes of eccentric and concentric muscle activity for two agonist muscles (i.e. agonists for the concentric phase) changed over the course of practice. Eighteen men threw a weighted ball with their dominant arm at a target while the motion was restrained to a horizontal plane. EMG and kinematic data were collected for selected practice trials. EMG signals of the triceps brachii (lateral head) and posterior deltoid were full-wave rectified and integrated (IEMG) over two portions of the movement: the countermovement and the throw. Performance showed an expected improvement over trial blocks. IEMG activities of both muscles did not change across trial blocks for the countermovement (eccentric phase) or for the throw (concentric phase) even though several kinematic and kinetic descriptors changed significantly (e.g. during the throw, peak elbow angular velocity and mechanical work by the elbow extensor moment increased during practice). Results suggest that EMG amplitudes of assistive or auxiliary muscles may change rather than primary agonists or that limitations inherent in skill acquisition research and EMG signal processing may be the reasons why no changes were observed in EMG amplitudes.
The frequency spectrum of a structural member in coupled flexural-torsional vibration

Abstract When effects such as shear deformation, rotary inertia, and cross-sectional warping are neglected, the frequency equation for a uniform simply supported beam is reduced to the same cubic as for a plane, elastically supported lamina. For any given number of half waves in the span, the roots of the cubic yield three natural frequencies, in general all distinct. The modes associated with these frequencies are characterized each by a nodal axis (or virtual hinge) which is parallel to the axis of the undeformed beam. Two numerical examples of slender beams having L cross-sections (one equal-legged, the other unsymmetrical) illustrate the variation of the coupled natural frequencies with wave number, and the corresponding shift of the virtual hinge. Results of resonance tests on one of the beams confirm part of the calculations. The work is part of an investigation into wind-induced vibrations of structural members.
Analysis of Spatial Concepts, Spatial Skills and Spatial Representations in New York State Regents Earth Science Examinations

ABSTRACT Research has shown that spatial thinking is important in science in general, and in Earth Science in particular, and that performance on spatially demanding tasks can be fostered through instruction. Because spatial thinking is rarely taught explicitly in the U.S. education system, improving spatial thinking may be “low-hanging fruit” as far as improving science education. In this paper we have analyzed, categorized, and quantified the occurrence of items that require spatial thinking on New York State's end-of-course exam for high school Earth Science. Analyzing all items across 12 exams (1,016 items total), we find abundant instances of spatial concepts, spatial skills, and spatial representations, with 63.1% of the items being coded into one or more spatial categories. In an associated pilot study of item difficulty on one exam, we find that students on average scored lower on items that we had coded as spatial than on items we had coded as nonspatial. In the short run, these findings should m...
Hedonic markets and sorting equilibria: Bid-function envelopes for public services and neighborhood amenities

Abstract Hedonic regressions with house value as the dependent variable are widely used to study public services and neighborhood amenities. This paper builds on the theory of household bidding and sorting across communities to derive bid-function envelopes, which provide a form for these regressions. This approach allows for household heterogeneity and multiple amenities, yields estimates of the price elasticity of amenity demand directly from the hedonic without a Rosen two-step procedure, and provides tests of hypotheses about sorting. An application to Cleveland area data from 2000 yields price elasticities for school quality and neighborhood ethnic composition and supports the sorting hypotheses.
Concentration of x-rays using tapered capillaries

Tapered glass capillaries are simple devices which have been used to concentrate x-rays. Micron-sized x-ray beams were produced using a variety of gradually tapered capillaries. Intensity gains ranging from 14 to 35 are reported using 6-keV synchrotron radiation. Data is presented demonstrating the potential of such devices as x-ray beam steering devices. In addition, a white-beam experiment is reported showing that tapered capillaries may be used as x-ray imaging components.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On approximate arithmetic

Approximate arithmetic has been de-facto present in computing systems using fixed-point (non-integer) and floatingpoint operations. The main goal has been to obtain exact or close to exact results by deploying error mitigation techniques ranging from increasingly sophisticated rounding to interval arithmetic. Errors committed have been considered bad. Lately, however, ideas have emerged how to make errors help reduce delays of operations, power dissipation and energy consumption. Errors, now often seen as helpful, are becoming an intentional feature in the design because of tangible payoffs and application-based error tolerance. We discuss several approaches and results in approximate arithmetic based on our prior work.
Analysis of the Electronic and Ionic Conductivity of Calcium-Doped Lanthanum Ferrite

Lanthanum ferrites with high mixed ionic and electronic conductivities are promising materials for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathodes. A-site deficient calcium-doped lanthanum ferrite (LCF) powders were synthesized and tested to characterize their electrochemical properties for use as cathode materials in single-step cofired SOFCs. Four-probe conductivity and oxygen permeability tests indicate superior mixed ionic and electronic conductivities compared to conventional SOFC cathode materials. Thermogravimetric data measured as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure (PO 2 ) along with the conductivity and permeability measurements were consistent with the defect model of LCF.
Culturally Responsive Pedagogy and Online Learning: Implications for the Globalized Community College

Implicit in the open-door mission of the community college is the mandate that every learning experience should offer full equity and inclusion for all learners, including those of diverse cultural backgrounds. This mission is paramount, given the cultural diversity represented among learners served by the globalized community college. This paper presents a cross-section of research, practice, and discourse focused on expanding our knowledge and understanding of the diverse learning needs of community college learners. The relevance of the literature to the planning, design, and implementation of distance-learning is discussed. In the end, the authors offer distance-learning instructional strategies that may accommodate the unique needs of Hispanic/Latino learners. Implications for community college educators are discussed.
Comparison of 4-chloro-, 4-bromo- and 4-fluoroamphetamine in rats: drug levels in brain and effects on brain serotonin metabolism.

Abstract The ability of 4-chloroamphetamine, 4-bromoamphetamine, and 4-fluoroamphetamine to deplete brain 5-hydroxyindoles and some pharmacokinetic properties of these drugs were compared in rats. Half-lives of the three compounds in rat brain were 3.7, 4.4, and 5.7 hr, respectively for the 4-fluoro, 4-chloro, and 4-bromo amphetamines. The tendency of the drugs to be associated with paniculate material in brain homogenates or to prefer an organic versus an aqueous phase in vitro varied in the order 4-bromo > 4-chloro > 4-fluoro. This order of activity also applied to the inhibition of monoamine oxidase in vitro . All three 4-haloamphetamines reduced the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase and lowered the levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in whole brain initially. With 4-chloroamphetamine and 4-bromoamphetamine, the depletion of brain 5-hydroxyindoles lasted for at least a week. 4-Fluoroamphetamine, in contrast, lowered serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels only for short times (2–6 hr) after drug injection, and 5-hydroxyindole levels were essentially back to normal within 24 hr. Prior treatment with an uptake inhibitor prevented the serotonin depletion by all of the haloamphetamines, indicating they all required the membrane uptake pump for entry into the neurone. The effect of 4-bromoamphetamine, like that of 4-chloroamphetamine, could be reversed by subsequent injection of the uptake inhibitor after short periods but not after 24–48 hr. The failure of 4-fluoroamphetamine to produce a long-lasting depletion of brain serotonin like that produced by 4-chloroamphetamine or 4-bromoamphetamine may reflect the inability of the fluoro-compound to be metabolized in the same way as the other haloamphetamines.
The zebrafish foxj1a transcription factor regulates cilia function in response to injury and epithelial stretch

Cilia are essential for normal organ function and developmental patterning, but their role in injury and regeneration responses is unknown. To probe the role of cilia in injury, we analyzed the function of foxj1, a transcriptional regulator of cilia genes, in response to tissue damage and renal cyst formation. Zebrafish foxj1a, but not foxj1b, was rapidly induced in response to epithelial distension and stretch, kidney cyst formation, acute kidney injury by gentamicin, and crush injury in spinal cord cells. Obstruction-induced up-regulation of foxj1a was not inhibited by cycloheximide, identifying foxj1a as a primary response gene to epithelial injury. Foxj1 was also dramatically up-regulated in murine cystic kidney disease epithelia [jck/jck (nek8) and Ift88Tg737Rpw−/−] as well as in response to kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Obstruction of the zebrafish pronephric tubule caused a rapid increase in cilia beat rate that correlated tightly with expanded tubule diameter and epithelial stretch. Zebrafish foxj1a was specifically required for cilia motility. Enhanced foxj1a expression in obstructed tubules induced cilia motility target genes efhc1, tektin-1, and dnahc9. foxj1a-deficient embryos failed to up-regulate efhc1, tektin-1, and dnahc9 and could not maintain enhanced cilia beat rates after obstruction, identifying an essential role for foxj1 in modulating cilia function after injury. These studies reveal that activation of a Foxj1 transcriptional network of ciliogenic genes is an evolutionarily conserved response to multiple forms of tissue damage and highlight enhanced cilia function as a previously uncharacterized component of organ homeostasis.
Long term follow-up of women with ductal carcinoma in situ treated with breast-conserving surgery: the effect of age.

BACKGROUND Although in recent years there has been a dramatic increase in both the incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and breast-conserving therapy for patients who have this disease, the optimal treatment for these patients remains controversial. Most data regarding outcomes have come from small, retrospective studies, with little data published from prospective, randomized studies. This study investigates the effects of age, postoperative breast irradiation, and other factors on local relapse free survival after breast-conserving surgery for women with DCIS in a large, single-institution series. METHODS A review was performed of all patients with DCIS who underwent breast-conserving surgery at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1978 through 1990. Of the 171 cases identified, data on follow-up and radiation therapy were available for 157. All available pathology slides (132 of 157) were rereviewed to determine histologic subtype, nuclear grade, presence of necrosis, and microscopic tumor size. Sixty-five patients (41%) received postoperative radiation therapy; selection criteria evolved over the time period. The median follow-up was 74 months. RESULTS Factors that were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with a lower recurrence rate were older age, noncomedo subtype, lower nuclear grade, negative margins, and postoperative radiation therapy. The 6-year actuarial recurrence rate was 9.6% for patients who received postoperative radiation therapy and 20.7% for patients who had excision only (P = 0.05). Comparison of patients of ages ≥70, 40–69, and <40 years revealed a significantly lower risk of recurrence with increasing age. Actuarial 6-year local relapse rates were 10.8%, 14.0%, and 47.2%, respectively (P = 0.047). A benefit from radiation therapy was suggested for each age group. There was no statistically significant correlation between age group and any histologic factor examined. In multivariate analysis, only margin status was statistically significant (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In addition to margin status, pathologic factors, and the use of radiation therapy, age is another factor that should be considered in assessing the risk of local recurrence after breast-conserving surgery for patients with DCIS. Cancer 1999;86:1757–67. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
The Theory of a general quantum system interacting with a linear dissipative system

A formalism has been developed, using Feynman's space-time formulation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics whereby the behavior of a system of interest, which is coupled to other external quantum systems, may be calculated in terms of its own variables only. It is shown that the effect of the external systems in such a formalism can always be included in a general class of functionals (influence functionals) of the coordinates of the system only. The properties of influence functionals for general systems are examined. Then, specific forms of influence functionals representing the effect of definite and random classical forces, linear dissipative systems at finite temperatures, and combinations of these are analyzed in detail. The linear system analysis is first done for perfectly linear systems composed of combinations of harmonic oscillators, loss being introduced by continuous distributions of oscillators. Then approximately linear systems and restrictions necessary for the linear behavior are considered. Influence functionals for all linear systems are shown to have the same form in terms of their classical response functions. In addition, a fluctuation-dissipation theorem is derived relating temperature and dissipation of the linear system to a fluctuating classical potential acting on the system of interest which reduces to the Nyquist–Johnson relation for noise in the case of electric circuits. Sample calculations of transition probabilities for the spontaneous emission of an atom in free space and in a cavity are made. Finally, a theorem is proved showing that within the requirements of linearity all sources of noise or quantum fluctuation introduced by maser-type amplification devices are accounted for by a classical calculation of the characteristics of the maser.
Perfusion lung scans vs pulmonary angiography in evaluation of suspected primary pulmonary hypertension.

A retrospective review of 15 patients with angiographicallyor biopsy-documented primary pulmonary hypertension was performed to assess the value of pulmonary perfusion scanning in noninvasively differentiating these patients from those with potentially operable, chronic (large-vessel) thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. None of the 15 patients with primary pulmonary hypertension demonstrated a segmental or larger perfusion defect whereas such defects have been uniformly present in previous reports of patients with large-vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. While perfusion scans in primary pulmonary hypertension may show certain abnormalities, the presence of segmental or larger perfusion defects should suggest the diagnosis of potentially correctable, large-vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension rather than small-vessel, obliterative (primary, idiopathic) pulmonary hypertension.
Backpressure Reduction with Bi-directional Data Vortex Network

Bi-directional routing and corresponding control mechanism are proposed for data vortex packet switching interconnection network. Performance Improvement in both the throughput and the packet latency has been shown in the study. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of backpressure reduction, especially for networks with limited routing redundancy.
Baroclinic wave variations observed in MLS upper tropospheric water vapor

Upper tropospheric water vapor measurements from the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder are used to investigate the structure and evolution of eastward traveling medium-scale wave features in Southern Hemisphere summertime. The extratropical Southern Hemisphere summer circulation pattern is frequently dominated by medium scale waves which exhibit life cycles of baroclinic growth and barotropic decay. The water vapor field during such life cycles is examined here and found to be well correlated with meteorological fields derived from European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts global analyses. From mid January to mid February 1992 several episodes of growth and decay in the amplitude of eastward traveling waves are found in the water vapor and meteorological data at levels of the upper troposphere, with zonal waves four, five and six being predominant modes. The water vapor data are compared with derived potential vorticity (PV) fields, with strong anticorrelation observed in middle and high latitudes. The results are consistent with model paradigms for the structure and evolution of baroclinic disturbances, coupled with the known characteristics of high PV and low water vapor mixing ratios in lower stratospheric air parcels and the reverse for upper tropospheric air.
Inhibition of cocaine binding to the human dopamine transporter by a single chain anti-idiotypic antibody: its cloning, expression, and functional properties

Abstract Conventional drug development for treatment of cocaine addiction is greatly hindered by the extreme difficulty in designing a selective cocaine antagonist. We employed anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies to generate cocaine antagonists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of this alternative approach. Herein, we describe the molecular cloning, bacterial expression, and functional properties of an anti-Id monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated K2-3f, which possesses an internal image of cocaine within its variable regions. The heavy and light chain variable domains of K2-3f were cloned by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and a single chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) was assembled for expression in Escherichia coli . The scFv bound to the human dopamine transporter (hDAT) with moderate affinity ( K a =5.3×10 6 M −1 ) and excellent mimicry of the cocaine molecule completely inhibited cocaine binding at a molar concentration closely resembling in vivo conditions while allowing approximately 90% of equimolar dopamine uptake. Our data suggest that the use of anti-Id antibody as a template for generation of a cocaine antagonist is a promising approach well worth pursuing. If this strategy is successful, it could be applied to potential ligand–receptor interactions in the treatment of other diseases.
Car detection in low resolution aerial image

We present a system to detect passenger cars in aerial images where cars appear as small objects. We pose this as a 3D object recognition problem to account for the variation in viewpoint and the shadow. We started from psychological tests to find important features for human detection of cars. Based on these observations, we selected the boundary of the car body, the boundary of the front windshield and the shadow as the features. Some of these features are affected by the intensity of the car and whether or not there is a shadow along it. This information is represented in the structure of the Bayesian network that we use to integrate all features. Experiments show very promising results even on some very challenging images.
NEW BEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS, MARCH 6, 1983-MARCH 22, 1984: The “Before and After” of a Group Rape

Following the highly publicized New Bedford rape case, in which a young woman was raped by several men on a pool table in New Bedford, Massachusetts, on March 6, 1983, a segment of the local Portuguese community responded with great hostility to the rape victim and with sympathy for the rapists. The victim was blamed for the ethnic prejudice that erupted after the rape and culminated in the trial of six rapists in 1984. This article's purpose is to analyze the Portuguese community's response, particularly the negative reactions of Portuguese women to another Portuguese woman who had been raped, and the conflict that developed between ethnic and sexual forms of prejudice.
Conditional existence of variables in generalized constraint networks

Classical constraint systems require that the set of variables which exist in a problem be known ab initio. However, there are some applications in which the existence of certain variables is dependent on conditions whose truth or falsity can only be determined dynamically. In this paper, we show how this conditional existence of variables can be handled in a mathematically well-founded fashion by viewing a constraint network as a set of sentences in free logic. Based on these ideas, we have developed, implemented and applied, a constraint language in which any sentence in full first-order free logic, about a many-sorted universe of discourse which subsumes R, is a well-formed constraint.
The Relationship of Informational Attributions to Affective Response to Success and Failure

Abstract This study assessed the relationship of informational attributions—perceived characteristics of the self and the task situation—to postperformance affect. College students performed an anagram task and rated causal and informational attributions for their outcomes, the causal dimensions for the perceived causes of their outcomes, and their affective response to their outcomes. The valence of the outcome—success or failure—was the best predictor of affect, and both causal attributions and causal dimensions accounted for substantial portions of the affect variance. Informational attributions accounted for a significant proportion of the affect variance beyond that attributable to the other factors. Implications of these results for the attributional theory of emotion are discussed.