cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rupture of the basal (decidual) plate in abruptio placentae: a pathway of autoextraction from the decidua into the maternal circulation.

Abstract Two selected retroplacental hematomas, each still in situ on its delivered placenta, were studied in microscopic sections. One was a self-limiting retroplacental hematoma from a case of eclampsia, the other an extensive hematoma from a case of clinically diagnosed abruptio placentae. Thus these represented an early and a late stage of progress of abruptio placentae. In each the basal plate which otherwise separates the hematoma from communication with the maternal lake was found to be lacerated. These spontaneous lacerations appeared to be the result of an expanding force from within the hematoma itself. It was inferred that at the time of spontaneous rupture of the basal plate blood from the hematoma may have returned through the laceration into the maternal lake, and thence back into the general circulation. It was further inferred that this provided a pathway for autoextraction of decidual tissue substances into the maternal circulation. A comparable mechansim of auto-extraction during placenta previa, marginal separation of the placenta, or marginal sinus rupture seems improbable because a pathway for appreciable return flow to the maternal circulation is lacking. The implications of the apparent decidual autoextraction, as an etiological factor in the acute maternal disorders of abruptio placentae, upon therapy are considered. It was reaffirmed that in abruptio placentae delivery usually should be accomplished promptly, even with resort to cesarean section if vaginal delivery is not imminent. This is to reduce the risk of further progress of the abruptio and of complications therefrom, including release of further activation of coagulation within the circulation. More importantly, whatever the obstetrical management, it becomes mandatory, once the clinical diagnosis of abruptio placentae is made, immediately to initiate "stand-by" preparations for restoration of the circulating coagulation mechanism (and blood loss). Need for this may become acutely manifest during delivery, if not before or after. This is because of the danger of defibrination secondary to intravascular coagulation, and failure thereby of hemostasis. Not to be prepared with large quantities of already cross-matched blood, or, lacking this, of other support of the circulating coagulation mechanism, is to run the risk of fatal hemorrhage from even minor lacerations of delivery or from the incisions of perineal or abdominal surgery for delivery. Because of the danger of extension of the premature placental separation, it is important that the restoration of the coagulation mechansim be simultaneous with, and not usually prior to, delivery.
Complement activation via alternative pathway is critical in the development of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization: role of factor B and factor H.

The objective of this study was to explore the role of classical, lectin, and alternative pathways of complement activation in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The classical and alternative pathways were blocked in C57BL/6 mice by small interfering RNAs (siRNA) directed against C1q and factor B, respectively. C4 −/− mice developed CNV similar to their wild-type controls and inhibition of C1q by siRNA had no effect on the development of CNV. In contrast, CNV was significantly inhibited ( p −/− mice and C57BL/6 mice treated with factor B siRNA. Inhibition of the alternative pathway by factor B siRNA resulted in decreased levels of membrane attack complex and angiogenic factors–vascular endothelial growth factor and TGF-β2. Furthermore, factor B was up-regulated in complement sufficient C57BL/6 mice at day 1 postlaser and remained elevated at day 7. Significantly reduced levels of factor H were observed at day 3 in these animals. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that activation of the factor B-dependent alternative pathway, but not the classical or lectin pathways, was essential for the development of CNV in mouse model of laser-induced CNV. Thus, specific blockade of the alternative pathway may represent a therapeutically relevant strategy for the inhibition of CNV.
Case report of gynandroblastoma.

Abstract A brief historical review of the few reported cases of gynandroblastoma has been cited. A case has been reported which satisfies the criteria, clinically, endocrinologically, and morphologically for the diagnosis of gynandroblastoma.
Interactive Effects of Drought and Grazing on Northern Great Plains Rangelands

Drought is common in rangeland environments and an understanding of its impacts on the structure and function of rangeland ecosystems is paramount for developing effective management strategies. This research was the second of a series of studies investigating the impacts of varying seasonal droughts on northern Great Plains rangelands. Research was conducted on native rangeland during the 1998 through 2001 growing seasons. Study plots were twelve 5 × 10 m nonweighing lysimeters. An automated rainout shelter was used to establish drought conditions on 6 lysimeters during April, May, and June of 1998 and 1999. Single-day, flash grazing events were imposed at the beginning of May, June, and July. Grazing treatments were 1) graze during the 2 years of drought and the year after; 2) graze during the 2 years of drought and rest the year after; and 3) rest all years. Results showed that the intense spring drought reduced soil water content in the upper 30 cm of the soil profile and subsequently reduced total herbage production 20% to 40%; cool-season perennial grasses were the primary contributor to the reduction and cool-season annual grasses were secondary. Periodic grazing during drought had minimal impact on herbage production, whereas impacts on nondrought plots ranged from moderate enhancement to moderate suppression, with effects varying depending on functional group. Results also showed that substantial recovery occurred during the 1st postdrought year, with near full recovery realized within 2 years.
Drosophila EcR-B ecdysone receptor isoforms are required for larval molting and for neuron remodeling during metamorphosis

During the metamorphic reorganization of the insect central nervous system, the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone induces a wide spectrum of cellular responses including neuronal proliferation, maturation, cell death and the remodeling of larval neurons into their adult forms. In Drosophila, expression of specific ecdysone receptor (EcR) isoforms has been correlated with particular responses, suggesting that different EcR isoforms may govern distinct steroid-induced responses in these cells. We have used imprecise excision of a P element to create EcR deletion mutants that remove the EcR-B promoter and therefore should lack EcR-B1 and EcR-B2 expression but retain EcR-A expression. Most of these EcR-B mutant animals show defects in larval molting, arresting at the boundaries between the three larval stages, while a smaller percentage of EcR-B mutants survive into the early stages of metamorphosis. Remodeling of larval neurons at metamorphosis begins with the pruning back of larval-specific dendrites and occurs as these cells are expressing high levels of EcR-B1 and little EcR-A. This pruning response is blocked in the EcR-B mutants despite the fact that adult-specific neurons, which normally express only EcR-A, can progress in their development. These observations support the hypothesis that different EcR isoforms control cell-type-specific responses during remodeling of the nervous system at metamorphosis.
SAG: a Schwann cell membrane glycoprotein.

We report on characterization of a 170,000 Da glycoprotein found exclusively in the PNS. We refer to this protein as the Schwann cell membrane glycoprotein (SAG). SAG contains the HNK-1 carbohydrate, which is considered by some to be a marker of adhesion molecules. Its N- terminal sequence is not similar to previously known polypeptide sequences. SAG is found exclusively in the PNS, is present in rat sciatic nerve prior to myelination, and is in both myelinating and nonmyelinating Schwann cells. Tumors of Schwann cell lineage express SAG where axons are present (neurofibromas) but do not in the absence of axons (schwannomas). Schwannoma cells in culture do not express SAG even when exposed to forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase. However, schwannoma cells grown in the presence of a neuronal cell line (PC12) express SAG.
The Anthropology of Childhood: Cherubs, Chattel, Changelings

How are children raised in different cultures? What is the role of children in society? How are families and communities structured around them? Now available in a revised edition, this book sets out to answer these questions, and argues that our common understandings about children are narrowly culture-bound. Enriched with anecdotes from ethnography and the daily media, the book examines family structure, reproduction, profiles of children's caretakers within the family or community, their treatment at different ages, their play, work, schooling, and transition to adulthood. The result is a nuanced and credible picture of childhood in different cultures, past and present. Organised developmentally, moving from infancy through to adolescence and early adulthood, this new edition reviews and catalogues the findings of over 100 years of anthropological scholarship dealing with childhood and adolescence, drawing on over 750 newly added sources, and engaging with newly emerging issues relevant to the world of childhood today.
CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein-β Regulates Interferon-induced Transcription through a Novel Element

We have described previously a novel interferon (IFN)-responsive cis-acting enhancer element called γ-IFN-activated transcriptional element (GATE). GATE is distinct from the known IFN-stimulated elements and binds to novel transacting factors. To identify the γ-IFN-responsive transacting factors that interact with GATE, we have screened a cDNA expression library derived from IFN-γ-stimulated murine macrophage cell line and isolated three different cDNAs. Among these is a gene coding for the pleiotropic transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBP-β). We report here that the gene for C/EBP-β binds to GATE and induces gene expression. A mutant C/EBP-β interferes with the IFN-γ-stimulated transcription of the ISGF3γ (p48) promoter. Other members of the C/EBP family do not cause these effects. Interestingly, the expression of C/EBP-β, not the other members of its family, is induced by IFN-γ. These studies thus identify a novel role for C/EBP-β in the IFN-signaling pathways.
Resonances in transmission through an oscillating barrier.

We calculate electron transmission through a point barrier oscillating at frequency \ensuremath{\omega}. Transmission resonances occur before the first emitted sideband channel opens, that is, for electron energies E\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}, and which strongly suggest the formation of quasibound states in the time-dependent potential. We confirm the existence of these quasibound states, obtaining both the binding energy and electron lifetime, by computing the complex energy poles of the transmission amplitude. The resulting transmission resonances are analogous to those found in other multiple quantum channel scattering problems, such as the transmission through a donor impurity in a quasi-one-dimensional wire.
Park Physical Activity Motivations, Constraints and Negotiation: Generational Differences

Public parks are increasingly recognized as important places to facilitate leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and improve public health (e.g., Bedimo-Rung et al., 2005). Although physical activity is a common benefit sought when people use trails and parks, it is rarely the sole motivation (Bichis-Lupas & Moisey, 2001). Coupled with other motivations such as enjoying nature or for social gatherings, LTPA in parks can be intrinsically enjoyable, satisfying, and help achieve recommended physical activity levels (Payne et al., 1999). Despite the presence of parks, constraints to recreation and physical activity in parks exist. Constraints are factors that limit the formation of leisure preferences or participation and enjoyment in a leisure activity (Jackson, 2000). Crawford and Godbey (1987) identified three types of constraints: intrapersonal constraints (e.g., perceived lack of skill), interpersonal constraints (e.g., no one to go with), and structural constraints (e.g., lack of time/money). Studies indicate that people find ways to participate in and enjoy leisure despite constraints (e.g., Kay & Jackson, 1991). Subsequently, researchers proposed the concept of constraint negotiation to capture the ways in which people try to ameliorate or alleviate the effects of constraints (Jackson et al., 1993). Research suggests that age can influence factors related to physical activity, such as perceived barriers or constraints (e.g., Johnson et al., 2001; Shores et al. 2007). However, to date, no studies have examined generational differences in factors influencing park based LTPA. Therefore, this study examined differences in reported motivations, constraints and negotiation strategies regarding park based LTPA among Baby Boomers (born 1946-1964), Generation-X (GenX; born 1965-1978) and Generation-Y (GenY; born 1979-1989) adult visitors.
Inactivation kinetics of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores in water using high-pressure processing at elevated temperatures

Establishment of a high-pressure sterilization process requires data on pressure and temperature-dependent inactivation kinetics of target pathogenic, spoilage, or surrogate spore-forming bacteria in the food being tested. The objective of this study was to examine the response of Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC10149 spores to various temperature, time, and pressure combination treatments (500 to 700 MPa; 92°C to 111°C, 0.01 to 360 s). The pressure inactivation of spores was characterized at elevated temperatures under isobaric and isothermal conditions during the holding time using a laboratory-scale high-pressure unit. The inactivation kinetics was well described by the log-linear regression model. As expected, the rate of spore inactivation increased with increasing pressure and temperature. Decimal reduction times at constant pressure (DT,P values) varied from 29.4 to 108.8 s at 92°C, 17.4 to 76 s at 100°C, and 6.1 to 51.3 s at 111°C within the pressure range of 500 to 700 MPa. The resistance of spores to temperature and pressure was characterized with zT and zP values and compared with their resistance to conventional steam heating. The conventional thermal resistance of G. stearothermophilus species did not correlate to the thermal resistance at high pressure. The study provides kinetic data on the effects of pressure and temperature on the inactivation of a heat-resistant bacterial spore species under conditions applicable to the commercial processing of low-acid foods.
The Challenges of Treating Depression with Exercise: From Evidence to Practice

Stathopoulou, Powers, Berry, Smits, and Otto (2006) conducted a meta-analysis of exercise as a treatment for depression. The empirical evidence is convincing that exercise either alone or in combination with other evidence-supported treatment is effective in treating clinically significant depression. The challenge lies in translating the convincing evidence into effective practice. This commentary focuses on the barriers that clinicians encounter in utilizing exercise in the face of depressive symptoms, pessimism, low motivation, and physical inactivity and withdrawal. We also discuss some practical suggestions to enhance the likelihood that patients with depression implement and maintain exercise behaviors to improve their mood.
Synthesis, optical, and electronic properties of soluble poly-p-phenylene oligomers as models for molecular wires.

A homologous series of soluble poly-p-phenylenes containing up to eight phenylene moieties (PP2−PP8) with branched iso-alkyl (or bis-n-alkylmethyl) groups has been synthesized and the structure−property relationship with regards to various optical and electronic properties established. All electronic and optoelectronic properties of poly-p-phenylenes followed a 1/n relationship (where n is number of phenylene moieties) with the increasing number of phenylene moieties. The low-energy electronic transition of the PP2−PP7 cation radicals, generated either by laser-flash photolysis or by chemical oxidation, varied as well according to the inverse (1/n) relationship. The observed inverse relationship of all measured electronic and optoelectronic properties against the increasing number of phenylene units in various PPn’s, as well as X-ray crystallography of both neutral and a cation-radical salt of a representative tetra-p-phenylene oligomer allows us to demonstrate that the effective conjugation length in pol...
Lives that introns lead after splicing

After transcription of a eukaryotic pre-mRNA, its introns are removed by the spliceosome, joining exons for translation. The intron products of splicing have long been considered 'junk' and destined only for destruction. But because they are large in size and under weak selection constraints, many introns have been evolutionarily repurposed to serve roles after splicing. Some spliced introns are precursors for further processing of other encoded RNAs such as small nucleolar RNAs, microRNAs, and long noncoding RNAs. Other intron products have long half-lives and can be exported to the cytoplasm, suggesting that they have roles in translation. Some viruses encode introns that accumulate after splicing and play important but mysterious roles in viral latency. Turnover of most lariat-introns is initiated by cleavage of their internal 2'-5' phosphodiester bonds by a unique debranching endonuclease, and the linear products are further degraded by exoribonucleases. However, several introns appear to evade this turnover pathway and the determinants of their stability are largely unknown. Whereas many stable intron products were discovered serendipitously, new experimental and computational tools will enable their direct identification and study. Finally, the origins and mechanisms of mobility of eukaryotic introns are mysterious, and mechanistic studies of the intron life cycle may yield new insights into how they arose and became widespread.
Teaching Cognitive Systems Engineering

Our motivation for this paper is to stimulate discussions within the human factors community about teaching Cognitive Engineering at the undergraduate level. For the last fourteen years, the Cognitive Systems Engineering Laboratory at the Ohio State University has offered an undergraduate course in Cognitive Engineering (multiple offerings per year to Industrial Engineering, Industrial Design, Computer Science and Psychology students). In this paper, we will draw from our teaching experiences and describe our framework for teaching Cognitive Engineering.
Predicting stall and post-stall behavior of airfoils at low Mach numbers

An interactive boundary-layer method, together with the e"approach to the calculation of transition, is used to predict the stall and post-stall behavior of airfoils in incompressible and compressible flows at low freestream Mach numbers. Two separate inviscid methods—a panel method with compressibility corrections and a full potential method—are used to compute the external velocity distribution needed in the solution of the compressible boundary-layer equations. The turbulence model is based on the Cebeci-Smith algebraic eddy-viscosity formulation with improvements for strong pressure gradient effects. Comparison of calculated results with inviscid flow computed with a panel method indicate excellent agreement with experiment for a wide range of Reynolds numbers in incompressible flows. Comparison of calculated results obtained with inviscid flow computed with a full potential method also indicate excellent agreement with experiment for a wide range of angles of attack, including stall for compressible flows at low freestream Mach numbers. The study also shows that even though the compressibility corrections to the panel method are adequate at small-to-moderate angles of attack, they are not satisfactory at higher angles of attack, especially near stall.
FR900482, A CLOSE COUSIN OF MITOMYCIN C THAT EXPLOITS MITOSENE-BASED DNA CROSS-LINKING

Abstract Background: The class of antitumor antibiotics that includes FR900482 has a very close structural analogy to the mitomycins, one of which, mitomycin C, has been in widespread clinical use for more than 20 years. Like mitomycin C, these antitumor antibiotics are reductively activated in vivo and covalently cross-link DNA as a result of activity of the mitosene moiety generated on reduction. Owing to differences in structure and the attendant mechanistic differences in bioreductive activation between the mitomycins and FR900482, FR900482 does not produce an adventitious superoxide radical anion during reductive activation and thus does not exhibit oxidative strand scission of DNA. It is postulated that the low clinical toxicity of FR900482 relative to mitomycin C is a direct manifestation of the mechanistic differences of bioreductive activation leading to the highly reactive DNA cross-linking mitosenes. Results: Using Fe(II)-EDTA footprinting, we showed that the two natural products FR900482 ( 1 ) and dihydro, FR66979 ( 3 ), and the semi-synthetically derived triacetate FK973 ( 2 ), display remarkable selectivity for 5′ deoxy-CG sequences of DNA, and that this selectivity is abolished upon deletion of the exocyclic N2 amine of either participating guanosine residue. In addition, we investigated the mono alkylation abilities of FR66979 with respect to a number of inosine-substituted oligonuclectides and observed that the FR900482 class of compounds were able to give rise to easily separable orientation isomers of their respective cross-links. Conclusions: The FR900482 class of antitumor antibiotics cross-link DNA in a fashion analogous to the mitomycins. The cross-linking reaction yields two orientation, isomers which are of vastly different electrophoretic mobility and which also exhibit radically different DNA-protein recognition properties upon reaction with Alu l restriction endonuclease. In addition, mono-alkylation of DNA by FR66979 shows little, if any, dependence upon pre-covalent interactions deemed necessary for the mitomycins. These insights support the proposal that the FR900482 class of compounds represents a compelling clinical replacement for mitomycin C, given its greatly reduced host toxicity and superior DNA interstrand cross-linking efficacy.
A novel sensor for X-ray imaging applications

In this study, a novel direct X-ray conversion electronic sensor for X-ray imaging, aimed at the enhancement of the signal characteristics of a cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) detector substrate, is proposed. CdZnTe substrates are promising candidates in detector technology since they have a high stopping power. The novelty of the sensor lies in the material of use as well as in the signal collector design, which exhibits "Frisch-grid" capabilities. As a result, the proposed technology provides an effective mode to shield the electron-collecting electrode from the charge induced on it from moving positive ions and trapped charge. Overall, this technology would allow for a decreased sensor thickness, accompanied with a high collector efficiency, and consequently improved signal characteristics. Therefore, the signal quality of an imaging sensor as applied to medical detector technology, radio astronomy, aviation security, surveillance and nondestructive inspection, and other industrial areas will be significantly improved.
Dynamic Economic Lot Size Models with Period-Pair-Dependent Backorder and Inventory Costs

Inventory and backorder cost functions in the classical Wagner-Whitin economic lot size (ELS) models are typically period-pair-independent ( pp-independent) in the sense that inventoried units carried (or backorders in existence) in a given period are treated the same regardless of the periods in which they are produced (placed) or the periods in which they are used (filled). We consider versions of the problem where inventory and backorder costs arepp-dependent, as well as versions where backorder costs, but not inventory costs, are pp-dependent. Recognizing that the problems considered are NP-hard, we provide cases where the cost structure allows polynomial solvability via dynamic programming.
Potential permanent respiratory sequela of stevens-johnson syndrome in an adolescent

Respiratory involvement is a frequent complication of the Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS); however, there are no reports of persisting pulmonary sequelae following recovery. We present a case report of an adolescent girl with a history of clinically inactive hyperactive airway disease who developed persistent, severe obstructive pulmonary disease following an episode of SJS. This case may represent a permanent respiratory sequela.
The pulse thermal processing of nanocrystalline silicon thin-films

Pulse thermal processing (PTP) has the capability of processing thin-films and nanoparticles over broad areas utilizing high-density infrared plasma arc lamp technology. Heating rates reaching 600,000°C/s, which is orders of magnitude larger than current state-of-the-art rapid thermal annealing systems, are possible that allow controlled diffusion on the nanoscale. The ability to control heating at these levels permits processing thin-films and nanoparticles on temperature-sensitive substrates such as polymers. The PTP technique has been used to crystallize sputtered amorphous silicon thin-films on sapphire substrates.
Identifying causal rare variants of disease through family-based analysis of Genetics Analysis Workshop 17 data set

Linkage- and association-based methods have been proposed for mapping disease-causing rare variants. Based on the family information provided in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 data set, we formulate a two-pronged approach that combines both methods. Using the identity-by-descent information provided for eight extended pedigrees (n = 697) and the simulated quantitative trait Q1, we explore various traditional nonparametric linkage analysis methods; the best result is obtained by assuming between-family heterogeneity and applying the Haseman-Elston regression to each pedigree separately. We discover strong signals from two genes in two different families and weaker signals for a third gene from two other families. As an exploratory approach, we apply an association test based on a modified family-based association test statistic to all rare variants (frequency < 1% or < 3%) designated as causal for Q1. Family-based association tests correctly identified causal single-nucleotide polymorphisms for four genes (KDR, VEGFA, VEGFC, and FLT1). Our results suggest that both linkage and association tests with families show promise for identifying rare variants.
The use of the consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity scales in Iran: A research note

This research note presents the results of testing the reliability of two constructs from the country-of-origin literature—consumer ethnocentrism and consumer animosity—within the Iranian national consumer environment. Consumer ethnocentrism, developed by Shimp and Sharma (1987), measures the level of consumer ethnocentrism and has been used broadly in several countries. The consumer animosity scale (Klein, Ettenson, & Morris, 1998), a newer construct, has not been widely tested for its reliability in diverse national contexts. The country of Iran, with its ongoing dispute and hostility with the United States, provides an ideal context to test both of these constructs. We utilized the original animosity scale and an adapted version of the ethnocentrism scale. Both scales performed well and provide strong support for the reliability of each construct, allowing other researchers a high degree of confidence in their application. This finding suggests that these research tools may be useful and can be expanded to the greater Middle East region. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wound, Adjacent Skin and Control Skin Radioactivty After Injection of 1,2-3H-Cortisol and 1,2-3H-Testosterone

Either 3mg of 1,2- 3 H-cortisol (20 μc) or 5mg of 1,2- 3 H-testosterone (20 μc) was injected intramuscularly into young adult male rates, 1, 4 and 7 days after skin wounds were created by intradermal croton oil injection. Thirty minutes and 4 hours after injection of each labeled steroid, radioactivity was measured in wound tissue, in tissue adjacent to the wound, in a contralateral control site and in plasma. The radioactivity obtained from the tissues is expressed in 3 ways: (1) as radioactivity extracted from fresh tissue; (2) as radioactivity calculated for dry fat-free tissue; (3) as radioactivity calculated for "tissue water". The relative amount of radioactivity in wound, adjacent skin and control skin frequently varied with the manner of data expression. There was a difference between the distribution of radioactivity from cortisol and testosterone in control and adjacent skin. No distinct differences with wound age were observed in the distribution of either cortisol or testosterone between croton oil lesions, tissue adjacent to the wound and control skin. "Tissue water" radioactivities indicated that none of 3 tissues investigated concentrated cortisol and/or its metabolites. However, "tissue water" radioactivities of control and adjacent skin of rats given testosterone were similar to or greater than plasma "tissue water" radioactivities.
SU-FF-J-96: Modeling Correlation Between External Surface Motion and Internal Organ Motion Based On 4DCT

Purpose: To develop a method for modeling the dynamic relationship between patient surface motion and internal target motion using 4DCT data. Then, to verify its capability to interpolate internal target motion with real‐time patient surface motion information. Methods and Materials: At discrete phases of a respiration cycle, the coordinates of points in a grid with specific interval on patient surface and internal target were automatically extracted from 4DCT data, then used for the experiments. A radial basis function (RBF) based neural network was employed for modeling purpose. The model was examined by eight sets of data, which consists of the coordinates of points on a patient surface and a region of interest (ROI) on either the left lung or right lung.Results: With fine sampling (grid interval 10 voxels) will result in a larger interpolation error. In seven successful cases, the interpolation errors less than 2mm. The only failed one had interpolation error of 4 mm. Conclusion: A dynamic model is established for correlating patient surface motion with internal target motion based on 4DCT data. An acceptable interpolation accuracy is achieved for 7 of 8 cases examined in this study. The only failed one implied that for target motion with larger displacement and higher frequency, the model based on 4DCT data might be not sufficient because of its limited time resolution in acquiring those information in a respiration cycle.
Critical specific-heat scaling in the linear model for fluids

Abstract Predictions by the linear parametric equation of state on the specific-heat scaling of fluids in the critical region are found to be consistent with data on 4 He and 3 He.
Nanomedicine: New material stops bleeding in a hurry

Peptides can self-assemble into gels that are able to control bleeding from surgical wounds within seconds of being applied. This new nano-haemostat could dramatically change the way surgery is performed in the future.
Chromogenic substrates for horseradish peroxidase

Two new detection systems for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) have been developed for the staining of membranes used in immunoassays. These systems use dimethyl or diethyl analogues of p-phenylenediamine with 4-chloro-1-naphthol to generate a blue product or 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone with 4-chloro-1-naphthol to generate a red product. These reagents offer increased sensitivity and lower background staining than currently available chromogenic detection substrates. In addition, the incorporation of these substrates increases the sensitivity of HRP labels to be comparable to that of alkaline phosphatase with the 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate + nitro blue tetrazolium substrate.
Insulin resistance and gray matter volume in neurodegenerative disease

The goal of this study was to compare insulin resistance in aging and aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, and to determine the relationship between insulin resistance and gray matter volume (GMV) in each cohort using an unbiased, voxel-based approach. Insulin resistance was estimated in apparently healthy elderly control (HC, n = 21) and neurodegenerative disease (Alzheimer’s disease (AD), n = 20; Parkinson’s disease (PD), n = 22) groups using Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance 2 (HOMA2) and intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). HOMA2 and GMV were assessed within groups through General Linear Model multiple regression. We found that HOMA2 was increased in both AD and PD compared to the HC group (HC vs. AD, p = 0.002, HC vs. PD, p = 0.003), although only AD subjects exhibited increased fasting glucose (p = 0.005). Furthermore, our voxel-based morphometry analysis revealed that HOMA2 was related to GMV in all cohorts in a region-specific manner (p < 0.001, uncorrected). Significant relationships were observed in the medial prefrontal cortex (HC), medial temporal regions (AD), and parietal regions (PD). Finally, the directionality of the relationship between HOMA2 and GMV was disease-specific. Both HC and AD subjects exhibited negative relationships between HOMA2 and brain volume (increased HOMA2 associated with decreased brain volume), while a positive relationship was observed in PD. This cross-sectional study suggests that insulin resistance is increased in neurodegenerative disease, and that individuals with AD appear to have more severe metabolic dysfunction than individuals with PD or PD dementia.
The Place of Fair Judging in the Extension Program

Abstract Probably there is no part of poultry extension work as old as the judging of poultry at county fairs and winter shows. Undoubtedly no one thing in the early history of poultry keeping on this side of the Atlantic has done more to stimulate interest in poultry keeping and poultry breeding, than these exhibitions. They were the meeting places of the breeders and provided an important means of spreading information. Of course, to be of value from an educational standpoint there must be an opportunity to teach people. When properly managed fair exhibitions provide such a medium. In New York State we have two methods of judging fair exhibits. One is confined entirely to the appearance of the birds and is called Standard Judging, because it follows the rules laid down by the American Poultry Association in its Standard of Perfection. The other is known as Production Judging. The latter . . .
Spectroscopic studies of the HgHe and HgAr2 van der Waals' complexes: The Hg vapor fluorescence filter

Abstract A technique is described which selectively and competely removes Hg atomic fluorescence from laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectra of Hg-containing complexes. In this technique, a heated Hg vapor filter is placed between the fluorescence source and the photomultiplier tube. We demonstrate the usefulness of such filtering in revealing two bound vibronic levels of the Ω=0 + excited state of the HgHe complex which were not observed in previous studies since they lie beneath the large fluorescence signal due to free Hg atoms. The rotational structure of these bands is fit to obtain vibrationally averaged internuclear separations for the levels. The Hg vapor filter is also shown to be useful in viewing B-state features of HgAr 2 which normally appear on top of a continuum due to HgAr〈B〉.
Amino acid transport in whole cells and membrane vesicles of Arthrobacter pyridinolis.

Abstract Arginine, and several other amino acids, can only support growth of Arthrobacter pyridinolis if malate is also present in the medium. Arginine is transported by a high affinity lysine-arginine-ornithine-type transport system which is stimulated by malate in both whole cells and vesicles, is respiration-coupled, and appears to depend upon a respiration-generated membrane potential but not on a ΔpH. Arginine is also transported by a low-affinity system which transports canavanine. Studies of an arginine auxotroph suggest that the lysine-arginine-ornithine system may be the system of major physiological significance for arginine transport. Phenylalanine is one of a few amino acids which can act as sole source of carbon for A. pyridinolis . Transport of phenylalanine occurs by two kinetically distinct systems. Both of these transport systems are respiration-coupled, are not appreciably stimulated by malate either in cells or vesicles, but are markedly stimulated by ascorbate-phenazine methosulfate. Studies with inhibitors indicate that the transport systems for phenylalanine utilize both a ΔpH and a membrane potential.
Secondary grain boundary dislocation structures in gold and silver 〈001〉 twist boundaries revisited

Abstract A search was made for the presence of localized secondary grain-boundary dislocations (SGBDs) in selected [001] twist boundaries in gold and silver using transmission electron microscopy Screw SGBD networks were detected in near-Σ5, -Σ13, -Σ17, -Σ25 and -Σ29 boundaries in gold and in near-Σ-5 boundaries in silver. The Σ25 and Σ29 networks were observed for the first time and extend the range of SGBD structures observed in [001] twist boundaries in gold beyond that found in earlier work. The observation of Σ5 SGBDs in silver contradicts an earlier claim that these SGBDs are delocalized in this metal. Extensive tests were carried out to verify that all of the observed SGBD images were indeed due to localized dislocations and were not moire fringe patterns.
They "miss more than anything their normal life back home": masculinity and extramarital sex among Mexican migrants in Atlanta.

CONTEXT: Gender has been recognized as a significant influence on sexual health behaviors. Labor migration presents an important context of vulnerability for sexual health. To understand how the context of migration affects risk-related practices, both cultural and social aspects of gender need to be explored. METHODS: In the quantitative part of a mixed-methods study conducted in 1999 in Atlanta, 187 Mexican migrant men were asked about their demographic characteristics; sexual history; migration motivations; substance use; social support; leisure-time activities; and ideas about masculinity, sexuality and marriage. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to test the association between these domains and men's number of partners since their arrival in Atlanta. RESULTS: Number of partners was positively associated with owning a home in Mexico; number of trips back to Mexico; social network size; having had a sex worker as a partner; and going out dancing and to strip clubs on weekends (coefficients, 0.3–4.1). It was negatively associated with age, education, contact with social network members and feeling that sex is tied to emotional intimacy (–0.4 to –1.0). CONCLUSIONS: Programs must acknowledge and target migrant men's social networks and the spaces in which they may encounter risky sexual situations. Multilevel strategies, such as the development of more health-enhancing community spaces and the promotion of safer sexual practices should form part of comprehensive efforts to reduce sexual risk among migrant men.
Volume and volatility in a common-factor mixture of distributions model

This paper develops a multi-asset mixture distribution hypothesis model to investigate commonality in stock returns and trading volume. The model makes two main predictions: First, the factor structures of returns and trading volume are independent although they stem from the same valuation fundamentals and jointly depend on a latent information flow; second, cross-sectional positive volatility-volume relations arise solely from the dynamic features of the information flow. Empirical analyses at the market level support these predictions. Furthermore, the results indicate that removing the information flow significantly reduces the return volatility persistence and the extent of the reduction exhibits a size pattern.
Achievement motivation for males and females as a determinant of attributions for success and failure

Male and female college students, divided according to levels of achievement motivation, were asked to do an anagram task at which their success or failure was determined by experimental manipulation of the problems they were given. Their ratings of ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck as possible causes for success or failure indicated that those with high achievement motivation of both sexes made relatively higher ratings for ability and lower ratings for task difficulty. Females tended to employ higher ratings for luck, and females with high achievement motivation made maximal use of effort as a causal factor. Theoretical implications and potential applications of these data are discussed.
Comparison of catheter ablation using radiofrequency versus direct current energy: Biophysical, electrophysioiogic and pathologic observations

The effects of catheter ablation with radiofrequency versus direct current energy were compared in 18 dogs assigned to two groups (of 9 dogs each). Each dog underwent a single ablation at two sites in the left ventricle at energy levels of 100, 200 or 300 J delivered in unipolar configuration to six dogs each. A transient decrease in left ventricular systolic pressure (from 121.3 +/- 24.5 to 94.2 +/- 18.7 mm Hg, p less than 0.01) and wall motion abnormality were noted in dogs with direct current shock. The left ventricular ejection fraction decreased (from 50 +/- 2% to 34 +/- 3%, p less than 0.001) shortly after direct current ablation but improved 4 weeks later to 43 +/- 3%. There were no significant changes in left ventricular pressure, wall motion or ejection fraction in dogs in the radiofrequency ablation group. Sustained ventricular tachycardia (greater than or equal to 30 s) was seen immediately after direct current shock in all dogs, and one dog died of intractable ventricular fibrillation. A 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitor obtained immediately after the procedure showed multiple runs of ventricular tachycardia in all dogs exposed to direct current ablation but in only three dogs that underwent radiofrequency ablation. No differences were found in peak creatine kinase, complete blood count with smear and B-beta 15-42 fibrinopeptide levels. Pathologically, direct current-induced lesions were larger (mean length x width x depth 10.9 x 7.5 x 5.2 vs. 4.8 x 4.6 x 4.3 mm) and were poorly circumscribed with inhomogeneous margins of necrosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Continuous Infusion of UHMWPE Particles Induces Increased Bone Macrophages and Osteolysis

Background Aseptic loosening and periprosthetic osteolysis resulting from wear debris are major complications of total joint arthroplasty. Monocyte/macrophages are the key cells related to osteolysis at the bone-implant interface of joint arthroplasties. Whether the monocyte/macrophages found at the implant interface in the presence of polyethylene particles are locally or systemically derived is unknown.
Inhibition of dopamine and choline acetyltransferase concentrations in rat CNS neurons by rat α1‐ and α2‐macroglobulins

Previous studies have implicated human alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) as a potential regulator of neuronal development and function. Rat alpha-1-macroglobulin (alpha1M) and acute-phase alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) are murine homologues of human alpha2M. In this report, we tested the effect of intracranially infused serotonin-activated rat alpha1M (5HT-alpha1M) on the concentration of dopamine (DA) in the corpus striatum in vivo and the effect of 5HT-activated rat alpha1M and alpha2M on the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity upon embryonic basal forebrain neurons in culture. The results show that direct infusion of 0.65 nmole rat 5HT-alpha1M into the adult rat corpus striatum produced a consistent attenuation upon striatal DA concentrations. This decrease was particularly prominent at 5-7 days post-infusion. In addition, rat 5HT-alpha1M and rat 5HT-alpha2M, like human 5HT-alpha2M, all significantly inhibited ChAT activity of embryonic rat cerebral cortex neurons. Although normal human alpha2M and rat alpha2M were either marginally or insignificantly inhibitory in this preparation, normal rat alpha1M dose-dependently inhibited ChAT activity. These results demonstrate that monoamine-activated alpha-macroglobulins from rat depress dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmitter systems in the CNS, and this suggests a potential regulatory role of these alpha-macroglobulins in neurotransmitter metabolism.
Experience of micromultileaf collimator linear accelerator based single fraction stereotactic radiosurgery: Tumor dose inhomogeneity, conformity, and dose fall off

Purpose: Sharp dose fall off outside a tumor is essential for high dose single fraction stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) plans. This study explores the relationship among tumordose inhomogeneity, conformity, and dose fall off in normal tissues for micromultileaf collimator (mMLC) linear accelerator(LINAC) based cranial SRS plans. Methods: Between January 2007 and July 2009, 65 patients with single cranial lesions were treated with LINAC-based SRS. Among them, tumors had maximum diameters ≤ 20 mm : 31; between 20 and 30 mm: 21; and > 30 mm : 13. All patients were treated with 6 MV photons on a Trilogy®linear accelerator (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) with a tertiary m3® high-resolution mMLC (Brainlab, Feldkirchen, Germany), using either noncoplanar conformal fixed fields or dynamic conformal arcs. The authors also created retrospective study plans with identical beam arrangement as the treated plan but with different tumordose inhomogeneity by varying the beam margins around the planning target volume (PTV). All retrospective study plans were normalized so that the minimum PTV dose was the prescription dose (PD). Isocenter dose, mean PTV dose, RTOG conformity index (CI), RTOG homogeneity index (HI), dose gradient index R 50 − R 100 (defined as the difference between equivalent sphere radius of 50% isodose volume and prescription isodose volume), and normal tissue volume (as a ratio to PTV volume) receiving 50% prescription dose ( NTV 50 ) were calculated. Results: HI was inversely related to the beam margins around the PTV. CI had a “V” shaped relationship with HI, reaching a minimum when HI was approximately 1.3. Isocenter dose and mean PTV dose (as percentage of PD) increased linearly with HI. R 50 − R 100 and NTV 50 initially declined with HI and then reached a plateau when HI was approximately 1.3. These trends also held when tumors were grouped according to their maximum diameters. The smallest tumor group (maximum diameters ≤ 20 mm ) had the most HI dependence for dose fall off. For treated plans, CI averaged 2.55 ± 0.79 with HI 1.23 ± 0.06 ; the average R 50 − R 100 was 0.41 ± 0.08 , 0.55 ± 0.10 , and 0.65 ± 0.09 cm , respectively, for tumors ≤ 20 mm , between 20 and 30 mm, and > 30 mm . Conclusions: Tumordose inhomogeneity can be used as an important and convenient parameter to evaluate mMLC LINAC-based SRS plans. Sharp dose fall off in the normal tissue is achieved with sufficiently high tumordose inhomogeneity. By adjusting beam margins, a homogeneity index of approximately 1.3 would provide best conformity for the authors’ SRS system.