cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Opportunistic sensing and mobile data delivery in the cartel system

Wide-area sensor systems enable a broad class of applications, including the fine-grained monitoring of traffic congestion, road surface conditions, and pollution. This dissertation shows that it is possible to build a low-cost, wide-area sensor system. Our approach relies on two techniques: using existing motion from such sources of mobility as cars and people to provide coverage (opportunistic mobility), and using the abundance of short duration network connections to provide low-cost data delivery (opportunistic networking). We use these two techniques to build a mobile sensor computing system called CarTel, to collect, process, deliver, and visualize spatially diverse data. CarTel consists of three key components: hardware placed in users' cars to provide remote sensing, a communication stack called CafNet to take advantage of opportunistic networking, and a web-based portal for data visualization. This dissertation describes the design and implementation of these three components. In addition, we analyze the properties of opportunistic networking and mobility. To show the viability of opportunistic networking, we studied Internet access from moving vehicles and found that the median duration of link layer connectivity at vehicular speeds was 13 seconds, that the median connection upload bandwidth was 30 KBytes/s, and that the mean duration between successful associations to APs was 75 seconds. To show the viability of opportunistic mobility, we used a simulation and found that after as little as 100 drive hours, a CarTel deployment could achieve over 80 percent coverage of useful roads for a traffic congestion monitoring application. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Post-treatment of Plasma-Sprayed Cr 2 O 3 with Methane-Containing Gas for Conversion to Binder-Free Cr 3 C 2

In most applications, the performance of thermally sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr cermet coatings is known to be adversely affected by the presence of the NiCr binder phase. A processing technique for the rapid synthesis of Cr3C2 on industrial-scale components could improve the functionality of these coatings by eliminating the metallic binder phase. To form a thick, continuous surface layer of adherent, binder-free Cr3C2, the reduction of plasma-sprayed Cr2O3 with methane-containing gas was investigated. Conversion of the plasma-sprayed Cr2O3 to carbide resulted in a significant increase in coating porosity, yielding a highly microporous Cr3C2 surface layer. The physical characteristics of the reduction process appear to be dependent on the coating defect structure at the reduction temperature. Phase morphology and porosity evolution throughout the reduction process were qualitatively examined using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The utility of the resultant Cr3C2 coating is discussed with respect to these microstructural characterizations and microindentation hardness measurements.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor promotes behavioral recovery in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury.

Hematopoietic growth factors such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) represent a novel approach for treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). After mild controlled cortical impact (CCI), mice were treated with G-CSF (100 μg/kg) for 3 consecutive days. The primary behavioral endpoint was performance on the radial arm water maze (RAWM), assessed 7 and 14 days after CCI. Secondary endpoints included 1) motor performance on a rotating cylinder (rotarod), 2) measurement of microglial and astroglial response, 3) hippocampal neurogenesis, and 4) measures of neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF]) and cytokines in brain homogenates. G-CSF-treated animals performed significantly better than vehicle-treated mice in the RAWM at 1 and 2 weeks but not on the rotarod. Cellular changes found in the G-CSF group included increased hippocampal neurogenesis as well as astrocytosis and microgliosis in both the striatum and the hippocampus. Neurotrophic factors GDNF and BDNF, elaborated by activated microglia and astrocytes, were increased in G-CSF-treated mice. These factors along with G-CSF itself are known to promote hippocampal neurogenesis and inhibit apoptosis and likely contributed to improvement in the hippocampal-dependent learning task. Six cytokines that were modulated by G-CSF treatment following CCI were elevated on day 3, but only one of them remained altered by day 7, and all of them were no different from vehicle controls by day 14. The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines modulated by G-CSF administration interact in a complex and incompletely understood network involving both damage and recovery processes, underscoring the dual role of inflammation after TBI.
BeliefsBehaviors Modifications of Type 2 Diabetes Self-management Among African American Women

Among African Americans, behaviors and beliefs about management of disease constitute an important component of self-management of type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus). The purpose of this study was to explore and identify health beliefs and health behaviors affecting diabetes self-management among African American women with type 2 diabetes. Twenty-five African American women aged 46 to 87 years, participated in the study. Community-based women in Pinellas County, Florida, completed semistructured, in-depth interviews, a self-management questionnaire, and a demographic profile. Participant observation occurred at a cross-section of 5 diabetes self-management education classes. Participants were asked about nutritional changes, physical activity, medication use, blood glucose monitoring, physician-patient interaction, support systems, and patient education/knowledge. Findings indicated that a majority of participants used regular exercise, medications, and dietary modifications as a core components model of diabetes self-management. Successful self-management was affected by diabetes beliefs, types of behaviors initiated, and available support systems and resources. Difficulties experienced that affected behavioral outcomes included access to care, costs of medications, pain, testing supplies, and nutritional changes. Findings suggest that modifications to the recommended regimen support or impede participants' efficient self-management of clinically recommended behaviors. Thus, for African American women managing type 2 diabetes, the regimen may necessitate modification models of diabetes self-management, day-to-day behavioral lifestyle adjustments to the biomedically recommended self-management regimen.
Impact of the Maturing Varicella Vaccination Program on Varicella and Related Outcomes in the United States: 1994-2012.

Background. Although the 1-dose varicella vaccination program, introduced in 1996, has led to significant declines in varicella disease, outbreaks continued to occur, which led to the adoption of a 2-dose vaccination program in 2007. We previously reported an88% decline in varicella-related hospitalizations and a 59% decline in outpatient visits during 1994–2002. We now update data on varicella healthcare utilization with 10 years of additional data, during a period of stabilizing first-dose coverage and rapidly increasing second-dose coverage. Methods. We performed a retrospective cohort study using claims data from 1994–2012 Truven Health MarketScan databases. We examined trends in rates of varicella-related outpatient visits and hospitalizations for MarketScan enrollees aged 0–49 years, including outpatient laboratory testing, outpatient antiviral use, and pediatric strokes, with 1994–1995 as the prevaccination period and 2006–2012 as the 2-dose varicella vaccination period. Results. Varicella outpatient visits declined 84% in 2012 versusthe prevaccination period, with a 60% decline during the 2-dose period. Varicella hospitalizations declined 93% in 2012 versus the prevaccination period, with a 38% decline during the 2-dose period. The proportion of those with a varicella outpatient visit having varicella laboratory testing increased from 6% in 2003 to 17% in 2012. There were 21 445 (17%) with a claim for antivirals, which was relatively stable over time. There was no reduction in pediatric strokes during 1994– 2012. Conclusions. We document from our large study population that the varicella vaccination program has led to significant declines in outpatient visits and hospitalizations from the prevaccination period through 2012, with additional declines during the 2-dose varicella vaccination period.
The Tea Party Coalition: Some Racial Resentment, Lots of Economic Resentment

In this paper I argue that the main impulse underlying the tea party movement is a conviction that activist government unfairly rewards the undeserving at the expense of the productive leading them to demand limited government. I say main impulse because racial resentment and other illiberal attitudes also contribute to tea party involvement. But illiberal motives do not play the dominant role that much of the leading research suggests. When tests are properly conducted, preference for limited government is the strongest and most consistent predictor of tea party support. Further I show the tea party is a heterogeneous coalition, consisting of three distinct groups. I find the largest of these subgroups has a strongly libertarian flavor and scarcely a whiff of racial animus. Social conservatives comprise another significant group, with strong preferences for limited government and moral traditionalism, and some racially conservative attitudes. Racial conservatives are a substantial subgroup too, but my analysis shows that they are no less motivated by the issue of limited government than others in the movement. These groups are different from one another but came together in the same movement largely because they shared a belief that the federal government had violated basic fairness in its response to difficult economic times.
p53 Pulses Diversify Target Gene Expression Dynamics in an mRNA Half-Life-Dependent Manner and Delineate Co-regulated Target Gene Subnetworks

The transcription factor p53 responds to DNA double-strand breaks by increasing in concentration in a series of pulses of fixed amplitude, duration, and period. How p53 pulses influence the dynamics of p53 target gene expression is not understood. Here, we show that, in bulk cell populations, patterns of p53 target gene expression cluster into groups with stereotyped temporal behaviors, including pulsing and rising dynamics. These behaviors correlate statistically with the mRNA decay rates of target genes: short mRNA half-lives produce pulses of gene expression. This relationship can be recapitulated by mathematical models of p53-dependent gene expression in single cells and cell populations. Single-cell transcriptional profiling demonstrates that expression of a subset of p53 target genes is coordinated across time within single cells; p53 pulsing attenuates this coordination. These results help delineate how p53 orchestrates the complex DNA damage response and give insight into the function of pulsatile signaling pathways.
Effect of Fluidized Bed Combustion Residue on Performance and Physiology of Broilers

Abstract Fluidized bed combustion is a desulfurization process used by some coal-fired power plants. Because approximately 200 kg of fluidized bed combustion residue (FBCR) containing ca. 42.9% calcium is generated per 1000 kg of coal burned, FBCR represents a significant potential source of nutritional calcium. Broilers were reared in three trials utilizing FBCR as a calcium source. In Trial 1, body weights, feed efficiencies, relative liver weights, liver lipid, and bone ash of humerii and tibiae were determined when the broiler chicks reached 21 days of age. In Trials 2 and 3, plasma protein, hematocrits, and hemoglobins were determined at 42 days of age, and body weights, feed efficiencies, liver lipid, and relative bursa, kidney, and liver weights were determined when the broilers reached 53 days and 48 days of age, respectively. A slight improvement in body weight was attributed to the FBCR diets in two of the three trials. Bone ash and various physiological parameters evaluated indicate that calcium in FBCR is as available as that in limestone. Percent liver lipid was significantly increased in two of the three trials due to FBCR, and relative liver weight was increased in one of the three trials. These results suggest FBCR may contain substances that cause changes in metabolism and further evaluation may be warranted.
Trans Women Doing Sex in San Francisco

This research investigates the sexuality of trans women (individuals who were assigned male status at birth who currently identify as women), by focusing on the “bodily techniques” (Crossley, 2006) they use in “doing” sexuality. The “doing sexuality” framework not only is modeled after the “doing gender” approach of West and Zimmerman (1987), but also utilizes the idea of “sexual embodiment” to emphasize the agency of trans women as they conceptualize and organize their sexuality in a socially recognized way. This is often difficult as they confront discrimination from medical and legal professionals as well as intimate partners who may find it difficult to adapt to the trans woman’s atypical body and conception of gender. However, with a study group of 25 trans women from San Francisco, we found the study participants to be adept at overcoming such hurdles and developing techniques to “do” their sexuality. At the same time, we found trans women’s agency constrained by the erotic habitus (Green, 2008) of the wider society. The interplay between innovation and cultural tradition provides an opportunity to fashion a more general model of “doing” sexuality.
The Effect of a Summer Camp Intervention on the Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Behavior of Adolescent Girls

The purpose of this study was to design a rewards-based nutrition intervention program to improve knowledge and dietary behaviors of adolescent girls. Our participants consisted of eight girls ages 11 to 13 years. Nutritional knowledge was assessed before and after intervention program through a "Jeopardy" style quiz game and posttest questionnaires. Participants were also interviewed throughout the week about typical dietary behaviors, daily physical activity, and self-esteem. Educational activities took place for 2 to 3 hours each day and included a grocery store scavenger hunt, healthy baking demonstrations, and relay races. Participants received bracelets and charms as rewards for participation in activities. Nutritional knowledge increased for six out of eight participants, although the overall increase was not found to be statistically significant (p = .20). Significant correlations were found between measures including dietary behavior (soda consumption per week and perceived importance of body weight: r = -.827, p = .01), self-esteem (weight and endurance: r = .801, p = .03), and fitness levels (weight and curl-ups completed in 30 seconds: r = -.729, p = .04). This study shows promising evidence that this nutrition education intervention could be effective at increasing nutrition knowledge, thus potentially affecting future dietary behaviors of adolescent girls.
Monitoring results analysis on disinfection quality of nurseries in Anyang

Objective To understand the status of disinfection work and hygienic condition of nurseries in Anyang,and to strengthen preventive disinfection management of the nurseries. Methods Monitoring was carried out in nurseries' disinfection work,according to the Technical standard for disinfection,Hygienic standard for disinfection in Hospitals,and Hygienic Criteria for Tableware Disinfection. Results 600 samples were tested in 2012 of all samples from nurseries in Anyang,the qualification rate is 87. 33%. The qualification rates of the desktops and employees' hands are 100%,the average passing rate of ultraviolet ray light and air is low.Different levels of nurseries' disinfection quality has statistically significant( χ2= 8. 179,P 0. 05). Conclusions In general,the status of disinfection work and hygienic condition of nurseries is good,but the ultraviolet ray and the hands of employees should be improved further.
Normal Biological Mineralization

Biological mineralization is a phenomenon of great importance through the vertebrate and invertebrate kingdoms. Calcification allows man to stand erect, chew food, and maintain calcium and phosphate homeostasis (since bones serve as a storehouse of calcium and phosphate ions). The reason for the selective deposition of rock-hard, insoluble crystalline salts of calcium phosphate only within certain supportive tissues has been a fascination to generations of scientists interested in calcification. Although the reason for selective calcification is still not totally understood, it is an article of faith among many investigators that the skeletal cells (of bone, cartilage, and tooth) somehow initiate and control calcification, keeping it confined to tissues in which hardness is useful to the host. Only under pathological conditions does the normal process of calcium phosphate crystal deposition break free of homeostatic control, producing disastrous consequences [6].
SU-F-T-86: Electron Dosimetric Effects of Bolus and Lens Shielding in Treating Superficial Eye Lesions

Purpose: Electron therapy for the treatment of ocular lymphomas requires the lens to be shielded to prevent secondary cataracts. This work evaluates the dosimetry under a suspended eyeshield with and without bolus for low energy electron fields. Methods: Film (GafChromic EBT3) dosimetry and relative output factors were measured for 6, 8, and 10 MeV electron energies. A customized 5 cm diameter circle electron orbital cutout was constructed for a 6×6 cm applicator with a lens shield, 1 cm diameter Cerrobend cylinder with 2.2 cm length, suspended from an XV film covering the open field. Relative output factors were measured using a Scanditronix electron diode in a solid water phantom. Depth dose profiles were collected for bolus thicknesses of 0, 3, and 5 mm in solid water at a source to surface distance (SSD) of 100 cm. These measurements were repeated in a Rando phantom. Results: At 5 mm, the approximate distance of the lens from the surface of the cornea, the estimated dose in solid water under the suspended lens shield was reduced to 16%, 14%, and 13% of the unblocked dose at the same depth, for electron energies of 6, 8, and 10 MeV, respectively. Applying bolus increased estimated doses under the block to 22% for 3-mm and 32% for 5-mm thicknesses for a 6 MeV incident electron beam. This effect is reduced for higher energies where the corresponding values were 15.5% and 18% for 3-mm and 5-mm for an 8 MeV electron beam. Conclusion: The application of bolus to treat superficial eye lesions of the conjunctiva increases lens dose at a depth of 5-mm under the shielding block with decreasing electron energy. Careful selection of electron energy is needed to account for electron scatter under the lens shield with the application of bolus in order to prevent cataracts.
Golden Reference Library Matching of Structural Checking for securing soft IPs

Inclusion of malicious logic (i.e., hardware Trojan) in 3rd party soft intellectual properties (IPs) has become a major concern in hardware security, since soft IPs are building blocks of larger hardware systems. Based on previous work of Structural Checking, this paper presents a novel method named Golden Reference Library Matching, in order to identify malicious logic by comparing IPs to trusted counterparts. A Golden Reference Library (GRL) is constructed by collecting unique signal asset patterns of trusted digital IPs of various functionalities. This library provides a means for Structural Checking to analyze complex circuit structure and identify functionality of an untrusted IP design. Structural Checking compares an unidentified asset pattern of a target design to the trusted asset patterns in GRL. The matching method allows for the evaluation and presentation of partial matches between asset patterns using percentile numbers. The trustworthiness of the target IP and the suspicious circuit elements can then be determined by the matching results and additional Trojan detection methods derived from Structural Checking.
Modeling dynamic fracture growth induced by non-Newtonian polymer injection

Abstract Injection of viscous polymer solutions can lead to excessive wellbore pressure and dynamic fracture growth near wellbore which hence increases polymer injectivity. Polymer rheology can also play an important role in affecting the fracture growth due to the dramatic variation of fluid velocity. However, current reservoir simulations for chemical flooding generally overlook the induced fracture, which may lead to inaccurate modeling of polymer floods. In this paper, we developed a new polymer-injection-induced fracture model based on the GdK fracture model, and implicitly coupled it to a general-purpose chemical flood simulator. Mathematical description of the fracture mechanics is presented with consideration of different polymer rheology. The new model is used to simulate polymer floods in a five-spot field. The fracture growth predicted by the new model is verified against a semi-analytical numerical fracture model. The simulation results using the new model indicate that the fracture growth has positive effects on improving injectivity, pressure drop, oil recovery, etc. Also, the simulations illustrate for the first time how polymer rheology affects fracture growth during polymer injection, e.g., without consideration of polymer shear-thickening can postpone the prediction of fracture initiation. The simulations successfully explain why polymer can be economically injected in real polymer fields. The new simulator can be used to optimize polymer floods concerning polymer injectivity, impact of fracture growth on sweeping efficiency, flow out of zone, and others.
Una singular defensa novohispana de la República de las Letras: "Oración vindicativa" (1763) de Cristóbal Mariano Coriche

Written by Dominique Cristobal Mariano Coriche of Puebla, Oracion vindicativa del honor de las letras y de los literatos (1763) is an essay conceived in New Spain as a reply to a discourse published a decade earlier in France. This discourse maintained with the passage of time intellectual activity had brought moral corruption to mankind. Coriche’s writing tries to oppose such an idea, defending the practice of knowledge as a virtue, not only from an intellectual standpoint, but also from the point of view of faith. In this paper, I propose that Coriche develops his own conception of the Republic of Letters and of the ideal intellectual in an effort to demonstrate that the fusion of Catholic faith with the development of knowledge is the true basis of human progress.
Further Roles of Geometry and Properties in the Mechanics of Saccular Aneurysms.

Rupture of intracranial saccular aneurysms continues to result in significant morbidity and mortality. Although it has long been thought that biomechanical factors play key roles in the genesis, growth, and rupture of these lesions, few analysis have employed realistic descriptions of the geometries and material properties. This paper presents parametric finite element studies for subclasses of elliptical and spherical lesions which complement those recently reported by Kyriacou and Humphrey. In particular, we show again that lesion shape, not size, is a primary determinant of aneurysmal wall stress. Moreover, material anisotropy and geometry can exhibit competing or synergistic effects on the stress fields — this suggests that these interactions may be important in the formulation of theories on lesion growth. Finally, we show that Laplace's equation (for spherical membranes) yields reasonable approximations for wall stress only for a very limited class of lesions. There is a need, therefore, for detaile...
The Arab Spring and the Persian Fall: The Youth Bulge and External Shocks in Libya, Tunisia, and Iran

(2011). The Arab Spring and the Persian Fall: The Youth Bulge and External Shocks in Libya, Tunisia, and Iran. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 49-62.
Trojan Horse Transit Contributes to Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing of a Eukaryotic Pathogen.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system (CNS) by restricting the passage of molecules and microorganisms. Despite this barrier, however, the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans invades the brain, causing a meningoencephalitis that is estimated to kill over 600,000 people annually. Cryptococcal infection begins in the lung, and experimental evidence suggests that host phagocytes play a role in subsequent dissemination, although this role remains ill defined. Additionally, the disparate experimental approaches that have been used to probe various potential routes of BBB transit make it impossible to assess their relative contributions, confounding any integrated understanding of cryptococcal brain entry. Here we used an in vitro model BBB to show that a "Trojan horse" mechanism contributes significantly to fungal barrier crossing and that host factors regulate this process independently of free fungal transit. We also, for the first time, directly imaged C. neoformans-containing phagocytes crossing the BBB, showing that they do so via transendothelial pores. Finally, we found that Trojan horse crossing enables CNS entry of fungal mutants that cannot otherwise traverse the BBB, and we demonstrate additional intercellular interactions that may contribute to brain entry. Our work elucidates the mechanism of cryptococcal brain invasion and offers approaches to study other neuropathogens. Importance The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans invades the brain, causing a meningoencephalitis that kills hundreds of thousands of people each year. One route that has been proposed for this brain entry is a Trojan horse mechanism, whereby the fungus crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as a passenger inside host phagocytes. Although indirect experimental evidence supports this intriguing mechanism, it has never been directly visualized. Here we directly image Trojan horse transit and show that it is regulated independently of free fungal entry, contributes to cryptococcal BBB crossing, and allows mutant fungi that cannot enter alone to invade the brain.
Multiple endometrial venous aneurysms in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Abstract A 2-year-old female intact Holland lop rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) was presented for acute onset of hemorrhagic vulvar discharge of several hours׳ duration. Physical examination revealed dried blood present on the perineum, a palpably enlarged caudal abdomen, and an enlarged, erythematous vulva. The rest of the physical examination and diagnostic hematology evaluations were unremarkable. Radiographic images showed evidence of an enlarged uterus and abdominal ultrasound revealed soft-tissue masses present in the right uterine horn along with marked dilation of the right uterine horn with echogenic fluid. The left uterine horn was mildly dilated with echogenic fluid. An ovariohysterectomy was performed after which the patient uneventfully recovered. Gross and histologic examination of the uterus revealed multiple endometrial venous aneurysms. Endometrial venous aneurysms are a rare condition only previously described in 3 laboratory rabbits. The authors of this article could not find a report of this condition affecting any other animal species. Ovariohysterectomy is recommended for this condition due to the risk of hemorrhage and is considered a curative procedure. Endometrial venous aneurysm is an important differential disease diagnosis for rabbit patients that are presented with hematuria, an enlarged abdomen, or uterine pathology. Further research is required to better define whether this condition is truly congenital in rabbits and whether the use of color Doppler imaging will aid in the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonographic examinations of suspect patients before surgery.
Maternal effects are no match for stressful conditions: a test of the maternal match hypothesis in a common zooplankter

Summary 1.Anticipatory parental effects modulate population responses to environmental conditions and so are predicted to play a large role in the responses of organisms to global change. 2.In response to one such aspect of global change, the eutrophication of freshwaters and associated blooms of the toxin-producing cyanobacteria species Microcystis aeruginosa, the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus produces larger offspring. 3.We hypothesized that rotifers, with the short generational times, exposed to highly predictable cyanobacteria bloom conditions, may adaptively increase offspring investment and offspring fitness (i.e., the maternal match hypothesis). 4.We explicitly tested the consequences of this differential investment by rearing offspring produced by rotifers reared under Microcystis and the nontoxigenic green alga Chlamydomonas, in a full factorial design, where offspring were raised under the maternal diet or the opposite food source. 5.We measured age-specific fecundity, survival, and population growth rates under these conditions and found that maternal exposure to Microcystis decreased offspring survival and fecundity, regardless of offspring diet. Population growth rates, tested using aster models, differed significantly among maternal and neonate diets, but there was no significant interaction between the two factors. 6.Our evidence thus leads us to reject the maternal match hypothesis in this case of rotifer-toxigenic algal bloom interactions and provides further support that toxigenic algal blooms may have extensive effects on grazer populations in ways that are not evaluated using traditional, single-generation experimental methods. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Searching for Affective and Cognitive Restoration: Examining the Restorative Effects of Casual Video Game Play:

Objective:We investigated the effects of a passive break, relaxation activity, and casual video game on affect, stress, engagement, and cognitive performance.Background:Reducing stress and improving cognitive performance is critical across many domains. Previous studies investigated taking a break, relaxation techniques, or playing a game; however, these methods have not been compared within a single experiment.Method:Participants completed a baseline affective and cognitive assessment (ACA), which included the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, shortened version of the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire, and backward digit-span. Next, participants completed a vigilance task, followed by another ACA. Participants were then assigned at random to complete a break or relaxation activity or play a casual video game, followed by a final ACA.Results:Participants who played the casual video game exhibited greater engagement and affective restoration than the relaxation condition. The break condition slightly ...
“Pregnant Mothers Should Avoid Thinking of Ugly People”: Parenting Education and Child-Rearing Advice of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

This essay explores the dubious parenting and child-rearing advice and education given to parents in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Books, manuals, magazines, pamphlets, and other ephemera are reviewed and discussed. Additionally, scientific management and behaviorism are discussed as a context for the questionable parenting and child-rearing practices given to parents during this time period.
First-in-Human Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Targeted Imaging Using 89Zr-Pertuzumab PET/CT: Dosimetry and Clinical Application in Patients with Breast Cancer.

In what we believe to be a first-in-human study, we evaluated the safety and dosimetry of 89Zr-pertuzumab PET/CT for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–targeted imaging in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. Methods: Patients with HER2-positive breast cancer and evidence of distant metastases were enrolled in an institutional review board–approved prospective clinical trial. Pertuzumab was conjugated with deferoxamine and radiolabeled with 89Zr. Patients underwent PET/CT with 74 MBq of 89Zr-pertuzumab in a total antibody mass of 20–50 mg of pertuzumab. PET/CT, whole-body probe counts, and blood drawing were performed over 8 d to assess pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and dosimetry. PET/CT images were evaluated for the ability to visualize HER2-positive metastases. Results: Six patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer were enrolled and administered 89Zr-pertuzumab. No toxicities occurred. Dosimetry estimates from OLINDA demonstrated that the organs receiving the highest doses (mean ± SD) were the liver (1.75 ± 0.21 mGy/MBq), the kidneys (1.27 ± 0.28 mGy/MBq), and the heart wall (1.22 ± 0.16 mGy/MBq), with an average effective dose of 0.54 ± 0.07 mSv/MBq. PET/CT demonstrated optimal imaging 5–8 d after administration. 89Zr-pertuzumab was able to image multiple sites of malignancy and suggested that they were HER2-positive. In 2 patients with both known HER2-positive and HER2-negative primary breast cancers and brain metastases, 89Zr-pertuzumab PET/CT suggested that the brain metastases were HER2-positive. In 1 of the 2 patients, subsequent resection of a brain metastasis proved HER2-positive disease, confirming that the 89Zr-pertuzumab avidity was a true-positive result for HER2-positive malignancy. Conclusion: This first-in-human study demonstrated safety, dosimetry, biodistribution, and successful HER2-targeted imaging with 89Zr-pertuzumab PET/CT. Potential clinical applications include assessment of the HER2 status of lesions that may not be accessible to biopsy and assessment of HER2 heterogeneity.
Next-generation Sequencing Reveals Recurrent Somatic Mutations in Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix.

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) of the uterine cervix is a rare but extremely aggressive tumor. While high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is involved at an early stage of oncogenesis in many tumors, additional driving events have been postulated to facilitate the progression of SCNECs.
Providing residents with a comprehensive educational program in outpatient psychiatry : integrating an outpatient curriculum into outpatient management teams.

As part of their efforts to prepare psychiatry residents for comprehensive, practical outpatient psychiatric practice, the authors have established an organized training program in ambulatory psychiatry. The program consists of outpatient management teams that run from mid-PGY-2 to PGY-4, a specified minimum number of mandatory outpatient hours for continuity patient care, and suggested guidelines for residents’ outpatient experiences. An outpatient management team curriculum has been designed for team leaders and trainees that consists of specific topics in outpatient care, associated learning objectives, and readings for each topic. This curriculum, which supplements our previous program of conferences, individual supervision, and a yearlong psychotherapy seminar series, has been refined over the past 5 years. The authors describe the program and the topics included in the curriculum.
New Forests from Better Seeds: The Role of Seed Physiology

Full utilization of seed supplies requires a commitment to improving tree seed technology, with the help of recent advances in seed physiology. Studies of seed maturation have led to new collection and extraction technology which should increase seed yields. Computer analyses of test data allow extension of seed testing beyond simple germination percents to estimates of seed vigor, that elusive quality factor which enables a seed to survive and grow. Basic studies of the germination environment have revealed new information on how temperature, imbibition, and seedcoat microorganisms can be used to obtain vigorous, uniform germination in the nursery bed or container.
Action Recognition Using Temporal Templates

The recent shift in computer vision from static images to video sequences has focused research on the understanding of action or behavior. In particular, the lure of wireless interfaces (e.g. [13]) and interactive environments [11, 3] has heightened interest in understanding human actions. Recently a number of approaches have appeared attempting the full three-dimensional reconstruction of the human form from image sequences, with the presumption that such information would be useful and perhaps even necessary to understand the action taking place (e.g. [22]). This chapter presents an alternative to the three-dimensional reconstruction proposal. We develop a view-based approach to the representation and recognition of action that is designed to support the direct recognition of the motion itself.
Exclusive Merger Agreements and Lock-Ups in Negotiated Corporate Acquisitions

In any negotiated corporate acquisition, there is a substantial risk that the deal will not be consummated. Changes in the business environment occasionally may lead the target board to renege. Another party may approach the target board with an alternative, presumably higher-priced, acquisition proposal; indeed, target management might initiate negotiations with a second party before presenting the initial bid to the shareholders. Alternatively, a competing bidder may directly present its proposal to target shareholders by making a tender offer for their shares. The exclusive merger agreement is intended to discourage the target board from reneging on the merger agreement or, at the least, to reimburse the initial bidder's up-front costs if the deals does not go through. The operative provisions of exclusive merger agreements may be conveniently divided into two basic categories: performance promises, such as a no-shop agreement; and lock-ups and cancellation fees. Any analysis of such provisions must begin with a recognition that there is a potential conflict of interest in all negotiated acquisitions. This article contends that the standards of review courts apply to exclusive merger agreements have failed to adequately address that conflict of interest. Accordingly, this article proposes a framework for analysis of such provisions. Specifically, the article explains that performance promises should be routinely enforced. In contrast, lock-ups and cancellation fees should be more closely scrutinized. Indeed, as a prophylactic measure, the article proposes that lock-ups or cancellation fees exceeding 10 percent of the transaction's value generally should be invalidated.
Role of calcium channels of the sarcolemma and the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle functions.

Calcium channels of the sarcolemma and the sarcoplasmic reticulum play a key integrative role in determining and fine tuning the ionic free calcium concentration of the sarcoplasm and regulation of muscle function. Changes in the free ionic calcium concentration can lead to (1) force development and motion, (2) heat production during fever, and (3) breakdown of muscle protein reserves.
Novel Acoustic Gratings with High Reflection Constant for Surface Acoustic Wave Gyroscopes

This work demonstrates significant enhancements in grating reflectivity through MEMS processing techniques to increase the mechanical reflection for SAWG applications built on Y-cut lithium niobate (LN). Y-cut, 45° rotated LN SAW resonators are rarely studied in the literature, but they are critical for the synthesis of intrinsically matched gyroscopes. Herein we combine high mechanical reflectivity metals such as tungsten with microfabricated metal and grove arrays in a single grating to attain 4x the reflectivity values reported for conventional aluminum or groove arrays. The grating optimization resulted in resonators with a quality factor of 6240 - the highest ever reported along the 45° direction and a noteworthy advancement in the making of inherently matched gyroscopes.
Performance analysis of priority scheme in token bus protocol

An analytical model for the approximate evaluation of the performance of priority schemes in the IEEE and SAE token bus protocols is developed. The model determines the average date latency of the four-level priority scheme in a token bus protocol. The priority scheme is analyzed in the framework of a single service system, where a station can transmit only one message each time it captures the token. From the analytical model, the relationship between the network parameters and network system performance can be determined for each priority level. The analytical results have been verified by simulation experiments. >
Chapter 2 – Theoretical Considerations for Data Mining

In Chapter 1, we explored the historical background of statistical analysis and data mining. Statistical analysis is a relatively old discipline (particularly if you consider its origins in China). But data mining is a relatively new field, which developed during the 1990s and coalesced into a field of its own during the early years of the 21st century. It represents a confluence of several well-established fields of interest: • Traditional statistical analysis • Artificial intelligence • Machine learning • Development of large databases
CMOS compatible metal stacks for suppression of secondary grains in Sc0.125Al0.875N

The electromechanical response of AlN can be enhanced by alloying with Sc up to ∼44%, with challenges arising in deposition of high Sc-content films due to the presence of secondary grains. While templating ScxAl1−xN (ScAlN) from platinum has shown success in yielding highly-textured c-axis ScAlN without the presence of secondary grains, platinum is not compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronics. In this work, Sc0.125Al0.875N and AlN films were deposited on various CMOS compatible metal stacks, i.e., combinations of Ti, TiN, and AlCu (0.5 wt. %). Optimal film microstructure and texture was obtained for films deposited on highly-textured Ti, Ti/AlCu, and Ti/TiN/AlCu metal stacks. The lowest FWHM values for AlN and Sc0.125Al0.875N were 0.81° and 1.09°, respectively, for 750-nm-thick films deposited on Ti/TiN/AlCu. Secondary grains and film roughness were examined using atomic force microscopy and found to be significantly reduced in ScAlN films deposited on Ti, Ti/AlCu, and Ti/TiN/AlCu. The success of these bottom metal stacks is attributed to their lattice matching and texture quality, which can enable the deposition of higher Sc-alloyed films that outperform their AlN counterpart. Additionally, the CMOS compatibility of these metal stacks brings ScAlN one step closer to commercialization.The electromechanical response of AlN can be enhanced by alloying with Sc up to ∼44%, with challenges arising in deposition of high Sc-content films due to the presence of secondary grains. While templating ScxAl1−xN (ScAlN) from platinum has shown success in yielding highly-textured c-axis ScAlN without the presence of secondary grains, platinum is not compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronics. In this work, Sc0.125Al0.875N and AlN films were deposited on various CMOS compatible metal stacks, i.e., combinations of Ti, TiN, and AlCu (0.5 wt. %). Optimal film microstructure and texture was obtained for films deposited on highly-textured Ti, Ti/AlCu, and Ti/TiN/AlCu metal stacks. The lowest FWHM values for AlN and Sc0.125Al0.875N were 0.81° and 1.09°, respectively, for 750-nm-thick films deposited on Ti/TiN/AlCu. Secondary grains and film roughness were examined using atomic force microscopy and found to be significantly reduced in ScAlN films deposited on Ti, Ti/AlCu, and T...
Predictive factors of upstaging DCIS to invasive carcinoma in BCT vs mastectomy.

Abstract Background Upstaging from DCIS to invasive ductal carcinoma varies widely from 0 to 59%. We aim to identify risk factors associated with upstaging in all DCIS patients and based on specific surgical intervention. Methods Patients with a pre-operative diagnosis of DCIS undergoing BCT or mastectomy were reviewed. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify risk factors for upstaging. Results In total, 623 patients had a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS. Upstaging occurred in 74 patients (12%) overall. There was no difference in upstaging rates between mastectomy and BCT (11% v 14% p = 0.27). Sentinel lymph node biopsy was positive in 4/212 patients (1%). Multivariable analysis revealed suspicion of microinvasion (OR 5.7 95%CI2.2–14.9), surgeon suspicion of invasive disease (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2–6.4) and larger size/multicentric/extensive tumor (OR 1.9 95% CI 1.1–3.4) increase risk of upstaging. Conclusions Suspicion of microinvasion, surgeon suspicion, and tumor size can be used to help guide the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy. For patients without these high risk characteristics, it is hard to justify the use of concurrent SLN biopsy for patients who undergo BCT.
Asymmetric Dearomatization of η2-Arene Complexes: Synthesis of Stereodefined Functionalized Cyclohexenones and Cyclohexenes

A nonracemic η2-arene complex (2) was prepared from (R)-(+)-methyl-2-phenoxypropionate and pentaammineosmium(II) with high coordination diastereoselectivity (>9:1). Complex 2 was then treated with HOTf, an acetal, or a Michael acceptor to generate 4H-oxonium complexes at low temperature. These products were then combined with a nucleophile (silylketene acetal or hydride) to form stable alkoxydiene complexes. Further reaction of these complexes with triflic acid yielded isolable enonium complexes, and subsequent hydrolysis formed substituted cyclohexenone complexes. Upon oxidative decomplexation, these materials provided substituted cyclohexenones isolated with high ee's (80−85%). The reaction of cycloenonium complexes with hydride led to the formation of cyclohexenyl ether complexes, and their oxidative decomplexation yielded substituted cyclohexenyl ethers with de and ee values >90%. Treatment of a cyclohexenyl ether complex with triflic acid gave an isolable π-allyl complex. The reaction of this materia...