cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulating the Digital Economy: Are We Heading for a Win-Win or a Lose Lose?

The digital economy has been growing by leaps and bounds in recent years, mostly as a result of new digital technologies that are promoting a global transformation to industry 4.0. The resulting expansion of digital trade has sparked off a political and policy controversy on digital economy and e-commerce, where its boundaries stand and how best to regulate it. Policy discussions on the topic however do not take into account the true expanse of digital trade, which encompasses hardware, software, networks, platforms, applications and data as its core elements, and stretches the boundaries of e-commerce policy to trade in goods, services and intellectual property protection. This Article focuses on the challenges in regulating the digital economy, with a particular focus on development, and offers a discussion of the interdependency between the economic, social, personal and developmental aspects of digital trade for developing countries. Section II opens with a detailed discussion on key digital technologies and their plausible impacts on employment globally and industrial catch-up of particular importance to developing countries, to highlight the divisive nature of digital technologies. Section III then analyses the unfulfilled promise of a pro-development perspective at the WTO looking at how multilateralism has currently failed e-commerce. The incoherence between digital realities and the policy debates at the WTO are presented to show how the institution is losing effectiveness in the war between countries to legitimize national policies on a universal level in this important area of policy making. Norm-setting through FTAs is also analysed at length in section III of the article, which provides a comprehensive review of the plurilateral and bilateral policy developments in e-commerce. The ramifications for developing countries are discussed in the form of a couple of examples. Section IV presents some options for developing countries for the future at the national and international level.
Towards a digital depot to support sustainable manufacturing during crisis response

The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed new challenges to maintaining sustainability in our manufacturing operations. With such high variability in demand for urgently needed products (e.g., personal protective equipment, testing technologies) and shifts in the needed capabilities of already complex production systems, sustainability challenges concerning waste management, life cycle impact characterization, and production operations have come to light. An extensive amount of data can be extracted from manufacturing systems, but it is not yet being used to improve the performance of production systems and maintain sustainability strategies during times of distress. This article proposes the concept of a Digital Depot. Being virtual in nature, the depot can contain plans and data for many different types of crises and contain a wider array of products than would be available in a physical, national stockpile. The information could be made available on demand to a national base of manufacturers to help them swiftly pivot to the production of critically needed goods while building on their existing manufacturing capabilities. The contents of the Digital Depot would be applicable to several stages pertinent to manufacturing operations including product definition, production planning information, asset and factory-level data, as well as data concerning the supply chain, distribution, and end-of-life stages. Future work is recommended in the development of templates for robust and secure data sharing, as well as multi-disciplinary identification of businesses cases for data-driven collaborative and sustainable manufacturing practices enabled by the Digital Depot. Copyright © 2021 by ASME and The United States Government
Rationality and Kinds of Reasons

In his ‘Rationality versus Normativity’, John Broome argues against the view that rationality is reducible to normativity. Broome’s argument rests on the claim that while rationality supervenes on ...
Teaching and Its Predicaments

* Introduction David T. Hansen and Nicholas C. Burbules. * Reforms That Call for Teaching More Than You Understand Robert E. Floden. * Must We Motivate? Nel Noddings. * Teaching by the Numbers Robert Boostrom. * Teaching and the Tragic Sense of Education N. C. Burbules. * The Problems of Teacher-Student Relationships in Troubled Times Jo Anne Pagano. * Predicaments in Curriculum Deliberation Elaine Atkins. * The Complexities of Portfolio Assessment Kathryn H. Au and Sheila W. Valencia. * Understanding and Managing Classroom Dilemmas in the Service of Good Teaching Magdalene Lampert. * Being a Good Influence D. T. Hansen.
Convolution Operators and Surjective Limits

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study on convolution operators and surjective limits. Convolution operators on a space of entire functions have been studied by a variety of authors including Boland, who showed that if E is a quasi-complete nuclear and dual nuclear space, then a non-zero convolution operator on H(E), continuous for the compaot open topology, satisfies Malgrange's charactorization of the kernel, and if E is also a dual Frechet nuclear space, then such an operator is also surjective. The chapter presents a study on the case in which E is an open and compact surjective limit of appropriate spaces. The results enables to draw Boland's conclusions for nuclear spaces E, which are not dual metric and not necessarily dual nuclear. The result includes the important case of Schwartz's space of distributions, and for this case and others it is shown that the kernel characterization and surjectivity result holds for the larger class of continuous convolution operators. Thus, the chapter presents two affirmative answers to a question of Boland.
Why are Steroid Receptor Antagonists Sometimes Agonists

Faithful expression of genetic information is lost in tumor cells due to the formation of spontaneous cell variants. In breast cancer, this evolution is marked by progression of tumors from hormone-dependent, through hormone-responsive, to hormone-resistant states. Many resistant tumors no longer express estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and this may be the basis for their hormone resistance. However, half of all advanced breast cancers are receptor-positive, yet they too fail to respond to antiestrogen therapy. Both the cellular heterogeneity that mark progression of the disease, and the hormone-resistance that characterize the end-stages of the disease, have been long-standing clinical problems that are slowly yielding to basic research focused both on solid tumors taken directly from patients, and on breast cancer cell lines derived from such tumors. Studies addressing issues of molecular and cellular heterogeneity of receptors and tumor cells and their relationship to progression and resistance of breast cancer are reviewed below.
Improve Privacy in Research by Eliminating Informed Consent? IOM Report Misses the Mark

In February 2009, the Institute of Medicine released its report on privacy in health research, Beyond the Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research. The report is based on formal presentations, commissioned and invited surveys and papers, a literature review, and deliberations by the Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information: The HIPAA Privacy Rule. The Committee was charged with addressing the often-expressed concern of researchers that the Privacy Rule burdens research without adequately protecting the privacy interests of patients and subjects.
MODELING IMPACTS OF ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE TECHNOLOGY

Supply chains today are increasingly depending on effective and efficient information exchanges between the value chain partners. Over the last decade, practices such as just in time management, quick response manufacturing and lean production systems have required coordinated and reliable information exchanges between trading partners (HBS 1991). Massive investments in information technology (IT) have been made by manufacturers, suppliers and logistics providers with the hope of achieving successful JIT implementation in their supply chains (Kekre et al., 1992; Schonberger 1986). From a managerial standpoint, these companies face the following questions: What are the operational gains accrued by the manufacturer and their suppliers? Does the technology payoff?
FIELD AND LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF SOIL MODULI

A field geophysical investigation was performed to determine the shear and Young's moduli as a function of depth for a site in southern Ohio. This investigation included crosshole, downhole, surface refraction, and surface vibratory techniques. A supplementary set of laboratory resonant column tests was performed with the Drnevich resonant column device. Laboratory undisturbed specimens were excited in both the longitudinal and torsional modes to obtain both shear and Young's moduli as a function of strain. Both laboratory and field data are presented and compared. (ASCE)
Choledochocele as a cause of recurrent pancreatitis

Abstract A patient with recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis found to be caused by the presence of a choledochocele is presented. Transhepatic cinecholangiography revealed a choledochocele receiving the terminations of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct, which emptied via a pinpoint opening into the duodenum. With duodenal peristalsis, the contrast material filling the choledochocele could be seen refluxing into the pancreatic duct. A discussion of the possible etiologies of choledochoceles and a review of the existing literature is presented.
Obtaining CBED Patterns

We know that SAD, while giving us useful information about the specimen, has two severe limitations: We have to be very cautious in interpreting SAD patterns from areas which are less than ~0.5 lam in diameter. This size is large compared to the dimensions of many crystalline features that interest us in materials science (Chapter 16). SAD patterns contain only rather imprecise two-dimensional crystallographic information because the Bragg conditions are relaxed for a thin specimen and small grains within the specimen (Chapter 17).
Adaptive modulation for MIMO systems and throughput evaluation with realistic channel model

MIMO systems exploit the multipath propagation in rich scattering environment using multiple transmit and receive antennas to increase the capacity of a link. The matrix channel plays a pivotal role in the throughput of a MIMO link since the modulation, data rate, power allocation and antenna weights are dependent on the channel gain. This paper evaluates adaptively modulated open loop MIMO system with limited feedback and adaptively modulated closed loop MIMO systems. For open loop MIMO a modified V-BLAST system with limited feedback is considered. This is compared with a rate maximization algorithm for closed loop MIMO using iid flat-fading Rayleigh channel, spatially correlated channel and realistic indoor channel. It is shown that when realistic models are used the difference in performance between closed loop MIMO and limited feedback V-BLAST systems is greater. At a noise-normalized power of 25 dB the percentage improvement in the throughput of CL-MIMO over OL-MIMO is 15.1% for Rayleigh fading channel, 48.1% for the spatially correlated channel and 104% for the realistic channel model. It is also shown that the throughput reduces in presence of channel correlation and that this affects the performance of the limited feedback V-BLAST system to a greater extent in comparison with CL-MIMO system. The average SNR penalty for OL-MIMO to achieve same throughput as CL-MlMO is 4dB for the Rayleigh fading model, 7dB for the spatially correlated model and 10 dB for the realistic channel model.
The Photodisintegration of the Deuteron by the Gamma-Radiation from Na 24

The photodisintegration of the deuteron by the gamma-radiation from radioactive sodium ${\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$ has been observed in a cloud chamber filled with deuterium at a pressure of one atmosphere. A sample of NaF was activated by deuteron bombardment in the cyclotron to a gamma-ray strength equivalent to about 12 mg of radium, and was then brought close to the cloud chamber. Pictures were taken with a stereoscopic camera. Of the 100 proton tracks observed on 5000 pictures, only 42 were deemed suitable for range measurement, although the angular orientation of 61 could be determined. The range distribution of these tracks indicates a mean air equivalent range of 4.4 mm, corresponding to a mean energy of 410 kv for the photoprotons. This indicates that the difference between the energy of the ${\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$ gamma-ray and the binding energy of the deuteron is 820\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}35 kv. Since the new range energy relation for slow protons has thrown doubt upon the binding energy of the deuteron, we can use the value of 3.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 Mev obtained by the Compton recoil method for the energy of the gamma-radiation from ${\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$, and obtain 2.18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07 Mev for the binding energy of the deuteron. The angular distribution of the tracks indicates that the disintegration is predominantly photoelectric, although a small contribution from the photomagnetic effect is not ruled out. A rough calculation from the yield of tracks indicates a cross section for the disintegration of 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}27}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The possibilities of the method for the determination of the energy of strong gamma-radiation is discussed.
Multi-Site Functionalization of Protein Scaffolds for Bimetallic Nanoparticle Templating

The use of biological scaffolds to template inorganic material offers a strategy to synthesize precise composite nanostructures of different sizes and shapes. Proteins are unique biological scaffolds that consist of multiple binding regions or epitope sites that site-specifically associate with conserved amino acid sequences within protein-binding partners. These binding regions can be exploited as synthesis sites for multiple inorganic species within the same protein scaffold, resulting in bimetallic inorganic nanostructures. This strategy is demonstrated with the scaffold protein clathrin, which self-assembles into spherical cages. Specifically, tether peptides that noncovalently associate with distinct clathrin epitope sites, while initiating simultaneous synthesis of two inorganic species within the assembled clathrin protein cage, are designed. The flexibility and diversity of this unique biotemplating strategy is demonstrated by synthesizing two types of composite structures (silver–gold mixed bimetallic and silver–gold core–shell nanostructures) from a single clathrin template. This noncovalent, Template Engineering Through Epitope Recognition, or TEThER, strategy can be readily applied to any protein system with known epitope sites to template a variety of bimetallic structures without the need for chemical or genetic mutations.
Thermal boson expansions and dynamical symmetry

Abstract In this paper we study collective excitations of many-particle systems at finite temperature. We use three distinct ensembles: a restricted canonical ensemble, the normal canonical ensemble and the grand canonical ensemble. We apply the method of thermo-field dynamics which replaces the computation of thermal averages by quantum mechanics in a doubled Hubert space. We show how the use of dynamical symmetries may simplify matters; this is illustrated for the Lipkin model. For each of the ensembles the thermal hamiltonian has dynamical symmetry SU(2) × SU(2). This symmetry is violated by the thermal vacuum, which does not lie within a single irrep of this dynamical symmetry group. We find that for the restricted canonical ensemble we can classify the thermal state by a single irrep of a larger group (SU(4)), of which SU(2) × SU(2) is a subgroup. In order to be able to discuss the collective excitations we construct a boson mapping for the generators of the algebra SU(4). This is used to evaluate the boson expansion of the thermal hamiltonian, including the thermal RPA, for both the normal and deformed phase. Since the hamiltonian has a more restricted symmetry than the irreps we find Goldstone modes corresponding to the extra symmetry and two bosons corresponding to the SU(2) × SU(2) dynamical symmetry. For the canonical ensemble we find that a classification according to SU(4) is also convenient, even though the thermal state has components in several irreps. In the case of the grand canonical ensemble we show that the relevant algebra is U(4), where the thermal vacuum is completely contained within one irrep of mixed type (particle-hole or covariant-contragradient). We also construct the boson mapping for this irrep and derive the thermal boson expansion.
Robust image transmission over MIMO space-time coded wireless systems

We present in this paper an integrated robust image transmission scheme using space-time block codes (STBC) over multi-input multi-output (MIMO) wireless systems. First, in order to achieve an excellent error resilient capability, multiple bitstreams are generated based on wavelet trees along the spatial orientations. The spatial-orientation trees in the wavelet domain are individually encoded using SPIHT. Error propagation is thus limited within each bitstreams. Then, Reed-Solomon (R-S) codes as forward error correction (FEC) are adopted to combat transmission errors over error-prone wireless channels and to detect residual errors so as to avoid error propagation in each bitstream. FEC can reduce the bit error rates at the expenses of increased data rate. However, it is often difficult to design an optimal FEC scheme for a time-varying multi-path fading channel that may fluctuate beyond the capacity of the adopted FEC scheme. Therefore, in order to overcome such difficulty, we propose an approach to alleviate the effect of multi-path fading by employing the STBC for spatial diversity with assumption that channel state information (CSI) is perfectly estimated at the receiver. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can achieve much improved performance in terms of PSNR over Rayleigh flat fading channel as compared with a wireless system without spatial diversity.
Computer-aided radome analysis

A procedure is presented for predicting by computer the radiation pattern of an antenna in the presence of a radome. The case of a horn antenna radiating through an actual aircraft radome is treated in detail, and a comparison is made between computed and measured antenna patterns. Good agreement between theory and experiment is noted.
Perforated duodenal diverticulum

Duodenal diverticula are present in up to 20 per cent of the population but few patients require surgery for acute complications. Perforation is the rarest of these complications; only 101 affected patients have been reported in the world literature. These reports of perforated duodenal diverticulum are reviewed and strategies for the diagnosis and management of this unusual condition are discussed.
Evidence for Fibrinogen Mobility on Hydrophobic Surfaces

The adsorption of the plasma protein fibrinogen on model hydrophobic surfaces has been explored using atomic force microscopy. Images of fibrinogen adsorbed on both graphite and methyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers are both observed to be highly non-uniform. On both substrates, aggregation and clustering of the fibrinogen molecules is seen. In the case of the graphite surface, we observe a strong preference for adsorption at atomic level steps in the graphite structure. In addition, a region free of protein adsorption is often observed near the step edges. Based on the size of this protein-depleted region, we estimate that the fibrinogen molecules must have diffusion lengths on the order of ∼200 nm under the conditions of these experiments. These results suggest that in the initial stages of adsorption, fibrinogen is quite mobile on a hydrophobic surface. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2005.173]
Comparison of breeding values estimated between single-tree and multiple-tree plots for a slash pine population

Forest tree breeders often use single-tree plots, rather than multiple-tree plots, to maximize the number of genotypes tested, increase precision of genetic predictions, and achieve greater genetic gains per unit of time. However, genetically improved individuals are deployed operationally on large tracts of land, as stands, more like multiple-tree plots. This raises the concern that breeding values estimated from single-tree tests are not well correlated with those from large multiple-tree (i.e., block) plots. Comparisons of breeding values from single-tree and multiple-tree plots are largely missing, due to the cost and time associated with establishing and measuring block plots. To address this need, breeding values were evaluated from a second breeding cycle of slash pine that established two polymix single-tree plot trial series and one trial series of full-sib block plots (FSBP). The first polymix series (PMX I) evaluated 140 families, and the second series (PMX II) evaluated 201 polymix families and 43 elite full-sib crosses. Each polymix series had eight sites established in Florida and Georgia, USA. The FSBP series was established at 11 locations in Florida and Georgia with an average of 63 trees per unreplicated block plot for a total of 1141 full-sib families. Breeding values were estimated for each of the families based on fitting a global linear mixed model that included all series. Heritabilities for survival, volume, and rust were 0.15, 0.35, and 0.22, respectively, in PMX I, and 0.11, 0.18, and 0.11, respectively, in PMX II. Correlations between PMX and FSBP series parental breeding value estimates were higher than 0.84, 0.61, and 0.95 for survival, volume, and rust, respectively. Hence, moderate to strong agreement exists for the genetic rankings between single- and multiple-tree plots.
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in the continental United States.

mercury that persisted (Table II) even after the blood mercury level decreased from 456/~g/dl to 15/~g/dl. The persistently high tissue levels of mercury obviously could have contributed to the deterioration and death of this patient despite the important fall in the concentrat ion o f blood mercury. The underlying congenital heart disease and possible, but unlikely, BAL intoxicat ion" should also be considered as factors that may have been involved in the death of this child. In conclusion, the therapeutic value of peri toneal dialysis for removing mercury from blood and tissues in young infants, even if associated with a chelating agent, is questionable and remains to be demonstrated. Peri toneal dialysis, however, remains the t reatment of choice in uremia resulting from mercury intoxication in young infants, since this condition is potentially reversibleY The investigation of other chelating agents such as N-acetylpenicillamine should be encouraged particularly in light of the extremely high tissue levels that persisted in our patient treated with BAL.
Pacemakers: Dual or Single Chamber Implantation:

One hundred and seventy-five consecutive patients receiving transvenous per manent pacemakers were reviewed in a comparison of the morbidity of 70 atri oventricular (AV) implantations (DDD 60, DVI 10) and 105 ventricular implantations (VVI 104, VVIR 1). Two atrial lead dislodgements occurred in the first 10 AV implants. Screw-in atrial electrodes eliminated dislodgement in 60 subsequent cases. Ventricular electrode dislodgement was present in 13.3% of the first 15 implants, but in only 1.2% of the next 90 implants, when smaller tined leads became available. Routine use of active endocardial fixation improved the overall 2.8% electrode malposition and dislocation rate to 1.4% in the AV group and 0.9% in the ventricular group. Skin erosion and infection was found in 1.4% of AV implants as compared with 3.8% of ventricular implants and appeared related to pulse generator size. Moreover, 5.7% of VVI implants re quired upgrading to DDD units for treatment of pacemaker syndrome. Improved pacemaker and lead tech...
Regularization Parameter Selection for Nonlinear Iterative Image Restoration and MRI Reconstruction Using GCV and SURE-Based Methods

Regularized iterative reconstruction algorithms for imaging inverse problems require selection of appropriate regularization parameter values. We focus on the challenging problem of tuning regularization parameters for nonlinear algorithms for the case of additive (possibly complex) Gaussian noise. Generalized cross-validation (GCV) and (weighted) mean-squared error (MSE) approaches [based on Stein's unbiased risk estimate (SURE)] need the Jacobian matrix of the nonlinear reconstruction operator (representative of the iterative algorithm) with respect to the data. We derive the desired Jacobian matrix for two types of nonlinear iterative algorithms: a fast variant of the standard iterative reweighted least-squares method and the contemporary split-Bregman algorithm, both of which can accommodate a wide variety of analysis- and synthesis-type regularizers. The proposed approach iteratively computes two weighted SURE-type measures: predicted-SURE and projected-SURE (which require knowledge of noise variance σ2), and GCV (which does not need σ2) for these algorithms. We apply the methods to image restoration and to magnetic resonance image (MRI) reconstruction using total variation and an analysis-type l1-regularization. We demonstrate through simulations and experiments with real data that minimizing predicted-SURE and projected-SURE consistently lead to near-MSE-optimal reconstructions. We also observe that minimizing GCV yields reconstruction results that are near-MSE-optimal for image restoration and slightly suboptimal for MRI. Theoretical derivations in this paper related to Jacobian matrix evaluations can be extended, in principle, to other types of regularizers and reconstruction algorithms.
The Anthropic Argument Against the Existence of God

If God is morally perfect then He must perform the morally best actions, but creating humans is not the morally best action. If this line of reasoning can be maintained then the mere fact that humans exist contradicts the claim that God exists. This is the ‘anthropic argument’. The anthropic argument, is related to, but distinct from, the traditional argument from evil. The anthropic argument forces us to consider the ‘creation question’: why did God not create other gods rather than humans? That is, if God is omniscient, omnipotent, and morally perfect then why didn’t He create a world populated exclusively by beings that are perfect in the same way that He is—ontological equivalents— rather than choosing to create humans with finite natures and all the suffering that this entails?
The prediction of stress-relaxation of ligaments and tendons using the quasi-linear viscoelastic model.

Recent studies have questioned the ability of the quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) model to predict stresses and strains in response to loading conditions other than those used to fit the model. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of several models in the literature to predict the elastic stress response of ligament and tendon at strain levels higher than the levels used to fit the model. The constitutive models were then used to evaluate the ability of the QLV model to predict the overall stress response during stress relaxation. The models expressing stress as an exponential function of strain significantly overestimated stress when used at higher strain levels. The polynomial formulation of the Mooney–Rivlin model more accurately predicted the stress–strain behavior of ligament and tendon. The results demonstrate that the ability of the QLV model to accurately predict the stress-relaxation response is dependent in part on the accuracy of the function used to model the elastic response of the soft tissue.
The effect of steel chemistry on the formation of Fe-Zn intermetallic compounds of galvanneal-coated steel sheets

The effects of steel chemistry on the formation of Fe-Zn intermetallic compounds in the galvanneal coatings have been investigated by examining the microstructure of galvanneal coat-ings on extra-low-carbon (ELC) steel, interstitial-free (IF) steel, and interstitial-free rephos-phorized (IFP) steel. The layer structure of the coatings was revealed by chemical etching. Phases present in each layer were then identified using electron diffraction in transmission elec-tron microscopy (TEM). A two-layer structure, one consisting of the δ phase with a small fraction of the ζ, phase dispersed on the surface and Γ phases and another consisting of the δ and Γ1 phases, was observed in the ELC sample and the IFP sample, respectively. A three-layer structure consisting of the δ, Γ1 + δ, and Γ phases was observed in the IF sample. The presence of C in the steel substrate retarded the alloying between Fe and Zn; while P in the steel favored the formation of the Γ1, phase over the Γ phase by its surface segregation in the steel substrate. The orientation relationship between coating and substrate was also studied by electron diffraction. Three α-Fe/Γ orientation relationships were frequently observed.
Jurors' Responses to Videotaped Trial Materials: Some Recent Findings

This paper reports the findings of a series of studies dealing with the effects of videotaped trial materials on jurors' re sponses to trial proceedings. In general, jurors who viewed live and videotaped presentations responded comparably with the single exception of retention of trial-related information. Here, jurors who viewed videotaped testimony retained more in formation from the latter portions of the testimony than jurors who viewed the same testimony live. Moreover, jurors who view ed the testimony on monochromatic tape retained more informa tion than jurors who viewed the same testimony on colored tape. Finally, within the procedural confines of these studies, there was no evidence that deletion of varying amounts of inadmissible testimony significantly affected jurors' verdicts or their perceptions of the credibility of the offending attorney. Several important limitations and problems of the studies are also discussed.
Quantitative representation of electromyographic patterns generated during human locomotion

The problem addressed is the representation of electromyographic (EMG) profiles in an economical manner so that two tasks can be undertaken: (1) discovery of the different types of patterns in a population using pattern analysis techniques and (2) integration of the information in the EMG profiles with kinematic and dynamic information. The three signal processing techniques used to extract representative features of the EMG profiles are summarized. These techniques are based on the Tauberian approximation, Fourier series, and Karhunen-Loeve expansion and were chosen because they emphasize some characteristic of the gait EMG. All are designed to reduce the dimensionality of the linear envelope of the EMG so that interpretability can be enhanced and subsequent quantitative analyses can be performed. >
Identification of transgenic mice by PCR analysis of saliva.

As an alternative to surgically obtaining samples (e.g., tail or tissue biopsy, toe dock, or blood sampling) from weanling mice to screen for transgene integration or other genetic monitoring procedures, we offer a simpler, nonsurgical method. A small amount of saliva, obtained from weanling mice by oral wash using a plastic pipet tip, contains enough oral epithelial cells and lymphocytes to yield sufficient DNA for nested primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The procedure can be repeated many times with minimal stress to the animal, in contrast to tissue biopsy procedures such as tail cutting. Sample analysis is rapid and straightforward; saliva is applied to sample collection paper and then purified using a solid phase DNA purification system. The paper, containing purified DNA, is added directly to PCR cocktail for the first round of amplification. For weanling mice, in the second round of amplification, a small amount of product from the first round is removed and added to PCR cocktail containing the second set of primers. With adult mice, an adequate volume of saliva may be obtained (dependent upon the sensitivity of the particular reaction) to eliminate the need for second-round amplification with nested primers. This technique is reliable, does not require organic solvents, and is more humane than protocols currently in use. Furthermore, this technique could replace hundreds of thousands of surgical biopsies on rodents annually, which are performed for both transgene determination and genetic monitoring procedures.
The Unauthorized Practice of Law: Do Good Fences Really Make Good Neighbors—or Even Good Sense?

While the legal profession's efforts to suppress the practice of law by non-lawyers go back to colonial times, the modern unauthorized practice movement began in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Its greatest success, however, took place during the 40 years from 1920 to 1960. Recent years have seen the reversal of some of the prior successes in the field, and current challenges to unauthorized practice restrictions raise serious questions about their present validity. Do the benefits to the public from the enforcement of rules against the unauthorized practice of law justify continuation of the effort?
The pathogenesis of lead encephalopathy. Effects of lead carbonate feedings on morphology, lead content, and mitochondrial respiration in brains of immature and adult rats.

The toxic effects of inorganic lead feedings on the immature brain were studied in the rat pup. Beginning when litters were two weeks old, PbCO3 was fed to nursing mothers and then to pups directly after weaning. Results in lead-fed pups were compared to age-matched controls and to lead-fed young adult males (60 days old). Anaemia and growth failure developed in both pups and adults. In the second week, more than half the pups developed an encephalopathy, with haemorrhage and oedema predominately in the cerebellum and lead-containing densities in the cerebellar molecular layer. The latter were confirmed by X-ray microanalysis. No lead-fed adults showed signs of an encephalopathy.
Intelligence and Creativity: A Complex but Important Relationship.

The relationship between intelligence and creativity is often discussed and debated, and it has significant implications for education, student development, and the workplace. We use Sternberg’s framework for understanding intelligence–creativity work to examine research on this important topic, with an emphasis on several recent studies that exemplify the diversity of approaches to the topic. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research in this area. Throughout the paper, we emphasize the importance of carefully defining constructs in social science research.
IRAS 00521-7054: an unusually warm galaxy

IRAS 00521 - 7054 is a galaxy that lies behind the Small Magellanic Cloud. Its infrared energy distribution is quite unusual in that it has exceptionally red 0.6-10-micron colors, while its 12-100-micron spectrum is among the warmest known for a galaxy or quasar, with a peak at 25 microns and an integrated luminosity of close to 10 to the 12th solar luminosity. Its optical spectrum is characteristic of a Seyfert 2 galaxy: low-ionization forbidden lines and H-alpha have FWHM 500 km/s, with some evidence for a much broader component of the H-alpha line. A plausible model is that a central nonthermal source is the dominant source of luminosity, but it is heavily obscured by dust and is thus observed indirectly through reradiation of its flux by the surrounding material. This galaxy may then be a good example of an object in the process of developing into a 'classical' quasar.
Informational/Transformational Appeals in Political Advertising: An Analysis of the Advertising Strategies of 2010 U.S. Gubernatorial Campaigns

This study addressed four gaps in political advertising research: (a) a better framework to replace the issue–image dichotomy, (b) differences in advertising strategies between incumbents and challengers, (c) influence of party positioning on candidate positioning in advertising, and (d) political advertising in state elections. Through a content analysis of 210 advertisements from the 2010 U.S. gubernatorial elections, it was revealed that (a) the concept of information/transformation was similar to the notion of issue/image, and the typology of informational/transformational advertising, after modification, adequately captured the complexity of political advertising; (b) the use of advertising appeals did differ between incumbents and challengers—incumbents used more transformational appeals and positive advertisements, whereas challengers used more informational appeals and negative advertisements; and (c) while the informational advertisements of the Republican candidates appeared to be substantially ...
Jaipur: City of Tolerance and Progress

While Jaipur is commonly envisioned as a bastion for Hindus, this paper argues that the city, founded in 1727 by the Kachhwaha ruler, Sawai Jai Singh II, was intended to serve multiple populations. In many ways, ideologies behind Jaipur's development continue the Mughal emperor Akbar's policy of sulh-i kul, which loosely can be translated as universal toleration. Through an examination of Jaipur's architecture, built between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries, and paintings held in the court's royal collections, the city's growth and its diverse population can be seen as a map of state policy, which promoted tolerance to ensure good governance and prosperity.
Barriers and facilitators to the quality use of essential medicines for maternal health in low-resource countries: An Ishikawa framework.

Approximately 800 women die every day due to complications during pregnancy or childbirth [1]. An overwhelming 99% of these maternal deaths occur in low–resource settings, with Sub–Saharan Africa and Southern Asia accounting for 86% of overall global maternal mortality cases in 2013 [1,2]. Moreover, the probability that a 15–year–old woman will eventually die from a cause related to maternal health is much higher for women living in low income countries than for those who live in high income countries (1:160 vs 1:3700) [2,3]. The higher number of pregnancies on average and a higher risk associated with each birth contribute to the higher adult lifetime risk of maternal death [3]. In 2000, 189 member states of the United Nations adopted eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) [4]. The fifth MDG aims to reduce maternal mortality worldwide by 75% between 1990 and 2015 [4,5]. Despite a 45% decrease in maternal mortality in the past two decades, the annual rate of decline has been far below the MDG 5 target [2,5,6]. A lack of sufficient antenatal care during pregnancy and inadequate assistance from skilled health providers during delivery contribute to the high maternal mortality rate in developing countries [7]. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that between 2003 and 2009, more than half of all maternal deaths resulted from haemorrhage (with postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) accounting for more than two thirds of cases), hypertensive disorders (pre–eclampsia and eclampsia), sepsis, and unsafe abortion [8]. WHO has provided evidence–based recommendations for the essential interventions and medicines needed to improve maternal health and prevent these maternal complications [9–12]. Even though the availability of essential medicines for maternal health is not well documented in many countries [13], recent data suggested that it is low in Africa and Asia [14]. To investigate the availability and use of WHO–recommended life–saving medicines for women and children, WHO and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) conducted a descriptive study of essential medications for maternal, child, and reproductive health in seven low–resource countries between 2008 to 2010. The two objectives of our study were: (1) to obtain a “snapshot” of the availability of oxytocin, ergometrine, and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and (2) to use the Ishikawa “fishbone” diagram as a framework to describe the common barriers and facilitators contributing to use of these essential medicines.
Intracranial Self-Stimulation in Man

Intracranial self-stimulation techniques, modified for use with neuropsychiatric patients, provide data suggestive of positive and negative reinforcing properties of brief electrical stimulation to various subcortical structures of the human brain.
Male adolescent rats display blunted cytokine responses in the CNS after acute ethanol or lipopolysaccharide exposure

Abstract Alcohol induces widespread changes in cytokine expression, with recent data from our laboratory having demonstrated that, during acute ethanol intoxication, adult rats exhibit consistent increases in interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA expression in several brain regions, while showing reductions in IL-1 and TNFα expression. Given evidence indicating that adolescence may be an ontogenetic period in which some neuroimmune processes and cells may not yet have fully matured, the purpose of the current experiments was to examine potential age differences in the central cytokine response of adolescent (P31–33 days of age) and adult (69–71 days of age) rats to either an acute immune (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) or non-immune challenge (ethanol). In Experiment 1, male Sprague–Dawley rats were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either sterile saline, LPS (250 μg/kg), or ethanol (4-g/kg), and then trunk blood and brain tissue were collected 3 h later for measurement of blood ethanol concentrations (BECs), plasma endotoxin, and central mRNA expression of several immune-related gene targets. In Experiment 2, the response to intragastrically (i.g.) administered ethanol was examined and compared to animals given tap water (i.g.). Results showed that LPS stimulated robust increases in expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, and IκBα in the hippocampus, PVN, and amygdala, and that these increases were generally less pronounced in adolescents relative to adults. Following an i.p. ethanol challenge, IL-6 and IκBα expression was significantly increased in both ages in the PVN and amygdala, and adults exhibited even greater increases in IκBα than adolescents. I.g. administration of ethanol also increased IL-6 and IκBα expression in all three brain regions, with hippocampal IL-6 elevated even more so in adults compared to adolescents. Furthermore, assessment of plasma endotoxin concentrations revealed (i) whereas robust increases in plasma endotoxin were observed in adults injected with LPS, no corresponding elevations were seen in adolescents after LPS; and (ii) neither adolescents nor adults demonstrated increases in plasma endotoxin concentrations following i.p. or i.g. ethanol administration. Analysis of BECs indicated that, for both routes of exposure, adolescents exhibited lower BECs than adults. Taken together, these data suggest that categorically different mechanisms are involved in the central cytokine response to antigen exposure versus ethanol administration. Furthermore, these findings confirm once again that acute ethanol intoxication is a potent activator of brain cytokines, and calls for future studies to identify the mechanisms underlying age-related differences in the cytokine response observed during ethanol intoxication.
Novel Method to Prepare Dihydroxy Permethylated beta-Cyclodextrin Isomeric Intermediates for Bifunctional Enzyme Mimics.

Natural β-cyclodextrin was treated with 3.5 equiv of tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride and then with NaH and MeI in the same reaction vessel to give a mixture of oligosilyl-substituted permethylated β-cyclodextrins. The mixture was treated with NH4F and the resulting 6A,6D-(1), 6A,6C-(2), and 6A,6B-(3) dihydroxy permethylated β-cyclodextrins were isolated in 7.6−8.9% yields by two silica gel chromatographic separations. The structures of 1−3 were verified by comparison of spectral properties with a known diol (2) or preparing known derivatives (1 and 3). This is a superior way to prepare and isolate dihydroxy permethylated β-cyclodextrin intermediates for bifunctional enzyme mimics.
Disseminated Cryptococcus with ocular cryptococcoma in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient

A human immunodeficiency virus-negative 63-year-old male with autoimmune hemolytic anemia presented with decreased vision, photophobia and hearing loss. After initial testing seemed consistent with sarcoidosis, he was found to have disseminated Cryptococcus with a cryptococcoma of the left eye. Treatment with systemic anti-fungal therapy improved the patient's condition.
Quenching Mechanism and Kinetics of Ascorbic Acid on the Photosensitizing Effects of Synthetic Food Colorant FD&C Red Nr 3

The pH effect on the oxidative stability of ascorbic acid in the presence of food colorant FD&C Red Nr 3 during storage with or without light was investigated. The quenching mechanism and kinetics of ascorbic acid on the FD&C Red Nr 3 photosensitized oxidation in an aqueous system at 25 degrees C were also studied by measuring the degradation of ascorbic acid or depletion of headspace oxygen. Red Nr 3 had no influence on the oxidation of ascorbic acid under dark storage, but accelerated its oxidation rate under light storage. The oxidative stability of ascorbic acid decreased as the pH increased from 4 to 7 under light without FD&C Red Nr 3. The quenching rates of ascorbic acid on the singlet oxygen by measuring the degradation of ascorbic acid in the presence of Red Nr 3 under light storage were 1.53 +/- 0.15 x 10(8), 1.86 +/- 0.25 x 10(8), and 1.19 +/- 0.12 x 10(8) M(-1)S(-1) at pH 4, 5.6, and 7, respectively.
The Electrically Small Multi-Turn Loop Antenna with a Spheroidal Core

A complete analysis of the electrically small multi-turn loop antenna with a spheroidal core is presented, using quasistatic electromagnetic theory (QS). Its use as a primary design tool for later use in conjunction with a large finite-element (FEM) program for full-wave analysis of a practical loop with a cylindrical core is illustrated. Previously unavailable components of the equivalent circuit, including conductor and core losses, inductance, and capacitance, are derived. The accuracy of this circuit for practical use is demonstrated by comparison with results obtained from an FEM analysis of a cylindrical loop of equal volume and aspect ratio. All results are obtained in closed form: these include expressions for the dependence of the impedance, bandwidth, and efficiency upon the frequency, volume, aspect ratio, permeability, and number of turns. Although attention is focused on the design of a 2 MHz transmitting antenna, the theory is sufficiently general for application to the design of electrically small receiving or transmitting antennas at other frequencies
Improving change descriptions with change contexts

Software archives are one of the best sources available to researchers for understanding the software development process. However, much detective work is still necessary in order to unravel the software development story. During this process, researchers must isolate changes and follow their trails over time. In support of this analysis, several research tools have provided different representations for connecting the many changes extracted from software archives. Most of these tools are based on textual analysis of source code and use line-based differencing between software versions. This approach limits the ability to process changes structurally resulting in less concise and comparable items. Adoption of structure-based approaches have been hampered by complex implementations and overly verbose change descriptions. We present a technique for expressing changes that is fine-grained but preserves some structural aspects. The structural information itself may not have changed, but instead provides a context for interpreting the change. This in turn, enables more relevant and concise descriptions in terms of software types and programming activities. We apply our technique to common challenges that researchers face, and then we discuss and compare our results with other techniques.