cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aluminum, Alzheimer’s Disease and the Geospatial Occurrence of Similar Disorders

Over the years, aluminum has been associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases, however, it is the association of the metal with Alzheimer’s disease that has attracted the greatest attention and discussion in both the scientific literature and the lay press. In this chapter, we will discuss the background for this association and its implications for an understanding of its role in the etiopathogeneisis of age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Aluminum, although the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust, comprising 8% of the geologic mantle, is unique among the elements of abundance in that it is not considered to be essential for life. Most of the earth’s aluminum exists in forms that are not soluble at physiologic pH and are therefore relatively unavailable to mammalian species (Martin 1986). Aluminum-containing compounds are widely used in a large number of commercial products, are constituents of many food additives and medications and are extensively employed as a defloculant in the purification of water delivered to a large number of cities throughout the world. However, it should be understood that most ingested aluminum remains unabsorbed by the body and there are little in the way of aluminum stores in the tissues of mammalian species. This is particularly true of the brain where normal concentrations of the element are around 1 part per million. Despite this, in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, focal accumulations of aluminum have been identified using a number of different analytic techniques. When localized, these aluminum deposits have been identified within the specific pathologic lesions by which these diseases are characterized, especially neurofibrillary tangles. Such lesions consist of intraneuronal protein aggregates which once formed cannot be properly broken down by the nerve cells and eventually cause their destruction. Aluminum, with its high charge and small ionic radius, would be expected to bind …
Does race affect postoperative outcomes in patients with low-risk prostate cancer who undergo radical prostatectomy?

Objectives To assess the magnitude of racial disparities in prostate cancer outcomes following radical prostatectomy for low-risk prostate cancer. Methods We retrospectively reviewed our database of 2407 patients who under went radical prostatectomy and isolated 2 cohorts of patients with low-risk prostate cancer. Cohort 1 was defined using liberal criteria, and cohort 2 was isolated using more stringent criteria. We then studied pre- and postoperative parameters to discern any racial differences in these 2 groups. Statistical analyses, including log-rank, χ 2 , and Fisher's exact analyses, were used to ascertain the significance of such differences. Results Preoperatively, no significant differences were found between the white and African-American patients with regard to age at diagnosis, mean prostate-specific antigen, median follow-up, or percentage of involved cores on prostate biopsy. African-American patients in cohort 1 had a greater mean body mass index than did white patients (26.9 vs 27.8, P = .026). The analysis of postoperative data demonstrated no significant difference between white and African-American patients in the risk of biochemical failure, extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle involvement, positive surgical margins, tumor volume, or risk of disease upgrading. African-American patients in cohort 2 demonstrated greater all-cause mortality compared with their white counterparts (9.4% vs 3.1%, P = .027). Conclusions In patients with low-risk prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy, there exist no significant differences in surrogate measures of disease control, risk of disease upgrading, estimated tumor volume, or recurrence-free survival between whites and African-Americans.
Simulation and Experiment of Temperature and Cosolvent Effects in Reversed Phase Chromatography of Peptides

Experiments and simulations have been carried out for several polar protected peptides in reversed phase chromatography in order to demonstrate how simulation can describe the effects of varying temperature and cosolvent fraction. Comparisons of adsorption chemical potentials from mesoscopic simulations and experimental chromatographic retention data show very good agreement with only one temperature-independent solvent parameter from a single peptide. Such simulations should help guide the design of chromatography experiments with biomolecules and predict retention, including conditions for which empirical correlations such as hydrophobicity scales and molecular descriptors have not been developed.
Postbuckling and mode jumping analysis of composite laminates using an asymptotically correct, geometrically non-linear theory

Abstract An analytic method is presented in this paper to study the postbuckling and mode jumping behavior of bi-axially compressed composite laminates. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are derived rigorously from an asymptotically correct, geometrically non-linear theory. A novel and relatively simpler solution approach is developed to solve the two coupled fourth-order PDEs, namely, the compatibility equation and the dynamic governing equation. The generalized Galerkin method is used to solve boundary value problems corresponding to antisymmetric angle-ply and cross-ply composite plates, respectively. The variety of possible modal interactions is expressed in an explicit and concise form by transforming the coupled non-linear governing equations into a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The comparison between the present method and the finite element analysis (FEA) shows a pretty good match in their numerical results in the primary postbuckling region. While the FEA may lose its convergence when solution comes close to the secondary bifurcation point, the analytic approach has the capability of exploring deeply into the post-secondary buckling realm and capture the mode jumping phenomenon for various combinations of plate configurations and in-plane boundary conditions. Free vibration along the stable primary postbuckling and the jumped equilibrium paths are also studied.
Evidence for the metabolism of 24R-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 and 1α-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3 to 1α,24R-dihydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D3☆

Abstract High-pressure liquid chromatography capable of resolving all known vitamin D metabolites and a sensitive competitive binding protein assay specific for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 were used to assay the blood of rats dosed with ethanol, 1α-hydroxyvitamin D 3 , 24 R -hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D 3 , or 1α-hydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D 3 . Compared to the ethanoldosed animals, the blood of rats dosed with 1α-hydroxyvitamin D 3 had increased levels of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 ; but those dosed with the fluorinated vitamins did not. Instead, their blood contained a compound that cochromatographs with 1α,24 R -dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on high-pressure liquid chromatography and binds to the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 receptor proteins. 1α,24 R -Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 binds as well as 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 to the chick-intestinal cytosol receptor protein for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 ; whereas 1α,24 S -dihydroxyvitamin D 3 binds only one-tenth as well as 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 . Thus it appears that in vivo , the fluorinated vitamin D compounds are converted to a compound likely to be 1α,24 R -dihydroxy-25-fluorovitamin D 3 and that may rival the potency of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 .
Field tests and model analyses of seepage into drift

Abstract This paper focuses on field test results and model analyses of the first set of five niche seepage tests conducted in the Exploratory Studies Facility at Yucca Mountain. The test results suggest that (1) a niche opening (short drift excavated for this study) acts as a capillary barrier; (2) a seepage threshold exists; and (3) the seepage is a fraction of the liquid released above the ceiling. Before seepage quantification, air injection and liquid release tests at two niche locations were conducted to characterize the fracture flow paths. Nearly two-order-of-magnitude changes in air permeability values were measured before and after niche excavation. The dyed liquid flow paths, together with a localized wet feature potentially associated with an ambient flow path, were mapped during dry excavation operations. After niche excavation, the seepage is quantified by the ratio of the water mass dripped into a niche to the mass released above the opening at selected borehole intervals. For the first set of five tests conducted at Niche 3650 site, the ratios range from 0% (no dripping for two tests) to 27.2%. Changes in flow path distributions and water accumulation near seepage threshold were observed on the niche ceiling. The seepage test results compare reasonably well with model results without parameter adjustments, using capillary barrier boundary condition in the niche and two-dimensional and three-dimensional conceptualizations to represent discrete fracture and fracture network for the flow paths. Model analyses of the niche tests indicate that the seepage is very sensitive to the niche boundary condition and is moderately sensitive to the heterogeneity of the fracture flow paths and to the strengths of matrix imbibition. Strong capillary strength and large storage capacity of the fracture flow paths limit the seepage. High permeability value also enhances diversion and reduces seepage for low liquid release rate.
MPCA: EM-based PCA for mixed-size image datasets

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used technique for dimensionality reduction which assumes that the input data can be represented as a collection of fixed-length vectors. Many real-world datasets, such as those constructed from Internet photo collections, do not satisfy this assumption. A natural approach to addressing this problem is to first coerce all input data to a fixed size, and then use standard PCA techniques. This approach is problematic because it either introduces artifacts when we must upsample an image, or loses information when we must downsample an image. We propose MPCA, an approach for estimating the PCA decomposition from multi-sized input data which avoids this initial resizing step. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach on simulated and real-world datasets.
Superparamagnetic FexOy@SiO2 Core-Shell Nanostructures: Controlled Synthesis and Magnetic Characterization

We present the results of controlled synthesis of core−shell nanostructures and the influence of silica coating on the magnetic properties of formed hybrid nanoparticles. The core−shell nanoarchitectures composed of magnetic iron oxide cores and amorphous silica shells have been synthesized through a sol−gel approach and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and magnetometry. It is found that many of the hybrid nanoparticles contain a single core. A good control of the silica shell thickness (10−100 nm) has been achieved by adjusting the silane concentration. From temperature-dependent zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) magnetization measurements and ZFC model study, it is found that the mean deblocking temperature and effective anisotropy constant remain similar after the iron oxide nanoparticles are coated with about 12 nm thick silica shells. However, the ZFC peak temperature and the ZFC/FC branching point decrease significantly by over 100 K. T...
Use of e-beam written cgh in optical pattern recognition

The E-beam pattern generators, developed for making masks for integrated circuits with submicron features, are extremely attractive for producing high quality computer generated holograms (CGH). The procedure for making the E-beam written CGH along with its properties will be described. Application of these CGH's to spatial frequency multiplexed optical processors for pattern recognition will be discussed.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Extreme Makeover The Case of a Young Adult Man With Severe ADHD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent behavioral disorder among children in the United States. Many of these children continue to experience prominent functional dif...
Polarized neutron scattering methods and studies involving artificial superlattices

Abstract The creation of magnetic, thin-film multilayered structures has led to a number of valuable applications in polarized neutron scattering. Perhaps the best known example is the use of supermirrors in neutron spin echo spectroscopy. Supermirrors and novel epitaxially grown, single-crytal multilayer polarizers are described as well as the results of some interesting polarized neutron diffraction studies of the magnetic properties of synthetic superlattices.
Some quantitative aspects of myoplasmic ATPMg and total internal ATP and ArP levels in resting barnacle muscle fibres.

1. Flash height recorded following the injection of firefly into the external calibration medium depends on the concentration of K-glutamate used, e.g. 120 mM K glutamate reduces flash height by approximately 20 percent. 2. Suspending the fibre in air instead of artificial sea water (ASW) or replacement of NaCl in the bathing medium with Na-glutamate fails to alter flash height. 3. Firefly preparations from DuPont, Packard and SAI give similar myoplasmic ATPMg values viz. 1.1 mM. 4. Analysis of 36 fibres shows the following: myoplasmic ATP = 1.03 +/- 0.06 mM; total ATP (firefly method) = 5.26 +/- 0.12 mmol/kg water; total ATP (enzymic fluorimetry) = 6.27 +/- 0.13 mmol/kg water and ArP = 20.76 +/- 0.59 mmol/kg water. 5. Measurement of ATPMg in samples of myoplasmic aspirate gives a value that is greater than that obtained in situ. 6. Iodoacetate, whether applied externally or internally, reduces resting luminescence in a dose-dependent manner. It also reduces myoplasmic ATP and total ATP. 7. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose fails to reduce myoplasmic ATP but reduces total ATP. 8. Diethylpyrocarbonate, whether applied externally or internally, reduces myoplasmic ATP. It also causes a slow decline in ArP but little change in total ATP. 9. Injection of L-arginine causes a fall in resting luminescence in some fibres while in others it causes a prompt transitory rise. Injection of L-arginine also causes a fall in total ATP. 10. Collectively, these results suggest that the immediate buffering system in the myoplasm is ArP and that ATP supplied by glycolysis lies in a compartment, presumably the interfibrillar space, which is inaccessible to injected firefly.
The contingency of success: Operations for Deep Impact's planet hunt

The Deep Impact Flyby spacecraft completed its prime mission in August 2005. It was reactivated for a mission of opportunity add-on called EPOXI on September 25, 2007. The first portion of EPOXI, called EPOCh (Extra-solar Planetary Observation & CHaracterization), occurred from January 21, 2008 through August 31, 2008. Its purpose was to characterize transiting hot-Jupiters by measuring the effects the planet has on the luminosity of its parent star. These observations entailed using the spacecraft in ways it was never intended. A new green-light, success-oriented operational strategy was devised that entailed high amounts of automation and minimal intervention from the ground. The specifics, techniques, and key challenges to obtaining the 172,209 usable science images from EPOCh are discussed in detail.
Aqueous-Core Capsules via Interfacial Free Radical Alternating Copolymerization

Aqueous-core capsules with uniform polymeric shells and diameters ranging from 0.2 to 5 μm were prepared by polymerizing the interfaces of inverse emulsion microspheres. Free-radical polymerization was constrained to the interface of water-in-oil microspheres by the alternating copolymerization of hydrophobic maleate esters and hydrophilic polyhydroxy vinyl ethers, in a manner analogous to classical interfacial polycondensations. In these polymerizations, the kinetics, shell thickness, and release characteristics of the resulting aqueous-core capsules are set by the diffusion-limited alternating reaction of the oil-soluble maleate esters and water-soluble vinyl ethers.
Age, Deprivation, and Personal Competence Effects on Satisfaction

There is difficulty in developing conceptual models that apply through-out the adult years. For example, that of Campbell et al. (1976) accounts for the behavior of people aged 18-54, but not those older. Their findings of positive response bias in satisfaction with conditions of everyday living, not only in the old but also in the poorly educated and those with low incomes, suggests that concepts of deprivation and sense of personal competence are needed in a model that will include the elderly. The inadequacy of the Campbell et al. model for older persons may derive from age-related differences in these variables. In this study of four samples of people 60 and older (the group whose data most poorly fit the Campbell et al. model), sense of personal competence and situational deprivation accounted for statistically significant and meaningful amounts of variance in domain satisfactions and in overall well-being, supporting the need to include them in explanatory models relevant to older people.
Moral realism according to Lovibond and Hauerwas

In her effort to recast moral realism in the style of the later Wittgensteinian philosophy of language, Sabina Lovibond seeks to ground moral knowledge in a historical community and its rules of language. In Stanley Hauerwas’ writings, we find an account of Christian ethics that is similarly modeled on Wittgensteinian realism. The main problem with Wittgensteinian moral realism, as it is appropriated by both Lovibond’s and Hauerwas’ society-dependent accounts of morality, is that they are unable to resolve difficult issues created by epistemic relativism. Both thinkers are vulnerable to epistemic relativism in two ways. First, with its contextualist approach to the justification of moral beliefs, their conception of moral realism makes any historical community the ultimate authority in all matters of morality. Second, their conception of moral realism also turns moral truth into a social property of a historical community, while denying the exclusive ownership of truth by one particular community.
Absence of SOD1 leads to oxidative stress in peripheral nerve and causes a progressive distal motor axonopathy

Oxidative stress is commonly implicated in the pathogenesis of motor neuron disease. However, the cause and effect relationship between oxidative stress and motor neuron degeneration is poorly defined. We recently identified denervation at the neuromuscular junction in mice lacking the antioxidant enzyme, Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) (Fischer et al., 2011). These mice show a phenotype of progressive muscle atrophy and weakness in the setting of chronic oxidative stress. Here, we investigated further the extent of motor neuron pathology in this model, and the relationship between motor pathology and oxidative stress. We report preferential denervation of fast-twitch muscles beginning between 1 and 4 months of age, with relative sparing of slow-twitch muscle. Motor axon terminals in affected muscles show widespread sprouting and formation of large axonal swellings. We confirmed, as was previously reported, that spinal motor neurons and motor and sensory nerve roots in these mice are preserved, even out to 18 months of age. We also found preservation of distal sensory fibers in the epidermis, illustrating the specificity of pathology in this model for distal motor axons. Using HPLC measurement of the glutathione redox potential, we quantified oxidative stress in peripheral nerve and muscle at the onset of denervation. SOD1 knockout tibial nerve, but not gastrocnemius muscle, showed significant oxidation of the glutathione pool, suggesting that axonal degeneration is a consequence of impaired redox homeostasis in peripheral nerve. We conclude that the SOD1 knockout mouse is a model of oxidative stress-mediated motor axonopathy. Pathology in this model primarily affects motor axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction, demonstrating the vulnerability of this synapse to oxidative injury.
OPTIMAL COMBINATIONS OF SYSTEMATIC SEXTANT AND LATERALLY DIRECTED BIOPSIES FOR THE DETECTION OF PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose: The standard sextant protocol for obtaining transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate has been shown to underestimate the presence of prostate cancer. Studies have demonstrated an increased cancer detection rate with additional laterally directed biopsies. We compared the sensitivity of individual biopsy cores and evaluated combinations of these cores to identify an optimal biopsy strategy.Materials and Methods: A total of 396 consecutive patients underwent biopsy of the lateral peripheral zone in addition to standard sextant biopsy. The cancer detection rate for each biopsy core was calculated. The sensitivity of different combinations of biopsy cores was compared with those of standard sextant biopsies and with a 12 core biopsy protocol that combined the standard sextant biopsy with a complete set of laterally directed cores.Results: Cancer was detected in 160 of 396 (40.3%) patients. Of the possible combinations of biopsy cores a strategy that included laterally directed cores at th...
Immunoreactive pro‐enkephalin and pro‐dynorphin products are differentially distributed within the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat

In this study we examined the distribution of two different endogenous opioid peptides in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat medulla. As a marker for immunoreactive enkephalin, we used an antiserum directed against one of the proenkephalin products, methionine enkephalin-arg-glyleu (m-Enk). To identify immunoreactive dynorphin we used an antiserum directed against the prodynorphin product, dynorphin B (Dyn B). The PAP method was used on both colchicine and normal animals. Caudal to the obex, within the commissural nucleus, there is extensive overlap of both immunoreactive m-Enk and Dyn B terminals and cells. While the cells are morphologically similar, the immunoreactive dynorphin cells are somewhat larger. Rostral to the obex, there is a marked difference in the distribution of the two compounds. Immunoreactive m-Enk terminals are concentrated medial to the solitary tract; there is minimal staining laterally. In contrast, immunoreactive Dyn B terminals are concentrated lateral to the solitary tract. The rostral cellular distribution of the two opioid peptides follows a similar pattern. The morphology of the medially located m-Enk and laterally located Dyn B cells is also readily distinguished. The former are small, round cells with minimal dendritic labelling; the latter are larger, pyramidal neurons with prominent apical and basal dendrites. Since the medial and lateral nuclei of the solitary tract have been associated with cardiovascular and respiratory control, respectively, these data suggest that different endorphin families have different functional actions within the nucleus of the solitary tract.
Effects of p38MAPK isoforms on renal mesangial cell inducible nitric oxide synthase expression

Several related isoforms of p38MAPK have been identified and cloned in many species. Although they all contain the dual phosphorylation motif TGY, the expression of these isoforms is not ubiquitous...
Quantum photoyield of diamond(111)—A stable negative-affinity emitter

Quantum photoyield and secondary-electron distributions are presented for an unreconstructed diamond (111) surface (type-$\mathrm{II}b$, gem-quality blue-white semiconductor). This chemically inert surface exhibits a negative electron affinity, resulting in a stable quantum yield that increases linearly from photothreshold (5.5 eV) to \ensuremath{\sim}20% at 9 eV, with a very large yield of \ensuremath{\sim}40%-70% for $13\ensuremath{\lesssim}h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\lesssim}35$ eV. For all photon energies, secondary-electron energy distributions show a dominant \ensuremath{\sim}0.5-eV-wide emission peak at the conduction-band minimum (${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}^{min}=5.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ eV above the valence-band maximum ${{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{25}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$). In contrast with recent self-consistent calculations [J. Ihm, S. G. Louie, and M. L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. B 17, 769 (1978)] no occupied intrinsic surface states with ionization energies in the fundamental gap (the Fermi level was 1 eV above ${{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{25}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) were observed. Likewise, the measured photothreshold (${E}_{\mathrm{vac}}\ensuremath{-}{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{25}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) is significantly smaller than calculated (7.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7 eV).
Detection of copper on polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract A color test for the localization of copper on polyacrylamide gels is described. The test is based upon the quenching of fluorescence of bathocuproine sulfonate by Cu 1+ and is sensitive to 0.1 nmol of free or protein-bound copper. There is no false positive reaction with 10 nmol of hemeprotein, free Fe 3+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , or Mn 2+ .
Anterior communicating artery aneurysm rupture: An unusual cause of acute subdural hemorrhage

A case of acute subdural hemorrhage caused by rupture of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm is presented. The patient is a young man who presented with an acute onset of neurologic symptoms; computed tomography revealed subdural hemorrhage in the absence of associated subarachnoid or intraparenchymal bleeding.
Theories of Revolution: The Third Generation

The work of Ted Robert Gurr, Chalmers Johnson, Neil Smelser, Samuel P. Huntington, and Charles Tilly has dominated the recent study of revolutions. However, Jeffrey Paige, Ellen Kay Trimberger, S. N. Eisenstadt, and Theda Skocpol have lately produced theories of revolution that are far better grounded historically than those in earlier works. Five major points were neglected by earlier theorists: (1) the variable goals and structures of states; (2) the systematic intrusion of international pressures on the domestic political and economic organization of societies; (3) the structure of peasant communities; (4) the coherence or weakness of the armed forces; and (5) the variables affecting elite behavior. Starting from these points, Paige, Trimberger, Eisenstadt, and Skocpol have produced analyses of the causes and outcomes of a variety of revolutions. Yet significant challenges to the theory of revolutions—such as extending the range of cases analyzed, clarifying the grounds of peasant behavior, and tying theoretical analysis to demographic data—still remain.
Theoretical calculation of plane wave speeds for alkali metals under pressure

Theoretical calculations of the variation with pressure of small amplitude plane wave speeds are performed for sodium and potassium at zero temperature. The results obtained for wave speeds associated with volume dependent second-order elastic coefficients show better agreement with experimental data than for wave speeds associated with shear dependent coefficients. This result is believed to be due to omission of the band structure correction to the strain energy density.
Limited proliferation of stem cells surviving alkylating agents.

HAYFLICK observed that when human foetal tissue was cultivated in vitro the cells underwent 50±10 population doublings before death1. Whether this phenomenon is a property of all diploid cells in culture and is pertinent to cell renewal systems in vivo has been the subject of much discussion. Haematopoietic failure is rarely the cause of death in animal or man, presumably because this cell renewal system has a proliferative capacity which is either unlimited or, if limited, exceeds the life span of a normal animal. The proliferative capacity of the haematopoietic system, if restricted, might become exhausted when stressed by the prolonged use of cytotoxic agents. In these circumstances, significant stem cell division would be necessary to return to the steady state, thereby using much of the stem cell proliferative capacity. We have carried out experiments in mice attempting to simulate the clinical use of chemotherapeutic agents that might result in exhausting the proliferative capacity of haematopoietic stem cells. Two alkylating agents, Busulfan and L-phenylalanine (L-Pam) were investigated. Mice treated with Busulfan and to a lesser extent L-Pam demonstrate permanent damage to the proliferative capacity of surviving stem cells as measured by serial transplantation. Such data may have relevance to the use of these agents in the clinic where there is great interest in such agents to destroy presumed subclinical micrometastases in patients expected to have extended survival.
Studies of opposed jet diffusion flames I. Temperature distribution

Temperature distribution in opposed jet diffusion flames, discussing mass fluxes and fuel and oxygen concentrations effect
The influence of turbidity on three‐spined stickleback foraging

Three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus were used as a model to test for the effects of turbidity on visual-predator foraging. While the number of feeding lunges and number of prey consumed did not change with increasing turbidity, reactive distance to prey decreased.
Non-axisymmetric, thermoelastic stress distribution in a solid containing an external crack☆

Abstract The non-axisymmetric thermal stress distribution in an infinite elastic solid containing an external stress-free crack with prescribed heat flux is investigated. The problem is formulated in terms of a complete set of harmonic functions and leads to a set of two mixed, coupled boundary value problems. The coupling is through two arbitrary constants which are determined by the condition that the displacements be finite near the edge of the crack. The problems are solved using a standard Hankel transform technique and expressions for the stress intensity factors are given.
Magnetic studies of lunar samples

The remanent magnetismn of a lunar type C breccia sample includes a large viscous component with a time constant of several hours, and a high coercivity remanence, possibly acquired by impact processes on the lunar surface. Ilmenite(?) and metallic iron in breccias, and ferrous and metallic iron in glass beads separated from lunar fines (type D) were identified by high-field and low-temperature experiments. The iron appears to occur in a wide range of grain sizes including the single domain and multidomain states.
Enthalpy of combustion of 1,4-dimethylcubane dicarboxylate

Abstract The energy of combustion of crystalline 1,4-dimethylcubane dicarboxylate was measured in the NIST aneroid adiabatic rotating calorimeter. The standard molar enthalpy of combustion at 298.15 K and p rmo = 1 × 10 5 Pa for the reaction: C 12 H 12 O 4 (cr) + 13O 2 (g) = 12CO 2 (g) + 6H 2 O(l) is Δ c H m o = −(6518.09±1.42) kJ·mol −1 . The derived enthalpy of formation for crystalline 1,4-dimethylcubane dicarboxylate is −(218.99±2.12) kJ·mol −1 . An estimated enthalpy of formation of an unstrained crystalline 1,4-dimethylcubane dicarboxylate was calculated to be −809.7 kJ·mol −1 using group-contribution values. The corresponding strain energy is 590.7 kJ·mol −1 .
Formation of Radio-Phospholipid by Isolated Tissues of the Rat

IN a forthcoming paper1 will be published the results of a study of phospholipid formation in the living rat by means of radioactive phosphorus. The content of labelled phospholipid sampled at various intervals suggested that certain tissues of this animal, namely, the liver, intestine and possibly kidney, engaged in synthesis. Similar observations have been reported by Artom et al.2. The possibility, however, that one tissue carried on this synthesis while other tissues concentrated phospholipids could could not be ruled out. Warburg's method for the study of the metabolism of surviving tissues suggested a direct attack on the relative roles of the various tissues of the body in phospholipid formation. The experiments described below were performed to test the possibility of this synthesis by tissues surviving after excision from the body.
Relationship of oxygen consumption and cytochrome oxidase-succinic dehydrogenase activities in the Amphiuma means

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen consumption of intact Amphiuma means were measured and compared with their liver succinie dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities. 2. 2. A parabolic relationship exists between oxygen consumption and body temperature of the intact Amphiuma. In contrast, a linear relationship exists between liver succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities and ambient temperatures. 3. 3. Fasting and feeding had neglible effects on oxygen consumption of the intact animals, but produced marked changes in the liver succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidases activities.
High-energy photoelectron holography for an adsorbate test system: c(2×2)S on Ni(001)

We have measured and calculated the intensity profiles for S 2[ital p] photoemission at 1327 eV from the well-defined adsorbate system, [ital c](2[times]2)S on Ni(001), and have analyzed these via several holographic imaging procedures. Images of nearest-neighbor S atoms are clearly seen in both experiment and theory, and their positions are improved if effects due to twin images are suppressed by analyzing only a half hologram. Image positions are further improved to within [plus minus]0.2--0.3 A with corrections for scattered-wave amplitudes and phase shifts.
Female adolescent hair disorders.

Abstract Hair abnormalities can have tremendous psychosocial impacts on adolescents and young adults, and may cause a great amount of anxiety regarding physical appearance, associated illnesses, and potential clinical course. The pathophysiology of such disorders may vary, with potential congenital, infectious, autoimmune, nutritional, or environmental causes. Hair abnormalities may present as changes in hair appearance or quality, becoming weathered or fractured. An abnormal increase in hair is present in hypertrichosis and hirsutism, whereas a thinning or shedding of hair is evident in patients with telogen effluvium and alopecia areata. Diagnosis is focused on a detailed clinical history and physical exam, in addition to laboratory testing, a variety of clinical diagnostic tests, and scalp biopsy, which may be necessary to confirm some diagnoses. Many hair disorders have no cure, but clinicians can have a positive impact on their patients by identifying the abnormality and educating the patient regarding disease course. However, some conditions such as infectious hair disorders or scarring alopecia should be identified promptly to initiate treatment and ensure clinical improvement or optimal outcome.
Motivations and Instructional Approach

My personal robotics journey began with RoboCup 2007 hosted by Ga Tech that summer. I was so impressed by the advancement in humanoid robotics on display there and thought that this could be an important component for engineering instruction at The University of Georgia, as at that time we were seeking to expand engineering beyond biological and agricultural engineering. Also at RoboCup 2007, I met Mr. Jinwook Kim from ROBOTIS and was introduced to the Bioloid Comprehensive and Expert kits which were about the only “in-depth” but “affordable” robotic systems at the time.
Diffusion in the ternary system d-tartaric acid—l-tartaric acid-water at 25°C

Ternary diffusion coefficients at 25°C. of the system 0.5 g./cc. d-tartaric acid—0.5 g./cc. l-tartaric acid-water are reported. The results allow experimental verification of the theory for the diffusion of two indistinguishable solutes and clearly illustrate the difference between mutual and tracer diffusion. Moreover, the results allow calculation of ternary mass transfer coefficients and ternary tray efficiencies for the case of two similar species dissolved in a third.
α-Synuclein Locus Triplication Causes Parkinson's Disease

Mutations in the α-synuclein gene ( SNCA ) in the Contursi kindred ([ 1 ][1]) implicated this gene in Parkinson's disease (PD). Subsequently, α-synuclein was identified as the major component of Lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of PD, and of glial cell cytoplasmic inclusions ([ 2 ][2]). We
Assessing Students' Performance by Measured Patterns of Perceived Strengths: Does Preference Make a Difference?.

This paper is an empirical field study of whether college students’ preferences for assessment type correspond to their performance in assessment that tests that particular strength. For example, if students say they prefer assessment that tests their creativity, do they actually perform better on assessment tasks requiring the use of creativity? Seventy-eight students in three different courses were surveyed to determine their preferences in four types of assessment: memorisation, analysis, creativity and practical application. These preferences were then compared to student grades on corresponding forms of assessment to see if the preferences corresponded to actual performance. The study found that, while students had a clear preference for memorisation, they were not likely to deliver their best performances on memorisation tasks. There was no relationship at all between student preferences in assessment type and their performance in the respective assessments. These results indicate that, while in the...
Clostridium Septicum Aortitis: A Fatal Diagnosis

Infectious aortitis is a rare but deadly condition. Few cases are reported in the literature with clostriduim bacteria, with no consensus on treatment that could change the prognosis. Immediate evaluation and treatment with antibiotics is crucial, and surgery might be needed. GI malignancy could be the source of the pathogen. This case highlights the natural course of clostridium aortitis. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc1402w
Use of frequency domain analysis for signal-to-noise ratio enhancement in stacking

An algorithm is presented for the stacking of seismic CMP (common midpoint) gathers. It is characterized by improved signal-to-noise ratio over the conventional method. The procedure is based on the principle that Fourier coefficients that contain more noise than signal should be excluded from the stacked trace. This selective process is accomplished by means of coherency coefficients aimed at estimating the phase agreement among Fourier coefficients of traces in the gather. It is concluded that while this selective stacking procedure requires an excessive amount of computation in comparison with conventional stacking, in some situations it may be the only viable alternative to improving the signal-to-noise ratio. Synthetic seismic data are used to demonstrate the stacking scheme and its improved noise-reduction capability. >
Therapeutically activating RB: reestablishing cell cycle control in endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer

The majority of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers are treated with endocrine therapy. While this is effective, acquired resistance to therapies targeted against ER is a major clinical challenge. Here, model systems of ER-positive breast cancers with differential susceptibility to endocrine therapy were employed to define common nodes for new therapeutic interventions. These analyses revealed that cell cycle progression is effectively uncoupled from the activity and functional state of ER in these models. In this context, cyclin D1 expression and retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB) phosphorylation are maintained even with efficient ablation of ER with pure antagonists. These therapy-resistant models recapitulate a key feature of deregulated RB/E2F transcriptional control. Correspondingly, a gene expression signature of RB-dysfunction is associated with luminal B breast cancer, which exhibits a relatively poor response to endocrine therapy. These collective findings suggest that suppression of cyclin D-supported kinase activity and restoration of RB-mediated transcriptional repression could represent a viable therapeutic option in tumors that fail to respond to hormone-based therapies. Consistent with this hypothesis, a highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, PD-0332991, was effective at suppressing the proliferation of all hormone refractory models analyzed. Importantly, PD-0332991 led to a stable cell cycle arrest that was fundamentally distinct from those elicited by ER antagonists, and was capable of inducing aspects of cellular senescence in hormone therapy refractory cell populations. These findings underscore the clinical utility of downstream cytostatic therapies in treating tumors that have experienced failure of endocrine therapy.
Structural Requirements for gp80 Independence of Human Herpesvirus 8 Interleukin-6 (vIL-6) and Evidence for gp80 Stabilization of gp130 Signaling Complexes Induced by vIL-6

Human herpesvirus 8 interleukin-6 (vIL-6) displays 25% amino acid identity with human IL-6 (hIL-6) and shares an overall four-helix-bundle structure and gp130-mediated STAT/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling with its cellular counterpart. However, vIL-6 is distinct in that it can signal through gp130 alone, in the absence of the nonsignaling gp80 alpha-subunit of the IL-6 receptor. To investigate the structural requirements for gp80 independence of vIL-6, a series of expression vectors encoding vIL-6/hIL-6 chimeric and site-mutated IL-6 proteins was generated. The replacement of hIL-6 residues with three vIL-6-specific tryptophans implicated in gp80 independence from crystallographic studies or the A and C helices containing these residues did not confer gp80 independence to hIL-6. The N- and C-terminal regions of vIL-6 could be substituted with hIL-6 sequences with the retention of gp80-independent signaling, but substitutions of other regions of vIL-6 (helix A, A/B loop, helix B, helix C, and proximal half of helix D) with equivalent sequences of hIL-6 abolished gp80 independence. Interestingly, the B helix of vIL-6 was absolutely required for gp80 independence, despite the fact that this region contains no receptor-binding residues. Point mutational analysis of helix C, which contains residues involved in physical and functional interactions with gp130 domains 2 and 3 (cytokine-binding homology region), identified a variant, VI120EE, that was able to signal and dimerize gp130 only in the presence of gp80. gp80 was also found to stabilize gp130:g130 dimers induced by a distal D helix variant of vIL-6 that was nonetheless able to signal independently of gp80. Together, our data reveal the crucial importance of overall vIL-6 structure and conformation for gp80-independent signaling and provide functional and physical evidence of the stabilization of vIL-6-induced gp130 signaling complexes by gp80.
Distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system.

CB1 cannabinoid receptors appear to mediate most, if not all of the psychoactive effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and related compounds. This G protein-coupled receptor has a characteristic distribution in the nervous system: It is particularly enriched in cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia outflow tracts, and cerebellum—a distribution that corresponds to the most prominent behavioral effects of cannabis. In addition, this distribution helps to predict neurological and psychological maladies for which manipulation of the endocannabinoid system might be beneficial. CB1 receptors are primarily expressed on neurons, where most of the receptors are found on axons and synaptic terminals, emphasizing the important role of this receptor in modulating neurotransmission at specific synapses. While our knowledge of CB1 localization in the nervous system has advanced tremendously over the past 15 years, there is still more to learn. Particularly pressing is the need for (1) detailed anatomical studies of brain regions important in the therapeutic actions of drugs that modify the endocannabinoid system and (2) the determination of the localization of the enzymes that synthesize, degrade, and transport the endocannabinoids.
Solution processing of conjugated polymers: the effects of polymer solubility on the morphology and electronic properties of semiconducting polymer films

Abstract It is becoming increasingly clear that the electronic properties of conjugated polymers are controlled by the way the films are cast: changing the solvent, spin speed or concentration changes the film morphology and thus the performance of devices based on these materials. In this paper, we show that the way a conjugated polymer is dissolved into solution also affects the interchain interactions and electronic behavior in the resulting film. Light scattering shows that even low molecular weight samples of poly(2,5-bis[N-methyl-N-hexylamino]phenylene vinylene) (BAMH-PPV) do not completely dissolve in the good solvent o-xylene, even after stirring for 2 days. The solutions behave more as a suspension of small pieces of polymer film, showing solid-state effects such as exciton–exciton annihilation; the corresponding cast films have a rough, agglomerated morphology. Complete dissolution of the polymer can be achieved either by heating the solutions while stirring for 2 days, or by stirring at room temperature for 2 weeks. In addition to aiding dissolution, heating is found to promote interactions between conjugated polymer chains, leading to films with a higher degree of exciton–exciton annihilation and devices with higher operating currents but lower electroluminescence quantum efficiencies than films cast from solutions that were fully dissolved but not heated. All the results suggest that understanding the details of how a conjugated polymer is dissolved into solution is critical to being able to reproducibly fabricate and optimize conjugated polymer-based devices.
Tense and Intensionality in Specificational Copular Sentences

Specificational sentences show Connectivity Effects (Akmajian 1 970, Higgins 1 979, Halvorsen 1 978, Jacobson 1 994, among others) . For example, an NP like no man embedded in a relative clause in general cannot bind a pronoun outside the relative clause, as illustrated in (3a); but in specificational copular sentences this binding is possible, as in (3b) . This effect is called Variable Binding Connectivity. Similarly, the NP a unicorn cannot be interpreted de dicto with respect to the embedded verb look for in (4a) ; but a de dicto reading is possible in the specificational sentence (4b) (Opacity Connectivity) . Connectivity will be used in this paper as a diagnosis for specificational sentences.
The “Myth” That Black Entrepreneurship Can Reduce the Gap in Wealth Between Black and White Families

Does business ownership reduce the wealth disparity between Black and White households? The author uses Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data on family wealth in 1999 through 2009 to examine t...
Pitfalls and fraud in online advertising metrics

ABSTRACT How does online advertising become less effective than advertisers expect and less effective than measurements indicate? The current research explores problems that result, in part, from malfeasance by outside perpetrators who overstate their efforts to increase their measured performance. In parallel, similar vulnerabilities result from mistaken analysis of cause and effect—errors that have become more fundamental as advertisers target their advertisements with greater precision. In the paper that follows, the author attempts to identify the circumstances that make advertisers most vulnerable, notes adjusted contract structures that offer some protections, and explores the origins of the problems in participants9 incentives and in legal rules.