cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcohol outlets, social disorganization, and robberies: accounting for neighborhood characteristics and alcohol outlet types.

We estimated spatially lagged regression and spatial regime models to determine if the variation in total, on-premise, and off-premise alcohol outlet1 Alcohol outlets can be disaggregated into on-premise (i.e., places that sell alcohol beverages that are meant for consumption while visiting the place, such as bars or restaurants) and off-premise (i.e., places such as liquor or convenience stores that sell alcohol beverages meant for consumption elsewhere). 1 density is related to robbery density, while controlling for direct and moderating effects of social disorganization.2 This concept captures neighborhood level characteristics, such as ethnic heterogeneity, poverty, residential instability, and single-headed households, which taken together reduce social cohesion in the area and the ability of community residents to realize common goals. 2 Results suggest that the relationship between alcohol outlet density and robbery density is sensitive to the measurement of social disorganization levels. Total alcohol outlet density and off-premise alcohol outlet density were significantly associated with robbery density when social disorganization variables were included separately in the models. However, when social disorganization levels were captured as a four item index, only the association between off-premise alcohol outlets and robbery density remained significant. More work is warranted in identifying the role of off-premise alcohol outlets and their characteristics in robbery incidents.
Cytokine expression in respiratory syncytial virus-infected mice as measured by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR.

Abstract In the murine model for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, cytokine patterns induced by vaccinations with either killed (i.e. formalin-inactivated, alum-precipitated) virus (KV) or live virus (LV) have been shown to influence disease expression. To determine the mRNA expression of the cytokines IL-4 and IFN-γ in BALB/c mice challenged with RSV, a real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR assay was developed. This assay uses 5′-exonuclease fluorogenic probes and is performed on the ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detector System (TaqMan). The relative quantitative levels of mRNA for IL-4 and IFN-γ were compared with those measured by an RNase protection assay (RPA) and an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), which are methods used to measure the levels of mRNA and protein, respectively. Results obtained by the TaqMan assay showed that mice primed with KV induces increased IL-4 mRNA production while LV induces increased IFN-γ mRNA, which is in agreement with conventional methods. IL-4 and IFN-γ relative quantities obtained from TaqMan were highly correlated to those determined by RPA ( r =0.96 for IFN-γ, P r =0.90 for IL-4 and r =0.75 for IFN-γ, P
Stability of motion of impact tools

Abstract A method is developed for analyzing the rigid body dynamics of machines wherein a hammer is made to reciprocate within a housing and to periodically impact against a bit, moil, anvil or other energy absorbing member. The physical system is idealized and represented by a “floating” two-body model. It is found that two simple steady-state motions could exist. It was also found that the floating two-body model theoretically admits one stable steady-state solution which has the same period as the exciting force and exhibits only one impact per cycle of the steady-state motion. Stability regions of the simple steady-state solutions are determined. A separate computer solution was constructed to predict the detailed history of the system's motion. The computer results indicate that the analytical steady-state solutions are stable only for extremely small disturbances.
Functional coefficient seasonal time series models with an application of Hawaii tourism data

In this article, motivated by an analysis of the monthly number of tourists visiting Hawaii, we propose a new class of nonparametric seasonal time series models under the framework of the functional coefficient model. The coefficients change over time and consist of the trend and seasonal components to characterize seasonality. A local linear approach is developed to estimate the nonparametric trend and seasonal effect functions. The consistency of the proposed estimators is obtained without specifying the error distribution and the asymptotic normality of the proposed estimators is established under the $$\alpha $$?-mixing conditions. A consistent estimator of the asymptotic variance is also provided. The proposed methodologies are illustrated by two simulated examples and the model is applied to characterizing the seasonality of the monthly number of tourists visiting Hawaii.
A counterexample to uniqueness and regularity for harmonic maps between hyperbolic spaces

We construct a harmonic diffeomorphism from the Poincare ballHn=1 to itself, whose boundary value is the identity on the sphereSn, and which is singular at a boundary point, as follows: The harmonic map equations between the corresponding upper-half-space models reduce to a nonlinear o.d.e. in the transverse direction, for which we prove the existence of a solution on the whole R+ that grows exponentially near infinity and has an expansion near zero. A conjugation by the inversion brings the singularity at the origin, and a conjugation by the Cayley transform and an isometry of the ball moves the singularity at any point on the sphere.
Modeling parameters for the spectral behavior of infrared frequency-selective surfaces

Comparisons of experiment and theory are presented for transmission spectra over the range 2–15 µm of a set of frequency-selective surfaces consisting of arrays of simple dipole patches of aluminum on or in silicon. The arrays are fabricated by direct-write electron-beam lithography. Important parameters controlling the spectral shape are identified, such as dipole length, spacing, resistance, and dielectric surroundings. The separate influence of these variables is exhibited. Encouraging agreement between simple model calculations and the measurements is found.
A Hg(II) INDUCED CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE IN PENICILLINASE

Penicillinase (E.C. 3.5.2.6) from Bacillus cereus 569/H is inhibited by Hg(II). The inhibition is characterized by non-competitive kinetics and can be reversed by EDTA. A Hg(II) induced conformational change is indicated because: (1) The EDTA regenerated activity is unstable and is rapidly converted to an iodine-sensitive state, and (2) An irreversible change in the circular dichroism spectrum at 222 nm is found.
Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of the lanthionine analog of somatostatin[1–14]

The synthesis of the lanthionine analog of somatostatin[1–14] on a Kaiser-oxime resin is described. The 12-residue peptide segment [3–14] was assembled and cyclized on the resin by using the method of peptide cyclization on an oxime resin (PCOR); the product was obtained with good yield (41%) and purity (94%). The Fmoc protecting group on the N-terminus was cleaved with DBU, followed by a 2+12 segment condensation in solution. The chromatographic (HPLC, CZE) and spectral (UV, NMR) properties of the lanthionine and the natural somatostatins have been studied and compared. Preliminary biological tests show that the lanthionine and the natural somatostatins exhibit similar binding affinities to somatostatin receptor SSTR2.
Reducing recovery constraints on locking based protocols

Serializability is the standard correctness criterion for concurrency control. To ensure correctness in the presence of failures, recoverability is also imposed. Pragmatic considerations result in further constraints, for instance, the existing log-based recovery implementations that use before-images warrant that transaction executions be strict. Strict executions are restrictive, thus sacrificing concurrency and throughput. In this paper we identify the relation between the recovery mechanism and the restrictions imposed by concurrency control protocols. In particular, we propose a new inverse operation that can be integrated with the underlying recovery mechanism. In order to establish the viability of our approach, we demonstrate the new implementation by making minor modifications to the conventional recovery architecture. This inverse operation is also designed to avoid the undesirable phenomenon of cascading aborts when transactions execute conflicting write operations.
Bond lengths in alkali metal oxides

Abstract Bond length-bond strength correlations have been examined for oxygen bonded to Li, Na, K, and Rb. It is shown that, compared to those observed in ternary and other crystals, the bond lengths in the binary oxides are anomalously long by an amount that increases with atomic number. The effect closely parallels a corresponding diminishing of bond energies previously reported.
Seasonal phenotypic plasticity of wing melanisation in the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Abstract 1. Effective thermoregulation is crucial for the fitness of small flying insects. Phenotypic plasticity of the ventral hindwing of pierid butterflies is widely recognised as adaptive for effective thermoregulation. Butterflies eclosing in cooler environments have more heavily melanised wings that absorb solar radiation, thus allowing flight under these cool conditions. 2. Many pierids also exhibit phenotypic plasticity of dorsal forewing melanisation but in this case, cooler environments reduce melanisation. It has been hypothesised that this plasticity is also adaptive because it increases solar reflection from the wing surfaces onto the body in certain basking postures. 3. The degree of seasonal variation in ventral hindwing and dorsal forewing melanisation of wild-caught Pieris rapae was quantified to determine if it shows patterns of plasticity similar to that documented for other Pieris species. 4. Male wing melanisation on both wing surfaces shows the characteristic seasonal, adaptive plasticity. However, only some dorsal forewing pattern elements of females conformed to the predictions of the hypothesis of adaptive dorsal forewing melanisation. Sexual dimorphism of wing pattern plasticity may result from, and/or affect, sexual dimorphism of behaviour and physiology of these butterflies.
Quality assurance program

The manufacture of components for a system as complex as the computer manufactured by IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) Kingston for use use in the SAGE (Semiautomatic Ground Environment) System requires strict adherence to specified requirements. To meet these requirements, analysis and control of vast numbers of fabricating operations are essential. These operations, although minor in themselves, can jeopardize the effective and specified function of the entire computer by their cumulative shortcomings.
Thermodynamics of Mercaptopurine Dehydration

The hydrate form of mercaptopurine was shown to undergo peritectic decomposition of its water molecule, localized dissolution, and dehydration around 125°. The anhydrate form was prepared by a thermal method, whose effectiveness was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The activation energy for mercaptopurine dehydration calculated by various methods ranged from 45.74 to 63.04 kcal/mole. The dehydration enthalpy was calculated to be 8.27 kcal/mole by differential scanning calorimetry. The solution enthalpy for the hydrate was calculated to be 4.85 kcal/mole from its saturation solubility and differential scanning calorimetry. Anhydrate solubility in water was calculated based on initial dissolution rate data since the anhydrate converts to hydrate in aqueous media. The high degree of stability against interconversion of the hydrate and anhydrate forms and the higher solubility of the anhydrate suggest that use of the anhydrate might improve mercaptopurine bioavailability.
Factors Affecting State Government Information Technology Employee Turnover Intentions

Electronic government expansion is creating the complex challenges of managing an effective information technology (IT) workforce in the public sector. Survey questionnaires were sent to IT employees working in the central IT departments of two state governments to analyze how job characteristics, work environment, and human resource management practices influence their turnover intentions. Results show that work exhaustion, an emphasis on participatory management, and opportunities for advancement were statistically significant variables affecting state government IT employee turnover intentions, and that salary satisfaction was not a statistically significant factor. Suggestions are offered for improving IT employee retention rates in government agencies.
Narrative Review: Reperfusion Strategies for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Optimal treatment for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction depends on early diagnosis and rapid selection of the appropriate reperfusion strategy. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred reperfusion strategy at PCI-capable hospitals. For hospitals without PCI capability, there are 2 reperfusion strategies, primary PCI and thrombolytic therapy, which are both supported by clinical evidence and national guidelines. Transferring patients for primary PCI may cause delays and requires established, proven protocols, systems, and networks to achieve minimal door-to-balloon times. The authors review the available data and present a systematic, evidence-based approach in a simple framework to enable noncardiovascular and cardiovascular physicians to select the optimal reperfusion strategy. The framework is based on available data from clinical trials and local circumstances from clinical practice by incorporating duration of symptoms (fixed ischemia time) and anticipated transport delays to a PCI-capable facility (incurred ischemia time).
Inhaled treprostinil for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Treprostinil is a prostacyclin derivative approved for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension by intravenous, subcutaneous and inhalational administration. Unlike its precursor epoprostenol, treprostinil is chemically stable at room temperature and neutral pH, and its plasma half-life is longer. In addition to promoting smooth muscle relaxation in the pulmonary vasculature, treprostinil has suppressive effects on platelet aggregation, smooth muscle proliferation and inflammation. A Phase III study, investigating the addition of inhaled treprostinil to oral bosentan or sildenafil, confirmed significant improvements in exercise capacity and quality of life. This review examines the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and safety of inhaled treprostinil for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
“What's in a Name?” Revisited

As a clinician and an author, I have often observed colleagues labor over the choice of one word in a sentence or title of a manuscript. They weigh the options and consider the meaning of each word at length. I remember a conversation between the late Florence Kendall and our rehabilitation staff in which she described the effort that she took in carefully selecting each word in her classic text Muscle Function . Florence really did know every word in the text—and understood the value of each of those words in effectively communicating an idea to the reader and clinician. In his editorials, Jules Rothstein, PT, PhD, FAPTA, PTJ Editor in Chief Emeritus, cautioned us time and again about our selection of words to describe physical therapist practice. In particular, he noted the inadequacy and overuse of such (non)descriptors as function .1 A prolific writer and editor, Jules understood that, once in print, a word becomes a permanent fixture, a lasting representation of thought. The selection of words, he contended, deserves our careful attention and consideration. Should the same level of caution apply when we name or “brand” a therapeutic intervention? In the context of physical therapist practice, intervention refers to the methods, procedures, or techniques used by a physical therapist to produce changes in a patient's condition.2 Many interventions have been named for the people who developed them—for instance, the Bobath method, the Feldenkrais approach, Williams flexion exercises, the McKenzie method, etc. In some instances, the eponyms have been replaced by more descriptive terms, such as neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) for the Bobath method. In other instances, a piece of equipment has become synonymous with the therapy—such as “Kin-Com therapy” for isokinetic training—much as “Kleenex” became the popular name for facial tissue. A range of therapeutic modalities and …
Evaluation of juvenoid insect growth regulators on Schistocerca americana.

Three aromatic juvenoids were evaluated for morphogenetic activity on Schistocerca americana. Fenoxycarb, the most active insect growth regulator examined, was found to induce a significant mortality in developing fifth stage nymphs and caused severe morphogenetic damage during ecdysis to the adult. Juvenoid treatments were also observed to increase the duration of the last nymphal stage and to induce chromotropic colour changes similar to that observed in the solitary phase of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskal.
Specificity of Gene Regulation

The physiologically coordinated expression of our genome requires exquisite regulation of gene specificity. Recent advances demonstrate that this formidable task is accomplished by diverse mechanisms and networks that operate at distinct levels within the nucleus.
Neighborhood selection and the social reproduction of concentrated racial inequality

In this paper, we consider neighborhood selection as a social process central to the reproduction of racial inequality in neighborhood attainment. We formulate a multilevel model that decomposes multiple sources of stability and change in longitudinal trajectories of achieved neighborhood income among nearly 4,000 Chicago families followed for up to seven years wherever they moved in the United States. Even after we adjust for a comprehensive set of fixed and time-varying covariates, racial inequality in neighborhood attainment is replicated by movers and stayers alike. We also study the emergent consequences of mobility pathways for neighborhood-level structure. The temporal sorting by individuals of different racial and ethnic groups combines to yield a structural pattern of flows between neighborhoods that generates virtually nonoverlapping income distributions and little exchange between minority and white areas. Selection and racially shaped hierarchies are thus mutually constituted and account for an apparent equilibrium of neighborhood inequality.
Overcoming communication restrictions in collectives

The performance of distributed systems generally depend on the actions and interactions of a large number of independent components (e.g., agents, neurons). Such "collectives" are often subject to communication restrictions, making it difficult for the components to coordinate their actions to provide good system level performance. In this article, we address that coordination problem and derive four agent utility functions that make different tradeoffs between alignedness between agent and system utilities and the signal-to-noise each agent encounters. The results show that these utility functions outperform both traditional methods and previous collective-based methods by up to 75% in systems with communication restrictions.
The Effect of the ApoE ε4 Allele on Recognition Memory for Olfactory and Visual Stimuli in Patients with Pathologically Confirmed Alzheimer’s Disease, Probable Alzheimer’s Disease, and Healthy Elderly Controls

Episodic recognition memory for odors, faces, and unfamiliar symbols was assessed in apolipoprotein episilon4 positive and epsilon4 negative individuals with pathologically-confirmed Alzheimer's disease (AD), individuals diagnosed with probable AD, and healthy age- and gender-matched controls. The analyses revealed significant differences in performance between the AD patients and nondemented elderly controls based on the presence of the epsilon4 allele and the modality of the stimulus to be remembered. Measures of hits did not discriminate among groups but an analysis of false positive errors revealed significant differences, particularly for olfactory stimuli. Nondemented epsilon4 positive controls committed fewer false positive errors for olfactory stimuli compared to all other groups. In contrast, nondemented epsilon4 positive controls committed false positive errors for olfactory stimuli at rates similar to the AD patients. The performance of epsilon4 positive and epsilon4 negative controls was indistinguishable on the visual recognition memory tasks suggesting the particular vulnerability of olfactory memory to the early neuropathology of AD resulting in false positive errors in recognition memory for olfactory stimuli. The results of the present study offer new insight into how recognition memory is affected by AD, the epsilon4 allele, and the modality of the stimulus to be remembered.
Estradiol downregulation of the tumor suppressor gene BTG2 requires estrogen receptor-α and the REA corepressor

B-cell Translocation Gene 2 (BTG2/TIS21/PC3) is an anti-proliferative tumor suppressor gene whose expression is significantly reduced in breast carcinomas, and in MCF-7 and T-47D breast cancer cell lines treated with estradiol (E2). In this study the mechanisms involved in E2 down regulation of BTG2 gene expression were examined. Depletion of ERalpha by siRNA indicated that the receptor is required for E2 down regulation of BTG2 mRNA levels, and cycloheximide experiments indicated that the effect of E2 on BTG2 expression was independent of intermediary protein synthesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that ERalpha interacts with the BTG2 promoter in a ligand-independent fashion whereas transfection experiments indicated that ERalpha's DNA and ligand binding domains are required for E2 repression of BTG promoter activity. Surprisingly, histone deacetylase (HDACs) activity is essential for basal expression as evidenced by trichostatin A inhibition of BTG2 mRNA levels. Estradiol treatment did not alter histone H3 acetylation although it did induce displacement of RNA polymerase II from the BTG2 gene. Depletion of the ER specific corepressor REA (Repressor of Estrogen Receptor Activity) significantly abrogated E2-mediated BTG2 repression. Taken together, our results reveal a requirement of HDAC activity for basal BTG2 expression and the ERalpha-REA interaction for estrogen repression of the BTG2 gene. The ability of E2-bound ERalpha and REA to suppress BTG2 expression indicates a positive role for this corepressor in regulation of breast cancer cell proliferation.
Deletion of the SPARC acidic domain or EGF-like module reduces SPARC-induced migration and signaling through p38 MAPK/HSP27 in glioma

We previously demonstrated that secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) increases heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) expression and phosphorylation and promotes glioma cell migration through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/HSP27 signaling pathway. As different regions of the SPARC protein mediate different SPARC functions, elucidating which SPARC domains regulate HSP27 expression, signaling and migration might provide potential therapeutic strategies to target these functions. To investigate the roles of specific domains, we used an SPARC-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein and constructs of SPARC-GFP with deletions of either the acidic domain (ΔAcidic) or the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like module (ΔEGF). GFP, SPARC-GFP and the two deletion mutants were expressed in U87MG glioma cells. Characterization of the derived stable clones by confocal imaging and western blotting suggests proper folding, processing and secretion of the deletion constructs. Uptake of the constructs by naive cells suggests enhanced internalization of ΔAcidic and reduced internalization of ΔEGF. Wound and transwell migration assays and western blot analysis confirm our previous results and indicate that ΔAcidic reduces SPARC-induced migration and p38 MAPK/HSP27 signaling and ΔEGF decreases SPARC-induced migration and dramatically decreases the expression and phosphorylation of HSP27 but is poorly internalized. Loss of the EGF-like module suppresses the enhanced HSP27 protein stability conferred by SPARC. In conclusion, deletions of the acidic domain and EGF-like module have differential effects on cell surface binding and HSP27 protein stability; however, both regions regulate SPARC-induced migration and signaling through HSP27. Our data link the domains of SPARC with different functions and suggest one or both of the constructs as potential therapeutic agents to inhibit SPARC-induced migration.
Design of AMB Supported Centrifugal Compressor

This chapter describes in detail the design and commissioning of the compressor test rig, which serves as the experimental testing platform for the surge controller proposed in this book. An overview of the compression system is presented in the first section, and a more detailed description of the individual components is given as the chapter develops. The components of the experimental compression system include the single stage centrifugal compressor, the high speed driving motor, and the instrumentation for measuring the flow condition in the system. The results from the rotor-dynamic analysis of the compressor are also summarized in this chapter, including the dynamics of the AMB rotor suspension system. During the identification of the AMB system, bearing design parameters are experimentally estimated and the Bode plots of the system transfer functions are measured. Finally, experimental characterization of the compressor steady state and transient flow dynamics are presented, including the limit cycles of the surge instability.
Project Management Capabilities: Key to Application Development Offshore Outsourcing

This paper examines the impact of project management capabilities on the effectiveness of offshore outsourcing of application development activities. Offshore outsourcing is an important trend in todays business environment and it is important for us to better understand what capabilities are required for a company to execute an offshore outsourcing arrangement. Using the lens of Dynamic Capabilities and the Resource Based View, this paper identifies key project management sub-capabilities that the client needs to possess in order to effectively offshore outsource application development. These sub-capabilities include project planning and control, project governance, and team management. Qualitative data from several mini-case studies is utilized to support the findings.
Warfarin Monitoring in Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Lupus Anticoagulant

Objective: To review the available literature on international normalized ratio (INR) and chromogenic factor X (CFX) monitoring in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), specifically lupus anticoagulant (LA), and furthermore, to identify benefits of one monitoring test compared with the other in the presence of LA. Data Sources: A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE (1946-May 2014) utilizing the following MeSH terms chromogenic compounds, anticoagulants, and factor X. Further articles were identified from original literature citations. Study Selection: All English-language studies were included that involved INR and/or CFX monitoring in APS patients that focused on a therapeutic anticoagulation level with warfarin therapy. Data Synthesis: A total of 55 articles were identified, of which nine are referenced because of their relevance for this review: three articles focus on the efficacy of utilizing INR monitoring in patients with APS, five focus on CFX compared with INR for therapeutic...
HLA-DRB1 alleles control allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis–like pulmonary responses in humanized transgenic mice

Background Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a lung hypersensitivity disease mediated in part by CD4 + T H 2 cells. There is a significant association between ABPA and the HLA-DR2 genotypes DRB1 ∗ 1501 and DRB1 ∗ 1503, whereas resistance might be associated with HLA-DRB1 ∗ 1502. Objective We sought to elucidate the role of HLA-DR alleles in allergic inflammation in lungs. Methods HLA-DR humanized transgenic mice expressing either the susceptible or resistant alleles were analyzed for the nature and extent of pulmonary inflammation after exposure to Aspergillus species antigens. Results Exposed DRB1 ∗ 1501 and DRB1 ∗ 1503 transgenic mice displayed infiltrates made up prominently of eosinophils, which is consistent with the inflammation found in ABPA. The resistant DRB1 ∗ 1502 mice, on the other hand, displayed minimal to moderate inflammation, consisting mainly of T-cell infiltrates. Significantly more mucin was produced in the DRB1 ∗ 1503 and DRB1 ∗ 1501 mice, and their ability to limit the number of Aspergillus species conidia within the lung parenchyma was impaired. Despite their differences, both the DRB1 ∗ 1503 and DRB1 ∗ 1502 strains mounted comparable T cell–proliferative responses to Aspergillus species antigens. Conclusion The HLA-DR2 alleles DRB1 ∗ 1501 and DRB1 ∗ 1503 play a major role in the development of allergic pulmonary inflammation. In contrast, the HLA-DR2 allele DRB1 ∗ 1502 mediates a nonallergic T H 1-like response to the organism, possibly explaining an ABPA resistance factor. These results are in support of our published human studies in patients with cystic fibrosis and asthma. Clinical implications HLA-DR typing in patients with cystic fibrosis and asthma will aid in the identification of individuals at risk for ABPA.
Antisterility and antivitamin K activity of d-alpha-tocopheryl hydroquinone in the vitamin E-deficient female rat.

Antisterility and antivitamin K activity of d-alpha-tocopheryl hydroquinone (ATHQ) were investigated in the vitamin E-deficient female rat. 58 and 22 vitamin E-deficient rats received oral supplements of ATHQ and of d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate respectively over Days 5-8 of gestation. The results suggested a minimal protective dose of approximately 50 mg ATHQ which if distributed over the 1st 10 days of gestation would represent about 5 mg/day. After Day 10 vitamin E had little or no effect upon the course of gestation. In another study 125 mg ATHQ/kg/day during early gestation in vitamin E-deficient rats caused excessive uterovaginal bleeding intrauterine hemorrhage and retarded development and death of fetuses. 330 mg ATHQ/kg/day given to male rats caused the testis epididymis and related fat body to be prone to hemorrhage. Menaquinone prevented hemorrhage in both sexes therefore the observed phenomena were attributed to an induced deficiency of vitamin K through unknown actions of ATHQ.
An algorithm for data-driven bandwidth selection

The analysis of a feature space that exhibits multiscale patterns often requires kernel estimation techniques with locally adaptive bandwidths, such as the variable-bandwidth mean shift. Proper selection of the kernel bandwidth is, however, a critical step for superior space analysis and partitioning. This paper presents a mean shift-based approach for local bandwidth selection in the multimodal, multivariate case. The method is based on a fundamental property of normal distributions regarding the bias of the normalized density gradient. This paper demonstrates that, within the large sample approximation, the local covariance is estimated by the matrix that maximizes the magnitude of the normalized mean shift vector. Using this property, the paper develops a reliable algorithm which takes into account the stability of local bandwidth estimates across scales. The validity of the theoretical results is proven in various space partitioning experiments involving the variable-bandwidth mean shift.
Carbonic Anhydrase and Photosynthesis

During the past few years, the properties of a new enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, have been studied. This work is described in detail by Roughton (1934). Henriques (1928) had pointed out that the rate of evolution of CO2 from the lungs was much more rapid than the evolution of CO2 from a carbonic acid solution and concluded that: ( a ) there must be a catalyst present, or ( b ) the CO2 was carried in some form other than bicarbonate. Brinkman, Margaria, and Roughton (1933) confirmed the view of Faurholt (1924) “ that in the range pH 0-8 the equation d [CO2] / dt = k [H2CO 3 ] - k ' [CO2], corresponding to the mechanism 1 mol CO2 + 1 mol H2O ⇄ 1 mol H2CO3, holds good”. The values of k and k ' given by Brinkman, Margaria, and Roughton are compared with those of Faurholt in Table I.
A Comparison of Long-Term Mortality for Off-Pump and On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Background—The survival difference between off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery for follow-up longer than 5 years is not well-understood. The objective of this study is to examine the difference in 7-year mortality after these 2 procedures. Methods and Results—The state of New York's Cardiac Surgery Reporting System was used to identify the 2640 off-pump and 5940 on-pump patients discharged from July through December 2000. The National Death Index was used to ascertain patients' vital statuses through 2007. A logistic regression model was fit to predict the probability of receiving an off-pump procedure using baseline patient characteristics. Off-pump and on-pump patients were matched with a 1:1 ratio based on the probability of receiving an off-pump procedure. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the 2 procedures were compared using the propensity-matched data, and the hazard ratio for death for off-pump in comparison with on-pump procedures was obtained. In subgroup analyses, the signif...
The New Politics of Accountability: Research in Retrospect and Prospect

This article describes the origins and goals for this special double issue of Educational Policy, which also represents the 2013 Politics of Education Association Yearbook. We provide an overview of each of the articles that comprise this issue and discuss key themes concerning the new politics of accountability that emerge when we consider the articles collectively. These themes include (a) accountability policy has expanded the number and diversity of political actors; (b) accountability policy has contributed to shifts in traditional alliances; (c) political actors are using traditional and new strategies to influence and respond to accountability policy; (d) accountability policy has altered institutional structures and norms, shifting the distribution of power and resources; (e) accountability policy creates more accountability policy; and (f) the focus on performance- or test-based based accountability has contributed to a decline in democratic accountability.
A rule-based view of query optimization

The query optimizer is an important system component of a relational database management system (DBMS). It is the responsibility of this component to translate the user-submitted query - usually written in a non-procedural language - into an efficient query evaluation plan (QEP) which is then executed against the database. The research literature describes a wide variety of optimization strategies for different query languages and implementation environments. However, very little is known about how to design and structure the query optimization component to implement these strategies.This paper proposes a first step towards the design of a modular query optimizer. We describe its operations by transformation rules which generate different QEPs from initial query specifications. As we distinguish different aspects of the query optimization process, our hope is that the approach taken in this paper will contribute to the more general goal of a modular query optimizer as part of an extensible database management system.
A trajectory tracking steer-by-wire control system for ground vehicles

The application of multi-disciplinary automotive technologies to hybrid vehicles has resulted in the integration of alternative propulsion sources and drive-by-wire components for enhanced ground vehicle performance, fuel economy, and occupant safety. The integration of steer-by-wire systems in vehicles facilitates autonomous and semi-autonomous operations, better lateral vehicle behavior, an adjustable steering "feel," and elimination of problems arising due to potential engine cycling. In this paper, a continuous time-varying tracking controller is designed for the vehicle's position/orientation using a simplified vehicle description and reference model for tracking. The tracking error is globally, exponentially forced to a neighborhood of about zero by transforming the system into a flat input-state system and then fusing a filtered tracking error transformation with the dynamic oscillator design. Mathematical models are presented for a steer-by-wire rack and pinion unit, vehicle chassis, and tire/road interface dynamics. Representative numerical results are discussed to demonstrate the vehicle's transient response for a prescribed trajectory profile.
Women and Justice for the Poor: A History of Legal Aid, 1863–1945

This book re-examines fundamental assumptions about the American legal profession and the boundaries between 'professional' lawyers, 'lay' lawyers, and social workers. Putting legal history and women's history in dialogue, it demonstrates that nineteenth-century women's organizations first offered legal aid to the poor and that middle-class women functioning as lay lawyers, provided such assistance. Felice Batlan illustrates that by the early twentieth century, male lawyers founded their own legal aid societies. These new legal aid lawyers created an imagined history of legal aid and a blueprint for its future in which women played no role and their accomplishments were intentionally omitted. In response, women social workers offered harsh criticisms of legal aid leaders and developed a more robust social work model of legal aid. These different models produced conflicting understandings of expertise, professionalism, the rule of law, and ultimately, the meaning of justice for the poor.
The Reaction of Carbon Monoxide with Horse Hemoglobin in Solution, in Erythrocytes, and in Crystals

Abstract Comparisons have been made of the rate of recombination of carbon monoxide with horse hemoglobin in solution, in erythrocytes, and in monoclinic crystals by means of flash photolysis. The results with solutions and erythrocytes showed close correspondence in rate and apparent activation energy. The effect of pH was also similar, "rapidly reacting" hemoglobin being observed at pH 9, whereas there was a biphasic reaction at pH 7. Crystals showed rapidly reacting behavior at pH 7 and gave the same rate over a range of of ammonium sulfate concentrations from 45% of saturation to 95% of saturation, as well as in "salt-free" crystals. This was in contrast to hemoglobin in solution, in which increasing salt concentration raised the activity of carbon monoxide. Control experiments with whale myoglobin in solution and in crystals yielded similar rates and activation energies for the two states. It is suggested that movement of subunits in relation to one another may be restricted in hemoglobin crystals as compared with hemoglobin in solution.
Food Regulation in the United States

This chapter provides an overview of food regulation in the United States translated into Mandarin Chinese by Sun Juanjuan. The chapter explains the origins of US food law, such as the Pure Foood and Drug Act of 1906, and how the law evolved over the subsequent 100 years. The basic workings of the United States legal system are explained as well as the various agencies involved in food regulation, and the statutory and constitutional limits on agency power. An overview of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act is covered combined with brief summaries of other food laws, such as the Federal Meat Inspection Act and the Poultry Products Inspection Act. This chapter appears in the book, Right to Food and Food Safety, edited by Du Gangjian.
Coefficient bounds for inverses of classes of starlike functions

We find sharp coefficient bounds for the inverses of functions of the form that satisfy . We also solve the inverse coefficient problem in the cases n = 2, 3, 4 for such functions that are starlike of order α 0 ≤α≤1, and conjecture the correct bounds for all n.
A comparison of synthetic seismograms

Abstract To provide a basis of comparison and calibration for many synthetic seismogram programs, time histories of the eight dislocation source and two explosion source Green9s functions are provided for simple earth models, computed using several different approaches. In addition, explicit forms of the wavenumber-frequency integrands are provided for an elastic half-space model. Each numberical technique for synthesis has imperfections. However, peak amplitudes agree to within 10 per cent, and waveform shapes are almost identical.
Optical surgical navigation for medulloblastoma

We have developed miniaturized confocal microscope designs coupled with wide-field fluorescence micorendocopes scopes for the detection of molecular probes to improve resection of medulloblastoma of children.
Ontogeny of point bars on a river in a cold semi-arid climate

During the extreme flood of May 1978 in Powder River, Montana, USA, three new point bars were created: two by meander cutoffs, and one by 65 m of lateral channel migration. By using annual cross-sectional surveys and by sampling sediment in dug trenches, we documented the creation of point-bar platforms upon which sediments were later deposited to create point-bar features that evolved with time. Our observations of point-bar growth and evolution on Powder River are compared with similar observations of other point bars in humid subtropical and subarctic climates. Powder River is a meandering alluvial river in a cold semi-arid climate, characterized by a diverse flow regime that includes occasional ice-jam floods in late winter, annual snowmelt floods in late spring, episodic flash floods in the summer, and infrequent floods in the fall. The building of the point-bar platform took place during a relatively short time span, by an apparently random process of deposition and erosion of unit bars during floods that gradually changed a concave channel surface to a convex surface upon which the point-bar features evolved. Point-bar features on Powder River were built by a superposition of multiple unit bars associated with five flood types over a period of years rather than during a single year. Erosion was found to be a significant process in the shaping of the point bars. Erosion varied spatially between point bars and temporally at multiple time scales over the 33 yr time span. Erosion at the decadal time scale indicated that on average 19%–41% of the initial deposits (older than 10 yr) were eroded. This quantification of erosion has implications for interpreting the geological record.
Signal Requirements for the Acquisition of Tumoricidal Competence by Chicken Peritoneal Macrophages

Abstract The present study was conducted to determine the tumoricidal potential of chicken macrophages. Sephadex-elicited peritoneal macrophages from 6-wk-old Cornell K-strain White Leghorn females (B15B15) were used as effector cells against three different 15 Cr-labeled tumor cell targets: LSCC-RP9 (B15B2), MDCC-CU14 (B19B2), and MDCC-CU25 (B17B17). Quantification of tumoricidal activity was done in a 16-h, Cr-release assay. Macrophages collected at 12, 24, and 42 h post-Sephadex stimulation failed to kill any of the tumor cell targets. However, macrophages treated with concanavalin A stimulated splenic cell supematants (lymphokines, LK) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were able to kill all three tumor cell targets in coculture experiments. Cell-free supematants collected from LPS and LK alone or combination-treated macrophages demonstrated cytolytic activity for both RP9 and CU25 tumor cell targets. The results of the study, therefore, suggest that chicken macrophages acquire tumoricidal competence if treated with macrophage activation signals such as LK, or LPS or both.
Staged ureterocolocolostomy urinary diversion.

Abstract Disappointing long-term experience with the ureterosigmoidostomy and ileal loop diversion has prompted our use of a staged ureterocolocolostomy in 3 adults with a good prognosis. Creation of a non-refluxing colon conduit was followed by conduit take-down and end-to-side colocolostomy 4 to 8 months later, when satisfactory loop function was documented (that is absence of reflux, obstruction and infection). Followup has shown stable renal function and electrolyte balance, as well as urinary/fecal continence. The staged ureterocolocolostomy, as opposed to the primary ureterosigmoidostomy, allows the partially obstructed urinary tract to decompress isolated from the fecal stream, may be used with established pyelonephritis, permits confirmation of the non-refluxing nature of the ureterocolic anastomosis prior to colocolostomy and may have a lower incidence of electrolyte imbalance. The staged procedure is contraindicated in patients with a poor prognosis, previously irradiated rectosigmoid, fecal incontinence or poor anal sphincter tone, inflammatory large bowel disease, inadequate ureteral length and strong family history of colon cancer.
Low sidelobe pseudo-orthogonal code sets through particle swarm optimization

Future and emerging radar systems are experiencing growing reliance on MIMO functionality in order to support demand for finer resolution and greater data collection under increasingly stringent spectral requirements. In order to support MIMO functionality while preserving spectral usage requirements, pseudo-orthogonal waveform sets are desired. In order to balance the complicated and often contradicting parameter requirements involved in creating pseudo-orthogonal waveform sets, a particle swarm-based optimization technique is introduced. This technique is shown to be applicable to several types of pseudo-orthogonal code sets, including a polyphase coded waveform set and a non-linear frequency modulated waveform set formed utilizing a novel parameterization method.
Back Pain after Epidural Anesthesia with Chloroprocaine in Volunteers: Preliminary Report

The incidence, character and treatment of backache associated with epidural anesthesia (EA) using 3% chloroprocaine (2-CP, Nesacaine-MPF) were observed in ten volunteers undergoing a study of the effects of EA upon plasma catecholamines. Three levels of epidural analgesia were sequentially sought, T10, T4 and C8, in ascending order. Each block was allowed to fully dissipate prior to the next injection. For the first, second and third injections, 15-20 ml, 25-35 ml and 52-60 ml, respectively, of 3% 2-CP were injected via an epidural catheter. Mean total volume of 2-CP injected was 103 ml (range, 92-115 ml) over seven hours. Back pain was first reported after as little as 15 ml (mean +/- SEM, 24.0 +/- 3.9 ml; range, 15-45 ml). The pain was described as a dull ache deep in the lumbar back, ranging in severity from mild to severe. No profound spasm of the erector spinae muscles was observed. Mean verbal analog scale pain scores after regression of the first, second and third blocks were 2.2, 4.3 and 6.5, respectively. Epidural fentanyl (100-200 micrograms) was effective in providing rapid relief of the pain. Large doses or possibly repeated injections of epidural Nesacaine-MPF are associated with an increased incidence and severity of postanesthesia lumbar back pain.