cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A role for certain mouse Aprt sequences in resistance to toxic adenine analogs

A mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line hemizygous for the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase gene (aprt) was exposed to ultraviolet light (UV) or to the alkylating agent, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Thirty eight cell lines retaining theaprt gene were isolated by selecting for resistance to 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP), an adenine analogue which selects against aprt activity. Of these, six cell lines distinguished by significant levels of aprt enzymatic activity after selection in DAP, were found to carry mutations in theaprt gene affecting the apparent Km of the enzyme for adenine in every cell line, and the apparent Km for phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in two of the six cell lines. The results indicate that the ability of these cells to survive in the presence of toxic adenine analogues while maintaining significant levels of aprt enzyme activity may be due to a reduced affinity for the adenine analogue, DAP. This biochemical analysis along with results obtained from sequencing theaprt gene from 31 DAP resistant cell lines with no detectable aprt activity were used to implicate certain amino acids within aprt in substrate binding. It was also determined that, in contrast to UV, EMS did not appear to exhibit any strand bias in the distribution of mutations.
Effects of Progestins and Glucocorticoids on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in the Uterus of the Neonatal Mouse

The effects of progestins and glucocorticoids on cellular proliferation were examined in the uterus of 5-day-old mice by monitoring either the labeling index (LI) after exposure to [methyl-3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR) in vivo or the mitotic index (MI) after colchicine-induced arrest of cells in metaphase. In untreated 5-day-old mice, epithelial LI was 31%, and stromal LI was 15%. Eighteen hours after a single ip injection of 40 mg/kg progesterone, epithelial LI was reduced to 2.3% and remained low for 48 h. Stromal LI increased transiently, reaching a zenith (40%) 18 h after administration of progesterone and returning to control levels by 24 h. When mitotic activity was assessed 24 h after progesterone treatment, epithelial MI was decreased (control, 3.1%; progesterone, 0.23%) and stromal MI was increased (control, 0.60%; progesterone, 2.1%). Thus, the measured effects on LI were indicative of altered proliferative activity of the tissues. Glucocorticoids also inhibited epithelial LI, but had no effect on stromal LI. Eighteen hours after a single ip injection, dexamethasone inhibited epithelial LI to the same extent as progesterone treatment. Corticosterone did not significantly decrease epithelial LI, while cortisol produced an intermediate inhibitory response. To determine whether the high baseline LI in uterine epithelium of neonatal mice was estrogen dependent, uteri of 1-day-old mice were grafted under the kidney capsule of ovariectomized adult mice. Eight days later, the hosts were treated with either progesterone or vehicle and then killed 18 h later. After labeling the tissue with [methyl-3H]thymidine in vitro, the mean LI of the epithelium of the grafted uteri was 11.5%, while that of the vehicle-treated hosts was 0.10%. Progesterone treatment reduced the LI of the grafted uterine epithelium to 1.0%. These data demonstrate that uterine tissues of the neonatal mouse proliferate rapidly in the absence of gonadal steroids. Progestins and glucocorticoids specifically inhibit this estrogen-independent DNA synthesis of uterine epithelium.
A group additivity approach for the estimation of heat capacities of organic liquids and solids at 298 K

A group additivity method is described which provides heat capacity estimates of the condensed phase. The data base consists of 810 liquids and 446 solids. Group values for carbon in various common substitution and hybridization states and for 47 functional groups are provided. The standard error of estimation using this approach on this data base is 19.5 (liquids) and 26.9 J/ (mole K) (solids). This can be compared to typical experimental uncertainties of 8.12 and 23,4 J/ (mole K) associated with these measurements, respectively. Experimental uncertainties were estimated from the numerical differences obtained for a given substance from multiple independent literature reports.
Inference and Explanation: Assessing the Likelihood of Conjunctive Events

-This study examined the effect of increasing the salience of alternatives in the use of inference and explanation sets when evaluating the likelihood of conjunctive events. Response mode (ranking or rating of events) was used to manipulate the salience of alternatives in a professional judgment context using a standard conjunction task. Participants were 196 experienced professionals and 192 undergraduate students. There was a significant interaction for attribution set x response mode. The different in conjunction effects between an inference and an explanation set was not observed when subjects were asked to rank events rather than to rate their likelihood. This finding provides evidence that a model of causal reasoning should include evaluating the strength of alternatives as well as the necessity and sufficiency of a possible cause.
The Concentration of I131 in the Bronchial Tree after Oral Administration of Tagged CaI2 and KI

SUMMARY A group of 12 patients having various bronchopulmonary diseases for which repeated bronchoscopy was indicated were given orally 5 ml. of aqueous solution containing radioactive calcium iodide and two weeks later the same group of patients received 5 ml. of solution containing an equal dose of iodine in the form of radioactive potassium iodide. The concentration of radioactive iodine in bronchial samples, the total urinary drug excretion, and the thyroid uptake were determined following the administration of radioactive iodine in each of the two forms. In each instance, the excretion in detectable amounts in bronchial aspirates was found at a 15 minute period following administration. The excretion appeared to continue for a period of four hours on the basis of the continued detectability of radio-iodine in aspirates at that time. The highest level of concentration of radioactive iodine was found at an interval of 30 minutes after administration of each drug. Throughout the period of study a higher concentration in bronchial secretion was found after the administration of calcium iodide than after the administration of potassium iodide. Total urinary drug excretion and thyroid uptake during the first 24 hours following the administration was not different following administration of the two drugs. These studies suggest that calcium iodide administered orally results in a rate of bronchial secretion greater than that which follows the administration of potassium iodide. Calcium iodide may be a preferable expectorant drug on this basis, even apart from the possible dangers of the administration of potassium salt for the same purpose.
Viscoelastic Behavior, Thermodynamic Compatibility, and Phase Equilibria in Block Copolymer-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives

Abstract The viscoelastic behavior, thermodynamic compatibility, and phase equilibria in block copolymer-based pressure-sensitive adhesives were investigated. The block copolymers investigated were: (1) polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene (SBS) copolymer (KRATON® D-1102, Shell Development Company) and (2) polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene (SIS) copolymer (KRATON® D-1107, Shell Development Company). The tackifying resins investigated were: (1) WINGTACK® 86 (Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company) and (2) PICCOTAC® 95BHT (Hercules Inc.). Samples of various compositions were prepared by a solution-casting method with toluene as solvent. Measurements of dynamic storage modulus (G″), dynamic loss modulus (G″), and loss tangent (tan δ) were taken, using a Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer. It was found that: (1) both WINGTACK 86 and PICCOTAC 95BHT were equally effective in decreasing the plateau modulus (G O N ), and increasing the glass transition temperature (Tg ) of the polyisoprene mi...
Fixed Enzymes, Application of the Study of Protein Structure and Function

There are several properties of bound enzymes which suggest their use in the study of protein structure and function. The enhanced stability and convenience of removal permits the use of immobilized proteases in the total hydrolysis and sequencing of polypeptides (1–4). The principal advantage of enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins is that the procedure employed allows the direct determination of labile residues. In conventional acid hydrolysis (110°, 6N HC1, 22 hrs) asparagine, glutamine, and tryptophan are completely destroyed. Glycosides and sulfate, phosphate or carboxylate esters are hydrolyzed. Moreover, as stated by Chin and Wold (4), there could be other labile components of proteins which have never been detected. Soluble enzymes have been used in total hydrolysis (5) but this approach is limited by the problems of autolysis or one enzyme degrading another. Immobilization prevents enzyme-enzyme interaction but allows enzyme-substrate interaction. In sequencing applications the principal advantage is that large amounts of enzyme may be used. Also, the enzyme may be readily separated from the digest. Eventually we hope to develop a sequencing system in which the digest is exposed to a series of bound carboxy-peptidases of varying specificity.
Measurement of Paretic–Lower-Extremity Loading and Weight Transfer After Stroke

Background: Weight bearing through, or “loading” of, the paretic lower extremity and transfer of weight from one lower extremity to the other are important impairment-level goals of stroke rehabilitation. Improvements in these limb-loading and weight-transfer abilities have been shown to relate to improved performance of many functional activities. Unfortunately, valid and practical clinical measures of paretic–lower-extremity loading and weight transfer have not been identified. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess convergent validity of the Step Test (ST) and the knee extension component of the Upright Motor Control Test (UMCe) as measures of paretic-limb loading and of the Repetitive Reach Test (RR) as a measure of weight transfer in the first 6 months after stroke. Design: This was a prospective cohort study of 33 adults with lower-extremity motor impairment following unilateral, noncerebellar stroke. Participants were tested one time per month from 1 to 6 months poststroke. Results: Scores on the ST (performed with the nonparetic leg as the stepping leg) and UMCe were positively correlated with peak vertical ground reaction forces (GRFs) beneath the paretic limb during functional tasks ( R 2=.35–.76 for the ST, pseudo R 2=.21–.34 for the UMCe). Scores on the RR were positively correlated with change in vertical GRF beneath the paretic limb during the diagonal reach task ( R 2=.45) and with weight-transfer time during stepping with the nonparetic limb ( R 2=.15). Conclusions: The ST, performed with the nonparetic leg as the stepping leg, is a valid measure of paretic-limb loading during stroke recovery. Of the clinical measures tested, the ST correlated most strongly with the force platform measures.
Disability compensation seeking among veterans evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder.

Objective: This study sought to further examine the relationship between compensation-seeking status and reporting of symptoms among combat veterans who were evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: Archival data were drawn for 320 adult male combat veterans who were consecutively evaluated at a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) PTSD outpatient clinic from 1995 to 1999. The veterans were compared on variables from their clinical evaluation, including diagnostic status and self-report measures such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, which includes scales designed to detect feigned or exaggerated psychopathology. Results: Compensation-seeking veterans reported significantly more distress across domains of psychopathology, even after the effects of income had been controlled for and despite an absence of differences in PTSD diagnoses between groups. However, compensation-seeking veterans also were much more likely to overreport or exaggerate their symptoms than were non-compensation-seeking veterans. Conclusions: This study provided further evidence that VA disability compensation incentives influence the way some veterans report their symptoms when they are being evaluated for PTSD. These data suggest that current VA disability policies have problematic implications for the delivery of clinical care, evaluation of treatment outcome, and rehabilitation efforts within the VA. (Psychiatric Services 54:84–91, 2003)
Energy absorption of a polyacrylic acid partial sodium salt-modified nanoporous system

We experimentally investigated the pressure-induced infiltration of a nanoporous silica-based energy absorption system modified by polyacrylic acid partial sodium salt (sodium polyacrylate). Under ambient conditions, sodium polyacrylate forms a soft matter with water. As the hydrostatic pressure increases, the dehydration of the soft matter occurs and the nanopores are filled by water molecules, accompanied by a significant energy dissipation. This result has fundamental scientific interest for understanding behaviors of confined liquids and great technological importance for developing advanced solid-like protective/damping materials.
Intestine-associated antigens in ovarian tumours: an immunohistological study.

The presence of 3 intestine-associated antigens, small intestine mucin antigen (SIMA), large intestine mucin antigen (LIMA) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was studied in the female genital tract and ovarian tumours by immunofluorescence. These antigens could not be detected in normal ovary, benign cysts of ovary, fallopian tube or endometrium, but both LIMA and CEA were present in endocervical glandular tissue. The antigenic cross-reactivity of endocervical and large bowel mucin may indicate a close embryological relationship between these organs during the cloacogenic stage. The 3 antigens could be demonstrated in mucinous tumours of the ovary but were absent in serous or mesonephroid tumours. In one of the 2 endometroid tumours CEA was the only detectable antigen. These observations confirm the presence of intestinal type of epithelium in cystic mucinous tumours of the ovary and explain the cross-reactivity of mucin of benign tumours of the ovary and mucin from colonic cancer, normal colonic mucosa ...
Mobilization of Bone Marrow–Derived Cells Enhances the Angiogenic Response to Hypoxia Without Transdifferentiation Into Endothelial Cells

Bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) have been implicated as a modifiers of vascular growth either directly by transdifferentiation into endothelial cells (ECs) or indirectly through growth factor release. To examine these possibilities under physiological conditions, we developed a model of hypoxia-mediated angiogenesis in the mouse spinotrapezius muscle. This allows whole-mount analysis; therefore, the morphology and location of BMCs within the vascular network may be observed along with differentiation markers. We exposed bone marrow transplant chimeric mice to hypoxia and treated a subset with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Exposure to hypoxia caused an 13% increase in capillary density relative to control. Hypoxia did not increase the overall number of muscle-resident BMCs, but did increase the number of rounded BMCs by 25%. There was no discernable BMC contribution to the endothelium, although some BMCs assumed a pericyte morphology around capillaries. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment further increased the number of round BMCs within the muscle and caused a 23% increase in angiogenesis. The results of this study suggest a potentially beneficial action of BMCs during hypoxia through paracrine release of growth factors but not transdifferentiation into ECs.
Response of Silicon Transmission Detectors to Monoenergetic Electrons

Silicon transmission semiconductor detectors with thicknesses of 191 and 530 ?m were exposed to normally incident electrons with energies of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 MeV. When the detector thickness is less than the incident electron range, the pulse-height distributions produced by the electrons in these detectors were characterized by an absorption peak and a relatively broad escape peak which was associated with transmission and reflection of electrons. Comparisons were made between the experimental pulse-height distributions and Monte Carlo results calculated for identical conditions. Good agreement was found between theory and experiment at 0.75 and 1.00 MeV; however, differences, that remain to be explained, appeared in the position of the escape peak at 0.25 and 0.50 MeV.
Redox and pH constraints in the subseafloor root zone of the TAG hydrothermal system, 26° N Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Abstract Experiments were conducted at 375–400 °C, 500 bars to assess the role of redox and pH on Fe, Cu and H 2 S concentrations at temperatures, pressures and total dissolved chloride concentrations applicable to the Trans-Atlantic Geo-Traverse (TAG) hydrothermal system at 26° N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The magnetite–bornite–anhydrite mineral assemblage imposed redox constraints, while pH was buffered with a 0.65 molal Na–K–Cl-bearing aqueous fluid coexisting with K-feldspar, muscovite and quartz. Results indicate a strong inverse correlation between dissolved Cu and H 2 S (aq) , whereas dissolved Fe is more sensitive to pH. Magnetite–bornite–anhydrite-fluid equilibria is characterized by unusually low mFe / mCu (molar) ratio and low H 2(aq) –H 2 S (aq) activities. To form this mineral assemblage during subseafloor hydrothermal alteration, however, requires elevated fluid / rock mass ratios, such that the ferrous iron and sulfur in the rock become sufficiently depleted to render pyrite and chalcopyrite unstable. The relatively high Cu concentrations, the low H 2 S (aq) and mFe / mCu ratios observed at TAG vent fluids are consistent with constraints imposed by magnetite–bornite–anhydrite-fluid equilibria at pH of approximately 4.9. Available chemical data confirm that the TAG hydrothermal system has experienced elevated fluid / rock mass ratios in keeping with the extent of mass transfer needed to generate oxidizing, low H 2 S (aq) conditions.
An integrative computational model of multiciliary beating

The coordinated beating of motile cilia is responsible for ovum transport in the oviduct, transport of mucus in the respiratory tract, and is the basis of motility in many single-celled organisms. The beating of a single motile cilium is achieved by the ATP-driven activation cycles of thousands of dynein molecular motors that cause neighboring microtubule doublets within the ciliary axoneme to slide relative to each other. The precise nature of the spatial and temporal coordination of these individual motors is still not completely understood. The emergent geometry and dynamics of ciliary beating is a consequence of the coupling of these internal force-generating motors, the passive elastic properties of the axonemal structure, and the external viscous, incompressible fluid. Here, we extend our integrative model of a single cilium that couples internal force generation with the surrounding fluid to the investigation of multiciliary interaction. This computational model allows us to predict the geometry of beating, along with the detailed description of the time-dependent flow field both near and away from the cilia. We show that synchrony and metachrony can, indeed, arise from hydrodynamic coupling. We also investigate the effects of viscosity and neighboring cilia on ciliary beat frequency. Moreover, since we have precise flow information, we also measure the dependence of the total flow pumped per cilium per beat upon parameters such as viscosity and ciliary spacing.
Sputum Desmosine During Hospital Admission for Pulmonary Exacerbation in Cystic Fibrosis

Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by structural changes in the airways and parenchyma. No sputum biomarker exists to measure the degree of active structural destruction during pulmonary exacerbation in patients with CF. The noninvasive measurement of desmosine, a breakdown product of elastin, may reflect ongoing lung injury and serve as a biomarker of short-term damage. Our objectives were to measure desmosine in the sputum of patients with CF hospitalized for treatment of a pulmonary exacerbation and to explore the correlation between desmosine levels and other markers of clinical improvement, including lung function and inflammatory mediators, following hospitalization. Methods Sputum and blood samples collected and lung function measurements were made at multiple time points during hospitalization. We used a repeated measures model, adjusted for age and time between measurements, to compare log-transformed sputum desmosine levels across multiple time points and to correlate those levels with related variables. Results Desmosine levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 71 expectorated sputum samples from 19 patients with CF hospitalized for 26 pulmonary exacerbations (range of results, 0 to 200 pmol/L desmosine/mL). Sputum desmosine levels decreased significantly during the first week of hospitalization (p = 0.04). Desmosine levels were positively associated with plasma C-reactive protein (ρ = 0.59; p = 0.03), sputum interleukin-8 (ρ = 0.86; p Conclusions Sputum desmosine, a novel measure of acute structural lung injury, may serve as a marker of structural lung damage occurring during exacerbations of lung disease in CF.
Analysis of the Carnegie Classification of Community Engagement: Patterns and Impact on Institutions.

This chapter describes the impact that participation in the Carnegie Classification for Community Engagement had on the institutions of higher learning that applied for the classification. This is described in terms of changes in direct community engagement, monitoring and reporting on community engagement, and levels of student and professor involvement in service learning and engagement projects.
Tectonic displacement and far-field isostatic flexure of pluvial lake shorelines, Dixie Valley, Nevada

Shoreline features formed by the late Pleistocene pluvial Lake Dixie in Dixie Valley, central Nevada, record crustal deformation resulting from isostatic rebound of the Lake Lahontan basin, and from Holocene and historic surface faulting. Constructional beach bars on the east side of Dixie Valley show eastward tilt of 0.16 m/km, indicating that lithospheric flexure due to isostatic rebound is symmetrical with the west side of the Lahontan basin. The tilt signal is potentially complicated by post-Lake Dixie fault displacements on the west side of the valley. However, elevation changes recorded geodetically across the analogous 1983 Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake ruptures suggest that coseismic deformation is probably not significant on the east side of the valley relative to the shoreline elevation uncertainties and the overall tilt signal. A survey of faulted shorelines on the west side of the valley suggest that previous fault slip rates estimated from an earlier survey of these same shorelines are in error by nearly a factor of two. Better constrained slip rates from elsewhere along the fault indicate Holocene vertical slip rates of 0.3–0.5 mm/a, consistent with estimates of long term slip rates on the Dixie Valley fault. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
What is an emotional feeling? Lessons about affective origins from cross-species neuroscience

Cross-species affective neuroscience aspires to provide an evidence-based foundation for understanding the primary-process emotional networks that concurrently control instinctual emotional actions and affective feelings—direct emotional circuit mediated ‘rewards’ and ‘punishments’. In humans and other mammals, the ancestral subcortical regions of the brain are central to such affective BrainMind functions (a monistic term, here used synonymously with MindBrain, depending on stylistic needs). Although these circuits cannot be ‘identical’ across species (that would be incompatible with evolutionary principles) they are sufficiently similar, anatomically, neurochemically and functionally, to allow animal brain research to illuminate (yield testable predictions) about homologous human mind functions. Primal emotional feelings (affects) are inbuilt value functions of the brain that energize and inform the rest of the mental apparatus about basic survival values, thereby promoting secondary-process learning/memory functions and tertiary-process cognitive thinking-ruminative functions, yielding bottom-up evolutionary controls that ultimately allow top-down regulatory controls. As we envision how such “nested” hierarchies—two-way paths of causality—reflecting both bottom-up and top-down functions—we will need disciplined distinctions between cognitions and emotions at the primary-process level, while also accepting total interpenetrance of cognitions and affects at the tertiary-process level of MindBrain organization. This allows full and synergistic integration of basic and dimensional approaches to emotions. Here the primal emotional networks, so critically important for understanding ‘human-nature’ and psychiatric disorders, are discussed didactically in ways that can minimize dilemmas that non-evolutionary, non-hierarchical perspectives are subject to in modern emotion research.
Distribution of Basement Membrane Molecules, Laminin and Collagen Type IV, in Normal and Degenerated Cartilage Tissues.

Objective:The objective of the present study was to investigate the presence and distribution of 2 basement membrane (BM) molecules, laminin and collagen type IV, in healthy and degenerative cartil...
Reliability, Validity, and Temporal Stability of the Geriatric Depression Scale in Hospitalized Elderly

The reliability, validity, and temporal stability of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) were studied in sixty-nine elderly patients who had their broken hips surgically repaired. The GDS demonstrated internal consistency reliability and concurrent validity with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. In addition, the GDS was stable across the hospital stay and thus appeared to be less influenced by the patients' acute health status.
Demonstration of a horseshoe-shaped longitudinal focal profile: publisher's note

The first equation in J. Opt. Soc. Am B 24, 1030 (2007) had a production error as published. The equation has been corrected online as of April 27, 2007.
The Effect of Injury to the Posterolateral Structures of the Knee on Force in a Posterior Cruciate Ligament Graft A Biomechanical Study

To determine whether untreated grade 3 posterolateral knee injuries contribute to a significant increase in force on a posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction graft, we measured the force on the graft during joint loading of a posterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knee with otherwise intact structures and then selectively cut the popliteofibular ligament, popliteus tendon, and the fibular collateral ligament. A posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was performed in eight fresh-frozen cadaveric knees. One end of the graft was fixed to a tensioning jig with a load cell used to measure force in the graft as loads were applied to the knee. The force on the graft was significantly higher with the posterolateral structures cut during varus loading at 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion than it was in the same joint under the same loading conditions but with the posterolateral structures intact. Additionally, coupled loading of posterior drawer force and external tibial torque at 30°, 60°, and 90° significa...
Direct Evidence of Lithium-Induced Atomic Ordering in Amorphous TiO2 Nanotubes

In this paper, we report the first direct chemical and imaging evidence of lithium-induced atomic ordering in amorphous TiO2 nanomaterials and propose new reaction mechanisms that contradict the many works in the published literature on the lithiation behavior of these materials. The lithiation process was conducted in situ inside an atomic resolution transmission electron microscope. Our results indicate that the lithiation started with the valence reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+ leading to a LixTiO2 intercalation compound. The continued intercalation of Li ions in TiO2 nanotubes triggered an amorphous to crystalline phase transformation. The crystals were formed as nano-islands and identified to be Li2Ti2O4 with cubic structure (a = 8.375 A). The tendency for the formation of these crystals was verified with density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The size of the crystalline islands provides a characteristic length scale (∼5 nm) at which the atomic bonding configuration has been changed within a short ti...
Hypergolic Reactions of TNT

One way being considered to destroy trinitrotoluene (TNT) land or surf mines is to exploit its reactivity using darts containing chemicals, which, upon contact with TNT, cause instantaneous decomposition, but not detonation. To determine the best candidates to fill the darts, liquids, specifically amines, which react in a hypergolic fashion with TNT were examined for both the rate of reaction and amount of energy released. Micro-calorimetry was used to measure heat release while spectroscopy and conventional peak intensity monitoring by chromatography were used to examine the rate of reaction. Calorimetry measurements showed little variation between different amines reacting with TNT (about 110–130 kJ mol−1 TNT). TNT reaction with hydride actually produced more heat than with amines. Further, dinitrotoluene (DNT), which generates substantial heat, did not undergo a hypergolic reaction with amines suggesting that heat release is not the controlling factor for the hypergolic reactions. Rate constants, determined for the loss of TNT in dilute acetonitrile solution, clearly showed distinctions among the amines. The more primary amine functionalities in the amine compound, the faster it destroyed TNT. Hydrides or amine mixtures spiked with hydride decomposed substantially faster than the amines alone. However, a direct correlation between reaction rate and time-to-ignition was not observed.
Selective particle ingestion by a filter-feeding fish and its impact on phytoplankton community structure†

The ingestion rates of filter-feeding gizzard shad for different sizes of suspended particles were measured using mixtures of microspheres and zooplankton. Ingestion rate increases as a function of particle size, leveling off at 60 pm. The particle-size-dependent ingestion rates were consistent with a model of filtering efficiency based on the cumulative frequency of interraker distances of gizzard shad gill rakers. Comparison of ponds containing gizzard shad with control ponds without fish showed that gizzard shad suppressed Ceratium, the only phytoplankton species large enough to be ingested at a maximum rate. Gizzard shad did not have a significant effect on populations of Synedra, Peridinium, Navicula, Kirchneriella, Cyclotella, and Chlamydomonas. Populations of Ankistrodesmus, Cryptomonas, Cosmarium, Rhodomonas, and algae and bacteria from 2-4 pm were enhanced by gizzard shad.
Adrenal cortical function studies in Cushing's syndrome due to nontumorous adrenocortical hyperfunction treated with pituitary irradiation.

ABSTRACT The response to Gel-ACTH Metopirone and dexamethasone suppression has been studied in 8 subjects with nontumorous adrenocortical hyperfunction with Cushing's syndrome. Four patients were clinically active and 4 were in complete clinical remission. All were treated with pitutary irradiation alone or in combination with unilateral adrenalectomy. After pituitary irradiation, serial studies of 4 subjects with active Cushing's syndrome revealed a progressive decreased hyperresponsiveness to stimulation with Gel-ACTH; 3 subjects responded in the same way to Metopirone. In 2 patients this occurred within 2 months after the completion of therapy, and in one subject it antedated any overt clinical improvement. In all 3 subjects in partial clinical remission after pituitary irradiation, the administration of 2 mg of dexamethasone daily for 3 days failed to suppress the urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticoids. In 2 of the 4 patients in complete clinical remission, a significant suppression of the urinary ...
Experiments in the Use of Stable Limit Sets for Parts Handling

Throwing and catching parts promises to be a powerful manipulation technique, but is analytically complicated by equations of motion involving friction and impacts. Traditional control techniques would suggest that one should directly consider the equations of motion and design inputs that produce a unique fixed point. Such analysis can be anywhere from tedious to intractable. However, one can show that some simple part manipulators exhibit limit set behavior, where the parts enter a set that is invariant under the mapping that corresponds to the throwing action. We show here that analyzing limit sets rather than the equations of motion provides a more user friendly method of analysis, yielding tractable methods for understanding and designing part manipulators. These methods are additionally related to the study of self-assembly, and we are able to "nearly" self-assemble parts. In particular, we use a experimental setup to investigate methods to throw parts into a stable assembly using binary feedback.
The relation of smoking, age, relative weight, and dietary intake to serum adrenal steroids, sex hormones, and sex hormone-binding globulin in middle-aged men.

The relationships of cigarette smoking, age, relative weight, and dietary intake to serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione, cortisol, 3-alpha-androstanediol, 3-alpha-androstanediol-glucuronide, testosterone, albumin-bound testosterone, free testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were examined cross-sectionally in 1241 randomly sampled middle-aged U.S. men. Compared with nonsmokers and independent of relative weight (body mass index) and age, cigarette smokers had increased serum levels of DHEA (18% higher, P = 0.0002), DHEAS (13% higher, P = 0.0007), cortisol (5% higher, P = 0.01), androstenedione (33% higher, P = 0.0001), testosterone (9% higher, P = 0.009), DHT (14% higher, P = 0.004), and SHBG (8% higher, P = 0.004). Androstenedione, total plasma testosterone, albumin-bound testosterone, DHT, and SHBG decreased with increasing relative weight. Age was positively associated with serum SHBG and negatively asso...
Evidence of fecal pollution of streams in Northwestern Mississippi

The presence of enteric bacteria in water is usually regarded as evidence of recent fecal contamination of water (APHA 1971; REVELLE and REVELLE 1974). From the relative populations of fecal coliform bacteria (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) in polluted water, GELDREICH and KENNER (1969) established the criteria for differentiating various sources of fecal wastes polluting water; FC:FS ratios of 4.00 or greater indicate water contamination by human fecal wastes whereas ratios of 1.00 or less indicate water contamination by fecal wastes from a variety of homeothermic animals comprising birds and terrestrial mammals. Intermediate ratios result from mixtures of varying proportions of human and animal fecal wastes in polluted water. On the basis of these criteria, SMITH and TWEDT (1973) determined the probable sources and population patterns of enterobacterial pollutants of rivers in southeastern Michigan. The findings reported here were obtained from a recent, preliminary survey of the microbial parameter in source water pollution in northwestern Mississippi.
The role of transitory starch in C3, CAM, and C4 metabolism and opportunities for engineering leaf starch accumulation

Essentially all plants store starch in their leaves during the day and break it down the following night. This transitory starch accumulation acts as an overflow mechanism when the sucrose synthesis capacity is limiting, and transitory starch also acts as a carbon store to provide sugar at night. Transitory starch breakdown can occur by either of two pathways; significant progress has been made in understanding these pathways in C(3) plants. The hydrolytic (amylolytic) pathway generating maltose appears to be the primary source of sugar for export from C(3) chloroplasts at night, whereas the phosphorolytic pathway supplies carbon for chloroplast reactions, in particular in the light. In crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, the hydrolytic pathway predominates when plants operate in C(3) mode, but the phosphorolytic pathway predominates when they operate in CAM mode. Information on transitory starch metabolism in C(4) plants has now become available as a result of combined microscopy and proteome studies. Starch accumulates in all cell types in immature maize leaf tissue, but in mature leaf tissues starch accumulation ceases in mesophyll cells except when sugar export from leaves is blocked. Proper regulation of the amount of carbon that goes into starch, the pathway of starch breakdown, and the location of starch accumulation could help ensure that engineering of C(4) metabolism is coordinated with the downstream reactions required for efficient photosynthesis.
The Equilibration of Short Baroclinic Waves

Abstract The life cycles of short baroclinic waves are investigated with the intention of completing a simple classification of nonlinear equilibration scenarios. Short waves become important in moist environments as latent heating reduces the scale of maximum baroclinic instability. Long-wave life cycles (wavenumber 6) were previously found to depend on details of the low-level momentum fluxes established during the earliest stages of development. These fluxes also serve as a focal point for the present study. For a realistic, zonally symmetric jet on the sphere, the normal-mode life cycle of a short wave (wavenumber 8) under both dry and moist conditions is described. Latent heating intensifies the low pressure system and frontal zones but does not alter the broader details of the life cycle. The normal modes have predominantly equatorward momentum fluxes, in contrast to the mainly poleward momentum fluxes of long waves. The short waves are more meridionally confined. The equatorward momentum fluxes dir...
The Cycles of Corporate Social Responsibility: An Historical Retrospective for the Twenty-First Century

Debates over Corporate Social Responsibility stretch from the 1930s to the twenty-first century, and have engaged some of the leading minds of the era. In the legal academy, these debates have tended to focus on whether corporate managers and directors should owe duties to shareholders alone, or whether the scope of their legal responsibilities should be widened to include employees, communities, consumers, and other "stakeholders" in the enterprises. But there is a problem with these debates: they rarely seem to have gone anywhere. Viewed in historical perspective, each new round of debate on corporate social responsibility seems merely to recapitulate earlier debates in a slightly altered form. This Article traces out these debates over corporate social responsibility in order to provide contemporary students of CSR a vantage-point from which they can critically evaluate their predecessors, and separate out the still-vital elements in those debates from the lost causes.
In-ground irrigation systems affect lawn-watering behaviors of residential homeowners

Urbanization is increasing the land area covered with turfgrasses, which may have implications for water quantity and quality. The largest sector of turfgrass is residential lawns. Our objectives were to compare lawn-irrigation perceptions, knowledge, and behaviors of residential homeowners with and without in-ground sprinkler systems (IGS and NIGS, respectively); homeowners were surveyed in three Kansas cities, each with distinctive water quantity and quality issues. Surveys were mailed to 15,500 homeowners in Wichita, 10,000 in Olathe, and 5000 in Salina; the return rate was 11% to 13%. Homeowners with IGS watered more frequently than NIGS; 67% to 90% of IGS and 19% to 31% of NIGS homeowners watered two to three times per week or more. More IGS homeowners watered routinely and applied the same amount of water each time than NIGS homeowners, who mostly watered and adjusted watering amounts based on lawn dryness. More IGS than NIGS homeowners wanted their lawn green all the time, followed lawncare guidelines, and considered their neighborhood appearance important. Among IGS homeowners, 41% to 54% claimed to know how much water their lawns required compared with only 29% to 33% of NIGS homeowners. However, 65% to 83% in both groups did not know how much water they applied when they irrigated. About 7% to 9% of homeowners swept or blew clippings or lawn-care products into streets or storm drains; this percentage was unaffected by whether they had IGS or not. All homeowners’ lawn irrigation knowledge and habits must be improved to help conserve water and protect water quality, but educational efforts should concentrate on IGS homeowners because they water more frequently.
Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Epitaxial Pb(Yb1/2Nb1/2)O3-PbTiO3 Films

(1−x)Pb(Yb1/2Nb1/2)O3−xPbTiO3 (PYbN-PT, x=0.5) epitaxial films were grown on (001)SrRuO3/(001)LaAlO3 and (111)SrRuO3/(111)SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. (001)PYbN-PT epitaxial films with high phase purity and good crystalline quality were obtained for a wide range of deposition rates (60-90 nm/min) and temperatures (620-680 °C). (111)PYbN-PT films were also obtained at temperatures in the range of 600 °C to 620 °C. The ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties were investigated on both (001) and (111) PYbN-PT films. The remanent polarizations of (001)PYbN-PT and (111)PYbN-PT films were as high as 34 μC/cm2 and 26 μC/cm2, respectively. On (001)PYbN-PT films with a thickness of 900 nm, an e31 coefficient of -13 C/m2 and an aging rate of 2.5% per decade were observed.
Ironing Out Parkinson’s Disease

Testing the hypothesis that an intermediate trait—iron concentration—causes a clinical endpoint such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a challenging problem. A randomized clinical trial is the standard strategy for determining causality but is not always feasible. An analogous experiment can be performed by using natural genetic variation in humans. This approach—called Mendelian Randomization (MR)—capitalizes on the fact that alleles segregating at meiosis assort randomly, in effect serving as a way to randomize patients to subgroups before they are exposed to any additional risk factors. This randomization allows for an assessment of causality, minimizing the issues of confounding and reverse causality that haunt standard observational epidemiology. The new report by Pichler and colleagues uses the MR approach to clarify the role for serum iron in the risk of PD. Before this study, the role of iron in the causation of or protection against PD was not clear. In patients with Parkinson’s, higher concentrations of iron had been observed in the substantia nigra and globus pallidus, parts of the brain that are central to the regulation of voluntary movement. However, the observational epidemiological studies correlating iron with PD risk were underpowered, generating heterogeneous risk assessments and leaving the precise role of iron uninterpretable. To close this gap in knowledge, the authors took advantage of three genetic variants whose alleles are strongly and reproducibly correlated with serum iron concentration in Europeans, based on large-scale genetic studies. The authors collected data on the association of these variants with PD, from over 20,000 PD cases and 88,000 controls. After applying MR analysis to these data, they found a causal and statistically significant effect, with a 3% reduction in the risk of PD for every 10 µg/ml increase in serum iron concentration. The authors emphasize that additional studies are necessary to confirm this initial finding, as well as to understand the mechanism for the effect of iron on PD risk, which was not addressed here. However, this study does provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that dietary or pharmacological interventions may be able to balance serum iron concentration with iron storage, as a strategy to decrease the risk of PD over a lifetime. I. Pichler et al ., Serum iron levels and the risk of Parkinson disease: A mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med . 10 , e1001462 (2013). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001462
Face-Centered-Cubic Large-Pore Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas with Unsaturated and Aromatic Bridging Groups

Large-pore ethenylene-bridged (-CH═CH-) and phenylene-bridged (-C(6)H(4)-) periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) with face-centered-cubic structure (Fm3m symmetry) of spherical mesopores were synthesized at 7 °C at low acid concentration (0.1 M HCl) using Pluronic F127 triblock copolymer surfactant in the presence of aromatic swelling agents (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, xylenes-isomer mixture, and toluene). In particular, this work reports an unprecedented block-copolymer-templated well-ordered ethenylene-bridged PMO with cubic structure of spherical mesopores and an unprecedented block-copolymer-templated face-centered cubic phenylene-bridged PMO, which also has an exceptionally large unit-cell size and pore diameter. The unit-cell parameters of 30 and 25 nm and the mesopore diameters of 14 and 11 nm (nominal BJH-KJS pore diameters of 12-13 and 9 nm) were obtained for ethenylene-bridged and phenylene-bridged PMOs, respectively. Under the considered reaction conditions, the unit-cell parameters and pore diameters were found to be similar when the three different methyl-substituted benzene swelling agents were employed, although the degree of structural ordering appeared to improve for phenylene-bridged PMOs in the sequence of decreased number of methyl groups on the benzene ring.
MAINTENANCE OF POLYMORPHISM PROMOTED BY SEX-SPECIFIC FITNESS PAYOFFS.

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