cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multipurpose Offshore Mining System (MOMS) For Sulfur Recovery In The Gulf Of Mexico

The bulk of America's sulfur is found in the limestones which caps saltdomes buried along the coast of Gulf of Mexico, and Offshore. Two-thirds of U.S. sulfur production from this region is accounted by the Frasch process. Essentially the Frasch technique of mining involves forcing hot water( 163\deg C)down and the sulfur up using three concentric pipes. The hot water is pumped doom the space between the 20.4 cm. and 10.2 cm. pipes. Also, compressed air is pumped down to facilitate recovery of sulfur. The sulfur deposits melt (at 114\deg C) and brought up with the help of pressurized steam and air. At present in a typical mining, one well can recover sulfur from about an half acre of dome area. In other words, new well must be drilled on a continuous basis and new pipelines laid to bring water and air, and carry off molten sulfur. So, the current mining practice, especially for sulfur is rather slow and therefore quite expensive. The proposed multi-purpose offshore mining system (MOMS) for sulfur recovery emphasizes deployment of solar-power panels aboard a drillship and keeps the principle of Frasch process virtually intact. The solar power would desalinate seawater using distillation technique, thereby making fresh water and salts as bye-products available on one hand, and electricity to turn fresh-water so obtained into steam for the Frasch-style mining on the other. The drillship would use dynamic positioning to warrant a continuous operation instead of a conventional "oil field style" fixed drilling from a production platform. The drill pipes would retain the three concentric pipes design. The multi-purpose mining system would be more economical and much more efficient than current mining, since it reduces cost stemming from laiding new pipelines for water, by recovering salts and fresh water as bye-products, and by eliminating the use of fossil-fuel as energy-source. And, most of all, the multi-system is mobil, so the mining operation can be virtually continuous from dome to dome. The proposed system would be most efficient in summer months.
Innominate artery lesions: Problems encountered and lessons learned

Although unusual, innominate artery lesions may present challenging problems. To classify the wide spectrum of problems requiring operation and elucidate certain principles of management, a series of 71 patients undergoing operation for innominate artery problems over a 20-year period was reviewed retrospectively. Occlusive disease (37 patients) was most common, usually presenting with neurologic or ocular symptoms. Other lesions included innominate aneurysm (three), aortic dissection involving the innominate artery (three), traumatic injuries (five), tracheoinnominate fistula (10), anomalous origin or tortuosity causing tracheal compression (six), involvement in mediastinal tumor or scar (six), and thromboembolus (one). The type of operative repair and mortality rate varied with the nature of the lesion. Overall 38 patients underwent transsternal repair, whereas 12 had extrathoracic bypass, 16 resection and oversewing, and five a pexy procedure. For occlusive disease, direct repair via median sternotomy gave best long-term results with an acceptable mortality rate (3.4%). Shunting was not required. Extrathoracic grafting proved safe but less durable and should be reserved for high-risk patients or special circumstances.
Large animal models for stem cell therapy

The field of regenerative medicine is approaching translation to clinical practice, and significant safety concerns and knowledge gaps have become clear as clinical practitioners are considering the potential risks and benefits of cell-based therapy. It is necessary to understand the full spectrum of stem cell actions and preclinical evidence for safety and therapeutic efficacy. The role of animal models for gaining this information has increased substantially. There is an urgent need for novel animal models to expand the range of current studies, most of which have been conducted in rodents. Extant models are providing important information but have limitations for a variety of disease categories and can have different size and physiology relative to humans. These differences can preclude the ability to reproduce the results of animal-based preclinical studies in human trials. Larger animal species, such as rabbits, dogs, pigs, sheep, goats, and non-human primates, are better predictors of responses in humans than are rodents, but in each case it will be necessary to choose the best model for a specific application. There is a wide spectrum of potential stem cell-based products that can be used for regenerative medicine, including embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, somatic stem cells, and differentiated cellular progeny. The state of knowledge and availability of these cells from large animals vary among species. In most cases, significant effort is required for establishing and characterizing cell lines, comparing behavior to human analogs, and testing potential applications. Stem cell-based therapies present significant safety challenges, which cannot be addressed by traditional procedures and require the development of new protocols and test systems, for which the rigorous use of larger animal species more closely resembling human behavior will be required. In this article, we discuss the current status and challenges of and several major directions for the future development of large animal models to facilitate advances in stem cell-based regenerative medicine.
Nonlinear Optimization with Many Degrees of Freedom in Process Engineering

Applications of nonlinear optimization problems with many degrees of freedom have become more common in the process industries, especially in the area of process operations. However, most widely used nonlinear programming (NLP) solvers are designed for the efficient solution of problems with few degrees of freedom. Here we consider a new NLP algorithm, IPOPT, designed for many degrees of freedom and many potentially active constraint sets. The IPOPT algorithm follows a primal-dual interior point approach, and its robustness, improved convergence, and computational speed compared to those of other popular NLP algorithms will be analyzed. To demonstrate its effectiveness on process applications, we consider large gasoline blending and data reconciliation problems, both of which contain nonlinear mass balance constraints and process properties. Results on this computational comparison show significant benefits from the IPOPT algorithm.
GABA transporter-1 (GAT1)-deficient mice: differential tonic activation of GABAA versus GABAB receptors in the hippocampus.

After its release from interneurons in the CNS, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is taken up by GABA transporters (GATs). The predominant neuronal GABA transporter GAT1 is localized in GA...
A heuristic evaluation of a World Wide Web prototype

The authors describe their experience with a method, heuristic evaluation, for testing the usability of a World Wide Web site design. Heuristic evaluation is one of the less formal methods of usability testing, and promises to be cheap, easy, and fast. For the most part the authors found this to be true, with some caveats.
Measuring Surface Pressure with Far Field Acoustics

This paper introduces a new method for measuring the spectral character of wall pressure fluctuations under turbulent boundary layers by measuring the sound that they radiate in the presence of hydrodynamically smooth sinusoidal ridges in the surface. The theoretical basis for the method and experimental tests demonstrating its viability are described. The sound spectrum radiated by the sinusoidal surface reveals a cut through the full three-dimensional wavenumber frequency spectrum of the wall pressure at the wavenumber of the surface. Since sinusoidal ridges can be made with very small wavelengths, this technique can be used to probe the structure of the wall pressure spectrum on scales far smaller than those that can be reached using conventional wall-mounted transducers. Furthermore, the method reveals the wavenumber frequency spectrum directly, without the need for multi-point measurements. The wall pressure wavenumber frequency spectra measured using this technique bear a close qualitative and quantitative similarity to Chase’s (1980, 1987) model forms, with the exception that they show a high frequency decay that occurs at different rates than assumed in the models. I. Introduction This paper introduces a new method for measuring the spectral character of wall pressure fluctuations under turbulent boundary layers by measuring the sound that they radiate in the presence of hydrodynamically smooth sinusoidal ridges in the surface. Following the analysis of Glegg and Devenport (2009), consider a textured surface in the y1,y3 plane with a surface elevation y2=[(y1,y3), subjected to a homogeneous fluctuating hydrodynamic pressure field, ps. As can be established directly from Lighthill’s equation, with an appropriate selection of the Green’s function, the pressure fluctuations will scatter off the surface generating sound. The pressure field associated with the sound p heard at position x and frequency Z is
Vibrio cholerae-Induced Inflammation in the Neonatal Mouse Cholera Model

Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the acute diarrheal disease of cholera. Innate immune responses to V. cholerae are not a major cause of cholera pathology, which is characterized by severe, watery diarrhea induced by the action of cholera toxin. Innate responses may, however, contribute to resolution of infection and must be required to initiate adaptive responses after natural infection and oral vaccination. Here we investigated whether a well-established infant mouse model of cholera can be used to observe an innate immune response. We also used a vaccination model in which immunized dams protect their pups from infection through breast milk antibodies to investigate innate immune responses after V. cholerae infection for pups suckled by an immune dam. At the peak of infection, we observed neutrophil recruitment accompanied by induction of KC, macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), NOS-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-17a. Pups suckled by an immunized dam did not mount this response. Accessory toxins RtxA and HlyA played no discernible role in neutrophil recruitment in a wild-type background. The innate response to V. cholerae deleted for cholera toxin-encoding phage (CTX) and part of rtxA was significantly reduced, suggesting a role for CTX-carried genes or for RtxA in the absence of cholera toxin (CTX). Two extracellular V. cholerae DNases were not required for neutrophil recruitment, but DNase-deficient V. cholerae caused more clouds of DNA in the intestinal lumen, which appeared to be neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), suggesting that V. cholerae DNases combat NETs. Thus, the infant mouse model has hitherto unrecognized utility for interrogating innate responses to V. cholerae infection.
Programmable Memory Trends in the Automotive Industry

Semiconductor memory has served as a driving force behind integrated circuit chip technology over the past three decades at the same time as it has revolutionized the computer, consumer electronics, and industrial electronics industries. Recent developments in low cost reprogrammable memory technologies have added new dimensions of flexibility, serviceability, customization, and intelligence to electronic subsystems. These features are of particular value to automobiles of the future. Uses of UV-erasable EPROM's, electrically erasable EEPROM's, and related Flash erasable EEPROM's are already beginning to revolutionize powertrain and embedded controller applications, and it is anticipated that they will rapidly pervade additional safety, driver information, and comfort applications in the coming decade. Reprogrammable memory is also expected to enable the "Intelligent automobile" of the future, capable of self diagnosis, repair, and navigation, as well as revolutionizing the driver vehicle interface.
Line-Item Veto: Where Is Thy Sting?

roponents of giving the president the authority to use a line-item veto argue that the institutional change is needed to limit special-interest legislation and restrain spending. Opponents respond that it would grant too much added power to the president, thereby upsetting the delicate balance wisely crafted by the founding fathers. This article focuses on the presumption, evidently shared by both sides in the debate, that adoption of item-veto authority will have significant consequences in terms of budget outcomes and the distribution of power.1 Curiously, there presently exists little empirical support for the presumption that item-veto authority is important. Most studies comparing states with various types of veto authority have failed to detect significant effects associated with item veto. Additional tests of our own are consistent with these results. After reviewing the empirical evidence, we reconsider the alleged effects of item-veto authority by seating the popular depiction in an explicit model of the budgetary process. Formal modeling exposes logical inconsistencies contained in popular veto discourse. Further, the model makes clear that the predicted consequences of item veto, commonly projected as ubiquitous, in fact arise only in select settings.
Electrical Conductivity of a Metal Dissolved in a Molten salt

A physical assumption concerning the role of the lattice order in electron scattering, together with a method for liquid metals, was used to calculate the resistivity of an alkali metal dissolved in a molten alkali halide in the region of small metal concentrations. Tbo valence electrons of the added metal become the conduction electrons of the system. Data for K in molten KBr and KI were presented. (C.E.S.)
Identification of host audit data to detect attacks on low-level IP vulnerabilities

Conventional host-based and network-based intrusion and misuse detection systems have concentrated on detecting network-based and internal attacks, but little work has addressed host-based detection of low-level network attacks. A major reason for this is the misuse detection systems dependence on audit data and the absence of low-level network data in audit trails. This work defines low-level IP vulnerabilities and distinguishes between low-level IP and IP-based vulnerabilities. Furthermore, we analyze a number of different low-level IP attacks and the vulnerabilities that they exploit. We develop attack signatures for each attack, and based upon our analysis, we determine a baseline collection of information needed to detect the attacks. We suggest locations within protocol stacks where the needed data can be collected. Finally, we generalize from the baseline audit data to try to predict audit content suitable not only for detecting these attacks, but possible future ones.
Detecting ‘Temperate’ Jupiters: the prospects of searching for transiting gas giants in Habitable Zones

Wide-field photometric surveys in search of transiting extrasolar planets are now numerous and have met with some success in finding hot Jupiters. These transiting planets have very short periods and very small semimajor axes, facilitating their discovery in such surveys. Transiting planets with longer periods present more of a challenge, since they transit their parent stars less frequently. This paper investigates the effects of observing windows on detecting transiting planets by calculating the fraction of planets with a given period that have zero, one (single), two (double), or ≥3 (multiple) transits occurring while observations are being taken. We also investigate the effects of collaboration by performing the same calculations with combined observing times from two wide-field transit survey groups. For a representative field of the 2004 observing season, both XO and SuperWASP experienced an increase in single and double transit events by up to 20–40 per cent for planets with periods 14 < P < 150 d when collaborating by sharing data. For the XO Project using its data alone, between 20–40 per cent of planets with periods 14–150 d should have been observed at least once. For the SuperWASP Project, 50–90 per cent of planets with periods between 14–150 d should have been observed at least once. If XO and SuperWASP combine their observations, 50–100 per cent of planets with periods less than 20 d should be observed three or more times. We find that in general wide-field transit surveys have selected appropriate observing strategies to observe a significant fraction of transiting giant planets with semimajor axes larger than the hot Jupiter regime. The actual number of intermediate-period transiting planets that are detected depends upon their true semimajor axis distribution and the signal-to-noise ratio of the data. We therefore conclude that the investment of resources needed to investigate more sophisticated photometry calibrations or examine single and double transit events from wide-field surveys might be a worthwhile endeavour. The collaboration of different transit surveys by combining photometric data can greatly increase the number of transits observed for all semimajor axes. In addition, the increased number of data points can improve the signal-to-noise ratio of binned data, increasing the chances of detecting transiting extrasolar planets.
Increases in cytoplasmic dopamine compromise the normal resistance of the nucleus accumbens to methamphetamine neurotoxicity

Methamphetamine (METH) is a neurotoxic drug of abuse that damages the dopamine (DA) neuronal system in a highly delimited manner. The brain structure most affected by METH is the caudate-putamen (CPu) where long-term DA depletion and microglial activation are most evident. Even damage within the CPu is remarkably heterogenous with lateral and ventral aspects showing the greatest deficits. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is largely spared of the damage that accompanies binge METH intoxication. Increases in cytoplasmic DA produced by reserpine, L-DOPA or clorgyline prior to METH uncover damage in the NAc as evidenced by microglial activation and depletion of DA, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and the DA transporter. These effects do not occur in the NAc after treatment with METH alone. In contrast to the CPu where DA, TH, and DA transporter levels remain depleted chronically, DA nerve ending alterations in the NAc show a partial recovery over time. None of the treatments that enhance METH toxicity in the NAc and CPu lead to losses of TH protein or DA cell bodies in the substantia nigra or the ventral tegmentum. These data show that increases in cytoplasmic DA dramatically broaden the neurotoxic profile of METH to include brain structures not normally targeted for damage by METH alone. The resistance of the NAc to METH-induced neurotoxicity and its ability to recover reveal a fundamentally different neuroplasticity by comparison to the CPu. Recruitment of the NAc as a target of METH neurotoxicity by alterations in DA homeostasis is significant in light of the important roles played by this brain structure.
Comparative Ototoxicity of Furosemide and Piretanide

The purpose of these studies was to compare the ototoxicity of piretanide to that of furosemide in the chinchilla. Chinchillas weighing 400 to 700 g were anesthetized with ketamine plus pentobarbital. Endocochlear potential (EP) was measured continuously by the round window approach using glass microelectrodes. Piretanide or furosemide injected through a jugular vein catheter in adults range from 10-100 mg/kg. Little or no change in EP was noted with doses below 15 mg/kg of either diuretic. The overall pattern of decline of EP was rather similar in piretanide-treated and furosemide-tnjected animals, and it was interesting to find that the dose-ototoxicity response curve for piretanide was similar to that for furosemide. The diuretic effect of equal ototoxic doses of either diuretic was equivalent. Both diuretics cause a decrease of endocochlear potential when applied locally to the round window membrane of the chinchilla as well as by systemic administration. These findings suggest that piretanide and fur...
Population vigor of a rare, wetland, understory herb in relation to light and hydrology1

Abstract Light and hydrology are believed to have important effects on the population vigor of the globally rare and declining plant Trollius laxus (Ranunculaceae), which occurs in both open and forested geogenous, calcareous wetlands (e.g., rich fens, northern white-cedar swamps) in the northeastern United States. In a forested peatland that supports the largest population of T. laxus worldwide, we explored the relationships between T. laxus vigor and both light (photosynthetic photon flux density) and hydrology at 30 subpopulations. Subpopulation vigor was quantified as abundance (plant and seedling counts), size (stem counts), and reproductive output (flower and follicle counts), and these 5 vigor variables were regressed on 14 light environment and 6 hydrology predictor variables. The two measures of reproductive output were related to a number of the predictor variables, but subpopulation size and abundance were not. Although T. laxus emerges and blooms early in the spring, subpopulation vigor showed...
Domain-specific codesign for embedded security

Systems with multiple design domains require codesign of application domains. Dedicated hardware processors implement the application domains and software integrates them. The authors use ThumbPod, a prototype embedded security application, for remote identification applications such as intelligent keys or electronic payments. The device combines security, biometrics, and networking domains. Additional software support consists of a dynamic application download using the Java application manager. Sun's K virtual machine offers an infrastructure for secure code download and execution. The virtual machine also integrates the cryptoprocessor through a native interface.
Mandatory Subjects of Bargaining: What Public Employee Boards and State Courts are Deciding

This article presents a review of the trends that have challenged or expanded the topics covered under mandatory subjects of bargaining as permitted by state and local public employers, state public employee relations boards, and the state courts. This review is not all inclusive; rather it focuses on discernible trends and relevant public administration research findings.
Improving Automated Email Tagging with Implicit Feedback

Tagging email is an important tactic for managing information overload. Machine learning methods can help the user with this task by predicting tags for incoming email messages. The natural user interface displays the predicted tags on the email message, and the user doesn't need to do anything unless those predictions are wrong (in which case, the user can delete the incorrect tags and add the missing tags). From a machine learning perspective, this means that the learning algorithm never receives confirmation that its predictions are correct---it only receives feedback when it makes a mistake. This can lead to slower learning, particularly when the predictions were not very confident, and hence, the learning algorithm would benefit from positive feedback. One could assume that if the user never changes any tag, then the predictions are correct, but users sometimes forget to correct the tags, presumably because they are focused on the content of the email messages and fail to notice incorrect and missing tags. The aim of this paper is to determine whether implicit feedback can provide useful additional training examples to the email prediction subsystem of TaskTracer, known as EP2 (Email Predictor 2). Our hypothesis is that the more time a user spends working on an email message, the more likely it is that the user will notice tag errors and correct them. If no corrections are made, then perhaps it is safe for the learning system to treat the predicted tags as being correct and train accordingly. This paper proposes three algorithms (and two baselines) for incorporating implicit feedback into the EP2 tag predictor. These algorithms are then evaluated using email interaction and tag correction events collected from 14 user-study participants as they performed email-directed tasks while using TaskTracer EP2. The results show that implicit feedback produces important increases in training feedback, and hence, significant reductions in subsequent prediction errors despite the fact that the implicit feedback is not perfect. We conclude that implicit feedback mechanisms can provide a useful performance boost for email tagging systems.
The Durable Internet: Preserving Network Neutrality Without Regulation

An important reason for the Internet's remarkable growth over the last quarter century is the "end-to-end" principle that networks should confine themselves to transmitting generic packets without worrying about their contents. Not only has this made deployment of internet infrastructure cheap and efficient, but it has created fertile ground for entrepreneurship. On a network that respects the end-to-end principle, prior approval from network owners is not needed to launch new applications, services, or content.In recent years, self-styled "network neutrality" activists have pushed for legislation to prevent network owners from undermining the end-to end principle. Although the concern is understandable, such legislation would be premature. Physical ownership of internet infrastructure does not translate into a practical ability to control its use. Regulations are unnecessary because even in the absence of robust broadband competition, network owners are likely to find deviations from the end-to-end principle unprofitable.New regulations inevitably come with unintended consequences. Indeed, today's network neutrality debate is strikingly similar to the debate that produced the first modern regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission. Unfortunately, rather than protecting consumers from the railroads, the ICC protected the railroads from competition by erecting new barriers to entry in the surface transportation marketplace. Other 20th-century regulatory agencies also limited competition in the industries they regulated. Like these older regulatory regimes, network neutrality regulations are likely not to achieve their intended aims. Given the need for more competition in the broadband marketplace, policymakers should be especially wary of enacting regulations that could become a barrier to entry for new broadband firms.
A Comparative Analysis of Optimization Strategies for a Power-Split Powertrain Hybrid Electric Vehicle

In this paper, two strategies based on the use of roadway traffic prediction data to optimize the energy consumption of Hybrid Electric Vehicles are compared. For both strategies, predictive traffic data is sent to the supervisory controller in order to adjust the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS). In the first approach, the predicted driving profile is divided into time horizons of equal length and the optimal control input is calculated for each of them. In the second approach, the control input is periodically recalculated, thus, adapting to changes in the predicted driving profile. While both strategies reduced energy consumption, the second approach showed its superiority with a maximum improvement of 6.85 %.
Home area network accountability with varying consumption devices in smart grid

Among the principals for securing smart grid infrastructure, accountability is one with lesser addressed concepts in smart grid literature. Even further, studies in the home area network are lacking in enforcement of accountable mechanisms as assigning responsibilities for devices’ actions are generally made the responsibility of the utility. This paper addresses accountability of devices in the home area network by providing a witness-based method for more accurate monitoring and estimation of the energy usage for devices whose power consumption varies while these devices are powered on. Algorithm analysis and simulation results show that the method is effective, and the method is well within the acceptable rate of error based on today's standards of estimation without need of previous knowledge of device profiles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid onset of diabetic nephropathy in three renal allografts despite normoglycemia.

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States. Renal transplantation is currently the treatment of choice for diabetic patients on renal replacement therapy. Current immunosuppression includes medications that are diabetogenic and place nondiabetic transplant recipients at risk for developing posttransplant diabetes mellitus and subsequent de novo diabetic nephropathy in the allograft. Here we present three patients who underwent a deceased donor renal transplant and developed posttransplant diabetes mellitus. In all three patients despite excellent glycemic control (HbA(1c) < or = 7%) and average tacrolimus trough levels less than 10 ng/ml, clinical and histologic de novo diabetic nephropathy developed within 2 years of the diagnosis of posttransplant diabetes mellitus. This is in contrast to other reported data in which the average time to onset of de novo diabetic nephropathy was approximately 10 years. Additionally, in other case series the average HbA(1c) was 8.4% in patients who developed diabetic nephropathy. It is possible that the metabolic milieu of transplant recipients warrants tighter glycemic control. The allograft is also susceptible to hyperfiltration injury which may accelerate the diabetic lesions even at normal glucose levels. Further studies are warranted to determine the optimum glycemic control in posttransplant diabetes mellitus.
Effect of Subsurface Vacancies on Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Pt-Based Alloys

Density functional theory is used to evaluate geometric and electronic effects of the presence of vacancies in subsurface layers of Pt-based alloys composed by a monolayer of Pt on top of an alloy core for bimetallic Pt/PtM/Pt3M (M = Co, Pd, Ir, Cu) and trimetallic Pt/M13M2 (M1, M2 = Pd, Cu; M1 ≠ M2) systems. Our model simulates metal porous structures arising after dealloying due to exposure of metal nanoparticles to oxidative conditions in acid medium. Enhanced oxygen reduction reaction activity experimentally observed in these structures is tested through the calculation of binding energies of O and OH. It is found that subsurface vacancies induce relatively weaker binding energies of O and especially of OH, and reduced Pt–Pt surface distances, which can explain the observed activity enhancement.
Interacting Multiple Model Estimation for Spacecraft Maneuver Detection and Characterization

As the number of spacecrafts performing orbital maneuvers has been increasing, the timely detection of the maneuver along with post-maneuver orbit characterization has become crucial for space situational awareness. In this paper, a new algorithm to detect and characterize maneuvering spacecrafts is proposed based on the interacting multiple model estimation. It is assumed that the types of possible maneuvers are finite and each maneuver is characterized by resulting change in the orbital elements. Under the assumption, the maneuvering spacecraft is modeled as a jump Markov nonlinear system having multiple modes, each of which describes the spacecraft’s motion subject to the corresponding orbital elements. Through the interacting multiple model estimation, the mode probabilities which represents how likely each mode is currently in operation are computed. The maneuver detection and the post-maneuver orbit characterization are then performed simultaneously by identifying the mode with the highest mode probability. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through numerical simulations.
Writing Method of the Article

There are two reasons to write the article. A profession must gain credibitiy so that physical therapists must develop the knowlege relating to the scientific method, The word science originates from the Latin scire which means to know. Research is the scientific method for finding the answer to question. This is an important method for physical therapists to improve the treatment and to find new technique. The other reason is that research encourages a critical attitude which is mandatory for the continued growth of a profession. To write the article, is must consider the following: title, abstract, key word, introduction, method, results, discussion, conclusion and reference. And then, when having finished the article, the author should check it on the eight items for the more excellent result.
High-speed limnology: Using advanced sensors to investigate spatial variability in biogeochemistry and hydrology

Advanced sensor technology is widely used in aquatic monitoring and research. Most applications focus on temporal variability, whereas spatial variability has been challenging to document. We assess the capability of water chemistry sensors embedded in a high-speed water intake system to document spatial variability. This new sensor platform continuously samples surface water at a range of speeds (0 to >45 km h–1) resulting in high-density, mesoscale spatial data. These novel observations reveal previously unknown variability in physical, chemical, and biological factors in streams, rivers, and lakes. By combining multiple sensors into one platform, we were able to detect terrestrial–aquatic hydrologic connections in a small dystrophic lake, to infer the role of main-channel vs backwater nutrient processing in a large river and to detect sharp chemical changes across aquatic ecosystem boundaries in a stream/lake complex. Spatial sensor data were verified in our examples by comparing with standard lab-base...
Breeding and Production Trial of Hybrid Rice,Guyou 2173

Guyou 2173 was developed by crossing the high quality 3-line male sterile Gufeng A with the restorer line,Fuhui 2173.The hybrid rice exhibited the desirable characteristics including population uniformity,good color change during mycelium ripening,high yield,stable yield,ecological adaptabilities and high seed production.It has been certified by Fujian Crop Variety Evaluation Committee(Sanming) in 2011.Fuhui 2173 was a result of crossing Shuhui 527 as the female parent with A227 in Hainan in the spring of 2003.The F1 derived from the combination was applied as the female parent to cross with HK01 in Fuzhou in the fall of this year.And then,its F3(HR328) and F4(ER435) were planted in the rice-blast-infected field at Shanghang for cultivars-screening.The selected plant lines were repeatedly cultivated for several generations in Shaxian and Hainan to assure cultivar stability.This paper presents the breeding procedures,hybrid characteristics and seed production of Guyou 2173.
Expression of MDM2 and P53 proteins in lung cancer tissue

Aim: To detect the expressions of MDM2 and P53 in lung cancer tissue and analyze the relationship of protein expression between MDM2 and P53. Methods: Western blot was used to detect the expression of MDM2 and P53 in 31 cases of lung cancer tissue and 21 cases of adjacent tissue. Results: The expressions of MDM2 and P53 protein in lung cancer tissue were significantly higher than those in adjacent tissue. In 31 cases of lung cancer tissue, the expression of MDM2 protein had positive correlation with the expression of P53 protein (r=0.432, P0.05). In lung squamous cancer tissue, 77.3%(17/22) cases had overexpression of MDM2 protein and 72.7%(16/22) cases had overexpression of P53 protein.Seven cases of lung adenocarcinoma had overexpression of both MDM2 and P53 proteins, and 1 case with small cell lung cancer and 1 case with big cell lung cancer had lower expression of MDM2 protein and overexpression of P53 protein. Conclusion: The overexpression of MDM2 protein in lung cancer tissue may be an important marker and play an important role in the development of lung cancer
Macroscopic Mass and Energy Balance for Nuclear Plant Diagnostics Using Fuzzy Logic

This paper presents a method for computer-assisted nuclear power plant failure diagnostics. The method is based on the analysis of macroscopic mass and energy balances in thermal hydraulic control volumes using fuzzy logic. The method is intended to provide assistance to operators during unanticipated transient conditions.
GenMatch: Secure DNA compatibility testing

We introduce GenMatch, a novel set of techniques based on hardware synthesis, for achieving efficient and scalable privacy-preserving genetic testing. Processing and handling sensitive genome data require methodologies to thwart possible attacks and data theft scenarios. The GenMatch secure genome testing method utilizes Yao's Garbled Circuit (GC) protocol and creates a formulation of the matching problem in a sequential GC format. Our formulation involves private matching of genome data by the GC protocol. Our method reduces the memory footprint of the secure computation such that it can be done in a resource-constrained devices like embedded platforms, rendering the method scalable and time-efficient. Proof-of-concept evaluations are performed on the application of matching Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) data for organ and tissue transplant compatibility between recipient and donors. This type of testing also has applications in ancestry testing and genetic matchmaking. HLA data of the recipient is matched with a database of possible donor HLA data while keeping the data from both parties private. Experimental results on real genome data demonstrate the practicability of GenMatch in terms of timing and communication complexity for HLA database in the order of million user profiles.
Infrared Absorption Spectra of Molecular Ions in Solid Argon

Molecular ions are of considerable chemical and physical interest for comparing the spectroscopic and bonding properties of neutral molecules with their positive and negative molecular ions. The study of molecular ions in the gas phase by photoelectron, photoionization mass and ion cyclotron resonance spectroscoies can be complemented by infrared and optical absorption spectra of the molecular ion trapped in a solid inert gas host. Further ion studies with tunable infrared lasers will be greatly aided by the vibrational data obtained for molecular ions in noble gas solids. The ion-matrix interaction is of fundamental and practical interest as matrix spectra of ions are related to the gas phase.
Human Kind in Literature

The prophets of suspicion have done their work. Ours is a time of profound skepticism and open cynicism with respect to both the profession and promise of ideals. Too often in the name of some seemingly worthy ideal, we have been led individually and collectively to the deepest and most devastating evils. Religious ideals of the sanctity of life and universal charity sour into zeal and foster self-righteous exclusion and persecution of the non-believer; political ideals of social and economic freedom calcify into operational ideologies which justify enslavement and genocide; moral ideals which acclaim a healthy community authorize censorship, repression, and bigotry.
Retargeted Foamy Virus Vectors Integrate Less Frequently Near Proto-oncogenes.

Retroviral gene therapy offers immense potential to treat many genetic diseases and has already shown efficacy in clinical trials. However, retroviral vector mediated genotoxicity remains a major challenge and clinically relevant approaches to reduce integration near genes and proto-oncogenes are needed. Foamy retroviral vectors have several advantages over gammaretroviral and lentiviral vectors including a potentially safer integration profile and a lower propensity to activate nearby genes. Here we successfully retargeted foamy retroviral vectors away from genes and into satellite regions enriched for trimethylated histone H3 at lysine 9 by modifying the foamy virus Gag and Pol proteins. Retargeted foamy retroviral vectors integrated near genes and proto-oncogenes less often (p 107 transducing units/ml), and unlike other reported retargeting approaches engineered target cells are not needed to achieve retargeting. As proof of principle for use in the clinic we show efficient transduction and retargeting in human cord blood CD34+ cells. The modified Gag and Pol helper constructs we describe will allow any investigator to simply use these helper plasmids during vector production to retarget therapeutic foamy retroviral vectors.
Recent Salient Literature Pertaining to the Use of Technology in Wheelchair Sports

Adapted sports are increasingly recognized as a potent rehabilitative tool for persons with disabilities (PWD), facilitating optimal levels of health and wellbeing. At the same time, increased participation in adapted sports stimulates concomitant growth in technology and innovation worldwide. Success in wheelchair sports is said to be dependent on three factors: the athlete, the wheelchair, and the interaction between the athlete and the wheelchair. Proper use of technology has the potential to impact all the three factors significantly. In recent years, researchers have focused on the investigation of technologies impacting user interface, equipment customization, injury prevention, and performance improvement. This article presents a review of recent publications with a technological focus, selected for their importance and relevance to the field of wheelchair sports (wheelchair rugby, basketball, tennis, handcycling, and wheelchair racing) and for their potential to inform the decision-making process of athletes, coaches, and other healthcare professionals active in the arena of adaptive sports.
Arctic ice management

As the Earth's climate has changed, Arctic sea ice extent has decreased drastically. It is likely that the late-summer Arctic will be ice-free as soon as the 2030s. This loss of sea ice represents one of the most severe positive feedbacks in the climate system, as sunlight that would otherwise be reflected by sea ice is absorbed by open ocean. It is unlikely that CO2 levels and mean temperatures can be decreased in time to prevent this loss, so restoring sea ice artificially is an imperative. Here we investigate a means for enhancing Arctic sea ice production by using wind power during the Arctic winter to pump water to the surface, where it will freeze more rapidly. We show that where appropriate devices are employed, it is possible to increase ice thickness above natural levels, by about 1 m over the course of the winter. We examine the effects this has in the Arctic climate, concluding that deployment over 10% of the Arctic, especially where ice survival is marginal, could more than reverse current trends of ice loss in the Arctic, using existing industrial capacity. We propose that winter ice thickening by wind-powered pumps be considered and assessed as part of a multipronged strategy for restoring sea ice and arresting the strongest feedbacks in the climate system.
Elementary Teachers Teaching History: A Tale of Two Teachers

Many of todayâ€™s children and youth find their school engagement with history to be boring or irrelevant. In todayâ€™s climate of standardized test and at a time when history and other social studies are viewed as second class subjects how do teachers make history interesting and relevant to students? This study investigates two teachers and their approach to teaching history. One teacher uses a traditional lecture and textbook method the other use a more active approach to engage students in learning history.
Improving the efficiency of allocating crowd donations with agent-based simulation model

Crowdfunding platforms are emerging as an important online social platform to raise capital and awareness for innovative projects. When considered as a general online social system, the goal of a crowdfunding platform is to efficiently allocate a large number of small funds to promising new projects. However, the efficiency of donation allocation and the success rate of projects can be influenced by the behavior of donors, such as how they evaluate each project and choose the projects to donate. To understand how such behavior could impact crowdfunding market, we developed an agent-based model of crowdfunding to investigate three factors, i.e., project visibility, noise of perceived project quality, and donor strategies. These factors may impact the efficiency of a crowdfunding platform.
A wrist-squeezing force-feedback system for robotic surgery training

Over time, surgical trainees learn to compensate for the lack of haptic feedback in commercial robotic minimally invasive surgical systems. Incorporating touch cues into robotic surgery training could potentially shorten this learning process if the benefits of haptic feedback were sustained after it is removed. In this paper, we develop a wrist-squeezing haptic feedback system and evaluate whether it holds the potential to train novice da Vinci users to reduce the force they exert on a bimanual inanimate training task. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups according to a multiple baseline experimental design. Each of the ten participants moved a ring along a curved wire nine times while the haptic feedback was conditionally withheld, provided, and withheld again. The realtime tactile feedback of applied force magnitude significantly reduced the integral of the force produced by the da Vinci tools on the task materials, and this result remained even when the haptic feedback was removed. Overall, our findings suggest that wrist-squeezing force feedback can play an essential role in helping novice trainees learn to minimize the force they exert with a surgical robot.
Impact Factor: A Curious and Capricious Metric

![Figure][1] In 2014, when the Journal first reached number 1 in impact factor (IF) for cardiovascular journals, I wrote that an editor’s first responsibility is to always publish original research and review articles that will have the greatest impact on our readers and on their clinical
The Coelomocytes of Asteroid Echinoderms

The cellular elements found in the coelomic fluid of asteroid echinoderms (sea stars or starfishes) have been the subject of numerous studies for almost a century. These cells, of which there are several types (Table 1), are collectively referred to as coelomo-cytes or coelomic corpuscles. They play diverse functional roles in the organism. The functions of these coelomocytes include: (1) delivery of nutrient materials to different parts of the body (Durham, 1891; Van der Heyde, 1922; Hyman, 1955; Ferguson, 1964a,b); (2) removal of waste materials (Durham, 1891; Cuenot, 1901; Kindred, 1924); (3) phagocytosis (Durham, 1888, 1891; Chapeaux, 1893; Cuenot, 1901; Kindred, 1924; Lison, 1930; Bang and Lemma, 1962; Ghiradella, 1965; Johnson and Beeson, 1966; Reinisch and Bang, 1971; Bang, 1973a); (4) immune responses (Ghiradella, 1965; Brusle, 1967; Reinisch and Bang, 1971; Hildemann and Dix, 1972; Bang, 1973b; Hildemann and Reddy, 1973; Hildemann, 1974; Hildemann et al., 1974; Reinisch, 1974; Bang, 1975; Karp and Hildemann, 1976); (5) clotting and wound healing (Geddes, 1880; Goodrich, 1920; Kindred, 1924; Boolootian and Giese, 1958, 1959; Johnson and Beeson, 1966; Bang, 1970; Jangoux and Vanden Bossche, 1975; Penn, 1979). The sea star coelomocytes contain a potent factor which reacts with vertebrate immune systems has been reported by Prendergast and Suzuki (1970), Prendergast et al. (1974), Willenborg and Prendergast (1974), and Prendergast and Liu (1976). That these cells may act in cooperation with the axial organ cells in promoting angiogenesis in vertebrates has also been implied (Leclerc et al., 1977).