cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approximate maxent inverse optimal control and its application for mental simulation of human interactions

Maximum entropy inverse optimal control (MaxEnt IOC) is an effective means of discovering the underlying cost function of demonstrated human activity and can be used to predict human behavior over low-dimensional state spaces (i.e., forecasting of 2D trajectories). To enable inference in very large state spaces, we introduce an approximate MaxEnt IOC procedure to address the fundamental computational bottleneck stemming from calculating the partition function via dynamic programming. Approximate MaxEnt IOC is based on two components: approximate dynamic programming and Monte Carlo sampling. We analyze this approximation approach and provide a finite-sample error upper bound on its excess loss. We validate the proposed method in the context of analyzing dual-agent interactions from video, where we use approximate MaxEnt IOC to simulate mental images of a single agents body pose sequence (a high-dimensional image space). We experiment with sequences image data taken from RGB and RGBD data and show that it is possible to learn cost functions that lead to accurate predictions in high-dimensional problems that were previously intractable.
A qualitative assessment of the impact of a uterine balloon tamponade package on decisions regarding the role of emergency hysterectomy in women with uncontrolled postpartum haemorrhage in Kenya and Senegal

Objectives To assess the impact of a every second matters for mothers and babies uterine balloon tamponade package (ESM-UBT) on provider decisions regarding emergency hysterectomy in cases of uncontrolled postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). Design Qualitative assessment and analysis of a subgroup extracted from a larger database that contains all UBT device uses among ESM-UBT trained health providers. Setting Health facilities in Kenya and Senegal with ESM-UBT training and capable of performing emergency hysterectomies. Participants All medical doctors who had placed a UBT for uncontrolled PPH subsequent to implementation of ESM-UBT at their facility, and who also had the capabilities of performing emergency hysterectomies. Primary outcome measures The impact of ESM-UBT on decisions regarding emergency hysterectomy in cases of uncontrolled PPH. Results 30 of the 31 medical doctors (97%) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were independently interviewed. Collectively the interviewed medical doctors had placed over 80 UBT devices for uncontrolled PPH since ESM-UBT implementation. All 30 responded that UBT devices immediately controlled haemorrhage and prevented women from being taken to emergency hysterectomy. All 30 would continue to use UBT devices in future cases of uncontrolled PPH. Conclusions These preliminary data suggest that following ESM-UBT implementation, emergency hysterectomy for uncontrolled PPH may be averted by use of uterine balloon tamponade.
The impact of balance-focused attitudes on job stress: Gender differences evidenced in American and Chinese samples

Based on gender role expectations model, we examined how balance-focused attitudes would affect job stress by influencing individuals' perceptions of family interference with work (FIW), and investigated whether a gender difference would exist in the relationships among balance-focused attitudes, FIW and job stress. Using two independent samples from the United States and China, we found support for the indirect influence of balance-focused attitudes on job stress, through FIW. Participants with balance-focused attitudes experienced lower levels of job stress as they perceived less interference from family to work. As expected, such indirect effect was more pronounce among male participants, meaning that the male participants benefited more from having balance-focused attitudes. Discussion, theoretical and practical implications are provided.
The Impact of Race on Intensity of Care Provided to Older Adults in the Medical Intensive Care Unit

African-Americans and Hispanics receive disproportionately less aggressive non-critical treatment for chronic diseases than their Caucasian counterparts. However, when it comes to end-of-life care, minority races are purportedly treated more aggressively in Medical Intensive Care Units (MICU) and are more likely to die there. We sought to determine the impact of race on the intensity of care provided to older adults in the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) using the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28 (TISS-28) and other MICU interventions. This is a prospective study of a cohort of 309 patients aged 60 years and older in the MICU. Interventions such as mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, new onset dialysis, feeding tubes, and pulmonary artery catheterization were recorded. Primary outcomes were TISS-28 scores and MICU interventions. Non-white patients were younger and had more dementia and delirium although there was no difference in ICU mortality. The amount of critical care delivered to non-white and white patients were equivalent at p ≤ 0.05 based on their respective TISS-28 scores. Non-white patients received more renal replacement therapy than white patients. Our study adds to the growing body of literature demonstrating that the relationship between race, patient preference, and the intensity of care provided in MICUs is multifaceted. Although prior studies have reported that non-white populations often opt for more aggressive care, the similar proportions of non-white and white “full code” patients in this study suggests that this idea is overly simplistic.
Building 'La Comunidad': The Role of Community Organizations in the Political Socialization of Native Born and Immigrant Latinos

This paper utilizes the Latino National Survey to explain the relationship between community organizations - ethnic and non-ethnic - on the political socialization of native born and immigrant Latinos. As immigrant populations continue to increase, they pose a unique strain on current political socialization practices in American society. This paper analyzes the effect of participatory and volunteer organizations like the PTA, unions, church groups and ethnic clubs on the political socialization of Latinos, both foreign and native born. Considering the role that civic engagement plays on political participation, this paper seeks to explore how community involvement yields engagement with the larger process of political socialization. As institutions premised on establishing communities, churches, PTAs and other such groups provide unique lessons to immigrant and native born Latinos on how to engage in American society. I establish that the racialized status and immigrant experience of immigrants complicates their political socialization in ways that differ from even native born Latinos. In this paper, I thus argue and find that the conditions and subsequent political socialization that immigrants experience are affected differently by exposure to community organizations than their native born counterparts.
Hurricane Katrina: Addictive behavior trends and predictors

OBJECTIVES: Post-disaster trends in alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking, as well as their predictors, were identified. Methods. Data from cross-sectional and panel surveys of African American adults in New Orleans, Louisiana, were used from before (2004: n = 1,867; 2005: n = 879) and after (2006a: n = 500; 2006b: n = 500) Hurricane Katrina. RESULTS: Alcohol consumption increased significantly from pre- to post-Hurricane Katrina, while cigarette smoking remained constant. In 2006, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was associated with cigarette smoking, whereas "news attention" and "provided social support" were inversely associated with cigarette smoking. "News attention" was also inversely associated with cigarette smoking frequency, while "neighborliness" was associated with alcohol consumption. In addition, the effects of PTSD on alcohol consumption were moderated by "neighborliness." CONCLUSIONS: In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, there were complex predictive processes of addictive behaviors involving PTSD, news information, and social capital-related measures. Language: en
Effect of Statistical Counting Errors on Wavelength Criteria for X-Ray Spectra.

Various features of the spectral profile of an x-ray line can be measured with an uncertainty which is only a small fraction of the observed line width. With recent improvements in measurement techniques, statistical errors due to the random fluctuations of the intensities in counter recordings may become significant. The present study considers the effect of such errors on several features of the line profile which could be used for definition of its wavelength. These may be broadly classified into three groups, viz, the peak, the centroid, and the median. In the present analysis the statistical errors associated with these features are compared theoretically, with the assumption of negligible error in angular measurement. Certain systematic errors are also briefly examined. The effects of truncation range, asymmetry, and background intensity are considered, as well as possible optimization of the data-taking procedure. In general, σ, the standard deviation of the wavelength, is given by σ/W = F/(I p T)1/2, where W is the full width at half-maximum intensity, I p the peak intensity, T the total counting time, and F a dimensionless factor of the order of unity. Thus F may be regarded as a factor of merit for comparing the various cases, a low value of F being desirable. When the form of the line profile is known a priori, it is usually best to make use of this knowledge; e.g., a Lorentzian can be thus fitted with F ≈ 0.8 for any of the three wavelength features. Using optimized truncation ranges and including the error in locating end points, one obtains approximately this same F for the centroid or median even without prior knowledge of the profile. In the latter case the value of F for the peak usually ranges from about 1.6 to 2.1. However, the peak is less subject to certain systematic errors and is preferable from the viewpoint of simplicity and historical precedent. It is recommended that use of the peak be continued at present; further study of the problem from the viewpoint of atomic energy level interpretation would be desirable.
Aberrant nuclear immunoreactivity for TFE3 in neoplasms with TFE3 gene fusions: a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical assay.

We report the aberrantly strong nuclear immunoreactivity for the C-terminal portion of TFE3 protein in tumors characterized by chromosome translocations involving the TFE3 gene at Xp11.2. This group of tumors includes alveolar soft part sarcoma and a specific subset of renal carcinomas that tend to affect young patients. They contain fusion genes that encode chimeric proteins consisting of the N-terminal portion of different translocation partners fused to the C-terminal portion of TFE3. We postulated that expression of these fusion proteins may be dysregulated in these specific tumors and detectable by immunohistochemistry. We performed immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antibody to the C-terminal portion of TFE3 in 40 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors characterized by TFE3 gene fusions, including 19 alveolar soft part sarcoma (of which nine were molecularly confirmed) and 21 renal carcinomas with cytogenetically confirmed characteristic Xp11.2 translocations and/or fusion transcripts involving TFE3 (11 PRCC-TFE3, 7 ASPL-TFE3, 3 PSF-TFE3). We also screened 1476 other tumors of 64 histologic types from 16 sites for TFE3 immunoreactivity using tissue microarrays and evaluated a broad range of normal tissues. Thirty-nine of 40 neoplasms characterized by TFE3 gene fusions (19 of 19 alveolar soft part sarcoma, 20 of 21 renal carcinomas) demonstrated moderate or strong nuclear TFE3 immunoreactivity. In contrast, only 6 of 1476 other neoplasms labeled for TFE3 (sensitivity 97.5%, specificity 99.6%). Nuclear immunoreactivity in normal tissues was extremely rare. We then applied this assay to a set of 11 pediatric renal carcinomas for which only paraffin-embedded tissue was available, to assess if morphologic features could predict TFE3 immunoreactivity. Of the eight cases in which we suspected that a TFE3 gene rearrangement might be present based on morphology, seven scored positive for nuclear TFE3 labeling. Of the three tumors whose morphology did not suggest the presence of a TFE3 gene fusion, none showed nuclear TFE3 labeling. In summary, we find that nuclear immunoreactivity for TFE3 protein by routine immunohistochemistry is a highly sensitive and specific assay for neoplasms bearing TFE3 gene fusions. Furthermore, the finding in our set of test cases (i.e., that morphologic features can be used to predict TFE3 immunoreactivity) further supports the notion that renal carcinomas with TFE3 gene fusions have a distinctive morphology that corresponds to their genetic distinctiveness. Carcinomas associated with TFE3 gene fusions may account for a significant proportion of pediatric renal carcinomas, and this immunohistochemistry assay may help to clarify their true prevalence.
Quantitative Prothrombin and Hippuric Acid Determinations as Sensitive Reflectors of Liver Damage in Humans.

ConclusionIn the human subjects here studied, without biliary obstruction of biliary fistulae, the quantitative levels of plasma prothrombin and the amounts of hippuric acid excreted following the ingestion of a known quantity of sodium benzoate would seem to have reflected most sensitively and consistently the degree of liver damage existing. There was no such suggestive correlation or relationship observed between these tests and the plasma fibrinogen levels, the bromsulphalein dye clearance or galactose utilization, either singly or collectively, when all were studied in the same patient.
Laboratory analysis of stardust.

Tiny dust grains extracted from primitive meteorites are identified to have originated in the atmospheres of stars on the basis of their anomalous isotopic compositions. Although isotopic analysis ...
The Detection Rate of Successful Aging of Elderly Retired Officers of PLA in Shijiazhuang and Influencing Factors

Objective To investigate the detection rate of successful aging of elderly retired cadres in troops stationed in Shijiazhuang and to analyze the influencing factors.Methods The cross-sectional survey was performed for1086 male retired cadres over 80 years old during August 1 and December 16,2010 in troops stationed in Shijiazhuang.Results The detection rate of successful aging was 11.6% in elderly male veterans; smoking,drinking tea,regular exercise and participation of social activities significantly affect rate the successful aging rate(P 0.05).Conclusion The elderly veterans over 80 years old have the high detection rate of successful aging and good cognitive function because of a scientific lifestyle,diversified daily activities,good medical care and social environment.
Influence of SCN1A Gene Mutation on Age of Onset of Febrile Seizures in GEFS

Twelve multigenerational families with the generalized epilepsy and febrile seizure plus (GEFS+) syndrome and a known clinically relevant epilepsy gene mutation were examined for age of onset of febrile seizures (FS or FS+), in a study at the University of Melbourne, Australia, and centers in the Netherlands and Israel.
Molecular Typing of Treponema pallidum in Ocular Syphilis.

BackgroundSyphilis can have many clinical manifestations, including eye involvement, or “ocular syphilis.” In 2015, an increase in reported cases of ocular syphilis and potential case clusters raised concern for an oculotropic strain of Treponema pallidum, the infectious agent of syphilis. Molecular
Conceptual Design of a Lunar Regolith Clustered-Reactor System

It is proposed that a fast-fission, heatpipe-cooled, lunar-surface power reactor system be divided into subcritical units that could be launched safely without the incorporation of additional spectral shift absorbers or other complex means of control. The reactor subunits are to be emplaced directly into the lunar regolith utilizing the regolith not just for shielding but as the reflector material to increase the neutron economy of the system. While a single subunit cannot achieve criticality by itself, coordinated placement of additional subunits will provide a critical reactor system for lunar surface power generation. A lunar regolith clustered-reactor system promotes reliability, safety, and ease of manufacture and testing at the cost of a slight increase in launch mass per rated power level and an overall reduction in neutron economy when compared to a single-reactor system. Additional subunits may be launched with future missions to increase the cluster size and power according to desired lunar base power demand and lifetime. The results address the potential uncertainties associated with the lunar regolith material and emplacement of the subunit systems. Physical distance between subunits within the clustered emplacement exhibits the most significant feedback regarding changes in overall system reactivity. Narrow, deep holes will be themore » most effective in reducing axial neutron leakage from the core. The variation in iron concentration in the lunar regolith can directly influence the overall system reactivity although its effects are less than the more dominant factors of subunit emplacement.« less
Interconnect devices for field programmable gate array

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) use interconnect devices to link logic blocks ranging from single transistors to macrocells. Interconnect devices in use today include MOSFET (SRAM), floating gate memory devices, dielectric and amorphous silicon antifuses. Comparative characteristics of the interconnect devices are discussed. >
Multimodal fusion vulnerability to non-zero effort (spoof) imposters

In biometric systems, the threat of “spoofing”, where an imposter will fake a biometric trait, has lead to the increased use of multimodal biometric systems. It is assumed that an imposter must spoof all modalities in the system to be accepted. This paper looks at the cases where some but not all modalities are spoofed. The contribution of this paper is to outline a method for assessment of multimodal systems and underlying fusion algorithms. The framework for this method is described and experiments are conducted on a multimodal database of face, iris, and fingerprint match scores.
Drugs That Act on the Immune System: Cytokines and Monoclonal Antibodies

Abstract This chapter serves as a review of publications in 2015 as they pertain to adverse drug events associated with cytokines and monoclonal antibodies. Large studies as well as case reports detailing previously unknown adverse effects are summarized for bone morphogenetic proteins, colony-stimulating factors, thrombopoietin agonists, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor alfa antagonists and many monoclonal antibodies. New monoclonal antibodies included in this edition are catumaxomab, daratumumab, dinutuximab, elotuzumab, evolocumab, idarucizumab, mepolizumab, necitumumab, nivolumab, ramucirumab and secukinumab.
Opportunities to Promote Primary Prevention of Post Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Respiratory Morbidity in the Premature Infant

It is increasingly recognized that any preterm delivery at <37 weeks gestation can result in altered lung development and adverse respiratory outcomes with potential long-term consequences and premature lung aging over time. Although the extremely preterm infant (<28 weeks,<1000 g) has received intense research focus due to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, lung development is a continuum, and late preterm infants (34°/7–36 6/7 weeks gestation) constitute the majority of all preterm deliveries. Because lung function tracks from infancy through early adulthood along percentiles established very early in life, the prevention of respiratory morbidity in preterm infants depends on perinatal and early life strategies to protect and maximize lung growth and development. Factors adversely affecting lung development can occur before pregnancy through early childhood. This chapter will provide an overview of preconceptual, prenatal, perinatal, and early postnatal factors known to be important in lung development and therefore critical to the prevention of respiratory morbidity in the premature infant, with particular emphasis on the late preterm infant. When available, evidence-based information for primary prevention and public health interventions targeting modifiable factors will be presented, and areas of future research will be summarized.
Speech Perception: Neural Encoding

The encoding of speech signals in the responses of auditory neurons is described. This article focuses on the discharge patterns of auditory nerve fibers (ANFs). ANFs represent spectral shape and the temporal envelope of signals including speech in the spatial and temporal pattern of discharge rate. ANFs also preserve information about the fine structure of the stimulus waveform by means of synchronized discharges; this information is important for processing speech in the presence of simultaneous competing sounds. The relation between the representation of normal acoustic speech and of speech processed and delivered by intracochlear electrical stimulation is discussed.
Analysis of moisture, oil, and fatty acid composition of olives by near-infrared spectroscopy: development and validation calibration models.

Olive is a new, expanding crop in Georgia. Its oil content steadily increases with maturity, but eventually plateaus at the maximum when the olives should be promptly harvested, avoiding overripening and quality degradation. This requires frequent testing. However, olive quality analysis by wet chemistry is laborious, slow and costly, whereas near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), being precise, accurate, rapid and cheap, could be suitable. We developed and validated NIRS calibration models for moisture, fresh-matter-oil (oil-FMO), dry-matter-oil (oil-DMO) and major fatty acid composition analyses.; Results: Of the12 models developed, seven constituents - moisture, oil-FMO, oil-DMO, and palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic acids (representing 88-97% of the total fatty acids) had low standard errors and high coefficients of determination (R2 = 0.81-0.98; 1 - VR = 0.74-0.86) for both calibration and cross-validation. For these seven constituents, predictions of an independent validation set yielded excellent agreement between the NIRS predicted values and the reference values with low standard error of prediction (SEP), low bias, high coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.80-0.93) and high ratios of performance to deviation (RPD = SD/SEP; 2.21-3.85).; Conclusion: Precise, accurate and rapid analysis of fresh olives for moisture, oil and major fatty acid composition can be done at a low cost using NIRS, meeting the analytical needs of the industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
A semi-synthetic regulon enables rapid growth of yeast on xylose

Nutrient assimilation is the first step that allows biological systems to proliferate and produce value-added products. Yet, implementation of heterologous catabolic pathways has so far relied on constitutive gene expression without consideration for global regulatory systems that may enhance nutrient assimilation and cell growth. In contrast, natural systems prefer nutrient-responsive gene regulation (called regulons) that control multiple cellular functions necessary for cell survival and growth. Here, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by partially- and fully uncoupling galactose (GAL)-responsive regulation and metabolism, we demonstrate the significant growth benefits conferred by the GAL regulon. Next, by adapting the various aspects of the GAL regulon for a non-native nutrient, xylose, we build a semi-synthetic regulon that exhibits higher growth rate, better nutrient consumption, and improved growth fitness compared to the traditional and ubiquitous constitutive expression strategy. This work provides an elegant paradigm to integrate non-native nutrient catabolism with native, global cellular responses to support fast growth.
Dependence of wettability on brine composition in high temperature carbonate rocks

Abstract Laboratory experiments and small-scale field tests have shown that injection of low salinity brine can improve oil recovery from carbonate rocks. Contact angle studies, spontaneous imbibition and core flood experiments indicate that wettability alteration is responsible for this process. In this study, the core-scale manifestation of wettability mechanisms is evaluated, and a geochemical model is developed for further insight into reaction pathways. Brines of different compositions were injected into carbonate cores with no oil and the effluent was analyzed for ionic composition. Seawater, sulfate-rich seawater, and dilutions of seawater were tested. A mechanistic model was developed using our in-house reservoir simulator UTCHEM-IPHREEQC for the wettability alteration process. The model changes core wettability according to the adsorbed naphthenic acid concentration on the rock surface, which is controlled by the brine composition. The model was used to match previously published two-phase flow experiments. The single-phase core floods with test brines indicate retention of SO42− within the core. Calcite dissolution is prominent in ultra-dilute seawater injection. The relative permeability parameters for oil-wet and water-wet conditions were different, but the same for all the core floods. Model results were in good agreement with single-phase core floods and oil recovery experiments. Sulfate adsorption and calcium dissolution led to naphthenic acid desorption which in turn altered core wettability. Single-phase core floods reached equilibrium within 2 pore volumes (PV) of injection. Two-phase core floods with seawater and sulfate enriched seawater took longer to reach equilibrium, only after 3–4 PV. Oil-displacing ultra-dilute brine injection experiments did not reach equilibrium in 5 PV, particularly the Ca2+ ions, due to slow calcite dissolution.
Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Chlorpromazine

The discovery of chlorpromazine in the early 1950s revolutionized the clinical treatment of schizophrenia, galvanized the development of psychopharmacology, and standardized protocols used for testing the clinical efficacy of antipsychotics. Furthermore, chlorpromazine expanded our understanding of the role of chemical messaging in neurotransmission and reduced the stigma associated with mental illness, facilitating deinstitutionalization in the 1960s and 1970s. In this review, we will discuss the synthesis, manufacturing, metabolism and pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, structure–activity relationship, and adverse effects of chlorpromazine. In conclusion, we summarize the history and significant contributions of chlorpromazine that have resulted in this potent first-generation antipsychotic maintaining its clinical relevance for nearly 70 years.
From a database of genomes to a forest of evolutionary trees.

Inferring adaptation, migration and population history would be profoundly easier if we could use the genomes that we sequence to infer the true genealogical history of each locus. Two new papers bring us close to achieving this goal.
Quality and Safety in Health Care, Part LXXI: Peer Review, Ongoing Professional Practice Evaluation, and Focused Professional Practice Evaluation.

ABSTRACT Peer review can be utilized to increase the quality of care for patients by upgrading the performance of all the providers by identifying learning opportunities. Peer review can identify providers whose care is below the standard of care and recommend actions to correct the situation. Peer review is also important to satisfy requirements of the government and The Joint Commission. Ongoing professional practice evaluation and focused professional practice evaluation have been required since 2008 to help insure that providers are rendering excellent care, and the results of these evaluation procedures are also utilized in privileging decisions.
Digital storytelling: facilitating learning and identity development

This study examines how digital storytelling facilitated students’ reflection and learning in a project-based year-end middle school capstone program. It also explores how students expressed their voices, identities, and emotions using the multimodal resources available in digital stories. Using qualitative case study methods, the study draws on interviews, observations, and artifacts to analyze two focal cases. It uses a framework derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics to analyze the digital stories. The findings show how two students used text, images, sound, animations, emojis, and other resources to present and remix messages about the subject matter and about themselves. One student enacted a teacher role as she presented to a group of third graders. The other enthusiastically engaged with peers through a culinary project that used math in cooking, in which he shared a Salvadoran pancake from his home country. The study shows how embedding digital storytelling projects in a school curriculum can engage learners with a wide range of expressive resources while also enhancing students’ motivation, creativity, identity development, and connection with others.
Computed Tomographic Validation of the Center-Center Radiographic Technique for Syndesmosis Fixation Axis Alignment in Normal Ankles

Background:Ankle syndesmotic ligament injury is an important factor affecting clinical outcome after lower extremity injury with as little as 2 mm of syndesmotic displacement leading to worse clini...
Tolerable Suboptimization: Racial Consequences of Defunding Public Universities:

We argue that the public defunding of public higher education and turn to private revenue streams—for example, non-resident tuition, grants, philanthropy, and corporate sponsorship—generates organi...
Prison Theatre and the Right to Look.

The Phoenix Players Theatre Group (PPTG) was founded in 2009 by incarcerated men at the Auburn Correctional Facility in Upstate New York. This article explores PPTG’s work using Nicholas Mirzoeff’s...
Learning from COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities for International Education in Community Colleges

In 2020, United States (U.S.) community colleges had to swiftly make changes to educational programs and alter teaching mobilities as a response to COVID-19 that profoundly impacted international e...
Intensity Statistics: a Fingerprint for Waves Evolution in the Diffusion Regime

We demonstrate that intensity statistics is nonstationary in diffusive regimes of waves in reflection from random media. A statistical model based on recurrent scattering and near field coupling is proposed and confirmed experimentally.
Learning Optimal Power Flow Solutions using Linearized Models in Power Distribution Systems

Solving nonlinear optimal power flow (OPF) problem is computationally expensive, and poses scalability challenges for power distribution networks. An alternative to solving the original nonlinear OPF is the linear approximated OPF models. Although, these linear approximated OPF models are fast, the resulting solutions may result in significant optimality gap. Lately, the application of machine learning (ML) methods in successfully solving the nonlinear OPF has been reported. These methods learn and estimate the nonlinear control policies using a purely data-driven approach. In this paper, we propose an approach to complements the ML based approach to solving OPF using solutions from known linearized OPF model. Specifically, we use supervised learning to map the solutions of linear OPF to nonlinear control variables. Unlike, the traditional ML based methods for OPF that approximate the full distribution feeder model using function approximation, our approach uses a two-node approximation of radial networks. The proposed approach is validated using IEEE 123 bus test system for OPF solutions obtained using the nonlinear OPF models.
Role of the "Calculated Risk" in Earthwork and Foundation Engineering

The meaning of the term calculated risk is first explored and the terms unknown risk and human risk are introduced. Several case histories are then reviewed for the purpose of demonstrating the importance of risks in earthwork and foundation engineering. The final section deals with the question of how to cope with risks, with emphasis on the use and abuse of Boards of Consultants for projects involving great hazards to life and property.
Do Strict Regulators Increase the Transparency of the Banks

We investigate the role of regulatory incentives on the enforcement of financial reporting transparency in the U.S. banking industry. The previous literature suggests that banking regulators use discretion to facilitate regulatory forbearance. Yet, is not clear whether these actions result from lax oversight or whether they are necessary to prevent further financial instability. Using a novel measure of the quality of regulatory enforcement, we show that strict regulators are more likely to enforce income-reducing reporting choices by forcing banks to restate their overly aggressive call reports. Further, we find that the effect of regulatory strictness on accounting enforcement is strongest in periods leading up to economic downturns and for banks with riskier asset portfolios. Overall, the results from our analyses are consistent with the notion that regulatory incentives play an important role in enforcing financial reporting transparency, particularly in periods leading up to economic crises.
Progress and Problems in the Immunodiagnosis of Helminthic Infections

Publisher Summary The chapter presents a discussion on progress and challenges in the immunodiagnosis of helminthic infections. The chapter states that because of limitations of available diagnostic procedures, there occurs a lack of reasonably accurate comparative data on the prevalence, geographic distribution, and intensity of human helminthiases throughout the world. Unequivocal diagnoses of helminthic infections can be made only by finding and identifying the characteristic parasites in the excreta or in the tissues of the host. However, depending upon the location and habits of the etiologic agent and upon the type and extent of the host-parasite interaction, the direct method of diagnosis may be very expensive, difficult, unreliable, or completely impractical. The chapter also discusses that progress in the development of immunodiagnostic methods for parasitic infections, as for bacterial and viral infections, has depended upon the nature of the host-parasite relationship. Most helminths do not multiply within their hosts. In several species, the life cycle is such that the worms never achieve the parenteral habitat essential to antigenicity. Even those species that undergo host tissue migration may fail to satisfy the requirements for the stimulation of antibody production, unless the number of larvae migrating simultaneously is of sufficient magnitude to provide the necessary minimum threshold quantity of antigen.
Inhibitors of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Galactosyltransferase Inhibit Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Interaction with Their Target Cells

We previously suggested that cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) surface galactosyltransferase (Gal-Tase) may participate in the adhesion between CTL and target cells (1). Gal-Tase catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDP-GA1 to N-acetylglucosamine on the specific oligosaccharide chain of the acceptor molecule. Gal-Tase exhibits specificity for both sugar donor and acceptor molecules. On transferring the donor sugar to the acceptor molecule, the newly glycosylated product exhibits poor affinity for the acceptor binding site of the enzyme and Gal-Tase disassociates from its product. Since sugar nucleotides are not normally present in the extracellular fluids, the availability of extracellular donor sugar nucleotide frequently limits glycosyltransferase catalysis. Hence acceptor glycoproteins may interact with the glycosyltransferase acceptor binding site and form a stable enzyme-substrate complex which is only reversible after the donor sugar-nucleotide becomes available and initiates catalysis. If this suggestion is true, we would expect that inhibitors of Gal-Tase would inhibit CTLs from adhering to their specific target cells and from killing the target cells. Table 1 Effect of UDP-Dialdehyde on Galactosyltransferase and on CTL Activity UDP-Dialdehyde Concentration (moles) Gal-Tase Activity (% Inhib) CTL Killing Activity (% Inhib) CTL Conjugate Formation (% Inhib) 10−4 5×10−4 10−3 35 60 75 11 51 107 12 52 73 Control Gal-Tase activity was 11.7 ± 3.7 pmoles/million cells, control CTL killing activity was 50.4 ± 3.7% , and control CTL conjugate formation was 22 ± 5.0%.
Role of p27 in prostate carcinogenesis

The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27 binds to and inhibits preferentially S-phase kinases thereby halting cell cycle progression. Loss of p27 expression has been shown to be associated with aggressive behavior in a variety of human epithelial tumors including prostate cancer. In this review, the role of p27 in cell cycle progression as well as its regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway are discussed. The experimental evidence pointing to the role of p27 as a tumor suppressor gene is outlined. The data generated to date on the prognostic significance of loss of p27 protein expression in human prostate cancers are summarized. Finally, the implications of the changes in p27 expression which occur as a result of androgen ablation in normal and neoplastic prostate are discussed.
Effects on processing by drop-in modifiers in nano-composite polymers

Abstract : One of the greatest barriers in transitioning new or altered polymers to commercial application is the cost of new equipment for processing or the cost of developing parameters for the new material. One solution is developing "drop-in" modifiers that alter the properties of presently used materials without altering the processing parameters or requiring exotic equipment. Over the last decade the Air Force Research Laboratory has studied how the Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS) can be incorporated as blendables in industrial polymers like polypropylene to improve properties without sacrificing the ease of processing. This talk will detail the processing method (drying, blending, extruding and molding) of Octamethyl POSSI polypropylene nanocomposites. The degree of compatibility was established with visual methods.
Survivability and effectiveness of near-term strategic defense

This paper examines the survivability and effectiveness of space-based defensive missiles --- a rapidly evolving technology --- on a quantified basis. The effectiveness and costs of attack and defense are estimated and cost-exchange ratios are calculated in differing configurations. Various moves and countermoves are compared. Low-weight, self-reliant defensive missiles are found to be most effective. The advantages of the development of decoys for defensive missiles and of a small pilot deployment are discussed. 13 refs., 3 figs.
Vinylmetallics as Ligands : I. The preparation of some alkylvinylsilane and alkylvinyltin complexes of copper(I) chloride

Abstract The compounds, (CH3)3SiCHCH2·CuCl,(CH3)3SnCHCH2·CuCl,(CH3)2Si(CHCH)2)2·2 CuCl, (CH3)2Sn(CHCH2)2·2 CuCl, and (C4H9)Sn(CHCH2)2·2 CuCl are prepared by allowing the neat vinylmetallic to react with copper(I) chloride. The new π-complexes are characterized by elemental analysis and by IR and NMR spectroscopy. A bonding schme is proposed to explain the unusual liability of these complexes.
An Investigation of Turbulent Heat Exchange in the Subtropics

Abstract : The long-term goal is to improve our understanding of heat and moisture exchange in the tropics through direct estimates of the fluxes and their related mean variables. The flux of heat across the coupled boundary layers is primarily accomplished by small-scale processes that are parameterized in numerical models. The ultimate goal is to improve the Navy s predictive capabilities in the tropics through an improved understanding of the processes driving the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO).
The US Inertial Confinement Fusion Program recent results and future plans

The near-term goal of the US Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Program is to achieve thermonuclear ignition and moderate gain ( 50) thermonuclear burn for both military and energy applications. The paths to these goals are coincident in the near-term. The objective of the driver technologies development effort is to develop a driver that will couple its energy to a DT capsule so as to create the physical conditions necessary for DT ignition and burn. As no single driver currently meets all driver requirements, there are four technologies under study: light ions, heavy ions, glass lasers, and KrF lasers. The US program has emphasized its most mature technology, the glass laser, which is considered to be the quickest route to the ignition goal. An aggressive theoretical and experimental campaign is being pursued to resolve the remaining target physics issues for laser-driven ICF necessary to consider construction of the 1-2 MJ Nova Upgrade ignition facility. Other driver options are also explored. >
Fundamentals of Error-Correcting Codes

Preface 1. Basic concepts of linear codes 2. Bounds on size of codes 3. Finite fields 4. Cyclic codes 5. BCH and Reed-Soloman codes 6. Duadic codes 7. Weight distributions 8. Designs 9. Self-dual codes 10. Some favourite self-dual codes 11. Covering radius and cosets 12. Codes over Z4 13. Codes from algebraic geometry 14. Convolutional codes 15. Soft decision and iterative decoding Bibliography Index.
The Collapse of the Railway Mania, the Development of Capital Markets, and Robert Lucas Nash, a Forgotten Pioneer of Accounting and Financial Analysis

It is well known that the great Railway Mania in Britain in the1840s had a great impact on accounting. This paper contributes a description and analysis of the events that led to this revolution, and of the key role played by Robert Lucas Nash in those events. He was a pioneer in accounting and financial analysis, providing studies on the financial performance of railways that were more penetrating and systematic than those available to the public from any one else. His contemporaries credited him with precipitating a market crash that led to one of two dramatic changes in accounting practices that occurred in the late 1840s. Yet his contributions have been totally forgotten.The collapse of the Railway Mania provides interesting perspectives on the development of capital markets. The accounting revolution was just one of the byproducts of the collision of investors' rosy profit expectations with cold reality. Shareholders' struggles to understand, or, more precisely, to avoid understanding, the inevitability of ruin, have many similarities to the events of recent financial crashes. The Railway Mania events thus provide cautionary notes on what even penetrating accounting and financial analysis reports can accomplish. Railway share price behavior suggests that Nash's contributions had a much smaller effect than his contemporaries gave him credit for.A shortened version of this manuscript (shortened primarily through the deletion of the abstracts) has appeared under the title "The collapse of the Railway Mania, the development of capital markets, and the forgotten role of Robert Lucas Nash" in Accounting History Review (formerly Accounting, Business & Financial History), vol. 21, no. 3, Nov. 2011, pp. 309-345.
Influenza A virus interaction with murine lymphocytes: III. Recirculating rat T and B cells differ on the basis of receptors for Cam (H1N1) virus☆

Abstract The presence of receptors for influenza A viruses on rat lymphocytes was determined by autoradiography using radioiodinated Cam (H1N1) and Japan 305 (H2N2) strains. With Cam influenza only 20 to 30% of TDL from normal donors bound the virus, whereas nearly all the cells had binding sites for Japan influenza. However 125 I-Cam readily attached to B-TDL (cells obtained from adult thymectomized, lethally irradiated, and bone-marrow-reconstituted rats) and under optimal conditions 75 to 90% of these lymphocytes became labeled. The incidence of labeled B-TDL was reduced 90% by pretreatment of 125 I-Cam with fetuin or pretreatment of cells with unlabeled Cam virus. Fractionation of TDL from normal rats via the nylon wool column technique revealed that the incidence of Cam binding lymphocytes increased from 12% in the nonadherent population (7% Ig + ) to 72% in the adherent fraction (86% Ig + ). Thus among recirculating lymphocytes B cells, but not the vast majority of T cells, had receptors for this agent. It was also found that Cam influenza attached to approximately 70% of spleen and bone marrow mononuclear cells, 39–47% thymocytes and 14–21% lymph node lymphocytes. The results demonstrate the existence of heterogeneity among lymphocytes with respect to their capacity to interact with influenza A subtypes and indicate that subpopulations of lymphocytes can be differentiated on the basis of receptors for Cam influenza virus.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Protein-Ligand Interactions in Complex Biological Mixtures using a Shotgun Proteomics Approach

Shotgun proteomics protocols are widely used for the identification and/or quantitation of proteins in complex biological samples. Described here is a shotgun proteomics protocol that can be used to identify the protein targets of biologically relevant ligands in complex protein mixtures. The protocol combines a quantitative proteomics platform with a covalent modification strategy, termed Stability of Proteins from Rates of Oxidation (SPROX), which utilizes the denaturant dependence of hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidation of methionine side chains in proteins to assess the thermodynamic properties of proteins and protein-ligand complexes. The quantitative proteomics platform involves the use of isobaric mass tags and a methionine-containing peptide enhancement strategy. The protocol is evaluated in a ligand binding experiment designed to identify the proteins in a yeast cell lysate that bind the well-known enzyme cofactor, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). The protocol is also used to investigate the protein targets of resveratrol, a biologically active ligand with less well-understood protein targets. A known protein target of resveratrol, cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase, was identified in addition to six other potential new proteins targets including four that are associated with the protein translation machinery, which has previously been implicated as a target of resveratrol.
Finite element analysis of a class of problems in finite elastoplasticity based on the thermodynamical theory of materials of type N

Abstract This paper describes a finite element approximation scheme for computing finite elastoplastic deformations of a hypothetical class of materials referred to as materials of type N. Kinematical descriptions of motion and strain-rate and rotationally invariant stress-rates measures appropriate for finite elastoplastic deformations are derived and the thermodynamical theory for materials of type N is briefly reviewed. Finite element approximations of the governing nonlinear equations are derived along with numerical algorithms for solving the associated discrete nonlinear system. These new methods are applied to some representative plane-strain problem, including problems with unloading and reloading and the problem of upsetting of a partially constrained rectangular billet.