cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 208: Augmented Cerebrovascular Responses to Diazoxide, an Opener of MitokAtp Channels, Following Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Occlusion in Rats

Previous research has not examined the effects of ischemia on cerebral vascular responses to mitochondrial activation in experimental strokes caused by occlusion of the MCA (MCAO). We investigated ...
Does That Mean You're Happy?: RNN-based Modeling of User Interaction Sequences to Detect Good Abandonment

Queries for which there are no clicks are known as abandoned queries. Differentiating between good and bad abandonment queries has become an important task in search engine evaluation since it allows for better measurement of search engine features that do not require users to click. Examples of these features include answers on the SERP and detailed Web result snippets. In this paper, we investigate how sequences of user interactions on the SERP differ between good and bad abandonment. To do this, we study the behavior patterns on a labeled dataset of abandoned queries and find that they differ in several ways, such as in the number of user interactions and the nature of those interactions. Based on this insight, we frame good abandonment detection as a sequence classification problem. We use a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to model the sequence of user interactions and show that it performs significantly better than other baselines when detecting good abandonment, achieving 71% accuracy. Our findings have implications for search engine evaluation.
Efficacy of a Web-Based Oral Case Presentation Instruction Module: Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Objective Effective self-directed educational tools are invaluable. Our objective was to determine whether a self-directed, web-based oral case presentation module would improve medical students' oral case presentations compared to usual curriculum, and with similar efficacy as structured oral presentation faculty feedback sessions. Methods We conducted a pragmatic multicenter cluster randomized controlled trial among medical students rotating in pediatric clerkships at 7 US medical schools. In the clerkship's first 14 days, subjects were instructed to complete an online Computer-Assisted Learning in Pediatrics Program (CLIPP) oral case presentation module, an in-person faculty-led case presentation feedback session, or neither (control). At the clerkship's end, evaluators blinded to intervention status rated the quality of students' oral case presentations on a 10-point scale. We conducted intention-to-treat multivariable analyses clustered on clerkship block. Results Study participants included 256 CLIPP (32.5%), 263 feedback (33.3%), and 270 control (34.2%) subjects. Only 51.1% of CLIPP subjects completed the assigned presentation module, while 98.5% of feedback subjects participated in presentation feedback sessions. Compared to controls, oral presentation quality was significantly higher in the feedback group (adjusted difference in mean quality, 0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.08, 0.49) and trended toward being significantly higher in the CLIPP group (0.19; 95% confidence interval, −0.006, 0.38). The quality of presentations in the CLIPP and feedback groups was not significantly different (−0.10; 95% confidence interval, −0.31, 0.11). Conclusions The quality of oral case presentations delivered by students randomized to complete the CLIPP module did not differ from faculty-led presentation feedback sessions and was not statistically superior to control.
How Local 192 Fought for Academic Freedom and Civil Rights in Philadelphia, 1934-1941:

While historians have often discussed the American Federation of Teachers’ (AFT) expulsion of three of its locals in 1941 due to their Communist affiliations, only the two New York unions have been...
Discharge characteristics of UHV impulse voltage with different wavefront times in air medium

The UHVAC transmission system covers a wide range of overvoltage wave-front time and has significant impacts on insulation strength for the tower gap. It is required to make a research on discharge characteristics test of UHV tower head gap system under the influence of waveform parameters, and a waveform parameter modification method is proposed for gap insulation coordination of the tower or substation under different overvoltage levels so as to modify insulation strength under different overvoltage parameters. Our research rely on the UHVAC test base, and full-size test products for the tower head of the UHVAC tower with a gap for outer phase with I-string are established. Based on that the 7,500 kV impulse voltage generator is characterized by wide impulse voltage output range, adjust the generator circuit parameters (including resistance and capacitance), output the impulse voltage under 5 types of different wave-front times (1.2μs, 50μs, 100μs, 1000μs, 2, 500μs), perform the discharge characteristic test in air medium with a typical gap of 6.0m for outside phase with I-string, and obtain 50% discharge voltage under different waveforms and up-down method based standard deviations. Then, perform the discharge characteristics test for 6.0m/7.0m gap (for tower body/cross beam) for center phase with V-string of the UHV tower, and obtain 50% discharge voltage under voltage waveforms and up-down method based standard deviations. Finally, propose the formula for the relationship between 50% discharge voltage and wave-front time through summarization. Our study also cover test research on variation coefficients with typical UHV outside phase tower gaps of 6m and 8m under full-scale simulation, and research results can be used as a guide to optimize subsequent design of the air gap of the engineering towers.
The Coexistence of Rotocenters

A bicycle wheel appears to have rotational symmetry: When it is rotated through some angles smaller than 360°, it appears to be in the identical position to the one initially occupied, for the wheel is made up of a number of segments which are mutually congruent to each other. Actually, in practice there is a single valve, used to inflate the tire, which will mark a unique position on the wheel. Conceptually we may ignore the valve, and then determine the smallest angle through which the wheel must turn before it appears to assume its original position. If that angle, expressed in radians, is found to equal θ, then it will appear to assume that position 2π/θ times during a complete rotation. The wheel will then be found to have (2π/θ)-fold rotational symmetry; at the center of the hub there will be a (2π/θ)-fold rotocenter.
Role of ATP-Sensitive K + Channels in Cardiac Preconditioning

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a phenomenon by which a brief period of ischemia or hypoxia can result in an adaptive cardioprotective effect when the myocardium is subjected to a more prolonged ischemic insult. IPC occurs in all animals studied as well as in humans and has two phases, an early phase that lasts for 1–2 h following the IPC stimulus and a delayed phase or second window of protection (SWOP) that appears 12–24 h after IPC and lasts for 48–72 h (Przyklenk and Kloner, 1998). A number of mediators (i.e., adenosine, bradykinin, and opioids) and signaling pathways [i.e., tyrosine kinase (TK) and protein kinase C (PKC)] are involved in triggering the transduction of the preconditioning stimulus to the appropriate end effector in the heart. The end effector is most likely an enzyme, a small heat-shock protein (HSP), or an ion channel. The majority of evidence suggests that the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP channel) is the end effector of both early and delayed IPC and pharmacologically induced preconditioning, and information will be presented to support this hypothesis. Recently, controversy has arisen as to whether the KATP channel subtype is responsible for the preconditioning effect is the surface or sarcolemmal channel (sarc KATP) or the mitochondrial channel (mito KATP), and evidence will be presented both for and against a role for these channel subtypes in classical or delayed IPC. Theories will also be presented concerning the mechanisms by which opening of the sarc KATP or mito KATP channels produces the cardioprotective effect of IPC. Finally, a comment will be made concerning future directions and questions that still need to be answered as to the role and function of the KATP channel in cardiac preconditioning.
Femoral Iatrogenic Subtrochanteric Fatigue Fracture Risk is not Increased by Placing Drill Holes Below the Level of the Lesser Trochanter

Background Iatrogenic subtrochanteric fractures of the femur can occur postoperatively following placement of screws in the lateral femoral cortex. Drilling holes below the lesser trochanter is generally avoided to prevent fatigue failure; however, there is little biomechanical evidence to support this recommendation. We hypothesized that hole placement below the level of the lesser trochanter will not accelerate fatigue failure compared to holes at the level of the lesser trochanter. Methods Twelve matched-pairs of male fresh-frozen cadaveric femurs were used for biomechanical testing. A single screw hole was drilled through the lateral femoral cortex either at the level of the lesser trochanter (proximal-hole group) or below the lesser trochanter (distal-hole group). Each femur was cycled to failure using a physiologically-relevant loading model. Paired t-test was used to evaluate for a difference in cycles to failure between groups. Results There was no statistical difference in cycles to failure between the groups with the hole drilled at or below the lesser trochanter. Conclusions The traditional recommendation to avoid drilling holes below the level of the lesser trochanter is based mainly on experience and case reports in the literature. The results of this study indicate that placing holes below the level of the lesser trochanter, in and of itself, may not pose any additional risk of fracture. Other important factors need to be considered, such as tapering of the lateral femoral cortex. Clinical relevance There are often situations where the patient's anatomy and facture pattern is more conducive to placing a screw distal to the lesser trochanter. This study may allow surgeons greater flexibility in placing screws more distally in the lateral femoral cortex by demonstrating the safety of doing so, at least in the population studied.
Axisymmetric scalable magneto-gravitational trap for diamagnetic particle levitation.

We report on the design, construction, and use of axisymmetric magnetic traps for levitating diamagnetic particles. The magnetic traps each consist of two pole pieces passively driven by a neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) permanent magnet. The magnetic field configuration between the pole pieces combined with the earth’s gravitational field forms a 3D confining potential capable of levitating a range of diamagnetic substances, e.g., graphite powder, silica microspheres, and gallium nitride (GaN) powder and nanowires. Particles trap stably at atmosphere and in high-vacuum for periods up to weeks with lifetimes largely determined by choices made to actively destabilize the trap. We describe the principles of operation, finite element design, approximate closed-form results for design rules, and examples of operation of such traps.
Modified fetoscopic laser surgery in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome with proximate cord insertions: a report of two cases and literature review.

Proximate cord insertions (PxCIs) are a variant of umbilical cord insertions (CIs) that can be identified in monochorionic (MC) twins, making fetoscopic laser photocoagulation for twin-to-twin tran...
Postscript: Visions of Love in Urban Schooling, or A Love Letter from the Editors

In this postscript to the special issue on love and urban schooling, the guest editors reflect on the golden thread that ties together the manuscripts included. Taken in tandem, the manuscripts in this issue question what knowledges about love have to do with urban schooling pedagogically, historically, and in the current socio-political climate while surfacing visions—that is, theories and enactments—of love by robustly interrogating this affect’s meaning(s), (ab)uses, and utility in the context of urban schooling.
Explainable Machine Learning for Chatbots

Machine learning (ML) has been successfully applied to a wide variety of fields ranging from information retrieval, data mining, and speech recognition, to computer graphics, visualization, and human-computer interaction. However, most users often treat a machine learning model as a black box because of its incomprehensible functions and unclear working mechanism (Liu et al. 2017). Without a clear understanding of how and why a model works, the development of high performance models for chatbots typically relies on a time-consuming trial-and-error process. As a result, academic and industrial ML chatbot developers are facing challenges that demand more transparent and explainable systems for better understanding and analyzing ML models, especially their inner working mechanisms.
Long-term outcomes of dogs undergoing surgical resection of mast cell tumors and soft tissue sarcomas: A prospective 2-year-long study.

OBJECTIVE: Report clinical outcomes of dogs with surgically excised mast cell tumors (MCT) and soft tissue sarcomas (STS). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Fifty‐three dogs with 52 MCT (50 low grade, 2 high grade) and 19 STS (12 grade I, 6 grade II, 1 grade III). METHODS: All dogs were examined at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postoperatively, with cytologic or histopathologic evaluation of suspected local recurrences. Dogs euthanized because of study tumor‐related causes underwent necropsy. RESULTS: Median intraoperative margins were 20 mm and 30 mm wide for MCT and STS, respectively, with 1 fascial plane resected en bloc. The narrowest histologic tumor‐free margins measured <1 mm in 21 of 52 (40%) MCT and 7 of 19 (37%) STS. All dogs were followed for 24 months. Two of 50 (4%) low‐grade MCT were diagnosed, with local recurrence 181 and 265 days postoperatively. Two of 36 (6%) dogs with low‐grade MCT developed visceral metastasis 181 and 730 days postoperatively. One of 2 dogs with high‐grade MCT developed local recurrence 115 days postoperatively. No local recurrence or metastasis was diagnosed after excision of 19 STS. CONCLUSION: Local recurrence rates among predominantly low‐ to intermediate‐grade MCT and STS were low, despite a high prevalence of histologic tumor‐free margins <1 mm. Surgical recommendations for high‐grade tumors cannot be extrapolated from this population. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Surgeons should seek to achieve microscopically complete excision for MCT and STS while minimizing patient morbidity and considering limitations of histopathology in predicting outcomes.
Suicidal thoughts and behavior (STB) and psychosis-risk symptoms among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents.

Abstract Background Individuals in the early stages of psychosis have a markedly high risk for suicidal thoughts and behavior (STB). It is not well understood if STB among those with psychosis-risk symptoms is accounted for by co-occurring psychopathology (e.g., depression), unique experiences specific to psychosis-spectrum symptomatology (e.g., hallucinations, delusions), or combined effects of different factors. This cross-sectional study explored the link between psychosis-spectrum symptoms, co-occurring disorders, and STB. Methods This record review included 569 adolescents (mean age = 14.83) admitted to a psychiatric inpatient hospital due to exhibiting behavior indicating they were an imminent threat to themselves or others. Upon intake to the hospital, participants completed a diagnostic interview and self-report measures of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt history, and psychosis-spectrum symptoms. The primary analysis used linear regression to predict suicidal ideation from psychosis-spectrum symptom scores, controlling for known characteristics associated with STB including specific psychiatric disorders (i.e. depressive, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and psychotic disorders), biological sex, and race. Results Psychosis-spectrum symptoms predicted suicidal ideation above and beyond the significant effects of a depressive disorder diagnosis and sex, as well as the non-significant effects of anxiety, PTSD, full-threshold psychosis, and race. Item-level correlations demonstrated that several psychosis-spectrum symptoms were significantly associated with ideation and lifetime suicide attempts. Conclusions Results indicate that within this sample of psychiatrically hospitalized youth, psychosis-risk symptoms were uniquely linked to STB. These findings suggest that attention to psychosis-spectrum symptoms, including several specific psychosis-risk experiences, may be clinically important for better assessment and treatment of suicidal youth.
Comparison of the Bacterial Gut Microbiome of North American Triatoma spp. With and Without Trypanosoma cruzi .

Chagas disease, caused by the hemoflagellate protist Trypanosoma cruzi, affects nearly 6 million people worldwide, mainly in Latin America. Hematophagous triatomine insects ("kissing bugs") are the primary vectors of T. cruzi throughout the Americas and feed on a variety of animals, including humans. Control of triatomines is central to the control of T. cruzi infection. Recent advances in mitigation of other insect-borne diseases via the manipulation of insect-associated bacteria as a way to halt or slow disease transmission has opened questions to the applicability of these methods to Chagas disease vectors. Few studies have examined the hindgut microbiome of triatomines found in North America. In the current study, two species of triatomines were collected across Texas, United States, screened for the presence of T. cruzi, and analyzed for the bacterial composition of their hindguts using a 16S rRNA gene-fragment metabarcoding approach. We compared diversity of microbial community profiles across 74 triatomine insects to address the hypothesis that the richness and abundance of bacterial groups differ by T. cruzi infection and strain type, blood meal engorgement status, insect species, sex, and collection location. The gut microbial community of individual triatomines was characterized by low intraindividual taxonomic diversity and high interindividual variation that was weakly predicted by triatomine species, and was not predicted by triatomine sex, collection location, T. cruzi infection status, or blood meal score. However, we did find bacterial groups enriched in T. cruzi-positive individuals, including Enterobacterales, and Petrimonas. Additionally, we detected Salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae in three triatomine individuals; this species is commonly associated with reptiles and domesticated animals and is a pathogen of humans. These data suggest that Triatoma spp. in Texas have variable patterns of colonized and transient bacteria, and may aid in development of novel means to interfere with transmission of the Chagas disease parasite T. cruzi. Deeper understanding of the effects of parasite infection on diverse insect vector microbiomes may highlight disease transmission risk and facilitate discovery of possible intervention strategies for biological control of this emerging vector-borne disease of global health significance.
Chapter 11 – Supported Education

Successful educational achievements such as completion of an academic degree or a technical training program help many people achieve their long-term vocational goals and improve the quality of their lives. A psychiatric rehabilitation approach known as supported education is designed to help individuals coping with a psychiatric disability to complete their education and training. This chapter will explore the challenges encountered by these students, the strategies employed by supported education, and the benefits people with psychiatric disabilities gain from these services. Successful educational achievements such as completion of an academic degree or a technical training program help many people achieve their long-term vocational goals and improve the quality of their lives. A psychiatric rehabilitation approach known as supported education is designed to help individuals coping with a psychiatric disability to complete their education and training. This chapter will explore the challenges encountered by these students, the strategies employed by supported education, and the benefits people with psychiatric disabilities gain from these services. This chapter will answer the following questions: 1. Can people with severe and persistent mental illnesses successfully pursue postsecondary education? 2. What are the special needs of students with psychiatric disabilities? 3. What does higher education offer persons with severe and persistent mental illnesses? 4. What types of special services and supports can be provided? 5. Are there supported education strategies that have been proven effective? 6. What is the future of supported education as a psychiatric rehabilitation service?
Hearing Aid Self-Adjustment: Effects of Formal Speech-Perception Test and Noise

While listening to recorded sentences with a sound-field level of 65 dB SPL, 24 adults with hearing-aid experience used the “Goldilocks” explore-and-select procedure to adjust level and spectrum of...
Towards a vectorial treatment of Fourier ptychographic microscopy

We present a new imaging technique that captures and reconstructs the complex-valued polarization-dependent properties of a sample in a Jones matrix formalism at an extended resolution through the acquisition of multiple intensity-only measurements.
Segmenting Bones from Brain MRI via Generative Adversarial Learning

Computed tomography (CT) is the standard imaging modality for capturing bony structures that are used in craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgical planning. Unfortunately, CT emits radiation and is not a safe imaging modality, especially for infant patients. Thus, there is a clinical need of using alternative safer modalities, e.g., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for those patient populations. Although MRI provides good image quality for soft tissue, it lacks bony boundary information that can be used for segmentation. In this work, we introduce a novel method to automatically segment bony structures from MRI. Our method is based on a convolutional neural network composed of an image synthesis sub-network and a segmentation sub-network. The image synthesis sub-network jointly learns the cycle-consistent mappings both from MRI-to-CT and from CT-to-MRI via generative adversarial learning. Given an image from either modality, this sub-network generates the image of the other modality, resulting in a new MRI-CT pair of which the anatomical structure information are supposed to be consistent. In this way, the bone annotations (labels) from CT modality are implicitly transferred to the MRI modality to train the segmentation sub-network. We train the model in a semi-supervised manner (i.e., make use of both paired and unpaired MRI-CT data) to solve the problem with limited number of paired MRI-CT images. Moreover, a neighbor-based anchoring method and a feature-matching-based semantic consistency regularization are proposed to ameliorate the ambiguity problem of cycle-consistent cross-modality image synthesis. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively boost the generalizability of the segmentation sub-network. Compared with other state-of-the-art methods using only limited paired MRI-CT data, the proposed method successfully improves the segmentation performance by using both the paired and unpaired data in a semi-supervised manner.
Functional foods and the biomedicalisation of everyday life: a case of germinated brown rice

Abstract Germinated brown rice (GBR) is a functional food, whose benefits for chronic diseases have been demonstrated by scientific research on a single constituent of GBR, gamma aminobutyric acid. This article examines the processes through which the emphasis on biomedical rationality made during the production and consumption of functional foods is embedded in the complicated social contexts of the post-1990s. In the case of GBR, the Korean government, food scientists, mass media and consumers have added cultural accounts to the biomedical understanding of foods. In particular, consumers have transformed their households and online communities into a place for surveillance medicine. Functional foods are embedded in multiple actors� perspectives on what healthy foods mean and how and where the risks of chronic diseases should be managed.
Retrieval of abstracts by analogy

Research in progress concerning the processing and indexing of articles has been described. The approach focuses on (i) natural-language terms as indices, (ii) explicit representation of simple syntactic and semantic relationships between indices, and (iii) domain specific categories as a means to embed indices within contexts. An experimental implementation is currently in progress.
Prenatal development of fibrous (white matter), protoplasmic (gray matter), and layer I astrocytes in the human cerebral cortex: a Golgi study.

The prenatal developmental histories of layer I, fibrous (white matter), and protoplasmic (gray matter) astrocytes have been studied in the human neocortex by the rapid Golgi method. The developmental route followed by each of these astrocytes is a distinct process which evolves from a specific precursor, occurs at a different time, and is linked to a specific event. The differentiation of layer I astrocytes is linked to the neocortex external glial limiting membrane (EGLM), that of fibrous astrocytes to the early white matter vascularization and maturation, and that of protoplasmic astrocytes to the late gray matter ascending vascularization and maturation. At the start of development, three glial precursors are established in the neocortex: 1) original radial neuroectodermal cells with nuclei above the primordial plexiform layer (PPL) by losing their ependymal and retaining their pial attachments become early astrocytes of layer I and EGLM components; 2) neuroectodermal cells with nuclei below the PPL that retain their pial and ependymal attachments become type I radial glial cells which are committed to the guidance of neurons and the early EGLM maintenance; and, 3) neuroectodermal cells that lose their pial but retain their ependymal attachment are transformed into type II radial glial precursors. By progressively losing their ependymal attachment, type II radial glia precursors become freely migrating cells, establish vascular contacts, and differentiate into fibrous astrocytes (and into oligodendrocytes?) throughout the subplate, developing white matter, and paraventricular regions. After the formation of the gray matter, additional layer I astrocytes are needed for the EGLM late prenatal and postnatal maintenance because type I radial glia cells start to regress and to reabsorb their EGLM endfeet. A late ependyma-to-pia migration of glial precursors progressively repopulates layer I with additional astrocytes and establishes the ephemeral subpial granular layer (SGL) of Ranke. From the 15th week of gestation to the time of birth, late astrocytes of layer I lose their EGLM attachments, migrate freely into the maturing gray matter, establish vascular contacts, and differentiate into protoplasmic astrocytes. The protoplasmic astrocytes of the gray matter evolve from transformation of layer I astrocytes rather than from radial glia cells as is generally believed. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prolactin and growth hormone signaling.

Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) act by way of their receptors as either hormones (systemically) or cytokines (locally). The Jak2/Stat5 pathway is the principal route by which PRL/GH activate target genes. The availability of knockout mice for each member of this signaling cascade has provided opportunities to understand their unique interactions. Jak2 is important in alternative signal transduction schema such as the MAP kinase and PI3K/Akt pathways. The putative Jak2/RUSH pathway is based on the fact that RUSH mediates the ability of PRL to augment progesterone‐dependent gene transcription. New evidence shows that suppressors, regulators, and degraders control Jak2/Stat5. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the field of PRL/GH signal transduction.
Refining electromagnetic bias estimation [sea surface height measurement]

Sea surface height measurements using remote sensing instruments have become increasingly accurate as satellite altimetry technology has matured. Early satellite missions had altimetry errors on the order of tens of centimetres. As these errors have been eliminated, the electromagnetic (EM) bias has become increasingly significant. The latest satellite missions, TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1, have EM bias error budgets of 4.2 cm and 2.5 cm, respectively. The purpose of our research has been to investigate methods to reduce the EM bias estimation errors to the sub-cm level. Most current EM bias models create estimates from geophysical properties that can be measured remotely. Typically these parameters are wind speed and significant wave height. The current operational model for the TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 satellite missions is of this type. The operational model uses nonparametric methods to improve the accuracy of the estimates. In addition to improving the bias estimates, the latest operational model has shown a stronger agreement between satellite and tower EM bias models. Combining nonparametric techniques with the wind speed and significant wave height has created the most accurate empirical models to date. However, the amount of variance in the bias requires new methods to improve bias estimates. We made a preliminary study based on the angular dependence of the EM bias. Theoretical scattering models indicate that the bias is dependent on incidence angle, which may allow improved operational correction of the bias using a wide-swath altimeter.
pH Stability Studies with Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Coronavirus) Strains

A comparison of 17 infectious bronchitis virus strains, using the same test procedure and assay system, demonstrated that stability at an acid pH is a variable characteristic of the avian coronaviruses.
Controlled Lagrangian methods and tracking of accelerated motions

Matching techniques are applied to the problem of stabilization of uniformly accelerated motions of mechanical systems with symmetry. The theory is illustrated with a simple model-a wheel and pendulum system.
Phase characterization of an 8-channel on-site coding receiver for digital beamforming

Ultra-wideband (UWB) systems combined with the advances in digital signal processing and data handling have drastically reduced the complexity of cognitive and software defined radios. Therefore, techniques such as monopulsing, multiple beams, among others, can be implemented for phased arrays and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems. A major drawback in MIMO systems is hardware redundancy after each antenna element. This implies challenges in high power, cost, and area requirements. To this end, a number of hardware reduction techniques at handling the RF front-end have been proposed. They include spatial multiplexing (SM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), and frequency division multiplexing (FDM). But these techniques are based on time slots or bandwidth sharing making them inadequate in terms of resource utilization.
Spontaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma in a chimpanzee: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study.

: An anaplastic large cell lymphoma with disseminated abdominal metastases was diagnosed in a 35-year-old male chimpanzee. Clinically, the animal displayed lethargy, weight loss, ascites, and abdominal distention. Imaging studies showed several large abdominal masses. At necropsy, variably sized masses of neoplastic mesenteric lymph nodes that encompassed several intestinal loops were present throughout the abdomen. The largest mass measured 9 × 5 cm and had cauliflower-like protrusions into the jejunal lumen. The entire abdominal cavity was covered by a sheet of neoplastic tissue. Histopathologically, the tumor consisted of solid sheets of proliferating lymphoid cells forming a cohesive growth that filled the lymph node sinuses. The tumor had invaded the intestinal wall. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma was diagnosed from immunohistochemistry findings on the basis of positive reaction to the CD3 and CD30 markers and negative reaction to the CD20 marker. Serologic analysis revealed positive titers for Epstein-Barr, cytomegalo-, and varicella-zoster viruses. Both serologic and virologic studies showed no evidence of detectable retroviral infection. This type of tumor has not been reported before in the chimpanzee.
Phase-conjugate Twyman-Green interferometer for testing conicoidal surfaces

An application of a phase conjugate Twyman-Green interferometer for testing a parabolic mirror is demonstrated. The interferometer is free from aberrations due to the self-focusing property of the phase conjugate mirror in one arm of the interferometer. It does not require a precision spherical mirror in the reference arm.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN CARROTS DURING GROWTH

This study was carried out in connection with a general investigation of the factors influencing quality in carrots. It was recognized that age and size of the roots play an important role in determining quality. Although it was realized that quality in vegetables, an indefinite term in itself, cannot be measured accurately, it was expected that the analysis for certain chemical constituents would give some indication of changes in eating quality as well as in nutritional value of the carrots. Since it was necessary to take samples at various stages of the growth period, the plan of the experiment was enlarged so as to gain some information regarding the rate of growth of the plant, the rate at which certain mineral nutrients are absorbed, and various products of photosynthesis are formed.
The Value of Pismo Clam Tube Beads in California: Experiments in Drilling

Shell beads have long been a topic of interest in North American Pacific Coast archaeology. Studies by Gifford (1947), Gibson (1975, 1976, 1987, 1992), King (1974, 1978, 1990), Macko (1984), Bennyhoff and Hughes (1987), Arnold (1992a), Arnold and Munns (1994), and Arnold and Graesch (2001) have established the temporal sensitivity of shell bead assemblages in California and explored their socioeconomic importance among several groups on the coast and in the interior. Somewhat less attention has been directed toward elucidating shell bead production techniques (but see Arnold and Graesch, 2001; Macko, 1984). Here, we experiment with an often reported but unusual drilling technique attributed to the coastal Chumash, among others, for the manufacturing of Pismo clam (Tivela stultorum) tube beads. We also place Tivela stultorum bead manufacturing in a broader cultural and manufacturing context, including implementing systematic Moh's hardness testing of Tivela and nine other widely used shell species. Ethnographic, archaeological, and experimental evidence suggests that Tivela tube beads were among the most labor-intensive and valuable of the many bead types made and used by Native Californians.
Impact of early season use of selected insecticides on cotton arthropod populations and yield.

Impact of five selected insecticides representing four insecticide classes (organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and formamidines) on cotton arthropod populations and yield was studied in Sunflower County, Miss., in the Mississippi delta in 1984. Applications of dimethoate, chlordimeform, fenvalerate, and flucythrinate (0.17, 0.14, 0.027, and 0.11 kg [AI]/ha) were made weekly during June to cotton that received three foliar treatments of dimethoate in May and cotton that received aldicarb (0.56 kg [AI]/ha) applied in the furrow at planting. Populations of most beneficial arthropods were reduced in the dimethoate, fenvalerate, and flucythrinate treatments to levels often significantly lower than those found in the control and chlordimeform treatment. Populations of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), were extremely high throughout the test; populations of the cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter), reached damaging levels the last 2 weeks of June and first 2 weeks of July. Populations of both species were lowest in the dimethoate, fenvalerate, and flucythrinate treatments. Cotton in these treatments matured earlier and had significantly higher fruiting rates and yield increases as compared with the control and chlordimeform treatment. Few significant interactions were found between treatment with or without aldicarb for insect or fruiting and yield data. The control treatment with aldicarb had significantly higher yield than the untreated control. Tarnished plant bug and cotton fleahopper populations were reduced in the chlordimeform treatment compared with the control (especially nymphs of both species), and the chlordimeform treatment without aldicarb had a significantly higher yield than the control without aldicarb. Results of the test show that yield increases over that obtained in untreated cotton can be obtained by controlling damaging plant bug populations early in the season, and that several insecticides can be used.
Reconstitution by MHC-restricted peptides of HLA-A2 heavy chain with beta 2-microglobulin, in vitro.

CYTOTOXIC T lymphocytes kill virally infected cells when they detect antigenic fragments presented by class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens (HLA in humans). The crystal structures of HLA-A2 and HLA-Aw68 reveal that peptide-antigen forms an integral part of the HLA structure, being retained in a prominent groove even after purification and crystallization1–3. Here we report that the heavy chain and β2-microglobulin of HLA-A2, after separation and fractionation in denaturants, reassemble efficiently under renaturing conditions only in the presence of MHC-restricted4 peptides. A complex of heavy chain, β2-microgIobulin, and viral peptide in the ratio 1:1:1 is formed in up to 46% yield. Reconstitution is not stimulated by either of two peptides not restricted to HLA-A2. The reconstituted complex of HLA-A2 and the influenza virus (B/Lee/40) nucleoprotein peptide, Np (85–94), crystallizes under conditions previously used to crystallize HLA-A2 (ref. 5). Peptide-linked folding and assembly suggests mechanisms for the unusual capacity of HLA to bind many peptides of diverse sequence.
Women and alcohol use disorders

Although substance abuse and dependence have been increasing among women in the United States for some time, only during the past two decades have researchers started to focus on women and alcohol use disorders. In the past all-male samples were generally used because they were much more easily available; when mixed-gender populations were examined, women were often underrepresented. Gender bias was evident in research on alcohol dependence even in the early 1990s. A critical review of addiction specialty journals in 1995 concluded that researchers still commonly used male populations and generalized the findings to both sexes. Recent studies on gender differences in alcohol use disorders have found that compared to men, women become intoxicated after drinking half as much, metabolize alcohol differently, develop cirrhosis of the liver more rapidly, and have a greater risk of dying from alcohol-related accidents. This article reviews the existing literature, focusing on four central questions: (1) Are alcohol use disorders becoming increasingly prevalent in women, thereby closing the gender gap between men and women? (2) Do the physical effects of alcohol differ by gender, and if so, why? (3) Do men and women differ in frequency and type of treatment services sought for alcohol use disorders? (4) What role does gender play in the process of recovery from alcohol dependence?
Nonlinear-Infrared Responses of the N−H Mode of Pyrrole in Carbon Tetrachloride by Heterodyned and Stimulated Echoes†

Three pulse infrared nonlinear studies with 100 fs pulses at 3 μm of the N-H mode of pyrrole in carbon tetrachloride were carried out in various experimental configurations including integrated transient gratings, polarized pump-probe, heterodyned three pulse echoes, and time integrated three pulse echoes. Essential features of the N-H dynamics were obtained from the measured properties that include the population relaxation time (T 1 = 81 ′ 15 ps), the orientational diffusion coefficients (D⊥ = (9.18 ′ 1.09) x 10 1 0 s - 1 , D∥ = (3.23 ′ 0.71) x 10 1 1 s - 1 ), and the N-H vibrational frequency correlation function expressed as a sum of three exponentials with correlation times 18 fs, 4.4 ps, and >10 ps.
Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation on survival of cultured mammalian cells.

Abstract The analog 5-bromodeoxyuridine replaced 93–100% of DNA thymine in human-uterine fibroblasts and in mouse firboblasts when amethopterin was used to inhibit the synthesis de novo of thymidylate. The incorporation of the analog was followed by unbalanced growth and finally cell death. Even when extensive incorporation had occurred, some cells were able to resume normal growth in analog-free medium. This involved a drastic selection revealed by the appearance of isolated clones after 2.5–4 weeks. It is suggested that the few surviving cells are those which have escaped a lethal mutation. The possible occurrence of resistance to the analog or to amethopterin is excluded. Prolonged growth of amethopterin-resistant Sarcoma-180 cells in the analog-containing medium failed to interfere with the capacity of these cells to produce large amounts of folic acid reductase.
The use of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in sheep receiving severe smoke inhalation injury.

Abstract Smoke inhalation injury now represents the most frequent cause of death in burn patients, and accounts for 20–80 per cent of overall mortality. We have studied the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to support sheep which have received lethal pulmonary smoke damage. The animals (n=19) received inhalation injury induced by insufflation with smoke derived from burning cotton delivered with a bee smoker. The treatment group, those placed on ECMO at the time of injury (n=6), were systemically heparinized and placed on a venovenous perfusion circuit consisting of a roller pump, membrane oxygenator and heat exchanger. Blood flow rate in the circuit approximated 20–25 per cent of cardiac output. The animals remained on partial venovenous bypass until the termination of the experiment 96h after injury. All animals in the treatment group survived. The control sheep (n=7) received inhalation injury alone and had a 100 per cent mortality (P=0.0015 ECMO vs. control). Ventilatory management of treatment and control groups followed an identical protocol. We have also studied a third group (n=6) composed of animals receiving inhalation injury with systemic heparinization but not ECMO. This group had a 66 per cent mortality at 96h. These studies suggest that partial venovenous ECMO may be a valuable form of adjunctive treatment in severe inhalation injury.
Residual mass after treatment of primary cervical lymphoma: The utility of gallium 67 and MRI

Primary cervical lymphoma is extremely rare. The clinical and imaging findings of three patients at initial presentation and at follow-up are described. A posttreatment residual mass was evident in all three patients when imaged by computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound (US). Gallium 67 scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), however, demonstrated interval resolution of disease activity with residual fibrotic mass. We conclude that patients with this rare tumor may be better followed with gallium 67 scintigraphy or MRI, as these modalities more accurately reflect the disease activity of residual tumor bulk.
Plant Cultivation on the Northwest Coast: A Reconsideration

Conventional wisdom suggests that the peoples of the Northwest Coast did not cultivate plants prior to European contact. Considerable evidence suggests the contrary, however, particularly the well-documented practice of estuarine root gardening among the Kwakwaka'wakw and other indigenous peoples of the region. These gardens were maintained through transplanting, weeding, selective harvesting, soil modifications, and the production of mounds or low terrace-like structures within individually demarcated root plots. The scholarly oversight of these practices can be attributed to a number of biases rooted in the colonial and academic agendas of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In turn, scholarly legitimation of the region's “nonagricultural” label has served to undermine indigenous land claims on estuarine sites into the present day.
A theory for high speed interactions in the retina circuits

Abstract When looking around without fixating the eyes on any particular objects, the image changes at a high frequency without any noticeable intervals between the images. This requires a high speed generation of retina signals and high speed transmission of the signals to the vision center. As an example of high speed neural interaction, each light stimulus generates two different bipolar cells response, transmitting different pieces of information to the vision center. This doubles the speed of information transmission to the vision center. The functional significance of Kuffler’s “inhibitory surround” was revealed to maintain the brightness of the perceived images within a limited range.
The effect of hospice on hospitalizations of nursing home residents.

Abstract Objectives Hospice enrollment is known to reduce risk of hospitalizations for nursing home residents who use it. We examined whether residing in facilities with a higher hospice penetration: (1) reduces hospitalization risk for nonhospice residents; and (2) decreases hospice-enrolled residents' hospitalization risk relative to hospice-enrolled residents in facilities with a lower hospice penetration. Methods Medicare Beneficiary File, Inpatient and Hospice Claims, Minimum Data Set Version 2.0, Provider of Services File, and Area Resource File. Retrospective analysis of long-stay nursing home residents who died during 2005–2007. Overall, 505,851 nonhospice (67.66%) and 241,790 hospice-enrolled (32.34%) residents in 14,030 facilities nationwide were included. We fit models predicting the probability of hospitalization conditional on hospice penetration and resident and facility characteristics. We used instrumental variable method to address the potential endogeneity between hospice penetration and hospitalization. Distance between each nursing home and the closest hospice was the instrumental variable. Results In the last 30 days of life, 37.63% of nonhospice and 23.18% of hospice residents were hospitalized. Every 10% increase in hospice penetration leads to a reduction in hospitalization risk of 5.1% for nonhospice residents and 4.8% for hospice-enrolled residents. Conclusions Higher facility-level hospice penetration reduces hospitalization risk for both nonhospice and hospice-enrolled residents. The findings shed light on nursing home end-of-life care delivery, collaboration among providers, and cost benefit analysis of hospice care.