cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suppression of lepton number violation mediated by ΔI = 0 mass fermions☆

Abstract We add a lepton doublet with ΔI = 0 mass M to the minimal Weinberg-Salam model. We then calculate the transition rate for μ → eγ for all M as a function of an arbitrary mixing parameter δ of order a normal lepton mass. For δ ⪅ 0.4 GeV, M can be as low as 20 GeV. We show that heavy gDI = 0 fermions decouple throught their highly but naturally suppressed mixing angles with normal fermions and not through diagrammatic cancellations. Models with heavy ΔI = 0 fermions evade the commonly used conditions for natural suppression of rare processes in gauge theories.
A motion-compensated launch/recovery crane

Abstract Oceanographic instrumentation towed from a surface platform is normally subjected to unwanted vertical motion imparted by the rolling, heaving, and pitching of the platform. This motion can cause severe shock-loading conditions in the tow cable and induces unplanned depth variations that reduce the instruments' resolution. This article discusses a unique motion-compensation system for use with towed instrumentation that eliminates shock loading and minimizes depth variation. The system is operational in sea states as high as 5 and effectively decouples 96% of the vessel's motion.
Petal Thicknesses and Shape Transformations in Blooming Lilies

During blooming, flower petals undergo significant shape changes. For lilies, various different mechanisms responsible for the change have been suggested [1,2]. One is that cell growth along the edge of a petal, or, more generally, a tepal, drives a transition from a cup shape (within a bud) to a saddle shape (within a bloom). This mechanism has been previously considered for tepals modeled as shallow elliptical shells whose thickness from the center, t, falls off at least as fast as t = t0 (1 - x2/a2 - y2/b2 ) [1]. Here t0 is the maximum thickness of the shell, a and b are the semimajor and semiminor axes, x and y are the coordinates along the longitudinal and lateral axes. By measuring tepal thicknesses from images collected by x-ray tomography of intact buds and by photography of microtomed buds, we find that this condition is indeed met for both Lilium casablanca and Lilium lancifolium.Figure: Two open lily flowersView Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide[1] Liang and Mahadevan. Growth, geometry, and mechanics of a blooming lily. PNAS, 108:5516-5521, 2011.[2] Bieleski et al. Mechanical Aspects of Rapid Flower Opening in Asiatic Lily. Annals of Botany, 86:1175-1183, 2000.
Important Factors in the Recording, Processing and Interpreting EMG

The EMG is an important tool in the assessment of muscle activities in various occupational tasks, only if used properly. The recordings, processing and interpretation of the EMG should be done while considering the proper electrodes size, interelectrodes distance, muscle architecture, contraction rate, motor units recruitment pattern, muscle length, cross-talk from nearby muscles, sampling rate, filter bandwidths, and smoothing time constants. Each of the above factors, if not considered, can introduce substantial error and result in false or misleading interpretation.
Specific Increase in the Number of Vanadium-Containing Blood Cells by Some Ionophores and Inhibitors of Proton-ATPases in the Ascidian, Ascidia sydneiensis samea

Abstract Ascidians are known to accumulate high levels of vanadium. Vanadium-accumulating blood cells (vanadocytes) have one large and highly acidic vacuole. Recently, it was found unexpectedly that the number of vanadocytes increased rapidly and significantly when ascidians were immersed in 10 mM or 20 mM NH4Cl solution for 20 hr to neutralize vacuole content. Suspecting that changes in intra-organellar pH and in levels of ATP caused by the treatment might be involved, we examined whether or not several reagents that perturb either acidic pH or ATP synthesis affected the increase in the number of vanadocytes. SF6847 (a proton conductor), nigericin, monensin, valinomycin (ionophores), 2,4-dinitrophenol (an uncoupler), bafilomycin A1 (a V-ATPase inhibitor), oligomycin and NaN3 (F-ATPase inhibitors) all increased the number of vanadocytes by about three- to five-fold over that of control. However, treatment with NaCl, KCl, LiCl, CaCl2, TJ24373, sporeamycin (macrolide antibiotics), ouabain and Na3VO4 (P-ATPa...
VERTICAL MIGRATION AND AVOIDANCE CAPABILITY OF EUPHAUSIIDS IN THE CALIFORNIA CURRENT.

Comparisons of day and night vertical distributions of euphausiids at the same stations make it possible to estimate 1) the extent of vertical migration of the furcilia, juveniles, and adults of the Euphausiacea (Crustacea) species, or 2) their ability to avoid the net in the daytime, or both. Seven species of Euphausia and one of Thysanopoda migrated more than 300 m, rising to near the surface at night. Adults of Nematoscelis (three species) migrated vertically but were bounded at upper limits by the thermocline at all but the most inshore stations. Nyctiphanes simplex and Stylocheiron carinatum were short-distance (ca. 150-0 m) migrants. The extent of vertical migration was greatest in the most offshore central water, intermediate for midcurrent species, and least for coastal. Nonmigrants included all Stylocheiron species (except S. carinatum), Thysanoessa gregaria, and two Nematobrachion species. S. affine, S. suhmi, and T. gregaria inhabited the homogeneous layer. Apparent increases with depth in their daytime densities arise from avoidance of nets in the upper layers. This is minimal at ca. 100 m, where day and night densities are nearly equal.
“I am a Man”: The Queer Politics of Race

My argument is straightforward if queer: Racism is some sense an “affair” between men. Of course, racism is not only an affair between men. Women have very much been victims: White men's assaults on Black women from slavery to the present is, for instance, well known. Nor I am suggesting that “race” can be reduced to gender; it cannot. But it does have to do with sex and desire, as the pandemic White male rape of Black female (and, there is some evidence to suggest, male) slaves as well as post-“emancipation” obsessions with Black male sexuality (specifically, rape) make explicit. The centrality of castration in lynching—a primarily post-Civil War phenomenon that took the lives of at least 3,000 mostly young Black men—underscores White men's interest in the Black male phallus. What I suggest is that racial violence and racial politics cannot be understood unless “queered.”
Determinants of resting lipid oxidation in response to a prior bout of endurance exercise.

A single bout of exercise can alter subsequent resting metabolism for many hours and into the next day. However, differences between men and women, effects of nutritional state, and relative effect...
Uptake mechanisms for inorganic iron and ferric citrate in Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101

Growth of the prevalent marine organism Trichodesmium can be limited by iron in natural and laboratory settings. This study investigated the iron uptake mechanisms that the model organism T. erythraeum IMS101 uses to acquire iron from inorganic iron and iron associated with the weak ligand complex, ferric citrate. IMS101 was observed to employ two different iron uptake mechanisms: superoxide-mediated reduction of inorganic iron in the surrounding milieu and a superoxide-independent uptake system for ferric citrate complexes. While the detailed pathway of ferric citrate utilization remains to be elucidated, transport of iron from this complex appears to involve reduction and/or exchange of the iron out of the complex prior to uptake, either at the outer membrane of the cell or within the periplasmic space. Various iron uptake strategies may allow Trichodesmium to effectively scavenge iron in oligotrophic ocean environments.
ACUTE NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE

This article deals with neurologic emergencies encountered in recreational users of drugs and ethanol. Some definitions are therefore in order. Psychic dependence refers to a psychic drive—craving—that requires periodic or continuous administration of a drug either to achieve pleasure or to avoid discomfort. Physical dependence refers to an adaptive state in which cessation of drug intake or administration of an antagonist results in physical symptoms and signs. Addiction refers to psychic dependence. Tolerance refers to the need for increasing doses of a drug to achieve desired effects or to avoid psychic or physical symptoms of withdrawal. The term drug abuse is a social judgment, variably based on a drug's legal status, its perceived harmfulness, or simply the patterns of use that depart from social acceptability. 7 Neurologic emergencies associated with recreational drug use can be divided into those resulting from overdose or withdrawal and those resulting from additional effects on the nervous system.
Pediatric empyema: A second look at itsincidence and importance

Summary The incidence of pediatric empyema,and specifically staphylococcal empyema, is showing a marked recent increase according to an analysis of 68 cases seen in a children's hospital in 2 five-year periods, namely 1940–1945 and 1952–1957. This entity is an important one becauseof the high incidence and high mortality under 1 year of age. The treatment of this condition is surgical, employing the three principles of exudate evacuation, antibiotic specificity, and ventilatory re-expansion. Only one death occurred in surgically managed cases, all other mortalities falling among “conservatively” handled cases. In recent years, surgical aspirationsalone have yielded satisfactory results in selected cases.
Interplay between ER Ca2+ uptake and release fluxes in neurons and its impact on [Ca2+] dynamics.

In neurons, depolarizing stimuli open voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, leading to Ca2+ entry and a rise in the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). While such [Ca2+]i elevations are initiated by Ca2+ entry, they are also influenced by Ca2+ transporting organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This review summarizes contributions from the ER to depolarization-evoked [Ca2+]i responses in sympathetic neurons. As in other neurons, ER Ca2+ uptake depends on SERCAs, while passive Ca2+ release depends on ryanodine receptors (RyRs). RyRs are Ca2+ permeable channels that open in response to increases in [Ca2+]i, thereby permitting [Ca2+]i elevations to trigger Ca2+ release through Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). However, whether this leads to net Ca2+ release from the ER critically depends upon the relative rates of Ca2+ uptake and release. We found that when RyRs are sensitized with caffeine, small evoked [Ca2+]i elevations do trigger net Ca2+ release, but in the absence of caffeine, net Ca2+ uptake occurs, indicating that Ca2+ uptake is stronger than Ca2+ release under these conditions. Nevertheless, by increasing ER Ca2+ permeability, RyRs reduce the strength of Ca2+ buffering by the ER in a [Ca2+]I-dependent manner, providing a novel mechanism for [Ca2+]i response acceleration. Analysis of the underlying Ca2+ fluxes provides an explanation of this and two other modes of CICR that are revealed as [Ca2+]i elevations become progressively larger
Some notes on availability theory

Abstract This is an expository paper which seeks to fill some gaps in the theory of the availability of a two-state system modelled by an alternating renewal process. A discussion of point availability and average availability complements the results of Baxter, J. appl. Prob. 18 , 227–235, 1981. This is followed by some remarks on equilibrium alternating renewal processes, the Haynes-Davis waiting-time theorem and the correlated alternating renewal process.
Atrial septostomy improves survival in select patients with pulmonary hypertension.

Background Atrial septostomy is a palliative treatment for patients with pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) refractory to vasodilator therapy. Limited data exist in the pediatric population and in patients with repaired congenital heart defects. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of hemodynamic and symptomatic changes in patients with PHTN who underwent an atrial septostomy at our institution. Results Forty-six atrial septostomies were performed on 43 patients. Patient ages ranged from 0.3 to 30 years (median 12.5). Of 43 patients, 29 had primary PHTN, 10 had PHTN associated with repaired congenital heart defects, and 4 had other secondary causes of PHTN. Mean baseline pulmonary vascular resistance was 35 ± 17 Wood units, and mean pulmonary artery pressure was 74 ± 19 mm Hg. Patients surviving ≥30 days had immediate improvement in cardiac index (from 2.3 to 2.9 L · min −1 · m −2 , P P 2 per minute, P P P = .3). New York Heart Association class and symptoms of syncope improved ( P P P P Conclusions Atrial septostomy provides symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement in cardiac index and RAp. Risk of septostomy is increased in patients with preceding decompensation or a RAp >18 mm Hg.
Ion Behavior in an Electrically Compensated Ion Cyclotron Resonance Trap.

Abstract We recently described a new electrically compensated trap in FT ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 19 (2008) 1281–1285) and developed a means of tuning traps of this general design (J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 21 (2010) 451–454). Here, we describe a continuation of that research by comparing the ion transient lifetimes and the resulting mass resolving powers and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios that are achievable in the compensated versus uncompensated modes of this trap. Transient lifetimes are 10 times longer under the same conditions of pressure, providing improved mass resolving power and S/N ratios. The mass resolving power as a function of m / z is linear (log–log plot) and nearly equal to the theoretical maximum. Importantly, the ion cyclotron frequency as a function of ion number decreases linearly in accord with theory, unlike its behavior in the uncompensated mode. This linearity should lead to better control in mass calibration and increased mass accuracy than achievable in the uncompensated mode.
The nature and distribution of organic matter in the surface sediments of world oceans and seas

Existing data on the distribution of organic carbon and nitrogen in marine sediments have been analyzed in order to better understand the physical and chemical processes involved in this aspect of the global carbon cycle. Maps of the global distribution of organic carbon and nitrogen in the sediments of world oceans and seas are presented. Correlation analyses of the available information dealing with the distribution of marine sedimentary organic matter has revealed that in terms of bulk parameters (%COrg and %N Kjeldahl), there is an apparent accumulation of organic matter on the continental slope (water column depth 200–2000 m). Specific interactions between clays and organic matter, although indicated in laboratory experiments, have not been detected by these analyses.
The Future Perfect of Evaluation.

Evaluation has emerged as a major social force. Of course, there has always been some evaluation in every field of endeavor. Otherwise, one could not tell good enterprises from bad. Progress becomes impossible without such value judgments. But in the latter half of the twentieth century, from about 1965 on, evaluation became a specialized profession with its own organizations, journals, and studies conducted by those who called themselves evaluators. In other words, dispersed activities became a professional practice. I see this professional movement as being fueled by the decreasing legitimacy of governments. As advanced capitalism breaks down the traditional social structures of society-the church, family, and community-it becomes more difficult to justify and to legitimate government actions (House, 1993). For example, only 20 percent of Americans trust the federal government to do the right thing most of the time, down from 76 percent only 30 years ago (Gore, 1993). And this lessening of legitimacy extends to other social institutions as well. Evaluation developed first and most extensively in the US because these trends have advanced further here than elsewhere. If such an analysis is correct then one can expect to see more evaluation in countries where economic and social developments are similar as well as in non-governmental institutions. Certainly, Canada and Britain have undertaken extensive evaluation activities, and such trends are apparent in many European countries, where evaluation societies and journals are being organized. Eventually one might also expect organizations like foundations and corporations to justify their actions. So the future for professional evaluators will be busy, at least until competitive means of legitimating public actions emerge. I do not mean to suggest that evaluation is used only for legitimation purposes without regard to its truth value. On the contrary, its power to confer legitimacy depends on its being perceived as accurate and honest, an extension in some sense of science, which still has considerable legitimacy in these societies, as fluctuations in sales of vitamins following relevant studies indicate. Without public belief in its truthfulness, evaluation can hardly serve to justify activities. So evaluation’s social utility and future depend significantly on its credibility.
Distance perception in virtual environments: a closer look at the horizon and the error

Distances are systematically underestimated in the virtual environments. In this work we explore the possibility of shifting the angular the angular declination from the horizon as a way of manipulating perceived distances in a head-mounted display (HMD). We find that shifting the horizon upward 11.5° upward does not have an effect on distance perception. Blind walking tasks at 1.5m, 2.5m, 3.5m, 4.5m and 5.5m show an overestimation of perceived distances less than 2.5m and an underestimation of perceived distances greater than 3.5m. Absolute distance and errors in estimating distance are linearly related.
Improvement of FDTD simulation accuracy using the oversampling method of rasterization

Anti-aliasing technique based on the oversampling method of rasterization has been introduced to improve FDTD simulation accuracy of 1D, 2D and 3D objects and systems. The method is based on the reduction of an error that happens in the computation during the sub-cell media transitions at dielectric boundaries by calculating an optimal value of the electrical parameters such as dielectric permittivity constant and conductivity for cells at media transitions. The formulation has been developed and implemented in the simulation of 1D,2D, and 3D objects. FDTD simulation results have been presented using the method developed and compared to simulations without implementing this method. It has been shown that the error is drastically reduced with the implementation of the anti-aliasing technique based on the method of rasterization presented in this paper.
A density theorem for matrix-valued radial basis functions

Recently a new class of customized radial basis functions (RBFs) was introduced. We revisit this class of RBFs and derive a density result guaranteeing that any sufficiently smooth divergence-free function can be approximated arbitrarily closely by a linear combination of members of this class. This result has potential applications to numerically solving differential equations, such as fluid flows, whose solution is divergence free.
Elevated Levels of Neopterin in Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Background Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is increasingly being recognized as an independent risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Recent evidence suggests that the maladaptive physiologic response to SDB, particularly cardiovascular effects, may result in part from systemic inflammation. Although abnormal cytokine levels have been documented in SDB, data on whether SDB is associated with cellular activation are limited. Thus, this investigation sought to determine whether neopterin, a marker released by activated macrophages, is increased in SDB. Methods and results Fifty-five men, free of medical comorbidity, undergoing polysomnography had fasting serum tested for neopterin levels. Multivariable regression methods were used to quantify the association between neopterin and quartiles of the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) while accounting for body mass index, waist circumference, and percentage of body fat. Quartiles of AHI (I: 36.82 events per hour) indicated a range from no SDB through severe SDB. Compared to the subjects in the first AHI quartile, serum neopterin levels were higher by 3.0%, 10.9%, and 26.5% in the second, third, and fourth AHI quartiles, respectively (p Conclusion The results of this study indicate that severity of SDB independently associates with serum levels of neopterin, a marker for macrophage activation that may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SDB-related cardiovascular disease.
On the worst case performance of buddy systems

The worst-case performance of both binary and Fibonacci buddy systems is analyzed. For both unrestricted and allocation-only request sequences, exact bounds on both the external and total fragmentation are derived.
Renal Transplantation in HIV-Positive Recipients

About 1% of all patients with end-stage renal disease in the United States are infected with HIV. With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV death rates have declined 80%, and chronic diseases resulting from HIV have replaced opportunistic infections as the leading cause of death among HIV-infected patients. Traditionally, HIV infection has been considered an absolute contraindication to solid-organ transplantation. However, in the context of improved survival, the role for kidney transplantation among HIV-positive patients is currently being revisited. This article discusses long-term outcomes after kidney transplantation in the HAART era and management strategies for the HIV-positive kidney transplant recipient.
Effects of stopping long-term vasodilator therapy in patients with chronic aortic insufficiency.

We studied the effects of stopping long-term vasodilator therapy in 17 patients with chronic stable aortic insufficiency. These patients received hydralazine for 37 ± 15 months (mean ± SD) and, as a result, had experienced a significant decrease in left ventricular volumes. All patients were followed clinically and ten of the patients underwent serial radionuclide evaluation at baseline, while receiving drug, and at 20 ± 7 months after stopping drug therapy. No patient showed evidence of acute clinical deterioration when drug therapy was stopped. The rate of progression to valve replacement due to onset of symptoms or left ventricular dysfunction was not significantly different from that previously reported in a population with similar characteristics. Left ventricular size, however, returned to levels similar to baseline after drug therapy was stopped. We conclude that long-term vasodilator therapy may be discontinued in patients with chronic stable aortic insufficiency without causing clinical deterioration or significant alteration in rate of progression to valve replacement.
Classroom management texts: a study in the representation and misrepresentation of students with disabilities

This paper suggests ways in which to look at textbooks in terms of how they socially construct students with disabilities who receive special education services. Although students with developmental disabilities were not included in most of these texts, the treatment of students with mild disabilities revealed varied attitudes towards disability. Competence‐oriented interpretations of atypical classroom behaviours can promote or reveal student engagement, while deficit‐orientated interpretations can obscure student competence and engagement. The possible impact of misrepresentations of students with disabilities on pre‐service teachers’ attitudes and practice suggests ways to revise textbooks to be competence‐oriented and inclusive. It is recommended that pre‐service teachers learn to evaluate management suggestions and approaches in terms of their impact on all their students.
A New Characterization of Arithmetic Equivalence

Two number fields K and K′ are arithmetically equivalent if and only if every rational prime has the same number of prime ideal factors in K as in K′.
The mechanisms of hepatic and renal metallothionein biosynthesis in cadmium-exposed rats

The mechanisms by which cadmium (Cd) stimulates the synthesis of hepatic and renal metallothionein were investigated in rats. In the liver the incorporation of 35S and 14C labels from cystine showed a lag period of about 2 h and maximum incorporation into metallothionein took place 8--12 h after injection of 30 mumol CdCl2/kg. The incorporation of the labels into renal metallothionein was faster than into the hepatic protein; the lag period was less than 1 h and maximum incorporation occurred 4--5 h after the Cd injection. Cycloheximide inhibited the amino acid incorporation into both hepatic and renal metallothionein. Actinomycin D treatment, however, inhibited hepatic metallothionein synthesis only. These results suggested that at the dose level employed Cd regulated the biosynthesis of metallothionein in the liver at the transcriptional level and in the kidney at the translational level.
Work Zone Lighting and Visual Performance: Analysis and Demonstration

In part because of the potential for high levels of glare from work zone illumination, recommendations for light levels from work zone illumination systems are substantially higher than for levels used along roadways in non-work zone locations. In a two-part study, requirements for work zone illumination light levels were assessed. First, levels for workers varying in age from 20 to 60 years were evaluated with the relative visual performance model, with and without the presence of visibility-reducing glare. Except for the smallest, lowest-contrast tasks performed by the older workers, an illuminance of 10 lx resulted in visibility well above the threshold even in the presence of glare, and an illuminance of 30 lx resulted in suprathreshold visibility for these conditions as well. The results of these computational analyses were largely confirmed in a full-scale, outdoor field demonstration attended by transportation agency engineers and highway contractors. Together, the findings suggest that when lighti...
Quantitative shear wave imaging optical coherence tomography for noncontact mechanical characterization of myocardium

Optical coherence elastography (OCE) is an emerging low-coherence imaging technique that provides noninvasive assessment of tissue biomechanics with high spatial resolution. Among various OCE methods, the capability of quantitative measurement of tissue elasticity is of great importance for tissue characterization and pathology detection across different samples. Here we report a quantitative OCE technique, termed quantitative shear wave imaging optical coherence tomography (Q-SWI-OCT), which enables noncontact measurement of tissue Young’s modulus based on the ultra-fast imaging of the shear wave propagation inside the sample. A focused air-puff device is used to interrogate the tissue with a low-pressure short-duration air stream that stimulates a localized displacement with the scale at micron level. The propagation of this tissue deformation in the form of shear wave is captured by a phase-sensitive OCT system running with the scan of the M-mode imaging over the path of the wave propagation. The temporal characteristics of the shear wave is quantified based on the cross-correlation of the tissue deformation profiles at all the measurement locations, and linear regression is utilized to fit the data plotted in the domain of time delay versus wave propagation distance. The wave group velocity is thus calculated, which results in the quantitative measurement of the Young’s modulus. As the feasibility demonstration, experiments are performed on tissuemimicking phantoms with different agar concentrations and the quantified elasticity values with Q-SWI-OCT agree well with the uniaxial compression tests. For functional characterization of myocardium with this OCE technique, we perform our pilot experiments on ex vivo mouse cardiac muscle tissues with two studies, including 1) elasticity difference of cardiac muscle under relaxation and contract conditions and 2) mechanical heterogeneity of the heart introduced by the muscle fiber orientation. Our results suggest the potential of using Q-SWI-OCT as an essential tool for nondestructive biomechanical evaluation of myocardium.
Mixed min-max optimization problem with restrictions☆

Abstract We consider a min-max optimization problem where the supremum of a functional over an infinite set of constraints is minimized. We deal with the problem by relaxing the controls and then introducing an equivalent problem with a unilateral constraint. We have obtained optimality conditions for the relaxed problem and pointed out that in problems where the controls appear linearly the relaxed controls are actually ordinary controls.
The Effect of Rotary Arms on Corotating Disk Flow

This investigation studied the impact of rotary style arms on the flow between corotating disks contained by a stationary cylindrical enclosure. Both ventilated and nonventilated hub configurations were considered. The particular geometry used represents a simplified model for common disk drives. Flow visualizations were performed over the Reynolds number range of 3.4 x 10 4 to 3.4 x 10 5 . The arms were observed to dramatically alter the flow field and to produce an azimuthal pressure gradient throughout the flow field. The dominant feature of the flow between two disks was the arm wake. Moreover, an exchange of fluid across the shroud opening, which provided arm access, was observed. Arm effects became stronger as the arm tips were positioned closer to the hub. The combination of arms and radial through flow was studied over a similar Reynolds number range. In this case, the flow field remained dominated by arm effects, although some effects arising from the radial flow were observed.
Lipid Peroxidation‐Derived Free Radical Production and Postischemic Myocardial Reperfusion Injurya

ESR spin trapping techniques, which monitor LPO-derived secondary free radical production, provide a quantitative index of irreversible oxidative injury in in vivo and in vitro models of postischemic stress. Secondary radical detection, in conjunction with other indices of injury, also offers a powerful approach for assessing protection against reperfusion-mediated oxidative injury in the presence of anti-radical intervention (Fig. 11). Monitoring secondary radical production has allowed us to demonstrate (1) a direct relationship between ischemic duration and the subsequent postischemic production of alkoxyl radicals from heart tissue; (2) changes in total secondary radical levels directly parallel the severity of mechanical dysfunction and/or tissue injury in postischemic tissue models; (3) interventions that interrupt LPO-derived secondary radical production by different mechanisms also attenuate reperfusion-mediated functional and/or tissue injury; and (4) secondary radical detection provides a standard measure of injury independent of the oxidative stress model used (A-R cells; buffer- and blood-perfused tissues; and global or regional ischemia) or animal species employed (rat, hamster, swine, dog, and human models). The lack of species-specificity for this index suggests the potential for clinical application, especially in light of our recent report demonstrating detection of secondary alkoxyl and alkyl radicals during the postoperative period after human open heart surgery.
The Early Stages of the Microstructural Development of the Colony Structure in Bi-2223 Tapes

The current protocol for processing (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3010-(B i-2223) multifilamentary tapes involves the in situ formation of the primary phase from a suitable mixture of precursor phases. As such, the developments during the first few minutes of heat treatment determine to a large extent the efficiency of primary phase development, competing secondary phase development, texture evolution, and grain-to-grain connectivity. This work documents the development of the liquid phase, secondary phases, defects which may affect alignment and reaction kinetics, and the precipitation of Bi-2223 from the liquid phase.
E-journals and tenure

The prodigious grouth in electronic publishing, fom listservs to peer-reviewed e-journals, may create a structural tension in the academy's evaluation system, even if only temporaly, as established norms and behaviors from the print era are challenged by new modalities. In view of the prevailing speculation, we decided to review current standards and criteria for evaluating electronic ppublications in the context if the promotion and tenure (P&T) process
Synthesis and structural studies of molybdenum and palladium complexes of 1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane ligands

Abstract 1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes form 1:1 complexes with the metal fragments Mo(CO)4 and PdCl2. Two of these products along with a parent heterocycle have been structurally characterized. The [P(Ph)CH2N(2-pyridyl)CH2]2 ring is found in a crown conformation while its cis-Mo(CO)4 complex adopts a chair–boat ligand conformation. On the other hand, the cis-PdCl2 complex of [P(Ph)CH2N(Bz)CH2]2 is found to retain a highly flattened crown ligand conformation. Unlike the related eight-membered heterocycle 1,3,5,7-tetraoxa-2,4,6,8-tetraphosphacyclooctane which behaves as a tetradentate ligand chelating homo- or hetero-bimetallics, coordination to a second metal by these complexes was not realized.
Ab initio prediction of GaN (101-bar0) and (110) anomalous surface relaxation.

The results of a study of the surface relaxation of GaN in the framework of the ab initio (all-electron) Hartree-Fock method are presented. We perform total-energy calculations using a two-dimensionally periodic slab model for the most stable nonpolar cleavage faces, namely, the ($10\overline{1}0$) and (110) surfaces of the wurtzite and zinc-blende phases, respectively. For both surfaces, when the energy is minimized the Ga-N surface bonds show a very small rotation angle of about 6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} accompanied by a reduction in surface bond length of about 7%. This result differs from the well-accepted model of the GaP (110) and GaAs (110) surfaces, where there is a large rotational angle in the range of 27\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-31\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and little change in surface bond length. The structure dependence of the calculated density of states suggests that this difference is at least partly due to interaction of the Ga $3d$ states with N $2s$-derived states in GaN. Partial double-bond character in the surface bond may also be important.
Development of Spanish Consonants in Preschool Children

This study tested the production of 18 Spanish consonants by 120 Mexican-American preschool children, ranging in age from 3 to 5:11 years to determine the age of acquisition of Spanish consonants. Data are provided on percent of correct production of each sound at six different age levels and are also graphically illustrated to compare age of acquisition with the results obtained by Jimenez (1987) on a similar population.
Gain enhancement of a thick microstrip antenna by suppressing surface waves

The most detrimental aspect of microstrip antennas for more widespread usage is their inherent narrow bandwidth. One simple way to increase the bandwidth is to use a thick substrate. As the layer thickness increases, the surface waves become highly excited. The surface waves are eventually dissipated at the substrate edges. This unwanted radiation reduces the antenna gain. In addition the radiation is uncontrollable and usually interferes with the main beam destructively to degrade the radiation quality. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new device to reduce the surface wave excitation. The reduction of the surface waves is achieved by using parasitic elements next to the radiation edges of regular microstrip antennas. Such parasitic elements are usually used for increasing the bandwidth. These patches are placed on a surface coplanar to the main radiation patch. In the proposed antenna, the parasitic elements are between the top radiation surface and the ground plane. The surface waves reflected from the parasitic elements feed back to the microstrip cavity, thus enhancing the radiation efficiency. A simple cavity model is used for the analysis. >
The Effects of the Dairy Termination Program on Live Cattle and Wholesale Beef Prices

Distributed lags were used to estimate the beef price effects of the 1986-87 Dairy Termination Program. The model estimated the direct effects of dairy slaughter and indirect effects of fed and nonfed supply response on the feeder, slaughter, and carcass markets. The results showed that, without offsetting U.S. Department of Agriculture red meat purchases, price reductions would have ranged from about $1.60 to $4.00 per hundredweight but were reduced by one-half with the red meat purchases. If the Department of Agriculture had scheduled dairy slaughter more evenly over eighteen months, price reductions would have been 34% less.
On the confidential auditing of distributed computing systems

We propose a confidential logging and auditing service for distributed information systems. We propose a cluster-based TTP (trusted third party) architecture for the event log auditing services, so that no single TTP node can have the full knowledge of the logs, and thus no single node can misuse the log information without being detected. On the basis of a relaxed form of secure distributed computing paradigms, one can implement confidential auditing service so that the auditor can retrieve certain aggregated system information, e.g. the number of transactions, the total volume, the event traces, etc., without having to access the full log data. Similar to the peer relationship of routers to provide global network routing services, the mutually supported, mutually monitored cluster TTP architecture allows independent systems to collaborate in network-wide auditing without compromising their private information.
Structural and Chemical Imaging of Superconductors and Semiconductors by High-Resolution Stem

In this paper a new method for high-resolution imaging of a crystal lattice is presented, based on high-angle electron scattering in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). An electron probe of atomic dimensions is scanned over the sample and the electron flux scattered through large angles measured by an annular detector and used to form an image. The detector integrates over a large range of angles and therefore replaces the coherent phase contrast of conventional high resolution TEM with the strong atomic number or Z-contrast characteristic of high angle Rutherford scattering. These characteristics make the image entirely complementary to the conventional image, ideal for studying the atomic structure and chemistry of defects and interfaces. Examples of the high Tc superconductors, epitaxial Ge on Si, and Si1−xGex/Si strained layer superlattices are shown, and a simple approximate method of image simulation is presented.
Storytelling as a vehicle for self-awareness: Establishing a foundation for intercultural competency development

Intercultural competence and the ability to work with diverse populations are critical for successful experiences abroad. Immersion has been identified as a strong preparatory and developmental opportunity for learners engaging in these experiences. However the increasing cost of higher education and the depletion of federal support for these programs have forced educators to employ innovative means to prepare students for international experiences. The authors address this charge via theoretical perspectives suggesting the inclusion of storytelling and narrative as a means of developing self-awareness and a pathway towards intercultural competence. This perspective provides the foundation for global competency development in non-immersive contexts with respect to the underlying financial limitations in the current higher education landscape. The authors provide an educational framework that has the potential for a renewed emphasis on self-development and ultimately, the creation of more globally conscious study abroad learners.
Asymptotics in High Dimensions For the Fortuin-Kasteleyn Random Cluster Model

We consider the Fortuin-Kasteleyn cluster model which is related to the percolation model and the Potts model. We give the asymptotic behavior of the critical probability and the percolation probability as the dimension d tends to infinity, in the case where Q (which corresponds to the number of colors in the Potts model) lies between 1 and 2.
Dexteroid: Detecting malicious behaviors in Android apps using reverse-engineered life cycle models

Abstract The amount of Android malware has increased greatly during the last few years. Static analysis is widely used in detecting such malware by analyzing the code without execution. The effectiveness of current tools relies on the app model as well as the malware detection algorithm which analyzes the app model. If the model and/or the algorithm is inadequate, then sophisticated attacks that are triggered by specific sequences of events will not be detected. This paper presents a static analysis framework called Dexteroid, which uses reverse-engineered life cycle models to accurately capture the behaviors of Android components. Dexteroid systematically derives event sequences from the models, and uses them to detect attacks launched by specific ordering of events. A prototype implementation of Dexteroid detects two types of attacks: (1) leakage of private information, and (2) sending SMS to premium-rate numbers. A series of experiments are conducted on 1526 Google Play apps, 1259 Genome Malware apps, and a suite of benchmark apps called DroidBench and the results are compared with a state-of-the-art static analysis tool called FlowDroid. The evaluation results show that the proposed framework is effective and efficient in terms of precision, recall, and execution time.
Stochastic modeling of airlift operations

Large-scale military deployments require transporting equipment and personnel over long distances in a short time. Planning an efficient airlift system is complicated and several models exist in the literature. Particularly, a study conducted on a deterministic optimization model developed by the Naval Postgraduate School and the RAND Corporation has shown that incorporating stochastic events leads to a degradation of performance. In this paper we investigate the applicability of network approximation methods to take into account randomness in an airlift network. Specifically, we show that approximation methods can model key performance features with sufficient accuracy to permit their use for network improvement, while requiring only a small fraction of the computational work that would have been needed had simulation been used for all of the performance evaluations. Also, we predict that combining simulation and approximation may work substantially better than either one of these alone.
Do we need a Sexual Selection 2.0

Sexual selection is one of Darwin’s major contributions to evolutionary biology. However, it has been subjected to repeated controversy, including our own recent challenge (Roughgarden et al. 2006), which has provoked lively debate (Kavanagh 2006; Clutton-Brock 2007). In response, Clutton-Brock (2009) proposes to extend the theory of sexual selection to females in a manner parallel to that for males, and Carranza (2009) proposes to redefine sexual selection theory. We refer to both of these proposals collectively as ‘Sexual Selection 2.0’. In this paper we show that Clutton-Brock’s extension of the theory to females exacerbates the problems with standard sexualselection theory, compounding the errors already present when the theory is applied specifically to males.We also show that Carranza’s redefinition of sexual selection violates the basic canon of science that once a hypothesis has been falsified, it shall not be redefined to render it true in light of new data, a process that, if allowed, would render any hypothesis infinitely malleable and thus untestable. Overall, we find that replacing the standard theory of sexual selection with some updated version 2.0 is inadvisable. Instead, we note that our proposal for an altogether new theory to replace sexual selection avoids compounding existing errors, is testable, and is possibly correct. Below, we consider the two papers separately.
Functional mapping of drug response with pharmacodynamic-pharmacokinetic principles.

Recent research in pharmacogenomics has inspired our hope to predict drug response by linking it with DNA information extracted from the human genome. However, many genetic models of drug response do not incorporate biochemical principles of host–drug interactions, limiting the effectiveness of the predictive models. We argue that functional mapping, a computational tool aimed at identifying genes and genetic networks that control dynamic traits, can help explain the detailed genetic architecture of drug response by incorporating pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Functional mapping is particularly powerful in determining the genetic commonality and differences of drug efficacy vs. drug toxicity and drug sensitivity vs. drug resistance. We pinpoint several future directions in which functional mapping can be coupled with systems biology to unravel the genetic and metabolic machinery of drug response.
Transgenic Mammary Epithelial Osteopontin (Spp1) Expression Induces Proliferation and Alveologenesis

Osteopontin (OPN) Spp1 is involved in differentiation of the mammary gland. We engineered mice to overexpress OPN in mammary epithelium and describe an altered mammary phenotype. Three transgenic (Tg) founder lines FVB/N Tg(MMTV-Opn)((1-3BOR)) were propagated after FVB/NJ pronuclear injections. Mammary glands from Tg-OPN mice compared to littermate controls showed, at 4 weeks of age, exaggerated terminal end buds; at 8 and 12 weeks, more numerous and complex ducts with increased luminal protein; and at 16 weeks, increased lobulogenesis. Lactational Tg-OPN mammary glands showed more rapid lobulogenesis and lactational changes with slower gland involution and regression following weaning. Ex vivo lobulogenesis was noticeably increased from organoids of Tg-OPN mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed cytoplasmic OPN accumulation and increased Ki-67 positive mammary epithelial cells in Tg-OPN mammary glands. OPN appears to convey a proliferative stimulus for mammary epithelial cells and alters development and differentiation. These OPN mammary overexpressing mice provide a means to study the role of OPN in cancer progression.
Heparin and heparin-like substances of cells.

The correlation between heparin and mast cells was first recognized by Jorpes (7) in 1937, and the history of heparin has since generally been considered to be the history of mast cells. After this correlation was made, however, heparin-like material with lower anticoagulant activity was found by several investigators as a by-product of heparin isolation from various tissues, such as lung and liver (6, 16). This material, called heparitin sulfate, contained less sulfate per disaccharide unit than heparin and contained a mixture of N-sulfated and N-acetylated glucosamine units (13). Both heparin and heparitin sulfate have been shown to be covalently linked to protein and can therefore by called proteoglycans.
Mark A. Prelas and Michael S. Peck. Nonproliferation Issues for Weapons of Mass Destruction

In their Preface, the authors state that their intention is to provide “a realistic understanding of the relative risks WMDs present to our way of life…The intent of this book is to provide an alte...