cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MAPK signal transduction pathway and it’s research advance in aquatic invertebrates

Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signal transduction pathway exists in all eukaryotic cells involved widely in cell growth,differentiation,reproduction,apoptosis,anti-stress and other physiological processes.It transducts signals from outside to the cytoplasm or nucleus by a conserved three-kinase cascade,phosphorylating intracellular substrate proteins or transcription factors to regulate physiological processes.Currently,most of the knowledge about the mechanisms of the MAPK pathway focuses on the mammalian system,with an emphasis on its relationship to human disease and the pathway.So far basic knowledge of the MAPK pathway in aquatic invertebrates is limited.In this article,combined data collected in our laboratory,we review the research advance on MAPK pathway in aquatic invertebrates to date and propose future develop-ment to the field.
Corrective socialization: a rationale for the treatment of schizophrenic children.

L'auteur expose un point de vue sur le traitement des enfants atteints de schizophrenie. Il formule la theorie que le probleme-cle, chez l'enfant schizophrene represente un defaut de la fonction d'...
Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels: Catalytic routes to gasoline

Gasoline, or petrol, consists almost entirely of low-boiling hydrocarbon molecules, with very small amounts of NSOs. Gasoline used world-wide amounts to ≈2.5 megatonnes per day , about half being consumed by the United States. Virtually all comes from petroleum. A small amount, on a world basis, is made in South Africa from coal, by the process of indirect liquefaction (Chapter 21). Production of any petroleum product begins with distillation. Petroleum is distilled into fractions (or “cuts”) characterized by a particular boiling-point range. A single distillation cut has components of sufficiently similar properties so that the entire fraction is of reasonably consistent quality. The first liquid to come off the distillation column is gasoline [A]. Its boiling range is from the initial boiling point to 180 °C. That is, whether a petroleum product is or is not gasoline is determined by its boiling range, which, in turn, is determined largely by molecular size. Compounds in gasoline range up to about C 12 in size, and consist of straight- and branched-chain alkanes, single-ring cycloalkanes and their alkylated derivatives, and benzene and alkylbenzenes. Gasoline combustion The property of gasoline having major importance is its performance as a fuel for spark-ignition internal combustion engines. By far the dominant use of gasoline is as fuel for automobiles and light trucks, and the dominant engine in these vehicles operates on the four-stroke cycle (Figure 14.1) developed by Nikolaus Otto (Figure 14.2) about 125 years ago [B]. In the intake, or induction, stroke, the piston travels downward, and a fuel–air mixture is drawn or injected into the cylinder. In the second stroke, compression, the piston moves upward and, as the name implies, compresses the fuel–air mixture in the cylinder. In the third stroke, called the ignition, working, or power stroke, an electric spark ignites the compressed fuel–air mixture. As the mixture burns, temperature and pressure inside the cylinder rise. Increased pressure pushes the piston downward. This stroke converts the chemical energy in the gasoline molecules into the mechanical work that propels the vehicle. The piston comes back up in the exhaust stroke, sweeping the products of combustion out of the cylinder.
Does Cerebral Oximetry Have an Important Role in Trauma

A 29-year-old man decided to slide down the newly placed bannister in Grand Central Station. During his ride down, he lost his balance and fell. Observing commuters commented to emergency medical services that he landed on his head. He was unconscious, and his Glasgow coma score was 5–6. There were no obvious fractures, and his abdomen was soft to palpation. Cardiopulmonary auscultation at the train station was normal. He appeared to only have a closed head injury or traumatic brain injury. He was transported to the nearest hospital, and his low Glasgow coma score led to an endotracheal intubation without incident.
Sex and Age Differences in Epinephrine Mechanisms and Outcomes after Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of injury-related death in children, with boys and children <4 years of age having particularly poor outcomes. Cerebral autoregulation is often impaired after TBI, contributing to poor outcome. Cerebral perfusion pressure can be normalized by use of vasoactive agents. The c-Jun-terminal kinase (JNK) isoform of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) produces hemodynamic impairment after TBI, but less is known about its role in histopathology. We investigated whether epinephrine (EPI), age, and sex dependently protected cerebral autoregulation and limited histopathology after TBI, and sought to determine the role of JNK in that outcome. Lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) was produced in anesthetized pigs. Pial artery reactivity was measured via a closed cranial window. Phosphorylated JNK MAPK was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results show that EPI preserves autoregulation, prevents histopathology, and blocks phosphorylated JNK upregulation in newborn males and females and juvenile females but not juvenile males after TBI. These data indicate that EPI preserves cerebral autoregulation and limits histopathology after TBI through blockade of JNK in an age- and sex-dependent manner.
Alternative storage technologies

The author examines a promising data storage technology, namely, a combination of removable, reversible optical disks and dynamic RAMs. Semiconductor memories have virtually instantaneous access times to data compared with the times required in a rigid disk for the head arm to move to the correct track, for the vibrations to settle, and for the required record to come around to the head. Thermo-magneto-optical disks achieve equal bit densities but at heights greater by a factor of 10000. They also achieve track densities higher by about ten times. This virtually eliminates the possibility of head crashes and enables disks to be removable thus expanding the storage capability of the drive. The three most common processes for reversible disks are outlined. >
3D Hybrid Integration for Silicon Photonics

A 3D hybrid integration platform for silicon photonics is discussed. This platform merges indium phosphide and silicon photonics in an elegant and effective manner, providing a path to low cost, high yield, and high performance.
Transient Thermal Finite Element Modeling of HTS Cable Systems Cooled With Gaseous Helium

Intensive thermal modeling for gaseous helium cooled high -temperature superconducting (HTS) power devices is necessary for understanding the dynamic thermal behavior during potential system contingencies. This paper presents a transient analysis of an HTS cable system that uses helium gas as a cryogen in a closed loop. Several system contingencies in which the system undergoes a transition that may lead to quenching are simulated. These contingencies include: a vacuum breach, cryocooler failure, and a combination of cryocooler and gas circulation impeller failure. Additionally, the thermal mass of the cable termination is varied to analyze its importance and effect on the timescale for the system to reach a critical temperature of 80 K.
Estimating burnup uncertainties in KSU TRIGA Mark II reactor and their impact on reactor safety

Abstract Safety analysis was conducted for the KSU TRIGA Mark-II reactor to assess the safety impact of loading enriched fuel in the reactor core. This analysis was performed using a representative single channel conservative model in the best estimate thermal-hydraulic code RELAP5/MOD3.3. However the effects of epistemic uncertainties on the safety calculations and sensitivity of the model towards these uncertainties can play a critical role in decision-making. One of the major uncertainties in the input parameters for RELAP model can be in the axial power peaking factors attributed to uncertainties in burnup estimates. The uncertainty propagation through different models and sensitivity analysis were studied with the help of established tools such as MCNP and RELAP5/MOD3.3. The results of these sensitivity studies due to uncertainties in the burnup values were compared with the sensitivity to uncertainties within the thermal-hydraulic model.
Abstract 5891: DCIS to invasive progression in breast cancer is delayed by restoring CCN5

Malignant progression of breast cancer from pre-invasive to invasive lesions remains a mechanistically unknown event and a major challenge in medical research. By revealing the mechanism of action, our new and substantially different approach aims to demonstrate that CCN5/WISP2 might play a role in negative regulation of progression of pre-invasive lesion ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) to invasive carcinoma (IC). DCIS to IC transition results primarily from the loss of the myoepithelial cell (MEC) layer surrounding the breast ducts & lobules and basement membrane (BM) degradation followed by invasion of cancer cells into the surrounding stromal tissue and vasculature. It has been recently discovered that CCN5, a matricellular protein, is highly expressed in DCIS patient specimens and facilitates regression of aggressive phenotypes. Our in-vitro studies with myoepithelial cell lines (MECs) indicate that CCN5 may prevent the DCIS to IC transition through the protection of the MEC layer. CCN5 performs it’s protective role by regulating sonic hedgehog (SHh) expression in MECs. It has been previously shown in separate studies that Neuropilin1 (Nrp1) positively regulates expression of SHh and Nrp1 is exclusively expressed in MEC layer in breast tissues. An extension of our studies indicate that CCN5 might regulate the integrity of the mammary ductal architecture by protecting the MEC layer through a novel Nrp1-SHh signaling axis. Collectively, our studies indicate that regulating CCN5 expression level in breast cancer tissues might help us controlling the rate of progression of the disease from DCIS to an invasive stage. Citation Format: Sandipto Sarkar, Arnab Ghosh, Gargi Maity, Snigdha Banerjee, Sushanta Banerjee. DCIS to invasive progression in breast cancer is delayed by restoring CCN5 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5891. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5891
The Thing Speaks of Itself

This chapter is an explication of the third section (“The Thing Speaks of Itself”) of “The Freudian Thing.” In this section, Lacan appropriates the Greek myth of Diana and Actaeon. He casts Freud as Actaeon and Diana as the unconscious (i.e., “the Thing” as repressed truth). The latter, in this section, “speaks of itself,” declaring that, “Me, the truth, I speak.” Lacan’s prosopopoeia of the speaking unconscious Thing challenges non-Lacanian analysts’ conceptions of psychical defense mechanisms. In particular, Lacan objects to notions of defenses as succeeding in eclipsing altogether the unconscious (for him, by contrast, repression is always the return of the repressed). Pascal’s aphorism about Cleopatra’s nose also is brought up to introduce the importance of language for psychoanalysis.
Substrate-Integrated E-Plane Waveguide Horn Antenna and Antenna Array

Substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) is successful to design H-plane horn antenna but fails to design E-plane horn antenna. It is because the plated through holes in SIW only support vertical current but not longitudinal current, both of which are required by the E-plane horn antenna. In this paper, a novel substrate-integrated E-plane waveguide (SIEW) horn antenna is proposed and used to design an E-plane horn antenna array. It radiates electric field parallel to the printed circuit board (PCB) and gives narrow beam in the E-plane and broad beam in the H-plane. The antenna is fabricated by stacking two PCBs with copper strips sandwiched in between. The rows of plated through holes are drilled to support vertical current, and the sandwiched copper strips are used to support longitudinal current. With both the vertical and longitudinal currents on the vertical wall, electric field parallel to the PCB can be guided to the aperture and radiated into the air. A trapezoidal dielectric load is applied to improve impedance matching and gain. An SIEW-to-SMA transition is designed for measurement. For array design, a two-way SIEW power divider is designed based on its equivalent circuit. Both the single antenna element and the antenna array are prototyped and measured.
Using physiological and behavioral measurements in a picture-based road hazard perception experiment to classify risky and safe drivers

Abstract Every year, a considerable number of people got injured or even lost their lives in road traffic accidents. To decrease the number of fatalities and injuries, researchers are seeking methods to identify and restrain drivers before the happening of actual traffic accidents, who possess dangerous driving behaviors and may cause road traffic accidents. Such methods are usually exploited to decide drivers’ fitness to drive—an indicator to describe whether they are fit for driving. The aim of this study is to measure drivers’ physiological and behavioral responses to road hazards and to extract features from measurements for further classification of risky and safe drivers. 42 drivers participated in a picture-based road hazard perception experiment, where electroencephalography (EEG), electrodermal activity (EDA), behavioral responses to road hazards, multidimensional driving style inventory (MDSI) questionnaire, and demographic information were recorded. Results indicated that 5 specific physiological features regarding to road hazard perception showed significant differences between risky and safe drivers. Subsequently, participants were classified into risky or safe drivers group by applying only the 5 features. 81.82% and 77.78% accuracy of classification were attained for risky and safe drivers, respectively. It was evidenced that using physiological and behavioral responses to evaluate drivers’ road hazard perception might be utilized as a tool to measure drivers’ fitness to drive. For further studies, improvements to future experiment design were discussed.
Ecosystem warming extends vegetation activity but heightens vulnerability to cold temperatures

Shifts in vegetation phenology are a key example of the biological effects of climate change1–3. However, there is substantial uncertainty about whether these temperature-driven trends will continue, or whether other factors—for example, photoperiod—will become more important as warming exceeds the bounds of historical variability4,5. Here we use phenological transition dates derived from digital repeat photography6 to show that experimental whole-ecosystem warming treatments7 of up to +9 °C linearly correlate with a delayed autumn green-down and advanced spring green-up of the dominant woody species in a boreal Picea–Sphagnum bog. Results were confirmed by direct observation of both vegetative and reproductive phenology of these and other bog plant species, and by multiple years of observations. There was little evidence that the observed responses were constrained by photoperiod. Our results indicate a likely extension of the period of vegetation activity by 1–2 weeks under a ‘CO2 stabilization’ climate scenario (+2.6 ± 0.7 °C), and 3–6 weeks under a ‘high-CO2 emission’ scenario (+5.9 ± 1.1 °C), by the end of the twenty-first century. We also observed severe tissue mortality in the warmest enclosures after a severe spring frost event. Failure to cue to photoperiod resulted in precocious green-up and a premature loss of frost hardiness8, which suggests that vulnerability to spring frost damage will increase in a warmer world9,10. Vegetation strategies that have evolved to balance tradeoffs associated with phenological temperature tracking may be optimal under historical climates, but these strategies may not be optimized for future climate regimes. These in situ experimental results are of particular importance because boreal forests have both a circumpolar distribution and a key role in the global carbon cycle11. Experimental whole-ecosystem warming treatments of a Picea–Sphagnum peat bog reveal the likely phenological consequences of future temperature increases that exceed those of historical climate regimes.
Diffuse lamellar keratitis 14 years after laser in situ keratomileusis induced by an eyelash in the flap interface

We describe a case of unilateral late-onset diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) in a 45-year old man 14 years after uneventful laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery associated with an eyelash in the flap interface. The patient presented initially with a 1.0 mm central epithelial defect with haze, infiltrate, and epithelial ingrowth along the LASIK flap in the left eye. The initial corrected distance visual acuity was 20/60 in the right eye and 20/125 in the left eye. Two weeks after the flap was refloated and topical steroid treatment administered, the corrected distance visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. This report describes an exceedingly rare presentation of DLK 14 years after LASIK triggered by a foreign body under the LASIK flap.
Stance and the construction of authentic celebrity persona

The American performance artist Lady Gaga has earned great notoriety in the mainstream media through artistic and personal performance, as well as for her relationships both with her fandom and the media. In this article, I discuss the linguistic stance-taking moves that Lady Gaga uses in two different communicative media in order to construct an authentic celebrity persona. Through references to intimate relationships, inclusive plural pronouns, and demonstration of attention to fan conversations, Lady Gaga's Twitter posts create a stance of alignment with the ‘ordinary’ people in her fan base. Conversely, by using combative and corrective rhetorical strategies in interviews with journalists, she creates a stance of disalignment with mass media establishment. Together, these linguistic strategies allow Lady Gaga's claims to authenticity to be seen as morally credible. This work highlights the central role that language plays in constructing an authentic-seeming public persona. (Authenticity, stance, celebrity, Lady Gaga, media, interview, Twitter)*
Multicolor fluorescent imaging by space-constrained computational hyperspectral imaging

Hyperspectral imaging is a powerful technique to simultaneously study multiple fluorophore labels with overlapping emissions. Here we present a computational hyperspectral imaging method, which uses the sample spatial fluorescence information as a reconstruction constraint. Our method addresses both the under-sampling issue of compressive hyperspectral imaging and the low throughput issue of scanning hyperspectral imaging. With simulated and experimental data, we have demonstrated the superior reconstruction precision of our method in two and three-color imaging. We have experimentally validated this method in differentiating cellular structures labeled with two red-colored fluorescent proteins, tdTomato and mCherry, which have highly overlapping emission spectra. Our method has the advantage of totally free wavelength choice and can also be combined with conventional filter-based sequential multi-color imaging to further expand the choices of probes.
Does Home Equity Affect Decisions on Long-Term Care Insurance Purchases? Evidence From the United States.

The low uptake of private long-term care insurance (LTCI) by the elderly in the United States, despite visible risks, has left economists puzzled. Prior studies have hypothesized that home equity c...
Free Groups and Free Products of Groups

In the preceding chapters we have introduced the fundamental group of a space and actually determined its structure in some of the simplest cases. In more complicated cases we need a larger vocabulary and a greater knowledge of group theory to describe its structure and actually to make use of its properties. The object of this chapter is to supply this need. We first discuss the case of abelian groups because this case is simpler and more closely related to the student’s previous experience. Then we discuss the general case of not necessarily abelian groups. Here the results are entirely analogous to the abelian case, but the possibilities are more varied and less intuitive.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemistry of the Homoleptic f Element Ketimide Complexes [Li]2[M(N═CtBuPh)6] (M = Ce, Th).

Reaction of [Ce(NO3)3(THF)4] with 6 equiv of Li(N═CtBuPh), followed by addition of 0.5 equiv of I2, affords the homoleptic Ce(IV) ketimide [Li]2[Ce(N═CtBuPh)6] (1), which can be isolated in 44% yield after workup. Similarly, reaction of [ThCl4(DME)2] (DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) with 6 equiv of Li(N═CtBuPh) in tetrahydrofuran affords the isostructural Th(IV) ketimide [Li]2[Th(N═CtBuPh)6] (2), which can be isolated in 53% yield after workup. Both 1 and 2 were fully characterized, including analysis by X-ray crystallography, allowing for a detailed structural and spectroscopic comparison. The electronic structures of 1 and 2 were also explored with density functional theory and multiconfigurational wave function calculations. Additionally, the redox chemistry of 1 was probed by cyclic voltammetry, which revealed a highly cathodic Ce(IV)/Ce(III) reduction potential, providing evidence for the ability of the ketimide ligand to stabilize high oxidation states of the lanthanides.
Neutron decay, dark matter and neutron stars

Following up on a suggestion that decay to a dark matter fermion might explain the 4σ discrepancy in the neutron lifetime, we consider the implications of such a fermion on neutron star structure. We find that including it reduces the maximum neutron star mass to well below the observed masses. In order to recover stars with the observed masses, the (repulsive) self-interactions of the dark fermion would have to be stronger than those of the nucleon-nucleon interaction.
Wood Smoke Particles Stimulate MUC5AC Overproduction by Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells through TRPA1 and EGFR Signaling.

Mucus hypersecretion is a pathological feature of acute inflammatory and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Exposure to air pollutants can be a cause of pathological mucus overproduction, but mechanisms by which different forms of air pollutants elicit this response are not fully understood. In this study, particulate matter (PM) generated from burning pine wood and other types of biomass was used to determine mechanisms by which these forms of PM stimulate mucin gene expression and secretion by primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). Biomass PM < 2.5 μm generated from pine wood and several other fuels stimulated the expression and secretion of the gel-forming glycoprotein MUC5AC by HBECs. Muc5ac gene induction was also observed in mouse airways following subacute oropharyngeal delivery of pine wood smoke PM. In HBECs, MUC5AC was also induced by the transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) agonists' coniferaldehyde, a component of pine smoke PM, and allyl isothiocyanate, and was attenuated by a TRPA1 antagonist. Additionally, inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1) and the EGFR signaling partners p38 MAPK and GSK3β also prevented MUC5AC overexpression. Collectively, our results suggest that activation of TRPA1 and EGFR, paired with alterations to p38 MAPK and GSK3β activity, plays a major role in MUC5AC overproduction by bronchial epithelial cells exposed to biomass smoke PM. These results reveal specific processes for how biomass smoke PM may impact the human respiratory system and highlight potential avenues for therapeutic manipulation of lung diseases that are affected by air pollutants.
Inverse-rendering-based analysis of the fine illumination effects in Salvator Mundi

The painting Salvator Mundi is attributed to Leonardo da Vinci and depicts Jesus holding a transparent orb. The authors study the optical accuracy of the fine illumination effects in this painting using inverse rendering. Their experimental results provide plausible explanations for the strange glow inside the orb, the anomalies on the orb and the mysterious three white spots, supporting the optical accuracy of the orb's rendering down to its fine-grain details.
Impact of Hematologic Malignancies on Outcome of Cardiac Surgery.

Background Previous studies suggest that patients with prior or current hematologic malignancy are at increased risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications when undergoing cardiac surgery. The aim of this review was to compare clinical outcomes of patients with a history of hematologic malignancy to those of similar patients with no known blood dyscrasia. Methods From January 1993 to June 2017, 37,839 patients underwent elective cardiac surgery at Mayo Clinic. We matched 612 patients (1.6%) with a history of hematologic malignancy to 612 controls, and compared operative details, early postoperative complications, and late survival. Results The median age of matched patients with hematologic malignancy was 71 years (interquartile range [IQR], 62 to 77) and 71 years (IQR, 62 to 77) for patients without cancer. Patients with prior diagnosis of malignancy had lower hemoglobin levels, 12.8 (IQR, 11.5 to 13.8) vs 13.5 (IQR, 12.2 to 14.6; P .999) were similar. Thirty-day mortality was 3.3% among patients with hematologic malignancy and 1.5% among matched controls (P = .061). Overall survival among patients with cancer was reduced (P Conclusions Although late survival is reduced in patients with hematologic malignancies, early outcomes are generally similar to those of matched controls. Therefore, surgery should not be withheld from patients with a diagnosis of hematologic malignancy who would benefit from cardiac procedures.
The effect of negative Poisson’s ratio on the low-velocity impact response of an auxetic nanocomposite laminate beam

In this paper, an investigation on the low-velocity impact (LVI) response of a shear deformable beam laminated by carbon nanotube reinforced composite (CNTRC) layers is performed. The composite beam is “auxetic” due to the negative out-of-plane Poisson’s ratio (NPR) through special symmetric stacking sequences of layers that are designed based on the Classical Laminate Theory. To study the effect of the out-of-plane NPR on the LVI response of the composite beam, a newly defined Hertz model is developed. The motion equations of Karman type for the CNTRC laminate beam are derived in the framework of the Reddy beam theory and solved by means of a two-step perturbation approach while the dynamic equation of the impactor is built on Newton’s Law. Since temperature-dependent material properties of both carbon nanotube (CNT) and matrix are employed, the thermal influence on the LVI behavior is also investigated. Moreover, a piece-wise method is employed herein to investigate the effect of functionally graded (FG) patterns of the CNT reinforcements on the impact response. Numerical results elucidating the effects of temperature, FG distribution, and CNT volume fraction on the out-of-plane Poisson’s ratio and impact response of the beam are obtained by using a Range–Kutta method and discussed in details.
A transcriptionally distinct subpopulation of healthy acinar cells exhibit features of pancreatic progenitors and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) can originate either from acinar or ductal cells in the adult pancreas. In this study, we re-analyzed multiple pancreas and PDAC single-cell RNA-seq datasets and found a subset of non-malignant acinar cells, which we refer to as acinar edge (AE) cells, whose transcriptomes highly diverge from a typical acinar cell in each dataset. Genes upregulated among AE cells were enriched for transcriptomic signatures of pancreatic progenitors, acinar dedifferentiation, and several oncogenic programs. AE-upregulated genes were upregulated in human PDAC tumors, and consistently, their promoters were hypomethylated. High expression of these genes was associated with poor patient survival. The fraction of AE-like cells increased with age in healthy pancreatic tissue, which was not explained by clonal mutations, thus pointing to a non-genetic source of variation. The fraction of AE-like cells was also significantly higher in human pancreatitis samples. Finally, cells with edge-like states were observed in lung, liver, prostate, and colon tissues, suggesting that sub-populations of healthy cells across tissues can exist in pre-neoplastic states.
Children and Adolescents with CRPS

Pediatric patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) differ from their adult counterparts in several ways. The lower limb is disproportionately affected and there is a higher percentage of cases that present after no known trauma. While many pediatric CRPS patients have psychological comorbidities, evidence does not suggest a psychological origin of pediatric CRPS. Adult criteria for diagnosis is often used, although many recognize the need for pediatric-specific criteria. Multidisciplinary therapy is the foundation of treatment. There is not good evidence to support the use of medications in pediatric CRPS. Invasive procedures are not recommended as first-line therapy, but may be helpful for cases that are refractory to conservative treatment. The prognosis is generally favorable, though recurrence is very common. Despite a tremendous growth in research on pediatric CRPS in the recent decades, there is a still a great need for more high-quality evidence in the treatment of pediatric CRPS.
Authors as Licensors of Informational Rights under U.C.C. Article 2B

U.C.C. Article 2B of the Uniform Commercial Code was designed primarily to regulate online and mass market transactions, particularly the licensing of computer software. Its effects, however, will extend to authors of works other than computer software. This Article considers the effects Article 2B would have on dealings between those authors and the exploiters of the authors' works. By reducing procedural barriers to the formation of licenses, Article 2B would make it all too easy for an author to assent to contract terms that may heavily favor an exploiter of the author's work. On the other hand, default contract terms contained in Article 2B would provide substantive protections to authors who enter into informal licenses. Authors and their representatives, who have not closely followed the evolution of Article 2B, would do well to contribute their perspectives to the drafting process.
How Apprendi Affects Institutional Allocations of Power

In Apprendi v. New Jersey, the Supreme Court held that any fact that increases a defendant's statutory maximum sentence must be proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. This essay addresses how Apprendi may affect the allocation of power among the various actors in the criminal justice system. Part I predicts that legislatures are likely to exploit a number of loopholes to evade Apprendi, either by redrafting sentencing enhancements using different terminology or by delegating even more power to judges and sentencing commissions. Part II forecasts a likely shift of power from judges to prosecutors, exploring how Apprendi undercuts judges' power to check prosecutorial charging decisions. The essay concludes with more general thoughts about the kinds of institutional-power questions judges and academics should ask in evaluating new rules of criminal procedure.
Drug Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Although the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease is unknown and specific therapy is unavailable, enough information on existing empiric agents is available to allow rational therapy. These agents include sulfasalazine, steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, metronidazole and cholestyramine. Sulfasalazine is a two-part molecule that depends on bacterial cleavage in the colon to deliver locally acting 5-aminosalicylate, whose mechanism of action may relate to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The other half of the molecule, sulfapyridine, is responsible for most of the side effects of the drug. While the efficacy of sulfasalazine in the treatment and prevention of attacks of ulcerative colitis is well established, its use in Crohn's disease appears to be limited to patients with active colitis and ileo-colitis. Sulfasalazine is of major benefit in preventing relapses in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission. New formulations of 5-aminosalicylate may allow delivery of the apparently active moiety to the small bowel and colon without concomitant sulfapyridine toxicity. Corticosteroids are highly effective in acute attacks of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's ileitis and ileo-colitis; the mechanism of antiinflammatory action remains speculative. However, maintenance therapy with steroids is ineffective in preventing relapses or recurrent attacks of either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Steroid enemas allow topical administration to patients with distal colitis and proctitis with few systemic side effects. In children with growth failure associated with active Crohn's disease, amelioration by steroid therapy may actually restore normal growth. Immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are of little value in active Crohn's disease when administered alone; however, in combination with other agents they may help diminish steroid dose, close fistulae and prevent relapse. Their mode of action likely depends on long-term cytostatic effects on immune effector cells. Concern for leukopenia and the development of late malignancy has limited their use to patients not responding to other therapies. Metronidazole, an antimicrobial agent that is effective against anaerobes, has recently been shown useful in Crohn's disease involving the colon and perianal area. Its mechanism of action is uncertain, but may be related to its antibacterial actions on anaerobes. Cholestyramine can be successfully used to control bile salt-induced diarrhea in Crohn's patients with terminal ileal resections. Effective drug therapy of inflammatory bowel disease is only part of a total program of management including reassurance, frequent explanation, well-timed use of surgery, and an understanding physician.
Compliance of Chronic Asthmatics With Oral Administration of Theophylline as Measured by Serum and Salivary Levels

A group of ambulatory asthmatic children was studied with serum and salivary theophylline levels following a prescribed dose of a hydroalcoholic solution of theophylline to determine compliance. The gas chromatographic procedure used was both selective and sensitive for theophylline without the necessity of withholding coffee, tea, chocolate, or cocoa. In the first group of patients, only 11% achieved therapeutic levels, 65% had less than therapeutic levels, and 23% had no measurable drug in saliva. With more directive and supervised drug administration in a second group of patients, 42% achieved therapeutic levels, 51% were below therapeutic levels, and only 6% had no measurable drug. Monitoring patients with salivary theophylline levels proved an effective way of improving compliance and also alerted physicians to noncompliance as a possible explanation of "treatment failure." Salivary specimens are readily obtained and noninvasive so that the technique is readily adaptable for use in the office of clinic setting.
Extending the Valiant Learning Model

Abstract Valiant's formal model of concept learning has received some attention because of its strong performance guarantees. However, it has rarely been used in practice, in part because the known learnable concept classes are too restricted. Here I suggest two ways to avoid this problem. One explores the power gained by allowing the learner to experiment with its environment to some degree, rather than just passively view examples of the concept to be learned. It is shown that for a special case, no power is gained in the standard model, but a slightly different model does engender differences. The question of whether learning by experimentation is equivalent to learning from examples in the general case is an important open problem; if they are equivalent, the suitability of the Valiant model for capturing the function of experiments in science is called into question. The second extension considers a measure of the proximity of two concept classes, called density, that is defined to mesh with the learning model. It is shown that a concept close to the concept to be learned can be determined by viewing only a polynomial number of examples. Density also has wider applicability as a measure of the appropriateness of bias.
Purification of the apolipoprotein B-67-containing low density lipoprotein particle and its affinity for the low density lipoprotein receptor

Naturally occurring mutant forms of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-100 may be able to provide valuable information on the structure-function relationships of apoB with the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. ApoB-67, recently identified in a kindred displaying apoB levels 25% of normal (Welty et al. J. Clin. Invest. 1991. 87: 1748-1754), is predicted to contain 3040 amino acids and therefore, contains part of the epitope for antibody 4G3, which blocks binding of LDL to the LDL-receptor. To determine whether the amino terminal 67% of apoB-100 is important for binding to the LDL receptor, the apoB-67-containing lipoprotein particle was purified from plasma by gradient ultracentrifugation. The fractions containing apoB-67 were in the density range 1.049-1.070 g/ml. These fractions were pooled and adsorbed onto an affinity chromatography column containing the monoclonal antibody, MB-47. The epitope for MB-47 is two nonlinear domains between amino acids 3429 to 3453 and 3507 to 3523; therefore, apoB-100 will bind to the MB-47 column but apoB-67 will not. The resulting apoB-67-containing particles were completely devoid of apoB-100. In competitive binding studies, the apoB-67 lipoprotein particle did not compete with 125I-labeled apoB-100-containing LDL particles for binding, uptake, or degradation by normal human fibroblast monolayers. We conclude that the amino terminal 67% of apoB-100 in the naturally occurring lipoprotein particle does not appear to contain a functionally relevant epitope of the LDL-receptor binding domain.
Successful Non-fluoroscopic Radiofrequency Ablation of Incessant Atrial Tachycardia in a High Risk Twin Pregnancy

We describe a patient presenting with incessant ectopic atrial tachycardia during a high risk twin pregnancy. Tachycardia was resistant to escalating doses of beta-blockade with digoxin. Because of increasing left ventricular dysfunction early in the third trimester, catheter ablation was performed successfully at 30 weeks gestation. Electro-anatomic mapping permitted the entire procedure to be conducted without the use of ionizing radiation. The pregnancy proceeded to successful delivery near term and after three years the patient remains recurrence free with normal left ventricular function, off all medication.
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: prognostic features and outcomes.

Abstract The prognostic features and outcomes associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are reviewed. In the first section, the epidemiology of SAH is discussed with emphasis on prevalence, incidence, risk factors, heredity, activity, and seasonal variability. In the second section, the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with aneurysmal SAH is briefly reviewed. In the third section, the prognostic features associated with aneurysmal SAH are discussed with emphasis on neurologic condition and SAH grading scales, patient's age, aneurysm size and location, repeat hemorrhage, vasospasm, systemic disease, hypertensive response, computed tomograph features, hydrocephalus, timing of surgery, and expertise of the aneurysm center. Also in the third section, the prognostic features associated with unruptured aneurysms are discussed with emphasis on the actuarial risk of rupture, aneurysm size and location, and multiplicity of lesions. In the fourth and final section, the outcomes of aneurysmal SAH over the past 60 yrs are reviewed.
Synthesis, structure and properties of the Cp2Zr{CH(SiMe3)2}+ cation

Abstract The generation and properties of the Cp2Zr{CH(SiMe3)2}+ cation are described. An X-ray crystallographic analysis shows that the carborane salt [Cp2Zr{CH(SiMe3)2}][HCB11Me5Br6] contains an agostic Zr–μ-Me–Si interaction in the solid state. Low temperature NMR spectra of the borate salt [Cp2Zr{CH(SiMe3)2}][B(C6F5)4] show that this interaction is retained in solution. Variable temperature NMR spectra establish that the SiMe2(μ-Me) and unbound SiMe3 units of Cp2Zr{CH(SiMe3)2}+ exchange by a “pivot” process involving partial rotation around the Zr–CH(SiMe3)2 bond, with a barrier of ΔG‡ = 9.2(1) kcal/mol at −89 °C. Cp2Zr{CH(SiMe3)2}+ does not coordinate alkenes or alkynes.
Rosai-Dorfman Disease: An unusual cause of fever of unknown origin (FUO) and anterior cervical adenopathy in a child

In children, cervical adenopathy and fever is a common diagnostic dilemma. We present an unusual case of fever with anterior cervical adenopathy mimicking lymphoma that was diagnosed by as Rosai-Dorfman disease (RD) by lymph node biopsy. RD disease typically presents in childhood with cervical adenopathy. Less commonly, RD may involve extra-nodal sites as well, including the skin (the most common extranodal site), central nervous system (CNS), eye, liver, spleen, pancreas, or kidney. Lymph node biopsy is diagnostic and to differentiates RD disease from other causes of lymphadenopathy such as lymphoma.
Effect of elevated homocysteine on cardiac neural crest migration in vitro

A positive correlation between elevated maternal homocysteine (Hcys) and an increased risk of neural tube, craniofacial, and cardiac defects is well known. Studies suggest Hcys perturbs neural crest (NC) development and may involve N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (Rosenquist et al., 1999). However, there is no direct evidence that Hcys alters NC cell behavior. Here, we evaluated the effect of Hcys on cardiac NC cell migratory behavior in vitro. Neural tube segments from chick embryos treated in ovo with or without Hcys were placed in culture and the migratory behavior of emigrating NC cells was monitored. Hcys significantly increased in vitro NC cell motility at all embryonic stages examined. NC cell surface area and perimeter were also increased. However, the relative distance NC cells migrated from their original starting point only increased in NC cells treated in ovo at stage 6 or at the time neural tube segments were cultured. Cysteine had no effect. NMDA mimicked Hcys' effect on NC motility and migration distance but had no effect on cell area or perimeter. The noncompetitive inhibitor of NMDA receptors, MK801+, significantly inhibited NC cell motility, reduced migration distance, and also blocked the effects of NMDA and Hcys on NC motility and migratory distance in vitro. A monoclonal antibody directed against the NMDA receptor immunostained NC cells in vitro and, in western blots, bound a single protein with the appropriate molecular weight for the NMDA receptor in NC cell lysates. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a Hcys-sensitive NMDA-like receptor is expressed by early emigrating NC cells or their precursors, which is important in mediating their migratory behavior. Perturbation of this receptor may be related to some of the teratogenic effects observed with elevated Hcys.
Using Unbalanced Trees for Indexing Multidimensional Objects

In this paper we introduce a new multidimensional index structure called the S-tree. Such indexes are appropriate for a large va­ riety of pictorial databases such as cartography, satellite and medical images. The S-tree discussed in this paper is similar in flavor to the stan­ dard R-tree, but accepts mild imbalance in the resulting tree in return for a significantly reduced area, overlap and perimeter in the resulting minimum bounding rectangles. In fact, the S-tree is defined in terms of a parameter which governs the degree to which this trade-off is allowed. We develop an efficient packing algorithm based on this parameter. We then analyze the S-tree analytically, giving theoretical bounds on the degree of imbalance of the tree. We also analyze the S-tree experimentally. The S-tree does well in two dimensions, and even better in three dimensions. Indeed, the S-tree can be expected to do better still as the dimensional­ ity increases. While the S-tree is extremely effective for static databases, we outline the extension to dynamic databases as well.
Luck and giving

This study finds that individuals who consider themselves lucky in finances donate more than individuals who do not consider themselves lucky even after controlling for income, wealth and relevant socio-demographic variables.
Hygroscopic particle behavior studied by interdigitated array microelectrode impedance sensors.

The hygroscopic behavior of soluble salts bears importance in many research fields including atmospheric sciences, corrosion, porous building materials, and pharmaceuticals. Several methods have been used to study deliquescence (solid to liquid) and efflorescence (liquid to solid) phase transitions of these salts. In this study, we measured the deliquescence and efflorescence RH values of single salt microparticles deposited on an interdigitated microelectrode sensor via electrical impedance. The salts examined were NaCl, LiCl, NaBr, KCl, and MgCl2. Measured values were in agreement with in situ optical microscopic observations and, with the exception of MgCl2, literature values. In the case of MgCl2, deliquescence occurred at 33% RH and 12–15% RH, with the latter range being previously unreported. The depressed deliquescence RH was hypothesized to be a result of the formation of a metastable MgCl2 hydrate. Incomplete efflorescence of MgCl2 was also observed after exposure to <1.5% RH for up to 22 h due t...
Towards an optimal drug-delivery regimen for methotrexate chemotherapy

To date, drug regimes for cancer chemotherapy have been developed on empirical bases. In this work the desired distribution of a certain drug, methotrexate, is specified a priori. Then a drug regimen is developed which most nearly attains this distribution. The regimen is designed to attain certain quantitative therapeutic measures (i.e. maximum tumor-cell damage with minimum normal-cell damage). Although the procedure is a general one, we have chosen the drug methotrexate to illustrate the principles.
Unilateral mydriasis as a consequence of unintentional ocular scopolamine contamination

Abstract Transdermal scopolamine patches are used by air medical personnel to prevent air and motion sickness. Inadvertent ocular contamination can present alarming symptoms and signs. This case report exemplifies scopolamine-induced anisocoria, discusses the differential diagnosis, and describes an approach to making its diagnosis.