cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monoamines and nitric oxide are employed by afferents engaged in midline thalamic regulation.

The neurochemical identities of afferents to the midline thalamus were investigated in chloral hydrate-anesthetized adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The retrograde tracers, FluoroGold or cholera toxin B subunit, were centered on the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (n.Pvt), a periventricular member of the diffuse thalamocortical projection system that is reciprocally linked with visceral areas of cerebral cortex and implicated in food intake and addictive behavior. Tissues were processed with antisera raised against 5-HT, the catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase or phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase or the cholinergic anabolic enzyme, ChAT. Serotonergic afferents principally derive from dorsal and median constituents of the mesopontine raphe. Previously unrecognized sources of catecholaminergic afferents were detected. Adrenergic afferents were traced to neurons in the C1 and C3 areas of rostral medullary reticular formation and periventricular gray, respectively, and the C2 area corresponding to the dorsal general viscerosensory field of nucleus tractus solitarii. Noradrenergic afferents arise principally from neurons in the locus ceruleus and A5 area. Dopaminergic projections to the n.Pvt derive from the A14, A13 and A11 cell groups in diencephalon. Afferents presumed to generate nitric oxide (NO) as a diffusible membrane-permeant transcellular signal were detected by processing retrogradely labeled tissues histochemically for NADPH-diaphorase, a molecule associated with nitric oxide synthase. NO in the n.Pvt is generated predominantly by noncholinergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area and mesopontine tegmentum. In striking contrast, extensive interactions were predicted between NO and ACh in the central medial and other loci in the nondiscriminative thalamus. We conclude that the n.Pvt is a site of interaction of NO and monoaminergic afferents derived from nuclei implicated in sensory gating, regulation of electrocortical neural activity and behavior. Taken collectively, our data predict that the labile transcellular messenger NO may enable structurally differentiated subnuclei of the diffuse thalamocortical projection system to act in concert as a functionally unified unit.
Capacitation of mouse spermatozoa. II. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and capacitation are regulated by a cAMP-dependent pathway.

In the accompanying report (Visconti, P.E., Bailey, J.L., Moore, G.D., Pan, D., Olds-Clarke, P. and Kopf, G.S. (1995) Development, 121, 1129–1137) we demonstrated that the tyrosine phosphorylation of a subset of mouse sperm proteins of M(r) 40,000-120,000 was correlated with the capacitation state of the sperm. The mechanism by which protein tyrosine phosphorylation is regulated in sperm during this process is the subject of this report. Cauda epididymal sperm, when incubated in media devoid of NaHCO3, CaCl2 or bovine serum albumin do not display the capacitation-associated increases in protein tyrosine phosphorylation of this subset of proteins. This NaHCO3, CaCl2 or bovine serum albumin requirement for protein tyrosine phosphorylation can be completely overcome by the addition of biologically active, but not inactive, cAMP analogues. Addition of the active cAMP analogues to sperm incubated in media devoid of NaHCO3, CaCl2 or bovine serum albumin overcomes the inability of these media to support capacitation, as assessed by the ability of the cells to acquire the pattern B chlortetracycline fluorescence, to undergo the zona pellucida-induced acrosome reaction and, in some cases, to fertilize metaphase II-arrested eggs in vitro. The effects of the cAMP analogues to enhance protein tyrosine phosphorylation and to promote capacitation appears to be at the level of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), since two specific inhibitors of this enzyme (H-89 and Rp-cAMPS) block the capacitation-dependent increases in protein tyrosine phosphorylation in sperm incubated in media supporting capacitation. Capacitation, as assessed by the aforementioned endpoints, also appears to be inhibited by H-89 in a concentration-dependent manner. These results provide further evidence for the interrelationship between protein tyrosine phosphorylation and the appearance of the capacitated state in mouse sperm. They also demonstrate that both protein tyrosine phosphorylation and capacitation appear to be regulated by cAMP/PKA. Up-regulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation by cAMP/PKA in sperm is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of such an interrelationship between tyrosine kinase/phosphatase and PKA signaling pathways.
Boiling Heat Transfer in a Horizontal Small-Diameter Tube

Results of a study on boiling heat transfer of refrigerant R-113 in a small-diameter (2.92 mm) tube are reported. Local heat transfer coefficients are measured for a range of heat flux (8.8-90.75 kW/m[sup 2]), mass flux (50-300 kg/m[sup 2]s), and equilibrium mass quality (0-0.9). The measured coefficients are used to evaluate 10 different heat transfer correlations, some of which have been developed specifically for refrigerants. High heat fluxes and low mass fluxes are inherent in small channels, and this combination results in high boiling numbers. In addition, based on a flow pattern map developed from adiabatic experiments with air-water mixtures, it has been shown that small-diameter channels produce a slug flow pattern over a large range of parameters when compared with larger-diameter channels. The effects of high boiling number and slug flow pattern lead to domination by a nucleation mechanism. As a result, the two-phase correlations that predicted this dominance also predicted the data the best when they properly modeled the physical parameters. The correlation of Lazarek and Black (1982) predicted the data very well. It is also shown that a simple form, suggested by Stephan and Abdelsalam (1980) for nucleate pool boiling, correlates the data equally well; both correlationsmore » are within a mean deviation of less than 13 percent. Results are applicable to boiling in compact heat exchangers. 28 refs., 11 figs., 3 tabs.« less
Oxidative demethylation of t-butyl alcohol by rat liver microsomes

Tertiary butyl alcohol has often been used experimentally as a “non-metabolizable” alcohol. In this report, evidence is presented that t-butanol serves as a substrate for rat liver microsomes and that it is oxidatively demethylated to yield formaldehyde. The apparent Km for t-butanol is 30 mM while Vmax is about 5.5 nmol per min per mg microsomal protein. Formaldehyde production is stimulated by azide, which prevents destruction of H2O2 by catalase. Hydroxyl radical scavenging agents, such as benzoate, mannitol, and 2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyrate, suppress formaldehyde production. Therefore, the microsomal reaction pathway appears to involve the interaction of t-butanol with hydroxyl radicals generated from H2O2 by the microsomes. Formaldehyde is also produced when t-butanol is incubated with model hydroxyl radical-generating systems such as the iron-EDTA-stimulated oxidation of xanthine by xanthine oxidase or the iron-EDTA-catalyzed autoxidation of ascorbate. These results indicate that t-butanol cannot be used to distinguish metabolically-linked from non-metabolically-linked actions of ethanol.
Distorted-Wave Calculation of Electron Impact Excitation of the Rare Gases

A distorted-wave (DW) formulation with exchange is given for the electron impact excitation of the rare gases from ${({n}_{0}p)}^{6}$ to ${({n}_{0}p)}^{5}\mathrm{nl}$ configurations. A practical form employing the pure $\mathrm{LS}$-coupling scheme is used in conjunction with the phenomenologically determined independent-particle model (IPM) and the DW potentials of real central forms to compute cross sections averaged over fine structures. Numerical work is carried out for $\mathrm{Ne} 2p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3s$ and $\mathrm{Ar} 3p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4s$ electron impact excitations. The distorted generalized oscillator strengths (DGOS), which converge to the generalized oscillator strengths (GOS) in the limit of the Born approximation, as well as integrated cross sections, are obtained over a wide range of energies, so that the systematic variation of the cross sections in relation to the results of the Born approximation can be studied. The results of the angular distributions at lower energies are in reasonable agreement with the data by Nicoll and Mohr.
Computing the Heating Requirements for Frost Protection

Abstract An energy balance is formulated for the crop layer which is influenced by the practice of heating. With steady state assumed, this energy balance equation is solved to indicate the required heat input to maintain the crop layer at a safe temperature. Nomographs are presented which permit rapid solution of the equations for a wide variety of conditions. Comparisons with limited field data indicate that this method is accurate within about five per cent.
Teachers’ Peer Buddy Selections for Children with Autism: Social Characteristics and Relationship with Peer Nominations

We examined social and behavioral characteristics of children selected by their teachers to serve as peer buddies for a child with autism. Thirty-one general education teachers and 576 children from five public elementary schools completed social status, behavioral, and peer buddy nomination measures. When compared to non-selected students, teacher selected buddies were: (a) more often boys, (b) popular, and (c) viewed as prosocial leaders by their peers. Agreement between teacher and peer nominations of social status and behavioral characteristics ranged from low to high; agreement between teacher and peer selected buddies was moderate.
The content of manufacturing strategy: An empirical study

Abstract While there has been an extensive literature written on manufacturing strategy since the 1960s, little empirical research has been done. This article reports on a study of manufacturing strategy in thirty-nine companies based on questionnaire responses received from manufacturing managers. The study indicates that things are not as bleak as the literature might suggest. About one-third of the companies appear to have a well-developed manufacturing strategy. In those cases where the manufacturing strategy exists it is consistent with the business strategy and internally consistent among mission, objectives, policies, and distinctive competence. The term “manufacturing strategy” is not well understood by the managers surveyed. When asked to state their manufacturing strategy, they gave statements about what manufacturing should be, what it should do, how it should do it, and why it should do it. Apparently, the terminology itself is confusing. Frameworks for stating both business strategies and the elements of manufacturing strategy need to be strengthened and some specific suggestions are given in the article for doing so. Even though two-thirds of the companies did not have well-developed manufacturing strategies, 80% of the managers felt that manufacturing had lent competitive strength to the business. This was being done through the development of a distinctive competence in manufacturing that provided competitive advantage. Manufacturing strategies seemed to follow from business strategy. This is contrary to the literature, which indicates that manufacturing strategy is missing, or, at the very least inconsistent with business strategy and marketing strategy. Perhaps a stronger relationship exists than was previously thought. This article provides some evidence for establishing this premise and also provides data on the general status of strategy in manufacturing today.
Filling the Pipeline: Power System and Energy Curricula for Middle and High School Students Through Summer Programs

A shortage of U.S. trained power and energy engineers has been predicted in the near future. One approach to solve this problem involves increasing the number of students choosing to study engineering, especially by exposing more students to engineering at an early age, even before high school. This paper presents the curricula and assessment of two summer programs for middle and high school students. We introduced electric and renewable energy concepts, engineering design, and MicroGrid related projects to the students. The survey results indicate that both programs improved students' levels of engineering knowledge, interest in learning and participating in engineering projects, and their intention to choose an engineering career; however, students' confidence in succeeding in engineering or science did not show improvement, which may impact students' willingness to choose engineering as a major. A positive attitude towards engineering among high school students had improved after the program but not among the middle school group. Improving the image of electrical engineering in general, and power systems engineering in particular, remains a challenge.
Up-down studies: responding to dosing!

Since the publication of the first use of up-down sequential allocation in regional anaesthesia and the description of the minimum local analgesic concentration (MLAC) model in 1995, the model has been extensively replicated and adapted to a variety of clinical and pharmacologic research issues. Now that a decade has passed, it seems appropriate for us to consider the contribution that these studies have made to our understanding of the pharmacodynamics of regional anaesthesia. In doing this, the authors debate the issues with MC briefly describing the methodology and then advancing the pro’ position and RD the con’. What follows are our attempts to keep the reader as fully appraised and hopefully interested as possible.
Generation of Organoniobium(II) Radicals and Synthesis of Heterometallic Niobium−Mercury Compounds

Amalgam reduction of the Nb(III) compounds Cp‘2Nb(Cl)(L) (1, L = CO; 2, L = PMe3; 3, L = CNtBu) gives rise to the electron-rich Nb(II) radicals Cp‘2Nb(L). In one case (L = CO) the intermediate radical was observed using ESR spectroscopy. The radicals undergo a facile reaction with elemental mercury to give the heterometallic compounds [Cp‘2Nb(L)]2Hg, one of which (L = PMe3) was characterized crystallographically; since this process is reversible, the mercury adducts constitute convenient sources of the niobium(II) radicals.
Greenhouse and Field Evaluation of the Natural Saponin CAY-1 for Control of Several Strawberry Diseases

The steroidal saponin from cayenne pepper, CAY-1, was tested as a potential fungicide in detached-leaf assays and field trials. Efficacy of CAY-1 against strawberry anthracnose was compared to the commercial fungicide azoxystrobin. Both fungicides prevented anthracnose leaf lesions when applied to the host 24 hours prior to inoculation with Colletotrichum fragariae, but neither prevented lesion development when applied 24 hours after inoculation. CAY-1 reduced the growth of several fungal pathogens in laboratory assays and prevented anthracnose development in detached-leaf assays, but it did not control foliar or fruit-rot diseases of strawberry in field trials.
ACTIVATED STRAIN RELIEF OF Ge/Si(100) ISLANDS

Stress concentration at the boundary of Ge/Si(100) islands drives strain relief mechanisms activated at higher growth temperature, T. Si interdiffusion for T≥ 550°C forms a reduced misfit alloy allowing specific cluster morphologies to exist at sizes greater than those for pure Ge islands. This interdiffusion also affects the pathway for island shape changes. Trenches formed at the island base result from diffusion of the most highly strained material to regions of lower strain and precede dislocation formation for T≥ 600°C.
Arresting Renewable Resource Degradation in the Third World: Discussion

The three papers approach the problem of resource degradation from similar angles. Rather than comment upon any one of them in detail, the brief space calls for general comments that would seem to apply to each. I will make four points. First, I will argue that the blame for resource degradation that is laid on population growth is largely misplaced. Second, I will remind the reader that policy reform is precisely the essence of institutional change. Third, I want to emphasize the role of property regimes in natural resource policy. Finally, I will close with a few observations on the relevance of our concepts and maintained hypotheses about development, sustainable development, and wise natural resource use in the tropics.
Basal Plane Dislocation Mitigation in 8º Off-Cut 4H-SiC through In Situ Growth Interrupts during Chemical Vapor Deposition

Conversion of basal plane dislocations (BPD) to threading edge dislocations (TED) in 8° off-cut 4H-SiC within an n+ buffer layer would eliminate the nucleation site for Shockley-type stacking faults in active device regions grown on such buffer layers. To that end, the propagation and conversion of BPDs through in situ growth interrupts is monitored using ultraviolet photoluminescence (UVPL) wafer mapping. The optimized growth interrupt scheme lasts for 45 minutes with a propane mass flow of 10 sccm at growth temperature. This scheme has shown a conversion efficiency of up to 99% for samples with electron (hole) concentrations
Reversible block of axonal conduction by curare after treatment with cobra venom and a detergent.

THE recent experiments of Abbott, Hill and Howarth1 have revealed that the remarkably high initial heat produced in nerve fibres coincides roughly with electrical activity. This finding re-emphasizes the necessity of explaining electrical activity on a chemical basis. Nachmansohn's theory2 attributes the change of conductance which initiates the ion movements to the reaction of acetylcholine with a receptor protein. One of the main objections to this theory is the lack of effect of acetylcholine and curare on axons in contrast to their powerful action at junctions. This failure was attributed to the existence of structural barriers for lipid-insoluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Evidence supporting this contention was obtained in experiments on squid giant axons: acetylcholine, labelled with nitrogen-15, and prostigmine failed to penetrate into the axoplasm whereas lipid-soluble tertiary compounds did so readily3,4. However, at the nodes of Ranvier, where these barriers are relatively small, curare can rapidly and reversibly block conduction, as shown in recent work by Dettbarn5. Walsh and Deal6 succeeded in partially breaking down these barriers in frog sciatic nerve by treatment with the cationic detergent cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide, after which curare and other quaternary ammonium compounds, ordinarily inert on the intact axon, caused reversible block of conduction.
Comments on universal and left universal grammars, context-sensitive languages, and context-free grammar forms

A grammar G is left universal (universal) for a family of languages ℒ and finite alphabet Σ with respect to a family of languages ℒ1, if ℒ restricted to subsets of Σ* is the family of subsets of Σ* obtained by using members of ℒ1 to control left-to-right derivations (unrestricted derivations) of G; if ℒ1 is the family of regular sets, G is called simply left universal or universal for ℒ and Σ. There is no context-sensitive grammar universal for the class of context-sensitive languages even over a one-letter alphabet. There is a context-free grammar which is left universal for the class of recursively enumerable languages with respect to the family of linear context-free languages. There is a linear context-free grammar which is universal and left universal for the family of linear contextfree languages. If G is a nontrivial left-derivation-bounded context-free grammar, then for each finite alphabet Σ there is a left-derivation-bounded contextfree grammar which is left universal for ℒ and Σ, where ℒ is the family of languages generated by interpretations of G as a context-free grammar form.
Effect of precursors on the size of 2-1-1 in melt-processed ErBa2Cu3O7−x

Abstract In order to study the influence of the precursors on the size of 2-1-1 inclusions, three types of precursors based on stoichiometric ErBa2Cu3O7−x, were melt-processed: a synthesized powder (SP), a melt-quenched powder (MQP) and a mixture of Er2O3 and Ba-Cu-O compounds (MP). It is demonstrated that a fine dispersion of Er2O3 in a Ba-Cu-O liquid (MP) does not explain the finer 2-1-1 inclusions that form in the MQP material. The refinement of the 2-1-1 phase in MQP samples is attributed to the presence of platinum in the ErBa3Cu2Ox phase found in melt-quenched precursors before melt-processing.
Home literacy, television viewing, fidgeting and ADHD in young children

Factors related to parent ratings of young children’s (mean age = 3.72, range = 3–6) fidgeting and reports of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were examined in a nationally representative sample of US families via the National Household Education Surveys. In structural equation models, the number of television hours viewed daily was associated with more fidgeting (a sign of hyperactivity), which, in turn, was related to ADHD, when controlling for race/ethnicity, SES, family structure, autism, emotional disturbance and gender. The home literacy environment (shared reading, children’s books and library visits) was negatively associated with both fidgeting and hours of television. Home literacy was indirectly negatively related with ADHD via fidgeting. Boys and children with autism fidgeted more frequently, where as children from two-parent families were less likely to have ADHD. Overworked parents allowed more television viewing than other parents. The implications for future studies involvin...
DQA-DQB LINKAGE IN OLD WORLD MONKEYS

The MHC DQ region in nonhuman primates, as in humans, consists of alpha and beta chains that are polymorphic with strong linkage disequilibrium between certain DQA-DQB alleles. Not only are contemporary HLA class II allelic variants present in evolutionarily distant species, but we demonstrate that linkages between loci also bear ancient roots. In unrelated baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) and family segregation analysis of pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) we found cis-linkages between DQA1*01 and DQB1*05 or *06, between DQA1*05 and DQB1*03, and between DQA1*03 and DQB1*03 alleles, all of which are also prominent in modern humans. In contrast, one linkage that has not been seen in humans, between DQA1*05 and DQB1*06 alleles, was also found. These patterns of selective linkage disequilibrium imply evolutionary mechanisms following the divergence of species that constrain the diversity of haplotypes which evolve.
Design of an inertially stabilized telescope for the LLCD

The Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD) program will demonstrate the first high-bandwidth optical communication payload on a NASA space mission. The inertially stabilized 108 mm aperture telescope will fly on NASA's LADEE spacecraft and is fabricated nearly entirely of beryllium, providing a high stiffness-to-weight ratio. The telescope consists of a two-axis fine positioning stage using inertial sensors and coarse and fine optical tracking. The stabilized telescope uses a two-axis coarse positioning gimbal to provide a large field-of-regard. Inertial stabilization provides local disturbance rejection while allowing modest optical uplink power to provide an absolute pointing reference. The telescope is a three-wavelength design providing separate uplink acquisition and communication wavelengths, and a downlink communication wavelength. Acquisition and coarse tracking of the uplink beacon is via a photodiode quadrant detector, while fine tracking is via nutation tracking and piezoelectric actuation of the receive fiber. Control of the downlink point-ahead angle is via piezoelectric actuation of the transmit fiber. The telescope is thermally stabilized during normal operations. The transmit and receive beams are fiber-coupled to a separate optoelectronic module and the telescope line-of-sight will be stabilized to better than 2.5 microradians during normal operations. Provision for self-test and boresighting during on-orbit operations is provided.
Cognitive Workload Demands Using 2D and 3D Spatial Engineering Information Formats

AbstractConstruction project performance is significantly reliant on the effective communication of the project’s design to the end construction worker. Spatial design is frequently represented in two-dimensional (2D) drawings of various views. These views must be combined and decoded by the end user to effectively understand all orientations of a building element and can lead to errors. Advances in three-dimensional computer-aided design (3D CAD) and 3D printing have provided promising advancements in the presentation of spatial engineering information. This research investigates cognitive-workload demands of each information format. Cognitive workload is the amount of mental resources required to complete a task from the total available mental resources. Asking subjects to complete a reconstructing task of a simple structure using 2D drawings, a 3D CAD interface, and a 3D printed model introduces the individuals to alternative forms of information presentation. After completing the task, the subjects we...
Teaching Students to Correspond Effectively Electronically

In their business careers, today's students will probably compose and send far more e-mail messages than memos or letters. Students should understand that e-mail messages have a unique place in the communications continuum and, therefore, their own rules. While the format of an e-mail message may resem ble that of a memo, each element presents special requirements in an elec tronic medium. The interactivity of e-mail offers both opportunities and constraints to writers and readers. A special etiquette also applies to e-mail, especially the need to avoid flaming and spamming and to check e-mail often. While writers often think their office e-mail is private, employers who own the systems have been upheld legally in their right to monitor e-mail for business reasons, and thus students should pay careful attention to the content and tone of their messages. Assigning e-mail projects in class helps students prepare for this important communications medium, work effectively in teams, and corre spond with corpor...
Suppression of Ge–O and Ge–N bonding at Ge–HfO2 and Ge–TiO2 interfaces by deposition onto plasma-nitrided passivated Ge substrates

Abstract A study of changes in nano-scale morphology of thin films of nano-crystalline transition metal (TM) elemental oxides, HfO2 and TiO2, on plasma-nitrided Ge(100) substrates, and Si(100) substrates with ultra-thin (∼ 0.8 nm) plasma-nitrided Si suboxide, SiOx, x 150 eV is critical for this approach.
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum secondary to hyperemesis gravidarum

A case of spontaneous pneumomediastinum secondary to hyperemesis gravidarum is presented. The pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and management of this unusual complication of hyperemesis gravidarum are reviewed.
Innovative Midwifery Teaching for Medical Students and Residents

Many midwives are full-time faculty members of departments of obstetrics and gynecology in academic medical centers. As such, they contribute to the medical school's educational mission by teaching undergraduate and postgraduate medical students in both the clinical area and in didactic lectures. Midwives are also instrumental in the development of many innovative electives, workshops, and lectures, which provide students and residents with more exposure to the midwifery model of care. This article presents some of these innovations.
CONTEMPORARY TREE CARE IN BELGIUM—A NECESSITY

Resume Des sa creation en mars '93 BUFPRA s'est engage a promouvoir le TREE-CARE, afin de combler le retard que connaissait cette discipline en Belgique. Pourquoi cet attachement en faveur de l'arboriculture urbaine? Tout simplement parce qu'a l'heure actuelle l'on attache de plus en plus d'importance au cadre de vie en site urbain, et que les arbres y sont a ce titre plus qu'a leur place. En outre, l'evolution rapide sur les connaissances de l'arbre a conduit a des constatations qui apportent des espoirs en matiere de gestion des plantations urbaines. Grace aux travaux des Drs. SHIGO, MATTHECK, CODER et bien d'autres, nous sommes finalement venus a reconnaitre l'anatomie de l'arbre, sa physiologie, sa phenologie, son systeme de defense, ainsi que la relation qui existe entre la cime et le sol sousjacent! Malgre ce progres spectaculaire, il arrive encore trop souvent que des responsables ne percoivent pas clairement l'incidence d'une bonne gestion et d'un environnement favorable a la survie des arbres en ...
A modified macro-method for the quantitation of the hemolytic activity of rabbit complement

Abstract Since total hemolytic complement (C) activity of rabbit serum is low by most methods, we have modified one of the standard macro-methods so that higher values can be obtained. The increased sensitivity is due to: (1) a more sensitive wavelenght; (2) less total reaction volume, and (3) fewer sheep erythrocytes in the reaction mixture. This method has proved to be very reliable and should provide a tool to detect depressions in rabbit serum C levels due to experimental manipulations. Its sensitivity is compared to the original method described by Campbell et al., and to the micro-method of Wasserman and Levine.
Simulation model for evaluation of testing strategies for detection of paratuberculosis in Midwestern US dairy herds

We developed a stochastic simulation model to compare the herd sensitivity (HSe) of five testing strategies for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) in Midwestern US dairies. Testing strategies were ELISA serologic testing by two commercial assays (EA and EB), ELISA testing with follow-up of positive samples with individual fecal culture (EAIFC and EBIFC), individual fecal culture (IFC), pooled fecal culture (PFC), and culture of fecal slurry samples from the environment (ENV). We assumed that these dairies had no prior paratuberculosis-related testing and culling. We used cost-effectiveness (CE) analysis to compare the cost to HSe of testing strategies for different within-herd prevalences. HSe was strongly associated with within-herd prevalence, number of Map organisms shed in feces by infected cows, and number of samples tested. Among evaluated testing methods with 100% herd specificity (HSp), ENV was the most cost-effective method for herds with a low (5%), moderate (16%) or high (35%) Map prevalence. The PFC, IFC, EAIFC and EBIFC were increasingly more costly detection methods. Culture of six environmental samples per herd yielded >or=99% HSe in herds with >or=16% within-herd prevalence, but was not sufficient to achieve 95% HSe in low-prevalence herds (5%). Testing all cows using EAIFC or EBIFC, as is commonly done in paratuberculosis-screening programs, was less likely to achieve a HSe of 95% in low than in high prevalence herds. ELISA alone was a sensitive and low-cost testing method; however, without confirmatory fecal culture, testing 30 cows in non-infected herds yielded HSp of 21% and 91% for EA and EB, respectively.
Leadership in the Collaborative Interorganizational Domain

Abstract Historically interorganizational solutions have been sought to some of the more complex problems facing society. Yet, the literature surrounding these types of organizational forms is generally not well developed. In particular, leadership in regards to interorganizational systems is often mentioned but rarely studied. A developing literature concerning “collaborative leadership” exists but one dealing with leadership in the collaborative interorganizational domain is not as well developed. Collaborative leadership may well encompass what makes a successful interorganizational collaborative leader. On the other hand, it is not without possibility that such abilities do not translate directly to the interorganizational realm.
Carbon foams for thermal management

A unique process for the fabrication of high-thermal-conductivity carbon foam was developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). This process does not require the traditional blowing and stabilization steps and therefore is less costly. The resulting foam can have density values of between 0.2 and 0.6 g/cc and can develop a bulk thermal conductivity of between 40 and 180 W/m K. Because of its low density, its high thermal conductivity, its relatively high surface area, and its open-celled structure, the ORNL carbon foam is an ideal material for thermal management applications. Initial studies have shown the overall heat transfer coefficients of carbon foam-based heat sinks to be up to two orders of magnitude greater than those of conventional heat sinks.
Notions of Private Property in Islamic Economics in Contemporary Iran: A Review of Literature

According to the late Maxime Rodinson, there exists a basic affinity between the economic scheme of Islam and the capitalist system. Although most Muslims, including pro‐capitalist ones, like to think of Islam as a unique way of life and one distinguished from both capitalism and socialism, there exist various Muslims who, like Rodinson, find important similarities between Islam and capitalism. One such similarity concerns private ownership of property and the means of production. According to Zubair Hassan of India, “Islam, like capitalism, permits private ownership of property including the means of production and grants freedom of enterprise”.
Reaction Path Optimization with Holonomic Constraints and Kinetic Energy Potentials

Two methods are developed to enhance the stability, efficiency, and robustness of reaction path optimization using a chain of replicas. First, distances between replicas are kept equal during path optimization via holonomic constraints. Finding a reaction path is, thus, transformed into a constrained optimization problem. This approach avoids force projections for finding minimum energy paths (MEPs), and fast-converging schemes such as quasi-Newton methods can be readily applied. Second, we define a new objective function - the total Hamiltonian - for reaction path optimization, by combining the kinetic energy potential of each replica with its potential energy function. Minimizing the total Hamiltonian of a chain determines a minimum Hamiltonian path (MHP). If the distances between replicas are kept equal and a consistent force constant is used, then the kinetic energy potentials of all replicas have the same value. The MHP in this case is the most probable isokinetic path. Our results indicate that low-temperature kinetic energy potentials ( 100). For the case of helix-to-sheet transition, we identify pathways whose energy barriers are consistent with experimental measurements. Further, we develop a method based on the work energy theorem to quantify the accuracy of reaction paths and to determine whether the atoms used to define a path are enough to provide quantitative estimation of energy barriers.
Competing retention pathways of uranium upon reaction with Fe(II)

Abstract Biogeochemical retention processes, including adsorption, reductive precipitation, and incorporation into host minerals, are important in contaminant transport, remediation, and geologic deposition of uranium. Recent work has shown that U can become incorporated into iron (hydr)oxide minerals, with a key pathway arising from Fe(II)-induced transformation of ferrihydrite, (Fe(OH)3·nH2O) to goethite (α-FeO(OH)); this is a possible U retention mechanism in soils and sediments. Several key questions, however, remain unanswered regarding U incorporation into iron (hydr)oxides and this pathway’s contribution to U retention, including: (i) the competitiveness of U incorporation versus reduction to U(IV) and subsequent precipitation of UO2; (ii) the oxidation state of incorporated U; (iii) the effects of uranyl aqueous speciation on U incorporation; and, (iv) the mechanism of U incorporation. Here we use a series of batch reactions conducted at pH ∼7, [U(VI)] from 1 to 170 μM, [Fe(II)] from 0 to 3 mM, and [Ca] at 0 or 4 mM coupled with spectroscopic examination of reaction products of Fe(II)-induced ferrihydrite transformation to address these outstanding questions. Uranium retention pathways were identified and quantified using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Analysis of EXAFS spectra showed that 14–89% of total U was incorporated into goethite, upon reaction with Fe(II) and ferrihydrite. Uranium incorporation was a particularly dominant retention pathway at U concentrations ⩽50 μM when either uranyl–carbonato or calcium–uranyl–carbonato complexes were dominant, accounting for 64–89% of total U. With increasing U(VI) and Fe(II) concentrations, U(VI) reduction to U(IV) became more prevalent, but U incorporation remained a functioning retention pathway. These findings highlight the potential importance of U(V) incorporation within iron oxides as a retention process of U across a wide range of biogeochemical environments and the sensitivity of uranium retention processes to operative (bio)geochemical conditions.
Quantitative Regge Expressions with Scaling for Experimentally Measured Fast π ± , K + Inclusive Spectra and Relation to Backward-Elastic-Scattering Data

We represent the spectra for fast ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${K}^{+}$ secondaries in $\mathrm{pp}$ collisions in Reggeized forms that describe the experimental data measured at several energies and that scale at high energies. We relate the inclusive amplitudes obtained to backward elastic ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$, ${K}^{+}p$ scattering and predict both their relative magnitudes and their energy and angle dependence.
Crossroads---Organizational Performance as a Dependent Variable

Most studies of organizational performance define performance as a dependent variable and seek to identify variables that produce variations in performance. Researchers who study organizational performance in this way typically devote little attention to the complications of using such a formulation to characterize the causal structure of performance phenomena. These complications include the ways in which performance advantage is competitively unstable, the causal complexity surrounding performance, and the limitations of using data based on retrospective recall of informants. Since these complications are well-known and routinely taught, a pattern of acknowledging the difficulties but continuing the practice cannot be attributed exclusively to poor training, lack of intelligence, or low standards. Most researchers understand the difficulties of inferring causal order from the correlations generated by organizational histories, particularly when those correlations may be implicit in the measurement procedures used. We suggest that the persistence of this pattern is due, in part, to the context of organizational research. Organizational researchers live in two worlds. The first demands and rewards speculations about how to improve performance. The second demands and rewards adherence to rigorous standards of scholarship. In its efforts to satisfy these often conflicting demands, the organizational research community sometimes responds by saying that inferences about the causes of performance cannot be made from the data available, and simultaneously goes ahead to make such inferences. We conclude by considering a few virtues and hazards of such a solution to dilemmas involving compelling contradictory imperatives and the generality of the issues involved.
Communication and diffusion of the iucd: a case study in urban india.

In this study the diffusion and adoption framework is used to investigate a family planning innovation. The study indicates the utility of this framework from an analytical point of view both for the researcher to the process by which family planning comes to be adopted, and for the administrator to understand the working of the communications elements of his program.
Effect of mast cell disintegrating agents on lipoprotein lipase

Abstract The mast cell disintegrating agents 48/80 and N-octylamine were shown to produce significant lipoprotein lipase (clearing factor) activity in dogs. Histamine injected before 48/80 prevented the generation of this enzyme activity, presumably because of its ability to complex heparin.
Skeletal muscles of hibernating brown bears are unusually resistant to effects of denervation

Hibernating bears retain most of their skeletal muscle strength despite drastically reduced weight-bearing activity. Regular neural activation of muscles is a potential mechanism by which muscle atrophy could be limited. However, both mechanical loading and neural activity are usually necessary to maintain muscle size. An alternative mechanism is that the signaling pathways related to the regulation of muscle size could be altered so that neither mechanical nor neural inputs are needed for retaining strength. More specifically, we hypothesized that muscles in hibernating bears are resistant to a severe reduction in neural activation. To test this hypothesis, we unilaterally transected the common peroneal nerve, which innervates ankle flexor muscles, in hibernating and summer-active brown bears (Ursus arctos). In hibernating bears, the long digital extensor (LDE) and cranial tibial (CT) musculotendon masses on the denervated side decreased after 11 weeks post-surgery by 18 ± 11 and 25 ± 10%, respectively, compared with those in the intact side. In contrast, decreases in musculotendon masses of summer-active bears after denervation were 61 ± 4 and 58 ± 5% in the LDE and CT, respectively, and significantly different from those of hibernating bears. The decrease due to denervation in summer-active bears was comparable to that occurring in other mammals. Whole-muscle cross-sectional areas (CSAs) measured from ultrasound images and myofiber CSAs measured from biopsies decreased similarly to musculotendon mass. Thus, hibernating bears alter skeletal muscle catabolic pathways regulated by neural activity, and exploration of these pathways may offer potential solutions for disuse atrophy of muscles.
Molecular cloning, characterization, expression and antibacterial analysis of a lysozyme homologue from Fenneropenaeus merguiensis.

The gene coding for lysozyme in banana prawn (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis) was cloned, sequenced and expressed in pET-32a vector. The deduced amino acid sequence of F. merguiensis lysozyme showed 37-93% similarity with the mouse, human, chicken, and tiger prawn counterparts. The lysozyme was purified to homogeneity and observed as a band of approximately 15 kDa in 12% SDS-PAGE. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that mRNA transcripts of lysozyme could be mainly detected in the tissues of hemocytes, gill, gonad and lymphoid organ of unchallenged shrimps, whereas the expression of lysozyme transcripts was increased in all the tested tissues after heat-killed Vibrio alginolyticus challenge. The temporal expression of lysozyme mRNA in hemolymph challenged by Micrococcus luteus and V. alginolyticus was both up-regulated and reached the maximum level at 8 and 16 h post stimulation, respectively, and then dropped back to the original level. Bacteriolytic activity of lysozyme against different bacterial cultures was determined by solid phase as well as turbidimetric assay. Lysis was obtained against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with strong inhibition against shrimp pathogens V. alginolyticus and V. parahemolyticus. In addition, the study of inhibition mechanism revealed that the antibacterial activity of lysozyme was a result of bactericidal effect.
A Solution of Two-dimensional Topological Quantum Gravity

Abstract We give a formulation of two-dimensional topological gravity without matter in terms of a supersymmetric conformally invariant field theory and derive a path integral expression for the physical amplitudes. A careful analysis of the contact terms of the physical operators reveals the presence of a non-commutative algebra, isomorphic to the Virasoro algebra. We show that this algebra completely determines all the amplitudes at arbitrary genus, which coincide with those of the one-matrix model at the k = 1 critical point.
Anal incontinence: relationship to pregnancy, vaginal delivery, and cesarean section.

Objective To review the current literature concerning anal incontinence (AI), pregnancy, and route of delivery. Finding AI is the involuntary loss of flatus, liquid, or solid stool that is a social or hygienic problem. AI has been reported in 5% to 26% of women during the first year following vaginal delivery. AI is strongly associated with occult and overt sphincter lacerations and operative vaginal delivery. The role of pregnancy itself and the impact of cesarean delivery on AI are unclear. Elective cesarean section has not been shown to decrease the risk of AI. Conclusion The majority of current studies lack the power, matched controls, and long-term follow up to make recommendations concerning the mode of delivery and prevention of AI. The natural history of AI and development of symptoms as women age also remains unclear.
Cinacalcet Does Not Affect the Pharmacokinetics or Pharmacodynamics of Warfarin

Background and objective: Cinacalcet HCl (cinacalcet), approved for secondary hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid carcinoma-associated hypercalcaemia, may be coadministered with warfarin. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and tolerability of warfarin during cinacalcet coadministration. Subjects and methods: In this phase 1, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-treatment, two-period crossover study, 21 healthy subjects received oral cinacalcet (30mg) or placebo twice a day for 7 days and once on day 8, with a single warfarin dose (25mg) on day 5. After a 3-week washout, subjects received the alternative treatment. Samples for warfarin pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics were obtained until 144 hours post-dose. Results: Single-dose administration of warfarin to subjects receiving cinacalcet did not demonstrate altered pharmacodynamics of either the R- or S-enantiomer. Geometric means ratio (90% CIs) for R- and S-warfarin were 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) and 1.00 (0.94, 1.04), respectively, for the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC∞) and 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) and 0.88 (0.83, 0.94), respectively, for observed maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax). Additionally, the pharmacokinetic profiles of R- or S-warfarin were similar for all subjects. The ratio for the AUC from time 0 to the last measurable concentration (AUCt) for prothrombin time and factor VII were 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) and 0.97 (0.93, 1.01), respectively. The maximum rise (Rmax) and maximum change (δmax) were 1.04 (1.02, 1.05) and 1.00 (0.96, 1.03), respectively. All treatment-emergent and treatment-related adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. There were no obvious differences in adverse events according to treatment. Conclusion: Warfarin pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics were not affected in subjects treated with warfarin 25mg who received cinacalcet 30mg twice daily, thus suggesting that dose adjustment is not required.
Representing Musical Patterns via the Rhythmic Style Histogram Feature

When listening to music, humans often focus on melodic and rhythmic elements to identify specific songs or genres. While these representations may be quite simple, they still capture and differentiate higher level aspects of music such as expressive intent and musical style. In this work we seek to extract and represent rhythmic patterns from a polyphonic corpus of audio encompassing a number of styles. A compact feature is designed that probabilistically models rhythmic activations within musical beat divisions through histograms of Inter-Onset-Intervals (IOI). Onset detection functions are calculated from multiple frequency bands of a perceptually motivated filter bank. This allows for patterns of lower pitched and higher pitched onsets to be described separately. Through a set of supervised and unsupervised experiments, we show that this feature is well suited for a variety of tasks in which quantifying rhythmic style is necessary.