cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization, and computational modeling of 6,6'-(((2-hydroxyethyl)azanediyl)bis(methylene))bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenol) modified group 4 metal alkoxides

The coordination behavior of the tridentate alkoxy ligand 6,6'-(((2-hydroxyethyl)azanediyl)bis(methylene)) bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenol) (termed H3-AM-DBP2) with group 4 metal alkoxides ([M(OR)4]) i...
From Mystery to Memory: The Loss of HMAS Sydney

This paper examines the mystery surrounding the sinking of HMAS Sydney in the Indian Ocean on November 19, 1941, by the German raider SV Kormoran. All hands on HMAS Sydney were lost—645 men; these men’s deaths constituted about one-third of Australia’s naval losses in World War II. This cost was unbelievable and unbearable, and in reaction, Australia’s government initially covered up the ship’s fate, only releasing the news when information about it began to leak from other sources. Further, despite numerous attempts, investigators failed to trace the wreckage of either of the combatant ships until 2008, when the crew of SV Geosounder located first the remains of SV Kormoran and then those of HMAS Sydney, using data derived from decoded records left by the German ship’s captain. The outsized role this episode played in the consciousness of a nation led to creative memorials, both to those who were lost, and to the anguish that the incident caused so many Australians. Initially, memorials followed a traditional pattern of plaques and religious services. In 1991, as the 60th anniversary of Sydney’s loss approached, Australia saw both renewed interest in solving the mystery of its location and in memorializing its loss. This occasion and advances in technologies available meant new types of memorials, often reflecting a sensibility that emphasized the individual dimension. For example, an online Honour Roll supports a display of photographs of those lost and vignettes of the sailors’ lives submitted by family members. As well, the Geraldton HMAS Sydney II Memorial, dedicated in 1998, a complex comprised of structures and artworks that imbue a more personal meaning of the tragedy to visitors. Its design is such that those suffering a loss may find solace in this resource, giving it both public and private appeal.
International Justice and the International Criminal Court at a Critical Juncture

This chapter focuses on two areas in the field of international criminal justice—loosely defined as the international criminal tribunals that prosecute core atrocity crimes (genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes). The chapter examines the work of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the recent creation of three mechanisms created to compile evidence of atrocity crimes committed in Syria, Iraq, and Myanmar. As to the ICC, the chapter examines the particular challenges presented by prosecuting state actors. As to the mechanisms, the chapter considers whether the creation of such mechanisms, which have no capacity to conduct prosecutions, represents a retreat for the field of international justice. Such a pessimistic conclusion, however, may be premature, because, as to each, there are possibilities for ensuring accountability, although the most direct routes appear blocked. The challenge will be to ensure eventual accountability includes state actors, and that, as to trials that do occur (for all perpetrators), they are conducted pursuant to internationally recognized fair trial standards and do not result in implementation of the death penalty.
X-ray lithography

The advent of X-ray lithography as a natural compliment to electron beam pattern generation and photolithography seems to be filling a need in the fabrication of submicron devices. The X-ray technique, which is simple for single level devices, lags behind other lithographies in registration techniques. However, its proven high resolution capabilities is responsible for the increased interest in further development. At present a, variety of mask substrates are being evaluated with no one material exhibiting an overwhelming advantage. The type of substrate used is closely coupled to the permissable wavelength of the X-ray source. The X-rays used for lithography to date vary from Rh L (4A) up to CK (44A). Each wavelength shows a distinct advantage and disadvantage. For example, at short wavelengths substrates can be relatively massive but resists are less sensitive and high resolution masks have low contrasts. At longer wavelengths, resists are more sensitive and masks have higher contrast, but defects due to dust are more probable. The use of more than one X-ray source could fulfill the requirements imposed by mask making and device fabrication. High throughput for both masks and device require both foster resists and higher intensity X-ray sources.
Disclosing to Informed Traders

We develop a model of voluntary disclosure in the presence of diversely-informed investors. The manager's disclosure strategy influences trading by investors, which in turn affects the manager's incentives to disclose. We document conditions under which there exists a unique equilibrium where the manager discloses only sufficiently favorable news. This equilibrium exhibits two novel features. First, the firm is either over- or under-valued relative to fundamentals, depending on the likelihood the manager is informed and the cost of disclosure. Second, contrary to common intuition, mandatory disclosure can increase managers’ incentives to provide voluntary disclosures.
Key Challenges and Some Guidance on Using Strong Quantitative Methodology in Education Research

The current article reviews several common areas of focus in quantitative methods with the hope of providing Journal of Urban Mathematics Education (JUME) readers and researchers with some guidance on conducting and reporting quantitative analyses. After providing some background for the discussion, the methodological nature of recent JUME articles is reviewed, followed by commentary on key challenges and recommendations for strong practice in quantitative methodology. The review addresses causal inferences, measurement issues, handling missing data, testing for assumptions, dealing with nested data, and providing evidence for outcomes. Enhanced quantitative training and resources for doctoral students, authors, reviewers, and editors is recommended.
There is virtue in mindfulness: The relationship between the mindfulness manifold, virtues, and eudemonic wellbeing

Abstract This correlational study of 346 college students examined how mindfulness (broadly construed as a manifold of self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence) is related to the three Values in Action (VIA) virtues (inquisitiveness, caring, and self-control) and to eudemonic wellbeing (personal growth, self-acceptance, purpose in life, and positive relationships). The mindfulness manifold explained between 6% and 16% of variance in virtues over and beyond the effects of the Big Five personality traits and gender. The virtue most strongly explained by mindfulness was inquisitiveness. Mindfulness and virtues had strong effects on eudemonic wellbeing; mindfulness related to most aspects of wellbeing, whereas virtues showed more specific relationships (inquisitiveness with personal growth; caring with self-acceptance and positive relationships; self-control with purpose in life and self-acceptance). All variables combined explained between 46% and 62% of the total variance in eudemonic wellbeing. There was little evidence that the virtues mediated the effects of mindfulness on eudemonic wellbeing, suggesting that mindfulness and virtue each have unique (and thus additive) contributions to eudemonic wellbeing. Mindfulness aspects most strongly associated with virtue and wellbeing were self-awareness and self-transcendence.
Too Many Lame Cows

Concern about lameness in dairy cattle has mostly shifted to the herd level. What is the nature and magnitude of lameness issues for a particular herd? Arriving at useful knowledge of herd-level lameness issues requires at least within-herd consistency in recording of data. Benchmarks or goals may readily be set from past performance or from groups of herds using similar recording schemes. Targets for the incidence of specific lesions or diseases have been developed for herds in our practice and could be applied to herds in similar housing and feeding systems. The strategies for detection of lame cows are important. Locomotion scoring in some form is evolving into a standard that is used both to find cows for treatment and to qualify during welfare audits. There are predictable errors in scoring. Regardless of strategy, a shorter interval between detection and action results in a lower prevalence of lame cows. Devote effort to finding and fixing cows that can be helped.
A Computational Study of Constraint Programming Approaches for Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling with Autonomous Learning Effects

It is well-known that experience can lead to increased efficiency, yet this is largely unaccounted for in project scheduling. We consider project scheduling problems where the duration of activities can be reduced when scheduled after certain other activities that allow for learning relevant skills. Since per-period availabilities of renewable resources are limited and precedence requirements have to be respected, the resulting optimization problems generalize the resource-constrained project scheduling problem. We introduce four constraint programming formulations that incorporate the alternative learning-based job durations via logical constraints, dynamic interval lengths, multiple job modes, and a bi-objective reformulation, respectively. To provide tight optimality gaps for larger problem instances, we further develop five lower bounding techniques based on model relaxations. We also devise a destructive lower bounding method. We perform an extensive computational study across thousands of instances based on the PSPlib to quantify the impact of project size, potential learning occurrences, and learning effects on the optimal project duration. In addition, we compare formulation strength and quality of the obtained lower bounds using a state-of-the-art constraint programming solver.
Does definitive local therapy have a role in select HER2+ de novo metastatic breast cancer patients treated with dual anti-HER2 blockade?

The role of surgery with curative intent in HER2+ de novo metastatic breast cancer (dnMBC) is uncertain in the era of dual antibody therapy. We sought to determine from existing retrospective data current practice patterns and if an association exists between surgery to the primary tumor and improved survival in HER2+ dnMBC patients treated with dual anti-HER2 blockade, accounting for selection bias. This study employed data from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from the years 2013 to 2015. Study inclusion was limited to adult women with HER2+ dnMBC, who received immunotherapy/biologic response modifier drugs (BRM) as a first line treatment. Patients who received both systemic therapy and surgery to the primary breast tumor and patients who received systemic therapy alone were analyzed in two groups. Chi-square test for discrete variables and Wilcox on Rank-Sum test for numeric variables was used to compare the two groups based on patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics. The primary endpoint was overall survival from the time of diagnosis to the time of death. 928 women with HER2+ dnMBC treated with BRM were identified with 43.5% (n = 404) receiving surgery and 56.5% (n = 524) receiving systemic therapy alone. The 3-year overall survival was superior for the surgery group (74.1%, 95% CI 67.9–79.2%) compared to the no surgery group (53.3%; 95% CI 47.6–58.6%). The no surgery group had median overall survival of 39.8 months (95% CI 34.1–44.9), while the surgery group had not yet reached median overall survival. In a group of HER2+ dnMBC patients receiving systemic treatment in the era of dual antibody therapy, patients who underwent surgery had a superior 3-year survival rate than those who did not. There may be a role for a prospective trial in HER2+ dnMBC patients with an excellent response to dual HER2 blockade to investigate the contribution of curative intent local therapy to the primary tumor compared to systemic therapy alone.
Highly Organic Fill for Levee Stability Berms

Earth berms constructed of cohesive fill are often used to improve the stability of levees. In some parts of the United States, many of the locally available cohesive soils contain high organic content (>9 %), which has historically prevented their use for stability berms. This study investigated the compaction characteristics, undrained strength, and erodibility of eight samples of clay from Louisiana with organic content ranging from 1.7 % to 29 % to evaluate their potential use for stability berms. The target total unit weight of 15.7 kN/m3 was found to be difficult to attain for soils with organic content above about 9 %. The desired minimum undrained strength of 19.2 kPa was easily attained for all of the organic content at water content up to 6 % wet of optimum. The erosion resistance, measured using the jet erosion test, stayed the same or increased as the organic content of the fill increased. Based on these test results, soils with organic content in excess of 9 % are suitable for use as stability berm fill, provided that a lower total unit weight can be used in design.
Thanks for the Thanks: An Appreciation of the Author Note

Legal scholars’ public expressions of gratitude – those thank-yous that fill law review author notes and law book prefaces – have inspired a good deal of legal scholarly commentary in recent years. Much of that commentary deals with the theory that authors write those thank-yous with an eye more to the future than to the past. This work – “prospective thank-you theory” might be a good name – has numerous variations and complexities, and occasional hilarities. One thread involves the idea that some authors curry favor with great (or at least powerful or rich or famous) legal figures and institutions by thanking as many of them as possible for their support, no matter how slight their connections may be to an author’s work. The result, such an author hopes, is that the thanked great ones will think kindly of him or her and bestow favors in the future. But is it true? Does this aspect of prospective thank-you theory match reality? Discovering the truth might be both difficult and uncomfortable. There may, however, be a sunnier side to the study of schmoozing via author note, a side that might show that expansively grateful authors of author notes can make the world a happier place at no cost to anyone other than themselves. But could that be true? I suspect the answer is mostly Yes. And I even have a little bit of antique, but concrete, evidence.
Purification and properties of animal viruses.

Publisher Summary Animal viruses are usually purified for the purpose of learning their properties. To this end, nothing less than the highest possible purity is acceptable, regardless of the tedious procedures and small yields. Sometimes, they are purified for the practical purpose of producing vaccines free from extraneous materials that give rise to undesirable and injurious effects in the animals to be protected. For this purpose, the greatest degree of purification commensurate with economic factors is sought, and it is necessary that the methods employed be adaptable to large-scale production. This chapter treats both kinds of work, but more space is given to those procedures that yield virus of maximum purity. No purification procedures are known that are based on specific selection of infectious particles from crude material. All depend on the selection of particles homogeneous with respect to the sedimentation rate (size, shape, and density), electric charge, adsorption behavior, or some other physical or chemical property. Much of the evidence of purity is, consequently, based on the degree of this homogeneity observed in the purified product. One of the greatest problems in virus purification is how to eliminate normal “macromolecular” components that occur in the crude materials, from which plant and animal viruses are purified. These components, which are sometimes as homogeneous as the virus sought, are frequently carried through the purification processes and appear in sedimentation analyses of the final product. Several of them have been characterized to some extent by the properties that make them troublesome as contaminants, and these will be discussed with the purified viruses, with which they appear. Certain characteristic virus forms can be lost in the purification process.
Cartan subalgebras of Jordan algebras

In this paper we shall give a definition of an analogue for Jordan algebras of the classical notion of a Cartan subalgebra of a Lie algebra. This is based on a notion of associator nilpotency of a Jordan algebra. A Jordan algebra is called associator nilpotent if there exists a positive (odd) integer M such that every associator of order M formed of elements of is 0 (§2).
New models of collaboration for delivering government services

The search for more effective methods of delivering public services began in the early 1980s in most industrialized countries. Overall, the trend has been toward reducing the role of the government in public service delivery in certain sectors of activities and encouraging the private or nonprofit sector to play a more important role. In the last decade, both industrialized and developing countries started to seek out new models of collaboration involving multi-government networks or public-private partnerships, often involving innovative use of information technology.
Studies on nutrient media for plant parasitic nematodes: IV. Physical aspects of culturing Aphelenchoides rutgersi

Abstract Little attention is usually given to the physical effects media have upon nematodes even though physical parameters such as pH, temperature, viscosity, osmotic pressure, waste accumulation, and other factors might obscure the positive value of modifications of the nutriment. It was calculated by extrapolation from experimental evidence that the numbers of A. rutgersi would not increase above 19 atm osmotic pressure, 52 cP viscosity, or a specific gravity exceeding 1.4. Osmotic pressure had the greatest effect on reproduction of A. rutgersi. Optimum temperature for reproduction of A. rutgersi was 23 C in M-6 and pH 7.0 was optimal for the nutrient-environment. Similarly, mobility was not modified by adjusting osmotic pressure, viscosity, or specific gravity within the above limits. It was estimated that for obtaining sufficient oxygen the radius of fluid surrounding a nematode should not exceed a maximum of 1 mm, yet reproduction was unaffected in fluids up to 9 mm deep.
Subacute toxicity testing with young birds: Response in relation to age and intertest variability of LC50 estimates

The variability in toxic response of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnir japonica) to a standardized 5-day subacute feeding trial was studied while age was increased at weekly intervals from 1 to 21 days and at different times with 14-day-old birds. The objectives were to identify the strengths and limitations of this subacute toxicity protocol and to provide possible explanations for differences in response among the various classes of pesticides. The variables included the median lethal concentration (LC 5 0 ), the dose-response slope, food consumption, mortality patterns, and procedures of preparing toxic diets. Carbamate, organophosphate, chlorinated hydrocarbon, and organic mercury compounds were represented. A total of 60 subacute tests were involved in this evaluation. The general conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) The basic protocol yields good within-laboratory reproducibility of results. (2) The LC 5 0 s increase as birds grow older, and the change was reasonably predictable between 7 and 21 days of age. (3) Monitoring of time-related response patterns, such as food consumption, onset and remission of overt toxicity, and mortality, is critical to the evaluation of potential hazard. (4) Different orders of toxicity may occur at different ages for an array of compounds, but differences do not appear to be large enough to seriously alter the interpretation. (5) For optimal comparisons, all testing should be conducted on birds of a single age.
Computerized serial comparison of electrocardiograms: Program description and clinical performance

Computer analysis of electrocardiograms (ECGs) has been widely accepted in American hospitals for many years. It has been estimated that more than one-third of the 60 million ECGs obtained yearly in the United States are analyzed by a computer.’ The original development of ECG analysis programs was carried out in mainframe computers, and the difficulty in interfacing the ECG acquisition devices to the mainframe facilities usually caused delays in interpretation due to batch processing from digital magnetic tapes. In the 197Os, the development of minicomputer systems reduced the turnaround time dramatically by providing on-line (by telephone) connections between the ECG acquisition machines and the computer. Results could be transmitted back to a printer within 1 or 2 minutes. The minicomputer systems made it possible to store a large number of ECGs on their disks, and this capability led to the development of serial comparison programs to describe the clinical changes shown by subsequent ECGS.*-~ In the past five years, the development of ECG acquisition machines with built-in microcomputers has brought the analysis capability to the bedside. This technological advance has made it possible for small hospitals and physicians’ offices to implement computerized electrocardiography. On the other hand, these machines do not by themselves provide the capability for storage and retrieval of large num-
Correlations between active zone ultrastructure and synaptic function studied with freeze-fracture of physiologically identified neuromuscular junctions.

The active zone is a unique presynaptic membrane specialization that is believed to be the site of neurotransmitter release. To examine directly the relationship between active zone ultrastructure and synaptic efficacy, frog neuromuscular junctions were studied with a new technique combining electrophysiology, light microscopy, and freeze- fracture of identified single muscle fibers. This technique allows correlations to be made between quantal content (measured in low Ca2+ and high Mg2+ Ringer solution), endplate size, and active zone structure at the same neuromuscular junctions. By measuring physiological and morphological variables at the same junctions, the validity of structure-function correlations is significantly improved. Synaptic quantal content in 91 physiologically identified muscle fibers varied considerably and was only poorly correlated with endplate size, as shown in previous studies. To measure the total length of endplate branches, either a modified cholinesterase stain or rhodamine-labeled peanut agglutinin stain was used. When the same identified muscle fibers were freeze-fractured, active zones were exposed in 17 junctions. In a replica that contained a large part of one nerve terminal, there was no detectable gradient in active zone structure along the length of 3 different nerve terminal branches identifiable with both light and electron microscopy. The results from these 17 identified junctions indicate that quantal content per unit terminal length is positively correlated with the amount of active zone per unit terminal length. The estimated total active zone length and total number of active zone particles per junction are also positively correlated with the quantal content in these identified junctions. This study suggests that active zone size and spacing are better indicators of transmitter release than is endplate size and that the active zone may play an important role in regulating synaptic efficacy at the neuromuscular junction.
Iron deficiency in infancy: applying a physiologic framework for prediction

Infants aged 6-24 mo are at high risk of iron deficiency. Numerous studies worldwide have sought to identify predictors of iron deficiency in this age group. The objectives of the study were to apply a physiologic model to identify risk factors for iron deficiency and to consider those risk factors under different conditions of iron supplementation. We predicted that factors related to iron status at birth (lower gestational age and lower birth weight) postnatal needs for iron (more rapid growth) and bioavailable iron (more cow milk) would be major risk factors. The physiologic framework was assessed in 1657 Chilean infants (aged 12 mo) with birth weights = 3 kg who were randomly assigned at age 6 mo to high or low iron supplementation or no added iron. Based on venous blood the analysis used mean corpuscular volume and concentrations of hemoglobin free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and ferritin. Logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of iron deficiency anemia and iron deficiency without anemia. The prevalence of iron deficiency (= 2 abnormal iron measures) was 34.9% at age 12 mo. Of 186 infants with hemoglobin concentrations < 110 g/L 158 (84.9%) were iron deficient. The only consistent (and the strongest) predictor of iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia was lower 6-mo hemoglobin. Factors related to poorer iron status at birth (lower birth weight shorter gestation though full-term or both) were predictors in the no-added-iron and high-iron groups. Otherwise predictors varied by iron supplementation. Variations in predictors of iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia according to iron supplementation suggest that direct comparisons across studies are tenuous at best without data on early iron status and certainty that specific conditions are comparable. (authors)
The role of water in protein-DNA interactions.

Abstract It is becoming well accepted that water plays an important role in both the specificity and affinity of protein—DNA interactions. Recently, a combination of structural, biochemical and thermodynamic techniques has particularly enhanced our understanding of the role of water in complexes between DNA and three different proteins: the trp repressor; the homeodomain; and the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain.
Optimal power switch design methodology for ultra dynamic voltage scaling with a limited number of power rails

Many burst-mode applications require high performance for brief time periods between extended sections of low performance operation. Digital circuits supporting such burst-mode applications should work in both the near-threshold regime and the super-threshold regime for brief time periods. This work proposes the structure support of fine-grained ultra dynamic voltage scaling (UDVS) from the traditional strong-inversion region to the near-threshold region, with limitations on the number of power rails. The number, type, and size of the power switches are jointly optimized to minimize the overall energy consumption of the UDVS circuit block, meanwhile satisfying the target delay or frequency requirement at each DVS level. The proposed optimization framework properly accounts for the dynamic energy consumption as well as the leakage energy consumption through all the power switches during both the operation time and stand-by time of the circuit block. Experimental results on 22nm Predictive Technology Model demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization framework.
Bone marrow fat: linking adipocyte-induced inflammation with skeletal metastases

Adipocytes are important but underappreciated components of bone marrow microenvironment, and their numbers greatly increase with age, obesity, and associated metabolic pathologies. Age and obesity are also significant risk factors for development of metastatic prostate cancer. Adipocytes are metabolically active cells that secrete adipokines, growth factors, and inflammatory mediators; influence behavior and function of neighboring cells; and have a potential to disturb local milleu and dysregulate normal bone homeostasis. Increased marrow adiposity has been linked to bone marrow inflammation and osteoporosis of the bone, but its effects on growth and progression of prostate tumors that have metastasized to the skeleton are currently not known. This review focuses on fat-bone relationship in a context of normal bone homeostasis and metastatic tumor growth in bone. We discuss effects of marrow fat cells on bone metabolism, hematopoiesis, and inflammation. Special attention is given to CCL2- and COX-2-driven pathways and their potential as therapeutic targets for bone metastatic disease.
Caterpillar-Host Plant Relationships Recorded from Plummers Island, Maryland (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

ABSTRACT During the summers of 2004 and 2005 host plant associations of larvae of Lepidoptera were studied on Plummers Island, Maryland, with an emphasis on the family Limacodidae (slug caterpillars). A total of 37 species from 12 families was recorded, representing 79 caterpillar-host plant combinations. Eleven species of Limacodidae were collected and reared from six target host plants—box elder (Acer negundo L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall), pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal], pignut hickory [Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet], spicebush [Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume], and red oak (Quercus rubra L.).
A statistical test for the significance of a coefficient of reproducibility

Under the assumption that responses to different dichotomous items are statistically independent, exact distributions for coefficients of reproducibility, CR, are derived. These distributions are useful in testing whether an observed coefficient of reproducibility differs significantly from chance expectations and whether further scaling manipulations are warranted. The effects of purification on sampling distributions of errors are calculated to demonstrate a relationship between scaling operations and expected chance values of the CR.
Relationship of Problem-Solving Behaviors and Jungian Personality Types:

This study investigated individual differences in solving Dunker's Box Problem and Witkin's embedded figures problems in relation to Jungian personality types. Differential predictions for problem-...
Curie Point Depth Estimates from Aeromagnetic Data from Death Valley and Surrounding Regions, California

Aeromagnetic data were analyzed to determine the Curie point depth (CPD) by power density spectral and three-dimensional inversion methods within and surrounding Death Valley in southern California. We calculated the CPD for 0.5° regions using 2D power density spectral methods and found that the CPDs varied between 8 and 17 km. However, the 0.5° region may average areas that include shallow and deep CPDs, and because of this limitation, we used the 3D inversion method to determine if this method may provide better resolution of the CPDs. The final 3D model indicates that the depth to the bottom of the magnetic susceptible bodies varies between 5 and 23 km. Even though both methods produced roughly similar results, the 3D inversion method produced a higher lateral resolution of the CPDs. The shallowest CPDs occur within the central and southern Death Valley, Panamint Valley, Coso geothermal field and the Tecopa hot springs region. Deeper (>15 km) CPDs occur over outcropping granitic and Precambrian lithologies in the Panamint Range, Grapevine Mountains, Black Mountains and the Argus Range. The shallowest CPD occurs within the central Death Valley over a possible seismically imaged magma body and slightly deeper values occur within the Panamint Valley, southern Death Valley and Tecopa Hot Springs. The shallow CPD values suggest that partially molten material may also be found in these latter regions. The CPD computed heat flow values for the region suggest that the entire area has high heat flow values (>100 mW m−2), on the other hand, locally extremely high values (>200 mW m−2) occur within the Panamint Valley, the southern and central Death Valley and Tecopa Hot Springs region. These locally high heat flow values may be related to midcrustal magma bodies; but additional geophysical experiments are needed to determine if the magma bodies exist.
Drug discovery technologies and strategies for Machupo virus and other New World arenaviruses.

Introduction: Seven arenaviruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever in humans: the Old World arenaviruses Lassa and Lujo, and the New World Clade B arenaviruses Machupo (MACV), Junin (JUNV), Guanarito (GTOV), Sabia (SABV), and Chapare (CHPV). All of these viruses are Risk Group 4 biosafety pathogens. MACV causes human disease outbreak with high case-fatality rates. To date, at least 1,200 cases with ≈200 fatalities have been recorded. Areas covered: This review summarizes available systems and technologies for the identification of antivirals against MACV. Furthermore, the article summarizes animal models that have been used for the in vivo evaluation of novel inhibitors. The article highlights present treatments for arenaviral diseases and provides an overview of efficacious small molecules and other therapeutics reported to date. Finally, the article summarizes strategies to identify novel inhibitors for anti-arenaviral therapy. Expert opinion: New high-throughput approaches to quantitate infection rates of ...
Surface exposure of the NH2-terminal regions of the Bβ chain of the human fibrinogen

Abstract The exposure of functionally critical areas of the Bβ chain present in the NH 2 -terminal E domain of fibrinogen molecule was evaluated by quantitative immunochemical analysis. The anti-Bβ 1–118 antiserum specifically bound the Bβ 1–118 peptide and the Bβ chain as well as intact fibrinogen and early catabolized forms of fibrinogen. It appeared that the segment 1–53 of the Bβ chain contained all recognized surface accessible areas while the segment 54–118 was incorporated inside of the E domain of fibrinogen molecule. Detailed analysis permitted to identify two determinants shared by fibrinogen and the Bβ 1–53 segment in sequences 1–21 and 43–53
Alternative measures of fit for the Schönemann-carroll matrix fitting algorithm

In connection with a least-squares solution for fitting one matrix,A, to another,B, under optimal choice of a rigid motion and a dilation, Schonemann and Carroll suggested two measures of fit: a raw measure,e, and a refined similarity measure,e s , which is symmetric. Both measures share the weakness of depending upon the norm of the target matrix,B,e.g.,e(A,kB) ≠e(A,B) fork ≠ 1. Therefore, both measures are useless for answering questions of the type: “DoesA fitB better thanA fitsC?”. In this note two new measures of fit are suggested which do not depend upon the norms ofA andB, which are (0, 1)-bounded, and which, therefore, provide meaningful answers for comparative analyses.
A situated metacognitive model of the entrepreneurial mindset

We develop a framework to investigate the foundations of an ‘entrepreneurial mindset’ — described by scholars as the ability to sense, act, and mobilize under uncertain conditions. We focus on metacognitive processes that enable the entrepreneur to think beyond or reorganize existing knowledge structures and heuristics, promoting adaptable cognitions in the face of novel and uncertain decision contexts.We integrate disparate streams of literature from social and cognitive psychology toward a model that specifies entrepreneurial metacognition as situated in the entrepreneurial environment. We posit that foundations of an entrepreneurial mindset are metacognitive in nature, and subsequently detail how, and with what consequence, entrepreneurs formulate and inform "higher-order" cognitive strategies in the pursuit of entrepreneurial ends.
Following Single Molecules to a Better Understanding of Self-Assembled One-Dimensional Nanostructures

Single-molecule tracking (SMT) methods are now being employed to probe the morphologies and mass-transport characteristics of self-assembled one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures. Such nanostructures are found in surfactant-templated mesoporous metal oxides, phase-separated block copolymers, and lyotropic liquid-crystal mesophases. This Perspective begins with a review of investigations in which SMT methods have been employed for in situ visualization of 1D nanostructures and their ability to guide and support 1D diffusion of fluorescent probe molecules. New orthogonal regression methods for the quantitative characterization of 1D nanostructure alignment and order are subsequently discussed. Recent investigations in which the confined orientational motions of single molecules are probed by single-molecule emission polarization measurements are highlighted. These data are used to access high-precision estimates of the effective lateral nanostructure dimensions. The results reveal the important role played by...
Vibrational Analysis of the Inelastic Neutron Scattering Spectrum of Tetramethylammonium Borohydride by Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Electronic Structure Calculations

The vibrational spectra of three isotopomers of tetramethylammonium borohydride (TMAB) as well as of tetramethylammonium borofluoride were measured at 15 K by inelastic neutron scattering (INS). Direct analysis of the measured spectra was accomplished using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and ab initio electronic structure theory for the crystalline solid. Comparison of observed and computed INS spectra revealed that the periodic electronic structure calculations for the crystalline solid provide a good description of the experimental INS spectrum and clearly demonstrates the power of this combined experimental/theoretical approach.
Examination of intramolecular heterogeneity of plasma membrane protein degradation in canine renal tubular epithelial cells and in rat liver

Abstract We have examined the hypothesis that hydrophilic portions of membrane-bound proteins which lie on either side of the phospholipid bilayer may be degraded at a different rate than are the hydrophobic portions of membrane proteins which are within the bilayer. Plasma membrane fractions from cells of the Maden-Darby canine kidney cell line and rat liver were digested with papain and pronase to cleave a mixture of peptides which is enriched in hydrophilic amino acids. It is proposed that these peptides are derived from regions of membrane-bound proteins which lie outside the bilayer. The residual particulate protein is enriched in hydrophobic amino acids and presumably contains the portion of membrane-bound proteins which are in direct contact with the bilayer. A double-isotope method was used to assess the relative degradation rates of these two protein fractions. There was no measurable difference in protein degradation rates between the two fractions and the initial plasma membranes. These results suggest that the intramolecular heterogeneity which results from insertion of membrane-bound proteins into a bilayer is not a factor in their degradation.
Plasmodium falciparum: assignment of microsatellite markers to chromosomes by PFG-PCR.

Abstract Su, X., and Wellems, T. E. 1999. Plasmodium falciparum; Assignment of microsatellite markers to chromosomes by PFG–PCR. Experimental Parasitology 91 , 367–369.
Capitalismo e Urbanização em uma Nova Chave

The cognitive-cultural dimensi ons of contemporary are iden tified by reference to its leading sectors, basic tec hnologies, labor relations syst ems and market structures. Cognitive-cultural systems of production and work come to ground preeminently in large city regions. The expansion of sector s that thrive on innovation is one of the features of the new economy that introduces concepts as creative industries and creative cities. The notion of a cognitive-cultural economy refers above all to the circumstance that labor have come do depend on intellect ual and affective human assets. While the old white color/blue color principle of cl assical Fordism was deeply modified by the new economy, the new labor force is still di vided in two tiers, with large wage and cultural inequalities between the upper and th e lower parts of the working class. These differences reflect on the fr agmented urban structures. Neither the proposition of a creative class, made by some authors can replace the classical concept of class based on interests clash between capital and work in claims on the economic surplus. Nor a simple increa se of a creative population in a city will guarantee a continuous growth. The primary engine of this process is a complex apparatus of production, a netw ork or interrelated industria l and service activities and tied to widening final markets. For transcende nce of social and urban fragmentation and inequality it is urgent a re-engagement for e quity principles, for participatory democracy and for a conscientious program of social democracy. Not just because they are important in their own right – but also becau se they enlarge the sphere of creativity, learning, innovation, social experime ntation and cultu ral expression
Nuclear acidic protein changes during differentiation in Physarum polycephalum.

A class of acidic nuclear phosphoproteins has been isolated throughout the mitotic cycle and at two points during differentiation in the slime mold Physarum polycephalum. The electrophoretic profiles of these proteins are reproducible and unchanging throughout the mitotic cycle, but reproducible changes occur during differentiation. The proteins are rapidly synthesized after mitosis, and their molecular weights range from 34,000 to 88,000. The proteins rapidly incorporate [32P]orthophosphate, and the content of alkali-labile phosphate increases 20 percent during the period after DNA synthesis. The proteins comprise 6.5 percent by dry weight of nuclear material while the DNA comprises about 5.5 percent. These acidic nuclear proteins may have a role in control of gene activity.
Polarizing activity in the developing limb of the Syrian hamster

The transplantation of small pieces of tissue from the limb buds of 9 1/2 – 10 day hamster embryos to the wing bud of the chick results in the induction of supernumerary wing structures. The anteroposterior polarity of these induced structures is under the control of the transplanted hamster tissue. The developing hamster limb thus has limb polarizing activity similar to that found in avian species and, as in the chick, the activity is found primarily in the posterior region of the limb bud.
The Art of Truth

In The Truth in Painting, Derrida insists that Heidegger’s treatment of “a famous picture by Van Gogh” marks “a moment of pathetic collapse.” While we would agree, we would insist that this example does not render Heidegger’s entire philosophy of art suspect. Instead, if his reading of Van Gogh’s painting is “derisory and symptomatic,” it is nonetheless “significant,” if only insofar as it provides an indication of Heidegger’s underestimation of the plastic arts in favor of the elevation of poetry—an underestimation that may be corrected in light of what we might regard as his true philosophy of art. Our aim, then, is to see (with some help from Derrida) what Heidegger could have seen in looking at Van Gogh’s Old Shoes were the work not reduced to an illustration in a presentation whose destination is poetry, not painting. What, in other words, would Van Gogh’s painting look like were we to view it in light of “The Origin of the Work of Art,” assuming that the latter does not require insistence on the priority of linguistic work but on the creation of a truth that belongs to the Earth, in the case in point, as the ground of painting?
Manganese inhibition of sarcoma induction by benzo[a]pyrene in rats.

The effects of Mn and Cr dusts upon carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were tested in male Fischer 344 rats. In Experiment I, rats were given i.m. injections of benzo[a]pyrene (BP, 1.2 mg), Mn dust (4.4 mg), and Cr dust (4.4 mg), alone, and in various combinations. By 100 weeks, sarcomas occurred at the injection site in 17/20 rats that received BP alone, versus 10/19 rats that received BP plus Mn dust (P < 0.05). The sarcoma incidences were 0/20 in 3 control groups that received the vehicle, Mn dust alone, or Cr dust alone, and 20/20 in rats that received BP plus Cr dust. In Experiment II, rats were given i.m. injections of BP (0.6 mg), 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA, 0.6 mg), Mn dust (4.4 mg), and Cr dust (4.4 mg), alone, and in various combinations. Local sarcomas occurred in 17/20 rats that received BP alone, versus 5/17 rats that received BP plus Mn dust (P < 0.001). Sarcoma induction was not inhibited when BP was injected in the right thigh and Mn dust in the left thigh (sarcoma incidence = 16/20). The sarcoma incidences were 0/19 in a vehicle control group; 0/18 in 2 control groups that received Mn dust or Cr dust alone; 18/20 in rats that received BP plus Cr dust; 14/20 in rats that received DMBA alone; 17/19 in rats that received DMBA plus Mn dust; and 13/18 in rats that received DMBA plus Cr dust. These experiments show that Mn dust inhibits the carcinogenicity of BP when the Mn dust and BP are administered to rats by a single i.m. injection. Under identical conditions, Mn dust does not affect the carcinogenicity of DMBA; Cr dust does not affect the carcinogenicity of BP or DMBA.
Association of CCR5 Δ32 deletion with early death in multiple sclerosis

Purpose: The interaction between chemokines and their receptors is extremely important in controlling T cell migration into sites of CNS inflammation. Because trafficking of inflammatory T cells into the central nervous system (CNS) is a key player in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), we investigated the possible association of CCR5 Δ32 deletion in this disorder. Methods: DNA isolated from postmortem brain tissue samples of 132 patients with MS and from blood tissue samples of 163 gender and ethnicity-matched healthy controls was used to screen for the CCR5 Δ32 deletion allele. Results: An increased frequency of 32-bp deletion allele was found to be associated with early death (P = 0.00005) and with a progressive reduction in the years of survival (onset to death). The death hazard ratio of CCR5 with deletion versus no deletion was 2.12, suggesting that MS patients with the 32-bp deletion have twice the mortality rate of patients with the normal genotype. This effect was more significant in females (hazard ratio 3.58). Conclusion: A strong association of the CCR5 Δ32 deletion with early death could serve as a prognostic marker for MS.
Effectiveness of relaxation training in reducing the aversiveness of chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer

Abstract Progressive muscle relaxation training was used to reduce the conditioned negative responses developed by a 30-yr-old cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy treatment. In a design that included Baseline, Phase 1 therapist-directed relaxation. Phase 1 patient-directed relaxation, Phase 2 therapist-directed relaxation, and Phase 2 patient-directed relaxation sessions, the patient underwent therapist-directed or self-directed relaxation training immediately before and during 10 consecutive chemotherapy treatments. Results indicated tha during the therapist-directed phases and one or both of the patient-directed phases the patient showed reductions in negative affect, frequency of vomiting, and post-session physiological arousal. It was concluded that progressive muscle relaxation training may be an effective procedure for reducing the adverse side effects of cancer chemotherapy.