cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creativity in Doubt: Toward Understanding What Drives Creativity in Learning

What propels creativity in learning? In this chapter, we discuss a long-standing—yet often overlooked—form of reasoning that helps address this question. That form of reasoning is called abductive reasoning (introduced by the early American Pragmatist, Charles Sanders Peirce). Abductive reasoning represents a special form of creative reasoning that is triggered by states of genuine doubt. Genuine doubt occurs whenever our everyday habits and beliefs fall short in making sense of a situation. In the context of learning, genuine doubt occurs anytime a learner is unable to inductively or deductively reason through an academic task or situation. As we will discuss, these states of doubt represent opportunities for creative learning. Specifically, our aim in this chapter is to demonstrate, by way of example, how abduction and creativity work together in every day learning. We will also discuss how understanding this link will help clarify efforts aimed at supporting creativity in the classroom, expand current conceptions of creativity, and provide directions for research on creativity in educational settings.
Amplification of c-Ki-ras-2 oncogene sequences in human carcinoma of pancreas.

c-Ki-ras-2 sequences were visualized in paraffin embedded sections from normal adult human pancreases and 24 carcinomas of pancreas by an in situ hybridization technique. A biotinylated 1 kbpEcoRI fragment of pHiHi3 DNA was used as probe and the oncogene was visualized as one or two large grains of reaction products produced in more than 9% of normal pancreas nuclei by streptavidin-peroxidase complex and diaminobenzidine tetrachloride. Its amplification in pancreatic carcinomas was detected as one or more large grains in 54% of the nuclei. In addition, tumor cells showed small nuclear and cytoplasmic grains scarcely seen in normal pancreatic cells. The differential transcriptional activity of this oncogen in cancer cells and the adjacent normal pancreatic cells on the same section was evident in sections from 5 cases where normal pancreas was present.
Movement 4. Colorado Mathematical Olympiad: Reminiscences by Robert Ewell

Robert N. (Bob) Ewell is a graduate of Clemson University (B.S. in Mathematics, 1968). He did graduate study in mathematics at Clemson and the University of Nebraska. He went on to pick up a master’s in Education from Troy State University in 1982, and a Doctor of Education from Auburn University in 1984. An AFROTC cadet at Clemson University, he served in the US Air Force for 20 years, retiring as a lieutenant colonel in 1990. After the Air Force, he did statistical consulting for 10 years before entering Christian ministry. He now serves with The Navigators as a leadership development coach. In addition to being a fine amateur mathematician, Bob plays piano and enjoys playing and watching sports. Here is Bob’s story.
Nanoscale compositional mapping of cells, tissues, and polymers with ringing mode of atomic force microscopy.

Recently developed sub-resonance tapping modes (such as Digital Pulse, Peak Force Tapping, HybriD, etc.) of atomic force microscopy (AFM) allow imaging of compositional contrast of (bio)materials and biological cells down to the nanoscale. Here we report on a powerful extension of those modes, “ringing” mode, which more than doubles the number of non-trivial physical channels that can be collected with a regular sub-resonance tapping. It can simultaneously record five new additional compositional parameters related to adhesive and viscoelastic properties of the sample surface: the restored (averaged) adhesion, adhesion height, pull-off neck height, detachment distance, and detachment energy losses. Ringing mode can be up to 20 times faster and showing fewer artifacts compared to the existing sub-resonance tapping modes. Ringing mode is based on an analysis of ringing signal of the AFM cantilever after detaching the AFM probe from the sample surface (this signal is currently treated as noise, and typically filtered out in the existing modes). We demonstrate that this new mode allows recording robust and unique information on fixed human epithelial cells, corneocyte skin flakes, and polymers used for bioimplants.
Subwavelength and directional control of flexural waves in zone-folding induced topological plates

Inspired by the quantum spin Hall effect shown by topological insulators, we propose a plate structure that can be used to demonstrate the pseudospin Hall effect for flexural waves. The system consists of a thin plate with periodically arranged resonators mounted on its top surface. We extend a technique based on the plane-wave expansion method to identify a double Dirac cone emerging due to the zone-folding in frequency band structures. This particular design allows us to move the double Dirac cone to a lower frequency than the resonating frequency of local resonators. We then manipulate the pattern of local resonators to open subwavelength Bragg band gaps that are topologically distinct. Building on this method, we verify numerically that a waveguide at an interface between two topologically distinct resonating plate structures can be used for guiding low-frequency, spin-dependent one-way flexural waves along a desired path with bends.
Lumbosacral Radicular Pain

Lumbosacral radicular pain is a challenging diagnosis, as numerous anatomical abnormalities including disc herniation and lumbar stenosis may be the source with symptoms similar to other low back pain maladies. If imaging is warranted, an MRI is the diagnostic modality of choice, while selective nerve root blocks have been practiced as the gold standard of diagnosis, especially useful in patients with negative findings on radiography but with clinical signs of nerve root irritation. Interventional options such as selective nerve root blocks or transforaminal epidural injections of a mixture of steroid and local anesthetic under fluoroscopic guidance may provide therapeutic benefit. By focusing on the clinical symptoms and utilizing a proper diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm, in this chapter we will explore the approaches a pain clinician may apply and treat this patient population in an effective and safe manner.
Theoretical limits of nonuniform temperature retrievals with single-beam absorption spectroscopy

We assess the potential to resolve line-of-sight gas temperature along a single large-frequency-bandwidth laser beam. We describe a regularization method to recover the maximum temperature, a key combustion quantity.
Discretization and Quantum Mechanics

We begin with a formulation of the author (cf. [120, 122, 123]) for some results of Kemmoku and Saito (cf. [378, 379]) and discussed in a preliminary manner in [109].
Using Social Media to Organize Protests: Does Shutting Down Cell Phone Service Violate First Amendment Free Speech Rights?

This comment focuses on the event that took place on August 11, 2011, in San Francisco, California. The article analyzes both the implications of the government agency’s actions when it shut down cell phone service to stop a planned protest as well as its subsequent adoption of a policy guideline for future interruptions. The main legal issue is First Amendment free speech rights in the social media age. As a relatively novel issue, this comment therefore discusses whether blocking cell phone service in the interest of public safety infringes on First Amendment rights.
Ethanol targets nucleoredoxin/dishevelled interactions and stimulates phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate production in vivo and in vitro

Nucleoredoxin (NXN) is a redox-regulating protein potentially targeted by reactive oxygen species (ROS). It regulates molecular pathways that participate in several key cellular processes. However, the role of NXN in the alcohol liver disease (ALD) redox regulation has not been fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of ethanol and ethanol plus lipopolysaccharide, a two-hit liver injury model (Ethanol/LPS), on NXN/dishevelled (DVL) interaction and on DVL-dependent phosphoinositides production both in mouse liver and in a co-culture system consisting of human hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and ethanol metabolizing-VL17A human hepatocyte cells. Ethanol and two-hit model increased Nxn protein and mRNA expression, and 4-hydroxynonenal adducts. Two-hit model promoted Nxn nuclear translocation and Dvl/Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type-IIα (Pi4k2a) interaction ratio but surprisingly decreased Dvl protein and mRNA levels and reverted ethanol-induced Nxn/Dvl and Dvl/frizzled (Fzd) interaction ratios. Ethanol resulted in a significant increase of Dvl protein and mRNA expression, and decreased Nxn/Dvl interaction ratio but promoted the interaction of Dvl with Fzd and Pi4k2a; formation of this complex induced phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] production. Ethanol and LPS treatments provoked similar alterations on NXN/DVL interaction and its downstream effect in HSC/VL17A co-culture system. Interestingly, ROS and glutathione levels as well as most of ethanol-induced alterations were modified by NXN overexpression in the co-culture system. In conclusion, two-hit model of ethanol exposure disrupts NXN/DVL homeostatic status to allow DVL/FZD/PI4K2A complex formation and stimulates PI(4)P production. These results provide a new mechanism showing that NXN also participates in the regulation of phosphoinositides production that is altered by ethanol during alcoholic liver disease progression.
DRETools: A tool-suite for differential RNA editing detection

Recent tools to detect RNA editing have expanded our understanding of epitranscriptomics, linking changes in RNA editing to both disease and normal cellular processes. However, the research community currently lacks tools for determining if change in RNA editing or "differential editing" has occurred. To meet this need, we present DRETools, a command-line tool-set for ﬁnding differential editing among samples, editing islands, and editing sites.
Blood-based bioenergetic profiling is related to differences in brain morphology in African Americans with Type 2 diabetes

Blood-based bioenergetic profiling has promising applications as a minimally invasive biomarker of systemic bioenergetic capacity. In the present study, we examined peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) mitochondrial function and brain morphology in a cohort of African Americans with long-standing Type 2 diabetes. Key parameters of PBMC respiration were correlated with white matter, gray matter, and total intracranial volumes. Our analyses indicate that these relationships are primarily driven by the relationship of systemic bioenergetic capacity with total intracranial volume, suggesting that systemic differences in mitochondrial function may play a role in overall brain morphology.
Great Britain 2017

The 2017 election in the UK was unusual for a variety of reasons. Preceded by the Brexit referendum in the summer of 2016, the election demonstrated a new movement of antistatus-quo sentiments and, despite the lack of success of UKIP within the actual race, echoed rising anti-immigrant sentiment in the mainstream of British party competition. While right-wing extremist parties are more ambiguous in the UK than in France or Germany, with no one party dominating this side of the political spectrum long-term, the presence of UKIP and the Brexit referendum allows for similar comparisons to these other contexts. When anti-immigrant sentiments are not included, voting for UKIP (or being a “Leave” voter who voted Conservative) is positively affected by being more nativist; being more populist, however, negatively affects one’s likelihood of voting either UKIP or Brexit-Conservative (as does being highly educated, being unemployed, and being part of the working class). When anti-immigrant sentiments are included, they become the strongest predictor of a UKIP/Brexit-Conservative vote, with all other results persisting. Economic concerns and populism, then, do not function as hypothesized in the case of Great Britain.
Consent for HIV Testing Among Adolescent Sexual Minority Males: Legal Status, Youth Perceptions, and Associations with Actual Testing and Sexual Risk Behavior.

This brief report presents a preliminary investigation of the relations between minor consent laws for HIV testing/treatment and testing behavior among adolescent sexual minority males (ASMM; N = 127; ages 14–17). Most participants had legal capacity to consent without parental/guardian permission (HIV testing: 79%; HIV testing/treatment: 65%). Despite having this legal right, few (15%) had ever tested. Capacity to consent was not associated with HIV testing in this sample; nevertheless, those who had not disclosed their sexual activity to parents/guardians were less likely to have tested. Confidentiality concerns may be a barrier to testing for these youth despite laws intended to enable independent testing.
Outcomes After Repeat Transsphenoidal Surgery for Recurrent Cushing Disease: Updated

Background Transspheniodal surgery (TSS) for Cushing disease (CD) is considered the first-line treatment; however, reported recurrence rates are high. Objective To systemically review indications and outcomes for repeat TSS in recurrent CD. Methods Retrospective review of patients undergoing TSS from 2008 to 2018 was performed. Patients undergoing repeat TSS for clinical and/or biochemically recurrent CD with follow-up at least 12 mo postoperatively were included. These data were analyzed in our "current cohort" and combined with our previously published data in a "combined cohort." Results The current cohort of patients undergoing operations from 2008 to 2018 with repeat surgery following a prior operation included 15 patients. Pathology at the time of first operation was positive for adrenocortiotrophic hormone (ACTH) adenoma in 13/15 (86.7%) and 9/15 (60%) had evidence of recurrence after a previous surgical procedure on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Remission was achieved immediately postoperatively in 13/15 (86.7%). Over an average follow-up of 34.7 mo (range: 12-116), 11/15 (68.8%) achieved persistent remission. When combined with the historical cohort that underwent an operation during 1992-2006, 44/51 (86.3%) patients had a prior operation demonstrating ACTH adenoma and 35/51 (68.6%) had evidence of recurrent disease on preoperative MRI. Thirty-five (68.6%) patients went into remission immediately postoperatively. Thirty one (60.8%) had continued remission at most recent reported follow-up. Conclusion Recurrent CD can be a therapeutic challenge; however, these data demonstrate that in many patients repeat surgery can be an effective and safe next step prior to radiation or medical therapy.
The National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center’s Experience and Diagnostic Accuracy of CSF RT-QuIC for Diagnosing Prion Disease in a Large Autopsy Confirmed Sample (S13.008)

Objective: In this prospective study, the sensitivity and specificity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) for the diagnosis of prion disease was evaluated by comparing antemortem RT-QuIC results with definitive autopsy findings. Background: Prion diseases are rapidly progressive and invariably fatal neurodegenerative diseases. RT-QuIC is a protein conformation amplification assay that detects the presence of disease-causing prion protein. The clinical performance of RT-QuIC, including the assay’s sensitivity and specificity, as well as characteristics that may influence the results, require further investigation. Design/Methods: From May 2015 to April 2018, the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC) tested RT-QuIC, total tau, and 14-3-3 on CSF from 10,551 living patients suspected of having prion disease, of which 560 subsequently had autopsy completed by the Center as of October 2018. Neuropathologic examination at autopsy was used as the gold-standard comparator for this study. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of RT-QuIC in this cohort of 560 individuals with prion disease was 89.6% (441/492) and 99% (67/68), respectively. One false positive result was found in a patient with multifactorial dementia (vascular and Alzheimer’s disease). The sensitivity in sporadic CJD (sCJD) was 90.7% (410/452), and the sensitivity in genetic prion disease was 78% (31/40). Sixty-seven percent (28/42) of sCJD cases that had negative RT-QuIC results had elevated total tau levels (>1150 pg/ml) and four cases of sCJD had low tau ( Conclusions: CSF RT-QuIC demonstrates good sensitivity and is the most specific antemortem diagnostic test for prion disease. Most instances of false negative RT-QuIC have elevated levels of tau, but some cases of prion disease do not yield abnormal CSF laboratory results. The sample bias of autopsy attainment is a limitation of this study as cases sent to the NPDPSC for neuropathologic examination are suspected of having prion disease. Disclosure: Dr. Appleby has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wrona has nothing to disclose. Dr. Blevins has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tatsuoka has nothing to disclose. Dr. Foutz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cohen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rhoads has nothing to disclose.
54. GENDER GAPS IN THE PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT: HOW DOES GENDER AFFECT EVALUATIONS?

Background The emergency medicine literature reports a gender gap in milestone attainment. While residents receive similar evaluations at the start of residency, throughout training male residents receive milestone attainment at a faster rate across all EM competencies leading to a gender gap that continues until graduation. The field of both pediatrics and pediatric EM data shows that a higher percentage of female trainees and attendings are entering the specialty each year. Our study objectives were to test for gender differences in evaluations from both the learner and the evaluator and examine differences in scores between same and opposite gender evaluator-resident pairings. Methods Pediatric residents were assessed every month that they rotated through the Pediatric Emergency Department. Evaluations assessed 8 different competencies: procedural competency (PC), prioritizing and multitasking (PC2), management plans (PC5), medical knowledge (MK), physician accountability (PROF2), reliability (PROF5), handling uncertainty in medicine (PROF6), and interdisciplinary teamwork (SBP3). Statistical comparisons of each category were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test at the 5% level. Results Total evaluations included 69 male and 94 female resident rotations performed by 64 male and 99 female evaluators. Female residents scored higher than male residents on PROF5 and SBP3 and PROF6. Female evaluators scored residents higher in the areas of PROF2 and PROF6. Scores from same sex pairings (92) were higher than different sex (71) pairings for PROF2, PROF6 and SBP3. Also, female evaluators scored female residents higher than male residents on PROF2, PROF6 and SBP3 while male evaluators showed no difference. Conclusion Both the gender of evaluator and gender of resident impact evaluation scores in the areas of PROF2, PROF5, PROF6 and SBP3. This study doesn't address the longitudinal gender gap previously reported but would suggest that, in pediatrics, female residents are evaluated with higher milestone competencies. Additional data collection and analyses will further understanding of the effect gender has on resident evaluations, and drive change towards gender-equal resident competency evaluation.
Legacy effects of emerald ash borer on riparian forest vegetation and structure

Abstract High levels of ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality have been reported in areas of North America following invasion of emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), but little is known about the impacts of EAB in riparian forests, particularly along first order streams. We delineated canopy gaps resulting from EAB-caused ash mortality along four first order streams in each of three distinct watersheds, which represented a temporal gradient of the EAB invasion across southern Michigan. Time lapsed aerial imagery showed canopy gaps were apparent by 2005, 2010, and 2012 in southeast, central and southwest sites, respectively. We assessed overstory trees, regeneration, shrubs, herbaceous plants, coarse woody debris, and photosynthetically active radiation in each canopy gap and in forests surrounding the gap. Canopy gaps were originally dominated by green ash (F. pennsylvanica) and black ash (F. nigra) but more than 85% of ash basal area was killed by EAB across all sites. Live basal area was greater in forests than in gaps, but was similar among all three watersheds. A lower percentage of dead ash trees remained standing and volume of ash coarse woody debris was higher in southeastern sites, with the longest history of EAB invasion, than in central and southwestern sites. Species richness of overstory trees was higher in forests (34 species) than in gaps (27 species). Photosynthetically active radiation, measured 1.5 m above ground, was 55% higher in canopy gaps than in adjacent forests during summer, but was similar during winter. Species composition of pre-EAB forest overstories and current saplings were similar among canopy gaps; overall, 66.3% of saplings were ash. Sapling species in forested areas adjacent to gaps were often dominated by Acer rubrum, while Quercus rubra, Prunus serotina, Acer saccharum and A. rubrum were common in overstories. Seedlings were rare within gaps now dominated by dense mats of sedges (Carex spp.). Although ash has been functionally lost from riparian forest overstories in most of southern Michigan, consistently high sapling densities, combined with reduced EAB densities, could facilitate ash persistence in post-invasion areas. If EAB densities increase, however, recruitment of ash saplings into the overstory will be limited. Continued monitoring will be important to assess the future status of ash and overstory dynamics in of post-EAB riparian forests.
Comparing the efficiency of the super diverging diamond interchange to other innovative interchanges

Abstract Innovative interchange designs are gaining attention due to their potential in reducing delays and mitigating congestion. This study was aimed at proposing the super diverging diamond interchange (SDDI) as an alternative design to the conventional diamond interchange (CDI), diverging diamond interchange (DDI), diverging partial cloverleaf interchange (DPCI), folded diamond interchange (FDI) and ramp crossover interchange (RCI) designs. An evaluation of the operational performances of the six interchange designs in terms of both vehicular and pedestrian travel times was conducted. The VISSIM micro-simulation software tool was used where several scenarios were proposed and examined. The study was carried out for the E. Mississippi Ave. and I-225 interchange in Aurora, Colorado as part of a project. Note that the interchange, mentioned, is currently operating as a CDI. ANOVA hypothesis tests were conducted to compare the travel times required for both vehicles and pedestrians to navigate each interchange type. The results indicated that, for under-saturated conditions where demand volumes were less than the interchanges’ capacities, implementing either the FDI, SDDI or RCI designs substantially reduced vehicular travel times as opposed to implementing the other designs. On the other hand, for over-saturated conditions in which traffic volumes exceeded capacities, the RCI and FDI exhibited the least vehicular travel times. The CDI was demonstrated to be the most efficient interchange serving pedestrians in all simulated scenarios. It was closely followed by the RCI and SDDI particularly for over-saturated conditions.
Photon counting CT in a C-arm interventional system: hardware development and artifact corrections

This work reports the development of a C-arm photon counting detectors (PCD)-CT system for evaluating the potential clinical utility of PCD-CT for intraoperative imaging. A dual-threshold CdTe-based strip PCD was mounted on a Siemens Artis Zee C-arm interventional system. A new geometric calibration method was developed to correct for the geometric distortion of the C-arm system during rotation. Experimental results show that, under clinically relevant conditions, the C-arm PCD-CT system can reliably and reproducibly generate high quality MDCT-like images without any noticeable geometric distortion or banding artifact.
The differential effects of oil price shocks on exchange rate, inflation, and monetary policy rate in Ghana

This paper investigates the differential effects of oil price shocks on exchange rate, inflation, and monetary policy rate in Ghana. The paper also introduces the trade weighted U.S. dollar-major c...
Human exposure assessment and public health.

The scientific basis for public and private actions to ameliorate environmental health risks is the suspected or verified link between environmental exposures and human health effects. Exposure information is a key parameter, along with data on dose-response relationships, in determining which environmental health risks are unacceptable. Moreover, human exposures are the standard by which we judge the success of measures to prevent or reduce those risks that are deemed unacceptable. The concept of "total human exposure" has gained credence as a useful and viable framework by which to assess environmental exposures. It places exposures in the context of the continuum beginning with pollutant emissions to the environment and ending with human health consequences. The advent of biologic exposure markers, as well as effects and susceptibility markers, promises the opportunity to more accurately characterize total human exposures for environmental contaminants; thereby enhancing the quality of health risk assessments. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency plays a significant role in the validation, application, and interpretation of biologic markers, with a lesser but important role in their development. Because the Agency is involved in virtually all phases of the biologic markers issue, EPA scientists have identified important research questions and developed plans to address those questions over the next several years. The EPA is positioned to promote the science necessary to bring biologic markers to bear on environmental issues and to interpret the results for risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication.
ABCCC: An Advanced Cube Based Network for Data Centers

A new network structure called BCube Connected Crossbars (BCCC) was recently proposed. Its short diameter, good expandability and low cost make it a very promising topology for data center networks. However, it can utilize only two NIC ports of each server, which is suitable for nowadays technology, even when more ports are available. Due to technology advances, servers with more NIC ports are emerging and they will become low-cost commodities some time later. In this paper, we propose a more general server-centric data center network structure, called Advanced BCube Connected Crossbars (ABCCC), which can utilize inexpensive commodity off-the-shelf switches and servers with any fixed number of NIC ports and provide good network properties. Like BCCC, ABCCC has good expandability. When doing expansion, there is no need to alter the existing system but only to add new components into it. Thus the expansion cost that BCube suffers from can be significantly reduced in ABCCC. We also introduce an addressing scheme and an efficient routing algorithm for one-to-one communication in ABCCC. We make comprehensive comparisons between ABCCC and some popular existing structures in terms of several critical metrics, such as diameter, network size, bisection bandwidth and capital expenditure. We also conduct extensive simulations to evaluate ABCCC, which show that ABCCC achieves the best trade off among all these critical metrics and it suits for many different applications by fine tuning its parameters.
Reforming Budgetary Institutions in Latin America: The Case for a National Fiscal Council

Latin America's economies have made tremendous improvements in recent years. Following the lost decade of the 1980s, economic growth has resumed. But the fruits of this progress remain to be consolidated. The political consensus supporting reform is fragile, and the economies of the region are still susceptible to destabilizing shocks, as recent events have underscored. Even well-devised economic policy strategies can be thrown off course by disturbances. This article proposes an institutional reform—a National Fiscal Council—designed to allow Latin American countries to break out of this vicious circle.
Effects of shock loading and cold rolling on the structure and high temperature creep properties of γ' strengthened Ni-18.6 pct Cr-4.3 pct Al

The effects of shock loading and cold rolling on the structure and high temperature creep properties of precipitation strengthened Ni-18.6 pct Cr-4.3 pct Al have been investigated. The creep properties of this alloy depend on whether the testing is conducted in forming gas (90 pct N2 + 10 pct H2) or in vacuum. It is found that cold rolling invariably increases the creep rate and decreases the creep life when testing is conducted in forming gas. This unexpected result is believed to be caused by strain concentrations at grain boundaries which are associated with cold rolling and which contribute to creep by promoting premature intergranular fracture. In order to minimize the effects of intergranular fracture and to determine the intrinsic effects of prestraining it is necessary to conduct creep tests in vacuum. Taking this precaution, we find that the creep strength of this alloy can be enhanced only slightly by cold rolling a few percent. Cold rolling by a greater amount or shock loading to about 70 kbar (6.99 × 109 Pa) results in higher creep rates than the asaged condition. It is shown that these unexpected weakening effects can be correlated with, and are probably caused by, the presence of misshaped γ′ precipitate particles. The irregular shapes of these precipitates are believed to be caused by the line tension effects of surrounding dislocations.
Dengue virus plaque development in simian cell systems. I. Factors influencing virus adsorption and variables in the agar overlay medium.

Chemical and physical variables influencing the plaquing of all dengue serotypes in two simian cell systems were studied. Calf serum in the nutrient overlay may be replaced by mouse ascitic fluid or bovine plasma albumin when employing the rhesus monkey kidney LLC-MK2 cell system for plaquing all dengue serotypes. Doubling the serum concentration in the overlay had little effect in modifying dengue types 1, 2, 3, and 4 plaque titers. Newborn agamma, 4-week-old and 8-week-old calf serum gave comparable titers with all dengue virus serotypes. Dengue virus titers, plaque size, and development time were unaffected by sodium bicarbonate concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 4.4 mg/ml of overlay. A twofold increase (0.00332 g%) in the amount of either autoclaved or filtered-sterilized neutral red reduced the dengue 2 virus titer as much as 2.2 logs. An increased Mg++ and decreased Ca++ concentration in the overlay medium increased the efficiency of the plaquing system.
Commercial trade of federally listed threatened and endangered plants in the United States

The commercial trade of propagated listed plants is a common but controversial ex situ conservation approach for rare plant species. We investigated the Internet trade of plants protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act to determine their availability for interstate (i.e., regulated) commerce. We identified 49 listed plant species that were available via the Internet, with less than 10% of vendors having obtained the required federal permit. The lack of permits among vendors suggests that sellers are unaware or ignore regulations. Illegal trade undermines both the permitting process and conservation efforts of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to ensure that commercial propagation aids the long-term survival of listed species. Furthermore, in addition to supplying a demand for plant collections and landscaping, commercial trade could provide a source of plants for deliberate species introductions, including assisted colonization—a debated conservation strategy that involves moving species to new environments to mitigate for habitat loss and climate change. Given the potential costs and benefits associated with trade, the challenges suggest that a collaborative approach between agencies, nurseries, and plant collectors is needed to regulate the trade of listed plants. In regulating commercial trade, policymakers and conservation biologists may want to consider potential risks and benefits of private efforts to recover species.
Nonconventional Remission of Miliaria rubra during Heat Acclimation: Case Report,

Abstract : A white male exhibiting miliaria rubra underwent an 8-day laboratory evaluation. In spite of daily periods of exercise-heat exposure (40 C, 48% RH) and profuse sweating, miliaria rubra was no longer visible by day 3. Sweat gland function, thermoregulation and physiological adaptations during heat acclimation were normal. This is the first report to verify that humans can accomplish heat acclimation while miliaria rubra is healing. Climatic and hygenic factors which contributed to this remission of miliaria rubra have been examined in light of current theories regarding the origin of sweat gland obstruction. Keywords: inflammation; Prickly heat; Heart rate; Rectal temperature; Sodium chloride; Bacteria.
Model of a specific interaction: Salt-bridges form between prothrombin and its activating enzyme blood clotting factor Xa

Abstract In order for intricate biochemical pathways to function properly in the heterogeneous environment of a cell or organism, high specificity of enzymesubstrate reactions is essential. The molecular nature of this specificity is examined for the case of the specific activation of prothrombin by factor X a of the blood coagulation system using model-building methods. The structure of blood clotting factor X a was modeled by homology to the known structures of the mammalian serine proteases. The sequence about the cleaved peptide bond in prothrombin was placed into the active site of factor X a in a conformation similar to that of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and soybean trypsin inhibitor, when bound to trypsin, and to that of the tripeptide chloromethyl ketones, when bound to γ-chymotrypsin and Streptomyces griseus protease B. The model of the complex between prothrombin and factor X a shows the expected salt-bridge between the Arg preceding the cleaved peptide bond and the primary specificity residue Asp189 of factor X a . Two other salt-bridges appear to be formed: between a Glu three residues before the cleaved bond in prothrombin and Arg143 of factor X a , and between a second Glu three residues after the cleaved bond and Lys62 in factor X a . Several hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions also occur in the complex. A stereogeometric requirement for a Gly two residues before the cleaved bond is also imposed by the factor X a structure. Examination of the known serine protease sequences and model building suggest that the two new salt-bridges are unique to the prothrombin-factor X a complex. Therefore, these charge interactions, and the requirement for a Gly, are likely to be at least partially responsible for the high specificity of the activation of prothrombin by factor X a .
Mutator Phenotype Induced by Aberrant Replication

We have identified thermosensitive mutants of five Schizosaccharomyces pombe replication proteins that have a mutator phenotype at their semipermissive temperatures. Allele-specific mutants of DNA polymerase δ (polδ) and mutants of Polα, two Polδ subunits, and ligase exhibited increased rates of deletion of sequences flanked by short direct repeats. Deletion of rad2+, which encodes a nuclease involved in processing Okazaki fragments, caused an increased rate of duplication of sequences flanked by short direct repeats. The deletion mutation rates of all the thermosensitive replication mutators decreased in a rad2Δ background, suggesting that deletion formation requires Rad2 function. The duplication mutation rate of rad2Δ was also reduced in a thermosensitive polymerase background, but not in a ligase mutator background, which suggests that formation of duplication mutations requires normal DNA polymerization. Thus, although the deletion and duplication mutator phenotypes are distinct, their mutational mechanisms are interdependent. The deletion and duplication replication mutators all exhibited decreased viability in combination with deletion of a checkpoint Rad protein, Rad26. Interestingly, deletion of Cds1, a protein kinase functioning in a checkpoint Rad-mediated reversible S-phase arrest pathway, decreased the viability and exacerbated the mutation rate only in the thermosensitive deletion replication mutators but had no effect on rad2Δ. These findings suggest that aberrant replication caused by allele-specific mutations of these replication proteins can accumulate potentially mutagenic DNA structures. The checkpoint Rad-mediated pathways monitor and signal the aberrant replication in both the deletion and duplication mutators, while Cds1 mediates recovery from aberrant replication and prevents formation of deletion mutations specifically in the thermosensitive deletion replication mutators.
Temporary Cardiac Pacing in the Intensive Care Unit

Indications for temporary cardiac pacing have increased substantially in the last several years. Although most temporary cardiac pacing is still carried out to treat symptomatic bradycardia due to atrioventricular conduction system disease or atrial bradycardia (i.e., sinus node dysfunction), temporary pacing is currently used to induce and to terminate some supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, prevent pause-dependent ventricular tachycardia (usually torsades de pointes), and vagally mediated atrial fibrillation, to allow the maintenance of hemodynamic competence in postoperative cardiac patients and to evaluate selected patients with hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies who might benefit hemodynamically from cardiac pacing. The roles of transcutaneous and esophageal pacing have also expanded; transcutaneous pacing is now commonly used in patients at high risk for the development of atrioventricular block, such as those with acute myocardial infarction and bifascicular block. We review available types ...
Characterization of twenty-five ovarian tumour cell lines that phenocopy primary tumours

Currently available human tumour cell line panels consist of a small number of lines in each lineage that generally fail to retain the phenotype of the original patient tumour. Here we develop a cell culture medium that enables us to routinely establish cell lines from diverse subtypes of human ovarian cancers with >95% efficiency. Importantly, the 25 new ovarian tumour cell lines described here retain the genomic landscape, histopathology and molecular features of the original tumours. Furthermore, the molecular profile and drug response of these cell lines correlate with distinct groups of primary tumours with different outcomes. Thus, tumour cell lines derived using this methodology represent a significantly improved platform to study human tumour pathophysiology and response to therapy.
Erratum to “Prevalence of hearing loss in the United States by industry”

The article to which this erratum refers was published in Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:670–681, 2013 (10.1002/ajim.22082). There were two typographical errors listed in the Results section of the Abstract of this article. The Construction of Buildings prevalence ratio (PR) and confidence interval (CI) should be: (PR1⁄4 1.59, CI1⁄4 1.51–1.68). The PR and CI for Real Estate and Rental and Leasing should be: (PR1⁄4 1.61, CI1⁄4 1.51–1.71). The numbers were reported accurately in the Results section.
‘Tell it Slant’: Defamiliarizing Spanish Realism

Focusing on Spanish realism, this article argues that content-oriented critics have become overly familiar with realism, ignoring its literariness, what Emily Dickinson referred to as telling ‘all the Truth but tell it slant’, so that ‘Truth’s superb surprise’ may dazzle gradually. Shklovsky’s defamiliarization is also a way of telling it slant, revealing the inner forms of realism and making visible something that was invisible to us, the out-of-the-ordinary inside the ordinary world that in turn possesses its own special aura.
A rapid and convenient synthesis of poly-thymidylic acid by the modified triester approach

By using anhydrous triethylamine-pyridine to selectively remove the cyanoethyl group from the fully protected oligonucleotide, a substantial improvement has been achieved in yields and the rates of condensation by the modified triester approach from the 5' leads to 3' end. The unreacted oligonucleotide containing the 5'-hydroxy group was removed by treatment with bis (triazolyl)-p-chlorophenyl phosphate after each condensation in situ. These modifications, as exemplified by the synthesis of fully protected T12, T18, T24 and T38 in 80%, 77%, 70% and 50% yields respectively, should allow the ready synthesis of polynucleotides of even longer chain lengths by purely chemical methods.
1170 PROLONGED OROPHARYNGEAL EXCRETION OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS FROM CHILDREN AFTER INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS

The duration of oropharyngeal excretion of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in children following an episode of EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis (IM) has not been reported. In the present study children with clinical, hematologic, and viral-specific serologic findings of EBV-IM were evaluated prospectively for oropharyngeal excretion of EBV. Viral isolation was determined by transformation and induction of EBV-nuclear antigen in umbilical cord lymphocyte cultures inoculated with oropharyngeal secretions. Seventy-five (74.3%) of 101 study children examined during the initial 3 weeks after clinical onset were positive for oropharyngeal EBV. Followup examinations at 4-8 week, 9-28 week, and 29-34 weeks revealed the presence of oropharyngeal EBV in 21 (55.3%) of 38, 19 (50.0%) of 38, and 13 (61.9%) of 21 children tested, respectively. The only significant difference in excretion rates with time was between the intervals 0-3 weeks and 9-28 weeks (p <.01). There was no difference in prevalence of EBV excretion related to age or serologic findings. The role that this long-term viral excretion has in the transmission of EBV remains to be elucidated.
Acknowledging Spanish and English resources during mathematical reasoning

As English-only efforts continue in the US schooling system, dual-language programs have served as attempts to preserve students’ home language. An after-school, dual-language, Spanish–English, mathematics program, Los Rayos was developed in a predominantly Mexican/Mexican–American neighborhood in Chicago. As participant observers with a sociocultural perspective, we explored the linguistic and personal resources used by participating 4th grade bilingual Latina/o students. We found that students used imaginative, playful, and hybrid linguistic resources to make sense of and solve probability tasks when engaged within a zone of mathematical practice. Results challenge narrow perspectives on bilingual students’ linguistic resources. Language implications are discussed.
Randomized trial of cutting balloon compared with high-pressure angioplasty for the treatment of resistant pulmonary artery stenosis.

Background—We sought to determine the safety and efficacy of Cutting Balloon therapy (CB) compared with conventional high-pressure balloon therapy (HPB) for the treatment of pulmonary artery stenosis. Methods and Results—This prospective, randomized, multicenter, investigational device exemption trial compared CB with HPB. Patient eligibility was determined at the precatheterization assessment; vessel eligibility was determined at catheterization. In all vessels, low-pressure balloon dilation to 8 atm was performed, and if it was not successful, the vessel was randomized to CB or HPB. The primary efficacy outcome was percent change in minimum lumen diameter. A core laboratory performed all vessel measurements and angiographic assessment of vessel damage. The primary safety outcome was any serious adverse event attributable to vessel dilation as assessed by the Data and Safety Monitoring Board. Seventy-three patients from 8 institutions were enrolled between 2004 and 2008. In these patients, 72 vessels res...
Interactional Treatment of Intractable Hiccups

This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature regarding nonmedical approaches to the understanding and treatment of intractable hiccups. The author provides a rationale for an interactional view and presents a case in which post-surgical hiccups were successfully treated, using principles developed by the Mental Research Institute. Of particular interest is the manner in which the therapist managed a system that included the victim's wife, a physician, and other medical personnel who were all trying to eliminate the hiccups. Interventions were designed primarily to alter meanings attributed to the hiccups and, thus, to intervene in the system that was maintaining the problem. This article is presented as a response to Weakland's call for research and practice in family somatics.
Platelet FcgammaRIIA His131Arg polymorphism and platelet function: antibodies to platelet-bound fibrinogen induce platelet activation

Summary. The His131Arg polymorphism of platelet FcγRIIA affects the binding affinity of certain IgG subclasses. The Arg131 allele has been associated with (auto)immune thrombocytopenia and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in some studies. Because FcγRIIA can transmit platelet activation signals, we studied platelet responsiveness from 73 healthy donors to determine if this polymorphism modulated platelet function. Platelet function was studied by agonist and shear-induced activation, and standard aggregation. FcγRIIA was genotyped by allele-specific PCR. Compared with His131, the Arg131 allele was associated with significantly greater binding of activation-dependent antibodies. This effect was most prominent for the receptor-induced binding site (RIBS) antibodies F26 (P < 0.0001) and RIBS1 (P = 0.0057), and the ligand-induced binding site antibody LIBS1 (P = 0.0367). Unexpectedly, Arg131-positive platelets did not show greater fibrinogen binding, platelet aggregation or shear-induced platelet activation. We considered whether enhanced Fc binding and FcγRIIA cross-linking were responsible for those discrepancies. The increased binding of the two RIBS antibodies to the Arg131 isoform was abolished by blocking FcγRIIA, and the FcγRIIA genotype effect on F26 IgG binding was lost when F26 F(ab′)2 fragments were used. Furthermore, intact F26 and RIBS1 IgG directly and specifically induced P-selectin expression, and this effect was greatest in Arg131-positive platelets. We concluded that (a) the His131Arg polymorphism of FcγRIIA does not affect intrinsic platelet reactivity; (b) RIBS antibodies are able to cross-link FcγRIIA and activate platelets, and this activation has a modest effect on Arg131 platelets; and (c) flow cytometric based platelet assays may need to compensate for this FcγRIIA His131Arg effect on platelet activation.
Higher Hourly Cost Compensation for Heavy Equipment Used in Demolition Activity

Demolition activity is increasingly dependent on heavy equipment as the primary means of dismantlement. This mechanized wrecking process qualifies as a severe working condition for the heavy equipment employed. Demolition practitioners note that the severe conditions encountered increase the operating cost of the equipment employed. There are occasions when unexpected project conditions or disaster response necessitate negotiated compensation for demolition services. In these negotiations, hourly cost references are utilized by contracting agencies to benchmark hourly billings. Supervising engineers recommend using the hourly values quoted in national cost references for standard construction services because no specific guidance for cost adjustment is provided by the cost reference guides. Because this cost differential is not recognized by supervising engineers, it is important that the magnitude of severe duty demolition equipment costs be brought to the attention of the engineering community. This man...