cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Transatlantic Century: The American Century erodes, 1968–1979

Student protests and massive strikes, Soviet troops moving into Prague and American ones leaving Saigon, rising oil prices and endless gas lines, soaring inflation and collapsing economic growth, arms control and renewed missile crises, detente in Europe and hot Cold War conflicts in Africa and Asia. These contradictory events from the tumultuous late sixties and seventies threw transatlantic relations into turmoil. The postwar economic order descended into crisis due to the collapse of Bretton Woods, the exhaustion of Fordism, and the ineffectuality of Keynesianism. The Cold War political consensus frayed, creating stormy domestic politics and opening the way for a renegotiation of East–West relations in Europe as well as for new social movements and transnational alliances. A weakened and less confident United States sought to reassert leadership in Europe and globally, while Western Europeans strove for more autonomy. American hegemony – economic, cultural, military, and political – faced a serious challenge for the first time. The American Century in Europe rested on five pillars. The first was American economic prowess, embodied in Fordist mass production, technological innovation, unmatched productivity, and high wages that enabled the mass consumption of cars, consumer durables, and mass culture. The second was America’s unchallenged military might, conventional and nuclear, and the presence of American weapons and military personnel across Western Europe. The third was the transatlantic consensus about anti-communism and containment but also about Keynesianism and generous social policies. The fourth pillar was widespread Western European admiration for America’s political values, global presence, and popular culture. Finally, Western Europe accepted, if at times grudgingly, its role as the junior partner in an American empire built largely by invitation but supplemented by American pressure, threats, and covert intervention when necessary. How did the challenges and crises of these years erode the hard and soft power on which America’s postwar dominance had been built?
Formal proofs of cryptographic security of Diffie-Hellman-based protocols

We present axioms and inference rules for reasoning about Diffie-Hellman-based key exchange protocols and use these rules to prove authentication and secrecy properties of two important protocol standards, the Diffie-Hellman variant of Kerberos, and IKEv2, the revised standard key management protocol for IPSEC. The new proof system is sound for an accepted semantics used in cryptographic studies. In the process of applying our system, we uncover a deficiency in Diffie-Hellman Kerberos that is easily repaired.
On ℋ ∞ -based direction finding and source detection

Recently, the authors have proposed a novel approach to Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) estimation using the ℋ ∞ criterion. This article examines the limits of performance of ℋ ∞ -based direction finding and arrives at a lower bound on the estimation error, analogous to the Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB). Furthermore, the analysis of the ℋ ∞ -based algorithm's prediction error using one of Akaike's information criteria shows that the direction finding algorithm at hand possesses source detection ability.
Constitutional Interpretation and Congressional Overrides: Changing Trends in Court-Congress Relations

National policy is shaped through frequent interaction between the Court and Congress. The Court devotes the largest portion of its work to applying and interpreting congressional statutes. Congress considers these interpretations in future legislation. The Court’s use of judicial review to nullify acts of Congress is one of the most contentious aspects of this relationship. However, the interaction that occurs after judicial review is often ignored. When trying to understand Court-Congress relations, it is important to note Congress often overrides Court decisions. Historically the Court rarely rules against Congress. From 1791-2010 the Court nullified just 167 acts of Congress — an average of less than one-a-year. However, this type of interaction has rapidly increased. Nearly 60 percent of all federal laws struck down have occurred since 1960. The Rehnquist Court alone is responsible for nearly 25 percent of all nullified federal laws. Understandably, the rapid acceleration in judicial activity has renewed fears of an imperial judiciary. These fears are partly based in the incorrect assumption that policy development ends with judicial review. The results of this study indicate that as the Court has become more active in striking down congressional acts, Congress has increasingly resorted to overriding these decisions. This study also indicates that increased instances of judicial review suggest changing trends in Court- ongress relations rather than signifying judicial finality.
Inhalation of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin A Induces IFN-γ and CD8 T Cell-Dependent Airway and Interstitial Lung Pathology in Mice

Staphylococcus aureus, a primary source of bacterial superantigen (SAg), is known to colonize the human respiratory tract and has been implicated in airway inflammation. Studies have documented a role for SAgs in respiratory disorders, such as nasal polyps, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic rhinosinusitis, and asthma. However, cellular and molecular mediators involved in SAg-mediated pulmonary disease have not been clearly identified. In this study, we investigated the effect of intranasal staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) exposure on murine lung. The pathological features in the lung resulting from SEA exposure had characteristics of both obstructive and restrictive pulmonary disorders. There was also an increase in bronchoalveolar lavage protein concentration and cellularity following SEA challenge. Massive CD8+Vβ3+ T cell accumulation observed in the lung was dependent on CD4 T cell help, both for recruitment and for IFN-γ synthesis. The primary source of IFN-γ synthesis was CD8 T cells, and depletion of these cells abrogated disease. IFN-γ deficiency also prevented SEA-mediated disease, and this was by enhancing early recruitment of neutrophils as detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Thus, IFN-γ appeared to selectively aid the recruitment of T cells to the lungs while preventing the neutrophil accumulation. Therefore, our results show that IFN-γ-producing CD8 T cells mediated pulmonary alveolitis and inflammation, which were dependent upon CD4 T cells for their recruitment to the lung.
Psychological and autonomic effects of art making in college-aged students.

ABSTRACTBackground and objectives: Anxiety disorders comprise the most common category of mental illness among US young adults. Art making might be one method to help reduce anxiety, but the few studies investigating this have used only subjective measures of anxiety. Design: This study employed both subjective (self-reported state anxiety from the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and objective (heart rate variability) measures to assess whether 30-minute periods of art making reduced anxiety in 47 first-year college students prior to their final examinations. Methods: Students participated in free-form painting, mandala coloring, clay modeling, and control sessions. Results: Repeated-measures ANOVA with post hoc analysis revealed significantly greater pre- to post-session reductions in anxiety for all three types of art-making sessions than for the control session, as measured objectively. Measured subjectively, only free-form painting yielded a significant decrease in anxiety compared to the control sessi...
Comment: Model selection with strong and weak heredity constraints

Commentary on article "Screening Strategies in the Presence of Interactions." The commentators explain why they believe that the methodology proposed in that article provides an attractive alternative for analyzing models following heredity properties.
A new glass could be key to safe plutonium disposal

The U.S. Department of Energy`s Argonne National Laboratory announced in February this year, its development of a new form of glass that could provide safe long-term storage of plutonium from dismantled nuclear weapons. The United States and former Soviet nations are struggling with how to safely and economically safeguard and dispose of more than 100 tons of weapons-grade plutonium from nuclear weapons dismantled under the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. One option being studied is to immobilize plutonium in a solid waste form, such as glass, and place it in a deep, underground repository.
Hydralazine-Induced Vasculitis With Gastrointestinal Pseudomelanosis.

A 71-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis, hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and ischemic cardiomyopathy, on hydralazine 300 mg daily for 2 years, presented with a new onset of vesiculobullous rash, dysphagia, odynophagia, throat pain/tightness, and hoarseness. Physical exam showed multiple vesicles in her upper and lower extremities with significant airway edema and ulcerations of floor of mouth, tongue, epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and arytenoid edema. On admission day 3, she had an episode of gastrointestinal bleeding. Upper endoscopy and capsule endoscopy found petechiae and melanosis in the proximal small bowel, including most of duodenum and proximal jejunum (Figure 1). Pathology revealed necrotizing neutrophil-rich venulitis and pseudomelanosis.
Consumer Awareness and Use of Product Review Websites

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on a study that was undertaken to assess consumer awareness, and use, of product review websites. Factors included the impact of e-opinion leadership, consumer susceptibility to informational influence, and gender on awareness and use of these websites. Participants completed a survey that solicited information on awareness of product review websites, extent of usage, the aforementioned individual difference factors, as well as demographic information. Results indicated that consumers, generally, are aware of the existence of product review websites and there is moderate usage of, and varied uses for, these types of websites. Gender and certain individual difference factors, in particular e-opinion leadership, have an impact on usage and perceptions of these types of websites. Limitations of the study and future research issues are presented.
Synthesis of Crystalline, Nanometer-Scale, −(CH2)x− Clusters and Films on Gold Surfaces

Stable, nanometer-scale thickness films of −(CH2)x− have been observed to form by the surface-catalyzed decomposition of CH2N2 on evaporated Au film substrates. In the early stages, growth occurs in the form of isolated clusters at defect regions in the {111} textured surfaces. As the average thickness increases beyond ∼20 nm, growth spills out onto the {111} terraces with eventual coverage of the entire surface. At all coverages, the dominant structure is highly trans, extended polymethylene chains packed in an orthorhombic lattice, similar to the typical structure of crystalline, bulk-phase polyethylene but containing more conformational defects than well-formed bulk crystals. Chain melting occurs at ∼135 °C, and cooling to room temperature results in differing extents of ordering as a function of the total film coverage, an indication that the structures of the growing films are constrained in metastable forms by the presence of adjacent gold surface defect features. The polymerization mechanism appear...
CONVECTIVE PHENOMENA IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Abstract Several convective phenomena in the atmosphere (dry thermals, cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds, etc.) are considered in terms of a simple scheme for the development of convective circulations. Special attention is drawn to the perturbation pressure field and the perturbation wind field under a cumulus and a cumulonimbus. The formation of the thunderstorm high is discussed; it is considered to be due to strong cooling of the air by falling precipitation. The scheme for the development of convective circulations is checked with the aid of pressure-time curves under and outside “rain cells.” The relation between rainfall and pressure hump during the passage of a rain cell is shown. Convective phenomena organized in lines are discussed.
A simple method for taking natural-head-position cephalograms

Standing natural head position is a reproducible, physiologically determined aspect of function. Recent studies have demonstrated associations between this aspect of function and the form of the skeletodental features, in both growing and nongrowing persons. A simple method has been devised which obviates the need for multiple radiographs to determine the clinical reliability of the method. The device, its construction, and method of use are described.
Introduction: Environmental History as Public History

“History ought to be more than knowledge chasing its own tail. Environmental history ought to have a few ideas to offer the public.”--Donald Worster
Semiflexible Chain Condensation by Neutral Depleting Agents: Role of Correlations between Depletants

We revisit the problem of semiflexible chain condensation by neutral depleting agents (e.g., colloidal spheres or flexible polymers) by using a simple formalism that allows us to address its main features without specifying the kind of depleting agents. Correlations between depleting agents are shown to produce a reswelling of the chain at high enough volume fraction, consistent with an earlier analysis by Grosberg et al. [Biopolymers 1982, 21, 2413] in the context of DNA condensation induced by neutral polymers. It is also shown that the conditions under which spherical colloids can condense a semiflexible chain are strongly restrictive, unlike what has been recently claimed. The formalism allows us to compare the efficiency of colloids vs polymers as condensing agents.
Artificial Life: A feast for the imagination

In 1956 history was made at Dartmouth, at a summer conference organized by John McCarthy which inaugurated (and baptized) the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The fathers of the field were all there: McCarthy, Minsky, Samuel, Simon, Selfridge, and they took their inspiration from Alan Turing and John von Neumann, whose combined genius had given the world not only the serial computer, but also a strikingly clear vision of its cognitive powers. Thirty-one years later, in September of 1987, a meeting was held at Los Alamos which may in time overshadow the Dartmouth meeting and its aftermath: the first international Artificial Life (AL) conference, drawing together thinkers from around the world whose work might be said to owe its inspiration to one of John von Neumann's other great ideas: the idea of self-replicating cellular automata. Not that all workers in AL concern themselves directly with either selfreplication or cellular automata. Indeed one of the most striking features of the volume under review, the proceedings of the first Artificial Life conference, is the great diversity of approaches, goals, and grain-sizes of the simulations presented and discussed. This is an extraordinarily rich volume, exciting in tone, kaleidoscopic in its perspectives and contributions. AI is known for its simulations of cognitive competences modeled "from the top down" and perhaps the most basic difference between AI and AL is that most AL simulations are adamantly bottom up in design philosophy. While some of the virtues of bottom-up modeling are now familiar, especially in the manifestos of the connectionists, broader, deeper reasons are offered here. In Vehicles (MIT Press, 1984), Valentino Braitenberg put forward his "law of uphill analysis, downhill synthesis" which made the compelling point that it is simply much harder to figure out the inner machinery of something whose behavior you have data on
Decade-long changes in the use of combination evidence–based medical therapy at discharge for patients surviving acute myocardial infarction

Background Current practice guidelines suggest routine use of several effective cardiac medications in hospital survivors of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The objectives of our population-based study were to describe decade-long trends (1990-2001) in the use of aspirin, β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, lipid-lowering agents, and combinations thereof, in patients discharged from all metropolitan Worcester (Mass) hospitals after AMI. Methods The study sample consisted of 5965 adult men and women of all ages discharged after AMI from all greater Worcester hospitals in 7 annual periods between 1990 and 2001. Results Although consistent increases in the use of each of the effective cardiac medications examined were observed over time, particularly marked relative increases in the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (168% relative increase) and lipid-lowering agents (1086% relative increase) were noted. Use of combinations of effective cardiac medications also increased substantially over time. Between 1990 and 2001, the percentage of hospital survivors treated with ≥3 cardiac medications increased from 12.9% to 74.0%. Advancing age, female sex, history of angina, hypertension, or heart failure during hospitalization, presence of an initial non–Q wave MI, and development of atrial fibrillation during the index hospitalization were independently associated with underuse of combination medical therapy. Conclusions The present results suggest considerable improvements over the last decade in the medical management of patients hospitalized with AMI. Educational efforts, however, aimed at clinicians and designed to improve use of these therapies, as well as efforts to simplify medication regimens and enhance rates of adherence, remain warranted.
Dual-task interference in left-handed subjects : hemispheric specialization vs manual dominance

Abstract Thirty-six left-handed subjects performed a dichotic listening task and two concurrent (verbal plus finger-tapping) tasks. Baseline tapping scores revealed both left- and right-hand dominance within left-handed subjects. Moreover when subjects were categorized as consistent or inconsistent for ‘sidedness advantage’ (e.g. consistent=same side for dominant hand and ear advantage), it was shown that the dual-task interference effects found on the concurrent tapping tasks were due to both hemispheric specialization and manual dominance.
Reconstructing neuronal inputs from voltage recordings: application in the auditory system

There are neurons in the auditory midbrain of frog H. versicolor that respond selectively to slowly rising auditory stimuli (behaviorally relevant for this frog). We investigate possible mechanisms that underlie this rise-time selectivity. In particular, we want to find out whether the rise-time selectivity arises in midbrain or is inherited from lower level structures. To extract the relevant data from the existing recordings one needs to solve the inverse problem of computing the afferent inputs to the neuron. Reconstructing stimulus-evoked temporally-varying input to a neuron in vivo is a challenge. The existing model-based method allows us to resolve two synaptic conductances corresponding to two distinct reversal potentials. We present a new approach enabling the reconstruction of three input conductances. Our method is based on treating synaptic conductances and membrane voltage as random variables, generalizing the model to a stochastic differential equation, and deriving equations for both first and second moments. We apply reconstruction to simulated data and discuss applicability to experimental data. Based on conductance reconstructions, we present three computational models of possible slow rise-time selectivity mechanisms: local inactivation of inhibition, fast-rise-time sensitive inhibition and interval counting with adaptation. We also discuss the evidence from in vivo recordings in support of the models. Finally, we show model predictions, which allow to distinguish between the proposed mechanisms as more data become available.
HYPERNATREMIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE IN EXTREMELY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS. 1182

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is an incompletely understood complication of extremely low birthweight (ELBW) premature infants without specific treatment or preventive strategies. Although early studies suggested that serum sodium (Na) and/or sodium bicarbonate may be associated with IVH, a more recent report found no correlation. We hypothesized that early hypernatremia was present in ELBW infants with severe IVH and performed a case-control study to investigate this hypothesis. ELBW infants with severe IVH (bilaterally grade III or grade IV) treated at Evanston Hospital between 1990-1995 were compared to gestational age and birthweight matched ELBW infants with a normal cranial ultrasound over the same time period. Charts of 14 IVH patients and 14 case-controls were reviewed and data recorded including birthweight, gestational age, serum sodium maximum on day of life #1, 2, and 3, fluid intake, minimum blood pressure, minimun arterial pH, and specifics of cranial ultrasound examinations. Groups were similar in gestational age (25.3± 0.3 wks control vs 24.7 ± 0.3 wks IVH, p=NS) and birthweight(824 ±28 gm control vs 730 ± 58 gm IVH, p=NS). All IVH patients had grade IV bleeds except 4 with bilateral grade III IVH. We found that maximum serum sodium values were higher in the IVH group compared to controls at each day studied (day 1: 152 ± 3.6 meq/L IVH vs 142 ± 1.4 control, p < 0.02; day 2: 160 ± 5.0 meq/L IVH vs 149 ± 1.5 control, p < 0.03; day 3: 157 ± 1.9 meq/L IVH vs 150 ± 1.5 control, p < 0.02). Furthermore, the IVH group had a significantly higher percentage of babies with sodium values ≥ 155 meq/L compared to controls on the first days of life (day 1: 50% IVH vs 0 controls; day 2: 55% IVH vs 8% control). In addition, the IVH group had more acidosis on the first day of life (minimum pH 7.15 ±.06) compared to controls (pH 7.30 ±.02, p < 0.02), but similar acid-base balance on the second and subsequent days of life. We conclude that hypernatremia on the first few days of life is associated with severe IVH in ELBW infants. Further studies are warranted to delineate whether early hypernatremia may predispose ELBW infants to the occurrence of a significant intraventricular hemorrhage.
Accuracy Considerations in the Analysis of Depressions in Medium-Resolution Lidar DEMs

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of vertical accuracy of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) on the occurrence of topographic depressions. Stochastic depression modeling of a medium-resolution lidar DEM for a low-relief study area was carried out using Monte Carlo simulation of a range of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values for vertical error. Depth and size of observed depressions were compared to the stochastic modeling results in order to separate artificial from real depressions. Small and shallow depressions were more likely to be artificial than large and deep depressions, but the use of single threshold values for surface area, mean depth, or maximum depth to distinguish artificial from real depressions results in many incorrect classifications, and further empirical field validation is required. Stochastic error modeling of DEMs was effective in determining the reliability of a complex unconstrained terrain derivative such as the occurrence of topographic depressions. However, sto...
The Effects of Histone Variant H2A.Z on Chromatin Structure and Kinetics-A Single Molecule Optical Tweezers Study

Understanding how histone variants affect chromatin structure is essential for understanding their role in gene regulation and chromatin maintenance in vivo. The basic unit of chromatin is a nucleosome, which consists of 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer, made up of two of each of the four core histones-H2A, H2B, H3, H4. Often in cells, however, these canonical histones get exchanged for histone variants so that certain regions of the genome become enriched with non-wild-type histones. For example, histone variant H2A.Z has been found to replace canonical H2A near the transcription start site of active genes, suggesting that H2A.Z promotes gene transcription. Conversely, H2A.Z has also been associated with regions of silent chromatin. In general, the mechanism by which H2A.Z affects chromatin structure and kinetics is not understood. Here, we use optical tweezers to mechanically stretch individual nucleosome arrays and quantitatively compare the behavior of nucleosomes containing wild-type histones and nucleosomes in which histone H2A has been replaced with H2A.Z. We find that H2A.Z decreases the nucleosome inner-turn rewinding rate compared to wild-type H2A, promoting an open conformation. Our results reveal the affect of H2A.Z on nucleosome kinetics and on chromatin structure.
Flame spectrometric determination of sodium, potassium and calcium in blood serum by measurement of microsamples.

The discrete sampling flame atomic emission method described previously by Sarbeck, St. John, and Winefordner1 has been applied to the determination of K, Na, and Ca in serum controls and in several blood serum samples (10 to 100μl of blood serum per element needed). The results compare well with the control values and serum values obtained by clinically accepted methods. The percent relative standard deviation of all measurements was better than 4 %. The present method consists simply of injecting the blood serum sample (in some cases diluted with appropriate chemicals) directly into a suitable carrier solution which transported the serum plug into a H2/N2O flame. The resulting integrated emission signal is corrected for a blank emission signal and the amount of K, Na, or Ca in the blood serum sample is read directly on a suitable analytical curve.
Clear-cell carcinoma of the ovary. A clinicopathologic analysis of pure and mixed forms and comparison with endometrioid carcinoma.

A clinicopathologic analysis of 39 primary ovarian carcinomas wholly or partially composed of clear cells was carried out. The histologic concept of “clear cell” was redefined and the ratio of clear to nonclear cell components was evaluated in each case. The tumors were accordingly subdivided into “pure” (12 cases), “predominantly” (7 cases), and “focal” (20 cases) clear-cell groups. The pathologic and clinical features of each group were then compared to each other. Follow-up data were also compared with 45 patients with ovarian endometrioid carcinoma. Because of the frequent admixture and transitions of clear-cell tumors with nonclear-cell neoplasms of mullerian derivation, it was concluded that the clear-cell tumors of the ovaries are most likely of mullerian rather than mesonephric origin. Cumulative survival figures in the various groups of clear-cell carcinoma and in patients with endometrioid carcinoma were similar with a mean 5-year survival of about 38%. The single most significant feature determining survival in all these patients was the extent of the neoplasm at time of surgery.
Computation of modifier scope in NP by a language-neutral method

The relative logical scope of multiple modifiers within NP is often semantically significant. This paper proposes a structurally based method for computing the relative scope of such modifiers, based on their order, type, and syntactic complexity. The algorithm is language-neutral, in that it works with minimal errors for a wide range of languages without language-specific stipulations.
A Library for Pattern-based Sparse Matrix Vector Multiply

Pattern-based Representation (PBR) is a novel approach to improving the performance of Sparse Matrix-Vector Multiply (SMVM) numerical kernels. Motivated by our observation that many matrices can be divided into blocks that share a small number of distinct patterns, we generate custom multiplication kernels for frequently recurring block patterns. The resulting reduction in index overhead significantly reduces memory bandwidth requirements and improves performance. Unlike existing methods, PBR requires neither detection of dense blocks nor zero filling, making it particularly advantageous for matrices that lack dense nonzero concentrations. SMVM kernels for PBR can benefit from explicit prefetching and vectorization, and are amenable to parallelization. The analysis and format conversion to PBR is implemented as a library, making it suitable for applications that generate matrices dynamically at runtime. We present sequential and parallel performance results for PBR on two current multicore architectures, which show that PBR outperforms available alternatives for the matrices to which it is applicable, and that the analysis and conversion overhead is amortized in realistic application scenarios.
Similarity of hnRNA sequences in blastula and pluteus stage sea urchin embryos

Abstract We have compared the total single-copy sequences transcribed as nuclear RNA in blastula and pluteus stage embryos of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla by hybridization of excess nuclear RNA with purified radioactive single-copy DNA. The kinetics of hybridization of either blastula or pluteus nuclear RNA with single-copy DNA show a single pseudo-first-order reaction with 34% of the single-copy genome. From the rate of the reaction and the purity of the nuclear RNA, it can be estimated that the reacting RNAs are present on the average at a concentration of one molecule per 14 nuclei. A mixture of blastula and pluteus RNA also hybridizes with 34% of the single-copy genome, indicating that the total complexity of RNAs transcribed at both stages is no greater than transcribed at each stage alone. The identity of the sequences transcribed by blastula and pluteus embryos was further examined by fractionation of the labeled DNA into sequences complementary and not complementary to pluteus RNA. This was achieved by hybridization of single-copy DNA to high pluteus RNA Cot, and separation of the hybridized and nonhybridized DNA on hydroxylapatite. Using either the DNA complementary or noncomplementary with pluteus RNA, essentially identical amounts of RNA:DNA hybrids are formed at high RNA Cot with blastula or pluteus RNA. Gross changes in the total RNA sequences transcribed do not appear to be involved in the developmental changes between blastula and pluteus, even though 45% of the mRNA sequences change between these two stages (Galau et al., 1976).
Structure factors for a binary mixture of quantum and classical fermion liquids

The structure factor of the electron liquid is examined in the presence of a classical liquid of nuclei. It is shown to acquire additional variation in the intermediate range of momentum transfer q. The relevance to x-ray scattering in liquid metals at small q is also discussed.
How to create a crisis: empowering the ESL writer with lessons from narrative art

This paper identifies a set of writing conventions whose primary function is to monitor the development of a crucial component of narrative, the crisis of the story, but which are also customarily ...
Fault Detection of Nonlinear Processes Using Multiway Kernel Independent Component Analysis

In this paper, a new nonlinear process monitoring method that is based on multiway kernel independent component analysis (MKICA) is developed. Its basic idea is to use MKICA to extract some dominant independent components that capture nonlinearity from normal operating process data and to combine them with statistical process monitoring techniques. The proposed method is applied to the fault detection in a fermentation process and is compared with modified independent component analysis (MICA). Applications of the proposed approach indicate that MKICA effectively captures the nonlinear relationship in the process variables and show superior fault detectability, compared to MICA.
A model of dilute polymer solutions with hydrodynamic interaction and finite extensibility. II. Shear flows

The results from numerical calculations for steady shear, the start-up and cessation of steady shear, and the stress relaxation after a step shear stain are discussed in detail for a bead-spring chain model with consistently averaged hydrodynamic interaction between the beads and consistently averaged finite extensible springs. Calculations are made for a large range of spring stiffnesses 10 ⩽ b ⩽ ∞ and a hydrodynamic interaction strength h* = 0.15 a value which has been estimated from experimental results. This model is found to satisfy the Hassager-Bird and the Lodge-Meissner relations.
An unusual occurrence of Hemiaulus membranaceus Cleve (Bacillariophyceae) with Richelia intracellularis Schmidt (Cyanophyceae) off the coast of Southern California in October 1976

An unusual occurrence of the diatom Hemiaulus membranaceus Cleve in association with the blue-green alga Richelia intracellularis Schmidt is described off the coast of Southern California in Octobe...
Down-regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor α Expression by Activating Transcription Factor 2 Increases UVC-Induced Apoptosis of Late-stage Melanoma Cells

To identify mechanisms whereby activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) alters the radiation resistance of human melanoma cells, we examined the possible role of ATF2 in UVC-induced apoptosis. Forced expression of full-length or truncated (Δ1–195 amino acids) forms of ATF2 in LU1205, a late-stage human melanoma cell line, elevated the levels of UVC-induced apoptosis. At the same time, either truncated or full-length forms of ATF2 reduced UVC-induced activation of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) promoter and decreased expression of TNFα. Forced expression of c-Jun in ATF2-expressing melanoma cells restored TNFα expression, suggesting that both forms of ATF2 sequestered transcription factors that positively regulate TNFα expression in response to UV irradiation. Antagonistic antibodies to Fas, but not to TNFR1, efficiently suppressed UVC-induced apoptosis, suggesting that the Fas pathway mediates the primary apoptotic signal in melanoma cells whereas the TNFR1 pathway elicits a survival signal. Indeed, treatment of melanoma cells with TNFα before UVC irradiation partially suppressed UVC-induced apoptosis, further supporting the protective role of TNFα in UVC-treated melanoma cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that ATF2 contributes to UVC-induced apoptosis through transcriptional silencing of TNFα, which balances Fas-mediated cell death in melanoma.
Probability-Learning by the Turtle

Tested in a two-choice situation, the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta picta, shows random probability-matching in visual problems and in confounded visual-spatial problems, but only maximizing or nonrandom matching (reward-following) in spatial problems. The results are compared with those of analogous experiments on fish, bird, and mammal.
Electronically Excited States of Methylenecycloalkanes

The vacuum UV spectra of methylenecyclopropane, methylenecyclobutane, methylenecyclopentane, and methylenecyclohexane have been obtained from 45 000 to 70 000 cm - 1 . The transitions for methylenecyclopropane have been calculated at the EOM-CCSD/6-311(2+,2+)G** level. Using the equilibrium C=C bond lengths, the calculated transition energies are uniformly larger than observed, but increasing the bond length a small amount led to quite good agreement. Here, the transitions are found to originate from the two higher energy occupied cyclopropane ring orbitals in addition to the π orbital. The transitions for methylenecyclohexane are found to be linearly related to those for isobutene. CIS calculations for all of the methylenecycloalkanes using somewhat lengthened C=C bonds reproduced the lower energy transition energies fairly well.
Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in preoperative orthopaedic outpatients.

Nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus (SA) increases the risk of surgical site infection (SSI). We first (1) determined the prevalence of asymptomatic nasal colonization with SA, (2) assessed trends in methicillin resistance with time, (3) ascertained risk factors for nasal colonization; and (4) correlated SSI to nasal colonization status and procedure. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of SA nasal colonization among healthy preoperative orthopaedic outpatients between 2003–2005 who were within 2 weeks of surgery. Of 284 patients, 86 (30%) carried SA; of these, 81 (94%) were colonized with methicillin-sensitive and five (6%) with methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA). Total SA colonization increased from 25/78 (32%) in 2003 to 37/97 (38%) in 2005, and colonization with MRSA increased from 0/78 (0%) to four of 97 (4%), respectively. We found no associations between nasal carriage and demographics or procedures. Surgical site infection occurred in nine of 282 (3%), four of which were attributable to SA; these included 0/43 (0%) carriers who received decolonization with 2% mupirocin, two of 43 (4.7%) who declined decolonization, and two of 196 (1.0%) who were noncarriers. Nasal colonization with SA, including MRSA, among preoperative orthopaedic outpatients is increasing and their rates reflect community rates. Knowledge of colonization status may be important in decolonization, choosing perioperative or any subsequent empiric antibiotics.
A surface diffusion mechanism at high temperature

Abstract A theoretical model is proposed to account for the experimentally determined temperature dependence of surface self-diffusion (Arrhenius plot) of fcc metals which is known to exhibit a strong upward curvature near the melting point. The model is based on an idea, put forward earlier, that complex defects will contribute to the surface diffusion flux at temperatures approaching the melting point. Two different surface diffusion states are postulated to exist for surface defects: localized and non-localized states. The localized state is characterized by all vibrational modes of adatom, dimer and trimer, and one translational degree of freedom along the reaction coordinate. The non-localized state includes free translation of the adatom, and free translation and rotation of dimer and trimer. This model leads to an increase of the apparent activation energy of surface diffusion and an increase of the pre-exponential factor with increasing temperature as demanded by the experimental results. A numerical evaluation of the theory is presented for the case of a (110) copper surface which results in a diffusion coefficient of 1.2 × 10 −3 cm 2 /sec at the melting point in good agreement with experiment. A further result of this theory is a large “jump distance” of defects in the non-localized diffusion state which increases with increasing complexity of the defect. Critical experiments on possible anisotropy effects are discussed. The present model is believed to be supplementary to the surface roughening effect.
A study of the etiologies and treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in a community-based teaching hospital.

Objective:To compare the frequency of the pathogens of nosocomial pneumonia in a community-based teaching hospital to the frequencies previously published, and to evaluate recommendations for the therapy of nosocomial pneumonia in this setting.Design:Retrospective review of prospectively acquired data accrued during 9 randomized single-blinded and 4 single-agent investigational antibiotic studies for the therapy of pneumonia in hospitalized patients between 1981 and 1989.Setting:The study was performed at a university affiliated, community-based teaching Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center.Patients:Patients were hospitalized on the acute medical/surgical and intermediate medicine wards. Informed consent was obtained prior to enrolling patients into the respective antimicrobial studies. Pneumonia was documented radiographicahy and clinically for each patient.Results:Two hundred thirty-one episodes of nosocomial pneumonia were treated. Overall, 51% of pneumonias were caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Hemophilus influenzae with or without other organisms that were not gram-negative bacilli. Gram-negative bacilli, with or without other organisms, accounted for only 26% of all nosocomial pneumonias. Overall, monotherapy with a cephalosporin (usually a broad-spectrum agent) was equally efficacious compared with combination therapy (87% versus 81%, respectively). Cure rates for nosocomial pneumonias from gram-negative bacilli treated with these 2 therapies also were similar (70% versus 60%, respectively).Conclusions:In nontertiary care settings, gram-negative bacilli may cause fewer episodes of nosocomial pneumonia (26% in this study) than noted by previously published reports, which indicated that these organisms account for 50% of nosocomial pneumonias. Further, S pneumoniae and H influenzae may account etiologicahy for many of these nosocomial pneumonias. Monotherapy with an extended-spectrum cephalosporin may be more appropriate than combined treatment with a b-lactam and an aminoglycoside in a nontertiary care setting, thereby reducing potential toxicity in an older, hospitalized patient population.
On-Chip Integration of InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Dot Lasers with Waveguides and Modulators on Silicon

Compound-semiconductor-based photonic devices, including lasers and modulators, directly grown and on-chip integrated on Si substrates provide a promising approach for the realization of optical interconnects with CMOS compatibility. Utilizing quantum dots as efficient dislocation filters near the GaAs-Si interface, for the first time, we demonstrated high-performance InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) lasers on silicon with a relatively low threshold current density (J, h = 900 A/cm 2 ), large small-signal modulation bandwidth of 5.5 GHz, and a high characteristic temperature (T 0 = 278 K). The integrated InGaAs QD lasers with quantum well (QW) electroabsorption modulators, achieved through molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth and regrowth, exhibit a coupling coefficient greater than 20% and a modulation depth ∼100% at 5 V reverse bias. We achieved the monolithic integration of amorphous and crystalline silicon waveguides with quantum dot lasers by using plasma-enhanced-chemical-vapor deposition (PECVD) and membrane transfer, respectively. Finally, preliminary results on the integration of QD lasers with Si CMOS transistors are presented.
Abstract IA16: Engineered T cell therapies for cancer.

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) combine an antigen recognition domain of a specific antibody with a intracellular signaling domains into a single engineered protein. CD19 is an ideal target for CARs since expression is restricted to normal and malignant B cells. In preclinical studies, inclusion of the CD137 (4-1BB) signaling domain results in remarkable antitumor activity and in vivo persistence of anti-CD19 CARs. We have previously reported dramatic in-vivo expansion, persistence and anti-tumor activity of CAR modified autologous T cells targeted to CD19 (CART19 cells) in 3 patients with CLL with relatively short follow up (Porter, et al NEJM 2011; Kalos et al Sci Trans Med 2011). Currently, 11 patients have been treated with CART19 cells. There were 9 adults (median age 65 years (range 51-78)) treated for relapsed, refractory and high risk CLL and two pediatric cases treated for relapsed refractory pre-B cell ALL. CLL patients had received a median of 5 prior regimens excluding single agent rituxumab (range 2-10) and all had active disease at the time of cell infusion. The pediatric patients with ALL had chemotherapy refractory relapse, and one was resistant to allogeneic transplantation and CD19 directed blinotumomab. A median of 7.5 x 10^8 total cells (range 1.7-50) corresponding to 1.45 (range 0.14-5.9 x 108) genetically modified cells were infused. In the patients in complete remission, CAR modified CART19 cells are detectable in the peripheral blood by flow cytometry at the most recent follow up for at least 2 years. All patients in CR have B cell aplasia. No patient with CR has progressed. Citation Format: Carl H. June. Engineered T cell therapies for cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA16.
DNA from anaerobic adult Ascaris lumbricoides and Hymenolepis diminuta mitochondria isolated by zonal centrifugation.

Abstract 1. Reorienting gradient zonal centrifugation was used to isolate large quantities of mitochondria from the parasitic helminths, Ascaris lumbricoides and Hymenolepis diminuta. This technique may be particularly useful in obtaining mitochondria or other organelles present in small quantities from any tissue. 2. Electron micrographs of mitochondrial DNA released from osmotically shocked mitochondria and from purified mitochondrial DNA revealed a circular molecule with an average contour length of 4.76 ± 0.03 μ m in H. diminuta and 4.79 ± 0.03 μ m in A. lumbricoides. 3. Mitochondrial DNA was subsequently isolated from both helminths and characterized using equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl. The buoyant density of mitochondrial DNA was 1.690 g/cm3 in A. lumbricoides and 1.691 g/cm3 in H. diminuta. Estimates made from buoyant density measurements and thermal transition values indicated a base composition of 31 % G + C for A. lumbricoides and 32 % for H. diminuta mitochondrial DNA.
NOVEL LIQUID CRYSTALLINE PHASES IN QUANTUM HALL SYSTEMS

Since 1999, experiments have shown a plethora of surprising results in the low-temperature magnetotransport in intermediate regions between quantum Hall (QH) plateaus: the extreme anisotropies observed for half-filling, or the re-entrant integer QH effects at quarter filling of high Landau levels (LL); or even an apparent melting of a Wigner Crystal (WC) at filling factor ν = 1/7 of the lowest LL. A large body of seemingly distinct experimental evidence has been successfully interpreted in terms of liquid crystalline phases in the two-dimensional electron system (2DES). In this paper, we present a review of the physics of liquid crystalline states for strongly correlated two-dimensional electronic systems in the QH regime. We describe a semi-quantitative theory for the formation of QH smectics (stripes), their zero-temperature melting onto nematic phases and ultimate anisotropic-isotropic transition via the Kosterlitz–Thouless (KT) mechanism. We also describe theories for QH-like states with various liquid crystalline orders and their excitation spectrum. We argue that resulting picture of liquid crystalline states in partially filled LL-s is a valuable starting point to understand the present experimental findings, and to suggest new experiments that will lead to further elucidation of this intriguing system.
The Formation of Population III Binaries from Cosmological Initial Conditions

Previous high-resolution cosmological simulations predicted that the first stars to appear in the early universe were very massive and formed in isolation. Here, we discuss a cosmological simulation in which the central 50 M(o) (where M(o) is the mass of the Sun) clump breaks up into two cores having a mass ratio of two to one, with one fragment collapsing to densities of 10(-8) grams per cubic centimeter. The second fragment, at a distance of approximately 800 astronomical units, is also optically thick to its own cooling radiation from molecular hydrogen lines but is still able to cool via collision-induced emission. The two dense peaks will continue to accrete from the surrounding cold gas reservoir over a period of approximately 10(5) years and will likely form a binary star system.