cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Next Steps for Science and Policy on Promoting Vegetable Consumption among US Infants and Young Children

Vegetables are an important part of a healthy diet for infants and young children, but they are poorly accepted and underconsumed. This paper highlights major themes and research needs for understanding how to raise children to consume and enjoy vegetables as part of a healthful diet. A range of factors impedes US infants and young children from eating as many vegetables as experts consider optimal for child nutrition, health, and development. Barriers include biological and behavioral issues relating to infant and child development, household- and family-related barriers, obstacles in the larger community, economic limitations, and some government policies and programs. These barriers must be removed to encourage children to eat more vegetables. Research gaps also must be filled. We summarize the basic and applied research that is needed to craft more effective messages, devise strategies for parents and other child caretakers to take within households, develop action in the larger community, and modify some government policies and programs.
Infections and human cancer: cancer surveys, volume 33; microbes and malignancy: infection as a cause of human cancers

Eds Robert Newton, Valerie Beral, Robin A Weiss Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, $93, pp 396 ISBN 0 87969 549 8 Ed Julie Parsonnet Oxford University Press, £59.50, pp 478 ISBN 0 19 510401 3 Rating: ![Graphic][1] ![Graphic][2] ![Graphic][3] , ![Graphic][4] ![Graphic][5] ![Graphic][6] Few readers have avoided the unpleasant surprise of getting or, worse, buying a book with an attractive title, distinguished editors, and outstanding authors, only to find that what they have got is a collection of essays, reviews, or even research papers that were written on the occasion of a scientific meeting or without a clearly stated objective or a guiding principle. There is no such … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif
Clozapine-Induced Agranulocytosis

Summary The introduction of clozapine to the pharmacological armamentarium has led to a redefinition of antipsychotic drugs as a class. Clozapine represents the first genuinely atypical antipsychotic drug from both a clinical and a pharmacological perspective. Despite its clinical advantages, the use of clozapine has been limited by a propensity to induce agranulocytosis in 1 % of the patients who are treated with this compound. This article reviews the indications for clozapine treatment and the present knowledge base regarding the incidence, monitoring and management of agranulocytosis. As agranulocytosis cannot be prevented, knowledge of risk factors is important. The risk factors that have been delineated include: increasing age, female gender, specific human leucocyte antigen (HLA) halotypes and the duration of exposure to clozapine (with 76% of cases occurring between week 4 and week 18). Among the patients who develop agranulocytosis, the risk of death is approximately 2%. In addition to agranulocytosis, patients receiving clozapine may manifest several benign and asymptomatic blood dyscrasias including leucocytosis, lymphopenia, eosinophilia and thrombocytosis. White blood cell counts must be followed weekly for the first 18 weeks of treatment and less frequently (every 2 or 4 weeks) thereafter in all patients receiving clozapine (in the US, white blood cell counts must be followed weekly for the duration of clozapine treatment). Assessment should be more frequent when there is a downward trend in the absolute neutrophil count. There is also evidence for the occurrence of a white blood cell upward spike prior to a decline in this parameter. This latter finding has been shown to be highly sensitive, but only moderately specific. If agranulocytosis does occur, a bone marrow aspiration and the addition of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor may be indicated. The psychiatric management of patients receiving clozapine who develop agranulocytosis often entails psychiatric hospitalisation. Rechallenge of these patients with clozapine is contraindicated. Risperidone may offer a clinical alternative after the patients have recovered haematologically. The mechanisms of clozapine-induced agranulocytosis remain unknown, however there are several postulated mechanisms. These include a direct toxic effect on the bone marrow, the formation of toxic free radicals, or an immunemediated mechanism involving the formation of antigranulocyte or antimyeloid antibodies.
Vaccines and respiratory infectious diseases

Respiratory infectious diseases(RIDs) is one of the most common diseases in children.Recent years,progress has been made in the development of vaccines against common pathogenic microorganisms of RIDs.This article outlines the characteristics and optimization,immunization strategy,and targets of the vaccines.Also the author will make a systematic review of traditional vaccines of respiratory communicable diseases.Vaccines helped human beings combat diseases actively.
Review of Lawyers in the Dock: Learning from Attorney Disciplinary Proceedings, by Richard Abel

Richard Abel’s book, Lawyers in the Dock: Learning from Attorney Disciplinary Proceedings, presents six detailed case studies of New York lawyers who engaged in serious misconduct. He uses these case studies to carefully explore the social, psychological and structural conditions of lawyer deviance that lead to betrayals of trust. This essay considers what additional light some of the psychological literature, in particular, might shed on the behaviors of Abel’s lawyers for the purposes of better understanding how to prevent lawyer misconduct. More specifically, it considers how social and psychological processes may help to explain the trajectory of lawyer misconduct and some of the specific behaviors that Abel describes. It starts by describing how lawyers learn norms from their communities that can lead to misconduct. It then looks at research concerning various psychological processes that may have affected the lawyers in the case studies. For example, it considers how self-serving biases may contribute to neglect of client matters and how psychological processes may affect the decision making of experienced lawyers when they confront a novel ethical problem in their practices. It also discusses how the power of commitment to a course of conduct and self-deception contribute to the seemingly irrational behaviors that Abel describes. The essay further explores the role that the discipline process itself may play in perpetuating self-justifying behaviors. It will then consider, in light of the social and psychological processes at play, some strategies for addressing lawyer misconduct.
Engaging Minds in the Common Core: Integrating Standards for Student Engagement

ABSTRACTWith the implementation of Common Core State Standards (CCSS) many teachers continue to search for ways to engage students in the learning process while meeting the rigorous demands of the standards. Researchers suggest that by providing opportunities for higher order thinking, student choice, and creative ways to showcase knowledge, students will find engagement and motivation in the classroom. Many teachers of adolescent students struggle with ways to integrate these approaches while meeting the standards. The purpose of this article is to provide examples of engaging literacy strategies that focus on the Common Core State Standards for middle and high school students.
Introduction to generalized type systems

Programming languages often come with type systems. Some of these are simple, others are sophisticated. As a stylistic representation of types in programming languages several versions of typed lambda calculus are studied. During the last 20 years many of these systems have appeared, so there is some need of classification. Working towards a taxonomy, Barendregt (1991) gives a fine-structure of the theory of constructions (Coquand and Huet 1988) in the form of a canonical cube of eight type systems ordered by inclusion. Berardi (1988) and Terlouw (1988) have independently generalized the method of constructing systems in the λ-cube. Moreover, Berardi (1988, 1990) showed that the generalized type systems are flexible enough to describe many logical systems. In that way the well-known propositions-as-types interpretation obtains a nice canonical form.
How MDMA flows across the USA: evidence from price data

This study uses wholesale prices of MDMA for 59 cities in the USA published by the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) over the period of 2002–2011 to identify trafficking patterns of MDMA. Price differentials and correlations between pairs of cities are used to infer the presence of a link and the direction of flow of MDMA. The presence of inward and outward links is used to categorise each city as a ‘source’, ‘destination’, ‘transit’, or ‘weakly integrated’ city. The analysis identified low prices close to the Canadian and Mexican borders, in a number of cities such as Chicago, Miami, New York City, a trio of cities in the Carolinas, and along the West Coast. A number of these cities are linked to large numbers of other cities, indicating hub- or source-like status. The findings generate insights into the status of major US cities in the MDMA trafficking network.
Differentiation and tumor response to retinobenzoic acid RE-80 in a malignant conversion model.

The synthetic retinobenzoic acid RE-80 was evaluated for its potential as an inductor of tumor cell differentiation and as a chemopreventive agent. A minimally toxic dose of RE-80 in vitro produced morphologic changes typical differentiation in epidermal tumor cell colonies. Indirect immunofluorescence indicated induction of a differentiation-associated keratin of internal stratified epithelia, K13, and inhibition of the differentiation-associated epidermal keratin K1. Cultured cells were skin-grafted to athymic nu/nu mice to evaluate RE-80 effects on early stage malignant progression in vivo. When tumors had grown to 3 to 4 mm in diameter, mice were treated by intraperitoneal injection with RE-80 (67 micrograms, 170 mmol, i.p., two times per week) or vehicle (100 microliters 20% ethanol). Papillomas (benign) and moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas were reduced in volume about 4-fold by RE-80 treatment. Larger, poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas were unaffected. RE-80 resulted in a lower proportion of proliferative cells (detectable by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation) and a higher proportion of moderately to well differentiated tumors after 40 days of treatment compared with control tumors, which were mainly poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. K13 induction in vitro was correlated with response to retinoid in vivo. Induction of differentiation may be mechanism of the response to RE-80 in vivo since carcinoma cells expressing K13 did not incorporate bromodeoxyuridine and were on a terminal pathway.
From Ancient Pathways to Aging Cells—Connecting Metabolism and Cellular Senescence

Cellular senescence is a complex stress response that permanently arrests the proliferation of cells at risk for oncogenic transformation. However, senescent cells can also drive phenotypes associated with aging. Although the senescence-associated growth arrest prevents the development of cancer, and the metabolism of cancer cells has been studied in depth, the metabolic causes and consequences of cellular senescence were largely unexplored until recently. New findings reveal key roles for several aspects of cellular metabolism in the establishment and control of senescent phenotypes. These discoveries have important implications for both cancer and aging. In this review, we highlight some of the recent links between metabolism and phenotypes that are commonly associated with senescent cells.
Community-deliverable exercise and depression in adults with arthritis: Confirmatory evidence of a meta-analysis using the IVhet model.

OBJECTIVE Using the traditional random-effects model, a recently reported standardized effect size (g) reduction of -0.42 (95% CI, -0.58 to -0.27) was observed in depressive symptoms as a result of community-deliverable exercise in adults with arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. However, a recently proposed alternative model (IVhet) has been shown to have superior coverage probability to the random-effects model. The purpose of this brief report was to compare these previous random-effects results with the IVhet model. METHODS Based on a previous meta-analysis of 35 g's representing 2449 participants, results for depressive symptoms were pooled using the IVhet model. Influence analysis, number needed-to-treat, percentile improvement, and gross estimates of the number of inactive adults with arthritis who could benefit from exercise were also calculated. RESULTS The IVhet model yielded statistically significant reductions in depressive symptoms (g = -0.30, 95% CI, -0.49 to -0.11), a difference that was -0.12 (28.7%) smaller than the random-effects model. With each study deleted from the model once, results remained statistically significant, ranging from -0.28 to -0.34. The percentile improvement, number needed-to-treat, and estimated number of people with arthritis in the United States who could improve their depressive symptoms by participating in a regular exercise program were, respectively, 11.8% (95% CI, 4.5% to 18.8%), 8 (95% CI, 5 to 23), and 2.7 million (95% CI, 1.0 to 4.4 million). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide more conservative and accurate evidence that community-deliverable exercise improves depressive symptoms in adults with arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. Future meta-analyses may want to consider using the IVhet versus traditional random-effects model.
Production of solar-grade silicon by the SiF 4 and Mg reaction

Because crystalline Si substrate still accounts for a significant portion of the total cost of solar cells, substantial efforts have been invested in the development of new processes that can significantly lower the production cost of solar-grade silicon. At SRI International, we developed a low-cost process of producing solar-grade silicon based upon the SiF 4 -Na reaction. This process has now been scaled up to pilot-plant level, and solar cells obtained using such silicon feedstock reached > 18% efficiencies. Due to continuing increases in demand and production capacity and the simultaneous drop in price of Mg metal, we decided to explore its potential as a reducing agent instead of Na metal. Experimental conditions for obtaining a fast and complete metallothermic reaction between SiF4 and Mg are identified and aspects of the reaction mechanism are discussed. The reaction involves both a heterogeneous liquid-gas phase reaction and a homogeneous gas-gas phase reaction. The separation of the products, Si and MgF 2 , is described. When pure Mg was used, Si obtained after melt separation had the potential to be suitable for solar cell applications.
The Effects of Pre-admonition Suggestions on Eyewitnesses’ Choosing Rates and Retrospective Identification Judgments

Pre-admonition suggestion is an identification-relevant comment made to an eyewitness by a lineup administrator before the lineup admonition. Quinlivan et al. (2012) found that their suggestion inflated mistaken identification rates and retrospective identification. However, the suggestion used was a compound statement, making it unclear which component influenced choosing rates. The current experiment was conducted to parse out the effects. Participants (N = 211) viewed a crime video and received either one component of the compound suggestion (a suggestion to pick or that the witness had paid substantial attention), both components, or no suggestion. All participants received an admonition, made an identification choice, and answered questions about their witnessing experience. The results demonstrated that the pick suggestion increased mistaken identifications from a perpetrator-absent lineup whereas the effects of the attention suggestion were restricted to the retrospective judgments. These results show support for the role of secondary (non-memorial) processes in eyewitness identification.
Innovation in School Reform

This chapter addresses the important role that technology has played in school reform work over two decades in two realms: the use of technology to support the reform itself, and technological advances for curriculum and classroom instruction and the research on student achievement. The viability of such innovation in high-need, low-achieving schools is reviewed with some recommendations for technology’s reform in reform initiatives.
Design and modeling of auxetic and hybrid honeycomb structures for in-plane property enhancement

Abstract Honeycomb structures have been used extensively in lightweight sandwich structure and impact energy absorption applications. Recently the research has been carried out on auxetic honeycombs that have negative Poisson's ratio (NPR). Auxetic structures are attractive for various engineering applications because of their unique mechanical properties, volume change control and excellent impact energy absorption performance. In this study, novel design and performance improvement of new auxetic-strut structures were presented. A comparative study of in-plane uniaxial compression loading behavior of regular honeycomb, re-entrant auxetic honeycomb, locally reinforced auxetic-strut structure and a hybrid structure of combining regular honeycomb and auxetic-strut structure was conducted on 3D printed samples. The deformation and failure modes of the different cells were studied and their performance was also discussed. The new auxetic-strut structure showed better mechanical properties than the honeycomb and auxetic structure. For example, the compressive strength of the auxetic-strut design is ~ 300% more than that of honeycomb structure and ~ 65% more than that of auxetic structure. With lower values of the Poisson's ratio, the new design can absorb more energy when compared to the other structures. Hybrid structure of auxetic-strut and honeycomb cells allows us tailor the deformation paths to provide desired failure modes.
Chapter 7 – Origin and Structure of Knowledge Energy

Chapter Summary Change is perpetual in environments. Nature, human beings, and machines originate and supply the energy for changes. In the older socioeconomic systems, human liveliness has served to implant the primal “seed” or “concept” energy for change. In these older systems, the path from concept to implementation and realization has been traversed by intense human effort and endurance. The older forms of computers and machines are ineffective in paving the path to an engineering or scientific manifestation of the “seed concept.” However, through the 70 s to the current era, machines have assisted human effort and creativity enormously. Computer graphic and computer vision both facilitate the upsurge of knowledge and hence the creativity that follows. The environmental-input process is faster, more efficient, and more detailed by providing neural inputs directly into the optic nerve that is ten times larger than the auditory nerve. The more recent advances in the binocular vision, 3-D graphics, and gaming devices can only sharpen the human response. Significant scientific side effect is gained in knowledge domain and quicker learning processes result. Both can hasten the accumulation of the “knowledge energy” in the mind of the receptor. In this chapter, we outline the conscious methodology to assist the accumulation of knowledge energy and from a pathway from the environment and nature that is full of evolutionary wonders for the receptive mind and for the novel knowledge machines. These need breeds of machines analyze, classify, learn, and connect the “objects,” what they do, how they do, why they do, when they do, how they do what they have to do, and finally build a “body of knowledge” that has some socioeconomic purpose or satisfies a requirement. Noun-objects and verb-functions are genetically interwoven in the fabric of knowledge thus acquiring a sense of beauty and wonder. Knowledge processor units in machines follow a similar path. The seminal “seed energy” of the human beings is thus amplified (as in electronic circuits) by these rather sophisticated machines. The groupings, their interconnectivities, and their bondages are learned from the existing knowledge bases. The social value is predictive and estimated based on the axioms of “wisdom” from the prior generations.
Historical Overview of the Concept of Functional Selectivity

A historical overview of the concept of drug action and functional selectivity is provided. The earliest notions of drug-receptor interactions could not account for the diversity of effects induced by ligand-binding to a receptor. Indeed it has been clear at least since 1965 that the simple notions of “intrinsic activity” cannot not account for agonist and partial agonist actions at receptors. More recent findings have unequivocally demonstrated that functional selectivity is a fact. In this chapter, the therapeutic implications of this conceptual revolution are emphasized.
Fracto-mechanoluminescent light emission of EuD4TEA-PDMS composites subjected to high strain-rate compressive loading

The objective of this study is to understand light emission characteristics of fracto-mechanoluminescent (FML) europium tetrakis(dibenzoylmethide)-triethylammonium (EuD4TEA) crystals under high strain-rate compressive loading. As a sensing material that can play a pivotal role for the self-powered impact sensor technology, it is important to understand transformative light emission characteristics of the FML EuD4TEA crystals under high strain-rate compressive loading. First, EuD4TEA crystals were synthesized and embedded into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer to fabricate EuD4TEA-PDMS composite test specimens. Second, the prepared EuD4TEA-PDMS composites were tested using the modified Kolsky bar setup equipped with a high-speed camera. Third, FML light emission was captured to yield 12 bit grayscale video footage, which was processed to quantify the FML light emission. Finally, quantitative parameters were generated by taking into account pixel values and population of pixels of the 12 bit grayscale images to represent FML light intensity. The FML light intensity was correlated with high strain-rate compressive strain and strain rate to understand the FML light emission characteristics under high strain-rate compressive loading that can result from impact occurrences.
Combined effects of peer presence, social cues, and rewards on cognitive control in adolescents

Developmental scientists have examined the independent effects of peer presence, social cues, and rewards on adolescent decision-making and cognitive control. Yet, these contextual factors often co-occur in real world social situations. The current study examined the combined effects of all three factors on cognitive control, and its underlying neural circuitry, using a task to better capture adolescents' real world social interactions. A sample of 176 participants ages 13-25, was scanned while performing an adapted go/no-go task alone or in the presence of a virtual peer. The task included brief positive social cues and sustained periods of positive arousal. Adolescents showed diminished cognitive control to positive social cues when anticipating a reward in the presence of peers relative to when alone, a pattern not observed in older participants. This behavioral pattern was paralleled by enhanced orbitofrontal activation. The results demonstrate the synergistic impact of social and reward influences on cognitive control in adolescents.
Polluting Developing Brains — EPA Failure on Chlorpyrifos

Polluting Developing Brains When the Environmental Protection Agency scrapped a plan to ban chlorpyrifos, it violated its duty to protect human health, ignoring child health policy that requires all national public health standards to address the special vulnerability of infants and children.
Current research in the psychology of learning and teaching

The topic of this essay, current research in the psychology of learning and teaching, is itself a model of ill-founded presumption. It exemplifies in its choice of words nearly all the errors of both arrogance and ignorance that an instructor or a designer of instruction can perpetrate. Examine the components of this title to discover the grounds for our claim. We first refer to “current” research. But what does the term “current” imply? Does our audience share our conception of what is already past? Do our readers hold a common understanding of the history of this research domain that would render them equally interested in learning of its current state?
Identification of Chronic Active Multiple Sclerosis Lesions on 3T MRI

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging–pathologic studies have reported that paramagnetic rims on 7T susceptibility-based MR imaging identify, in vivo, the subset of MS lesions with compartmentalized inflammation at the lesion edge and associated remyelination failure. Here, we assessed the reliability of detecting these rims on high-resolution 3T phase images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: High-resolution T2* and phase MR imaging was collected in 20 patients with MS at 3T (3D segmented EPI, 0.65 mm3) and 7T (2D gradient-echo, 0.2 × 0.2 × 1 mm) MR imaging. In each case, 5 discrete chronic (nonenhancing) MS lesions were selected on T2 FLAIR images for rim evaluation. Five raters experienced in MS imaging contributed to the rim assessment, of whom 3 worked independently on 3T data, and 2, on 7T data. Consensus agreement was reached for both 3T and 7T rim evaluations. Discrepancies between 3T and 7T were discussed, and consensus was reached. RESULTS: Phase rims were seen in 34 lesions at 7T and in 36 lesions at 3T by consensus. Inter- and intrarater reliability were “substantial/good” both at 3T and 7T analysis (Cohen κ, >0.71). Based on consensus agreement, the reliability of rim visualization at 3T versus 7T was 0.78 (κ) with a pair-wise agreement of 90%. More lesions were judged to be false-positive or false-negative at 3T than at 7T. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly all 7T paramagnetic rims can also be seen at 3T. Imaging at 3T opens the possibility of implementing paramagnetic rims as an outcome measure in multicenter, MR imaging–based clinical trials aimed at treating perilesional persistent inflammation and its potential effects on remyelination.
Using Empirical Recurrence Rates Ratio for Time Series Data Similarity

Several methods exist in classification literature to quantify the similarity between two time series data sets. Applications of these methods range from the traditional Euclidean-type metric to the more advanced Dynamic Time Warping metric. Most of these adequately address structural similarity but fail in meeting goals outside it. For example, a tool that could be excellent to identify the seasonal similarity between two time series vectors might prove inadequate in the presence of outliers. In this paper, we have proposed a unifying measure for binary classification that performed well while embracing several aspects of dissimilarity. This statistic is gaining prominence in various fields, such as geology and finance, and is crucial in time series database formation and clustering studies.
Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) Receptor Antagonism Modulates Inflammatory Signaling in Experimental Uveitis.

Background The phospholipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF) activates an inflammatory response that includes arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin production in the eye, increasing vascular permeability and inflammation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the action of LAU-0901, a novel PAF receptor antagonist, on experimental uveitis. Methods Uveitis was induced in Lewis rats by lipopolysaccharide treatment. LAU-0901 was then delivered systemically in different concentrations at plus 4 and 16 hours, or vehicle injected as controls. Additional animals were used for histological analyses of untreated, uveitis, and uveitis-plus-LAU-0901 retinas. Conventional histological and immunohistochemical methods were employed. A slit lamp and Spectral Domain-Ocular Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) retinal imager was used for anterior segment photography and posterior pole OCT. Rats were euthanized 4 hours after the second LAU-0901 injection in this 24-hour model. Aqueous humor was collected and quantified, and also analyzed for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Results Uveitic eyes demonstrated hypopyon formation, leukocyte infiltration, and an increase in aqueous protein and TNF-α levels. LAU-0901 treatment resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in inflammation, reflected by reduced total protein levels (up to a 64% reduction). Moreover, hypopyon was prevented, leukocytes were absent in vitreous and aqueous humor, and TNF-α levels were reduced by 91%. Conclusions The PAF receptor antagonist LAU-0901 decreases ocular inflammation in a rat model of anterior uveitis in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that use of this molecule may provide a means to attenuate inflammation onset and offer a future alternative or adjunctive treatment for ocular inflammation.
Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy for Low-Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma.

Objective:To compare aromatase inhibitors (AIs) with progestins as adjuvant hormonal therapy(AHT) for low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas (LGESSs).Methods:We reviewed cases with LGESS at our ins...
The acceptability of linguistic connectives as a function of the relationship between the referent events.

An investigation of the effects of experiential and linguistic variables on the preference for within sentence connectives. 8 items were constructed, each consisting of 2 clauses describing sequential events which varied in the perceived frequency of relationship and perceived temporal order (determined by subject ratings). There were 4 conditions: the clause order was either congruent with the perceived temporal order (A-B order) or opposite to it (B-A order), and the clauses were either in the Past or the Present Tense. Subjects in each condition (n = 13) ranked connectives in order of preference for each item. Results showed that frequency of relationship between described events was most likely to be a determining factor in connective preference when the clauses were in the A-B order or they were in the Past Tense. These results were substantiated by an independent absolute judgment procedure in which each sentence was rated for acceptability. Different groups (n = 29) rated the sentences in the A-B o...
Socio-Historical Context and Autobiographical Memories: Variations in the Reminiscence Phenomenon

Three aspects of socio-historical context were discussed with respect to their impact on vivid memories and reminiscence. The first aspect related to ageism. One possible explanation for the reminiscence phenomenon is that older adults recall their youth preferentially because of the higher valuation of youth over the old in the U.S. We found previously that older adults in Japan showed fewer youthful reminiscences than U.S. seniors did, perhaps because of the greater respect for the old there than in the U.S. The Japanese recalled their twenties most frequently while the Americans recalled their teens. Their twenties corresponded to the years during World War II for most of the people sampled in the study, and many memories were war-related. These data were reanalyzed with all war-related memories removed and the effect held: the average age of memories was older for the Japanese than the U.S. subjects, which is consistent with an ageism hypothesis, but not conclusive support for it. A second aspect of socio-historical context concerned the enduring psychological impacts of major historical events. The influence of World War II on the autobiographical memories of the Japanese was discussed. In addition, a third aspect of socio-historical context was discussed: we found urban vs. rural differences in midwestern U.S. adults in the content of autobiographical memories as categorized canonically. One implication of all three findings was that socio-historical and developmental factors interact in producing the reminiscence phenomenon.
Predicting Risk of Infection in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

Objective To predict incident bloodstream infection and urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Study design We conducted a retrospective analysis using the Children's Hospital Neonatal Database during 2010-2016. Infants with CDH admitted at 22 participating regional neonatal intensive care units were included; patients repaired or discharged to home prior to admission/referral were excluded. The primary outcome was death or the occurrence of bloodstream infection or UTI prior to discharge. Factors associated with this outcome were used to develop a multivariable equation using 80% of the cohort. Validation was performed in the remaining 20% of infants. Results Median gestation and postnatal age at referral in this cohort (n = 1085) were 38 weeks and 3.1 hours, respectively. The primary outcome occurred in 395 patients (36%); and was associated with low birth weight, low Apgar, low admission pH, renal and associated anomalies, patch repair, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (P Conclusions Infants with CDH are at high risk of infection which was predicted by clinical factors. Early identification and low threshold for sepsis evaluations in high-risk infants may attenuate acquisition and the consequences of these infections.
Overview of Ten Years (2007-2016) Cervical and Breast Cancer Screening Program in Indonesia

Background: Cervical and breast cancer screening have been national program in Indonesia since 2007. The Ministry of Health of Indonesia in collaboration with provincial and district government dev...
Psychosocial Evaluation of Candidates for Mechanical Circulatory Support and Risk for Adverse Post-Implantation Medical Outcomes

Purpose A psychosocial evaluation is required for candidates for long-term mechanical circulatory support (MCS). Despite guidelines and recommendations for elements to be included in this evaluation, few data indicate whether evaluation findings are prognostic for adverse outcomes after MCS implantation. We examined this issue with respect to post-implant survival time, rehospitalization, and adverse medical events (AEs). Methods A single-site retrospective analysis was performed using prospectively collected data for all patients aged ≥18 receiving long-term MCS between 4/2004-12/2017. We coded pre-implant psychosocial evaluations with an established rating system (Psychosocial Assessment of Candidates for Transplantation, Modified for MCS; m-PACT). The m-PACT yields a Total score (calculated so that higher=less favorable; range=0-20) and scores for 10 components reflecting social support; mental health and substance use; ability to perform activities of daily living; and knowledge and adherence to current medical requirements. Competing risk models (competing risks: transplant, weaning from MCS) were estimated to determine associations of m-PACT Total and component scores with survival time on MCS, time to unscheduled rehospitalization, and time to any of 14 classes of AEs. Pre-implant demographic and clinical factors were controlled. Results In 238 MCS patients (M±SD age 56±13, 81% male, 83% white, 62% bridge to transplant, median time on MCS=256 days), survival time and time to rehospitalization were not significantly associated with m-PACT Total. However, for each 1-point m-PACT Total score increase, AE risk increased by 7% (hazard ratio, HR=1.07, CI: 1.01, 1.15, p=.028). The individual types of AEs most affected were cardiovascular dysfunction and device malfunctions. The m-PACT components accounting for the influence of m-PACT Total on AE risk were poorer medical adherence at the time of the evaluation (HR=1.74, CI: 1.14, 1.67, p=.001), and mental health problems (HR=1.20, CI: 1.02, 1.61, p=.035). Conclusion The psychosocial evaluation may provide prognostic information for post-implant outcomes. Strategies to address psychosocial risk factors either before implant or as soon as possible post-implant may help to reduce AE risk and thereby promote patient well-being during MCS.
Malignant Pleural Effusion at Presentation in Patients with Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is commonly seen in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. However, the prevalence of MPE at presentation in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is not reported and the clinical impact of MPE at presentation on patients with SCLC remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess the occurrence rate of MPE and its prognostic implications at presentation in patients with SCLC. METHOD We used the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry to extract data from patients with SCLC diagnosed between 2004 and 2014. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the overall survival and the Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate whether MPE was an independent risk for outcome. RESULTS Among the 68,443 patients with SCLC, MPE was present in 7,639 (11.16%). The probability of MPE was higher in older patients with larger tumors and mediastinal lymph node involvement at presentation. Median overall survival (3 vs. 7 months), estimated 1-year survival (17 vs. 30%), and 2-year survival (6 vs. 14%) were significantly lower in patients with MPE than without MPE, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.41-1.50, p< 0.001). MPE was also an independent factor for worse survival in multivariate analysis (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.32-1.41, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS MPE is common at presentation (11%) in patients with SCLC and may be associated with decreased survival. Additional studies are required to assess the treatment-adjusted survival rate in the setting of MPE.
Safety of Anteromedial Portals in Elbow Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review of Cadaveric Studies.

Purpose To systematically review available literature comparing location and safety of 2 common anteromedial portals with nearby neurovascular structures in cadaveric models and to determine the correct positioning and preparation of the joint before elbow arthroscopy. Methods The review was devised in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Inclusion criteria consisted of original, cadaveric studies performed by experienced surgeons on male or female elbows evaluating anteromedial portal placement with regard to proximity of the arthroscope to neurovascular structures. Exclusion criteria consisted of case reports, clinical series, non–English language studies, and noncadaveric studies. Statistical analysis was done to measure reviewer reliability after scoring of each study. Results During screening, 2,596 studies were identified, and 10 studies met final inclusion as original, cadaveric investigations of anteromedial portal proximity to neurovascular structures. The difference in distance between proximal and distal portals was Conclusion The results show that the proximal anteromedial portal puts fewer structures at risk compared with the distal portal. Elbows in 90° flexion with joint distension carry a lower risk for neurovascular injury during portal placement. These findings suggest the proximal anteromedial portal to be the safer technique in anteromedial arthroscopy of the elbow. Clinical Relevance Discrepancies in placement of portals have existed in the literature, indicating differing safety margins regarding surrounding neurovascular anatomy. The present study aims to link together the literature-based evidence to describe the safest anteromedial portal variation.
Introduction: New Directions in Survey Research on Russian Elites

Although a vibrant literature on mass public opinion in Russia emerged in the wake of communism’s collapse in the USSR, the systematic investigation of elite attitudes using survey research has lag...
"A Parliament of Monsters": Genre, Disability, and the Revival of Epic Ability in Wordsworth's Prelude

Although scholars addressing William Wordsworth's shorter lyrics have traditionally praised his positive treatment of physical otherness, at least one commenter writing on The Prelude correctly characterizes Wordsworth's depiction of disabled individuals as "demonic" (Curran 184). This is a divide that as of yet has not been properly explicated, and one which I attribute to the shift in genre, from lyric to epic, which superimposes onto The Prelude pre-drawn battle-lines between the virile hero and the sluggishly-monstrous, aberrant creatures who stand in his way. Indeed, the poet's consistent stigmatization of disability coupled with an equally persistent insistence that physical ability is fundamental to his epic endeavor situates The Prelude more squarely within the epic tradition than previously noticed. As in the works of poetic forbears, disabled characters nearly derail Wordsworth from his epic project—the development of the poet's mind via the instruction of nature. But more importantly, it is Wordsworth's commentary on how one can most successfully participate in the natural world that definitively excludes physically-othered individuals from achieving even a romanticized iteration of heroic status. By the end of this essay, then, it will become clear that The Prelude , which many scholars consider to be extending Milton's epic turn inward in Paradise Lost , depends far more upon the physical realm, and ability, than previously believed.
COVID-19 in pregnancy: Placental and neonatal involvement.

Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused over 12 million infections and more than 550 000 deaths.1 Morbidity and mortality appear partly due to host inflammatory response.2 Despite rapid, global research, the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the developing fetus remains unclear. Case reports indicate that vertical transmission is uncommon; however, there is evidence that placental and fetal infection can occur.3-7 Placentas from infected patients show inflammatory, thrombotic, and vascular changes that have been found in other inflammatory conditions.8,9 This suggests that the inflammatory nature of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy could cause adverse obstetric and neonatal events. Exposure to intrauterine inflammation and placental changes could also potentially result in long-term, multisystemic defects in exposed infants. This review will summarize the known literature on the placenta in SARS-CoV-2 infection, evidence of vertical transmission, and possible outcomes of prenatal exposure to the virus.
In Memoriam: Vincent L. Gott, MD (1927-2020).

Vincent L. Gott, MD, whose career in cardiac surgery spanned more than 60 years, died on November 20, 2020, in Charlottesville, Virginia, at age 93. As professor and cardiac surgeon-in-charge at The Johns Hopkins Hospital he was a role model for a generation of cardiothoracic surgeons who will remember him not only for his fundamental contributions to our specialty but also for his professionalism and genuine interest in and support of his colleagues and trainees.
HIV–malaria co-infection: effects of malaria on the prevalence of HIV in East sub-Saharan Africa

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between malaria and HIV prevalence in East sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: Using large nationally representative samples of 19735 sexually active adults from the 2003-04 HIV/AIDS indicator surveys conducted in Kenya Malawi and Tanzania and the atlas malaria project we analysed the relationship between malaria and HIV prevalence adjusting for important socioeconomic and biological cofactors. RESULTS: In adjusted models individuals who live in areas with high Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate (PfPR > 0.42) had increased estimated odds of being HIV positive than individuals who live in areas with low P. falciparum parasite rate (PfPR </= 0.10) [men: estimated odds ratio (OR) 2.24 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.62-3.12; women: estimated OR 2.44 95% CI 1.85-3.21]. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to report malaria as a risk factor of concurrent HIV infection at the population level. According to our results individuals who live in areas with high P. falciparum parasite rate have about twice the risk of being HIV positive compared with individuals who live in areas with low P. falciparum parasite rate. Our work emphasizes the need for field studies focused on quantifying the interaction among parasitic infections and risk of HIV infection and studies to explore the impact of control interventions. Programmes focused on reducing malaria transmission will be important to address especially in HIV-infected individuals.
Radiation Therapy for Brain Metastasis

Metastasis to the brain is the most common intracranial tumor in adults. The most common sites of primary are lung, breast, melanoma, kidney, and colon. Common symptoms include headache, neurological deficit, and seizures. Parameters to predict prognosis include recursive partitioning analysis (RPA), score index for radiosurgery (SIR), and graded prognostic assessment (GPA). Standard treatment for patients with multiple metastases is whole-brain radiotherapy. For patients with single brain metastases, surgical resection followed by wholebrain radiotherapy can improve intracranial tumor control as compared with surgical resection alone, although no survival benefit has been demonstrated. For patients with one to four brain metastases, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with or without whole-brain radiotherapy may be off ered, although the latter approach will result in an increased risk of intracranial failure, without impacting survival. Compared with 30 Gy in ten fractions, none of the other whole-brain radiotherapy regimens yields additional benefits. Neurocognitive defi cits can be caused by the presence of brain metastases, intracranial tumor progression, whole-brain radiotherapy, and chemotherapy (“chemobrain”).
Guiding foresight into the future

Abstract The piece highlights the methodological contributions that Richard Slaughter has made to FS/Foresight. It organizations these contributions into four distinct roles: chronicler, critic, innovator, and champion. Richard had the remarkable ability to take up a new role as felt it was needed. His work made a significant and lasting contribution to developing the methodological capacity of futurists and the field to serve his purpose of promoting the development of high-quality foresight work.