cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'Act Normal or Leave': When Law and Culture Collide

“Act normal or leave” wrote the Prime Minister of the Netherlands before the 2017 elections in an open letter published on-line and in full-page newspaper advertisements. This article examines the idea of legislating ‘normal’ and what this means in a diverse world. I specifically explore laws that criminalize dress in Europe - burqa bans that can even carry jail time for women who cover their face in public. I look at these laws as forced assimilation and as simply a ‘Muslim ban.’ Not only is forced assimilation ineffective, it is a national security threat. In upholding and justifying these laws, I question whether the European Court of Human Rights has created a dangerous new right of the majority not to be offended. Although I argue against these criminal laws, I also consider the issue of what duty to integrate newcomers do have to a host country where they are living and ways in which pop culture can help this integration take place. I then analogize local laws in the United States that criminalize ‘saggy pants.’ In Louisiana, a young man died after being chased by police for wearing saggy pants. Although obvious differences, these laws share the flaw of using the force of law against a minority group by criminalizing dress. The COVID-19 pandemic and recent laws in Europe requiring face masks, but still criminalizing burqas, highlight the injustice.
Loss of the Antimicrobial Peptide Metchnikowin Protects Against Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes in Drosophila melanogaster

Neuroinflammation is a major pathophysiological feature of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Early and persistent activation of innate immune response signaling pathways by primary injuries is associated with secondary cellular injuries that cause TBI outcomes to change over time. We used a Drosophila melanogaster model to investigate the role of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in acute and chronic outcomes of closed-head TBI. AMPs are effectors of pathogen and stress defense mechanisms mediated by the evolutionarily conserved Toll and Immune-deficiency (Imd) innate immune response pathways that activate Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors. Here, we analyzed the effect of null mutations in 10 of the 14 known Drosophila AMP genes on TBI outcomes. We found that mutation of Metchnikowin (Mtk) was unique in protecting flies from mortality within the 24 h following TBI under two diet conditions that produce different levels of mortality. In addition, Mtk mutants had reduced behavioral deficits at 24 h following TBI and increased lifespan either in the absence or presence of TBI. Using a transcriptional reporter of gene expression, we found that TBI increased Mtk expression in the brain. Quantitative analysis of mRNA in whole flies revealed that expression of other AMPs in the Toll and Imd pathways as well as NF-κB transcription factors were not altered in Mtk mutants. Overall, these results demonstrate that Mtk plays an infection-independent role in the fly nervous system, and TBI-induced expression of Mtk in the brain activates acute and chronic secondary injury pathways that are also activated during normal aging.
Promoting Prevention, Identification, and Treatment of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in Youth.

* Abbreviations: HbA1c — : hemoglobin A1c IGT — : impaired glucose tolerance In this issue of Pediatrics , Wallace et al1 describe the accuracy of professional recommendations for screening to identify laboratory test results indicative of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in youth. Screening guidelines for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes recommend youth aged ≥10 years (or at the onset of puberty if that occurs first) with a BMI ≥85th percentile and at least 1 risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes are screened (Table 1).2 Fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test 2-hour plasma glucose, or glycohemoglobin A1c are used to test for prediabetes or diabetes.2 This recommendation is considered controversial by some because the majority of youth with a BMI ≥85th percentile and 1 risk factor do not develop type 2 diabetes during childhood or adolescence. Nonetheless, pediatricians on the front lines are navigating how to best identify and treat rapidly increasing numbers of youth who develop prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. View this table: TABLE 1 Risk-Based Screening Criteria for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in Asymptomatic Youth With BMI ≥85th Percentile Diabetes is a devastating public health problem. More than 10% … Address correspondence to Tamara Hannon, MD, MS, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, 705 Riley Hospital Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46022. E-mail: tshannon{at}iu.edu
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Treatment of Insomnia in Primary Care for Resident Physicians.

Introduction Insomnia is a common complaint among primary care patients that can have significant consequences for physiological and mental health. Although psychopharmacological interventions have...
Deep Video Canonical Correlation Analysis for Steady State motion Visual Evoked Potential Feature Extraction

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in development of Brain Computer Interface (BCI) systems based on Steady-State motion-Visual Evoked Potentials (SSmVEP), where motion stimulation is utilized to address high brightness and uncomfortably issues associated with conventional light-flashing/flickering. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based classification model that extracts features of the SSmVEPs directly from the videos of stimuli. More specifically, the proposed deep architecture, referred to as the Deep Video Canonical Correlation Analysis (DvCCA), consists of a Video Feature Extractor (VFE) layer that uses characteristics of videos utilized for SSmVEP stimulation to fit the template EEG signals of each individual, independently. The proposed VFE layer extracts features that are more correlated with the stimulation video signal as such eliminates problems, typically, associated with deep networks such as overfitting and lack of availability of sufficient training data. The proposed DvCCA is evaluated based on a real EEG dataset and the results corroborate its superiority against recently proposed state-of-the-art deep models.
Effects of Zinc and Menthol-Based Diets on Co-Selection of Antibiotic Resistance among E. coli and Enterococcus spp. in Beef Cattle

Antibiotic resistance represents a growing crisis in both human and veterinary medicine. We evaluated the use of antibiotic alternatives—heavy metals and essential oils—in beef cattle feeding, and their effects on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In this randomized controlled field trial, we measured the impact of supplemental zinc and menthol on antibiotic resistance among commensal enteric bacteria of feeder cattle. Fecal suspensions were plated onto plain- and antibiotic-supplemented MacConkey and m-Enterococcus agar for quantification of total and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., respectively. Temporal effects on overall E. coli growth were significant (p < 0.05), and menthol was associated with decreased growth on tetracycline-supplemented agar. Zinc was associated with significant increases in growth on erythromycin-supplemented m-Enterococcus agar. Cattle fed zinc exhibited significantly higher levels of macrolide resistance among fecal enterococci isolates.
Development and Validation of a Multimedia Pediatric Cardiology Assessment Tool for Pediatric Resident Trainees

Purpose: Pediatric cardiology requires a clear understanding of how cardiovascular structure and physiology guide therapeutic decisions. Pediatric residents have limited exposure to pediatric cardiology during training, and outside of standard clinical oversight, there is a paucity of methods available for assessing trainee knowledge despite the need for trainees to recognize and properly refer these patients in a general pediatric setting after graduation. Here we describe a multicenter collaborative effort to develop and validate a multimedia assessment tool for assessing pediatric residents’ knowledge of key concepts of …
Florida State Opioid Prescription Restriction Law: Impact on Opioid Utilization After Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background In response to the opioid epidemic, Florida recently passed the opioid prescription limiting law, effective since July 1st, 2018. However, its impact on opioid prescription after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) has not been elucidated. Thus, our objective was to assess if this new law led to reduced opioid prescription after TJA and to determine its impact on perioperative clinical outcomes. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on a consecutive series of 658 primary TJAs (618 patients), performed by four surgeons in a single institution [1/2/2018-10/23/2018]. Based on effective date of the law, cases were divided into: prelaw (327 cases; 168 hips/159 knees) and postlaw (331 cases; 191 hips/140 knees) phases. Baseline demographics and surgical characteristics were compared. The effect of the law on perioperative outcomes: length of stay, complications, emergency department/office visits, patient phone calls, reoperation or readmission (90 days), and total morphine equivalents prescribed was investigated. Independent sample t-tests and chi-square analyses were performed. Results Prelaw and postlaw phases had no significant difference in baseline demographics and characteristics. No difference was found in length of stay. Opioid law implementation led to significantly lower total oral morphine equivalents after TJAs [Prelaw: 1059.9 ± 825.4 vs postlaw: 942.8 ± 691.7; P = .04], but did not result in a significant increase in 90-day complications, patient visits (office or emergency) or phone calls, and reoperation or readmission. Conclusion Our data suggest that Florida state opioid prescription limiting law has resulted in a marked decline in opioid prescription without any increase in rates of patient visits, phone calls, or readmission after TJA.
Fully Automated Deep Learning Tool for Sarcopenia Assessment on CT: L1 Versus L3 Vertebral Level Muscle Measurements for Opportunistic Prediction of Adverse Clinical Outcomes

BACKGROUND. Sarcopenia is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. CT-based skeletal muscle measurements for sarcopenia assessment are most commonly performed at the L3 vertebral level. OBJECTIVE...
A Review of Matthias Doepke and Fabrizio Zilibotti’s Love, Money and Parenting: How Economics Explains the Way We Raise Our Kids

As Generation X's (born in the 1960s and 1970s) child bearing years draw to a close, its parenting practices are due for assessment, the topic of the book under review. The book organizes its discussion around Diana Baumrind's three parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. It chronicles the drift toward the two latter and argues that income inequality determines which one of the two will be popular. When inequality is low, less is at stake and the parenting style can be more relaxed. By contrast, high inequality pushes parents toward the achievement-oriented authoritative style. More generally, the book argues, cultural differences in parenting styles can be understood as the outcome of altruistic parents' efforts to prepare their children for adulthood, a useful perspective when parental rights are limited, long the case in the West.
Casual Games and Casual Learning About Human Biological Systems

Casual games are everywhere. People play them throughout life to pass the time, to engage in social interactions, and to learn. However, their simplicity and use in distraction-heavy environments can attenuate their potential for learning. This experimental study explored the effects playing an online, casual game has on awareness of human biological systems. Two hundred and forty-two children were given pretests at a Museum and posttests at home after playing either a treatment or control game. Also, 41 children were interviewed to explore deeper meanings behind the test results. Results show modest improvement in scientific attitudes, ability to identify human biological systems and in the children’s ability to describe how those systems work together in real-world scenarios. Interviews reveal that children drew upon their prior school learning as they played the game. Also, on the surface they perceived the game as mainly entertainment but were easily able to discern learning outcomes when prompted. Implications for the design of casual games and how they can be used to enhance transfer of knowledge from the classroom to everyday life are discussed.
On Abnormality Detection in Spuriously Populated Data Streams.

In recent years, advances in hardware technology have made it increasingly easy to collect large amounts of multidimensional data in an automated way. Such databases continuously grow over time, and are referred to as data streams. The behavior of such streams is sensitive to the underlying events which create the stream. In many applications, it is useful to predict abnormal events in the stream in a fast and online fashion. This is often a difficult goal in a fast data stream because of the time criticality of the detection process. Furthermore, the rare events may often be embedded with other spurious abnormalities, which affect the stream in similar ways. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to distinguish between different kinds of events in order to create a credible detection system. This paper discusses a method for supervised abnormality detection from multi-dimensional data streams, so that high specificity of abnormality detection is achieved. We present empirical results illustrating the effectiveness of our method.
A product-market-based measure of brand equity

Conceptually, brand equity can be thought of as the incremental revenue that a product earns as a brand over the revenue it would earn if it were sold without the brand name. However, the brand can have an impact on revenue through a variety of mechanisms, e.g., reduced price sensitivity, higher advertising effectiveness, greater distribution etc. Developing a structural model of all these relationships is difficult, likely to contain specification error, and not very practical for managers. Instead, we propose a simple and easily quantifiable measure of brand equity. We base our measure on the implicit assumption that outcomes in the market involve optimal decisions by firms who select a price for their brands in order to maximize net revenue. Their decisions depend on the demand curves and costs faced by branded and unbranded goods. In essence, these revenues result from a reduced form of the complex relations among brand, marketing mix elements, and customers. Instead of trying to estimate the hypothetical revenue that a branded product would earn if it did not have the brand name, we use the revenue of the private label product as a reasonable benchmark. Hence, the difference in revenue between a branded good and the corresponding private label represents the equity of the particular brand. We calculate this measure for brands in twenty-three different packaged goods categories and validate it by examining its behavior over time and its association with other variables with which brand equity should be related in specific ways. The measure is reliable in that it correlates strongly with its lagged value. It exhibits a trend over time that is consistent with conventional wisdom on the erosion of brand equity during the past decade. As expected, it is positively associated with advertising but not with promotion. Further, it is positively associated with stockpileability and hedonic categories and negatively associated with private label quality. Finally, the "up" price elasticity, i.e., the effect on sales when price is increased, is significantly lower than the "down" price elasticity for high equity brands. Overall, the measure is simple, intuitive, and easy to calculate from public sources, and has fairly strong face and construct validity.
Technology for spaceborne passive microwave Earth remote sensing

Three technology areas in passive microwave remote sensing are discussed: (1) radiometer calibration and wideband load optimization; (2) electronic polarization basis rotation for polarization sensitive scanning instruments; and (3) large space antennas for precision high spatial resolution radiometric imaging. It is noted that precise radiometric calibration, dual polarization sensitivity, and narrow beam multiband scanning antennas with high main lobe efficiencies are critical to the success of future Earth remote sensing systems. Narrow efficient main beams impose stringent structural requirements on space antennas, particularly for geosynchronous or low-frequency application. Meeting this will require either large filled aperture antennas with surface control or potentially, synthetic aperture or phased array radiometers. Technological advances are expected to improve the accuracy and spatial resolution, reduce the risk of failure, and increase the number of observable degrees of freedom of spaceborne passive microwave imaging radiometers. >
Influence of different representations of the oscillometric index on automatic determination of the systolic and diastolic blood pressures

The oscillometric technique of non-invasive blood pressure measurement is based on some empirically derived criteria applied to the so-called oscillometric index, defined as a certain characteristic physical property of the arterial pressure pulses. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of different representations of the oscillometric index on the known height based and slope based empirical algorithms for automatic determination of systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
The role of myeloid cells in graft rejection (TRAN3P.893)

Acceptance of a mismatched graft is achieved through immunosuppression that requires long-term treatment. A variety of methods have been explored to prevent rejection and achieve transplant tolerance in mouse models. The combination of LPS from gram-negative Bacteria, and tissue damage from the transplant procedure has been suggested to prevent rejection and deserves further investigation. We implemented a mouse skin transplant model to determine the effects of LPS and endogenous danger signals released during engraftment, on myeloid cell functions and study their ability to induce rejection or tolerance in transplantation. We used the spontaneous single minor histocompatibility mismatch model of skin graft rejection and performed skin grafts from male mice onto syngeneic female recipients then treated the mice with LPS or PBS. Control mice completely rejected the graft between 24-34 days, while mice treated with LPS did not show graft rejection until an average of 64 days, with 50% graft acceptance. When we studied the graft immune infiltrate, we found that within 48 hours post transplantation, there was an influx of GR-1+ CD11b+ double positive cells. LPS-treated recipients showed a significant decrease in the recruitment of these GR-1+ CD11b+ double positive cells at the graft site. These results indicate that GR-1+ CD11b+ myeloid cells migrate to the site of transplantation following trauma and suggest they play a key role in graft rejection, warranting further study.
Existence and uniqueness of equilibrium and optimal land use: Boundary rent curve approach

Abstract This paper presents a simple constructive proof of the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium or optimal solution for a class of residential land use problems. Our approach is based on the concept of boundary rent curves, and provides a direct computational algorithm. Although our approach works only for a limited class of problems, the most land use problems for which definite results can be obtained from comparative statics or stability analysis are included in this class.
Ganzheitlicher Datenschutz geht jeden an

Der Datenschutz ist fur deutsche Internetnutzer ein ambivalentes Thema. Einerseits halten sie ihn fur sehr wichtig. Andererseits sind sie immer haufiger bereit, personliche Daten im Netz preiszugeben. Neuartige Internet-Anwendungen wie Cloud Computing, Web 2.0 und Software plus Services bei gleichzeitig zunehmender Kontrolle durch Aufsichtsbehorden und strengere Compliance-Vorschriften stellen auch die Unternehmen vor immer neue Herausforderungen. Ein einziger technischer Ansatz kann den Schutz personlicher und geschaftlicher Daten heute nicht mehr gewahrleisten. Dieser Artikel soll ganzheitliche Losungen und neue Denkansatze aufzeigen.
Lithium 2‐Lithiomethyl‐2‐propenolate

[–] C4H6Li2O (MW 83.98) InChI = 1S/C4H6O.2Li/c1-4(2)3-5;;/h1-3H2;;/q-1;;+1 InChIKey = SFWKQAVCIOBVFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (nucleophilic reagent for the generation of functionalized isoprenoid compounds through alkylation or addition reactions) Physical Data: gold colored solid. Solubility: insol hexane. Preparative Methods: metalation of methallyl alcohol with n-Butyllithium–Potassium tert-Butoxide. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air, water, and temperature (greater than 0 °C) sensitive.
Homogeneity in Community-Based Rape Prevention Programs: Empirical Evidence of Institutional Isomorphism.

This study examined the practices of 24 community-based rape prevention programs. Although these programs were geographically dispersed throughout one state, they were remarkably similar in their approach to rape prevention programming. DiMaggio and Powell's (1991) theory of institutional isomorphism was used to explain the underlying causes of the homogeneity among the programs. Qualitative data indicate that the mimetic, normative, and coercive contextual factors pushed the programs into homogeneity. Implications for community psychology and organizational theory will be discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the hartree‐fock limit for metallic hydrogen with plane wave basis

Preliminary results of rigorous Hartree-Fock (HF) calculations, with plane waves as basis functions, for simple-cubic metallic hydrogen are presented. Fourier transform techniques developed earlier for an atomic-orbital basis have been employed. Total energies, lattice spacings, and Fermi energies for up to 27 plane waves are given. The Fermi surface touches the Brillouin zone boundary. It is argued that the 27 plane wave results are close to the HF limit. The band-structure part of the total energy is found to be essentially the same as that obtained by Hammerberg and Ashcroft using perturbative methods.
Parthenogenesis in unfertilized eggs of Coturnix chinensis, the Chinese painted quail, and the effect of egg clutch position on embryonic development

Parthenogenesis, embryonic development of an unfertilized egg, was studied for many years in turkeys. In fact, as many as 49% of unfertilized Beltsville Small White turkey eggs develop embryos. However, no research exists on parthenogenesis in quail. The Chinese painted quail is a close relative of the more common Japanese quail and, unlike turkeys or chickens, the small Chinese painted quail reaches sexual maturity rapidly, making it a great candidate for further research on parthenogenesis. Obviously, a better understanding of avian parthenogenesis should increase our knowledge of avian fertilization and early embryonic development. Therefore, we determined if unfertilized Chinese painted quail hens produce embryos. Second, we explored the possibility that position of the egg within the clutch influences parthenogenesis. When initial secondary sexual plumage was apparent at 4 wk of age, male chicks were separated from females to prevent fertilization. Hens were placed in individual cages near sexual maturity, at approximately 6 wk of age. Individual eggs were collected daily and labeled with hen number and date. Eggs were stored for 0 to 3 d at 20 degrees C before incubation at 37.5 degrees C. After 10 d of incubation, approximately 4,000 eggs from 300 laying hens were examined for embryonic development under a magnifying lamp. On average, 4.8% of the unfertilized eggs contained an abortive form of embryonic development consisting of undifferentiated cells and unorganized membranes. Approximately 27% of the laying hens produced at least 1 egg with parthenogenic development. However, about 10% (30) of these hens exhibited a predisposition for parthenogenesis by producing 2 or more unfertilized eggs with embryonic development. Twenty percent of the eggs from 2 hens produced embryonic development. Additionally, the first egg laid in a clutch was most likely to produce embryonic development, with a steady decline in the percentage of eggs with embryonic development as position in the clutch increased. In conclusion, the Chinese painted quail does exhibit parthenogenesis and clutch position influences the rate of naturally occurring parthenogenesis.
Positron momentum spectrum and branching ratio of K+e3

Abstract The momentum spectrum of positrons from K+→πo+e++v was measured. The observed spectrum, containing 1679 events, is consistent with vector coupling with upper limits of 18 and 4 percent of scalar and tensor admixtures, respectively. The K+e3 branching ratio was measured to be 0.0498 ± 0.002.
Effect of an Aspergillus enzyme on adenosinediphosphate (ADP) induced platelet aggregation and adhesiveness.

Abstract In in vitro studies an enzyme preparation from Aspergillus oryzae was found to markedly inhibit ADP induced platelet adhesiveness and aggregation in human platelet rich plasma. It was also observed that higher concentrations of the enzyme had the ability to cause slight aggregation of blood platelets.
Growth control in cerebral microvessel-derived endothelial cells.

Abstract Endothelial (En) cells derived from the cerebral microvasculature were examined for their growth control properties. These cells were shown to be growth responsive to fetal bovine serum and arrested growth if serum was removed. They lend themselves to studies in chemically defined media since they survive well in serum-free medium with little or no proliferation. These cerebral microvessel En cells also respond to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), unlike some other endothelial cells. Similar to other endothelial cells, the En cells responded to fibroblast growth factor (FGF). The response of EGF and PDGF occurred in serum-free media, but only if both agents were present. The cells further responded mitogenically to conditioned media obtained from transformed endothelial cells. The En cells were found to bind EGF and displayed two orders of affinity as determined by Scatchard analysis, depending upon whether the cells were in confluent or subconfluent conditions. The data indicate that some endothelial cells respond to EGF and PDGF and that one mechanism for growth control of endothelial cells may be an ability to regulate high-affinity growth factor receptors for epidermal growth factor.
A species comparison of 2,4-dinitrotoluene metabolism in vitro.

Postmitochondrial supernatants prepared from livers of mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys metabolized 2,4-dinitrotoluene. The pattern of metabolites was characterized in both sexes of the species examined. In addition, the pattern of metabolites was altered by varying incubation conditions and pretreating male rats with phenobarbital or SKF 525-A.
Topography of Kish Crystals and the Effect of Oxidation in Air

DETAILED studies have been reported recently on the production of etch pits in purified Ticonderoga natural graphite crystals as a result of oxidation in oxygen in the temperature range 700°°–870° C1,2. Others have also been concerned with the effect of oxidation on the topography of natural graphite3–6. In this communication, the effect of oxidation on the topography of purified kish crystals is considered.
Weight perception by newborns of depressed versus non-depressed mothers

Abstract A light-weight (2 gms) or heavier-weight (8 gms) object (vial of cotton or pellets, respectively) was placed in the right hand of 50 full-term infants ( M age = 43 hr old) born to depressed ( n = 27) or nondepressed mothers (Mothers’ M age = 27 yrs old). After the infants habituated to one weight by hand, they were tested with the opposite weight object. The infants of the depressed mothers did not respond to the novel weight, and only 15% of those infants showed hand movements that might have facilitated their perception of the object’s weight (e.g., hand-to-mouth or face, turning/moving of the wrist or hand). In contrast, 78% of the infants of nondepressed mothers showed hand activity that might have facilitated weight perception, and as a group, they held the novel weight longer, suggesting that they had perceived the weight change.
Tranylcypromine: Stimulation of eating through α-adrenergic neuronal system in the paraventricular nucleus

Abstract Injection of norepinephrine (NE) into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus has been shown to elicit eating in satiated rats. In the present study, the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine (TCP), which is known to release endogenous NE, was found to produce a similar effect in rats maintained and tested on a palatable milk-mash combination diet. The effect of this antidepressant drug was positively correlated in magnitude with the NE effect in the same animals. It was selectively antagonized by central injection of drugs which block α-adrenergic receptors. Local pretreatment with NE synthesis inhibitors similarly blocked the TCP eating response but had no effect on eating elicited by exogenous NE. It is suggested from these results that TCP is stimulating eating through the release of endogenous NE from adrenergic neurons innervating the region of the paraventricular nucleus.
Comparative effects of clozapine and α-adrenoceptor blocking drugs on regional noradrenaline metabolism in rat brain☆

Clozapine increased brain noradrenaline (NA) metabolism, as indicated by changes in 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate content, in brain regions corresponding to the predominance of alpha- over beta-receptors, i.e., hypothalamus, medulla, midbrain and cortex, but not corpus striatum or cerebellum. Phenoxybenzamine had a stronger effect in the hypothalamus than did clozapine, but did not change cortical NA metabolism within a 60 min treatment time; however, cortical NA metabolism was increased 150 min after phenoxybenzamine. The delayed effect of phenoxybenzamine may be due to either a poor affinity for some central receptors or a slow rate of entry into certain brain regions. Thioridazine and the benzodioxane, dibozane, had regional effects similar to clozapine. The similarity between clozapine and dibozane in ther effects on regional brain NA metabolism may reflect a preference for presynaptic alpha-receptors. It is unlikely that the antipsychotic activity of clozapine is related to a specific adrenolytic effect, but may reflect the combined activity of this drug on several transmitter systems.
THE WOOL BOARD'S SECOND REPORT ON MARKETING: A REVIEW ARTICLE

The second report on Wool Marketing by the Australian Wool Board is critically appraised. Particular attention is given to the proposals for elimination of small lots, price averaging and supply management. The presumption that price stabilization is good and the conclusion that private buying is bad are also discussed in detail.
Flow cytometer analysis of oral premalignant lesions: a pilot study and review

In a retrospective study, we examined 34 premalignant lesions of the oral cavity by flow cytometer analysis on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue submitted to the University of Tennessee, Memphis, Oral Pathology Laboratory. Three categories of oral epithelial dysplasia were represented (eight mild, seven moderate, nine severe), as well as five epithelial hyperplasias without dysplasia and five fibrous nodules as controls. The DNA index and total proliferative index of each case were calculated. The objective of the study was to determine the amount of epithelial dysplasia necessary in oral lesions before DNA aneuploidy or high proliferative index is detectable and thus determine if flow cytometric analysis can be a diagnostic adjunct for oral premalignant lesions. The results showed that some cases in both the control and dysplastic categories exhibited a high total proliferative index (control = 1, no dysplasia = 1, mild dysplasia = 3, moderate dysplasia = 2, severe dysplasia = 2), whereas only the dysplastic lesions had an abnormal DNA index [8 of 24 (33%)]. The results indicate that flow cytometric analysis may have some limited potential as a diagnostic adjunct in oral premalignant lesions.
Spectral mixture analysis of multispectral thermal infrared images

Remote spectral measurements of light reflected or emitted from terrestrial scenes is commonly integrated over areas sufficiently large that the surface comprises more than one component. Techniques have been developed to analyze multispectral or imaging spectrometer data in terms of a wide range of mixtures of a limited number of components. Spectral mixture analysis has been used primarily for visible and near-infrared images, but it may also be applied to thermal infrared data. Two approaches are reviewed: binary mixing and a more general treatment for isothermal mixtures of a greater number of components.
Estimating an individual's location along the trait‐state continuum: A method for improving the precision of measurement of CA using the PRCA‐24

The construct Communication Apprehension (CA) has generated a great deal of attention in the discipline of speech communication. Its use has been widespread for researchers and theoreticians and also for the speech teacher. Thus, the ability to measure CA accurately is very important. This paper addresses the measurement of trait‐like vs more state‐like CA. While most researchers have used the sum or mean scores for the 24 items on the PRCA‐24 as a measure of trait‐like CA we argue in support of the position taken by King, Anderson, and Carlson (1988), that it is done for convenience and adds error to the measurement of CA. Specifically, we suggest that the level of generalized‐context vs trait‐like CA exists along a continuum. Further, the between context variance score (variance between CA in groups, meetings, conversations, and public speaking contexts) is the appropriate estimator of the level of generalized‐context or trait‐like CA.
Comparative study of the adrenergic potentiating properties of various thyroid analogs in man.

ABSTRACT. A controlled experiment was undertaken in normal volunteers to determine whether or not the calorigenic and adrenergic potentiating effects of certain thyroid analogs occur separately. In order to do this, a dose modification of the epinephrine infusion test devised by Murray and Kelly was used as a basis for measuring the magnitude of hemodynamic response (pulse and pulse pressure) in subjects pretreated with calorigenically equivalent amounts of several of the following thyroid analogs: L-thyroxine (LT-4); D-thyroxine (DT-4); L-triiodothyronine (LT-3); triiodothyropropionic acid (Triprop); triiodothyroacetic acid (Triac); diiodothyroacetic acid (Diac). PBI determinations, electrometric recordings (via Lawson Kinemometer) of the Achilles tendon reflex and cold pressor tests were performed on the participants beforehand in order to assess base-line thyroid function and to eliminate “hyperreactors” and individuals with labile hypertension. Calorigenic responses to the thyroid analogs given were m...
Deformation mechanisms in superplastic AA5083 materials

The plastic deformation of seven 5083 commercial aluminum materials, produced from five different alloy heats, are evaluated under conditions of interest for superplastic and quick-plastic forming. Two mechanisms are shown to govern plastic deformation in AA5083 over the strain rates, strains, and temperatures of interest for these forming technologies: grain-boundary-sliding (GBS) creep and solutedrag (SD) creep. Quantitative analysis of stress transients following rate changes clearly differentiates between GBS and SD creep and offers conclusive proof that SD creep dominates deformation at fast strain rates and low temperature. Furthermore, stress transients following strain-rate changes under SD creep are observed to decay exponentially with strain. A new graphical construction is proposed for the analysis and prediction of creep transients. This construction predicts the relative size of creep transients under SD creep from the relative size of changes in an applied strain rate or stress. This construction reveals the relative size of creep transients under SD creep to be independent of temperature; temperature dependence resides in the “steady-state” creep behavior to which transients are related.
Effects of intracamerally infused prostaglandins on outflow facility in cynomolgus monkey eyes with intact or retrodisplaced ciliary muscle.

Cynomolgus monkeys with intact or surgically retrodisplaced ciliary muscle received intracameral infusion of prostaglandins (PG) E1, E2, and F2α in doses yielding initial anterior chamber concentrations ranging from ∼ 0·2 μ m to ∼ 0·2 m m . The effects on total outflow facility, as determined by two-level constant pressure perfusion, within the first 40 min after PG infusion were at most sporadic and minimal, and PGF2α had no effect at any of the dosages given. Thus, these autacoids seem to exert little if any acute functional effect on the conventional outflow routes in this primate species when administered intracamerally under these experimental conditions.
B3-splines for interactive curve and surface fitting

Abstract B3-splines are introduced in this paper with explicit expressions. The new splines are extensions of the B-spline but overcome the latter's weakness of not passing through interpolation points for curve or surface fitting. Between consecutive control points, three cubic functions are used. Computation is simple with data from prestored tables. No trial-and-error steps in selecting control points are necessary in order to create smooth interpolation. With other good properties, such as C2-continuity and localization, the new splines can be implemented very well for interactive curve and surface fitting in computer-aided design (CAD). This paper describes the exact cubic expressions and their derivations. Their advantages over B-spline and Bezier spline for interactive applications are discussed.
Survival of mice receiving melanoma transplants is promoted by hydroquinone

In BALB/c female mice with melanoma transplants, the incidence of "takes" is decreased and survival is increased by hydroquinone, a melanocytolytic agent. The mechanism of drug action is suggested by via DNA. The significant and high degree of positive response to hydroquinone treatment in vivo is encouraging for the clinical management of melanoma with melanocytolytic agents.
The role of workflow modeling and analysis for image-guided interventions

Abstract Image-guided interventions may involve the interaction between two departments or two specialists within a department and may also require that particular equipment be moved to the room where the procedure is being done. These interactions can be complex and may make planning for them very difficult. Workflow modelling can be used to elucidate the various steps in workflow with a goal of understanding at what point, and how, the workflows interact. Ideally, the understanding of the interacting processes can yield methods to reduce the negative impact of the interaction.
IDENTIFICATION OF AN ENDOTHELIAL CELL-SPECIFIC REGULATORY REGION IN THE MURINE ENDOTHELIN-1 GENE

Abstract Endothelin-1 is a 21-amino acid peptide first characterized as a potent vasoactive compound synthesized by endothelial cells. Because of its high level cell-restricted pattern of expression, we have employed this gene as a model for investigating the DNA and protein elements that mediate endothelial cell-specific gene expression. In this study we have identified a complex positive regulatory region located at base pairs −364 to −320 in the murine endothelin-1 gene. This region consists of three functionally dependent elements, ETE-C, ETE-D, and ETE-E, which are all required for full activity. When a 43-base pair fragment containing these three elements was employed in heterologous promoter experiments, this sequence was capable of increasing transcriptional activity in an endothelial cell-specific fashion. None of the elements contains a recognized consensus sequence known to bind transcriptional regulatory proteins in higher eukaryotes; however, each element does appear to mediate protein binding. The combination of all three elements promotes binding of a protein complex that is endothelial cell-specific. This is the first evidence for an endothelial cell-specific DNA regulatory element and cognate binding proteins.
Effect of hyperoxia and exogenous oxidant stress on pulmonary artery endothelial cell Na+/H+ antiport activity

Abstract Little is known about the mechanisms of altered cell membrane function after hyperoxic exposure. We determined the effects of hyperoxic exposure and exogenous oxidant stress with xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO) on Na+/H+ antiport activity. Pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers were incubated in 95% O2/5% CO2 (24 to 72 hours) simultaneously with controls placed in 21% O2/5% CO2. Monolayers were then incubated for 2 hours in MEM with or without X/XO (100 μmol/L X; 0.01 U/ml XO). Antiport activity was determined as the rate of recovery from intracellular acidosis by measurement of intracellular pH (pHi) with 2′,7′- bis(car☐yethyl)-5,6-car☐yfluorescein (BCECF). Hyperoxic exposure (72 hours) decreased Na+/H+ antiport activity as compared with that in control monolayers. Exogenous oxidant stress also decreased antiport activity in both control and hyperoxic cells, but this effect was more pronounced in hyperoxic cells at all time points. These changes occurred in the absence of overt cytotoxicity. Incubation with antioxidants (polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), PEGcatalase, vitamin E), N-acetylcysteine, or phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors did not prevent the decrease in antiport activity after hyperoxic exposure. Conditioned medium experiments demonstrated that the diminished antiport activity was not related to release of a soluble mediator after hyperoxic exposure. These findings suggest that the diminished Na+/H+ antiport activity represents a sublethal form of membrane dysfunction that may be a component of the increased endothelial cell susceptibility to injury after hyperoxic exposure.
Micromechanical Analysis of Tissues: The Effect of Cell Adhesion to Extra Cellular Matrix

Modeling of interactions between cell and extra cellular matrix (ECM) is essential in a cell and tissue injury study. Several studies have been conducted to realize the role of mechanical property of a cell and ECM in a tissue exposed to an external loading. In this study we have used a micromechanical approach by assuming two representative volume elements (RVE) with different packing of cell inside the matrix to characterize the mechanical property of the composite formed by the cell and the ECM in a tissue. In the micromechanical modeling procedure, the cell-ECM adhesion will be studied in detail. The results will clarify the role of cell adhesion in load transferring characteristics inside the cell – ECM composite.© 2007 ASME
Rating of Interagency Working Relationship and Associated Factors in Protective Services

ABSTRACT Many agencies and occupational groups are involved in reporting, investigation, planning intervention and treatment in cases of elder maltreatment. Collaborative efforts between mandated adult protective services and community agencies are critical in assisting elderly victims of maltreatment as it requires knowledge, resources, and skills of many occupational groups from diverse disciplines. This study explores the overall evaluation of the relationship between interacting agencies from the perspective of diverse occupational groups who work with elder maltreatment cases. It also examines the factors associated with the overall ratings of the relationship between agencies. The findings are reported along with suggestions and directions for greater collaboration and improved coordination among agencies.
A method for on‐line measurement of water‐soluble organic carbon in ambient aerosol particles: Results from an urban site

[1] An instrument for on-line continuous measurement of the water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) component of aerosol particles is described and results from an urban site in St. Louis are presented. A Particle-into-Liquid Sampler impacts ambient particles, grown to large water droplets, onto a plate and then washes them into a flow of purified water. The resulting liquid is filtered and the carbon content quantified by a Total Organic Carbon analyzer providing continuous six-minute integral measurements with a detection limit of 0.1 μg C/m3. Summer and fall measurements of WSOC and organic carbon (OC) indicated WSOC/OC ratio typically ranged from 0.40 to 0.80. A diurnal variation in WSOC/OC that correlated with ozone was observed over extended periods in June; however, other periods in August had no correlation. The results suggested that WSOC was composed of a complex mixture of compounds that may contain a significant fraction from secondary organic aerosol formation.
Massive submarine rockslide in the rift-valley wall of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Within the past 450000 yr, a section of ocean crust ∼4 by 5 km was removed from the eastern wall of the Mid-Atlantic rift valley in a massive rockslide that disintegrated to form a debris avalanche. Slope failure probably occurred along preexisting west-dipping faults where hydrothermal metamorphism is inferred to have weakened the crust. The debris avalanche flowed more than 11 km into the rift valley and deposited a debris wedge with a volume of ∼19 x 10 9 m 3 . Run-up and rebound features occur where the leading edge of the avalanche encountered a basement ridge, and they suggest rapid transport in an event that lasted only a few minutes. This is the first known occurrence of such large-scale mass wasting along the tectonically active rift valley of a mid-ocean ridge.
Comparison of the inactivation of bacillus subtilis transforming dna by the potassium superoxide and xanthine-xanthine oxidase systems for generating superoxide

Potassium superoxide (KO2) and xanthine-xanthine oxidase (X-XO), which are known generating systems for the superoxide anion, have different inactivating actions on Bacillus subtilis transforming DNA in vitro. Superoxide dismutase and CuSO4 enhanced the inactivation for KO2, but not for X-XO. Mannitol, a hydroxyl radical scavenger, protected against the inactivation by X-XO, but not by KO2. The results obtained with X-XO were consistent with the involvement of Fenton reactions, in which hydroxyl radical is the reactive species that ultimately causes damage. On the other hand, KO2-induced inactivation was partly due to the effect of H2O2. Differences in inactivation between the KO2 and X-XO systems may result from the different rates of production of the superoxide anion.