cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on the molecular characteristic of natural infection of rodents with Hantaviruses in Shenzhen city

Objective In order to investigate Hantavirus (HV) infection of captured rodents and to understand the genotypes and the molecular characteristic of Hantaviruses in Shenzhen. Methods The captured rodents were classified and the density of distribution was calculated. A total of 472 animals were captured, among which Rattus norvegicus was the dominant group. The total viral RNA was extracted from the lung tissues positive with HV antigens by immunofluorescent assay and gene sequence of M fragment was amplified with RT-nested-PCR by using the Hantavirus genotype specific primers. The amplified genes were then sequenced, and subjected to genotyping and homology analysis. Results The results of genotype analysis showed that the Hantaviruses taken from twenty-one lung specimens in Rattus norvegicus in Shenzhen city belonged to the Hantavirus type Ⅱ (SEOV). Results in homology analysis suggested that the homology among twenty-one samples should be rather high with 95.4% of nucleotide sequence identity and they belonged to the same subtype. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that they were branched into at least six different lineages, and were highly homologized with SZ2083. We also found that these virus strains had not shown more highly homology of nucleotide sequence in nearest district, whereas revealed consistency in farther district. Conclusion The major hosts of Hantaviruses in Shenzhen city were Rattus norvegicus and the epidemic strains were genotyped as SEO-type. Nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence from different rodents were highly homologous, while nucleotide mutation had also been observed. Further studies are required to explore the possible viruses' sequence mutation. Key words: Hantavirus; Genotype; Homology analysis
Viscosity and Conductivity of Microemulsions

Flooding with surfactant-based microemulsions is one of the promising techniques for enhancing petroleum recovery from natural deposits, or reservoirs(1). By microemulsion we mean a thermodynamically stable, microstructured fluid phase of variable composition that incorporates substantial amounts of oil, water and surfactants. The phase behaviour, interfacial tensions, and rheological properties of a microemulsion formulation are among the primary determinants of the potential success of a microemulsion flood. Because the number of equilibrium phases, their volumes and their appearances are easier to measure and observe than phase compositions, viscosities and interfacial tensions, there is obvious interest in understanding the relationship between the phase counts, volumes and appearances and the other physical properties of microemulsions(2,3).
Ground Rules: Lessons from Wilson

Wilson’s “No Work for a Theory of Grounding” (2014) offers an insightful critique of grounding-based approaches to metaphysical inquiry. She argues that the notion of grounding is uninformative, disunified, and in the end unhelpful. I think that Wilson is right to criticize many extant grounding-based approaches for not being sufficiently informative, but reply that the grounding theorist can learn her lesson by using structural equation models, in ways that reveal the unity and informativeness of grounding. (I also argue that Wilson’s own alternative approach is open to serious criticisms, including every one of the criticisms she levels at the grounding theorist.)
But, That’s Where I Feel Comfortable

This chapter offers a critical analysis of Black middle and upper class preservice teachers’ views and perceptions of their preparedness to teach in high poverty urban schools. As then college seniors, their unique voices detail their anticipation and fears. The research participants’ self-confidence either shines or crumbles when discussing their preferred work setting, ability to connect with students and parents in high poverty urban schools, and overall dispositions about teaching and learning.
X marks the task: Helping developers navigate to the right task

Open Source Software (OSS) has become a major model for software development today. In OSS, software is developed by individuals that contribute their time and experience to the project of their preference using shared repositories. The success of each project (or repository) depends on factors such as increasing their workforce [7], and allowing its contributors to find an appropriate task.
The Starvation Myth: the U.S. Blockade of Japan in World War II

Though he was one of the first to see its effects, Lewis was not the first to question the decision to use the atomic bomb nor would it be the last. The decision still sits at the center of one of the most debated historical (as well as historiographic) questions. The focus on this episode is justified. This singular event divides the Twentieth Century in numerous ways, but perhaps most relevantly it ends a hot and bloody war, and marks the beginning of a colder conflict. And since we examine the event in the year 2000, we must try to avoid the biases of the post-Cold War era. This paper tries to focus on two different realities: the first is what actually, really happened, the true state of affairs, then secondly the perceptions of that actuality.
Roughstalk Bluegrass and Tall Fescue Control in Kentucky Bluegrass with Sulfosulfuron

Roughstalk bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) and tall fescue [Festuca arundinaceae (L.) Shreb.] are problematic weeds in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) with limited herbicides for selective control. Field experiments in 2006 and 2007 investigated sulfosulfuron efficacy on these weeds in Kentucky bluegrass. Sulfosulfuron controlled tall fescue ≥ 97% and was similar to sequential chlorsulfuron applications. However, sulfosulfuron was not as injurious to Kentucky bluegrass as sequential chlorsulfuron treatments. Sulfosulfuron controlled roughstalk bluegrass up to 95% with acceptable turf injury (< 20%). Overall, sulfosulfuron appears to have potential for tall fescue and roughstalk bluegrass control in Kentucky bluegrass.
Frailty Phenotype and Healthcare Costs and Utilization in Older Women

Objectives To determine the association of the frailty phenotype with subsequent healthcare costs and utilization. Design Prospective cohort study (Osteoporotic Fracture in Men [MrOS]). Setting Six US sites. Participants A total of 1,514 community-dwelling men (mean age = 79.3 years) participating in the MrOS Year 7 (Y7) examination linked with their Medicare claims data. Measurements At Y7, the frailty phenotype was operationalized using five components and categorized as robust, pre-frail, or frail. Multimorbidity and a frailty indicator (approximating the deficit accumulation index) were derived from claims data. Functional limitations were assessed by asking about difficulty performing instrumental activities of daily living. Total direct healthcare costs and utilization were ascertained during 36 months following Y7. Results Mean of total annualized costs (2018 dollars) was $5,707 (standard deviation [SD] = 8,800) among robust, $8,964 (SD = 18,156) among pre-frail, and $20,027 (SD = 27,419) among frail men. Compared with robust men, frail men (cost ratio [CR] = 2.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.88-2.93) and pre-frail men (CR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.11-1.48) incurred greater total costs after adjustment for demographics, multimorbidity, and cognitive function. Associations of phenotypic pre-frailty and frailty with higher total costs were somewhat attenuated but persisted after further consideration of functional limitations and a claims-based frailty indicator. Each individual frailty component was also associated with higher total costs. Frail vs robust men had higher odds of hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] = 2.62; 95% CI = 1.75-3.91) and skilled nursing facility (SNF) stay (OR = 3.36; 95% CI = 1.83-6.20). A smaller but significant effect of the pre-frail category on SNF stay was present. Conclusion Phenotypic pre-frailty and frailty were associated with higher subsequent total healthcare costs in older community-dwelling men after accounting for a claims-based frailty indicator, functional limitations, multimorbidity, cognitive impairment, and demographics. Assessment of the frailty phenotype or individual components such as slowness may improve identification of older community-dwelling adults at risk for costly extensive care.
‘My brain hurts:’ incorporating learner interests into the classroom

Educators have long been advocating for the appropriation of students’ interests into the classroom as a means of promoting participation and learning. However, little attention has been paid to th...
The Nature of Petroleum

In the previous chapter, we have depicted the evolutionary processes of oil formation and the industrial civilization. Of course, many other minerals have been formed through geological processes, but fossil fuels, and oil in particular, have some special characteristics. In this chapter we will explore the physical and chemical properties, resulting from the geological processes previously illustrated, which make fossil fuels unique.
Analysis of the Frost Phenomena on a Cryo-Surface

This paper provides expressions for heat and mass transfer to the frost surface and information regarding the frost formation which can be used by designers of cryogenic systems with uninsulated surfaces, and furthers the general understanding of the frost* phenomena.
Adjustable Posterior Fixation Suture Technique in Adjustable Superior Rectus Transposition

Background: Recently, the superior rectus transposition has been widely adopted for the treatment of complete abducens palsy and Duane syndrome. This procedure is useful in that there is a decrease...
MINIATURE IN EVERYTHING BUT MEANING: A CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF MINIATURE VESSELS AT HOMOL'OVI I

The most common explanations for the appearance of miniatures in the archaeological record are drawn from practice theory. Two alternatives stem from learning theories, while a third is based in ritual practice and performance. First, miniatures may represent early attempts at craft production by children or novice adults. Second, they could serve as children's toys used for enculturation purposes. Third, miniatures may be produced for use in rituals or as offerings. These explanations are not mutually exclusive; all may be part of the life history of a single artifact. Previous archaeological and ethnographic work on miniature ceramic vessels in the Southwest has variously supported all three prominent explanations. In this article, we examine the miniature vessel assemblage from Homol'ovi I, a prehispanic pueblo in northern Arizona, through a synthetic analysis of craft mastery, use, and deposition. While various life history trajectories are indicated, the miniature vessels at this ancestral Hopi village appear in similar depositional contexts. Specifically, these objects serve as important components in the preparation or closure practices of ritual spaces throughout the pueblo.
Isolation and characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana C-8,7 sterol isomerase: Functional and structural similarities to mammalian C-8,7 sterol isomerase/emopamil-binding protein

The yeast C-8,7 sterol isomerase contains a polyvalent high-affinity drug binding site similar to mammalian sigma receptors. Exogenously supplied sigma ligands inhibit sterol biosynthesis in yeast, demonstrating a pharmacological relationship between sigma ligand-binding and C-8,7 sterol isomerase activity. We report the isolation of an Arabidopsis thaliana C-8,7 sterol isomerase by functional complementation of the corresponding sterol mutant in yeast and its characterization by exposure to sigma ligands. The yeast erg2 mutant, which lacks the C-8,7 sterol isomerase gene and activity, was transformed with an Arabidopsis cDNA yeast expression library. Transformed colonies were selected for restoration of C-8,7 sterol isomerase activity (i.e. wild-type ergosterol production) by enhanced resistance to the antibiotic cycloheximide. Sterols produced in complemented lines were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The full-length A. thaliana cDNA (pA.t.SI1) that complemented the erg2 mutation contains an open reading frame encoding a 21 kDa protein that shares 68% similarity and 35% amino acid identity to the recently isolated mouse C-8,7 sterol isomerase. The sigma ligands, haloperidol, ifenprodil and verapamil inhibited the production of ergosterol in wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in the erg2 mutant complemented with pA.t.SI1. Structural and biochemical similarities between the A. thaliana C-8,7 sterol isomerase and the mammalian emopamil-binding protein (EBP) are discussed.
Breaking a pathogen's iron will: Inhibiting siderophore production as an antimicrobial strategy

The rise of antibiotic resistance is a growing public health crisis. Novel antimicrobials are sought, preferably developing nontraditional chemical scaffolds that do not inhibit standard targets such as cell wall synthesis or the ribosome. Iron scavenging has been proposed as a viable target, because bacterial and fungal pathogens must overcome the nutritional immunity of the host to be virulent. This review highlights the recent work toward exploiting the biosynthetic enzymes of siderophore production for the design of next generation antimicrobials.
SUN-623 Markedly Elevated Thyroglobulin Levels in a Patient with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in the Setting of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Negative Imaging: A Case Report

Background: Despite the high survival rate of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), recurrence may occur. After tumor resection, radioactive iodine (RAI) can be considered if necessary, and serum thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels as well as neck ultrasound (US) are the main tools used for surveillance. Discrepancies between laboratory testing and imaging findings may present. This can occur due to assay interference or less commonly in the setting of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). We present the case of a patient with low risk DTC and chronic markedly elevated Tg levels in the setting of no evidence of structural disease and a history of HT. Clinical Case: A 72-year-old woman with a history of primary hypothyroidism and non-toxic multinodular goiter underwent left hemithyroidectomy in 2012. Pathology revealed incidentally discovered papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, 0.2 cm with negative margins and negative lymphovascular invasion in a background of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Due to the low risk of recurrence, she did not undergo completion thyroidectomy nor RAI. Post operatively, she was noted to have a serum Tg level of 752 ng/mL (no reference range), TgAb 1000 IU/mL (reference range < 35 IU/mL). Imaging included multiple serial neck US negative for right hemi-thyroid nodules and no suspicious lymph nodes. CT scan of the chest was negative. PET/CT showed FDG uptake in the right thyroid lobe (SUV max 8.6) without any evidence of FDG avid tumor in the rest of the body. She is otherwise clinically stable on levothyroxine therapy to maintain her TSH between 0.5 to 2 mIU/L. Discussion: This patient presents persistently elevated serum Tg levels significantly above what is expected for a patient status post hemithyroidectomy. We suspect the most likely explanation for this finding is her underlying HT causing autoimmune thyroid tissue destruction. Moving forward, we suggest measuring heterophilic antibodies and remeasuring Tg level with serial dilutions to rule out the possibility of assay interference. This case is especially challenging as she has an intact hemi-thyroid, which limits some of the imaging diagnostic modalities available. HT has been shown to result in a diffuse distribution of FDG uptake in the thyroid gland on PET/CT as seen in this case. Conclusion: Even though in most cases with DTC Tg levels serve as a sensitive and reliable tumor marker, in the setting of elevated thyroglobulin levels and no clear structural evidence of disease, it is important to consider other possible etiologies and not only disease recurrence.
Web-Based Accountability for Nonprofits: Environmental Quality Protection and Beautification Category

This study examines the web-based accountability (WBA) of a random selection of nonprofitorganizations (NPOs) in the environmental quality protection and beautification sector in the United States. Web accountability is a measure of the amount of information that is publicly available to stakeholders and potential donors from an organization’s website. The methodology and variables used here have been used in previous studies on differing types of NPOs. Findings indicate that the ethics and generosity of citizens, the number of NPOs, and various laws concerning the legal protection of assets from misuse and/or fraud are important indicators of WBA.
Attenuated Psychosis Syndromes Among Latino-American Youth and Young Adults in the United States: Early Identification and Intervention

Discrepancies in research and treatment of mental health issues based upon ethnic, racial, and cultural differences cannot be denied. Such is the case for Latino-American youth and young adults with attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS). Issues generated by a lack of focused research and perpetuated by inaccurate assessments and inaccessible interventions serve to further delineate incongruities in assistance provided to this group. This chapter aims to explore culturally relevant symptoms associated with APS in Latino-American youth and young adults and issues related to assessment. General treatment strategies and interventions for APS and those specifically tailored for Latino-American youth will be discussed. A case will also be presented to illustrate some of the intricacies, both culturally and symptomatically, when working with Latino youth who have APS. Finally, implications for research and treatment will be discussed.
Experimental Deconvolution of Depressurization from Capillary Shrinkage during Drying of Silica Wet-Gels with SCF CO₂ Why Aerogels Shrink?

Silica aerogels are prepared by drying wet-gels under conditions that eliminate surface tension forces, typically by exchanging the pore-filling solvent with liquid or supercritical fluid (SCF) CO2 that is vented off like a gas. Thereby, silica wet-gels should not shrink during drying, but they do. According to the literature, most shrinkage (~71%) happens during depressurization of the autoclave. Here, based on prior literature, and working with wet-gels obtained via base-catalyzed gelation of tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), the basic hypothesis was that depressurization shrinkage takes place at the primary/secondary particle level. For this to happen there has to be available space to accommodate merging secondary particles, and a driving force. Secondary particles are mass fractals (by SAXS) and their empty space can accommodate primary particles from neighboring assemblies. The driving force was assumed to be H-bonding developing between surface silanols as soon as all fluids are removed from the pores. That hypothesis was put to test by replacing gelation solvents with nonhydrogen bonding toluene or xylene. Indeed, while the total drying shrinkage of toluene- or xylene-filled wet-gels was equal to that observed with aerogels obtained from acetone-filled wet-gels (~8–9%), the major part of that shrinkage (~74%) was transferred to the wet-gel stage. The remaining shrinkage (~26%) was assigned to interfacial tension forces between the pore-filling solvent and liquid or SCF CO2. Having transferred the major part of drying shrinkage to the wet-gel stage has technological implications, because it is easier to manipulate gels at that stage. Furthermore, our results underline that optimization of the drying process should take into account the fact that drying of silica wet-gels into aerogels is a two-stage moving boundary problem.
Healthcare Students' Psychological Well-Being in a Diabetic Ketoacidosis Simulation

Abstract Background This research investigated prelicensure nursing and physician assistant students’ psychological well-being in an interprofessional, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) simulation. Method A mixed-between within-subjects analysis of variance was performed to examine the impact of an interdisciplinary simulation, addressing the needs of a DKA patient, on health care students’ perceived psychological well-being across three time periods (before simulation, immediate after the simulation, and after debriefing). Results Statistically significant changes in psychological well-being were observed throughout the different time periods during the DKA simulation experience, Wilks’ Lambda = 0.85, F(2, 66) = 5.732, p = .005, partial eta squared = 0.148. Conclusion Health care students experience greater levels of psychological well-being when given the opportunity to participate in debriefing. As a result, health care simulation educators must ensure that appropriate debriefing time is allotted.
Synthesis of novel 5-substituted-2-aminotetralin analogs: 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 G protein-coupled receptor affinity, 3D-QSAR and molecular modeling.

Abstract The serotonin 5-HT7 G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is a proposed pharmacotherapeutic target for a variety of central and peripheral indications, albeit, there are no approved drugs selective for binding 5-HT7. We previously reported that a lead analog based on the 5-substituted-N,N-disubstituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine (5-substituted-2-aminotetralin, 5-SAT) scaffold binds with high affinity at the 5-HT7 GPCR, and can treat symptoms of autism in mouse models; subsequently, the lead was found to have high affinity at the 5-HT1A GPCR. Herein, we report the synthesis of novel 5-SAT analogs to develop a 3-dimensional quantitative structure—affinity relationship (3D-QSAR) at the human 5-HT7 receptor for comparison with similar studies at the highly homologous 5-HT1A receptor. We report 35 new 5-SAT ligands, some with very high affinity (Ki ≤ 1 nM) and stereoselectivity at 5-HT7 + or 5-HT1A receptors, several with modest selectivity (up to 12-fold) for binding at 5-HT7, and, several ligands with high selectivity (up to 40-fold) at the 5-HT1A receptor. 3D-QSAR results indicate that steric extensions at the C(5)-position improve selectivity for the 5-HT7 over 5-HT1A receptor, while steric and hydrophobic extensions at the chiral C(2)-amino position impart 5-HT1A selectivity. In silico receptor homology modeling studies, supplemented with molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations, were used to rationalize experimentally-determined receptor selectivity and stereoselective affinity results. The data from these studies indicate that the 5-SAT chemotype, previously shown to be safe and efficacious in rodent paradigms of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, is amenable to structural modification to optimize affinity at serotonin 5-HT7 vs. 5-HT1A GPCRs, as may be required for successful clinical translation.
Behavioral pharmacology of the mixed-action delta-selective opioid receptor agonist BBI-11008: studies on acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, respiration, and drug self-administration

The present study characterized the behavioral pharmacology of a novel, mixed-action delta-selective (78:1) opioid receptor agonist, BBI-11008. This glycopeptide drug candidate was tested in assays assessing antinociception (acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain-like conditions) and side-effect endpoints (respiratory depression and drug self-administration). BBI-11008 had a 78-fold greater affinity for the delta opioid receptor than the mu receptor, and there was no binding to the kappa opioid receptor. BBI-11008 (3.2–100; 10–32 mg kg−1, i.v.) and morphine (1–10; 1–3.2 mg kg−1, i.v.) produced antinociceptive and anti-allodynic effects in assays of acute thermal nociception and complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain, with BBI-11008 being less potent than morphine in both assays. BBI-11008 (1–18 mg kg−1, i.v.) had similar efficacy to gabapentin (10–56 mg kg−1, i.v.) in a spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of neuropathic pain. In the respiration assay, with increasing %CO2 exposure, BBI-11008 produced an initial increase (32 mg kg−1, s.c.) and then decrease (56 mg kg−1, s.c.) in minute volume (MV) whereas morphine (3.2–32 mg kg−1, s.c.) produced dose-dependent decreases in MV. In the drug self-administration procedure, BBI-11008 did not maintain self-administration at any dose tested. These results suggest that the glycopeptide drug candidate possesses broad-spectrum antinociceptive and anti-allodynic activity across a range of pain-like conditions. Relative to morphine or fentanyl, the profile for BBI-11008 in the respiration and drug self-administration assays suggests that BBI-11008 may have less pronounced deleterious side effects. Continued assessment of this compound is warranted.
Structural Health Monitoring of a Bridge Model Using ARX Models

In this paper, studies for structural condition assessment of the movable bridge using the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) data collected from a laboratory based 4-span bridge-type steel structure will be presented. For this purpose, the authors expand on a time series analysis method using ARX (Auto-Regressive with eXogeneous input) models for damage detection with free response vibration data. A series of ARX models were developed for reference locations using adjacent location acceleration values as inputs. After creating the baseline ARX models from the undamaged structure, they were used with the data from one of the simulated damage scenarios. The error term of these damaged models, expressed as a proportion of the fit ratios was used as the damage sensitivity feature. Use of a normalized distance factor for the damage features was also shown to be highly effective at visually presenting the results. This ARX based time series analysis method was shown to be effective for damage detection, locating, and assessment of the relative damage severity for this relatively complex laboratory structure.
Integration of life cycle cost analysis and energy simulation for building energy-efficient strategies assessment

Abstract The residential building sector is very energy-intensive. With population growth and a rise in the number of homeowners, the effect is bound to worsen. A wave of green and sustainable strategies is on the rise, hoping to moderate some of the adverse effects on the environment. The construction industry is continually evolving into becoming more energy conscious. However, one of the biggest obstacles is a lack of awareness and a fear of initial costs among contractors, homeowners, and clients alike. The purpose of this research is to explore the potential of current Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) procedures as an evaluation tool for green building strategies by conducting energy simulations for different energy conservation measures (ECMs). This paper aims to establish the tradeoff between initial investment and long-term benefits for different energy conservation measures. Energy simulation models and life cycle cost models were developed. The developed models have been applied to a case of an apartment in a multi-family building. This research shows that a combination of passive and active energy conservation measures results in the lowest lifecycle cost. The results show a 13.5 % saving of the building cost employing a combination of passive design and active strategies.
Framing Health Care Instruction: An Information Literacy Handbook for the Health Sciences

This book contains everything explanations of the ACRL Framework, how it fits into health care and health sciences education, and lots of examples that are ready to be used or modified.
Histone H2A-Reactive B Cells Are Functionally Anergic in Healthy Mice With Potential to Provide Humoral Protection Against HIV-1

Peripheral tolerance is essential for silencing weakly autoreactive B cells that have escaped central tolerance, but it is unclear why these potentially pathogenic B cells are retained rather than being eliminated entirely. Release from peripheral tolerance restraint can occur under certain circumstances (i.e., strong TLR stimulus), that are present during infection. In this regard, we hypothesized that autoreactive B cells could function as a reserve population that can be activated to contribute to the humoral immune response, particularly with pathogens, such as HIV-1, that exploit immune tolerance to avoid host defense. In this study, we identify a population of autoreactive B cells with the potential to neutralize HIV-1 and experimentally release them from the functional restrictions of peripheral tolerance. We have previously identified murine monoclonal antibodies that displayed autoreactivity against histone H2A and neutralized HIV-1 in vitro. Here, we identify additional H2A-reactive IgM monoclonal antibodies and demonstrate that they are both autoreactive and polyreactive with self and foreign antigens and are able to neutralize multiple clades of tier 2 HIV-1. Flow cytometric analysis of H2A-reactive B cells in naive wildtype mice revealed that these B cells are present in peripheral B cell populations and we further document that murine H2A-reactive B cells are restrained by peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Specifically, we show endogenous H2A-reactive B cells display increased expression of the inhibitory mediators CD5 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) phosphatase and fail to mobilize calcium upon immunoreceptor stimulation; all characterized markers of anergy. Moreover, we show that toll-like receptor stimulation or provision of CD4 T cell help induces the in vitro production of H2A-reactive antibodies, breaking tolerance. Thus, we have identified a novel poly/autoreactive B cell population that has the potential to neutralize HIV-1 but is silenced by immune tolerance.
Motivation and Engagement during Visually Guided Behavior

Animal behavior is motivated by internal drives, such as thirst and hunger, generated in hypothalamic neurons that project widely to many brain areas. We find that water-restricted mice maintain stable, high-level contrast sensitivity and brief reaction time while performing a visual task, but then abruptly stop and become disengaged. Mice consume a significant amount of water when freely provided in their home cage immediately after the task, indicating that disengagement does not reflect cessation of thirst. Neuronal responses of V1 neurons are reduced in the disengaged state, but pupil diameter does not decrease, suggesting that animals' reduced level of arousal does not drive the transition to disengagement. Our findings indicate that satiation level alone does not have an instructive role in visually guided behavior and suggest that animals' behavior is governed by cost-benefit analysis that can override thirst signals.
Impact of Huanglongbing (HLB) on grapefruit pectin yield and quality during grapefruit maturation

Abstract Huanglongbing (HLB) is a plant disease responsible for citrus tree decline, increased fruit drop, and deteriorated fruit quality. Citrus pectin is a billion-dollar industry which may be impacted by the HLB epidemic. We compared the physio-chemical properties of pectin in peel from HLB affected grapefruit collected from open-air trees against healthy grapefruit grown under protective screens (CUPS) at two developmental stages to ascertain HLB impacts on pectin. qPCR detected the causal agent of HLB, which determined if the tested fruit was healthy or non-healthy, and peel color and °Brix defined the fruit's maturity. Depending on the maturity of the HLB affected grapefruit there was between a 16%–25% decrease in pectin yield. HLB affected pectin showed significantly (p
Radioactivity in Wool

KULWICH et al. recently reported1 the presence of unidentified γ-ray activity in several samples of wool. The bulk of the observed activity in the wool was shown to be most probably associated with its impurities and hence due to natural and fall-out contamination.
Compact fluorescent lamps

Although it had been discussed in principle over a long period, it was only after rare earth phosphors had been developed that small fluorescent lamps with high power loading and high brightness became available. In the early 1980s, a concept for reducing mercury pressure by a lamp design with a geometric ‘cold spot’ was introduced, thus allowing the lamp to work at its optimum efficacy. With geometries similar to the incandescent bulb, and being produced when there was a high demand for energy conservation, these lamps boomed especially in connection with, mostly electronic, integral ballasts, thus being applicable in almost any incandescent fixture. Giving new impetus to luminaire design, today this new lamp family also covers lighting applications which, for a long time, were restricted to ‘normal’, double-capped fluorescent lamps.
Solute Carrier (SLC)37A2 Negatively Regulates Macrophage Inflammation by Controlling Glycolysis

Increased flux of glucose through glycolysis is a hallmark of inflammatory macrophages and is essential for optimal effector functions. Solute carrier (SLC) 37A2 is an endoplasmic reticulum-anchored phosphate-linked glucose-6-phosphate transporter that is highly expressed in macrophages and neutrophils. We demonstrate that SLC37A2 plays a pivotal role in macrophage inflammatory activation and cellular metabolic rewiring. Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rapidly increases macrophage SLC37A2 protein expression. SLC37A2 deletion reprograms macrophages to a hyper-glycolytic process and accelerates LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production, which is partially dependent on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis. Blockade of glycolysis normalizes the differential expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines between control and SLC37A2 deficient macrophages. Conversely, overexpression of SLC37A2 lowers macrophage glycolysis and significantly reduces LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. In conclusion, our study suggests that SLC37A2 dampens macrophage inflammation by down-regulating glycolytic reprogramming as a part of macrophage negative feedback system to curtail acute innate activation.
Finite element modeling to characterize the stress evolution in asteroid (99942) Apophis during the 2029 Earth encounter

Abstract The present study develops an approach combining a dynamics model and a finite element model (FEM) to characterize stress variations in Asteroid (99942) Apophis, a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) that approaches ∼ 6 Earth radii from the geocenter in 2029. Assuming that shape deformation is small, this approach simultaneously simulates the dynamic (rotation and translation) and structural (stress) evolution of an irregularly shaped body with time. We incorporate Apophis’ radar-driven shape model and trajectory to the FEM approach and analyze the stress evolution in this asteroid during the 2029 closest encounter. Considering the rotational uncertainties driven by optical and radar observations in 2012–2013, we investigate how the rotational condition affects the stress variations. The results from 216 rotational cases show that rotation contributes to changing stress variations; however, the predicted stress variations are up to 0.5 Pa, implying that the tidal effect on the structure is minimal. Statistically, the neck regions are more sensitive to stress variations than other areas. Our study suggests that the rotational and shape conditions are key to better constraining Apophis’ geophysical behavior during its 2029 closest encounter.
Development of a Phantom Limb Pain Model in Rats: Behavioral and Histochemical Evaluation

Therapeutic strategies targeting phantom limb pain (PLP) provide inadequate pain relief, therefore a robust and clinically relevant animal model is necessary. Animal models of PLP are based on a deafferentation injury followed by autotomy behavior. Clinical studies have shown that the presence of pre-amputation pain increases the risk of developing PLP. In the current study we used Sprague Dawley male rats with formalin injections or constriction nerve injury at different sites or time points prior to axotomy to mimic clinical scenarios of pre-amputation inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Animals were scored daily for PLP autotomy behaviors and several pain-related biomarkers were evaluated to discover possible underlying pathological changes. Majority displayed some degree of autotomy behavior following axotomy. Injury prior to axotomy led to more severe PLP behavior compared to animals without preceding injury. Autotomy behaviors were more directed towards the pre-treatment insult origin, suggestive of a pain memory. Increased levels of IL1β in cerebrospinal fluid and enhanced microglial responses and the expression of NaV1.7 were observed in animals displaying more severe PLP outcomes. Decreased expression of GAD65/67 were consistent with greater PLP behavior. This study provides a preclinical basis for future understanding and treatment development in the management of PLP.
Redress and Reparations for Injurious Wrongs

In Recognizing Wrongs (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2020), John C. P. Goldberg and Benjamin C. Zipursky develop and defend “civil recourse theory,” according to which torts are injurious wrongs that give rise to a claim of redress. My discussion extends beyond tort law to explore the ethics of reparations for historical injustice, in particular, regarding the case of Black Americans. I begin by relating the notion of wrongdoing that figures prominently in civil recourse theory to morality. Then I explore the idea that the relevant sort of wrongdoing is relational and injurious, and how this claim applies to historical injustice. Finally, I take up the idea that a redress claim is one a victim is entitled but not obligated to make in order to think about whether the discretionary nature of tort action is empowering to persons who have been wrongfully injured.
Pre-treatment hippocampal functioning impacts context renewal for cholinergic modulated exposure therapy.

Abstract Our recent trial demonstrated individuals suffering from social anxiety with performance-related concerns who received virtual reality exposure augmented with scopolamine, a cholinergic antagonist, experienced significantly less post-treatment context renewal (CX) than placebo (Craske et al., 2019). The purpose of the present investigation was to determine who specifically benefits from scopolamine by examining hippocampal (HPC) functioning as a moderator of treatment response (Placebo n = 15, SCOP 0.5 mg n = 15, SCOP 0.6 mg n = 15). Skin conductance response to conditional stimulus (SCR-to-CS) termination suggested a dose-response relationship for enhanced HPC functioning individuals, wherein individuals receiving scopolamine demonstrated less fear at CX. In addition, SCR-to-CS onset indicated reduced fear at CX for impaired HPC individuals receiving SCOP 0.5 mg and SCOP 0.6 mg relative to Placebo. Our findings, however, lacked consistency across measures. Scopolamine remains a promising agent and additional research required to further understand its effects.
A high-level controller for robot-assisted rehabilitation.

The goal of our research is to develop a high- level controller to provide reference trajectories automatically to the low-level controller of a rehabilitation robotic device. The high-level controller, which is the supervisory controller, is an event driven, asynchronous discrete event system (DES), described by a finite state automaton. Extensive simulations are performed using the supervisory controller for a rehabilitation task. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed supervisory controller.
Immunogenetic analysis of proteins of paramecium: IV. Evidence for the presence of hybrid antigens in heterozygotes

Paramecia bearing related antigens on their cilia, when crossed, yield heterozygotes which, although identical genetically, differ widely in the specificity of these immobilization antigens. The variability in these proteins has been shown by gel diffusion analyses not to be a result of fluctuations in the quantities of parental type antigens, but rather a consequence of qualitative differences in the antigens possessed by individual heterozygous clones. Thus, the proteins synthesized by a genetic hybrid are also phenotypically hybrid in that a single molecule possesses antigenic sites which previously had existed apart on discrete molecules. This reassortment of subunits does not yield an infinite array of hybrid molecules, but a restricted spectrum. From the number of kinds of hybrid antigens observed it was estimated that the minimum number of dissimilar subunits in the immobilization antigens may be three.
Rat Skeletal Muscle Hexokinase: II. KINETIC EVIDENCE FOR A SECOND HEXOKINASE IN MUSCLE TISSUE

The kinetics and mechanism of action of a partially purified hexokinase from rat skeletal muscle tissue were investigated. The enzyme was isolated after a series of ammonium sulfate fractionations and chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. Initial rate experiments revealed a fundamental difference between this enzyme, which is referred to as muscle hexokinase II, and another hexokinase present in muscle tissue. These observations are consistent with the demonstration by Katzen and Schimke of the existence of two hexokinase isozymes in rat skeletal muscle tissue (3). The mechanism of action of muscle hexokinase II appears to be of the rapid equilibrium random type, i.e. random addition of substrates to the enzyme, where all enzyme and substrate interactions equilibrate rapidly relative to interconversion of the central ternary complexes, enzyme-adenosine triphosphate-glucose and enzyme-adenosine diphosphateglucose 6-phosphate. The other hexokinase present in muscle tissue exhibits a reaction mechanism in which a substrate reacts with the enzyme to produce a product prior to the addition of the second substrate. Kinetic experiments with AMP, ADP, mannose, and mannose-6-P suggest that muscle hexokinase II is similar, but not identical, in its mechanism of action to yeast hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and creatine kinase.
Astrometry of Star Clusters - Problems Techniques and Opportunities

The astrophysical problems that can be attacked via proper motions in star clusters are set forth and current techniques and opportunities are described. Cluster membership work continues to progress with recent work mixing plates from various telescopes, including large reflectors. More and better internal motion studies are needed to have a significant impact on the dynamical models. Absolute proper motions of clusters present a very difficult problem, but for globulars, at least, the data are desperately needed.
A Role Theory Perspective on Patterns of Separated and Divorced African-American Nonresidential Father Involvement with Children

Involvement of African-American fathers with their children after separation and divorce has been minimally addressed in the literature. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households, this study explores the relationship between nonresidential father involvement and various aspects of father role enactment among separated and divorced African-American fathers. Levels of participation in face-to-face visits, telephone/letter contact, and global decision-making concerning children were analyzed. Support is offered for the relationship between father involvement with children and various factors associated with social role enactment among nonresidential fathers.
The Impact of Age and Health on Vehicle Choices among Elders

We examine older Americans’ choice of vehicle types and the impact of age and health status on this choice. Using the 1998 and 2000 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the 2001 HRS Consumption and Activities Mail Survey (CAMS), we estimate a multinomial logit model of older Americans’ choice of vehicle types. We find that both age and health status influence the type of vehicle purchased or leased. Compared to Americans aged 50–59, those aged 70 or older prefer passenger cars to trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs). We also find that elders with health problems are more likely to prefer SUVs to passenger cars than those without health problems.
When More Is Not Better: The Role of Cumulative Risk in Child Behavior Outcomes.

Background: Cumulative risk research has established the deleterious effects of co-occurring risk factors on child behavior outcomes. However, extant literature has not addressed potential differential effects of cumulative risk at different points in development and has left open questions about whether a threshold model or a linear risk model better describes the impact of cumulative risk on behavior outcomes. The current study examined the impact of cumulative risk factors (i.e., child maltreatment, inter-parental violence, family disruption, low socioeconomic status, and high parental stress) in early and middle childhood on child behavior outcomes in adolescence. Methods: Using data from an ongoing longitudinal study of at-risk urban children (N = 171), the cumulative effects of these five risk factors across early and middle childhood were investigated. Results: The findings support the cumulative risk hypothesis that the number of risks in early childhood predicts behavior problems in adolescence. Evidence for a linear but not a threshold model of cumulative risk was found; the more risks present, the worse the child outcome. Moreover, the presence of multiple risks in early childhood continues to explain variations in predicting adolescent behavior outcomes even after including the effects of risk in middle childhood. Conclusions: The results support the need for comprehensive prevention and early intervention efforts with high-risk children, such that there does not appear to be a point beyond which services for children are hopeless, and that every risk factor we can reduce matters.
Figure–ground discrimination in the avian brain: The nucleus rotundus and its inhibitory complex

In primates, neurons sensitive to figure-ground status are located in striate cortex (area V1) and extrastriate cortex (area V2). Although much is known about the anatomical structure and connectivity of the avian visual pathway, the functional organization of the avian brain remains largely unexplored. To pinpoint the areas associated with figure-ground segregation in the avian brain, we used a radioactively labeled glucose analog to compare differences in glucose uptake after figure-ground, color, and shape discriminations. We also included a control group that received food on a variable-interval schedule, but was not required to learn a visual discrimination. Although the discrimination task depended on group assignment, the stimulus displays were identical for all three experimental groups, ensuring that all animals were exposed to the same visual input. Our analysis concentrated on the primary thalamic nucleus associated with visual processing, the nucleus rotundus (Rt), and two nuclei providing regulatory feedback, the pretectum (PT) and the nucleus subpretectalis/interstitio-pretecto-subpretectalis complex (SP/IPS). We found that figure-ground discrimination was associated with strong and nonlateralized activity of Rt and SP/IPS, whereas color discrimination produced strong and lateralized activation in Rt alone. Shape discrimination was associated with lower activity of Rt than in the control group. Taken together, our results suggest that figure-ground discrimination is associated with Rt and that SP/IPS may be a main source of inhibitory control. Thus, figure-ground segregation in the avian brain may occur earlier than in the primate brain.