cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applying Visual Metaphors to Career Transitions

This article makes use of a case study involving two career professionals to show how visual metaphors can be used as an important part of a constructivist approach to career counseling. It discusses how visual metaphors can serve as an effective methodology for encouraging adults to engage in the self-review of career transitions, discusses comparative approaches to the use of visual metaphors, and explores potential applications of this methodology to career counseling.
Triad of columnar cell alteration, lobular carcinoma in situ, and tubular carcinoma of the breast.

Abstract: Columnar cell alteration in the breast encompasses a spectrum of pathologic changes ranging from simple columnar cell change to more complex columnar cell hyperplasia with and without atypia to in situ carcinoma, often with a micropapillary architecture. For reasons that remain unclear, the columnar cell lesions are associated with tubular carcinomas and lobular carcinoma in situ. Therefore it is important to be familiar with the spectrum of changes and the associated lesions, especially in breast core biopsies for further management.
Levels of System of Care Implementation: A National Benchmark Study

The results of a survey to measure the implementation of the systems of care (SOC) approach in a nationally representative sample of counties are presented. The results from 910 informants within 225 counties reveal a moderate level of implementation of SOC factors, with the level of poverty and population size influencing implementation. Furthermore, mental health informants generally tended to rate the implementation of systems of care greater than administrators associated with the school system, other family serving agency personnel or family members. Family members and school personnel tended to rate the implementation lowest, while staff from the other child serving agencies tended to rate the implementation closer to mental health administrators. A quarter of the counties (26%) surveyed rated themselves as having adequate levels of implementation on 11 or more of the 14 factors, while 75% rated themselves as having adequate levels of implementation on six or more of the 14 factors measured. Implications for federal policies regarding systems of care implementation are discussed.
Postscript on program rankings

In an earlier article (Cronin & Overfelt, 1994) the validity of perception-based rankings of library and information science (LIS) programs, notably those produced by White (1981, 1987, 1994), at 6-year intervals and published. Others have expressed doubts about White's methods and conclusions. This study try to determine the degree of consistency between quality rankings based on subjective measures and those based on objective data (e.g publication) and /or citation counts)
The Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Project – Phase II (HARP-II): Rationale, methods, and features of the sample at intake

We describe the rationale, method, and intake demographic and clinical findings of the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Project-Phase II (HARP-II). HARP-II is the first prospective, observational, longitudinal study to describe the characteristics and course of anxiety in African American, Latino, and Non-Latino White individuals. Participants met criteria for at least one of the following disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Social Phobia, Panic Disorder with or without Agoraphobia, Agoraphobia without history of Panic Disorder, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Initial intake data, collected between 2004 and 2011, are presented for 165 African American, 150 Latino, and 172 Non-Latino White participants. Participants evidenced substantial psychiatric comorbidity (mean number of Axis I disorders=3.4), and moderate to severe symptoms and functional impairment. HARP-II will examine clinical course, in the context of potential socio-cultural and individual moderators (e.g., discrimination, acculturation, negative affect). Results should lead to improved understanding, prognostics, and treatment of anxiety in diverse populations.
Improved detection of bacteria by flow cytometry using a combination of antibody and viability markers.

A proprietary fluorogenic marker for cell viability (Chemchrome) was investigated for the detection of bacteria using flow cytometry. This marker was used in combination with fluorescently labelled monoclonal antibodies (against Salmonella typhimurium). Offing to the former's broad band emission spectrum, it was necessary to use the novel dye RED613 for the antibodies. This combined protocol, being sensitive only to the live Salm. typhimurium cells, reduced errors due to intrinsic fluorescence and non-specific binding. Detection of the order of 100 cells ml -1 was achieved in 30 min. This level was achieved even in the presence of large numbers of non-target or dead organisms.
The politics of similarity within difference: A pedagogy for the other

The cultural political struggles of five female teachers in a heavily populated minority urban school in Southern California depicts bothsimilarity anddifference. Similarly, each teacher struggles to help overcome her own and students' oppression, subordination, and alienation. Through understandingsimilarity, different teacher and student “voices” make understanding the “other” easier. It is argued that understanding similarity within difference opens space for a democratic imaginary, that, while not clearly articulated at any one moment, acts to variously challenge the oppressive forces existing within and outside of schools.
Upstream CpG island methylation of the PAX3 gene in human rhabdomyosarcomas.

Background Adult tumors can be characterized by hypermethylation of CpG islands associated with 5′-upstream and coding regions of specific genes. This hypermethylation can also be part of the aging process. In contrast, much less is known about gene hypermethylation in childhood cancers, where methylation changes are not part of the aging process but likely represent developmental dysregulation. PAX3 is an important gene in muscle development and muscle-producing neoplasms such as rhabdomyosarcomas. Procedures We examined the methylation status of a PAX3 5′-CpG island in rhabdomyosarcoma subtypes and in normal fetal skeletal muscle. PAX3 methylation was analyzed in 15 embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, 12 alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, and in six normal skeletal muscle samples, using semi-quantitative PCR analysis of DNA digested with methyl-sensitive restriction enzymes. Results The CpG island in the upstream region of the human PAX3 gene was hypermethylated in the majority of ERMS examined (13 of 15 tumors, mean of 52% methylation), whereas most ARMS (9 of 12 tumors) and all normal muscle samples showed relative hypomethylation (both 18% mean methylation). Various CpG sites differ in contribution to overall PAX3 CpG island methylation, with methylation at a HaeII site being inversely correlated with PAX3 expression. Conclusions PAX3 CpG island methylation appears to distinguish embryonal subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma from alveolar, and methylation at certain sites within this CpG island is inversely correlated with PAX3 expression. In addition to exemplifying developmental dysregulation, methylation of PAX3 has potential in the development of an epigenetic profile for the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An epidemiologic investigation of marijuana- and cocaine-related palpitations.

Abstract Laboratory studies and anecdotal reports by users suggest that palpitations often follow the administration of marijuana or cocaine. Epidemiologic strategies are used to detect this association using interview data from 6702 household residents sampled and followed prospectively for a collaborative multi-site study of mental disorders in five U.S. communities. The lifetime data indicated that those who used marijuana and/or cocaine were much more likely to report an occurrence of palpitations than non-users. These relationships remained strong after statistical adjustment for cardiovascular disease risk factors such as gender, race and the use of sympathomimetic drugs other than cocaine. The greater risk was found among those who reported use of cocaine but not marijuana (estimated relative risk = 3.41,95% confidence interval = 1.60 − 7.29, P
Multi-tenant solution for IT service management: A quantitative study of benefits

The very competitive business climate dictates efficient and cost effective delivery and support of IT services. Compounded by complexity of IT environments and criticality of IT to business success, IT service providers seek multi-tenant solutions to reduce operational cost and improve service quality. In this paper we consider a multi-tenant solution for IT service management and examine its critical aspects for realizing business benefits. We conduct a quantitative study of its benefits using a complexity based value assessment methodology. By regarding complexity as a substitute for potential labor cost, we estimate the business value of the multi-tenant solution before its actual deployment.
The emerging molecular machinery and therapeutic targets of metastasis

Metastasis is a 100-year-old research topic. Technological advances during the past few decades have led to significant progress in our understanding of metastatic disease. However, metastasis remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortalities. The lack of appropriate clinical trials for metastasis preventive drugs and incomplete understanding of the molecular machinery are major obstacles in metastasis prevention and treatment. Numerous processes, factors, and signaling pathways are involved in regulating metastasis. Here we discuss recent progress in metastasis research, including epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity, cancer stem cells, emerging molecular determinants and therapeutic targets, and the link between metastasis and therapy resistance.
Redirecting sexual orientation: Techniques and justifications.

This essay reviews efforts to alter sexual orientation using behavioral, psychodynamic, hormonal, pharmaceutical and surgical methods. The essay also examines various justifications offered for such therapy and shows how these have changed as a pathological interpretation of homoeroticism has been abandoned. While such therapy was once justified in language of psychopathology, some current justifications for conversion therapy now treat the matter of therapy as a matter of personal choice and do not invoke the language of pathology at all. That a formal medical rejection of a psychopathological categorization of homoeroticism has not altogether eliminated efforts to redirect sexual orientation suggests that it is ultimately a moral and not medical devaluation of homoeroticism that at bottom drives continuing efforts to control and redirect sexual orientation.
Congenital and Childhood myeloproliferative disorders with eosinophilia responsive to imatinib

Eosinophilia is seen in several myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). A subset of MPD involves the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB) gene. Imatinib mesylate has been efficacious in treating some of these MPDs. Here we describe two patients with MPD with eosinophilia and PDGFRB rearrangements, one of which was congenital. Both patients were treated with single agent imatinib and continue to be in clinical, hematologic, and cytogenetic remission despite weaning doses. No definite guidelines currently exist regarding the exact dosing and duration of imatinib therapy for these patients.
A Strategy for Opening a New Market and Encroaching on the Lower End of the Existing Market

We identify and analyze a scenario where a firm first opens up what we call a “detached” market, by offering a new product that meets a customer need that is very different from (i.e., detached from) the need met by the old established product. Our analysis builds on the previous studies that describe alternate ways in which a new product might open a new market and ultimately encroach on an existing market. Consider the example of cell phones: They opened up a new detached market by meeting the customer need for mobility, a need very different from the traditional attribute of reception quality. By meeting an important detached need, a new product can sell at a high price, even though it might be woefully deficient with regard to the traditional performance dimension (the reception/coverage of early cell phones was sorely lacking). A person who is a high-end customer for the old product initially despises the new product as a replacement for the old one but might simultaneously be one of the first customers for the new product because it fills the detached-market need. Over time, the new product improves along the traditional dimension (e.g., cell phone reception/coverage has dramatically improved), and eventually it becomes a replacement for the old product, encroaching from the lower end upward (the first customers to drop their landlines have been lower-end customers such as students and apartment dwellers, whereas higher-end business customers still have landlines in their offices). We call this the detached-market form of low-end encroachment and show how it helps explain the conundrum of an expensive “disruptive” innovation. We go on to relate our results to the finding that “willingness to cannibalize” is a key factor in an incumbent firm's growth and survival, and to the “blue ocean strategy.”
Management and Rehabilitation of Ligamentous Injuries to the Ankle

The management of ligamentous injuries to the ankle is controversial. Neither the methods for classification and diagnosis, or the procedures for treatment are clear cut. Ankle sprains are a common occurrence, with the majority involving the lateral ligament complex. Within this complex, the anterior talofibular ligament is injured most frequently, usually while the foot is in the plantar flexed position. Ankle injuries can be diagnosed through physical exam, including the anterior drawer test and/or a stress exam, or through roentgenographic evaluation. The purpose of the stress roentgenogram is to measure the degree of talar tilt. However, it does not always yield consistent, reliable results. This inconsistency has led to the use of arthrography. There is debate over its use as well, however Ankle sprains can be classified into three groups, according to functional loss. Treatment for first and second degree sprains is usually non-operative. The best approach to Grade III sprains is debatable. The issues in the treatment of Grade III sprains are first, whether treatment should be operative or non-operative, and second, whether non-operative treatment should emphasise immobilisation or mobilisation. Brostrom’s work is cited as noteworthy. He recommended adhesive strapping followed by mobilisation as the treatment of choice, and reserves surgery for cases of chronic instability. Results demonstrated that strapping yielded shorter disability periods, while surgery produced less instability. The prevention of functional instability is a major concern in the treatment of ankle injuries. There is no consensus for treating a lateral ligament rupture. The authors suggest immobilisation followed by a rehabilitative programme. Three methods of immobilisation are plaster casting, adhesive strapping, and the air-stirrup. The physiological mechanism of cryotherapy and thermotherapy are discussed briefly and recommendations for their use are provided. Aspiration is also discussed. Loss of motion is designated as a primary cause of chronic pain and reinjury, and exercises intended to restore range of motion are provided. Exercises aimed at restoring strength and proprioception are also presented. This allows for return to activity and serves to prevent reinjury.
Phase field modeling of domain structures in ferroelectric materials

A phase field model based on the work of Hu and Chen has been computationally implemented. The approach uses a minimization of global free energy to simulate the evolution of domain structures through the time dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation. The work focuses on the assumptions made when setting up the free energy function and the effect of these assumptions on the behavior of the model. Polarization is used as the independent variable. A fourth order polynomial is used to create four energy minima that represent the tetragonal phase in the two-dimension simulations. Linear superposition is used to modify the energy to account for the effects of sterss, electric field, and polarization gradients. This approach neglects field concentrations associated with material anisotropy and local geometric features. Considerable work will be required to incorporate these effects.
Magnetized dusty plasmas: the next frontier for complex plasma research

This paper discusses the role of magnetic fields in dusty (complex) plasma experiments. It first provides a description of the conditions necessary for a dusty plasma to become fully magnetized. The paper then briefly reviews a series of experimental studies that illustrate how magnetic fields are applied to dusty plasmas—from experiments that use magnetic fields to control the background plasma to those that have strong enough magnetic fields to directly modify the confinement and dynamics of the charged microparticles. The paper will then discuss the newest experiment that is currently under development at Auburn University, the magnetized dusty plasma experiment device. The paper concludes with a discussion of important outstanding physics and technical issues that will define the next generation of experiments.
Damage and fracture in large aperture, fused silica, vacuum spatial filter lenses

Optical damage that results in large scale fracture has been observed in the large, high-fluence, fused-silica, spatial filter lenses on the Nova and Beamlet lasers. In nearly all cases damage occurs on the vacuum side of the lenses and because the vacuum side of the lens is under tensile stress this damage can lead to catastrophic crack growth if the flaw (damage) size exceeds the critical flaw size for SiO{sub 2}. The damaged 52 cm Nova lenses fracture into two and sometimes three large pieces. Although under full vacuum load at the time they fracture, the Nova lenses do not implode. Rather the authors have observed that the pieces lock together and air slowly leaks into the vacuum spatial filter housing through the lens cracks. The Beamlet lenses have a larger aspect ratio and peak tensile stress than Nova. The peak tensile stress at the center of the output surface of the Beamlet lens is 1,490 psi versus 810 psi for Nova. During a recent Beamlet high energy shot, a damage spot on the lens grew to the critical flaw size and the lens imploded. Post shot data indicate the lens probably fractured into 5 to 7 pieces, however, unlike Nova, these pieces did not lock together. Analysis shows that the likely source of damage is contamination from pinhole blow-off or out-gassing of volatile materials within the spatial filter. Contamination degrades the antireflection properties of the sol-gel coating and reduces its damage threshold. By changing the design of the Beamlet lens it may be possible to insure that it fails safe by locking up in much that same manner as the Nova lens.
CELL POPULATION CHANGES IN THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA OF PROTEIN-DEPLETED OR STARVED RATS II. Changes in Cellular Migration Rates

The effect of protein-free and starvation diets on the migration of cells from the crypts onto and up the villi of the rat ileum was studied. Rats starved for 3, 7, or 10 days or fed a protein-free diet (PFD) for 3, 7, or 11 wk were injected with thymidine-3H and sacrificed at timed intervals. The time required for the labeled cells to first appear on the villi of experimental animals was longer than in the controls. This was the result of an elongated cycle in the protein-depleted animals and a lengthening of the maturation period in both the starved and protein-depleted animals. Determination of the distance which labeled cells had migrated up the villi in control and experimental animals, after thymidine-3H injection, indicated that cells in animals starved for 7 days migrated more rapidly than those in the fed controls, while those of 10-day starved animals moved more slowly. The cells of animals fed PFD for 3 wk migrated up the villi more rapidly, those of animals depleted for 7 wk migrated at the same time rate, and those of 11-wk PFD animals migrated more slowly than the fed controls. There is apparently no correlation between the cell cycle time in the crypt cells and the rate of migration of cells up the villus.
Complications of Hepatic Chemoembolization

Transarterial hepatic chemoembolization continues to evolve as an integral therapy for unresectable primary and secondary liver tumors. Despite relatively low morbidity, major complications may be seen. This article provides an overview of the spectrum of vascular and nonvascular complications related to this therapy.
Heisenberg-limited spectroscopy with degenerate Bose-Einstein gases

We propose an experiment that exploits the quantum interference between two noninteracting ensembles of spatially degenerate Bose-Einstein atoms to measure phase shifts of atomic coherences at the Heisenberg limit.
Nitrogen mineralization from field-applied beef cattle feedlot manure or compost.

To apply manure or compost to fulfill N requirements of a crop, the amount of N mineralized in actual field conditions needs to be determined. Nitrogen mineralization from composted and noncomposted beef cattle feedlot manure applied to no-till and conventional tillage systems was determined under field conditions for 3 yr. Manure, composted manure, and inorganic fertilizer were applied to provide for N needs of corn. A no-treatment check was also included. An in situ resin method was used to determine N mineralization from a soil receiving manure, compost, and no treatment during the growing season (June-October). Of the organic N applied the previous autumn, =11% was mineralized from composted manure and 21% from noncomposted manure during the succeeding growing season. Lower N availability from compost reflects the loss of easily convertible N compounds during composting and the presence of stable N compounds. Nitrogen mineralization was similar in the no-till and conventional tillage systems even though manure and compost were surface-applied in the no-till. Nitrogen mineralization was significantly, but not closely (R 2 = 0.21), related to thermal unit (cumulative mean daily temperature >0°C). Mineralization rate constants indicated that availability of residual manure and compost N was less than expected. The in situ mineralization approach seems to be a good method of measuring N mineralization during the growing season or during periods when the soil is not frozen or excessively dry. Nitrogen mineralization needs to be considered when manure and compost are used for an environmentally acceptable crop production system.
On the atomic weight of potassium

A brief survey of data is made, which indicates the possibility that the present internationally accepted value for the atomic weight of potassium (39.102) is too high. Additional experimental evidence is brought to light, which also supports this conclusion.
Experiments on an elliptic circulation control aerofoil

Experiments are performed on an elliptic circulation control aerofoil in an open-jet wind tunnel facility. The influence of blowing from a single trailing-edge slot on the external flow is assessed using two-component particle image velocimetry (PIV) and steady surface pressure measurements. The test section configuration (open jet or closed wall) significantly affects the leading-edge region of the flow field. PIV is also used to measure the curved wall jet and its interaction with the external flow near the trailing edge. PIV measurements of the curved wall jet reveal mean tangential velocity similarity in the outer region of the flow above the location where the tangential velocity reaches a local maximum. The length and velocity parameters required for similarity scale with the product of the chord Reynolds number and the momentum coefficient in accordance with the recent publication by Stalnov, Kribus & Seifert (J. Renew. Sustain. Energy, vol. 2, 2010, p. 063101). The separation location is also a function of the product of these parameters. The dataset is used to assemble equations to predict the similarity length scales, velocity scales and separation location. These equations compare well with the present measurements. , 0.0027; , 0.0057;4, 0.0087;◊, 0.012; , 0.015;B, 0.018; , 0.021;C, 0.024;+, 0.027;O, 0.030.
A New Method for Solving Mixed Sets of Equality and Inequality Constraints

Presented is a general method for solving sets of nonlinear constraints that include inequalities. Inequality constraints are common in engineering design problems, such as kinematic synthesis. The proposed method uses a modified Newton’s method and introduces a slack variable and a slack constraint to convert each inequality into an equality constraint. Singular value decomposition is used to find the pseudo-inverse of the Jacobian at each iteration. Benefits of this method are that constraint scaling is not an issue and that the method often fails gracefully for inconsistent constraint sets by providing direction for modification of the constraints so that an answer can be found. The method is also competitive with others in terms of the number of function evaluations needed to solve a set of problems taken from the literature.
States' Diversity Requirements for Teachers

All states and the District of Columbia were requested to send documents describing requirements for teachers in preparation for diversity. Documents were then analyzed to determine the definition ...
Interacting with the FIELD Environment

This paper describes the ideas behind and the use of the FIELD programming environment. FIELD is an integrated environment that is based on UNIX programming tools and that runs on top of the X11 windowing system. It provides a consistent and complete interface to its tools. In addition, FIELD provides a variety of tools for program and data visualization. The key concepts behind FIELD are an integration mechanism based on a simple, central message server, an annotation editor for integrating access to the source file with the other tools, and the use of a high-level user interface toolset.
Collagens in an adult bovine medial collateral ligament: Immunofluorescence localization by confocal microscopy reveals that type XIV collagen predominates at the ligament-bone junction

To understand the structure and function of medial collateral ligament, collagens present in an adult bovine ligament were determined. The mid-section of the ligament was powdered and extracted with 4M guanidinium hydrochloride, and the residue was digested with pepsin to solubilize the collagens. Type I collagen was the major fibril collagen recovered in the pepsin solubilized fraction, with types III and V each representing about 5% and 2%, respectively. Type VI collagen was the major collagen present in the guanidinium hydrochloride extract, and it accounted for about 40% of the proteins in the extract or 4% of the tissue dry weight. Type XII and XIV collagens were also detected in the guanadinium hydrochloride extract as minor components. Immunofluorescence localization using confocal microscopy showed that type XII and XIV collagens are associated with the ligament fibrillar network and that type XIV collagen was prominent at the ligament-bone junction. These data reinforce the notion that these collagens are associated with the type I collagen fibrillar network in connective tissues. In view of high mechanical stresses that exist at the ligament-bone interface, presence of type XIV collagen in high concentration at this junction may contribute to the modulation of the biomechanical properties of this tissue.
Trace metal concentrations and partitioning in zooplankton, neuston, and benthos from the south Texas outer continental shelf.

A variety of marine biota, including zooplankton, sargassum, surface plankton, squid, shrimp, and fish collected along the south Texas Outer Continental Shelf, were analyzed for Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Fe, and Mn. Although there is a great deal of variation in the chemical content of the various samples, both within species and between species, the variations all fall within the range of values published for similar organisms collected elsewhere.
Sex in transition, 1900-1980.

Changes in the proportion of college-aged males and females participating in coital relationships are analyzed through a review of 35 studies conducted between 1903 and 1980. Two major trends are apparent: there has been a major increase in the proportion of young people reporting intercourse, and the proportion of females reporting coital involvement has increased more rapidly than the proportion of males, although the initial base for males is greater. Prior to 1970, about twice as many college men as women reported having had intercourse; since 1970, the proportions of men and women reporting coital involvement are nearly equal. These changes are seen as supportive of major shifts in the standards governing sexual behavior from the double standard to the single standard of permissiveness with affection [Reiss, I. F. (1967).The Social Context of Premarital Sexual Permissiveness, Rinehart and Winston, New York] to the current standard of intercourse being appropriate in love relationships (without the requirement of progression toward marriage) and permissible in causal relationships without exploitation.
The timing of TNF and IFN-γ signaling affects macrophage activation strategies during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

During most infections, the population of immune cells known as macrophages are key to taking up and killing bacteria as an integral part of the immune response. However, during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), host macrophages serve as the preferred environment for mycobacterial growth. Further, killing of Mtb by macrophages is impaired unless they become activated. Activation is induced by stimulation from bacterial antigens and inflammatory cytokines derived from helper T cells. The key macrophage-activating cytokines in Mtb infection are tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interferon (IFN)-gamma. Due to differences in cellular sources and secretion pathways for TNF and IFN-gamma, the possibility of heterogeneous cytokine distributions exists, suggesting that the timing of macrophage activation from these signals may affect activation kinetics and thus impact the outcome of Mtb infection. Here we use a mathematical model to show that negative feedback from production of nitric oxide (the key mediator of mycobacterial killing) that typically optimizes macrophage responses to activating stimuli may reduce effective killing of Mtb. Statistical sensitivity analysis predicts that if TNF and IFN-gamma signals precede infection, the level of negative feedback may have a strong effect on how effectively macrophages kill Mtb. However, this effect is relaxed when IFN-gamma or TNF+IFN-gamma signals are received coincident with infection. Under these conditions, the model suggests that negative feedback induces fast responses and an initial overshoot of nitric oxide production for given doses of TNF and IFN-gamma, favoring killing of Mtb. Together, our results suggest that direct entry of macrophages into a granuloma site (and not distal to it) from lung vascular sources represents a preferred host strategy for mycobacterial control. We examine implications of these results in establishment of latent Mtb infection.
The location and isospin-forbidden alpha decay of the lowest T = 2 state in 28Si

Abstract The excitation energy of the lowest 0+ T = 2 state in 28Si was measured to be 15.206 ± 0.025 MeV. The state decays predominantly by isospin-forbidden α-particle emission. Its analogue in 28Al was also observed at 5.983 ± 0.025 MeV.
Monolayer to bilayer transitional arrangements of hexadecyltrimethylammonium cations on Na-montmorillonite

A low-charge Na-montmorillonite (SWy-2) was exchanged with hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium (HDTMA) at levels equal to 20, 40, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150 and 200% of the cation exchange capacity (819 mmol(+)/kg) to determine the nature of adsorption and the ionic composition of the clay interlayers. In contrast with earlier work with smaller aliphatic cations, which suggested random interstratification of interlayers occupied by either organic or metallic cations, there was no evidence of cation segregation into homogeneous interlayers. Instead, X-ray analysis indicated that the organic cations assumed two dominant configurations which were roughly equivalent in prevalence at ∼70% coverage of the CEC. Below 70% exchange the organocations existed predominantly in heterogeneous monolayers with Na+, attaining basal spacings of between 1.41 and 1.44 nm which were sensitive to changes in relative humidity. Relative humidity effects indicated that Na+ and HDTMA occupied functionally discrete domains within the interlayer as shown by the free interaction of water and a neutral organic solute, naphthalene, with Na+ and HDTMA, respectively. At greater levels of HDTMA exchange (up to 100% of the CEC), the organocations assumed a predominantly bilayer configuration. Transition to a fully-developed bilayer indicated by a 1.77 nm d-spacing at 100% coverage was gradual, suggesting some interstratification of the monolayers and bilayer configurations between 70 and 100% exchange. Sorption of naphthalene to the organoclays within this range of coverage was well correlated with clay organic carbon content, consistent with relatively unimpeded interlayer access of neutral organic molecules.
Pearl-Like ZnS-Decorated InP Nanowire Heterostructures and Their Electric Behaviors

One-dimensional semiconductor heterostructures with modulated compositions and interfaces have become of particular interest with respect to potential applications in nanoscale building blocks of f...
Preliminary Consideration of the Modification of the SGEMP Response of a Triaxial Satellite Due to Electrn Clouds

In SGEMP experiments, extraneous electrons are emitted from the walls and damper of the vacuum tank. This paper examines the effect of these electron clouds on the electromagnetic modal response of satellites by considering a simple LC network model of a mode. The results suggest that substantial frequency and damping increases may occur in high-fluence experiments.
Thin film used to obtain a constant temperature lower than the ambient

Abstract Spectral selective radiating materials (SSRMs) are attractive because of their applicability to passive cooling with no external energy consumption. SSRMs can be cooled by IR emission in the spectral region at 8 and 13 μm of the atmospheric window. We have designed a new SSRM which consists of an SiO film as outer layer, V 1- x W x O 2 thermochromic (TC) film as intermediate layer and blackbody as the substrate respectively. In this study, the radiative cooling powers of the SSRM were simulated using the refractive indexes of SiO and V 1- x W x O 2 obtained separately by optical measurements. The results revealed that the newly designed SSRM can attain a stable surface temperature that can be controlled by varying the value of x in V 1- x W x O 2 . In this manner the transition temperature from metal to semiconductor states can be controlled by altering the value of x .
Characteristics of Two-Component Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer in a Flat Microchannel

Experiments are reported on heat transfer and flow characteristics of two-component, two-phase flow in a flat microchannel with cross-section 0.1 × 30 mm. The channel is heated at nearly constant wall temperature on one side for a length of 30 mm. Water and FC-72 ® are the working fluids, and local temperature data and high-speed video of the two-phase flows are reported. Total mass flux ranges from 40 and 467 kg/m2 s, with mass fraction of FC-72 between 0.04 and 0.69. All flows are sub-cooled up to 32 °C below the saturation temperature of FC-72 and wall heat flux is controlled so that boiling of the FC-72 component occurs. The rate of FC-72 flow through the channel is unsteady due to conditions upstream of the microchannel, which cause temperature fluctuations in the channel. The components remain distinct within the microchannel, as predicted by the low Weber numbers of the flows, and the fraction of the channel cross-section occupied by FC-72 varies inversely with water flow rate. At high water flow rates waviness develops in the interface between the FC-72 and water streams and some droplets of FC-72 leave the main body of the flow. Under some conditions pressure drop oscillation in the boiling FC-72 stream is observed. Estimates of the average heat transfer coefficient are obtained based on average wall temperatures. Large mass fractions of FC-72 reduce overall heat transfer coefficients, indicating that only small mass fractions of FC-72 are needed to produce heat transfer enhancement. Upstream mixing of the two components is seen as key step in fluid management to assure improved heat transfer.© 2008 ASME
9:30-9:45. First Pass FDG Measured Blood Flow in Tumors: A Comparison with O-15 Labeled Water Measured Blood Flow.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if the first-pass of FDG can be used to measure regional blood flow in tumors in the absence of perfusion imaging with a known blood flow tracer. PET scans were obtained in patients being evaluated for tumor perfusion and metabolism in a Phase I dose escalating protocol for Endostatin, a novel antiangiogenic agent. A two minutes perfusion scan was done with a bolus injection of 60 mCi of O-15 labeled water followed by a 10 mCi dose of FDG and four sequential scans consisting of a first pass two minutes scan and three 15 minutes scans. Regions of interest were drawn on two tumor sites for each scan. Blood flow was computed using a one-compartment model previously published by the authors. Linear regression analysis was carried out between the first pass FDG measured blood flow and O-15 measured blood flow (Figure 1) Download : Download high-res image (49KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1 . . Blood flow estimated from the first pass of FDG was linearly correlated with O-15 measured blood flow with an intercept of 0.01, slope of 0.86, and r squared regression coefficient of 0.74 (R = 0.86) for blood flow values of up to 0.6 ml/min/gm of tissue. These results suggests that in the absence of a perfusion tracer, the first pass of FDG provides an estimate of perfusion in a tumor within the limitations of incomplete extraction of FDG compared to O-15 water.
The newer anthropology

J. H. M. Beattie and R. G. Lienhardt, eds. Studies in Social Anthropology: Essays in Memory of E. E. Evans‐Pritchard by His Former Oxford Colleagues. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. x + 394 pp. Illustrations, maps, figures, references, bibliography, appendices, and index. $16.00.
Converging on a richer understanding of human behavior and experience through a blending of cognitive and clinical psychology.

McClelland, Kemps, and Tiggemann's (this issue) use of experimental methods typically used in cognitive psychology to reduce the intensity of food cravings formed the basis for maintaining that an understanding of human experiences and behaviors requires a blending of cognitive and clinical psychological approaches. Clinical psychology can adapt cognitive models of information processing to understand the mechanisms underlying clinical phenomena and to create and evaluate effective interventions. Cognitive psychology should broaden its scope to include information relevant to clinical phenomena, such as desire, attitudes, self-regulation, and temperament. Only through a blending of these two fields will we converge on a richer understanding of human behavior and experience. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 367–371, 2006.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress‐inducible protein GRP94 is associated with an Mg2+‐dependent serine kinase activity modulated by Ca2+ and GRP78/BiP

The 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP94) is a glycoprotein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It has been characterized as a Ca2+-binding protein and a molecular chaperone. In this report we show that highly purified GRP94 exhibits an active Mg2+-dependent serine kinase activity (termed 94-kinase). The 94-kinase can be recovered from ER membrane fractions and is able to phosphorylate both the constitutive and stress-induced forms of GRP94, correlating with their induction kinetics. The 94-kinase activity is distinct from casein kinase II. In contrast to the heat-stable, Ca2+-dependent autophosphorylation activity recently reported for GRP94, the labile 94-kinase activity is inhibited by Ca2+. We determined that the phosphopeptide map of in vitro phosphorylated GRP94 by the 94-kinase resembles that of the in vivo phosphorylated GRP94. Further, the 94-kinase activity can be specifically stimulated by GRP78, a coregulated protein in the ER known to interact with GRP94.
Local cerebral glucose utilization rate following intermittent exposures to 2 atmosphere absolute oxygen

Previous studies have shown significant increases in regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRgl) in 14 of 28 investigated brain structures in rats exposed to 1-h oxygen at 2 atmosphere absolute (ATA O2). Continuous 4-h exposure to 2 ATA O2 resulted in significant increases only in superior olivary nucleus and inferior colliculus. In the present study, the rCMRgl was autoradiographically measured by the [14C]2-deoxyglucose technique during the last 30 min of 4 intermittent 1-h exposures to either 2 ATA O2 or air at atmospheric pressure, with 3 h of breathing air outside the pressure chamber between each oxygen or air exposure. Statistically significant reductions in rCMRgl of the oxygen-exposed rats were observed in superior olivary nucleus and inferior colliculus, while no changes were observed in 26 other investigated structures. The previously observed increases in rCMRgl in a single 1- or 4-h exposure at 2 ATA O2 were reduced or reversed during the intermittent hyperbaric oxygen exposure. The relation of the observed changes in rCMRgl during single and intermittent hyperbaric oxygen exposures to the extension of tolerance to hyperbaric oxygenation is discussed.
Foliar exchange of mercury vapor: Evidence for a compensation point

Historical studies for crop and weed species documented elemental Hg vapor (Hg°) deposition to foliage, but they used Hg° concentrations that were orders of magnitude higher than levels now known to occur under background conditions, possibly creating artificially high gradients between the atmosphere and landscape surfaces. Measurements of Hg° exchange with white oak (Quercus alba L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) foliage were conducted in an open gas exchange system that allows for simultaneous measurements of CO2, H2O and Hg° exchange under controlled environmental conditions. When Hg° concentrations were held at 0.5 to 1.5 ng m-3, red maple (Acer rubrum L), Norway spruce(Picea abies L.), yellow-poplar {Liriodendron tulipifera L.), and white oak {Quercus alba L.) foliage exhibited mean Hg° emissions of 5.5, 1.7, 2.7, and 5.3 ng m–2 h-1respectively. At Hg° concentrations between 9 and 20 ng m-3 little net exchange of Hg° was observed. However at concentrations between 50 and 70 ng m-3 the Hg° was deposited to foliage at rates between 22 and 38 ng m-2 h–1 These data suggest that dry foliar surfaces in terrestrial forest landscapes may be a dynamic exchange surface that can function as a source or sink dependent on the magnitude of current Hg° concentrations. These data provide evidence of species-specific compensation concentrations (or compensation points) for Hg° deposition to seedling foliage in the 10–25 ng m-3 range.
L'affaire Lyushkov: Anatomy of a defector

(1968). L'affaire Lyushkov: Anatomy of a defector. Soviet Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 405-420.
“Why aren't you doing what we want?” Cultivating collegiality and communication between specialist and generalist physicians and residents

Developing residents' communication skills has been a goal of residency training programmes since the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education codified it as a core competency. In this article, a case that features problematic communication between a generalist and specialist physician is drawn upon, and it is suggested how their communication might become open and effective through a practice of reason exchange. This is a practice of giving reasons, listening to reasons given by others, evaluating reasons and deciding which particulars of situations constitute reasons to act and reasons how to act. Drawing on recent literature in teaching communication to radiology residents, it is proposed that practices of reason exchange are part of the skill set generally referred to as "negotiation skills" that should be cultivated in all residents. Particularly, in cases in which generalist and specialist physicians disagree about the reasons to do something, not do something or do something this way or that way, how well physicians are trained to practice reason exchange depends on whether they can communicate effectively and negotiate disagreement collegially.
Infectious disease transmission and behavioural allometry in wild mammals

Summary Animals’ social and movement behaviours can impact the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases, especially for pathogens transmitted through close contact between hosts or through contact with infectious stages in the environment. Estimating pathogen transmission rates and R0 from natural systems can be challenging. Because host behavioural traits that underlie the transmission process vary predictably with body size, one of the best-studied traits among animals, body size might therefore also predict variation in parasite transmission dynamics. Here, we examine how two host behaviours, social group living and the intensity of habitat use, scale allometrically using comparative data from wild primate, carnivore and ungulate species. We use these empirical relationships to parameterize classical compartment models for infectious micro- and macroparasitic diseases, and examine how the risk of pathogen invasion changes as a function of host behaviour and body size. We then test model predictions using comparative data on parasite prevalence and richness from wild mammals. We report a general pattern suggesting that smaller-bodied mammal species utilizing home ranges more intensively experience greater risk for invasion by environmentally transmitted macroparasites. Conversely, larger-bodied hosts exhibiting a high degree of social group living could be more readily invaded by directly transmitted microparasites. These trends were supported through comparison of micro- and macroparasite species richness across a large number of carnivore, primate and ungulate species, but empirical data on carnivore macroparasite prevalence showed mixed results. Collectively, our study demonstrates that combining host behavioural traits with dynamical models of infectious disease scaled against host body size can generate testable predictions for variation in parasite risk across species; a similar approach might be useful in future work focused on predicting parasite distributions in local host communities.
Parallel solution of symmetric banded systems on transputers

An efficient parallel solution is presented of a banded system of linear equations on a network of transputers using the Gaussian elimination method. The parallel implementation is based on a row-scattered decomposition of the equation matrices which are assumed to be symmetric and positive definite. In order to achieve an optimal efficiency, the implementation takes advantage of the transputer's ability to overlap communication work with computation. Various communication strategies and network topologies are examined, and relevant experimental results and performance figures are presented and discussed. >