cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glutamatergic neuronal projections from the marginal layer of the rostral ventral medulla to the respiratory centers in rats.

The marginal layer (ML) that lines the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata (VMS) contains neurons thought to contribute to central chemoreception, the process by which systemic hypercapnia activates respiration. The transmitters and connectivity of ML neurons are poorly known. The present study focuses on a group of nonserotonergic ML neurons, often located in close proximity to the entry point of penetrating blood vessels. These neurons (∼300/brain) contain vesicular glutamate transporter2 (VGLUT2) mRNA and are thus probably glutamatergic. They cluster below the caudal half of the facial motor nucleus, lateral to the serotonergic cells of the ML. The projections of serotonergic and nonserotonergic ML neurons were investigated by retrograde labeling with Fluoro-Gold. ML VGLUT2 mRNA-expressing neurons lack spinal projections and innervate the dorsolateral pons and the ipsilateral ventral respiratory column (VRC), most particularly, the region of the pre-Botzinger complex and rVRG. The latter two regions receive a very small input from ML serotonergic neurons which, instead, heavily innervate the spinal cord. In conclusion, a small region of the VMS marginal layer contains glutamatergic neurons that innervate the main respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata and pons. These glutamatergic neurons are located in a chemosensitive region of the ML and their projections are consistent with a role in central chemoreception. The serotonergic neurons of the ML, though known to be activated by CO2, probably do not contribute to central chemoreception, given that they innervate sympathetic efferents and project at best very lightly to the VRC. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:73–85, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Carbonaceous materials as anodes in lithium batteries

The substitution of lithium metal by carbonaceous materials has enabled the realisation of commercial rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The switch from poorly crystalline carbons to well ordered material such as graphite results in a boost in the capacity. The lithium ion battery is much more interesting than Ni-Cd or Ni-MH as far as output voltage, energy density and self-discharge are concerned. Cathode materials of LiCoO/sub 2/, LiNiO/sub 2/, and LiMn/sub 2/O/sub 4/ are considered.
Reversible phosphorylation of an enhancer binding protein regulates the transcription of bacterial nitrogen utilization genes

Abstract The transcription of bacterial nitrogen utilization genes requires RNA polymerase containing a special σ subunit, and is activated by an effector bound to enhancers far from the site of transcription initiation. The control of the expression of these genes depends on a sensor of ammonia availability generating an intracellular signal that is transduced by two regulators to the modulator responsible for activating and inactivating the effector by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, respectively.
Improved convergence and speed for the distance geometry program APA to determine protein structure.

Abstract The alternating projections algorithm (APA) is a program that is based on alternating projections and is designed to determine the three dimensional structure of proteins using distance geometry. The sampling and convergence properties of APA, as tested on bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) were previously reported in this journal. The results confirmed the program's earlier success with poly- l -alanine. However, the asymptotic convergence of the alternating projections was slow. We show that after good convergence is first obtained via alternating projections, that a weighted quadratic penalty function then produces the final conformation with better convergence in half the time required by the asymptotic convergence of alternating projections.
Selective particle deposition and bronchogenic carcinoma

Abstract Regional and intrabronchial particle deposition patterns determined in experimental inhalation tests using a hollow cast of the human tracheobronchial tree, γ-tagged aerosols, and a collimated radiation detector were compared to the distribution of sites of origin of primary bronchogenic tumors in the upper bronchial tree obtained from available published reports. A close correspondence between relative deposition efficiency and frequency of reported cancer at those sites suggests that the deposition characteristics of the airways may play a significant role in cancer pathogenesis.
Modulation of neonatal neutrophil function by pentoxifylline.

ABSTRACT: Immunomodulating agents are being investigated for treatment of infection in newborn infants where morbidity and mortality remain high despite the continued development of new antibiotics. We studied the effect of the methylxanthine pentoxifylline on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis, F-actin content, and phagocytic activity as measured by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and H2O2 production in neonates and adults to determine whether pentoxifylline might be useful in augmenting PMN function. The drug was found to have a dose-dependent effect on both neonatal and adult PMN function with enhancement at lower concentrations and suppression at higher concentrations. PMN chemotaxis increased 42% (p < 0.01) in neonates and 16% (p < 0.05) in adults at 100 μg/mL of pentoxifylline and it decreased 4 and 25%, respectively, at 4000 μg/mL. PMN nitroblue tetrazolium reduction increased by 34% in neonates and 23% (p < 0.05) in adults at 100 μg/mL of pentoxifylline and decreased by 52 (p < 0.01) and 74% (p < 0.01), respectively, at 2000 μg/mL. Similar dose-dependent responses were noted with F-actin content and H2O2 production. These and other observations support the hypothesis that pentoxifylline has a broad range of effects on PMN but that a primary effect is alteration of PMN deformability. Pentoxifylline has potential clinical use as an immunomodulator in augmenting impaired PMN function in neonates and other immunocompromised hosts or in suppressing excessive PMN activity in certain disease processes.
Macrophages from lupus-prone MRL mice are characterized by abnormalities in Rho activity, cytoskeletal organization, and adhesiveness to extracellular matrix proteins

Macrophages (mphi) from prediseased mice of the major murine models of lupus have an identical defect in cytokine expression that is triggered by serum and/or apoptotic cells. It is striking that cytokine expression in the absence of serum and apoptotic cells is equivalent to that of nonautoimmune mice. Here, we show that mphi from prediseased lupus-prone MRL/MpJ (MRL/+) or MRL/MpJ-Tnfrsf6(lpr) (MRL/lpr) mice also have reversible abnormalities in morphology, cytoskeletal organization, and adhesive properties. In the presence of serum, MRL mphi adhered in increased numbers to a variety of extracellular matrix proteins compared with mphi from two nonautoimmune strains. However, in the absence of serum, adhesion by MRL mphi was similar to that of nonautoimmune mphi. Increased adhesion by MRL mphi was also observed in the presence of apoptotic, but not necrotic, cells. The morphology and actin-staining pattern of adherent MRL mphi were consistent with reduced activity of Rho, a cytoskeletal regulator. Indeed, MRL mphi cultured in the presence of serum had markedly decreased levels of active Rho compared with nonautoimmune mphi. It is remarkable that when cultured in the absence of serum, MRL mphi displayed normal Rho activity and cytoskeletal morphology. Addition of a Rho inhibitor to normal mphi reproduced the morphologic and cytoskeletal abnormalities observed in MRL mphi. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that mphi from MRL and other systemic lupus erythematosus-prone mice have an apoptotic, cell-dependent, autoimmune phenotype that affects a broad range of mphi functions, including cytokine gene expression and Rho-dependent cytoskeletal regulation.
School counselors perceived importance of counseling technology competencies

The purpose of this study was to determine levels of perceived importance of technological competencies among school counselors, school counseling students, supervisors, and counselor educators as the competencies relate to their work. Results indicated that technology competencies relating to Ethical Standards and Data Management practices were rated as most important. Technological competencies rated lowest for level of importance related to Multimedia and Web Development. Four of the other subscales were very similar in overall average ratings and included Word Processing, World Wide Web, Communication and Collaboration, and Operating Systems. In addition, findings indicate that neither the participant's age, level of practice, or position (e.g., graduate student vs. practitioner) affects the perceived importance of technological competencies included in this survey. Implications for practice, training, and future research are included.
Changes in Cerebellar Activation After Onabotulinumtoxin A Injections for Spasticity After Chronic Stroke: A Pilot Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of reducing spasticity via onabotulinumtoxin A (Obtx-A) injection on cerebellar activation after chronic stroke during unilateral gripping. Design Pre-post, case series. Setting Outpatient spasticity clinic. Participants Individuals with chronic spasticity (N=4). Interventions Upper-limb Obtx-A injection. Main Outcome Measures Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure changes in cerebellar activation before and after upper-limb Obtx-A injection. During fMRI testing, participants performed the same motor task before and after injection, which was 15% and 30% of maximum voluntary isometric gripping measured before Obtx-A injection. Results After Obtx-A injection, cerebellar activation increased bilaterally during gripping with the paretic hand and during rest. During both pre- and postinjection scans, the paretic hand showed larger cerebellar activation during gripping compared with the nonparetic hand. Cerebellar activation during gripping with the nonparetic hand did not change significantly after Obtx-A injection. Conclusions Reducing spasticity via Obtx-A injection may increase cerebellar activation both during gripping tasks with the paretic hand and during rest. To our knowledge, this is the first study that examines changes in cerebellar activation after spasticity treatment with Obtx-A.
The Benefits of Context Estimation for Target Spectra Detection in Hyperspectral Imagery

In remotely sensed hyperspectral imagery, many samples are collected on a given flight and many variable factors contribute to the distribution of samples. Various environmental factors transform spectral responses causing them to appear differently in different environmental contexts. Previously, we developed and applied context-based classifiers to hyperspectral imagery, improving classification results. A new variant of our model is presented which incorporates Bayesian classifiers into the model. Classification results are compared to those of a standard Bayesian classifier to identify the direct benefits of context estimation.
A major transcriptional regulatory protein (ICP4) of herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with purified virions.

Abstract Herpes simplex virus type 1 was purified by density gradient centrifugation, and the virion-associated proteins were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By Western blot (immunoblot) analysis with an anti-ICP4 monospecific serum, the results indicated that ICP4, one of the five immediate-early proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1, was associated with the purified virions. To define the location of ICP4 within the virion, trypsin digestion experiments were performed. Purified virions were treated with trypsin in the presence or absence of detergent. The virus envelope appeared to protect ICP4 from the trypsin, since virus-associated ICP4 was sensitive to digestion only after detergent treatment. In addition, ICP4 remained associated with the virus particle when the virion-specific glycoproteins were removed after detergent treatment. Finally, ICP4 was not detected in purified preparations of type A and B capsids isolated from the nuclear fraction of virus-infected cells. The above-mentioned data suggest that detectable amounts of ICP4 are present within the tegument region of the virion.
Association of First- and Second-Generation Air Bags with Front Occupant Death in Car Crashes: A Matched Cohort Study

First-generation air bags entail a decreased risk of death for most front seat occupants in car crashes but an increased risk for children. Second-generation air bags were developed to reduce the risks for children, despite the possibility of decreasing protection for others. Using a matched cohort design, the authors estimated risk ratios for death for use of each generation of air bag versus no air bag, adjusted for seat position, restraint use, sex, age, and all vehicle and crash characteristics, among 128,208 automobile occupants involved in fatal crashes on US roadways during 1990-2002. The authors then compared adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) between the two generations of air bags. Among front seat occupants, the aRR for death with a first-generation air bag was 0.90 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86, 0.94); the aRR with a second-generation air bag was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.00) (p = 0.83 for comparison of aRRs). Among children under age 6 years, the aRR with a first-generation air bag was 1.66 (95% CI: 1.20, 2.30), while the aRR with a second-generation air bag was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.63, 1.93) (p = 0.20 for comparison of aRRs). The differences in aRRs between first- and second-generation air bags among other subgroups were small and not statistically significant.
Numerical modeling of electrochemical-mechanical interactions in lithium polymer batteries

This paper presents a multi-scale finite element approach for lithium batteries to study electrochemical-mechanical interaction phenomena at macro- and micro-scales. The battery model consists of a lithium foil anode, a separator, and a porous cathode that includes solid active materials and a liquid electrolyte. We develop a multi-scale approach to analyze the surface kinetics and electrochemical-mechanical phenomena within a single spherical particle of the active material. Homogenization techniques relate parameters in the micro-scale particle model to those in the macro-scale model describing the lithium ion transport, electric potentials and mechanical response based on porous electrode theory.
Analysis of Deviations of Dairy Records from Different Contemporary Averages

Summary Many investigators have expressed dairy records as deviations from various contemporary averages because of the computational difficulties of analyzing large numbers of records according to complex models. The expectations of the sums of squares and cross products of deviations from four contemporary averages in one-way classification analyses were determined in terms of a more complex model. The expectations were then compared with estimates obtained from the analysis of 59,902 milk and fat records of cows sired by 353 Holstein sires used in artificial insemination. The agreement between the theoretical and actual results was very close, which indicates the validity of the assumptions and models used.
Effect of hydrophilic diluents on the properties of cured composites.

Hydrophilic diluents in composite formulations slightly increase water sorption of cured resin. This increased water uptake does not result in a significant improvement in the marginal adaptation, although other properties of the resulting composites are very satisfactory.
Determinants of household insurance coverage among low-income families from Boston, chicago, and san antonio: Evidence from the three-city study

Objectives. In this article we examine correlates of health insurance coverage for low-income households. Methods. Using data from the Welfare, Children, and Families Project (1999–2001), a sample of 2,402 low-income families from Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio, we estimate two logistic regressions, one that predicts health insurance coverage for one focal child in each household and another that assesses the odds that all children in the household have coverage. Results. The children of poorly-educated, immigrant, and Mexican-origin parents are at an elevated risk of lacking insurance. These characteristics also increase the risk of incomplete household coverage. Mexican-origin children and households are at particularly high risk of lacking complete coverage, a fact partially reflecting their residential concentration in states with high uninsurance rates, such as Texas. Conclusions. Serious holes in the health-care safety net affect poor Americans differently based on their state of residence, race, ethnicity, and household structure. Medicaid and private health insurance coverage for children have been on the decline since the passage of the 1996 Welfare Reform Act (Rowland, Salganicoff, and Keenan, 1999; Ku and Bruen, 1999; Chavkin, Romero, and Wise, 2000; Pear, 2000; Committee on Child Health Financing, 2001). Yet since 2000, federal spending on Medicaid has increased nearly 9 percent per year, largely offsetting declines in employer-based coverage for children (Holahan and Bruen, 2003). Clearly, Medicaid addresses a major need, and in its absence millions more children would remain uninsured. Even with the increase in Medicaid enrollment, nearly 11 percent of all children (8.2 million) lacked health insurance coverage in 2002 (Kohn, Hasty, and Henderson, 2002). It should be emphasized that on the basis of family income more than half these children were eligible for public programs (Rowland, Salganicoff, and Keenan, 1999; Starfield, 2000).
Rhodium-catalysed syn -carboamination of alkenes via a transient directing group

Alkenes are the most ubiquitous prochiral functional groups--those that can be converted from achiral to chiral in a single step--that are accessible to synthetic chemists. For this reason, difunctionalization reactions of alkenes (whereby two functional groups are added to the same double bond) are particularly important, as they can be used to produce highly complex molecular architectures. Stereoselective oxidation reactions, including dihydroxylation, aminohydroxylation and halogenation, are well established methods for functionalizing alkenes. However, the intermolecular incorporation of both carbon- and nitrogen-based functionalities stereoselectively across an alkene has not been reported. Here we describe the rhodium-catalysed carboamination of alkenes at the same (syn) face of a double bond, initiated by a carbon-hydrogen activation event that uses enoxyphthalimides as the source of both the carbon and the nitrogen functionalities. The reaction methodology allows for the intermolecular, stereospecific formation of one carbon-carbon and one carbon-nitrogen bond across an alkene, which is, to our knowledge, unprecedented. The reaction design involves the in situ generation of a bidentate directing group and the use of a new cyclopentadienyl ligand to control the reactivity of rhodium. The results provide a new way of synthesizing functionalized alkenes, and should lead to the convergent and stereoselective assembly of amine-containing acyclic molecules.
Fiber Orientation During Equal Channel Angular Extrusion of Short Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics

Glass-fiber/polyacetal cylindrical rods prepared by conventional compounding and extrusion were processed by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE). The initial material contained 109.8mm long fibers with uniformly distributed fiber angle orientations between 11.8 and 56.0 � . One extrusion pass with a soft matrix at 73 � C directed the fibers to a loglogistic distribution with a mean orientation angle of 23.5 � . ECAE at room temperature did this with mean fiber angles becoming 20.8 and 23.6 � for one and two passes respectively. The interquartile range of the angles narrowed with reduced processing temperature and number of processing passes.
Powering Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 generation processors

Power delivery design methodology of Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 processors is presented, including loadline specification, voltage regulator design, and decoupling on motherboard and package. The results of simulation analyses are verified with measured data.
The Relationship Between Pre-Eclampsia and Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives The goal of this study was to systematically review the peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) literature and determine the prevalence of pre-eclampsia (PE) in women with PPCM. Secondary analyses included evaluation of the prevalence of hypertensive disorders, multiple gestations, and multiparity. Background PPCM is a significant cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet its etiology remains unknown. PE is often cited as a risk factor for the development of PPCM and recent research suggests that PE and PPCM share mechanisms that contribute to their pathobiology. No comprehensive evaluation of the relationship between PE and PPCM exists. Methods A systematic predetermined search strategy was performed in multiple databases to identify studies describing ≥3 women with PPCM. Prevalence rates of PE, hypertension, multiple gestations, and multiparity were pooled. Results Data from 22 studies (n = 979) were included in this analysis. The pooled prevalence of 22% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16% to 28%) was more than quadruple the 5% average worldwide background rate of PE in pregnancy (p Conclusions The prevalence of PE, hypertensive disorders, and multiple gestations in women with PPCM is markedly higher than that in the general population. These findings support the concept of a shared pathogenesis between PE and PPCM and highlight the need for awareness of the overlap between these 2 diseases.
Network-Calculus-Based Analysis of Power Management in Video Sensor Networks

This paper considers two important issues for video sensor networks: (1) timely delivery of captured video stream and (2) energy-efficient network design. Based on network calculus, it presents a unified analytical framework that is able to quantitatively weigh the tradeoff between these two factors. In particular, it derives the service curve, buffer and delay bound under single-hop and multi-hop scenarios for video sensor networks under power management. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that extends the network calculus theory to the domain of wireless network with the consideration of power management and wireless interference. Our analysis has been validated through experiments conducted on a video sensor network testbed.
Potassium Methoxide–Dicyclohexano‐18‐crown‐6

[52374-55-7] C21H39KO7 (MW 442.70) InChI = 1S/C20H36O6.CH3O.K/c1-2-6-18-17(5-1)23-13-9-21-11-15-25-19-7-3-4-8-20(19)26-16-12-22-10-14-24-18;1-2;/h17-20H,1-16H2;1H3;/q;-1;+1 InChIKey = UYOCWZDJHWWERJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (complex provides a strongly basic and nucleophilic methoxide ion2) Physical Data: reagent is prepared in situ. Form Supplied in: MeOK is commercially available as a white powder in 95% purity; a mixture of the syn-cis and anti-cis crown ethers is commercially available.1 Preparative Method: a toluene solution referred to as containing Potassium Hydroxide and Dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 is obtained by mixing the crown ether and 85% KOH in MeOH, adding toluene, removing the MeOH at 100 °C under vacuum, and filtering the mixture.3 However, the solubility of the KOH–crown ether complex is apparently much less than the MeOK complex.2 Thus the toluene solution contains ca. 89% of the methoxide ion and only 11% of the hydroxide ion.2 The direct preparation of the hydroxide complex was unsuccessful.4 Experimentally, complexes are most often generated in situ by adding 1.0 equiv or more of the crown ether to a solution of the base in MeOH or another solvent. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: do not breathe dust from the base or vapor from the crown ether; avoid contact of both substances and the complex with the eyes, skin, or clothing. Handle reagents and conduct reactions under an inert nitrogen or argon atmosphere.1 Use in a fume hood.
How near is a stable polynomial to an unstable polynomial

Frequency response techniques are applied to the problem of robust Hurwitz stability of a family of polynomials with complex coefficients. The distance between two polynomials is measured by a weighted l/sup p/ norm, 0>p >
Source Characteristics of Two Underground Nuclear Explosions

SUMMARY Broadband seismic waveform data recorded in the distance range of 1-11 km from two underground explosions detonated at Pahute Mesa of the Nevada Test Site have been used to estimate the source time functions for the second-order moment tensors of these events. Data were available from eight three-component stations for the explosion Harzer and from 11 stations for the explosion Chancellor. Stable moment tensor estimates with a good signal-to-noise ratio were obtained in the frequency range of 0.2-5.0 Hz. The moment tensors are dominated by the diagonal elements, but a significant asymmetry is present, with vertical force couples being larger, having additional low-frequency energy in the 0.3-0.4 Hz range, and having a different time dependence in the 0.5-2.5s range than the horizontal force couples. Considerable evidence points to the possibility that this asymmetry is related to spall processes taking place in the depth interval between the explosion and the free surface. When the isotropic parts of the moment tensors are interpreted as reduced displacement potentials, the results are in reasonable agreement with theoretical and empirical models, except that the characteristic times are about three times those predicted by published scaling relationships. This difference is most likely due to the effects of spall, but the fact that the explosions were detonated in unsaturated materials may also be a contributing factor.
An Extensive Analysis of Preservice Elementary Teachers’ Knowledge of Fractions

The study of preservice elementary teachers’ knowledge of fractions is important because fractions are notoriously difficult to learn and teach. Unfortunately, studies of preservice teachers’ fraction knowledge are limited and have focused primarily on division. The present study included all four operations to provide a more comprehensive understanding of this knowledge. Because knowledge is complex, it was examined in five ways: computational skill, basic concepts, word problems, flexibility, and transfer. To further capture the complexity of knowledge, solution methods were examined for patterns that might reveal understandings and misconceptions. Data were gathered before and after a course designed to deepen preservice teachers’ knowledge. Quantitative and qualitative shifts occurred during the semester, but flexibility and transfer were low. Implications for teacher education are discussed.
The effects of school quality on income

Abstract This paper uses a unique data set created by merging the Panel Study of Income Dynamics with school data from the Common Core of Data to examine the relationship between school expenditures and earnings. I find that school expenditures are related to earnings, and also positively affect the returns to schooling. This is particularly important given recent papers that have found no effect because this study is able to observe wages at later ages and is estimated for males and females. Robustness estimates find that if the sample were only observed at young ages, or estimated for white males, as has been done previously, the results would not hold. Therefore, it appears that even using an individual-level data set with students educated in this half of the century, school spending affects earnings.
Estimation of Terrain Forces and Parameters for Rigid-Wheeled Vehicles

This paper provides a methodology for the estimation of resistance, thrust, and resistive torques on each wheel of a rigid-wheeled vehicle generated at the vehicle-terrain interface, and from these forces and moments, a methodology to estimate terrain parameters is presented. Terrain force estimation, which is independent of a terrain model, can infer the ability to accelerate, climb, or tow a load independent of the underlying terrain properties. When a terrain model is available, parameters of that model, such as soil cohesion, friction angle, maximum normal stress, and stress distribution parameters, are determined from estimated vehicle-terrain forces using a multiple-model estimation approach, providing parameters that relate to accepted mobility metrics. The methodology requires a standard proprioceptive sensor suite-accelerometers, rate gyros, wheel speeds, motor torques, and ground speed. Sinkage sensors are not required. Simulation results demonstrate efficacy of the method on three terrains spanning a range of soil cohesions reported in the literature.
Cost-effective multidimensional publish/subscribe services in sensor networks

Publish/subscribe services are natural applications of sensor networks as sensors are designed mainly to detect and notify upon events of interest. To enable these services, the brokerage mechanism that routes a given event to the subscribing nodes must be confined to the networkpsilas resource constraints. GHT has been used as a cost-effective way to disseminate subscriptions and events to the sensor network. It is, however, efficient only for exact-match subscriptions. We propose an efficient GHT-like technique for both exact-match and range subscriptions where the data space can be of any dimension.
Factors associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy in the SUN study.

Abstract Background. Adherence of 95% or greater to highly active combination antiretroviral therapy is generally considered necessary to achieve optimal virologic suppression in HIV-infected patients. Understanding factors associated with poor adherence is essential to improve patient compliance, maximize virologic suppression, and reduce morbidity and mortality. Methods. We evaluated baseline data from 528 patients taking antiretrovirals, enrolled from March 2004 to June 2006, in a multicenter, longitudinal, prospective cohort study (the SUN study). Using multiple logistic regression, we examined independent risk factors for non-adherence, defined as reporting having missed one or more antiretroviral doses in the past three days on the baseline questionnaire. Results. Of 528 participants (22% female, 28% black, median age 41 years, and median CD4 cell count 486 cells/mm3), 85 (16%) were non-adherent. In the final parsimonious multivariate model, factors independently associated with non-adherence includ...
Apocynin-treatment reverses hyperoxaluria induced changes in NADPH oxidase system expression in rat kidneys: a transcriptional study.

Purpose We have previously shown that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important contributor to renal injury and inflammation following exposure to oxalate (Ox) or calcium-oxalate (CaOx) crystals. The present study was conducted, utilizing global transcriptome analyses, to determine the effect of Apocynin on changes in the NADPH oxidase system activated in kidneys of rats fed a diet leading to hyperoxaluria and CaOx crystal deposition. Approach Age-, sex- and weight-matched rats were either fed regular rat chow or regular rat chow supplemented with 5% w/w hydroxy-L-proline (HLP). Half of the rats on the HLP diet were also placed on Apocynin-supplemented H2O. After 28 days, each rat was euthanized, their kidneys freshly explanted and dissected to obtain both cortex and medulla tissues. Total RNA was extracted from each tissue and subjected to genomic microarrays to obtain global transcriptome data. KEGG was used to identify gene clusters with differentially expressed genes. Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm protein expressions of selected genes. Results Genes encoding both membrane- and cytosolic-NADPH oxidase complex-associated proteins, together with p21rac and Rap1a, were coordinately up-regulated significantly in both renal medulla and cortex tissues in the HLP-fed rats compared to normal healthy untreated controls. Activation of NADPH oxidase appears to occur via the angiotensin-II/angiotensin-II receptor-2 pathway, although the DAG-PKC pathway of neutrophils may also contribute. Immuno histochemical staining confirmed up-regulated gene expressions. Simultaneously, genes encoding ROS scavenger proteins were down-regulated. HLP-fed rats receiving Apocynin had a complete reversal in the differential-expression of the NADPH oxidase system genes, despite showing similar levels of hyperoxaluria. Conclusions A strong up-regulation of an oxidative/respiratory burst involving the NADPH oxidase system, activated via the angiotensin-II and most likely the DAG-PKC pathways, occurs in kidneys of hyperoxaluric rats. Apocynin treatment reversed this activation without affecting the levels of hyperoxaluria.
Experiment Study on the Security of Oxygen Concentration in Oxygen Enrichment of Room Air at High Altitude

Oxygen enrichment of room air at high altitude can improve the situation of hypoxia,but it may bring fire hazard,the security control of oxygen enrichment has become an important research topic.In this paper,the burning rate of filter paper and the maximum safe concentrations in oxygen-enriched atmospheres at high altitude were studied experimentally,and security issue of oxygen enrichment in high altitude were discussed.The results show that the burning rate increases significantly with increasing altitude under a constant partial pressure of oxygen.It shows that it will bring fire hazard if we enrich the oxygen concentration only considering the partial pressure of oxygen;but there are maximum safe concentrations for oxygen enrichment of room air at high attitude.The relationship between the maximum safe concentrations and barometric pressure is given by Y=27.91×exp(-P/44.78)+20.09.At different altitudes,there is a equivalent altitude corresponds to the maximum safe oxygen concentration,and the equivalent altitudes is given by H'=-0.68841+0.63893H+0.0048H2.Below the extreme altitude of 5.55km,the equivalent altitude can be reduced to less than 3km without bring in fire hazrd.
Study on Pressure Law Inside of the Progressive Cavity Pump

Based on the Finite Element Analysis method,the model of the progressive cavity pump was established,the pressure transfer law of progressive cavity pump was analyzed and the contact pressure of different pressure difference was calculated,which obtained the critical contact curves.The inner pressure distribution rules were studied by the critical contact pressure curves,and the results indicated that with the increase of seal cavity pressure difference,the contact pressure increased but the velocity increased slowly,which possessed a critical contact pressure.The critical contact pressure curves were constituted of critical contact pressure between the different inner pressure seal cavity and as the increase of the inner pressure,the critical contact pressure reduced.The different seal cavity pressure in the progressive cavity pump increases from the entrance to the exhaust along the axial direction and decreased gradually,which attaines the maximum accordingly to the largest pressure of the progressive cavity pump.
Renal hemodynamics in rats with myocardial infarction: selective antagonism of angiotensin receptor subtypes

Rats with congestive heart failure demonstrate striking intrarenal vasoconstriction that contributes to reduced renal excretory function. The importance of specific angiotensin II receptor subtypes (AT1, AT2) for mediating changes in renal hemodynamics was studied in anesthetized rats 1 mo after myocardial infarction (MI) created by coronary artery ligation. AT1 antagonism with losartan alone decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and renal resistance (RR) in control and MI rats to a similar extent without affecting renal blood flow (RBF) or RBF as a percentage of cardiac output (%RBF/CO). In contrast, AT2 antagonism with PD-123319 alone significantly reduced MAP and RR in MI rats without affecting these parameters in control rats. TPR and %RBF/CO were not changed significantly in either group. In contrast, combined AT1- and AT2-receptor inhibition lowered TPR and RR and increased RBF and %RBF/CO, thus the effects of renin or ACE inhibition were mimicked in MI rats. We conclude that angiotensin II acts at both AT1 and AT2 receptor sites in rats with reduced cardiac mass to modulate renal hemodynamics.
DSMR: A Parallel Algorithm for Single-Source Shortest Path Problem

The Single Source Shortest Path (SSSP) problem consists in finding the shortest paths from a vertex (the source vertex) to all other vertices in a graph. SSSP has numerous applications. For some algorithms and applications, it is useful to solve the SSSP problem in parallel. This is the case of Betweenness Centrality which solves the SSSP problem for multiple source vertices in large graphs. In this paper, we introduce the Dijkstra Strip Mined Relaxation (DSMR) algorithm, an efficient parallel SSSP algorithm for shared and distributed-memory systems. We also introduce a set of preprocessing optimization techniques that significantly reduce the communication overhead without increasing the total amount of work dramatically. Our results show that, DSMR is faster than the best previous algorithm, parallel Δ-Stepping, by up-to 7.38×.
Measurement of the branching fractions tau ---> rho - nu tau and tau --->K

We have measured the branching fraction of tau/sup -/..-->..rho/sup -/..nu../sub tau/ to be (22.3 +- 0.6 +- 1.4)% and the branching fraction of tau/sup -/..-->..K/sup asterisk-/..nu../sub tau/ to be (1.3 +- 0.3 +- 0.3)%. These values are consistent with the expectations for conventional decays of the tau.
Translating Evidence and Interpreting Testimony at a War Crimes Tribunal: Working in a Tug-of-War

As the title indicates, this book is an account of the central role of translators and interpreters in the trials of accused war criminals during the wars of Yugoslav succession between 1991 and 19...
DER optimization to determine optimum BESS charge/discharge schedule using Linear Programming

This paper proposes a novel optimization technique using Linear Programming (LP) method to solve the optimal scheduling problem of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) including Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). The proposed optimization technique has a dual objective function of economics and peak-shaving. Optimization of the BESS operation is a complex problem as it has special constraints such as Depth of Discharge (DOD) requirements, State of Charge (SOC) limitations, Charge and Discharge rates, etc. The proposed LP method would be a useful tool for distribution operators to optimally dispatch the distributed resources in their systems. The derived charge/discharge schedules of BESS ensure maximum energy arbitrage revenue. The proposed optimization technique is tested on a taxonomy feeder developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) with a fictitious microgrid that consists of DERs including a BESS. The optimization problem is modeled and solved using the Matlab optimization toolbox with industry standard load and electricity price data.
Canonical NF-κB Signalling Is a Potential Target in FLT3/ITD AML.

Abstract 2447 Internal tandem duplication (ITD) of the fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor is common in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is associated with a dismal outcome. Despite initial response, FLT3/ITD AMLs often relapse early, suggesting a residual population of resistant leukemia stem cells (LSC). Clinically, FLT3 inhibitors asmonotherapy have yet to improve outcome significantly and therefore, targeting additional pro-survival pathways may be necessary for this group of AML patients. Mice genetically egineered to express a hemizygous FLT3/ITD mutation develop a progressive, fatal, myeloproliferative neoplasm. Lin−cells isolated from the bone marrow of FLT3/ITD or control mice were subjected to gel shift analysis using a radio-labeled NF-kB binding site. This analysis demonstrated high levels of nuclear activation of NF-kB in the FLT3/ITD-expressing cells, suggesting its activation downstream of mutant FLT3 signaling. MV4–11 is a human AML-derived cell line harboring a homozygous FLT3/ITD mutation. Cells expressing high levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) have been shown to be enriched for LSC in primary AML samples and cell lines. High ALDH expressing MV4–11 cells were isolated using FACS and analyzed for NF-kB activation. Western blot analysis demonstrated preferential phosphorylation of NF-kB p65 by activated IKK on Ser536 in this subpopulation, compared with cells with low ALDH activity. These findings indicate activation of NF-kB in MV4–11 LSCs. We wanted to next test the requirement for NF-kB signaling in transformation by FLT3/ITD mutations. NF-kB p65 null mice die in utero. We therefore established C57BL/6 p65(flox/flox);Mx1-Cre mice. Intra-peritoneal injection of pIpC every other day for 7 doses efficiently deletes the RelA/p65 gene, resulting in expression of Sorafenib inhibits FLT3 signaling and kills MV4–11 cells with an IC50 of approximately 10 nM. Reproducibly, a sub-toxic dose of sorafenib (5 nM) combined with sub-toxic levels of the IKKb inhibitor IMD-0354 (400 nM) resulted in synergistic cell killing as indicated by the calculated combination index of 0.55. Currently, clinical efforts in FLT3/ITD leukemia concentrate on FLT3 inhibition alone. Our data suggest that canonical NF-kB may be an important pathway in FLT3/ITD AML and that simultaneously targeting FLT3 and NF-kB in this disease may be an effective approach. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The utility of including pathology reports in improving the computational identification of patients

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a common autoimmune disorder. Efficient identification of patients may improve chronic management of the disease. Prior studies have shown searching International Classification of Diseases-9 (ICD-9) codes alone is inaccurate for identifying patients with CD. In this study, we developed automated classification algorithms leveraging pathology reports and other clinical data in Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to refine the subset population preselected using ICD-9 code (579.0). Materials and Methods: EHRs were searched for established ICD-9 code (579.0) suggesting CD, based on which an initial identification of cases was obtained. In addition, laboratory results for tissue transglutaminse were extracted. Using natural language processing we analyzed pathology reports from upper endoscopy. Twelve machine learning classifiers using different combinations of variables related to ICD-9 CD status, laboratory result status, and pathology reports were experimented to find the best possible CD classifier. Ten-fold cross-validation was used to assess the results. Results: A total of 1498 patient records were used including 363 confirmed cases and 1135 false positive cases that served as controls. Logistic model based on both clinical and pathology report features produced the best results: Kappa of 0.78, F1 of 0.92, and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94, whereas in contrast using ICD-9 only generated poor results: Kappa of 0.28, F1 of 0.75, and AUC of 0.63. Conclusion: Our automated classification system presented an efficient and reliable way to improve the performance of CD patient identification.
Load sequence effects on the fatigue of unnotched composite materials

A more comprehensive version of an earlier fatigue and residual strength degradation model is proposed to predict the effect of load sequence on the statistical fatigue behavior of composite laminates. The model, which reduces to various fatigue models proposed in the literature by means of approximations, is verified by a survey of experiments on glass/epoxy laminates. It is shown that the correlation between the model and the test results under dual stress levels is reasonable, and that a simplified version of the model is verified by experiments on graphite/epoxy laminates in which the correlation between theoretical predictions and results under dual stress levels is satisfactory. The model is also shown capable of predicting the effect of proof loads on the fatigue behavior of composite materials.
Measurement and Generalizability

Motivating language theory has proven to be remarkably generalizable across many different settings. This stability, in part, comes from ML’s firm theoretical grounding, available quality measures, and parallel development using different analytic methods. Its foundation has lead to a theory that generalizes across most national culture groups, work situations, and worker demographics. We need, however, more explicit work on ML’s generalizability since our current understanding comes from examining results from studies with diverse settings rather than specific generalizability tests. Future theoretical development needs to accompany such work to better understand how motivating language works in diverse settings.
Addiction, Chronic Illness, and Responsibility

Some theorists have argued that we should understand the notion of free will from a functional perspective: free will just is our ability to choose effectively and adaptively in an ever-changing environment. Although far from what many philosophers normally mean by free will, those who adopt this biological-evolutionary perspective can clearly define and defend a notion of personal responsibility. One consequenceof this point of view is that addicts become responsible for their actions, for at each choice point, there is a real sense in which the addict could have elected not to use or abuse. As a result, it has been argued that addiction is not a disease, that addictive behavior is voluntary, and that sometimes it is even rational. This paper defends a different way of thinking about addiction, one that aligns it with other complex chronic illnesses. The perspective put forth here suggests that these discussions about responsibility and free will represent an over-simplified and neuropsychologically inaccurate portrait of basic human capacities for behavioral choice.
Recovering Yemen’s Cultural Heritage: The Stookey Microfilms

In 1973, recent PhD and newly-affiliated Research Associate at the University of Texas at Austin, Robert W. Stookey, made microfilm copies of a number of Arabic manuscripts in Yemen on a variety of subjects. Stookey was not himself a manuscripts expert, but was instead invested in preserving and making available for research the intellectual tradition of Yemen, a country in which he had spent considerable time as a researcher and member of the Foreign Service. Stookey’s microfilms were accessioned to the UT Libraries’ Middle East collection in 1980, and digitized starting in 2014. This article discusses the importance of the Stookey microfilms as an early post-custodial arrangement for preserving, making accessible, and ultimately recovering the intellectual heritage of Zaydism in Yemen. Through their inclusion in the Zaydi Manuscript Tradition portal, these microfilms will be made freely and openly available for anyone to discover and study on the Internet. While the destruction of life, property, and cultural memory continues in Yemen, this is an example of a way for North American library collections to help to recover Yemen’s precious heritage.
Optogenetics in primates: monkey see monkey look

Optogenetics has emerged as a powerful tool for studying the neural basis of simple behaviors in rodents and small animals. In the primate model, however, optogenetics has had limited utility because optical methods have not been able to drive behavior. Here, we report that monkeys reliably shift their gaze toward the receptive field of optically driven channelrhodopsin-2-expressing V1 neurons. This result establishes optogenetics as a viable means for the causal analysis of behavior in the primate model.