cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature and the chemical composition of poikilothermic organisms

Summary 1. Temperature strongly affects virtually all biological rate processes, including many central to organismal fitness such as growth rate. A second factor related to growth rate is organismal chemical composition, especially C : N : P stoichiometry. This association arises because high rates of growth require disproportionate investment in N- and P-rich biosynthetic cellular structures. Here the extent to which these factors interact is examined ‐ does acclimation temperature systematically affect organismal chemical composition? 2. A literature survey indicates that cold-acclimated poikilotherms contain on average 30‐50% more nitrogen [N], phosphorus [P], protein and RNA than warm-exposed conspecifics. The primary exception was bacteria, which showed increases in RNA content but no change in protein content at cold temperatures. 3. Two processes ‐ changes in nutrient content (or concentration) and in organism size ‐ contribute to the overall result. Although qualitatively distinct, both kinds of change lead to increased total catalytic capacity in cold-exposed organisms. 4. Temperature-driven shifts in nutrient content of organisms are likely to resonate in diverse ecological patterns and processes, including latitudinal and altitudinal patterns of nutrient content, foraging decisions by organisms living in strong temperature gradients, and patterns of biodiversity.
A New Method to Determine Adhesion of Cantilever Beams Using Beam Height Experimental Data

A new method for calculating the apparent work of adhesion of microfabricated cantilever beams is presented and validated. This technique, based on popular beam mechanics, directly utilizes interferometrically produced deflection experimental data. The data are analyzed based on an energy minimization approach along the lines of a previous methodology. However, the new technique differs in that it does not rely on a priori knowledge of the shape of cantilever beams to evaluate work of adhesion. In order to validate the new method, both synthetic and empirical cantilever beam data were examined. The results show that apparent work of adhesion values calculated using this method agree well with values determined using a technique previously developed and widely accepted.
Frozen-slab technique for mixing zinc phosphate cement for cast restorations

The technique for handling zinc phosphate cement can be altered to achieve enhanced properties of the cement. The compressive strength of the material can be decreased. The film thickness can be maintained within acceptable limits, and the possibility of pulpal damage can be kept low by maintaining temperature changes in the cement similar to those obtained from a room temperature-slab technique. The technique advocated by this report is as follows: 1. Store the aluminum slab with vinyl covering in a freezer at -15 degrees C to -20 degrees C in a plastic bag to prevent ice formation on the surface. 2. Remove the slab when ready to mix. 3. Quickly wipe the slab clean. 4. Dispense twice as much powder and liquid as recommended on the slab. 5. Start timer. 6. Slowly incorporate the powder into the liquid over a large area of the slab for 2 minutes. 7. Allow the mix to remain on the slab. 8. The instrument for placing the cement can be placed under the slab. The casting can be placed on a corner of the slab. 9. At 10 minutes, place the cement into the casting(s) and seat. 10. Remove excess cement. 11. Clean the slab by rinsing in water and gently wiping. 12. Dry the slab, place it in the plastic bag, and return it to the freezer.
Privatization: Possible lessons from the Hungarian case

Abstract Hungary was the first Eastern European country to tackle the problem of economic reform: initially in piecemeal fashion, then by introducing broad sets of measures aimed at establishing a market-based economic system. This paper reviews the Hungarian experience with privatization policies and presents some general conclusions regarding the design of successful privatization schemes that might serve as rough guidelines for other countries trying to reduce a vastly overextended public sector.
Occupational gender wage discrimination in Turkey

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate gender based wage differences by schooling and occupations and to estimate the occupational gender wage discrimination in Turkey where strenuous attempts are underway to modernize and negotiate its culturally (Islamic)‐based gender differences.Design/methodology/approach – This study employs an extension of Blinder and Oaxaca's approach to measure the effect of wage discrimination. In order to correct a possible sample selection problem, Heckman's two step procedure is used to estimate the earning equations for males and females by using Turkish Household Expenditure and Income Survey.Findings – Among the paper's central findings is that gender wage gap decreases with education, is less in the public sector, and varies across occupations. The overall discriminatory wage gap is estimated at 30 percent after controlling for education, experience, occupation, region, and selection effects.Research limitations/implications – Limitations of this study are m...
Environmental Radiation, Past, Present, and Future

At present, as in the past, the bulk of environmental radiation comes from natural sources, cosmic radiation, and natural radioactivity. The normal dose to man from natural sources ranges from about 60 to 250 mrads/year. Fallout from weapons testing has provided as much as 20 to 25 mrads/year during the early to mid-1960's. At present, medical uses provide 20 to 100 mrads/year to the average individual in the U.S. Radiation to the general population from nuclear power is insignificant at present. With the trend toward improved technology in the control and containment of radioactivity from nuclear facilities, future levels should not exceed those observed from fallout. Improvements in radiological procedures should materially reduce unnecessary exposure from this application.
Androgen Metabolism by Isolated Hairs from Women with Idiopathic Hirsutism Is Usually Normal

We have tested the hypothesis that idiopathic hirsutism (IH) may be due to abnormality of androgen-responsive hair follicles. Because androgen metabolism within target cells is an important determinant of androgen action, we have analyzed the rates of formation and disposition of the major mediators of androgen action, testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In normal women, the pattern of androgen metabolism by growing hairs favors T predominance over DHT and inactivation of both these 17β-hydroxysteroids to 17-ketosteroids. This pattern results greatly from predominance of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenation. For example, in normal women's scalp hair, DHT disposition to 5α-androstanedione proceeded at the rate of 8.6 ± 2.0 (SEM) %/μg DNA/min, whereas DHT was formed from T at a rate of 0.14 ± 0.02, and T was formed from androstenedione at a rate of 0.60 ± 0.12, all significantly different from one another. Both the formation of 17-ketosteroids and the apparent 5α-reductase activity were exaggerated in the pubic hair of men; whether these differences are site-, sex-, or androgen-related, remains to be determined. Pubic hairs tended to metabolize androgens at a greater rate than did scalp hair. This was related to the significantly greater DNA content of plucked pubic hairs, a difference unrelated to sex or androgen levels. Women with IH had heterogeneous pubic hair abnormalities. Only 1 of the 4 IH patients studied had abnormal pubic hair follicle androgen metabolism, with the greatest abnormality being an exaggerated rate of 17β-hydroxysteroid inactivation to 17-ketosteroids. Two of the other 3 IH cases had increased DNA content of plucked pubic hairs, a different kind of exaggeration of normal, which suggests an abnormality of hair follicle growth unrelated to androgen sensitivity. We favor the concept that abnormalities which reflect fundamental defects in the regulation of hair growth.
Thrombin Stimulates Phosphorylation of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor, Insulin Receptor Substrate-1, and Phospholipase C-γ1 in Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells

It has recently been reported that protein-tyrosine kinase activity is required for thrombin-induced growth in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). In the present study, we have identified several phosphoproteins that are tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to thrombin in quiescent VSMC. These proteins are insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor beta-subunit (IGF-IR beta), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and phospholipase C-gamma 1 (PLC-gamma 1). Thrombin-stimulated phosphorylation of these proteins was rapid; it was maximal at 1 min and reduced thereafter. Thrombin also activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in quiescent VSMC in a biphasic manner with a rapid and larger peak at 10 min (6-fold) followed by a sustained smaller second peak at 2 h (2-fold). Inhibition of protein-tyrosine kinase activity by the use of two structurally different protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and herbimycin A, significantly blocked the thrombin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IGF-1R beta, IRS-1, and PLC-gamma 1 and decreased thrombin-stimulated DNA synthesis. In contrast, however, inhibition of protein-tyrosine kinase activity had no effect on thrombin activation of MAPK. Collectively, these findings suggest a role for tyrosine phosphorylation of IGF-IR beta, IRS-1, and PLC-gamma 1 in thrombin-induced mitogenic signaling events in VSMC. Furthermore, while protein tyrosine phosphorylation is essential for thrombin-induced DNA synthesis, it is not required for thrombin-stimulated MAPK activation. Since thrombin rapidly activated Src in VSMC, Src may be involved in the cross-talk between the G-protein-coupled receptor agonist and a tyrosine kinase receptor such as IGF-1R.
Using Video to Introduce Children to a Foreign Culture

In this study, we compared two methods for presenting cultural information to students in a French FLES program. Fifty-six English-speaking students enrolled in two fifth-grade classes served as subjects. Eight cultural themes were identified and assigned to one of two teaching conditions for one class section; each theme was assigned to the opposite condition for the other section. In both teaching conditions, students read a passage in French and a subsequent cultural note in either English or French. Both the passage and the note centered upon the same targeted cultural theme. In the Experimental condition, students viewed a video, prior to the reading of the texts. This brief video module was related in cultural theme but scripted differently from the reading passage and cultural note. In both conditions, student learning, pertaining to the cultural theme, was assessed on the same day as the presentation. Performance was better in the Experimental condition. We interpret this finding as support for utilizing video to enhance the teaching of culture to the child foreign language learner.
Pharmacokinetics of streptokinase in patients based on amidolytic activator complex activity

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of intravenous streptokinase in humans. Five patients with myocardial infarction, six patients with venous thromboembolism, and two normal volunteers were studied. The patients with myocardial infarction received 500,000 U over 30 minutes, the patients with venous thromboembolism received 250,000 U over 30 minutes followed by 100,000 U/hr over 16 to 78 hours, and the normal volunteers received 100,000 U over 15 minutes. Plasma streptokinase levels were measured based on the amidolytic activity of the streptokinase-plasminogen complex on the chromogenic substrate S-2251. Pharmacokinetic parameters were: biologic half-life 82 +/- 25 minutes, total clearance 10.8 +/- 8.8 ml/min, and apparent volume of distribution 1.10 +/- 0.71 l. Streptokinase levels declined progressively during the continuous, prolonged infusion in the patients with venous thromboembolism over 60 hours of treatment. We conclude that there are distinct time-dependent changes in the pharmacokinetics of streptokinase during continuous intravenous infusion and that this phenomenon is likely to be associated with progressively decreasing thrombolytic efficacy.
On the inclusion of proliferation in tumour control probability calculations for inhomogeneously irradiated tumours.

In previous modelling of tumour control probability (TCP) for inhomogeneously irradiated tumours we used an expression that did not include a proliferation correction term, which should be λ(T − Tk). We did not use that term in the specific examples in our previous work to model slowly growing tumours in order to avoid unnecessary mathematical complexity. We have now considered how to do so in more detail, and there are some variations, such as schedules that depart from a number of equal fractions over the entire course of treatment, if one wishes to compensate for proliferation in the remaining fractions by increasing the dose per fraction after the kick-off time has passed in order to achieve the same TCP when proliferation is neglected.
Hexagonal close-packed copper: Theory and experiment

First-principles total-energy calculations on the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) states of bulk elemental copper have been made with a full-potential electronic-structure program within both the local-density approximation and the generalized gradient approximation. The epitaxial Bain path shows the existence of two energy minima for hcp states with axial ratios c/a= 0.68 and 1.69. For both states and for both approximations the shear elastic constants c 4 4 are found to be negative, proving that both states are unstable in bulk. Experiments using vacuum deposition of Cu on a W {001} surface reveal the presence of a weak c(2×2) pattern, even in films thicker than 20A. A low-energy electron diffraction analysis shows that this pattern is due to a strained (1120) film in pseudomorphic epitaxy of the hcp phase with c/a = 1.69, which is stabilized by pseudomorphic epitaxy in small regions, even in surprisingly thick films.
Alteration of hepatic nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathways in hepatitis C virus patients with and without a history of alcohol drinking.

The current study tests a hypothesis that nuclear receptor signaling is altered in chronic hepatitis C patients and that the altered pattern is alcohol drinking history specific. The expression of a panel of more than 100 genes encoding nuclear receptors, co-regulators, and their direct/indirect targets was studied in human livers. (1) Gene expression pattern was compared between 15 normal donor livers and 23 HCV genotype 1 positive livers from patients without a drinking history (age, gender, and BMI matched). HCV infection increased the expression of nuclear receptors small heterodimer partner and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) as well as genes involved in fatty acid trafficking, bile acid synthesis and uptake, and inflammatory response. However, the expression of retinoid x receptor (RXR) α, peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) α and β as well as SREBP-1c was decreased in HCV-infected livers. (2) Gene expression pattern was compared in chronic hepatitis C patients with (21) and without (13) a drinking history. Alcohol drinking increased the expression of genes involved in fatty acid uptake, trafficking, and oxidation, but decreased the expression of genes responsible for gluconeogenesis. These changes were consistent with reduced fasting plasma glucose levels and altered expression of upstream regulators that include RXRα, PPARα, and CAR. (3) The mRNA levels of fibroblast growth factor 21, IL-10, and fatty acid synthase, which are all regulated by nuclear receptors, showed independent correlation with hepatic HCV RNA levels. Our findings suggest that those genes and pathways that showed altered expression could potentially be therapeutic targets for HCV infection and/or alcohol drinking-induced liver injury.
Measurement of Electron Energy-Loss Function in Bulk Strontium Titanate

The electron energy-loss function for SiTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has been measured for losses in the range 4-40 eV. The results below 20 eV agree qualitatively with results derived from optical measurements. Above 20 eV, where optical data are lacking, an absorption near the plasma resonance at 23 eV is observed, and another strong absorption at 31 eV may possibly be attributed to the ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}(2p)$ to ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{+3}(5s) or (5p)$ interband transitions.
Some sufficient conditions for type 1 optimality with applications to regular graph designs

Abstract In this paper the solution to the problem of minimizing type 1 optimality functions subject to certain linear constraints is given. The usefulness of this solution is then demonstrated through the development of sufficient conditions that can often be used to establish the type 1 optimality of block designs that are to be used in experimental situations in which treatments are to be applied to experimental units occuring in b blocks of size k where bk v is an integer.
Theoretical Analysis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Two‐Layer, Composite Electrolytes: Electrolyte Stability

In this paper theoretical analysis of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) using two-layer, composite electrolytes consisting of a solid electrolyte of a significantly higher conductivity compared to zirconia (such as ceria or bismuth oxide) with a thin layer of zirconia or thoria on the fuel side is presented. Electrochemical transport in the two layer, composite electrolytes is examined by taking both ionic and electronic fluxes into account. Similar to most electrochemical transport phenomena, it is assumed that local equilibrium prevails. An equivalent circuit approach is used to estimate the partial pressure of oxygen at the interface. It is shown that thermodynamic stability of the electrolyte (ceria or bismuth oxide) depends upon the transport characteristics of the composite electrolyte, in particular the electronic conductivity of the air-side part of the electrolyte. For example, the greater the electronic conductivity of the air-side part of the electrolyte, the greater is the interface partial pressure of oxygen and the greater is the thermodynamic stability. The analysis shows that it would be advantageous to use composite electrolytes instead of all-zirconia electrolytes, thus making low-temperature ({approximately}600-800{degrees}C) SOFCs feasible. Implications of the analysis from the standpoint of the desired characteristics of SOFC components are discussed.
Improved pulmonary distribution of recombinant human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, using a modified ultrasonic nebulizer.

Prophylactic, intratracheal instillation of recombinant human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (rhSOD) has been shown to lessen lung injury produced by 48 h of hyperoxia and mechanical ventilation in neonatal piglets. However, instillation of small volumes of rhSOD intratracheally would not be expected to result in uniform pulmonary distribution. Aerosolization is a technique that may improve pulmonary distribution of drugs, but is limited by the poor efficiency of most nebulizers. A newly modified ultrasonic nebulizer was tested to assess pulmonary distribution of rhSOD compared to that achieved by intratracheal instillation. rhSOD was dual-labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) and a fluorescent analog (permitting quantitative and qualitative assessments of pulmonary distribution), and administered to neonatal piglets by intratracheal instillation or by aerosolization. Intratracheal instillation of rhSOD to piglets when supine resulted in nonuniform distribution, with most of the drug being found in the right caudal lobe, and localized in airways. Placing animals in 30° of Trendelenburg and administering half the dose in the left and half in the right lateral decubitus positions improved distribution, but alveolar deposition remained patchy. Aerosolization using a modified ultrasonic nebulizer uniformly delivered 45.8 ± 3.8% of the rhSOD to the lungs that had been placed in the nebulizer. The rhSOD was still active and present in airways and alveoli in a homogeneous fashion. We conclude that intratracheal instillation of rhSOD in small volumes results in nonuniform pulmonary distribution, while aerosolization enhances rhSOD distribution and alveolar deposition. This has important implications for ongoing clinical trials of rhSOD for the prevention of acute and chronic lung injury in premature neonates. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1999; 27:124–129. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Radon–Nikodým theorem for Fréchet measures

Abstract We apply results in operator space theory to the setting of multidimensional measure theory. Using the extended Haagerup tensor product of Effros and Ruan, we derive a Radon–Nikodým theorem for bimeasures and then extend the result to general Frechet measures (scalar-valued polymeasures). We also prove a measure-theoretic Grothendieck inequality, provide a characterization of the injective tensor product of two spaces of Lebesgue integrable functions, and discuss the possibility of a bounded convergence theorem for Frechet measures.
Today's challenges in device-independent color

Now that a number of color prepress systems are on the market and the concept of making editorial corrections in appearance variables rather than in ink amounts is beginning to be accepted, it is appropriate to see what further improvements can be made. The required operations are reviewed. It is concluded that the main challenges are a more convenient operator interface, an accurate soft proof, and full (instant) interactivity. Calibration of input and output devices to the requisite accuracy is also important but easier to accomplish. The problem of gamut compression that is usually required to accommodate the smaller dynamic range of the printer also calls for attention. Printing with more than four inks is discussed as well. The extent to which the editorial process can be made automatic has been the subject of much speculation and some research. After listing the separate operations and discussing the ease (or difficulty) of automating them, it is concluded that fully automatic adjustment is neither possible nor desirable. Instead, it is suggested that most efforts should be applied to making the operator's job easier and faster.
Early embryonic expression of ionotropic and metabotropic GABA receptors in Xenopus laevis

At the request of the author, this thesis is not available in electronic form. It may be accessed in the Special Collections Research Center in the Earl Gregg Swem Library at the College of William and Mary only.
pH Control using a statistical technique for continuous on-line model adaptation

Abstract This paper illustrates a statistical process control technique for on-line adjustment of model parameters. The technique is experimentally demonstrated on an in-line process-model-based acidic wastewater pH neutralizer. Good control requires continuous and responsive model parameter adjustment to accommodate major changes in the influent composition yet rejection of model adjustment due to noise.
Efficient detection of compromised nodes in a wireless sensor network

Wireless Sensor Networks are networks composed of hundreds or thousands of small sensors which are often placed in hostile environments to sense a particular event in that environment. Unfortunately sensors are characterized by low power, limited memory and low bandwidth. The network is vulnerable to attacks, some of which can compromise a node, which can render the network useless if not detected. Current algorithms which detect compromised nodes do so at a high computational cost. This paper introduces a centralized approach to identifying compromised nodes at a low computational cost. Simulations are conducted to verify the algorithm.
Keynote speech on “Challenges of modern power systems and IEEE PES”

Worldwide consumption of electricity is expected to nearly double over the next two-and-a-half decades. International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that meeting this demand for power will require over 5,000 GW of new electricity generating capacity (including replacement capacity) at a cost of over $5 trillion. The new plants will require an additional $6 trillion worth of additional infrastructure, making electric power an $11 trillion market over the next 25 years. The search for new generation technologies is accelerating. Facing tremendous challenges of growth and the need for rapidly changing infrastructure, US government has invested $6 billion in R&D over the past 5 years. The essential transformation of the grid entails, among other things, a massive transition to smaller capacity, renewable generation sources, often connected to distribution or MV networks, popular concern about the environmental impact of generation, modernization of the transmission networks using PMUs and HVDC technologies, a growing popularity of the micro-grids and the new types of electric loads (electric vehicles used for transportation, for example), as well as growing use of the building energy management systems and energy efficient technologies. IEEE PES is very well positioned to support the grid transformation at many levels. The presentation will outline some of the challenges and corresponding activities within IEEE and IEEE PES.
Oxidative damage–induced inflammation initiates age-related macular degeneration

Oxidative damage and inflammation are postulated to be involved in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, the molecular signal(s) linking oxidation to inflammation in this late-onset disease is unknown. Here we describe AMD-like lesions in mice after immunization with mouse serum albumin adducted with carboxyethylpyrrole, a unique oxidation fragment of docosahexaenoic acid that has previously been found adducting proteins in drusen from AMD donor eye tissues1 and in plasma samples2 from individuals with AMD. Immunized mice develop antibodies to this hapten, fix complement component-3 in Bruch's membrane, accumulate drusen below the retinal pigment epithelium during aging, and develop lesions in the retinal pigment epithelium mimicking geographic atrophy, the blinding end-stage condition characteristic of the dry form of AMD. We hypothesize that these mice are sensitized to the generation of carboxyethylpyrrole adducts in the outer retina, where docosahexaenoic acid is abundant and conditions for oxidative damage are permissive. This new model provides a platform for dissecting the molecular pathology of oxidative damage in the outer retina and the immune response contributing to AMD.
Modeling and identification of the combustion pressure process in internal combustion engines: ii-experimental results

In Connolly and Yagle they presented a new model relating cylinder combustion pressure to crankshaft angular velocity in an internal combustion engine, primarily the fluctuations in velocity near the cylinder firing frequency. There are three aspects to this model. First, by changing the independent variable from time to crankshaft angle, a nonlinear differential equation becomes a linear first-order differential equation. Second, a new stochastic model for combustion pressure uses the sum of a deterministic waveform and a raised-cosine window amplitude-modulated by a Bernoulli-Gaussian random sequence, parameterizing the pressure by the sample modulating sequence. This results in a state equation for the square of angular velocity sampled every combustion, with the modulating sequence as input. Third, the inverse problem of reconstructing pressure from noisy angular velocity measurements was formulated as a state-space deconvolution problem, and solved using a Kalman-filter-based deconvolution algorithm. Simulation results in Connolly and Yagle show that the parameterized pressure can be deconvolved at low to moderate noise levels, and combustion misfires detected, all in real time. This paper presents and discusses experimental results that confirm this model, at least at the relatively low-speed, low-to-moderate load operating conditions analyzed. They show that cyclic combustion pressure variation is fairly wellmore » modeled and may be directly estimated from angular velocity measurements. Since the experimental data are taken from an actual V-6 automobile engine, and the algorithms are simple enough to be implemented in real time, these results are directly applicable to real-world combustion pressure identification.« less
VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS RNA IN HUMAN TRIGEMINAL GANGLIA

Abstract The technique of in situ hybridisation was used to examine human trigeminal ganglia for the presence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) RNA. The ganglia were removed from fresh cadavers of individuals without a history of current or recent herpes zoster. Of the various types of cell in the ganglia, only the neurons appeared positive for VZV RNA. 0 to 0·3% of neurons were positive for VZV RNA.
An Evaluation of an Observational Benchmark Used in Assessing Disproportionality in Police Traffic Stops: A Research Note

Researchers use observational benchmarks to assess racial disproportionality in police traffic stops. To date, there has been a deficiency of empirical research evaluating the effectiveness of observational benchmarks across time-of-day and in comparison to census data. This article is a research note that reports the findings from analyses evaluating relative accuracy of daytime roadside observations in comparison with nighttime observations. Results indicate that daytime observations are more valid than nighttime observations and that daytime benchmarks if formed from small localized geographical areas are similar to residential census population data. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Nonparametric Bayes Stochastically Ordered Latent Class Models.

Latent class models (LCMs) are used increasingly for addressing a broad variety of problems, including sparse modeling of multivariate and longitudinal data, model-based clustering, and flexible inferences on predictor effects. Typical frequentist LCMs require estimation of a single finite number of classes, which does not increase with the sample size, and have a well-known sensitivity to parametric assumptions on the distributions within a class. Bayesian nonparametric methods have been developed to allow an infinite number of classes in the general population, with the number represented in a sample increasing with sample size. In this article, we propose a new nonparametric Bayes model that allows predictors to flexibly impact the allocation to latent classes, while limiting sensitivity to parametric assumptions by allowing class-specific distributions to be unknown subject to a stochastic ordering constraint. An efficient MCMC algorithm is developed for posterior computation. The methods are validate...
Comparative Case Study of Diffusion of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Two Clinical Settings : Empirically Supported Treatment Status Is Not Enough

An in-depth comparative case study was conducted of two attempts at diffusion of an empirically supported, but controversial, psychotherapy: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). One Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) treatment setting in which there was substantial uptake was compared with a second VA setting in which it was not adopted. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 mental health clinicians at the first site, and 19 at the second. Critical selling points for EMDR were a highly regarded champion, the observability of effects with patients, and personally experiencing its effects during a role training session. Compatibility with existing psychotherapist practices and values further allowed the therapy to become embedded in the organizational culture. At the second site, a sense that EMDR was not theoretically coherent or compelling overwhelmed other considerations, including its empirical status. Comparative studies contrasting settings in which innovative therapies are implemented versus those in which they were rejected may aid in refining theories of and strategies for dissemination.
Chronic Exposure to Nicotine Is Associated with Reduced Reward-Related Activity in the Striatum but not the Midbrain

Background The reinforcing effects of nicotine are mediated by brain regions that also support temporal difference error (TDE) processing; yet, the impact of nicotine on TDE is undetermined. Methods Dependent smokers ( n = 21) and matched control subjects ( n = 21) were trained to associate a juice reward with a visual cue in a classical conditioning paradigm. Subjects subsequently underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging sessions in which they were exposed to trials where they either received juice as temporally predicted or where the juice was withheld (negative TDE) and later received unexpectedly (positive TDE). Subjects were scanned in two sessions that were identical, except that smokers had a transdermal nicotine (21 mg) or placebo patch placed before scanning. Analysis focused on regions along the trajectory of mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways. Results There was a reduction in TDE-related function in smokers in the striatum, which did not differ as a function of patch manipulation but was predicted by the duration (years) of smoking. Activation in midbrain regions was not impacted by group or drug condition. Conclusions These data suggest a differential effect of smoking status on the neural substrates of reward in distinct dopaminergic pathway regions, which may be partially attributable to chronic nicotine exposure. The failure of transdermal nicotine to alter reward-related functional processes, either within smokers or between smokers and control subjects, implies that acute nicotine patch administration is insufficient to modify reward processing, which has been linked to abstinence-induced anhedonia in smokers and may play a critical role in smoking relapse.
Nutritional Strategies for the Very Low Birthweight Infant

Dedication Acknowledgements Foreword Glossary 1. Introduction 2. Fluid and electrolytes management (Na, Cl and K) 3. Energy 4. Intravenous carbohydrates 5. Intravenous lipids 6. Early total parenteral nutrition (TPN) 7. Parenteral calcium, phosphorous, magnesium and Vitamin D 8. Parenteral vitamins 9. Trace elements and iron 10. Parenteral nutrition guide 11. Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in VLBW infants 12. Enteral nutrition 13. Enteral feeding guidelines pPracticum 14. Optimizing enteral nutrition: protein 15. Human milk 16. Premature infant formulas 17. Standard infant formulas 18. Soya formulas 19. Protein hydrolysate formulas 20. Enteral calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and Vitamin D 21. Iron 22. Hypercaloric feeding strategy 23. Growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes 24. Nutritional assessment 25. Post discharge strategies 26. Nutritional management of preterm infants with short bowel syndrome 27. Summary Index.
Influence of School Beverage Environment on the Association of Beverage Consumption With Physical Education Participation Among US Adolescents

Objectives. We examined the association of adolescents’ beverage consumption with physical activity and studied how their school beverage environment influences the association.Methods. We used nationally representative data from the 2007 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort (n = 8850). We examined nonlinear associations of eighth graders’ self-report of beverage consumption (milk, 100% juices, soft drinks) with moderate to vigorous physical activity and physical education (PE) participation using piecewise linear regression models.Results. We found a nonlinear association of participation in PE class with beverage consumption, especially in schools with vending machines and those selling soft drinks. For students participating in PE less than 3 days per week, beverage consumption was not significantly associated with participation in PE class frequency. For students participating in PE 3 to 5 days per week, 1 more day of participation in PE class was associated with 0.43 (SE = 0.14; P =...
Diagnostic correlation of fiberoptic bronchoscopic biopsy and bronchoscopic cytology performed simultaneously.

The reliability of bronchoscopic cytology relative to biopsy is controversial. Some still consider biopsy the definitive procedure. Comparative studies are few and limited in scope. Therefore, we compared simultaneously obtained biopsies and cytologies for 224 cases. One hundred and sixty-six cases (74.6%) correlated completely. Forty-four cases (19.6%) did not correlate and cytology was diagnostic in 24 of these. Biopsy was diagnostic in sarcoidosis and vasculitis, whereas cytology only excluded the presence of neoplasm or infection. In 14 cases (5.8%), biopsy and cytology showed pathologic changes, but one or the other was more definitive. Rarely, the 2 techniques provided complementary information. A specific diagnosis was obtained more often from the combination of cytology and biopsy than from either alone. However, when biopsy is contraindicated it is reassuring that cytology usually yields the same information as biopsy, and can detect neoplastic and infectious diseases when the biopsy is non-diagnostic. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Left ventricular gallop sound and acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract A ventricular gallop sound, pulmonary râles, and cardiogenic shock have important prognostic implications in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between VGS and death in myocardial infarction. A VGS was audible in 63 of 156 patients (40 per cent) with proved myocardial infarction admitted to a Myocardial Infarction Research Unit during a 24 month period. Fifty-three patients were studied hemodynamically, and 25 of 27 patients with an S3 gallop demonstrated an abnormally elevated pulmonary artery enddiastolic pressure greater than 12 mm. Hg. Hospital deaths occurred in 40 per cent of patients with a VGS versus 15 per cent of those without this auscultatory finding. Seventy-five per cent of patients in cardiogenic shock died, but a VGS was not significantly associated with death in this group. Although in all patients a VGS was associated with increased mortality rate, deaths were not due to cardiogenic shock. This study confirms the need for hemodynamic monitoring in patients with acute myocardial infarction who exhibit a VGS as evidence of left ventricular power failure. Treatment should be based upon both clinical observations and continued evaluation of the hemodynamic alterations associated with left ventricular power failure.
Nonlinear effects in subthreshold virtual electrode polarization

Introduction of the virtual electrode polarization (VEP) theory suggested solutions to several century-old puzzles of heart electrophysiology including explanation of the mechanisms of stimulation ...
Maternal investment influences expression of resource polymorphism in amphibians: implications for the evolution of novel resource-use phenotypes.

Maternal effects—where an individual's phenotype is influenced by the phenotype or environment of its mother—are taxonomically and ecologically widespread. Yet, their role in the origin of novel, complex traits remains unclear. Here we investigate the role of maternal effects in influencing the induction of a novel resource-use phenotype. Spadefoot toad tadpoles, Spea multiplicata, often deviate from their normal development and produce a morphologically distinctive carnivore-morph phenotype, which specializes on anostracan fairy shrimp. We evaluated whether maternal investment influences expression of this novel phenotype. We found that larger females invested in larger eggs, which, in turn, produced larger tadpoles. Such larger tadpoles are better able to capture the shrimp that induce carnivores. By influencing the expression of novel resource-use phenotypes, maternal effects may play a largely underappreciated role in the origins of novelty.
Dispersity of des-L·Val7-D·Val8-gramicidin A single channel conductances argues for different side chain orientations as basis

Abstract Planar bilayer studies are reported on the channel activity of des-L·Val 7 -D·Val 8 -Gramicidin A. This analog is designed to provide more long-lived side chain distributions involving the Trp residues than occur with Gramicidin A. The carbonyls of these residues coordinate the permeant cation and the energetics of the coordination, which is proposed to depend on side chain orientation, determines the free energies of the rate limiting entrance-exit barriers and the binding sites. The finding of an increased dispersity of single channel conductance for the analog supports the perspective that dispersity derives from different side chain distributions on the same backbone conformation. Channel mechanism is not understood until dispersity is explained.
Comparative analysis of multiobjective evolutionary algorithms for random and correlated instances of multiobjective d-dimensional knapsack problems

This study analyzes multiobjective d-dimensional knapsack problems (MOd-KP) within a comparative analysis of three multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs): the e-nondominated sorted genetic algorithm II (e-NSGAII), the strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm 2 (SPEA2) and the e-nondominated hierarchical Bayesian optimization algorithm (e-hBOA). This study contributes new insights into the challenges posed by correlated instances of the MOd-KP that better capture the decision interdependencies often present in real world applications. A statistical performance analysis of the algorithms uses the unary e-indicator, the hypervolume indicator and success rate plots to demonstrate their relative effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability for the MOd-KP instances analyzed. Our results indicate that the e-hBOA achieves superior performance relative to e-NSGAII and SPEA2 with increasing number of objectives, number of decisions, and correlative linkages between the two. Performance of the e-hBOA suggests that probabilistic model building evolutionary algorithms have significant promise for expanding the size and scope of challenging multiobjective problems that can be explored.
Resource-sensitive intrusion detection models for network traffic

Network security has become an important issue in today's extensively interconnected computer world. The industry, academic institutions, small and large businesses and even residences have never been more risk from the increasing onslaught of computer attacks than more recently. Such malicious efforts cause damage ranging from mere violation of confidentiality and issues of privacy up to actual financial losses if business operations are compromised. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) have been used along with data mining and machine learning efforts to detect intruders. However, with the limitation of organizational resources, it is unreasonable to inspect every network alarm raised by the ids. Towards resource-and cost-sensitive IDS models we investigate the Modified Expected Cost of Misclassification as a model selection measure for building goal oriented intrusion detection classifier. The case study presented is that of the DARPA 1998 offline intrusion detection project. The empirical results show promise for building a resource-based intrusion detection model.
Metapahor, Ambiguity, and Motive in Evolutionary Biology: W. D. Hamilton and the “Gene’s Point of View”

This article analyzes the power of ambiguous metaphors to present scientific novelty. Its focus is a series of papers by the prominent population biologist W. D. Hamilton in which he redefined the meaning of biological altruism. In particular, the article draws on Kenneth Burke’s dramatistic pentad to examine why suggestions of motive are so pervasive in Hamilton’s representation of genetic evolution and what epistemological consequences result from this rhetorical choice. Specifically, the metaphorical language of motive allows Hamilton to represent genes ambiguously and simultaneously as both the agents of evolutionary action and as the agency or mechanism by which organism agents act. The textual ambiguity generated by the agent-agency metaphors both reflects and constructs a conceptual ambiguity in the way evolutionary processes are theorized. Analysis of Hamilton’s rhetoric thus suggests the productive function of ambiguous metaphors in highly technical scientific texts.
Neural Correlates of Contrast Detection at Threshold

Abstract Human psychophysical studies have demonstrated that, for stimuli near the threshold of visibility, detection of motion in one direction is unaffected by the superimposition of motion in the opposite direction. To investigate the neural basis for this perceptual phenomenon, we recorded from directionally selective neurons in macaque visual area MT (middle temporal visual area). Contrast thresholds obtained for single gratings moving in a neuron's preferred direction were compared with those obtained for motion presented simultaneously in the neuron's preferred and anti–preferred directions. A simple model based on probability summation between neurons tuned to opposite directions could sufficiently account for contrast thresholds revealed psychophysically, suggesting that area MT is likely to provide the neural basis for contrast detection of stimuli modulated in time.
A Traversal Cache Framework for FPGA Acceleration of Pointer Data Structures: A Case Study on Barnes-Hut N-body Simulation

Numerous studies have shown that field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) often achieve large speedups compared to microprocessors. However, one significant limitation of FPGAs that has prevented their use on important applications is the requirement for regular memory access patterns. Traversal caches were previously introduced to improve the performance of FPGA implementations of algorithms with irregular memory access patterns, especially those traversing pointer-based data structures. However, a significant limitation of previous traversal caches is that speedup was limited to traversals repeated frequently over time, thus preventing speedup for algorithms without repetition, even if the similarity between traversals was large. This paper presents a new framework that extends traversal caches to enable performance improvements in such cases and provides additional improvements through reduced memory accesses and parallel processing of multiple traversals. Most importantly, we show that, for algorithms with highly similar traversals, the traversal cache framework achieves approximately linear kernel speedup with additional area, thus eliminating the memory bandwidth bottleneck commonly associated with FPGAs. We evaluate the framework using a Barnes-Hut n-body simulation case study, showing application speedups ranging from 12x to 13.5x on a Virtex4 LX100 with projected speedups as high as 40x on today’s largest FPGAs.
Effect of Age on Outcomes in Total Ankle Arthroplasty

Background:Little is known about the efficacy and durability of total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) in younger patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of age on the clinical, radiographic, and patient-reported outcomes of patients with end-stage ankle arthritis treated with TAA using modern prostheses.Methods:Patients who underwent primary TAA from June 2007 to July 2011 were prospectively enrolled in the study. Three hundred and ninety-five consecutive patients were reviewed with a mean follow-up of 3.5 years (range, 2-5.4 years). Patients were divided into 3 groups based on age at the time of surgery ( 70 years). Patient-reported outcome scores, physical performance scores, and weight-bearing radiographs were used to assess patients preoperatively and at yearly postoperative office visits. Revision was defined as failure of either the tibial or talar components requiring removal of the metallic implants. A repeated-measures analysis of variance with post hoc testing an...