cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Citizens: The Role of Open Classroom Climate in Fostering Critical Consciousness Among Youth

Building on previous research on critical consciousness and civic development among youth, the current study examined the extent to which an open climate for discussion—one in which controversial issues are openly discussed with respect for all opinions—relates to youth’s critical consciousness and whether this association differs for youth from racial/ethnic majority versus minority backgrounds. Critical consciousness consisted of three components: the ability to critically read social conditions (critical reflection), feelings of efficacy to effect change (sociopolitical efficacy) and actual participation in these efforts (critical action), in both the educational and political/community domains. Open classroom climate was operationalized at the classroom rather than individual student level to more accurately draw links to educational policy and practice. Multilevel analyses of the 1999 IEA Civic Education Study, a nationally-representative sample of 2,774 US ninth-graders (50 % female; 58 % white), revealed that an open classroom climate predicted some, but not all, components of critical consciousness. Specifically, open classroom climate was positively related to sociopolitical efficacy in both the educational and political domains and to critical action in the community domain, but was not related to critical reflection. Few differences in these associations were found for youth from racial/ethnic majority versus minority backgrounds. The exception was sociopolitical efficacy in the educational domain: open classroom climate was particularly predictive of sociopolitical efficacy for minority youth. The findings are discussed in regard to previous research on open classroom climate and youth critical consciousness; and implications for future research and educational practice are drawn.
Ouabain induces cell proliferation through calcium-dependent phosphorylation of Akt (protein kinase B) in opossum kidney proximal tubule cells

Cardiotonic glycosides, like ouabain, inhibit Na+-K+-ATPase. Recent evidence suggests that low molar concentrations of ouabain alter cell growth. Studies were conducted to examine the effect of oua...
Colloids, helices, and patterned films made from heme proteins and manganese oxide

New colloidal materials with enzyme-like peroxidase activity were made from octahedral layered manganese oxide and myoglobin and hemoglobin, and were converted to macroscopic helices and patterned films.
Event-based architecture for diagnosis in control advisory systems

Abstract Artificial intelligence research on diagnostic systems is focused mainly on static problems in which the object of interest is assumed to be in a stable condition that will remain stable until the diagnostic agent has completed its deliberation. Control systems, on the other hand, cannot afford the luxury of ‘suspended time’; faults must be detected, isolated and reconfiguration implemented within one computation cycle to prevent departure from stable control envelopes. A new class of system is emerging from recent programs directed toward vehicle operator aids for fighter aircraft, submarines and helicopters. These systems are neither static off-line aids nor real-time controllers; instead they are control advisory systems which span the time scales of both regimes. These systems interface with controllers to interpret the error codes and to conduct tests and implement reconfigurations. On the other hand, these systems also interact with the vehicle operator to prioritize their activity consistent with the operator's goals and to recommend diagnostic/emergency procedures. Pilot's Associate (PA), a complex system of software and cockpit displays currently being developed to aid Air Force fighter pilots, is used to exemplify a control advisor and to display the requirements for real-time equipment diagnosis in such a system. It is shown that the required functionality challenges the capabilities of current diagnostic algorithms. The PA diagnostic architecture is presented. This architecture is centred around the concept of a diagnostic event which begins when abnormal data are detected, and which is treated as an interruptable computational process which may exist in conjunction with other event processes in multiple fault situations. The architecture solves a number of problems such as interruptability, and integrating the different time-scales of the pilot and the local system controllers, and the architecture provides a means for fusing statistical fault detection methods such as Kalman filters with artificial intelligence techniques such as model-based reasoning and classification. The result is an approach which exploits the strengths of each technique and provides a mechanism for automated reasoning using both quantitative and qualitative information.
Time Resolved Neutron Spectrum Measurements at the Mirror Fusion Test Facility

An advanced neutron diagnostic system has been developed for spectrum measurements on MFTF. Its collimated field of view allows spatially resolved neutron spectrum measurements. The 10 Mhz pulse height analysis and particle identification capability allow spectrum measurements in intervals as short as 10 ms. These capabilities will be used for space and time resolved determinations of ion energy from measurements of neutron Doppler width.
Addendum to Delayed Neutron Emission in the Decays of Short-Lived Separated Isotopes of Gaseous Fission Products

A correction is reported to the mass-formula predictions for the onset of delayed neutron emission using the formula of Garvey and Kelson. The predictions of the Garvey-Kelson and Seeger mass formulas are given for delayed-neutron-emission thresholds which have been recently reported in elements not included in the original report.
Competition and chemoaffinity in insect sensory systems

Abstract Two major forces appear to control the growth of insect mechanosensory neurons and ultimately their synaptic connections. These two forces, chemoaffinity and competition, have been revealed using staining techniques that show the anatomy of individual axonal arborizations, and surgical transplantation of sensory neurons which reveals constraints on their growth.
Aktivierung von Wasserstoff durch ungesättigte gemischte Metallcluster und ‐komplexe

Als Folge des standig steigenden Energiekonsums besteht ein wiederauflebendes Interesse an der Chemie des Wasserstoffs. Jungste Studien haben elektronisch ungesattigte mehrkernige Metallkomplexe mit sperrigen Liganden hervorgebracht, die eine Vielzahl von Reaktionen mit Wasserstoff eingehen, so auch die einfache Addition und Eliminierung unter milden Bedingungen. Materialien, die grose Wasserstoffmengen reversibel absorbieren, sind fur die Wasserstoffspeicherung und die katalytische Hydrierung auserst interessant. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst neuere Untersuchungen zu Reaktionen von Wasserstoff mit ungesattigten gemischten Metallclustern und -komplexen mit Platinzentren und sperrigen Phosphanliganden zusammen. Einige verwandte Studien zur Kooperativitat in Dimetallkomplexen und zur Synthese von Trimetallnanopartikeln auf mesoporosen Tragern als hoch aktive und selektive Hydrierungskatalysatoren werden ebenfalls diskutiert.
Direct evidence that growth cones pull.

THERE is controversy over whether axonal elongation is the result of a pulling growth cone and the role of tension in axonal elongationl-4. Earlier in this decade, the consensus was that axons or neurites elongated from tension generated by forward motility of the growth cone5,6. It was presumed that contractile filopodia were the source of the tension moving the growth cone7,8. But this view was challenged by experiments showing that neurites elongate, albeit abnormally, in the presence of cytochalasin, which inhibits growth-cone and filopodial movements9. Additionally, high resol-ution, video-enhanced observations of growth-cone activity argued against filopodial shortening as a source of tension, suggesting instead that an extrusion of cytoplasm rather than a pulling process, is the key event in neurite elongation1,3. Studies of slow axonal transport10, however, indicate that much slower cytoskeletal pushing underlies axonal elongation. We report here direct measurements of neurite force as a function of growth-cone advance which show that they are linearly related and accompanied by apparent neurite growth. No increase in force occurs in neurites whose growth cone fails to advance.
A convenient method for the determination of non-specific binding in commercially available solid phase iodine labeled radioimmunoassay kits

57Co-cyanocobalamin is substituted for iodine labeled antigen in three commercially available solid phase radioimmunoassay kits to evaluate the extent of non-specific binding by determination of the supernatant and residual fraction of unbound ligand and thus obtain a value for corrected binding throughout the range of the calibrated standard curve. In the present state of technology correction appears to have a trifling effect on the overall accuracy of the assay; however, the method as described allows the laboratorian to confirm for himself when testing a new product.
Embedding Secure Coding Instruction into the IDE: A Field Study in an Advanced CS Course

Many of the security vulnerabilities common in today's software can be prevented with standard secure coding practices. Computer science students who will become the developers of that software need to learn about those practices so they can prevent such vulnerabilities. Many computing programs are addressing this need through additional lectures, elective courses, or more holistic approaches to integrate security across curriculums. We are exploring a complementary approach, integrating secure coding education into the IDE to provide a learning opportunity in the context of writing code. In this paper, we report on two field studies using an IDE tool in an advanced Web programming course. Our results indicate that the tool can increase students' awareness and knowledge of secure programming, but to be most effective, instructors may need to incentivize its use through in-class methods and careful timing of its introduction.
An mRNA-dependent in vitro translation system from Trypanosoma brucei

Abstract We have demonstrated efficient protein synthesis in a cell-free system from the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei . This system was able to translate endogenous mRNA, added mRNA, or (apparently at much lower efficiency) three synthetic RNA transcripts lacking 5′ mini-exon and 3′ poly(A) sequences. Translation was resistant to chloramphenicol and >95% inhibited by low concentrations of anisomycin and puromycin, but only partially inhibited by cycloheximide. Variant surface glycoprotein synthesized from endogenous mRNA was sensitive to endoglycosidase H, indicating the co-translational glycosylation potential of the system. Two proteins translated ab initio from the corresponding in vitro-transcribed RNAs showed no evidence of signal sequence cleavage or glycosylation. Efficient processing occurred when the same RNAs were translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate supplemented with canine pancreatic microsomes but not with trypanosome microsomes.
Infusing assessment into mathematics content courses for pre-service elementary school teachers

The present study aims to explore the use of assessment in mathematics content courses for future elementary school teachers. Analysis of self assessment data on mathematical understanding and peer assessment data on oral mathematical presentation showed that pre-service teachers had a balanced understanding of procedural knowledge and problem solving. Conceptual understanding was not in the structure of pre-service teachers’ mathematical knowledge. Understandings of conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge, and problem solving had no meaningful effects on gains in mathematics performance. Aspects of oral mathematical presentation were associated with improved understanding of procedural knowledge and in particular conceptual knowledge. The result of the study calls for a conceptual approach to mathematical knowledge and sufficient mathematical problem solving in college-level mathematics content courses and in particular the infusion of assessment into college-level mathematics education for pre-service teachers.
Implication of Cigarette Smoking and Cessation on Sexual Function in Men and Women

Sexual dysfunction is a major public health problem that negatively affects the lives of hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide. There is strong evidence suggesting that tobacco use and sexual dysfunction are linked. In fact, cigarette smoking is independently associated with an increased risk of erectile dysfunction (ED). This relationship has been observed among both current and former smokers and among both passive and active smokers, and many studies suggest a dose-response relationship. Further, prospective studies indicate that cigarette use increases the risk of incident ED, whereas smoking cessation appears to improve erectile function. The link between tobacco use (and disuse) and sexual function in women is relatively understudied, and results remain inconclusive. Future research would benefit from utilizing more prospective designs and assessing the effects of smoking (and particularly passive smoking) on a wider range of sexual function outcomes (physiological, sexual dysfunctions other than male and female arousal disorders), especially among women.
A protein from abalone sperm dissolves the egg vitelline layer by a nonenzymatic mechanism.

Unfertilized abalone eggs (Haliotis rufescens) possess an elevated fibrous glycoproteinaceous vitelline layer (VL) about 0.6 μm in thickness. Sperm bind to the VL by the tip of a large unreacted acrosome granule. After binding, the tip of the granule opens and the soluble contents are released onto the VL. A hole about 3 μm in diameter then forms in the VL in the area of the discharging acrosome. Ultrastructural observations show the hole to be filled with attenuated VL fibers. The sperm then swims through the hole and interacts with the egg plasma membrane. The soluble contents of abalone acrosomes can be obtained by induction of the acrosome reaction in high-calcium seawater. Two major proteins of subunit molecular weights 13,000 (13K) and 15,000 (15K) are found in the supernatant after removal of the reacted sperm by centrifugation. Gel analysis of whole sperm shows these two proteins are the major components of the cell. The 13K protein can be purified on the basis of its solubility at lower ionic strength. This protein is a potent solubilizer (lysin) of egg vitelline layers. Characterization of the 13K lysin yields an isoelectric point of about 9, basic amino acids accounting for 19.6% of its weight, a negative PAS reaction, a nondenatured-molecular-weight estimate of 17,000, the presence of exposed hydrophobic regions, and a lack of enzyme activity. The lytic action of the 13K protein is rapidly inactivated by boiling, showing that the native conformation is necessary for activity. The lysin does not degrade the macromolecular components of the VL. It does not produce reducing sugars, peptides, lysophosphatides, or SH groups. A turbidometric assay for lysin activity was developed using isolated VLs and 13K lysin. When lysin is added to VLs in seawater the dissolution action occurs for only 15–30 sec before abruptly stopping. Mixing various amounts of lysin with a constant amount of VLs shows that the lysin dissolves VLs by a stoichiometric, noncatalytic (nonenzymatic) mechanism. For example, about 11 μg of lysin are required for the complete dissolution of 63 μg of VL protein (the VL is 36% protein). An identical conclusion was reached by K. Haino-Fukushima (1974, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 352, 179–191) working with an 8.8K lysin of another archeogastropod, Tegula pfeifferi. Isolated abalone VLs are composed of about five major glycoproteins ranging in molecular weight from 32 to 44K. High ionic strength such as 2 M KCl does not solubilize VLs, but agents which destroy hydrophobic bonds between macromolecules, such as NaSCN, dimethylsulfoxide, and heat, are VL solubilizers. Exposed hydrophobic portions of the lysin might bind to the hydrophobic regions of VL glycoproteins and competitively dissociate the VL fibers from each other, thus, destroying the VL's structural integrity. Stoichiometric mechanisms for making holes in egg investments may be more biologically attractive than enzymatic mechanisms. A stoichiometric reaction would be quickly self-limiting and nondegradative to other cell surface components.
Effects of Heating on Two-Dimensional Mixing Layers

Transverse profiles of temperature and the mean velocities in the streamwise direction in a horizontal shear layer are presented. The variation of vorticity thickness along the streamwise coordinate is examined for the cases when both streams were at room temperature and when the top stream was heated to 360 K. The similarity of the velocity field is observed only near the plane of the interface of the two streams in both cases. The vorticity thickness-velocity ratio correlation agrees well with the data available for the isothermal shear layers. The heating of one stream was not found to significantly influence the vorticity thickness, which is explained by the counteracting influences of viscosity and density changes.
On assessing social well-being change

The major purpose of this paper is to further evaluate the social well-being assessment procedures implemented in September 1973 by the Water Resources Council. The inclusion of social well-being, as part of the resource development project assessment procedures, signals a significant departure from previous emphasis on economic efficiency evaluations.
Re(de)fining the dendritic cell lineage

Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses. Study of these critical cells has been complicated by their similarity to other hematopoietic lineages, particularly monocytes and macrophages. Progress has been made in three critical areas of DC biology: the characterization of lineage-restricted progenitors in the bone marrow, the identification of cytokines and transcription factors required during differentiation, and the development of genetic tools for the visualization and depletion of DCs in vivo. Collectively, these advances have clarified the nature of the DC lineage and have provided novel insights into their function during health and disease.
Selective modification of glutathione metabolism

Glutathione, a tripeptide thiol found in virtually all cells, functions in metabolism, transport, and cellular protection. It participates in the reduction of disulfides and other molecules, and conjugates with compounds of exogenous and endogenous origin. It protects cells against the destructive effects of reactive oxygen intermediates and free radicals. Modifications of glutathione metabolism may be achieved by administration of selective enzyme inhibitors, and also by giving compounds that increase glutathione synthesis. Such effects are useful in chemotherapy and radiation therapy and in protecting cells against the toxic effects of drugs, other foreign compounds, and oxygen.
Consumer Behavior and Fish Market Development in Oman

Abstract Capitalizing on the rich fishing grounds that populate the coastal waters of the Sultanate of Oman is important in that country's economic diversification. Domestic fish markets have been constrained by consumers5 habits, which show very strong preferences for fresh fish over other processed forms. This study relates fish market and product development to consumer habits, perceptions, income, and other demographic and socioeconomic factors. Educational attainment and rural/urban households demonstrated the strongest relationships to likelihood of Omani fish choice by species and form. Income group, importance of price, and price expectations were significant influences on fish variety and form consumption, as were attitudinal choice characteristics, such as place of purchase, fish product characteristics, and spousal purchasing decision. Rural households and household size affected the odds of Omani consumption of fresh fish negatively.
Coupling photochemical reaction detection based on singlet oxygen sensitization to capillary electrochromatography

Despite the impressive separation efficiency afforded by capillary electrochromatography (CEC), the detection of UV-absorbing compounds following separation in capillary dimensions remains limited by the short path length (5−75 μm) through the column. Moreover, analytes that are poor chromophores present an additional challenge with respect to sensitive detection in CEC. This paper illustrates a new photochemical reaction detection scheme for CEC that takes advantage of the catalytic nature of type II photooxidation reactions. The sensitive detection scheme is selective toward molecules capable of photosensitizing the formation of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2). Following separation by CEC, UV-absorbing analytes promote ground-state 3O2 to an excited state (1O2) which reacts rapidly with tert-butyl-3,4,5-trimethylpyrrolecarboxylate, which is added to the running buffer. Detection is based on the loss of pyrrole. The reaction is catalytic in nature since one analyte molecule may absorb light many times, pr...
Developing an Agility Model for Maximum Responsiveness to the Changes in Customer Requirements for SMEs

Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) face increased market pressure due to demand fluctuation and the shift of the consumer focus from high volume/low mix to high mix/low volume environment. Costumer requirement as seen by SME’s can be summarized as: quantity scaling, unpredicted and sudden demands, on-time and quicker delivery times, and increased number of customized products. This paper proposes an agility realization model for SMEs to achieve higher responsiveness to these requirements. The agility model is based on integrating four main agility enablers: quick manufacturing response strategies, multi channel manufacturing approach, high mix/low volume techniques and collaborative networks. A case study is presented to demonstrate the proposed approach. The framework presented in this paper represents a roadmap for SMEs to raise their internal efficiency, achieve maximum responsiveness that will increase their competitive edge.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A standard equation for the speed of sound in seawater

Abstract An exact expression for the isothermal sound speed in a seawater is obtained from an internationally accepted equation of state. This derived sound-speed expression offers certain practical and theoretical advantages over empirical formulations encountered elsewhere in the literature.
Understanding discount program risk in hospitality: a Monte Carlo approach.

This study exhibits the usefulness of simulation analysis in understanding discount program risk from hospitality consumer behavior. A comprehensive review of hospitality discount programs, discussion of the methodological approach, and potential extensions of the technique is provided, along with applications to hypothetical restaurant and casino discount programs. We show changes from complex consumer behavior that are difficult to directly measure or forecast with traditional methods. One simulation outlines a scenario in which the profitability of restaurant discount programs can easily be misinterpreted leading to poor management decisions, while the other simulation reveals a scenario where casino house advantages could vary substantially from those typically used in profitability calculations.
The enzymatic conversion of glutaminyl-tRNA to pyrrolidone carboxylate-tRNA.

Abstract The formation of pyrrolidone carboxylate-tRNA (PCA-tRNA) from E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA is readily catalyzed by glutamine cyclotransferase, an enzyme of papaya latex. The glutamine is cyclized without apparent cleavage of the aminoacyl ester and activity toward free glutamine is slight. Glutamic acid and glutamyl-tRNA are not substrates. The enzyme is reported to have activity toward N-glutaminyl residues in synthetic peptides and thus is active toward glutamine in ester linkage to tRNA as well as in peptide linkage. Since PCA is not directly incorporated into proteins, these findings suggest that naturally occurring PCA (which exists exclusively at the NH2-terminal) may be derived from PCA-tRNAGln.
Energetics of Epitaxial Island Arrangements on Substrate Mesas

Self-assembly of strained epitaxial deposits (islands) grown on a substrate is a promising route to fabricate nanostructures of significance for electronic and optoelectronic devices. The challenge is to achieve specific island arrangements that are required for device functionality and high performance. This article investigates growth on a topographically patterned substrate as a means to control the arrangement of islands. By taking free energy to consist of elastic energy and surface energy, minimum energy configurations are calculated for islands on a raised substrate mesa. Configurations of one, two, and three islands at different positions on the mesa are considered to determine their relative energies as a function of mesa size, island size, mismatch strain between the island and substrate materials, surface energy, and elastic moduli. Insight is offered on the mechanisms responsible for certain physical observations such as a transition from the formation of multiple islands to a single island as mesa size is reduced.
Antimicrobial Agent-Induced Pseudomembranous Colitis

Antibiotic-induced colitis has been associated with the oral and parenteral administration of many agents. Diarrhea has been related to toxin elaborated by Clostridium difficile and its action on the gastrointestinal mucosa. Although other factors may be involved, they have not been identified. Treatment includes: (1) discontinuation of the presumed offending antibiotic, (2) supportive care including fluid replacement, and (3) administration of vancomycin orally; its use has been associated with symptomatic improvement and decreased toxin in the feces.
Estimation of the specification error in the Fisher equation

This paper asks ‘How false is the Fisher hypotheis?’ Previous work has asked ‘Is the Fisher hypothesis true?’ The framework here characterizes the specification error in the the Fisher equation as ‘model noise’ following Durlauf and Hall [1988, 1989a, 1989b]. The noise provides a metric for the specification error. For the post-war period to October 1979, the variance of the noise is small, while, after that date it is apparently large. That is, using a method that contains many previous tests of the Fisher effect in explaining nominal in explaining nominal interest rate movements. Mishkin [1991] has criticized this consensus as reflection a common stochastic trend in inflation and nominal interest rates prior to October 1979. The test here is immune to this criticism as I use the ex post real interest rate as the regressand and show that, at least prior to October 1979, it obeys a sationary process.
A unified interpretation of several combinatorial dualities

Several combinatorial structures exhibit a duality relation that yields interesting theorems, and, sometimes, useful explanations or interpretations of results that do not concern duality explicitly. We present a common characterization of the duality relations associated with matroids, clutters (Sperner families), oriented matroids, and weakly oriented matroids. The same conditions characterize the orthogonality relation on certain families of vector spaces. This leads to a notion of abstract duality.
Sensitivity of activated human lymphocytes to cyclosporine and its metabolites

Alloreactive T cells generated as clones from mixed lymphocyte cultures, or propagated from heart or liver transplant biopsies, were tested for secondary proliferation measured in the primed lymphocyte test in the presence of Cyclosporine A and metabolites fractionated from human bile. Significant differences were observed in Cyclosporine A sensitivity between various cell cultures ranging as high as 100-fold. The liver is the primary site of Cyclosporine A metabolism, which yields a number of hydroxylated and N-dimethylated derivatives that are eventually secreted into the bile. Bile was collected from adult liver transplant patients on Cyclosporine A therapy and following extraction with diethyl ether, separated by high pressure liquid chromatography. Thirteen fractions were tested for their effect on lymphocyte proliferation in concanavalin A activation, mixed lymphocyte cultures and primed lymphocyte test assays. The strongest immunosuppressive effect was found with fraction 8, which contained metabolite M17, which has a single hydroxylation in position 1. Only three other fractions 9, 10, and 13, which contained metabolites M1, M18, and M21, respectively, exhibited immunosuppressive activity, albeit much lower than that of Cyclosporine A. Differences in Cyclosporine A sensitivity among alloreactive T cells followed similar patterns with Cyclosporine A metabolites. Thus, the assessment of the Cyclosporine A effect must consider differences in drug sensitivity of lymphocytes involved in transplant immunity and the generation of metabolites with immunosuppressive activity.
The logic of mass higher education

The distinguishing characteristic of postsecondary education in the past half century has been expansion -- the emergence of mass higher education worldwide. Now, many industrialised countries educate forty percent or more of youth in postsecondary education, and developing countries are rapidly expanding as well. Mass higher education brings with it certain inevitable changes in higher education. Among these are a diversification of academic institutions, less homogenous student populations, alterations in patterns of academic work and of the academic profession itself, an increase in managerial control of academic institutions, and, recently, a reliance on distance methods of delivering instruction. These changes are part of the logic of mass higher education, and will be increasingly apparent in the 21st century.
The influence of electron-hole separation on the recombination probability in photochromic glasses

Abstract It has previously been shown that the fading rate of photoehromic glasses depends on darkening conditions. A trapped-hole diffusion model was proposed to explain this effect (Araujo 1968, 1971). In this paper a temperature-dependent recombination term which decreases exponentially with electron-hole separation is included in the diffusion model. Peculiar low-temperature effects are predicted and these are observed in some photochromic glasses.
Diglossia: detecting code injection attacks with precision and efficiency

Code injection attacks continue to plague applications that incorporate user input into executable programs. For example, SQL injection vulnerabilities rank fourth among all bugs reported in CVE, yet all previously proposed methods for detecting SQL injection attacks suffer from false positives and false negatives.This paper describes the design and implementation of DIGLOSSIA, a new tool that precisely and efficiently detects code injection attacks on server-side Web applications generating SQL and NoSQL queries. The main problems in detecting injected code are (1) recognizing code in the generated query, and (2) determining which parts of the query are tainted by user input. To recognize code, DIGLOSSIA relies on the precise definition due to Ray and Ligatti. To identify tainted characters, DIGLOSSIA dynamically maps all application-generated characters to shadow characters that do not occur in user input and computes shadow values for all input-dependent strings. Any original characters in a shadow value are thus exactly the taint from user input.Our key technical innovation is dual parsing. To detect injected code in a generated query, DIGLOSSIA parses the query in tandem with its shadow and checks that (1) the two parse trees are syntactically isomorphic, and (2) all code in the shadow query is in shadow characters and, therefore, originated from the application itself, as opposed to user input.We demonstrate that DIGLOSSIA accurately detects both SQL and NoSQL code injection attacks while avoiding the false positives and false negatives of prior methods. By recasting the problem of detecting injected code as a string propagation and parsing problem, we gain substantial improvements in efficiency and precision over prior work. Our approach does not require any changes to the databases, Web servers, or Web browsers, adds virtually unnoticeable performance overhead, and is deployable today.
On the Anisotropy of Cubic Ferromagnetic Crystals

It is shown that the dependence of the intensity of magnetization on direction in cubic single crystals probably results from the interplay between orbital valence and spin-orbit interaction. Because of the spin-orbit coupling, the spin vectors responsible for the ferromagnetism feel slightly the anisotropic electrostatic forces which connect the orbital angular momenta of different atoms and whose bonding effect is called orbital valence. In consequence there is apparent dipole-dipole coupling between the spins of different atoms with a constant of proportionality about fifty times larger than results from pure magnetic forces between spins. The same mechanism also gives rise to apparent quadrupole-quadrupole coupling, but it is shown very generally that the latter is possible only if the spin quantum numbers of the atoms are greater than \textonehalf{}. Although dipole-dipole coupling is well known not to contribute to cubic anisotropy when the elementary magnets are all parallel, there is an appreciable contribution in the second approximation of perturbation theory in which complete parallelism is not assumed. The perturbation calculations can be carried through for both the dipole or quadrupole models, provided a Weiss molecular field is used to portray exchange interaction. Both lead to a constant ${K}_{1}$ of about the observed order of magnitude in the expression ${F}_{0}+{K}_{1}({{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}}^{2}{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}}^{2}+{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}}^{2}{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3}}^{2}+{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3}}^{2}{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}}^{2})+{K}_{2}{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}}^{2}{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}}^{2}{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3}}^{2}$ for the free energy. The temperature variation of ${K}_{1}$ is given correctly in so far as ${K}_{1}$ vanishes much more rapidly than the intensity of magnetization near the Curie point, but the calculations are not sufficiently refined to give quantitative details of the temperature dependence, such as, for example, the different behavior of iron and nickel. The empirical values of ${K}_{2}$ seem somewhat larger than one would expect provisionally from dimensional considerations, but higher order calculations are needed before this point can be definitely settled. Our model is admittedly somewhat phenomenological, but in our opinion comes closer to physical reality than others in the literature, which are criticized. An explanation is given of why the so-called lattice sums in magnetostriction have larger magnitude, and sometimes different sign, than computed for pure magnetic coupling between the spins. In the final section a brief discussion is included on the anisotropy of hexagonal crystals.
Using importance flooding to identify interesting networks of criminal activity

Effectively harnessing available data to support homeland-security-related applications is a major focus in the emerging science of intelligence and security informatics (ISI). Many studies have focused on criminal-network analysis as a major challenge within the ISI domain. Though various methodologies have been proposed, none have been tested for usefulness in creating link charts. This study compares manually created link charts to suggestions made by the proposed importance-flooding algorithm. Mirroring manual investigational processes, our iterative computation employs association-strength metrics, incorporates path-based node importance heuristics, allows for case-specific notions of importance, and adjusts based on the accuracy of previous suggestions. Interesting items are identified by leveraging both node attributes and network structure in a single computation. Our data set was systematically constructed from heterogeneous sources and omits many privacy-sensitive data elements such as case narratives and phone numbers. The flooding algorithm improved on both manual and link-weight-only computations, and our results suggest that the approach is robust across different interpretations of the user-provided heuristics. This study demonstrates an interesting methodology for including user-provided heuristics in network-based analysis, and can help guide the development of ISI-related analysis tools. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Utility of radiotracer activity measurements for subsurface microbiology studies

Radiotracer activity measurements were conducted on subsurface sediments collected from the Savannah River Plant, Aiken, SC. Sediments were aseptically extruded from stainless steel core liners into a nitrogen flushed glove bag. Subsurface materials were immediately inoculated into aerobic and/or anaerobic tubes for time course experiments. Mineralization experiments utilized 14C-2-acetate and 14C-UL-glucose, while radiotracer uptake experiments included 14C-1-acetate incorporation into lipids and 3H-methyl-thymidine incorporation into microbial DNA. Microbiological activity of subsurface sediments varied 5 orders of magnitude between dense compacted clays and water-bearing sands. Aquifers tens of meters beneath the earth's surface exhibited activities greater than some of the near-surface soils. Radiotracer techniques proved to be sensitive, reproducible and applicable to field implementation. Agreement was observed between water abundance, sand content and microbial activities.
Ten Commandments: Lessons from the Enzymology of DNA Replication

One of the prevailing fashions in bioscience these days is the application of genomics to eukaryotic gene expression. Largely eclipsed are the approaches of a few decades ago in which enzymes derived from microorganisms blazed the trail to much of our current understanding of macromolecular
Automatic lexical pronunciations generation and update

Most automatic speech recognizers use a dictionary that maps words to one or more canonical pronunciations. Such entries are typically hand-written by lexical experts. In this research, we investigate a new approach for automatically generating lexical pronunciations using a linguistically motivated subword model, and refining the pronunciations with spoken examples. The approach is evaluated on an isolated word recognition task with a 2 k lexicon of restaurant and street names. A letter-to-sound model is first used to generate seed baseforms for the lexicon. Then spoken utterances of words in the lexicon are presented to a subword recognizer and the top hypotheses are used to update the lexical base-forms. The spelling of each word is also used to constrain the subword search space and generate spelling-constrained baseforms. The results obtained are quite encouraging and indicate that our approach can be successfully used to learn valid pronunciations of new words.
A review of the chronology of calcification of deciduous teeth

Revisions of the traditionally accepted ages at which deciduous teeth calcify and a corrected sequence of calcification are suggested. The table of dental development. “Chronology of the human dentition” (Logan and Kronfeld, slightly modified by McCall and Schour), has been an accepted standard since 1940, and it still appears in current textbooks. The ages at which teeth calcify, given in the table, have never been revised, although recent investigations suggest that modifications are long overdue. A review of the literature on the calcification of deciduous teeth was carried out with the goal of revising the portion of the Logan and Kronfeld table related to the deciduous dentition. A revision of the traditional table is offered it establishes earlier ages than the previously accepted values for initial calcification and a corrected sequence of calcification. Further research is suggested. A similar review of the literature also was carried out for the ages at which the deciduous teeth erupt; traditional values are given in the Logan and Kronfeld table. Revisions of that section of the table are suggested in a second article by Dr. Lunt and Dr. Law, which will appear in the October issue of THE JOURNAL.
Non-Clairvoyant Scheduling for Minimizing Mean Slowdown

We consider the problem of scheduling dynamically arriving jobs in a non-clairvoyant setting, that is, when the size of a job in remains unknown until the job finishes execution. Our focus is on minimizing the mean slowdown, where the slowdown (also known as stretch) of a job is defined as the ratio of the flow time to the size of the job. We use resource augmentation in terms of allowing a faster processor to the online algorithm to make up for its lack of knowledge of job sizes. Our main result is that the Shortest Elapsed Time First (SETF) algorithm, a close variant of which is used in the Windows NT and Unix operating system scheduling policies, is a $(1+\epsilon)$-speed, $O((1/\epsilon)^5 \log^2 B)$-competitive algorithm for minimizing mean slowdown non-clairvoyantly, when $B$ is the ratio between the largest and smallest job sizes. In a sense, this provides a theoretical justification of the effectiveness of an algorithm widely used in practice. On the other hand, we also show that any $O(1)$-speed algorithm, deterministic or randomized, is $\Omega(\min(n,\log B))$-competitive. The motivation for resource augmentation is supported by an $\Omega(\min(n,B))$ lower bound on the competitive ratio without any speedup. For the static case, i.e., when all jobs arrive at time 0, we show that SETF is $O(\log{B})$ competitive without any resource augmentation and also give a matching $\Omega(\log{B})$ lower bound on the competitiveness.
Grow to Fit Molecular Dynamics (G2FMD): an ab initio method for protein side-chain assignment and refinement

The rough energy landscapes and tight packing of protein interiors are two of the critical factors that have prevented the wide application of physics-based models in protein side-chain assignment and protein structure prediction in general. Complementing the rotamer-based methods, we propose an ab initio method that utilizes molecular mechanics simulations for protein side-chain assignment and refinement. By reducing the side-chain size, a smooth energy landscape was obtained owing to the increased distances between the side chains. The side chains then gradually grow back during molecular dynamics simulations while adjusting to their surrounding driven by the interaction energies. The method overcomes the barriers due to tight packing that limit conformational sampling of physics-based models. A key feature of this approach is that the resulting structures are free from steric collisions and allow the application of all-atom models in the subsequent refinement. Tests on a small set of proteins showed nearly 100% accuracy on both chi1 and chi2 of buried residues and 94% of them were within 20 degrees from the native conformation, 79% were within 10 degrees and 42% were within 5 degrees . However, the accuracy decreased when exposed side chains were involved. Further improvement and application of the method and the possible reasons that affect the accuracy on the exposed side chains are discussed.
Monopulse processing for DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets with known relative RCS

When two targets are closely spaced with respect to the resolution of a radar, the measurements of the two targets will be merged when the target echoes are not resolved in angle, range, or radial velocity (i.e., Doppler processing). Monopulse processing is considered for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets with known relative radar cross section (RCS). The mean of the in-phase (i.e., the real part) monopulse ratio and the variance of the in-phase and quadrature monopulse ratios are utilized to estimate the DOAs of the two targets. Simulation results that illustrate performance of the DOA estimators are given along with simulation results for a tracking example.
Integrated Ecological-Economic Models

Scientific evidence suggests that economic activity is threatening global biodiversity in ways that could severely degrade nature's flow of ecosystem services. Yet, there is relatively little work in economics that addresses biodiversity loss. Some economists have called for better integration of economic and ecological models to address biodiversity and the attendant ecosystem services. Current integrated approaches in economics are discussed, and they take in ecosystem services, ecosystem externalities, and substantial ecological modeling. Much of the modeling uses Lotka-Volterra equations, which are standard in ecology, although there is concern that the equations lack the microfoundations of plant and animal behavior. An alternative approach is to admit microbehavior using economic optimization techniques that build adaptive ecological systems. However, much more effort is needed to assess whether admitting more ecological detail into economic models will be fruitful.
Lyapunov analysis of quadratically symmetric neighborhood consensus algorithms

We consider a class of neighborhood consensus algorithms for multi-agent systems. Within this class, the agents move along the gradients of a particular function, which can be represented as the sum of the minimums of several quadratically symmetric nonnegative functions. For these systems, we provide generic Lyapunov functions that are nonincreasing along the trajectories. Under some mild technical assumptions, the Lyapunov functions prove convergence of the algorithms when the number of agents is finite. We show that a well-known model of multi-agent systems, namely the opinion dynamics model, is a special case of this class. The opinion dynamics model was first introduced by Krause and consists of a distribution of agents on the real line, where the agents simultaneously update their positions by moving to the average of the positions of their neighbors including themselves. We show that a specific Lyapunov function that was previously proposed for the opinion dynamics model by Blondel et. al. can be recovered from our generic Lyapunov function. In addition to providing intuition about the dynamics of neighborhood consensus algorithms, our Lyapunov analysis is particularly useful for analysis of the infinite-dimensional case, where extensions of the combinatorial approaches may not be convenient or possible.
Low-power digit-serial multipliers

Digit-serial implementation styles are best suited for implementation of digital signal processing systems which require moderate sampling rates. Digit-serial multipliers obtained using traditional unfolding techniques cannot be pipelined beyond a certain level because of the presence of feedback loops. In this paper, an alternative approach for the design of digit-serial multipliers is presented based on a novel cell replacement transformation. This transformation permits bit-level pipelining of the digit-serial multipliers thereby achieving sample speeds close to corresponding bit-parallel multipliers with significantly lower area. This increased sample speed can be traded with reduction in power supply voltage resulting in significant reduction in power consumption. The results show that for smaller digit-sizes (/spl les/4), the type-II multiplier consumes the least power and for larger digit-sizes, the type-I multiplier consumes the least power. It is also found that the optimum digit-size for least power consumption in type-I and type-III multipliers is /spl sim//spl radic/2W, where W represents the word length. The proposed digit-serial multipliers consume on an average 1.75 times lower power than the traditional digit-serial architectures for the non-pipelined case, and about 15 times lower power for the bit-level pipelined case.