cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minerals of Ohio, 2nd edition, by Ernest H. Carlson. Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Geological Survey Bulletin 69, Columbus, OH; www.geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov. 290 pages; 2015; $30 (plus shipping and handling) (hardbound).

This beautifully bound, large-format book joins the family of U.S. state mineralogies as a significant and welcome addition. Minerals of Ohio is authoritative, understandable, and affordable; it is...
Projected-wave-function study of the spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on the Kagomé lattice.

We perform a Gutzwiller projected-wave-function study for the spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on the Kagome lattice to compare energies of several spin-liquid states. The result indicates that a U(1)-Dirac spin-liquid state has the lowest energy. Furthermore, even without variational parameters, the energy turns out to be very close to that found by exact diagonalization. We show that such a U(1)-Dirac state represents a quantum phase whose low-energy physics is governed by four flavors of two-component Dirac fermions coupled to a U(1) gauge field. These results are discussed in the context of recent experiments on ZnCu(3)(OH)(6)Cl(2).
A Test of the Relationship between Reading Ability & Standardized Biology Assessment Scores.

Abstract Little empirical evidence suggested that independent reading abilities of students enrolled in biology predicted their performance on the Biology I Graduation End-of-Course Assessment (ECA). An archival study was conducted at one Indiana urban public high school in Indianapolis, Indiana, by examining existing educational assessment data to test whether a relationship between reading proficiency and student performance on the Biology I ECA existed. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was r = 0.712 (P < 0.01). A strong positive relationship between Biology I ECA and Lexile reading scores accounted for 50.7% of the variance. The results suggested that any measure to increase reading levels would increase standardized biology assessment scores.
End-to-end solutions for reconfigurable systems: the programming gap and challenges

Substantial effort has gone into the research and development of hardware "media" that permit varying hardware images to the user, from fine grained to coarse grained levels. At its finest granularity, these media permit reconfiguration at the levels of single bits, and can span the entire spectrum to systems that reconfigure at the levels of individual physical or virtual processors. While the term itself is used pervasively and offers exciting opportunities in all of the above contexts, our focus is on the devices at the finer level of granularity. In particular, we are concerned with devices that form a basis for: 1) defining processors-perhaps dedicated to single application-which can be reconfigured over time either in terms of their instruction sets, word sizes and/or data path configurations; and 2) that can form an easily altered communication fabric connecting groups of specialized or COTS processors.
Diffeomorphic sulcal shape analysis for cortical surface registration

We present an intrinsic framework for constructing sulcal shape atlases on the human cortex. We propose the analysis of sulcal and gyral patterns by representing them by continuous open curves in R3. The space of such curves, also termed as the shape manifold is equipped with a Riemannian L2 metric on the tangent space, and shows desirable properties while matching shapes of sulci. On account of the spherical nature of the shape space, geodesics between shapes can be computed analytically. Additionally, we also present an optimization approach that computes geodesics in the quotient space of shapes modulo rigid rotations and reparameterizations. We also integrate the elastic shape model into a surface registration framework for a population of 176 subjects, and show a considerable improvement in the constructed surface atlases.
Sorghum research and human values

Abstract Building upon the induced innovation model of agricultural research, this paper illustrates how research decisions are also value decisions. To illustrate the values implicit in research, the case of research on grain sorghum is examined. First, the contexts within which sorghum is produced and consumed are examined. Then, various values and value conflicts in sorghum research are described. The paper concludes that a better understanding of these values by scientists will help to ensure that the products of research are relevant to the varied needs of the full range of clients.
Distribution of transforming growth factor-β1 in human astrocytomas

Abstract We used immunohistochemical techniques to study the distribution of transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1 ) and infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages in human astrocytomas. Thirteen of 15 grade 4 astrocytomas (glioblastomas) showed staining with anti-TGF-β 1 antibody, predominantly in proliferating endothelial complexes and surrounding small and medium-sized blood vessels. Brain tissue microscopically free of tumor cells (n = 8) and more differentiated astrocytomas of varying grade (1 to 3; n=6) devoid of endothelial proliferation did not stain with anti-TGF-β 1 . Normal brain contained only rare lymphoreticular cells. The majority of astrocytomas studied, however, contained T lymphocytes and macrophages with smaller numbers of B lymphocytes. The lymphoreticular infiltrates were concentrated primarily in close proximity to blood vessels. Within an individual tumor perivascular regions staining for TGF-β 1 never contained more than occasional T lymphocytes. Perivascular regions not staining for TGF-β 1 frequently contained low to high numbers of T lymphocytes. The inverse relationship in the distribution of TGF-β 1 and lymphocyte infiltrates is compatible with a functional relationship between this cytokine and an immune effector cell response to glioblastomas.
Comparison of conventional measures of glucose control versus the area under the curve from a continuous glucose monitoring device in critical care patients

In critical illness, hyperglycemia is a frequent complication resulting from metabolic and hormonal changes. Recent findings suggest increased glycemic variability may confer a strong independent risk of mortality in the critically ill [1]. Conventional measurements of glucose control include morning glucose, mean daily glucose, percentage of glucose readings in the goal range, and the hyperglycemic index (HGI) [2]. The objective of this study was to determine the most appropriate method for assessing glycemic control in cardiovascular (CV) surgery patients.
Temperature sensitivity of aspartic and glutamic acid racemization in the foraminifera Pulleniatina

Abstract The temperature sensitivity of amino acid racemization was quantified for aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu) in tests of the foraminifera genus, Pulleniatina. More than 800 tests from the top 1 cm of a box core sample were heated for up to 499 days at four temperatures ranging from 90 to 140 °C, and were analyzed individually to evaluate the rate of amino acid racemization. The foraminifera were heated in a seawater solution, which was determined to be a superior pore fluid compared to heating in unbuffered water. A three-step screening procedure was developed to systematically identify and exclude outliers. Three empirical models were evaluated for their goodness of fit to the pattern of increasing d / l with time for a given temperature, and to the pattern of long-term racemization under deep-sea conditions. A simple power-law function ( t ∝ D / L n ) provides the best fit to the progression of Asp and Glu d / l under isothermal conditions, with coefficients (n values) optimized at 3.0 for Asp and 2.4 for Glu. The data from laboratory-heating experiments were combined with data from 14C-dated Holocene Pulleniatina, which extended the evaluation of racemization kinetics to long-term rates at ambient temperatures, to calculate the Arrhenius parameters for racemization of Asp and Glu. Pulleniatina racemizes relatively slowly compared with other carbonate fossils, with Ea values of 31.5±0.2 and 31.2±0.3 kcal mol−1 (131.0±0.8 and 131.9±1.3 kJ mol−1) for Asp and Glu, respectively. Errors associated with the age and paleotemperature calculations were derived using a Monte Carlo procedure that propagated the integrated effect of all input variables. Assuming a temperature uncertainty of ±0.5 °C results in an overall age error of about ±15% for Asp and 20% for Glu; realistic uncertainties in effective diagenetic temperature are about ±1 °C.
Compiling matrix operations

It is unfortunate that almost all of the presently used algebraic languages do not provide the capability of linear algebra. Operations such as the inner product of vectors, the product of two matrices, and the multiplication of a matrix by a scaler must inevitably be written out in detail in terms of the individual components. The reasons usually given for avoiding linear algebra in these languages are (1) the difficulties which would arise in scanning linear algebraic expressions, and (2) the uncertainty involved as to the amount of temporary storage needed during the evaluation of linear algebraic expressions when the program is executed. The purpose of this paper is to show how these two types of difficulties can be overcome. Although suggestions have been made for even further increasing the general capability of ALGOL such as including the ability to form a matrix from a collection of vectors, we shall be content here to consider the ordinary operations of linear algebra. Even if this much becomes available in algebraic languages, considerable progress will have been made. The following remarks constitute a suggestion for the addition to ALGOL of linear algebraic expressions.
[Isolation of enzymes splitting the carbohydrate-peptide bond of the amide type from an extract of a large pond snail].

Inosine 5‘-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis. IMPDH converts inosine 5‘-monophosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5‘-monophosphate (...
Normal Human Skin Lymphocytic and Langerhans’ Cell Responses to Intradermal Interferon α-2β Injections

The effects of intradermal injection of interferon alpha-2 beta on normal human skin were studied in 12 healthy adult volunteers using 500,000 international units recombinant human interferon alpha-2 beta, 3 times a week for five injections (n = 6) and nine injections (n = 6). Saline injections served as control sites. Lymphocytic infiltrates and the population of epidermal Langerhans' cells in the injection areas were observed. The results showed that epidermal Langerhans' cells (both adenosine triphosphatase positive and CD-1+) decreased significantly whereas human leukocyte antigen-DR expression in keratinocytes was enhanced. Dermal CD-3+ (Pan T cells), CD-4+ (T helper cells) and human leukocyte antigen DR+ cells increased. No significant differences in the number of CD-19+ (B cells) and CD-57+ (NK cells) were observed. There were no significant differences between the five-injection and nine-injection groups.
Biochemical and Mutational Analyses of AcuA, the Acetyltransferase Enzyme That Controls the Activity of the Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthetase (AcsA) in Bacillus subtilis

The acuABC genes of Bacillus subtilis comprise a putative posttranslational modification system. The AcuA protein is a member of the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily, the AcuC protein is a class I histone deacetylase, and the role of the AcuB protein is not known. AcuA controls the activity of acetyl coenzyme A synthetase (AcsA; EC 6.2.1.1) in this bacterium by acetylating residue Lys549. Here we report the kinetic analysis of wild-type and variant AcuA proteins. We contrived a genetic scheme for the identification of AcuA residues critical for activity. Changes at residues H177 and G187 completely inactivated AcuA and led to its rapid turnover. Changes at residues R42 and T169 were less severe. In vitro assay conditions were optimized, and an effective means of inactivating the enzyme was found. The basic kinetic parameters of wild-type and variant AcuA proteins were obtained and compared to those of eukaryotic GNATs. Insights into how the isolated mutations may exert their deleterious effect were investigated by using the crystal structure of an AcuA homolog.
Female pheromone in the black molly fish (Mollinenesia latipinna): A possible metabolic correlate

The female black mollyMollinenesia latipinna emits a water-borne pheromone which increases general activity and social contacts among males. Two hormones, thyroxine and thiouracil, administered to the females increase these behaviors in males. Apparently the hormones do not functionally compete in this species, and both seem to elevate the emission of the male stimulant.
Independent Action of Allele-Specific Suppressor Mutations

Two different allele-specific suppressor genes had an independent and nonadditive effect in restoring indoleglycerol phosphate → L-tryptophan activity in a double mutant strain lacking this activity.
The immunochemical detection of stress proteins in activated sludge exposed to toxic chemicals

The heat shock protein, GroEL, was found to be induced in activated sludge cultures exposed to perturbations of chemicals (cadmium, pentachlorophenol, and acetone) or heat stress. In laboratory activated sludge reactors, GroEL was rapidly induced (within minutes) in the presence of 5 mg/l or greater total cadmium. At 5 mg/l cadmium, however, moderate to insignificant changes in activated sludge process performance indicators [effluent suspended solids concentration, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, and specific oxygen uptake rate] were observed. As total cadmium concentrations increased above 5 mg/l, there was a significant and consistent increase in effluent volatile suspended solids concentrations from activated sludge sequencing batch reactors relative to unstressed controls. These results indicate that stress proteins may serve as sensitive and rapid indicators of mixed liquor toxicity which can adversely impact treatment process performance, but that GroEL may not be a good candidate protein for this purpose.
Impact of Yankee Stadium Bat Day on blunt trauma in northern New York City.

Study objective: To determine the incidence of blunt trauma in northern New York City before and after the distribution of 25,000 baseball bats at Yankee Stadium. Design: Prospective multicenter study, including ten days before and ten days after Bat Day (June 3, 1990). Setting: Ten emergency departments in the Bronx and northern Manhattan. Type of participant: All patients presenting to the ED with baseball bat injuries. Interventions: Each hospital collected the following data for each subject: data and time of injury, patient's age and sex, extent of injury, whether a Yankee bat was used, presence of loss of consciousness, results of computed tomography scan of the brain (if performed), history source, and disposition of the patient. Average daily atmospheric temperature was recorded for each day of the study. Measurements and main results: Seventy-seven patients sustained bat injuries, 38 (49%) before and 36 (47%) after Bat Day. There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to age, sex, time of injury, number and distribution of fractures and lacerations, incidence of loss of consciousness, source of history, or disposition. There was a positive association between the number of cases on a given day and the average temperature that day ( r =.5; P Conclusion: The distribution of 25,000 wooden baseball bats to attendees at Yankee Stadium did not increase the incidence of bat-related trauma in the Bronx and northern Manhattan. There was a positive vorrelation between daily temperature and the incidence of bat injury. The informal but common impressions of emergency clinicians about the cause-and-effect relationship between Bat Day and bat trauma were unfounded.
Equatorial ionospheric electrodynamics associated with high‐speed solar wind streams during January–April 2007

[1] High-speed solar wind streams cause recurrent geomagnetic activity and ionospheric disturbances. In this study, we analyze the equatorial ionospheric ion drift measured by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites near dusk when high-speed solar wind streams with a period of 13.5 days occurred during January–April 2007. A well-defined quantitative correlation between the solar wind velocity and the equatorial ionospheric ion drift is identified for the first time. The plasma drift in the dusk equatorial ionosphere induced by high-speed solar wind streams is eastward in the zonal direction and downward in the vertical direction at the altitude of DMSP orbit (∼840 km) during this low solar activity period (January–April 2007). The zonal component of the equatorial ionospheric ion drift is inversely correlated with the vertical component. The ionospheric ion zonal drift varies, on average, from −40 to 40 m s−1 when the solar wind velocity varies from 300 to 700 km s−1 over a 13.5 day period, and the ion vertical drift varies from 10 to −10 m s−1. The quantitative correlations between the solar wind velocity and ionospheric ion drift and between the vertical and zonal components of the ion drift velocity are important for understanding the equatorial ionospheric electrodynamics associated with high-speed solar wind streams and for space weather prediction.
Precision Current Transductor for the Fermilab Booster Magnet Power Supply

The Fermilab Booster synchrotron requires precise injection and extraction field regulation (±0.001% repeatability). To achieve this tolerance with a current regulator requires that the current measuring device have a high degree of resolution, stability, and a high output level. To meet this criteria, a transductor using the second-harmonic magnetic modulator technique was chosen. This device is capable of better than ±0.001% measurements from dc to 15 Hz for currents from 50 to 1200 A. Small signal (~100 A peak-to-peak) response is 3 dB down at 10 KHz. The conversion gain was chosen as 1 V/121.25 A to permit operational amplifier compatible signal levels at the output.
Canonical and kinetic forms of the electromagnetic momentum in an ad hoc quantization scheme for a dispersive dielectric

An ad hoc quantization scheme for the electromagnetic field in a weakly dispersive, transparent dielectric leads to the definition of canonical and kinetic forms for the momentum of the electromagnetic field in a dispersive medium. The canonical momentum is uniquely defined as the operator that generates spatial translations in a uniform medium, but the quantization scheme suggests two possible choices for the kinetic momentum operator, corresponding to the Abraham or the Minkowski momentum in classical electrodynamics. Another implication of this procedure is that a wave packet containing a single dressed photon travels at the group velocity through the medium. The physical significance of the canonical momentum has already been established by considerations of energy and momentum conservation in the atomic recoil due to spontaneous emission, the Cerenkov effect, the Doppler effect, and phase matching in nonlinear optical processes. In addition, the data of the Jones and Leslie radiation pressure experiment is consistent with the assignment of one $\ensuremath{\hbar}\mathbf{k}$ unit of canonical momentum to each dressed photon. By contrast, experiments in which the dielectric is rigidly accelerated by unbalanced electromagnetic forces require the use of the Abraham momentum.
Theory of anisotropic magnetic behavior in hybridizing actinide systems

Abstract We discuss the magnetic behavior of light actinide (U,Np,Pu) materials in the transitional regime between itinerant and localized f-electron behavior. In this transitional regime, the f electrons interact with the solid-state environment primarily through hybridization (mixing) with band electrons of non-f atomic parentage. In the moderate f delocalization regime where the hybridization interaction can be regarded as a perturbation, the hybridization can be represented in terms of resonant scattering of band electrons from f-electron ions. Opening up successive scattering channels in a systematic manner provides a way to treat the sensitivity of the hybridization process to chemical environment. The anisotropic magnetic behavior is a delicate measure of this sensitivity. We use comparison of theory and experiment for PuSb to illustrate these ideas.
Folding of a monomeric porin, OmpG, in detergent solution.

OmpG, a porin from E. coli, has been examined in planar lipid bilayers and in detergent solution. First, bilayer recordings were used to reinforce the evidence that the functional form of OmpG is a monomer. Both pH-dependent gating and blockade by covalent modification add support to this proposal. The findings contrast with the properties of the classical porins, which function as trimers. Second, the folding of OmpG in detergent solution was examined. A water-soluble form of OmpG was obtained by dialysis from denaturant into buffer. Incubation of water-soluble OmpG in detergent results in conversion to a form that possesses the hallmarks of a β barrel. The folding of water-soluble OmpG in detergent was monitored by circular dichroism, protease resistance, and heat modifiability. OmpG is first transformed into an intermediate with increased β-sheet content on the time scale of minutes at 23 °C. This is followed by the slow acquisition of heat modifiability and protease resistance over several hours. The ...
Some Effects of Brief Training Interventions on Perceptions of Sexual Harassment1

In 2 experiments, college undergraduates received brief sexual harassment training or were assigned to a control group; all participants then judged whether sexual harassment occurred in brief written scenarios which had been evaluated previously by experts. In the first study, training increased the tendency to perceive sexual harassment but did not enhance expertise. In the second experiment, training significantly increased perceptual expertise for men but not for women—thereby eliminating a gender difference which has been consistently reported in the sexual harassment literature. These are the first experimental demonstrations that training can influence perceptions of sexual harassment in a laboratory setting; whether training can measurably affect the perception, reporting, or incidence of sexual harassment in real life is not yet known.
Advanced screen printable Thin Film PV front side silver conductor compositions

A series of new Thin-Film PV front-side silver conductor compositions has been developed for CIGS and a-Si Thin-Film PV cells. These new conductors provide outstanding adhesion to various Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCO.'s) such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). Additionally, these front-side silvers exhibit very high conductivity and extremely low contact resistance to the TCO. They have been formulated for screen-printing manufacturing operations and are easily processed at 130°–180 C for 5–10 minutes in a manufacturing oven. Reliability studies on these conductors have shown very good stability out to 600 hours of storage at 85°C/85% RH. The details of the compositions and their properties as well as the typical construction of the Thin-Film cell using these front-side silvers will be discussed.
alpha-Difluoromethylornithine inhibits liver metastasis produced by intrasplenic injection of human tumor cells into nude mice.

The purpose of these studies was to examine metastatic potentials of a human colon tumor xenograft (T6) and three different human tumor cell lines (LS174T, HT29 and A549) using the intrasplenic-nude mouse model system (ISMS model system). A further objective was to study the activity ofα-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) against primary and metastatic growth of the xenograft and the three cell lines. DFMO is an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, a rate-limiting step in polyamine biosynthesis. Tumor burdens in the liver of nude mice were observed 6 weeks after the intrasplenic injection with LS174T and 12–14 weeks after intrasplenic injections with T6, HT29 and A549. Most of the mice developed primary tumor growth in the spleens. DFMO showed significant activity against liver metastases but had little or no activity against primary tumor growth in the spleens of the ISMS model and against s.c. growth of the xenograft. The studies demonstrated that the ISMS model system is an excellent system for studying metastatic behavior of human tumors and for studying the antimetastatic activity of experimental drugs.
Mapping the distribution of differentiation potential for intestine, muscle, and hypodermis during early development in Caenorhabditis elegans

Summary We have analyzed the differentiation potential of cells in early embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans by assessing the production of markers for intestinal, muscle, and hypodermal cell differentiation in cleavage-arrested blastomeres. Our results show that differentiation potential does not always segregate during cleavage in a linear fashion, i.e., a blastomere can express a differentiation potential that is absent in its parent blastomere and vice versa. Furthermore, the expression of a particular differentiation program by certain cleavage-arrested blastomeres is an exclusive event in that each cell will express only one program of differentiation, even though it may have the potential to express several.
Synthesis and Structure of an Extended Cluster Lead(II) Carboxylate, [Pb{(CO)(9)Co(3)(m(3)-CCO(2))}(2)](n)(). Role of Core Metals in Cluster-Derived Hydrogenation Catalysts.

The reaction of lead acetate with (CO)(9)Co(3)(m(3)-CCOOH) leads to the formation of [Pb{(CO)(9)Co(3)(m(3)-CCO(2))}(2)](n)(), I, in high yield. The structure of I exhibits unusual six-coordinate Pb(II) centers with two asymmetrical chelating cluster carboxylates (C(22)Co(6)PbO(22); triclinic Po; a = 8.119(1), b = 14.346(2), c = 14.660(2) A; alpha = 102.18(1), beta = 99.01(1), gamma = 97.30(1) degrees; Z = 2). One oxygen of each cluster carboxylate ligand bridges between adjacent lead atoms such that a chainlike extended structure is found in the solid state without the presence of solvent or water. I is converted stepwise on pyrolysis into two metastable forms of solid materials (designated LT and HT), each of which has been characterized spectroscopically. The hydrogenation of 2-butenal as a test reaction shows that the LT catalyst exhibits selectivities similar to previous LT materials derived from other cobalt cluster metal carboxylates and that the HT material is totally inactive. The observed release of the lead core metal under HT activation conditions totally inactivates the catalyst and demonstrates exposure of the core metal in the HT form of these novel catalysts.
MIMO nullforming with RVQ limited feedback and channel estimation errors

This paper explores limited feedback nullforming techniques based on random vector quantization (RVQ) with and without receiver coordination. The availability of receiver coordination affects the type and amount of feedback required to select an appropriate precoding vector. Approximate upper and lower bounds are developed for the mean received power at primary receivers with and without receiver coordination. Numerical results confirm the analysis and show that the channel estimation errors effectively establish a floor on the achievable performance of RVQ nullforming. The size of the RVQ codebook can be selected to approach this floor without excessive overhead.
Collagenolytic Activity of Intact and Necrotic Connective Tissue

Isotonic saline extracts of both intact and necrotic skin of the rat were capable of releasing over 50 percent of the hydroxyproline content of soluble collagen as dialyzable, peptide-bound amino acid only after prior, limited proteolytic activation of trypsin. These "activated" extracts could also solubilize insoluble collagen to release dialyzable hydroxyproline containing peptides. This collagenolytic activity was maximal at pH 5.5 and was not inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor, ethyl-enediaminetetraacetic acid, or heavy metal salt. The "activated" extracts showed no general proteolytic activity toward denatured hemoglobin. The collagenolytic activity was destroyed both by heat and by extensive tryptic proteolysis.
Brain lesions that impair vocal imitation in adult budgerigars

Vocal imitation is a complex form of imitative learning that is well developed only in humans, dolphins, and birds. Among birds, only some species are able to imitate sounds in adulthood. Of these, the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) has been studied in most detail. Previous studies suggested that the vocal motor system in budgerigars receives auditory information from the lateral frontal neostriatum (NFl). In the present study, we confirm this hypothesis by showing that infusions of the GABA agonist muscimol into NFl reduce the strength of auditory responses in a telencephalic vocal motor nucleus, the central nucleus of the lateral neostriatum (NLc). To test whether the auditory information conveyed from NFl to NLc plays a role in vocal imitation, we lesioned parts of NFl and the overlying ventral hyperstriatum (HVl) in seven adult male budgerigars and then examined whether the lesioned males would imitate the calls of females with whom they were paired. We found that, compared to sham-lesioned controls, the lesioned birds were significantly impaired in their imitation of female calls. Yet, the lesioned males were clearly not deaf (e.g., their previously learned calls did not degrade as they do after deafening). Therefore, the data suggest that NFl/HVl lesions impair vocal imitation by reducing the amount of auditory information that reaches the vocal motor system. Interestingly, the females that were paired with lesioned males displayed more vocal plasticity than the females in the control group, and some even imitated their male's prepairing calls.
Hybrid Life Cycle Assessment of Low, Mid and High-Rise Multi-Family Dwellings

We undertake Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the cumulative energy demand (CED) and global warming potential (GWP) for a portfolio of 10 multi-family residences in the U.S. We argue that prior LCA studies of buildings use an inconsistent boundary for processes to be included in the supply chain: The operational phase includes all energy use in a building, but supply chains for the production of appliances, equipment and consumables associated with activities done in the building are neglected. We correct this by starting the analysis with an explicit definition of a functional unit, providing climate controlled space, and including processes associated with this functional unit. Using a hybrid LCA approach, the CED for low, mid and high-rise multi-family residences is found to increase from 30, 34, to 39 GJ/m 2 , respectively. This increase is due to the need for energy-intensive structural materials such as concrete and steel in taller buildings. With our approach, the share of materials and construction of total life cycle energy doubles to 26%, compared with a 13% share that would be obtained with inconsistent system boundaries used in prior studies. We thus argue that explicit definition of functional unit leads to an increase in the contribution of supply chains to building energy life cycles.
First Report of Goss's Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis) of Corn in Texas

In September 2009, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic received leaf samples of hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) displaying long, necrotic lesions with wavy margins. The lesions had discontinuous water-soaked spots that are indicative of Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight. The symptomatic leaves were submitted from Dallam County, located in the Texas Panhandle (northwest Texas). According to the USDA Farm Service Agency and the National Agricultural Statistics Service, in 2009 Dallam County had 54,025 ha planted to corn. This is approximately 19% of the total corn planted in the 26 counties in the Texas Panhandle and 6% of the total corn planted in the state of Texas. Extracts from the infected leaf tissue tested positive for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis with a commercially available ELISA test (Neogen Inc., Scotland, UK). Isolation from the infected tissue onto CNS selective media (1) resulted in round, dark orange, mucoid colonies that tested gram positive with the Gram-stain test. BLAST nucleotide sequence alignments of the amplified 500-bp 16S rRNA region of the suspect culture's genome (2) revealed a 96% similarity for C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (NCBI BLAST Accession No. U09381.1). To fulfill Koch's postulates, three sweet corn plants (Golden Cross Bantam) at growth stage V3 to V4 were inoculated in the greenhouse with a suspension of approximately 1 × 109 CFU/ml from suspect cultures grown on CNS for 5 days. Wounds approximately 6.5 cm long were created with sterile scissors on the fifth leaf from the bottom running parallel to the veins on either side of the midrib at the leaf apex. The leaf apex was dipped into 150 ml of the inoculum suspension for 5 s. Approximately 6 days after inoculation, discontinuous, water-soaked spots consistent with the symptoms on the original symptomatic leaves appeared on all the inoculated leaves near the site of infection. Colonies consistent with C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (dark orange, mucoid) were reisolated onto CNS, completing Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight on corn in Texas and because it is a residue-borne pathogen, the probability of it becoming a resident disease is relatively high. References: (1) D. C. Gross and A. K. Vidaver. Phytopathology 69:82, 1979. (2) X. Li and S. H. De Boer. 1995. Phytopathology 85:837, 1995.
Need for standardization in assessing impact of antibiotic shortages on patient outcomes

Drug shortages have risen to the highest level in history. This precipitous upsurge has triggered multidisciplinary concern and ultimately led to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safety and Innovation Act, a bill designed to alleviate the number of drug shortages in the United States.[1][1]
HAESA, an Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase, controls floral organ abscission

Abcission, the natural shedding of leaves, flowers and fruits, is a fundamental component of plant development. Abscission is a highly regulated process that occurs at distinct zones of cells that undergo enlargement and subsequent separation. Although some components of abscission, including accumulation of the hormone ethylene and cell wall-degrading enzymes, have been described, the regulatory pathways remain largely unknown. In this paper we describe a critical component required for floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis thaliana, the receptor-like protein kinase HAESA. Histochemical analysis of transgenic plants harboring a HAESA promoter:: β-glucuronidase reporter gene and in situ RNA hybridization experiments show HAESA expression in the abscission zones where the sepals, petals, and stamens attach to the receptacle, at the base of pedicels, and at the base of petioles where leaves attach to the stem. Immunodetection, immunoprecipitation, and protein kinase activity assays reveal HAESA is a plasma membrane serine/threonine protein kinase. The reduction of function of HAESA in transgenic plants harboring an antisense construct results in delayed abscission of floral organs, and the severity of the phenotype is directly correlated with the level of HAESA protein. These results demonstrate that HAESA functions in developmentally regulated floral organ abscission.
Theoretical limits of dimensional stability for space structures

Future NASA missions such as the Great Observatories of the 21st Century, will require high dimensional stability (i.e., the system's ability to retain geometrical properties related to the system's performance) which will have to be maintained with micron to nanometer accuracy over the 5 to 10 years of mission lifetime. This paper examines the thermodynamic and other mechanisms which limit the dimensional stability of a space system. It is shown that the space system's performance will be limited below 0.1 per million dimensional stability.
Isolation of 1-octacosanol from euphorbia corollata

Abstract 1-Octacosanol (C28H57OH) is found to be the alcohol commonly isolated from Euphorbia species.
Current Efforts at Estimation of Costs of Production in ERS

The topic for this session indicates that we are dealing with the matter of issues in setting effective target prices. From examining the titles of the various papers to be presented, one would get the impression that the cost of production is important in setting target prices. This raises several questions that I would like to address. Is cost of production a good basis for setting target prices? If it is considered appropriate that they be used to set target prices, then what costs should be covered by target prices? How should these production costs be estimated?
Site of pcd gene action and Purkinje cell mosaicism in cerebella of chimaeric mice

PURKINJE cell degeneration, pcd, is a new autosomal recessive mutation in mice. Affected animals are characterised by a moderate ataxia that results from the postnatal loss of virtually all cerebellar Purkinje cells1. We describe here experiments to determine whether the pcd gene acts intrinsically within the Purkinje cell or whether the degeneration is secondary to a primary lesion in some other cell type. In this study, experimental chimaeras were made which contained mixtures of mutant (pcd/pcd) and genotypically normal (+/+) cells (these chimaeras are denoted pcd/pcd←→+/+). The results indicate that the pcd gene does act within the Purkinje cell. The chimaeras have also been used to examine the surviving population of +/+ Purkinje cells for evidence of clonal development. Surprisingly, these preliminary studies reveal no evidence of clones; the distribution of cells derived from the +/+ component seems random.
A new approach to seismic interpretation in challenging imaging environments

The structural interpretation of prestack, depth-migrated seismic data has traditionally relied on full-offset stacks, attempting to take advantage of the stacking process to generate a high signal- to-noise ratio. However, in complex velocity environments (for example, subsalt), our observations suggest full-offset stacking can result in a lower signal-to-noise ratio than a partial stack of subsurface angle data. Despite the application of multipathing algorithms such as wave equation PSDM (prestack depth migration) or CRAM (common-reflection-angle migration), the full stack seismic data generally exhibit low signal-to-noise ratios, allowing for multiple valid structural interpretations. (Figure 1). This leads to a variety of common problems when assessing the prospect, well placement, trap/seal, volumes, and the differences in risking a four-way prospect from a three-way prospect.
Some characteristics of the alanine aminotransferase- and arginase-inactivating system of lysosomes.

Abstract Partially purified arginase and crystalline alanine aminotransferase are inactivated in a first-order reaction upon incubation with disrupted lysosomes at pH 5.0. Activity was not obtained with intact lysosomes in this system and was markedly reduced in the absence of a sulfhydryl compound. The inactivation of both enzymes was inhibited by the presence of competitive proteins, particularly in the case of arginase. Mn 2+ strongly inhibited arginase inactivation but had no effect on that of alanine aminotransferase. Inactivation was also inhibited by heat-stable components of liver extract and by casein hydrolyzate at a concentration of amino acids approximating that in lysosomes in vivo . These results are integrated into a previously proposed model (Segal et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 36 , 764 (1969)) in which the specificity and rate-limiting steps of turnover are postulated to reside with the degradative enzymes within the lysosome. Relative inactivation rates of arginase and alanine aminotransferase in this system and in vivo are consistent with the model. Combining the present and other data we calculate that lysosomes strain cell constituents from about eight times their own volume per hour.
Large scale hydrogen production utilizing carbon in renewable resources

Abstract By the year 2000 the hydrogen requirements could be met using about one third of available residues. The large and increasing amounts of wastes and residues from agriculture, forestry, other industrial and municipal activities are viewed as renewable resources to provide large amounts of hydrogen. In carbon content the current magnitude of such residues exceeds that in the current annual production of all of the coal mined in the U.S. The hydrogen would be produced from these residues by pyrolysis-gasification processes followed by completing the reaction between water and carbon monoxide. The resulting mixture obtainable from oxygen-blown gasifiers is principally hydrogen together with carbon dioxide and water vapor which are readily separated to yield nearly pure hydrogen. A net yield of one pound of hydrogen per five pounds of carbon in the residue is anticipated. Environmental concerns and intensified and expanding agriculture with the development of more effective residue collection and delivery systems assure that residues will be more economical than the conventional carbon resources which are to increase in cost and decline in availability. The demand for hydrogen has been projected to the years 2000 and 2020 at 14 and 50 quads respectively.
The meaning of engagement.

A distinction should be made between disengagement as a means of conceptualizing and as a means of explaining changes that take place with aging. The author is critical of those aspects of Disengagement Theory that emphasize inevitability, determinism, the separation of the individual from society, and the “crucial phase” model of development. An alternative viewpoint is sketched from the interactional analysis approach. Attention is given to the constant reinterpretation of self and situation, with consequent modification of actions. The facts of Disengagement Theory as seen from this perspective take on new meaning. Age-related changes are the outcome of the social circumstances within which they take place, along with the cultural values operating in that context.
Dmp53 protects the Drosophila retina during a developmentally regulated DNA damage response

Ultraviolet (UV) light is absorbed by cellular proteins and DNA, promoting skin damage, aging and cancer. In this paper, we explore the UV response by cells of the Drosophila retina. We demonstrate that the retina enters a period of heightened UV sensitivity in the young developing pupa, a stage closely associated with its period of normal developmental programmed cell death. Injury to irradiated cells included morphology changes and apoptotic cell death; these defects could be completely accounted for by DNA damage. Cell death, but not morphological changes, was blocked by the caspase inhibitor P35. Utilizing genetic and microarray data, we provide evidence for the central role of Hid expression and for Diap1 protein stability in controlling the UV response. In contrast, we found that Reaper had no effect on UV sensitivity. Surprisingly, Dmp53 is required to protect cells from UV-mediated cell death, an effect attributed to its role in DNA repair. These in vivo results demonstrate that the cellular effects of DNA damage depend on the developmental status of the tissue.
Effects of nicotine deprivation on urges to drink and smoke in alcoholic smokers.

Aim This study examined the effect of nicotine deprivation on alcohol and smoking urges in a sample of alcohol-dependent smokers in early recovery. Design Using a within-subjects design, participants underwent two cue-reactivity laboratory sessions in which they rated their urges for alcohol and cigarettes during the following three trials: baseline, neutral cue and mood induction combined with alcohol beverage cue exposure. One session was completed after 34 hours of nicotine deprivation and another in a non-deprived state. Participants Forty alcohol-dependent heavy smokers recruited from a substance abuse day treatment program. Measurements Self-reported urge to drink, urge to smoke and salivation. Findings Results showed that during the non-deprived session, alcohol cue presentations were associated with significant increases in urges to drink and urges to smoke. Acute nicotine deprivation led to increased smoking urges, but was not associated with increased urges to drink alcohol. Conclusions Findings suggest that the acute effects of smoking cessation are unlikely to increase risk of relapse to alcohol in alcoholic patients who are undergoing treatment.
Astrocyte energetics, function, and death under conditions of incomplete ischemia: a mechanism of glial death in the penumbra.

Cerebral artery occlusion produces regions of incomplete ischemia (the ischemic penumbra), which, in the absence of reflow, undergo progressive metabolic deterioration culminating in infarction. The factors causing infarction are not yet established, but progression to cell death is preceded by progressive acidosis, decreasing glucose utilization, and ATP depletion. To identify potential mechanisms of glial death in the ischemic penumbra, astrocytes in culture were subjected to conditions that occur during incomplete ischemia: hypoxia, acidosis, and raised extracellular K+. Neither acidosis (to pH 6.2) nor chemical hypoxia (5 mM azide) alone produced significant astrocyte death or marked ATP depletion. By contrast, hypoxia combined with acidosis caused near-complete ATP depletion by 3.5 h and 70% cell death after 7 h. Glycolytic rate increased during hypoxia alone but decreased during hypoxia with acidosis. Since glycolysis is the sole source of ATP production during hypoxia, acidosis inhibition of glycolysis is a likely cause of the far greater ATP depletion resulting from hypoxia with acidosis. Glutamate uptake was reduced during hypoxia and further reduced during hypoxia with acidosis, consistent with the changes in astrocyte ATP. Glutamate uptake, ATP levels, and glycolytic rate each exhibited reductions that were progressive over 3 h of hypoxia with acidosis, and these changes were accompanied by progressive intracellular acidosis. Since ATP depletion leads to acidosis, and acidosis inhibits glycolysis, these findings suggest a regenerative cycle initiated by the combination of hypoxia with acidosis. This cycle could result in progressive metabolic decline and cell death in the ischemic penumbra. GLIA 21:142–153, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of low cortisol values in term and near-term infants with vasopressor-resistant hypotension.

To determine the prevalence of low cortisol values and to evaluate clinical responses to hydrocortisone in ill term and near-term newborns. Retrospective cohort study including infants ≥35 weeks gestational age who were mechanically ventilated, received vasopressor therapy, and had a cortisol concentration obtained for evaluation of vasopressor-resistant hypotension. In those infants treated with hydrocortisone, physiologic responses were evaluated and correlated with cortisol values (<15 vs ≥15 μg/dl). A total of 32 infants had cortisol values obtained; 18 (56%) were <15 μg/dl. In all, 21 infants were treated with hydrocortisone of whom 13 had cortisol values <15 μg/dl. These 13 infants showed decreased heart rate, dopamine support and fluid bolus requirements after treatment, compared to infants with values ≥15 μg/dl (n=8). A significant number of hypotensive, mechanically ventilated infants have evidence of inadequate adrenal function. Hydrocortisone therapy resulted in hemodynamic stabilization in this population.