cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Standard of Review: Craig v. Boren and Brennan's “Heightened Scrutiny” Test in Historical Perspective

“To withstand constitutional challenge, previous cases establish that classifications by gender must serve important governmental objectives and must be substantially related to achievement of those objectives.”1 With this one statement, Justice William Brennan, Jr., writing for the majority in the 1976 Supreme Court case Craig v. Boren,2 both reversed the decision of the district court below and—more importantly—redefined the legal standard for equal protection in gender-discrimination cases. Brennan's statement encapsulated decades' worth of development and decisions under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which bars states from denying “to any person within [their] jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws,”3 by creating what is now referred to as the “heightened scrutiny”4 standard for judging equal protection legislation. Yet Brennan's creation of a new standard is quite striking, even when looked at in hindsight. How was Brennan able to create this standard of review, and where did it come from? Was this new step taken by the Justices under equal protection adjudication a mistake, or a necessary reality of the period? Through a close analysis of both the history of the Equal Protection Clause in its relation to gender legislation and the history of feminism during the 1960s and 1970s, the inevitability of Brennan's decision becomes clear. In fact, the creation of the heightened scrutiny standard was an inevitable outgrowth of two separate, yet fundamentally related progressions: the steps taken in the Court in its review of gender-discrimination cases in the years prior to Craig v. Boren; and the changes in society's relation to the feminist movement in the pre-1973 and post-1973 periods.
Aspects of chiral symmetry

This article is an attempt to a pedagogical introduction and review into the elementary concepts of chiral symmetry in nuclear physics. Effective chiral models such as the linear and nonlinear sigma model will be discussed as well as the essential ideas of chiral perturbation theory. Some applications to the physics of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions will be presented.
Tricarbonyl η6 arene chromium (0) based antitumor agents

Abstract Novel arene chromium carbonyl complexed mustard agents have been prepared. The metal carbonyl group modulates mustard alkylative ability as evidenced by 4-NBP assay. Antitumor evaluation against the human colon tumor line HCT-116 however showed no clear correlation between alkylative ability and antitumor activity of the mustard agents, in part a consequence of the inherent cytotoxicity of the metal carbonyl group in this screen.
The retirement-consumption puzzle: a marital bargaining approach

Abstract Evidence from several countries reveals a substantial drop in household consumption around the age of retirement that is difficult to explain with life-cycle models. Using food consumption data from more than 550 households from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the years 1979–1986 and 1989–1992, we find that married couple households decrease their expenditures on both food consumed at home and away from home by about 9% following the retirement of the male household head. No significant decrease in consumption is found for single households, either in a sample of males or a pooled sample of single males and females. These results are consistent with a model of marital bargaining in which wives prefer to save more than their husbands do to support an expected longer retirement period, and relative control over household decisions is affected by control over market income. The pattern of the consumption decline, which is increasing in the age gap between husband and wife, lends further support to this interpretation.
Quantum corrections to heterotic moduli potentials

In a recent paper, we derived the leading α′ corrections to the Kahler potentials for moduli in (0, 2) heterotic compactifications. In the same spirit as the LARGE volume stabilization scenario for type IIB orientifolds, we examine whether these quantum corrections, together with a combination of tree-level and non-perturbative superpotentials, are sufficient to stabilize the overall volume modulus at large values. This is not a priori obvious, since the corrections we found are of a lower order than those used in the type IIB setting. Nevertheless, we find that stabilizing the volume at (exponentially) large values may be possible (under certain conditions) in these heterotic backgrounds.
Symmetry violations in few-body reactions: old and new approaches

Abstract As an attempt to find a way to resolve the discrepancy between calculated by traditional methods PV e_ects and the available set of experimental data, we analyze the methods of calculations of symmetry violating e_ects in fewbody nuclear systems. The overview of methods of calculations of PV and TRIV e_ects in few-body neutron induced reactions is presented with the analysis of values of calculated parameters and their accuracy.
Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Arylative Dearomatization of Phenols

The palladium-catalyzed arylative dearomatization of phenols to yield spirocyclohexadienone products in good to excellent yields has been developed. Preliminary results demonstrate that the formation of the spirocyclic all-carbon quaternary center can be accomplished with high levels of enantiocontrol (up to 91% ee).
Resynthesis and retiming for optimum partial scan

An effective partial scan approach selects flip-flops (FPs) in the minimum feedback vertex set (MFVS) of the FF dependency graph, so that all loops, except self-loops, are broken. However, the MFVS of the circuit (the minimum number of gates whose removal makes the circuit acyclic) is a lower bound and in many cases, significantly smaller than the MFVS of the FF dependency graph. Since only FFs can be considered for scan, this paper investigates the possibility of repositioning FFs so that, in the modified circuit, every circuit MFVS gate drives at least one FF that can be scanned. We show that resynthesis and retiming can always transform any circuit into an equivalent circuit whose FF dependency graph MFVS is equal to the MFVS of the original circuit. Therefore, the MVFS of a circuit is a tight lower bound on the number of scan FFs needed. We first identify the necessary and sufficient conditions under which legal retiming can produce the desired FF repositioning. We show that circuits that do not satisfy these conditions can always be suitably modified using two new resynthesis transformations. The modified circuit can always be retimed to achieve the desired FF repositioning. Experimental results for several large sequential benchmarks show that the number of scan FFs required for the resynthesized and retimed circuit is significantly smaller than that required for the original circuit.
Phrasing the Charitable Bequest Inquiry

This paper reports interest levels associated with twenty-three different phrasings of a request to leave a gift to charity in a will among 9964 survey respondents. Previous research suggests that a review of one’s life story may be an important component of bequest decision-making. Other findings suggest that mortality reminders may increase support for social norms and the pursuit of symbolic immortality. The attempts to reference symbolic immortality tested here were not effective. However, results supported avoiding extraneous death terms (“that will take effect at my death”) and using social norms (“many people like to leave a gift to charity in their wills”). The strongest support arose for the addition of the phrase “to support causes that have been important in their/your life/lives” to explain either the respondent’s or the social norm exemplars’ intent in making such a gift. Among common terms, “a gift to charity in your will” generated greater interest than substitute terms such as “bequest,” “leave a legacy” or “remember your favorite charities.”
Effective field theory for massive gravitons and gravity in theory space

Abstract We introduce a technique for restoring general coordinate invariance into theories where it is explicitly broken. This is the analog for gravity of the Callan–Coleman–Wess–Zumino formalism for gauge theories. We use this to elucidate the properties of interacting massless and massive gravitons. For a single graviton with a Planck scale M Pl and a mass m g , we find that there is a sensible effective field theory which is valid up to a high-energy cutoff Λ parametrically above m g . Our methods allow for a transparent understanding of the many peculiarities associated with massive gravitons, among them the need for the Fierz–Pauli form of the Lagrangian, the presence or absence of the van Dam–Veltman–Zakharov discontinuity in general backgrounds, and the onset of non-linear effects and the breakdown of the effective theory at large distances from heavy sources. The natural sizes of all non-linear corrections beyond the Fierz–Pauli term are easily determined. The cutoff scales as Λ ∼( m g 4 M Pl ) 1/5 for the Fierz–Pauli theory, but can be raised to Λ ∼( m g 2 M Pl ) 1/3 in certain non-linear extensions. Having established that these models make sense as effective theories, there are a number of new avenues for exploration, including model building with gravity in theory space and constructing gravitational dimensions.
Direct bulk-synchronous parallel algorithms

We describe a methodology for constructing parallel algorithms that are transportable among parallel computers having different numbers of processors, different bandwidths of interprocessor communication and different periodicity of global synchronisation. We do this for the bulk-synchronous parallel (BSP) model, which abstracts the characteristics of a parallel machine into three numerical parameters p, g, and L, corresponding to processors, bandwidth, and periodicity respectively. The model differentiates memory that is local to a processor from that which is not, but, for the sake of universality, does not differentiate network proximity. The advantages of this model in supporting shared memory or PRAM style programming have been treated elsewhere. Here we emphasise the viability of an alternative direct style of programming where, for the sake of efficiency the programmer retains control of memory allocation. We show that optimality to within a multiplicative factor close to one can be achieved for the problems of Gauss-Jordan elimination and sorting, by transportable algorithms that can be applied for a wide range of values of the parameters p, g, and L. We also give some simulation results for PRAMs on the BSP to identify the level of slack at which corresponding efficiencies can be approached by shared memory simulations, provided the bandwidth parameter g is good enough.
Shape-selective hydrogenation of naphthalene over zeolite-supported Pt and Pd catalysts

Zeolite-supported Pt and Pd catalysts were used to effect naphthalene hydrogenation with high trans/cis decahydronaphthalene (DeHN) isomer selectivity. Four zeolites were studied: three hydrogen-mordenites (HM) with different SiO2/A12O3 ratios (17, 21 and 38) and HY (SiO2/A12O3 of 5.0). Catalytic selectivity was found to depend on both the metal and the zeolite. Consequently, the catalyst composition could be tailored for selective production of either cis-DeHN or trans-DeHN. For example, Pt/HY showed especially high selectivity (80%) for cis-DeHN and unlike all other catalysts tested, did not promote the isomerization of cis-DeHN. On the other hand, equilibrium between the DeHN isomers was achieved with Pd/HM21, giving ca. 93% trans-DeHN at 200°C. In general, Pd catalysts showed higher initial selectivity for trans-DeHN than Pt catalysts. Also, the isomerization of cis-DeHN to trans-DeHN was more rapid on Pd catalysts. Selectivity for trans-DeHN increased with the fraction of weak acid sites on the zeolite (measured gravimetrically, using TPD of n-butylamine). No correlation between metal crystallite sizes (determined from XRD line-broadening) and DeHN isomer selectivity was found.
The parallel complexity of growth models

This paper investigates the parallel complexity of several nonequilibrium growth models.Invasion percolation, Eden growth, ballistic deposition, andsolid-on-solid growth are all seemingly highly sequential processes that yield self-similar or self-affine random clusters. Nonetheless, we present fast parallel randomized algorithms for generating these clusters. The running times of the algorithms scale asO(log2N), whereN is the system size, and the number of processors required scales as a polynomial inN. The algorithms are based on fast parallel procedures for finding minimum-weight paths; they illuminate the close connection between growth models and self-avoiding paths in random environments. In addition to their potential practical value, our algorithms serve to classify these growth models as less complex than other growth models, such asdiffusion-limited aggregation, for which fast parallel algorithms probably do not exist.
Forecasting Stock Index Futures Price Volatility: Linear vs. Nonlinear Models

The study examines the relative ability of various models to forecast daily stock index futures volatility. The forecasting models that are employed range from naive models to the relatively complex ARCH-class models. It is found that among linear models of stock index futures volatility, the autoregressive model ranks first using the RMSE and MAPE criteria. We also examine three nonlinear models. These models are GARCH-M, EGARCH, and ESTAR. We find that nonlinear GARCH models dominate linear models utilizing the RMSE and the MAPE error statistics and EGARCH appears to be the best model for forecasting stock index futures price volatility.
The similarity degree of an operator algebra, II

For every integer \(d\ge 1\), there is a unital closed subalgebra \(A_d\subset B(H)\) with similarity degree equal precisely to d, in the sense of our previous paper. This means that for any unital homomorphism \(u\colon A_d\to B(H)\) we have \(\|u\|_{cb} \le K\|u\|^d\) with \(K>0\) independent of u, and the exponent d in this estimate cannot be improved. The proof that the degree is larger than \(d-1\) crucially uses an upper bound for the norms of certain Gaussian random matrices due to Haagerup and Thorbjornsen. We also include several complements to our previous publications on the same subject.
A Parametric Study of Boiling Heat Transfer in a Horizontal Tube Bundle

Boiling heat transfer outside of a section of a uniformly heated horizontal tube bundle in an upward crossflow was investigated using R-113 as the working fluid. The incline tube bundle had five columns and 27 rows with a pitch-to-diameter ratio of 1.3. Heat transfer coefficients obtained from the 14 instrumented tubes are reported for a range of fluid and flow conditions; slightly subcooled liquid inlet conditions were used. At most heat fluxes there was no significant variation in the local heat transfer coefficients throughout the tube bundle. However, at low heat fluxes and mass velocities, the heat transfer coefficient increased at positions higher in the tube bundle. As pressure and mass velocity increased so did the heat transfer coefficients. For the local heat transfer coefficient, a Chen-type correlation is compared to the data; the data tend to be overpredicted by about 20%. Reasons for the over-prediction are suggested.
Low-skilled immigrant entrepreneurship

More than ½ of the foreign born workforce in the US have no schooling beyond high school and about 20% of the low-skilled workforce are immigrants. More than 10% of these low-skilled immigrants are self-employed. Utilizing longitudinal data from the 1996, 2001 and 2004 Survey of Income and Program Participation panels, this paper analyzes the returns to self-employment among low-skilled immigrants. We find that the returns to low-skilled self-employment among immigrants is higher than it is among natives but also that wage/salary employment is a more financially rewarding option for most low-skilled immigrants. In analyses of earnings differences, we find that most of the 20% male native-immigrant earnings gap among low-skilled business owners can be explained primarily by differences in the ethnic composition. Low-skilled female foreign born entrepreneurs are found to have earnings roughly equal to otherwise observationally similar self-employed native born women.
Surface Brightness Fluctuations as Primary and Secondary Distance Indicators

The surface brightness fluctuations (SBF) method measures the variance in a galaxy’s light distribution arising from fluctuations in the numbers and luminosities of individual stars per resolution element. Once calibrated for stellar population effects, SBF measurements with HST provide distances to early-type galaxies with unrivaled precision. Optical SBF data from HST for the Virgo and Fornax clusters give the relative distances of these nearby fiducial clusters with 2% precision and constrain their internal structures. Observations in hand will allow us to tie the Coma cluster, the standard of comparison for distant cluster studies, into the same precise relative distance scale. The SBF method can be calibrated in an absolute sense either empirically from Cepheids or theoretically from stellar population models. The agreement between the model and empirical zero points has improved dramatically, providing an independent confirmation of the Cepheid distance scale. SBF is still brighter in the near-IR, and an ongoing program to calibrate the method for the F110W and F160W passbands of the Wide Field Camera 3 IR channel will enable accurate distance derivation whenever a large early-type galaxy or bulge is observed in these passbands at distances reaching well out into the Hubble flow.
Demonstration Paper: Wirelessly Sensing Medication Administration: Cyber-Physical Event Detection and Notification Utilizing Multi-Element Chipless RFID

Medication administration is one pathway by which Adverse Drug Events (ADE) can occur. While Electronic Medical Administration Record (eMAR) systems help reduce the number of ADEs, current eMAR implementations suffer from workarounds that defeat safety and verification mechanisms meant to limit the number of potential ADEs that occur during medication administration. In this paper, we introduce Multi-Element ChipLess (MECL) RFID tags which enable real-time event notifications through event signatures. Event signatures correspond to the physical configuration of different RFID elements in a chipless RFID tag. Augmenting physical objects, such as a pill container, with MECL-RFID can allow caregivers to detect the moment a particular pill container is opened or closed. We present the fundamentals behind real-time event detection using MECL-RFID and propose a cyber-physical intervention system that can be used to reduce ADEs through realtime event monitoring and notifications sent to clinicians administering medication. We also present a prototype MECL-RFID to demonstrate potential future improvements to eMAR systems that minimize ADEs.
Pauson-Khand approach to chiral, diastereomerically pure group 4 ansa-metallocene complexes

Abstract The C 2 -symmetric bis(1,6-enynes) threo -1,10-diphenyl-5,6-divinyl-1,9-decadiyne and threo -9,10-divinyl-5,13-octadecadiyne undergo the intramolecular Pauson-Khand reaction regio- and stereoselectively to give C 2 -symmetric bis(enones) with two bicyclo[3.3.0]octyl moieties joined at the C6 position. Experiments aimed at converting the bis(enones) into chiral, diastereopure ansa -bridged group 4 metallocene complexes are described.
Synthesis, structure and properties of Li2Rh3B2

Li{sub 2}Rh{sub 3}B{sub 2} has been synthesized at 1000 deg. C from a stoichiometric mix of rhodium and boron and an excess of lithium. Li{sub 2}Rh{sub 3}B{sub 2} crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbam (no. 55, Z=2) with room temperature lattice constants a=5.7712(1) A, b=9.4377(2) A, c=2.8301(1) A and cell volume 154.149(6) A{sup 3}. The structure was solved from single crystal X-ray diffraction yielding the final R indices (all data) R1=2.8% and wR2=4.7%. The structure is a distortion of the CeCo{sub 3}B{sub 2} structure type, containing a network of Rh{sub 6}B trigonal prisms and short Li-Li contacts of 2.28(2) A. Li{sub 2}Rh{sub 3}B{sub 2} is a diamagnetic metal with a room temperature resistivity of 19 {mu}{omega} cm, as determined by magnetic susceptibility and single crystal transport measurements. The measured diamagnetism and electronic structure calculations show that Li{sub 2}Rh{sub 3}B{sub 2} contains rhodium in a d {sup 10} configuration. - Graphical abstract: Li{sub 2}Rh{sub 3}B{sub 2}, a diamagnetic metal, has been synthesized from a lithium flux. It adopts a distortion of the CeCo{sub 3}B{sub 2} structure type and is closely related to the 3 K superconductor, LaRh{sub 3}B{sub 2}. Pairs of lithium ions (white) fill the channels formed by rhodium-boronmore » trigonal prisms (gray)« less
The Future of the Food System: Cases Involving the Private Sector in South Africa

The food system is facing unprecedented pressure from environmental change exacerbated by the expansion of agri-food corporations that are consolidating their power in the global food chain. Although Africa missed the Green Revolution and the wave of supermarket expansion that hit the West and then spread to Asia and Latin America, this is unlikely to continue. With a large proportion of sub-Saharan African countries’ GDP still heavily reliant on agriculture, global trends in agri-food business are having an increasing impact on African countries. South Africa, a leader in agribusiness on the continent, has a well-established agri-food sector that is facing increasing pressure from various social and environmental sources. This paper uses interview data with corporate executives from South African food businesses to explore how they are adapting to the dual pressures of environmental change and globalisation. It shows that companies now have to adapt to macro-trends both within and outside the formal food sector and how this in turn has repercussions for building sustainable farming systems—both small and large-scale. It concludes with the recognition that building a sustainable food system is a complex process involving a diversity of actors, however changes are already being seen. Businesses have strategically recognised the need to align the economic bottom line with social and environmental factors, but real sustainability will only happen when all stakeholders are included in food governance.
Physics at a Higgsino factory

Naturalness arguments applied to supersymmetric theories imply a spectrum containing four light higgsinos $$ {\tilde{Z}}_{{}_{1,2}} $$ and $$ {\tilde{W}}_1^{\pm } $$ with masses ~ 100 − 300 GeV (the closer to M Z , the more natural). The compressed mass spectrum and associated low energy release from $$ {\tilde{W}}_1 $$ and $$ {\tilde{Z}}_2 $$ three-body decay makes higgsinos difficult to detect at LHC14, while the other sparticles might be heavy, and possibly even beyond LHC14 reach. In contrast, the International Linear e + e − Collider (ILC) with $$ \sqrt{s} $$ > 2m(higgsino) would be a higgsino factory in addition to a Higgs boson factory and would serve as a discovery machine for natural SUSY! In this case, both chargino and neutralino production occur at comparable rates, and lead to observable signals above SM backgrounds. We examine two benchmark cases, one just beyond the LHC8 reach with $$ {\tilde{W}}_1\left({\tilde{Z}}_2\right)-{\tilde{Z}}_1 $$ mass gap of 15 (21) GeV, and a second more difficult case beyond even the LHC14 reach, where the mass gap is just 10 GeV, close to its minimum in models with no worse than 3% fine-tuning. The signal is characterized by low visible energy events together with T in the one or two jets +1l channel from chargino production, and in the opposite sign, same-flavour, acoplanar dilepton channel from $$ {\tilde{Z}}_1{\tilde{Z}}_2 $$ production. For both cases, we find that the signal is observable above backgrounds from the usual 2 → 2 SM events and from γγ collisions with just a few fb−1 of integrated luminosity. We also show that with an integrated luminosity of 100 fb−1, it should be possible to extract $$ {\tilde{W}}_1 $$ and $$ {\tilde{Z}}_1 $$ masses at 2–3% level from chargino events if the mass gap is ≥ 15 GeV, and neutralino masses at the sub-percent level from neutralino events. The latter should also allow a determination of $$ {m}_{{\tilde{Z}}_2}-{m}_{{\tilde{Z}}_1} $$ at the 200 MeV level. These measurements would point to higgsinos as the origin of new physics and strongly suggest a link to a natural origin for W , Z and h masses.
Optical Matched Filtering Techniques for Automatic Interrogation of Aerial Reconnaissance Film.

The continuous need for aerial reconnaissance in its many forms has engendered support for studies to screen, process, and interpret the reconnaissance information. Some of these investigations deal with coherent optical signal processing approaches. In this paper, the authors describe the Grumman developed Optical Matched Filter Image Correlation (OMFIC) system. This automatic high speed system operates by processing photographic or other forms of imagery through multiple holographic memories of high density and effecting correlation between the input and stored imagery. The sensitivities of the matched filter to various target parameters were determined in this study, and they form, in general, the basis for establishing the memory. Three typical terrain models were processed for correlation and signal-to-clutter ratio. Estimates are given regarding processing speeds and their relationship to photointerpretation processing time.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Re-entry: online virtual worlds as a healing space for veterans

We describe a project designed to use the power of online virtual worlds as a place of camaraderie and healing for returning United States military veterans-a virtual space that can help them deal with problems related to their time of service and also assist in their reintegration into society. This veterans' space is being built in Second Life®, a popular immersive world, under consultation with medical experts and psychologists, with several types of both social and healing activities planned. In addition, we address several barrier issues with virtual worlds, including lack of guides or helpers to ensure the participants have a quality experience. To solve some of these issues, we are porting the advanced intelligence of the ICT's virtual human characters to avatars in Second Life®, so they will be able to greet the veterans, converse with them, guide them to relevant activities, and serve as informational agents for healing options. In this way such "avatar agents" will serve as autonomous intelligent characters that bring maximum engagement and functionality to the veterans' space. This part of the effort expands online worlds beyond their existing capabilities, as currently a human being must operate each avatar in the virtual world; few autonomous characters exist. As this project progresses we will engage in an iterative design process with veteran participants who will be able to advise us, along with the medical community, on what efforts are well suited to, and most effective within, the virtual world.
Digitally Synthesized Stochastic Flash ADC Using Only Standard Digital Cells

It is demonstrated in this paper that it is possible to synthesize a stochastic flash ADC entirely from Verilog code and a standard digital library. An analog comparator is introduced that is constructed from two cross-coupled 3-input digital NAND gates, and can be described in Verilog. The synthesized comparators have random, Gaussian offsets that are used as virtual voltage references to make a flash ADC. A piecewise-linear inverse Gaussian CDF function is used to correct the nonlinearity introduced by the Gaussian offset distribution. The prototype IC is fabricated in 90 nm CMOS and implements a 2047-comparator version of the proposed architecture. All components including the comparators, the ones adder, and the peicewise inverse Gaussian function are all implemented in Verilog. Conventional digital synthesis and place-and-route is then used to generate the physical layout, making this the first fully synthesized ADC. SNDR of 35.9 dB (without calibration) is achieved at 210 MSPS from the Verilog synthesized design.
Electronic and structural features of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and four of its direct agonists

Abstract To understand better how the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions at its postsynaptic receptor site, electronic and structural features of the natural inhibitor were compared with four direct GABA agonists: muscimol, trans-3-amino-1-cyclopentane carboxylic acid (trans-3 ACPC), isoguvacine and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo [5,4-c]-pyridin-3-ol (THIP). The structures of isoguvacine and THIP were determined by X-ray crystallography. The structures of GABA and muscimol were retrieved from the literature and that of trans-3 ACPC was computed with AM1. A relationship was found between published IC50 values obtained from (3H)-GABA binding data and the per cent polar surface area scaled by molecular ionization potential. The structural features of GABA and its agonists were compared and a hypothesis for GABA agonist activity based upon position of the ammonium ion with respect to the carboxylate is presented.
Prediction of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Mixing in an Ejector

A parabolic three-dimensional finite-difference method incorporating a two-equation model for turbulence closure is used to predict the spreading of a hypermixing turbulent jet within a thrust augmenting ejector. A hypermixing nozzle has an alternating exit causing the formation of streamwise vortices which increases the turbulent mixing. Predicted mainstream velocity profiles for hypermixing jets are compared with experimental data. The formation of the downstream vortices is shown. The selection of initial conditions and the effect of changing initial turbulence levels are also described.
On automorphisms of Danielewski surfaces

We develop techniques for computing the AK invariant of a domain with arbitrary characteristic. We use these techniques to describe for any field $K$ the automorphism group of $K[X,Y,Z]/(X^n Y - Z^2 - h(X)Z)$, where $h(0) \ne 0$ and $n \geq 2$, as well as the isomorphism classes of these algebras.
Self-aligning universal beam coupler

We propose a device that can take an arbitrary monochromatic input beam and, automatically and without any calculations, couple it into a single-mode guide or beam. Simple feedback loops from detectors to modulator elements allow the device to adapt to any specific input beam form. Potential applications include automatic compensation for misalignment and defocusing of an input beam, coupling of complex modes or multiple beams from fibers or free space to single-mode guides, and retaining coupling to a moving source. Straightforward extensions allow multiple different overlapping orthogonal input beams to be separated simultaneously to different single-mode guides with no splitting loss in principle. The approach is suitable for implementation in integrated optics platforms that offer elements such as phase shifters, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, grating couplers, and integrated monitoring detectors, and the basic approach is applicable in principle to other types of waves, such as microwaves or acoustics.
Unique microchannel plate process doubles MCPI resolution

ABSTRACTApplying a dielectric layer to the output of a microchannel plate (MCP) has allowed the screen voltage of a sealed microchannel-plate intensifier tube (MCPI) to be raised to over 10 kV, producing a field strength of 36 kV/mm without anydetectable field emission or breakdown of the MCP/screen gap. Tube resolution exceeded 16 lp/mm at 50% modulation.Breakdown is higher in a dieleciric than in a vacuum. In a concept being patented by Gary Power, a few-rim-thick layer ofa dielectric was sputtered onto the output surface ofan 18-mm MCP, which was incorporated into a tube under a contract for fourtube starts. This process is applicable to any device incorporating a proximity-focused MCP and screen, including streak tubes andgated MCP x-ray imagers.Other improvements discussed include a patented use of a collimator for eliminating the electrons that are elasticallyscattered from the screen. This methodalsoprovides forfurther improvementin screen gaplimitedresolution to any desired degreeby eliminating electrons with high transverse energy. This occurs at the expense of output brightness, which can be recoveredthrough an appropriate increase in screen voltage.Keywords: microchannel plate, MCP dielectric coating, MCPI resolution, intensifier resolution, collimat1. INTRODUCTIONImage intensifier tubes are electro-optical devices thatare used to detect, intensify, and shutter optical images from the near-ultravioletto thenear-infraredregions oftheelectromagnetic spectrum. Thesetubesareusedforintensifying weak images fornightvision and night blindness, for astronomy, electron microscopy, medical research, radiology, and as high-speed light shutters. Inour applications, image tubes are used for intensifying images and as "active" light shuttering devices, permitting very shortexposure times.The microchanneiplate intensifier(MCPI) is the most significant element limiting the resolution ofall the systems in whichit is used; this was emphasized in 1988 at the San Diego SPifi meeting. The primary impact is reflected on streak cameras usinginternal MCPs orexternalMCPls and is being felt on other systems using the newer, high-resolution CCD readout devices. Manyof these systems will require resolution improvements to continue their development and to advance diagnostic capabilities.
A variational characterization of the catenoid

In this note, we use a result of Osserman and Schiffer (Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 58:285–307, 1975) to give a variational characterization of the catenoid. Namely, we show that subsets of the catenoid minimize area within a geometrically natural class of minimal annuli. To the best of our knowledge, this fact has gone unremarked upon in the literature. As an application of the techniques, we give a sharp condition on the lengths of a pair of connected, simple closed curves \(\sigma _1\) and \(\sigma _2\) lying in parallel planes that precludes the existence of a connected minimal surface \(\Sigma \) with \(\partial \Sigma =\sigma _1\cup \sigma _2\).
Lithium BINOL Phosphate Catalyzed Desymmetrization of meso-Epoxides with Aromatic Thiols

A highly enantioselective method for desymmetrization of meso-epoxides using thiols is reported. This is the first example of epoxide activation achieved using metal BINOL phosphates. The reaction has a broad scope in terms of epoxide substrates and aromatic thiol nucleophiles. The resulting β-hydroxyl sulfides are obtained in excellent yield and enantioselectivity.
Dataview, a general purpose data display system

During the past decade significant progress has been made with automatic, high-volume processing of data. Management and command systems have undertaken to exploit this ability of machine computation, correlation, storage, and retrieval; as a result, the number of computer-centered complexes is increasing daily. Where it is feasible to design or program into the equipment all the decisions which attend a process, as for an on-stream oil refinery, only the simplest form of status indicators need be provided. In contrast, the evaluation of a missile development program or the determination of the order of battle, which produce complex patterns of alternatives, must ultimately depend upon human decisions. The computer excels in the province of deductive logic, but man is still clearly the master in the province of inductive reasoning. Man, however, must understand before he reasons. A data processing system may ingest and digest information at inconceivably high rates, but when the machine delivers the results of its omnivorous appetite to man, a communications problem immediately develops. The solution of the problem lies in the field of data displays. Even the earliest and simplest of computing machines were required to generate an output suitable for human assimilation. Printing devices are common to nearly every system; thus, alphanumeric or syntactical outputs may be obtained. These, however, are not adequate for many conditions today. We are encountering more and more requirements for automatic processing and display of situation analogs.
Automatic memory partitioning and scheduling for throughput and power optimization

Memory bottleneck has become a limiting factor in satisfying the explosive demands on performance and cost in modern embedded system design. Selected computation kernels for acceleration are usually captured by nest loops, which are optimized by state-of-the-art techniques like loop tiling and loop pipelining. However, memory bandwidth bottlenecks prevent designs from reaching optimal throughput with respect to available parallelism. In this paper we present an automatic memory partitioning technique which can efficiently improve throughput and reduce energy consumption of pipelined loop kernels for given throughput constraints and platform requirements. Also, our proposed algorithm can handle general array access beyond affine array references.Our partition scheme consists of two steps. The first step considers cycle accurate scheduling information to meet the hard constraints on memory bandwidth requirements specifically for synchronized hardware designs. An ILP formulation is proposed to solve the memory partitioning and scheduling problem optimally for small designs, followed by a heuristic algorithm which is more scalable and equally effective for solving large scale problems. Experimental results show an average 6× throughput improvement on a set of real-world designs with moderate area increase (about 45p on average), given that less resource sharing opportunities exist with higher throughput in optimized designs. The second step further partitions the memory banks for reducing the dynamic power consumption of the final design. In contrast to previous approaches, our technique can statically compute memory access frequencies in polynomial time with little or no profiling. Experimental results show about 30p power reduction on the same set of benchmarks.
Brand diagnostics: Mapping branding effects using consumer associative networks

Abstract Understanding consumer perceptions and associations is an important first step to understanding brand preferences and choices. In this paper, we discuss how cognitive theorists would posit network representations of consumer brand associations. We rely upon several empirical examples of consumer associative networks, based on data from a variety of data collection techniques, in order to demonstrate the tools available to the brand manager using network analytic techniques. In addition to being grounded in theory, networks are shown to be quite important to mapping an extensive array of branding effects, including: (1) branded features, (2) driver brands, (3) complements, (4) co-branding, (5) cannibalization, (6) brand parity, (7) brand dilution, (8) brand confusion, (9) counter-brands, and (10) segmentation. This list of 10 issues is fairly ambitious but we desire this research to be truly useful to brand managers, and we believe we have made some progress in addressing all 10 questions and in providing tools and a road map to the brand manager.
Preliminary Investigation of the Use of Air Injection to Mitigate Cavitation Erosion

This project was initiated as part of a new research and development focus to improve hydropower generation. One aspect of the problem is severe cavitation erosion which is experienced when hydroturbines are operated at best power or in spinning reserve. Air injection has been used successfully to minimize or eliminate cavitation erosion in other applications. Thus, an investigation was initiated to determine whether or not air injection would be an effective solution for turbine erosion problems. A specially instrumented hydrofoil of elliptic planform and a NACA 0015 cross section was tested at flow velocities up to 20 m s{sup {minus}1}, at various values of cavitation index. Although pit sizes were measured on a soft aluminum insert, pitting rate was not measured directly but was inferred from direct measurement of impulsive pressures on the surface of the hydrofoil and by monitoring accelerometers mounted at the base of the hydrofoil. Cavitation noise was also measured by a hydrophone positioned in the water tunnel test section. Air was injected through small holes in the leading edge of the foil. Air injection was found to be very effective in minimizing erosion as inferred from all three cavitation erosion detection techniques.
Delirium and neuromuscular symptoms in an elderly man with isolated corticotroph-deficiency syndrome completely reversed with glucocorticoid replacement

A 68-yr-old man had developed intractable vomiting soon after recovering from a flu-like illness. The use of Compazine as an antiemetic produced classic dystonic manifestations which resolved rapidly after discontinuation and treatment with Artane. However, he later developed a variety of neurobehavioral disturbances which led to his admission to the hospital. Extensive diagnostic procedures failed to identify any gastrointestinal or neurological causes. His condition unceasingly worsened until hypocortisolemia was serendipitously discovered, and all of his symptoms disappeared rapidly and completely with glucocorticoid replacement. Over the course of hospitalization, other than a single episode of orthostatic hypotension, the patient did not manifest any signs of adrenal insufficiency or endocrinopathy. Although detectable, his plasma ACTH level was markedly low in the presence of hypocortisolemia. His adrenal function was subnormal in the cortisol response to ACTH stimulation. His renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and catecholamine levels were normal. He had normal pituitary responses to GnRH, TRH, and insulin, with rises in plasma levels of LH, FSH, TSH, PRL, and GH, but no stimulation of ACTH. Repeated CRH tests revealed no stimulation of ACTH and cortisol. No circulating anti-ACTH, antiadrenal, or antipituitary antibody was detected. We conclude that this elderly patient had a rare syndrome of selective corticotroph dysfunction which resulted in secondary adrenal failure and exacerbated his mental and neuromuscular abnormalities. To our knowledge, these symptoms, which clearly relate to hypocortisolism, have not been previously reported.
Assessment of methods for mapping snow cover from MODIS

Abstract Characterization of snow is critical for understanding Earth’s water and energy cycles. Maps of snow from MODIS have seen growing use in investigations of climate, hydrology, and glaciology, but the lack of rigorous validation of different snow mapping methods compromises these studies. We examine three widely used MODIS snow products: the “binary” (i.e., snow yes/no) global snow maps that were among the initial MODIS standard products; a more recent standard MODIS fractional snow product; and another fractional snow product, MODSCAG, based on spectral mixture analysis. We compare them to maps of snow obtained from Landsat ETM+ data, whose 30 m spatial resolution provides nearly 300 samples within a 500 m MODIS nadir pixel. The assessment uses 172 images spanning a range of snow and vegetation conditions, including the Colorado Rocky Mountains, the Upper Rio Grande, California’s Sierra Nevada, and the Nepal Himalaya. MOD10A1 binary and fractional fail to retrieve snow in the transitional periods during accumulation and melt while MODSCAG consistently maintains its retrieval ability during these periods. Averaged over all regions, the RMSE for MOD10A1 fractional is 0.23, whereas the MODSCAG RMSE is 0.10. MODSCAG performs the most consistently through accumulation, mid-winter and melt, with median differences ranging from −0.16 to 0.04 while differences for MOD10A1 fractional range from −0.34 to 0.35. MODSCAG maintains its performance over all land cover classes and throughout a larger range of land surface properties. Characterizing snow cover by spectral mixing is more accurate than empirical methods based on the normalized difference snow index, both for identifying where snow is and is not and for estimating the fractional snow cover within a sensor’s instantaneous field-of-view. Determining the fractional value is particularly important during spring and summer melt in mountainous terrain, where large variations in snow, vegetation and soil occur over small distances and when snow can melt rapidly.
N-fluoro-bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide: Electrophilic fluorination of imines and some methyl-substituted pyridines

Abstract Direct fluorination of imines with N -fluoro-bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide 1 afforded mono and/or difluoroketones without the need of a strong base to first generate the imine anions. Structurally related 2- and 4- methyl-substituted pyridines gave the respective fluoromethyl pyridines with 1 . Our results suggest that an enamine intermediate plays a key role in these reactions.
Nrf2-Keap1 Signaling Pathway Regulates Human UGT1A1 Expression in Vitro and in Transgenic UGT1 Mice

The formation of beta-D-glucopyranosides (glucuronides) by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) is a significant metabolic pathway that facilitates the elimination of small hydrophobic molecules such as drugs, dietary constituents, steroids, and bile acids. We elucidate here that an anti-oxidative response leads to induction of UGT1A1 through the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. When human HepG2 cells were treated with the prooxidants tert-butylhydroquinone and beta-naphthoflavone, cellular UGT1A1 glucuronidation activities were increased. The induction of UGT1A1 proceeded following the overexpression of Nrf2 and was blocked following overexpression of Keap1, demonstrating that Keap1 suppresses Nrf2 activation of the UGT1A1 gene. Loss of function analysis for Nrf2 conducted by small interfering RNA revealed that induction of UGT1A1 was not seen in Nrf2 knock-out cells. To examine the contribution of oxidants toward the regulation of human UGT1A1 in vivo, transgenic mice bearing the human UGT1 locus (Tg-UGT1) were treated with tert-butylhydroquinone. Human UGT1A1 was markedly increased in small and large intestines as well as in liver. Gene mapping experiments including transfections of UGT1A1 reporter gene constructs into HepG2 cells coupled with functional analysis of Nrf2 expression and binding to anti-oxidant-response elements (ARE) resulted in identification of an ARE in the phenobarbital-response enhancer module region of the UGT1A1 gene. The ARE flanks the recently identified Ah receptor xenobiotic-responsive element. The results suggest that Nrf2-Keap1-dependent UGT1A1 induction by prooxidants might represent a key adaptive response to cellular oxidative stress that defends against a variety of environmental insults, including electrophile attacks and chemical carcinogenesis.
Iodine atom transfer addition reactions with alkynes. Part 1: Alkyl iodides

Abstract Simple 2° - and 3° -alkyl iodides add smoothly to electron deficient alkynes under standard atom transfer conditions 10% Bu 3 SnSnBu 3 , sunlamp photolysis. Mechanistic experiments help to interpret stereochemical and yield trends, and a new model for atom abstraction reactions of rapidly inverting a-vinyl radicals is proposed.
APPROXIMATION PROPERTIES FOR CROSSED PRODUCTS BY ACTIONS AND COACTIONS

We investigate approximation properties for C*-algebras and their crossed products by actions and coactions by locally compact groups. We show that Haagerup's approximation constant is preserved for crossed products by arbitrary amenable groups, and we show why this is not always true in the non-amenable case. We also examine similar questions for other forms of the approximation property.