cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Least-square finite elements for Stokes problem

A least-squares method based on the first-order velocity-pressure-vorticity formulation for the Stokes problem is proposed. This method leads to a minimization problem rather than to a saddle-point problem. The choice of the combinations of elements is thus not subject to the Ladyzhenskaya-Babuska-Brezzi (LBB) condition. Numerical results are given for the optimal rate of convergence for equal-order interpolations.
Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-initiating activities of crude polyphenolic extracts from seedless and seeded Indian grapes

The extracts of crude polyphenols (seeds, pulp + skin, whole) from four different cultivars of Indian grapes were used in this study. The total polyphenolic contents of grape polyphenolic extracts (GPEs) were determined and their in vitro antioxidant and anti-initiating activities evaluated. The total polyphenolic contents, expressed in terms of gallic acid/catechin/procyanidin B3 equivalents, were found to vary significantly. Antioxidant activity of GPEs, particularly the seedless variety, was evident from significant dose-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation and DPPH activity. GPEs and catechin inhibited the microsome-catalysed activity of cytochrome P450 isozymes (1A1, 1A2, 2B1) in a dose-dependent manner, by the decreased formation of resorufin. The inhibitory activity of GPEs on nitrite-mediated N-nitrosation of dimethylamine and N-methylaniline appears to correlate significantly with the total polyphenolic contents. Furthermore, six individual polyphenols present in GPEs were quantitated by HPLC, wherein procyanidin B3 was a major constituent.
A comparison of methods used to evaluate mobility performance in the visually impaired

Purpose To compare three different approaches to measuring mobility performance when evaluating the visually impaired. Methods 488 participants, including 192 glaucoma, 112 age-related macular degeneration, 91 diabetic retinopathy and 93 healthy volunteers, completed the Assessment of Disability Related to Vision (ADREV) mobility course. The performance of participants on the mobility course was evaluated by noting errors made and time required for completion. Errors noted and time taken were compared using multivariate logistic regression to determine which measurement better differentiated patients with visual disease from healthy volunteers. Multivariate logistic regression was also used to evaluate the combined metric of ADREV errors divided by time to determine its ability to discriminate participants with visual disease from healthy volunteers. Results Errors noted and time taken while ambulating through the standardised mobility course shared a weak but statistically significant association (Pearson9s r=0.36, p Conclusions A validated scoring system based on errors is more effective when assessing visual disability during mobility testing than recording the time taken for course completion. The combined metric of ADREV errors noted divided by time taken was most predictive of all the methods used to evaluate visual disability during mobility testing.
The Role of the Information Systems Organization in ISO 9000 Registration

This study explores the role of Information Systems (IS) personnel in US firms in the ISO 9000 registration process. ISO 9000 quality standards have been adopted by thousands of firms worldwide; registration to one or more of these standards is widely regarded to be a competitive necessity for foreign trade. Implementation of these standards involves considerable investment in time and money, and involves employees in many departments. IS personnel have unique knowledge of cross-functional processes and the information infrastructure. Managers who ignore the potential benefits of IS participation in the ISO 9000 registration process may lengthen the registration process time and increase costs. We found that a majority of registration activities are completed without significant IS involvement but there are many areas in which greater IS involvement is desired by ISO quality managers. Another finding of this study is that, where information systems are up-to-date, information systems personnel are seen to play a greater role in the ISO 9000 registration process.
Solute Distribution in Nanocrystalline Ni-W Alloys

The stability of nanocrystalline metals can be vastly improved through the addition of alloying elements. Previous works have suggested that this enhanced stability may be due to a thermodynamic phenomenon, where grain boundary energy is reduced upon solute segregation to the intercrystalline regions. Atom probe studies have confirmed strong segregation in nanocrystalline alloys such as Ni-P2, where grain boundaries were clearly decorated with a high concentration of P atoms. Recently, Ni-W alloys have shown behavior reminiscent of this segregation-based stabilization, although tungsten is expected to exhibit a relatively weak preference for grain boundary segregation. In order to appreciate the segregation behavior, this study examines the solute distribution in nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys, produced over a range of nanocrystalline grain sizes, with the chemical and spatial resolution of the three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP)3. Nanocrystalline Ni-W alloys have been produced using a pulsed electrodeposition method at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Specimens with average grain sizes of 3, 10, and 20 nm were examined in the local electrode atom probe. No clear tendency for W segregation was observed in the atom maps due to the high solute content and large extent of the data. Therefore, a more detailed statistical analysis was performed in order to infer the existence and extent (if any) of segregation in the experimental specimens. To aid in this analysis, and directly compare with the experimental 3 nm specimen, an atomistic simulation was conducted with the same grain size and composition. The equilibrium solute distribution of the simulated structure was determined with a Monte Carlo energy minimization procedure coupled with a conjugate gradient relaxation routine. With the unique knowledge of the grain boundary locations in the simulated cell, the existence and extent of grain boundary segregation was directly confirmed and measured from composition profiles, autocorrelation functions, and a two-constituent composition distribution model. These same techniques were applied to the experimental data, revealing a subtle amount of W segregation to the intercrystalline regions in comparison to previous studies of alloys exhibiting segregation-based stabilization. From the classic McLean grain boundary segregation isotherm, it was shown that nanocrystalline Ni-W is best described by a low segregation energy on the order of 1 kJ/mol. This subtle degree of grain boundary segregation has important consequences for the thermal stability of these alloys
High‐pressure reactions. II. γ‐Ray polymerization of acrylamide

The post-irradiation effect of high pressure on the γ-ray-initiated solid-state polymerization of acrylamide has been described. Polymer conversion was found to increase significantly with applied pressure. The molecular weight of polymer increases with pressure.
A scalable multi-producer multi-consumer wait-free ring buffer

A ring buffer or cyclical queue is a First In, First Out (FIFO) queue that stores elements on a fixed-length array. This allows for efficient O(1) operations, cache-aware optimizations, and low memory overhead. Because ring buffers are limited to only the array and two counters they are desirable for systems with limited memory. Many applications (e.g. cloud-based services) depend on ring buffers to pass work from one thread to another. The rise in many-core architecture has resulted in increased performance from shared data structures such as ring buffers. Existing research has forgone the use of locks and permitted greater scalability and core utilization for such designs. Such non-blocking designs are categorized by the level of progress they guarantee with wait-freedom being the most desirable categorization. Such a guarantee provides freedom from deadlock, livelock, and thread starvation. Lock-free and obstruction-free designs are not safe from all of these pitfalls [5].
COMPLETE VERSUS CULPRIT LESION REVASCULARIZATION DURING PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS INTERVENTION (PCI) WITH ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (STEMI): A COMPREHENSIVE META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS

Patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) presenting with STEMI, generally undergo primary PCI, which is limited to treating the culprit lesion (CL) rather than complete revascularization (CR). The results from available randomized control trials (RCTs) are conflicting. We performed a
Twentieth-century shifts in forest structure in California: Denser forests, smaller trees, and increased dominance of oaks

We document changes in forest structure between historical (1930s) and contemporary (2000s) surveys of California vegetation through comparisons of tree abundance and size across the state and within several ecoregions. Across California, tree density in forested regions increased by 30% between the two time periods, whereas forest biomass in the same regions declined, as indicated by a 19% reduction in basal area. These changes reflect a demographic shift in forest structure: larger trees (>61 cm diameter at breast height) have declined, whereas smaller trees (<30 cm) have increased. Large tree declines were found in all surveyed regions of California, whereas small tree increases were found in every region except the south and central coast. Large tree declines were more severe in areas experiencing greater increases in climatic water deficit since the 1930s, based on a hydrologic model of water balance for historical climates through the 20th century. Forest composition in California in the last century has also shifted toward increased dominance by oaks relative to pines, a pattern consistent with warming and increased water stress, and also with paleohistoric shifts in vegetation in California over the last 150,000 y.
On the Frequency and Transmitted Chromosome Alterations and Gene Mutations Induced by Atomic Bomb Radiations in Maize

Samples of maize seed of the single cross L289 X I205 were placed on some of the ships within the target area at Bikini at the time of the atomic bomb test of July 1, 1946. At about the same time Dr. L. F. Randolph exposed duplicate samples to x-rays at Cornell University. Plantings were made at the California Institute of Technology of both series together with untreated controls. From these plants, sporocyte samples were collected by Dr. Randolph for studies at Cornell University on the visible chromosomal changes induced by the radiations (Randolph, Longley and Li in press). Studies on hereditary effects have been carried on at the California Institute of Technology in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture and the Naval Medical Research Section of Operation Crossroads.
Comparative Penetration of Insecticides in Target and Non-Target Species

ABSTRACTDermal penetration of 14c-labeled carbaryl, parathion, DDT, dieldrin and permethrin was compared in American roaches, tobacco hornworms, Japanese quail, grass frogs and mice. Insecticides were absorbed more quickly in mice (one exception) while entry into insects was generally slow. The half time penetration rates for carbaryl ranged from 6 min for frogs to 4600 min for roaches. Whereas permethrin penetrated easily into insects, other insecticides shoved generally slower penetration into target organisms. Carbaryl tended to penetrate most rapidly in all species except roaches, while DDT and dieldrin tended to penetrate slowly in all organisms tested.Dist'ribution of insecticides in the blood and liver of Japanese quail and grass frogs was surprisingly low. Insect species tended to show higher amounts in hemolymph than most other species. Excretion of radioactivity was relatively low in the frog in these experiments but was high in the quail for rapidly-metabolized compounds.
Effects of ionization of p-nitrocatechol sulfate on its behavior as a substrate for arylsulfatases☆

Abstract Evidence is presented showing that arylsulfatases reacting at acidic pH are more active towards p -nitrocatechol sulfate substrate, while the reverse is true for the enzymes having alkaline pH max . An explanation of this phenomenon is suggested based on the ionization of p -nitrocatechol sulfate (p K a = 6.4) and a much higher reactivity of sulfatases with the acidic form of the substrate.
Scientific software process improvement decisions: a proposed research strategy

Scientific research is hard enough; software shouldn't make it harder. While traditional software engineering development and management practices have been shown to be effective in scientific software projects, adoption of these practices has been limited. Rather than presume to create a prescriptive scientific software process improvement manual or leave scientists to determine their own plans with only minimal references as support, we posit that a hybrid approach is required to adequately support and guide scientific SPI decisions. This paper presents a grounded theory approach for determining the driving factors of scientific software process planning activities in order to generate supporting data for a proposed Scientific Software Process Improvement Framework (SciSPIF).
Pie de Palo, Argentina: A cataclastic diapir

The term cataclastic diapirism is proposed for the low-temperature extrusion of highly fractured rocks through more competent strata to produce domed topographies at the surface. The process is illustrated by reference to the geomorphology, neotectonics and microseismicity of the Pie de Palo, an elongated ridge in the western Sierras Pampeanas of Argentina composed of shattered and sheared Lower Palaeozoic rocks and subject to coseismic uplift. The Pie de Palo is conventionally interpreted as a fault-driven basement fold linked to low-angle eastward subduction of the Nazca plate beneath South America; the diapiric model implies instead that deformation is powered by regional compression from west-verging, near-surface, crustal shortening which results ultimately from Atlantic spreading.
Rethinking Grids with Local Power Distribution

Increasing the reliability and power quality in electricity grids has been a focus since electricity distribution systems were first created. However, for a variety of technology, economic, and public policy reasons, it may be desirable to work towards utility systems standards that are lower than they are today. A network model of power at the local level can make local generation and storage -- and hence local reliability -- easier and less expensive to create. This paper summarizes how actual needs for power quality and reliability can be accomplished with new technology options and so lead to shifting substantial future capital investment from the utility grid to locally, within buildings.
Rearrangement of a propargyl vinyl rhenium complex to a rhenium allenyl vinyl ketone complex

An η 1 - to η 3 -propargyl rearrangement promotes vinyl migration to CO in trans-C 5 H 5 (CO) 2 Re(CH 2 C≡CH)-((E)-CH=CHCH 2 CMe 3 ) (7) which eventually leads to the formation of allenyl vinyl ketone complex C 5 H 5 (CO)Re-(η 2 ,η 2 -H 2 C=CHCOCH=CHCH 2 CMe 3 ) (8)
Naming every individual in news video monologues

Naming every individual person appearing in broadcast news videos with names detected from the video transcript leads to better access of the news video content. In this paper, we approach this challenging problem with a statistical learning method. Two categories of information extracted from multiple video modalities have been explored, namely features, which help distinguish the true name of every person, as well as constraints, which reveal the relationships among the names of different persons. The person-naming problem is formulated into a learning framework which predicts the most likely name for each person based on the features, and refines the predictions using the constraints. Experiments conducted on ABC World New Tonight and CNN Headline News videos demonstrate that this approach outperforms a non-learning alternative by a large amount.
The Mechanism of Oxidation-Induced Low-Density Lipoprotein Aggregation: An Analogy to Colloidal Aggregation and Beyond?

Atherosclerosis is a disease initiated by lipoprotein aggregation and deposition in artery walls. In this study, the de novo low-density lipoprotein aggregation process was examined. Nine major intermediates were identified in two stages of the aggregation process. In the aggregation stage, low-density lipoprotein molecules aggregate and form nucleation units. The nucleation units chain together and form linear aggregates. The linear aggregates branch and interact with one another, forming fractals. In the fusion stage, spatially adjacent nucleation units in the fractal fuse into curved membrane surfaces, which, in turn, fuse into multilamellar or unilamellar vesicles. Alternatively, some adjacent nucleation units in the fractals assemble in a straight line and form rods. Subsequently, the rods flatten out into rough and then into smooth ribbons. Occasionally, tubular membrane vesicles are formed from the fractals. The aggregation stage seems to be analogous to colloidal aggregation and amyloid fiber formation. The fusion stage seems to be characteristic of the lipid-rich lipoproteins and is beyond colloidal aggregation and amyloid fiber formation.
Progressive Neurodegeneration after Experimental Brain Trauma: Association with Chronic Microglial Activation

Recent clinical studies indicate that traumatic brain injury (TBI) produces chronic and progressive neurodegenerative changes leading to late neurological dysfunction but little is known about the mechanisms underlying such changes. Microglial-mediated neuroinflammation is an important secondary injury mechanism after TBI. In human studies, microglial activation has been found to persist for many years after the initial brain trauma, particularly after moderate-to-severe TBI. In the present study, adult C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to single moderate-level controlled cortical impact and were followed up by longitudinal T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in combination with stereological histological assessment of lesion volume expansion, neuronal loss and microglial activation for up to 1 year after TBI. Persistent microglial activation was observed in the injured cortex through 1 year post-injury, and was associated with progressive lesion expansion, hippocampal neurodegeneration, and loss of myelin. Notably, highly activated microglia that expressed major histocompatibility complex class II (CR3/43), CD68 and NADPH oxidase (NOX2) were detected at the margins of the expanding lesion at 1 year post-injury; biochemical markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress were significantly elevated at this time point. These data support emerging clinical TBI findings and provide a mechanistic link between TBI-induced chronic microglial activation and progressive neurodegeneration.
Profiling for laziness

While many programmers appreciate the benefits of lazy programming at an abstract level, determining which parts of a concrete program to evaluate lazily poses a significant challenge for most of them. Over the past thirty years, experts have published numerous papers on the problem, but developing this level of expertise requires a significant amount of experience.We present a profiling-based technique that captures and automates this expertise for the insertion of laziness annotations into strict programs. To make this idea precise, we show how to equip a formal semantics with a metric that measures waste in an evaluation. Then we explain how to implement this metric as a dynamic profiling tool that suggests where to insert laziness into a program. Finally, we present evidence that our profiler's suggestions either match or improve on an expert's use of laziness in a range of real-world applications.
Dynamic microPET imaging of ultrasound contrast agents and lipid delivery.

Abstract Interest in ultrasound contrast agents (lipid-shelled microbubbles) as delivery vehicles is increasing; however, the biodistribution of these agents remains uncharacterized, both with and without ultrasound. In this study, an 18F-labeled lipid ([18F]fluorodipalmitin), incorporated in microbubble shells, was used as a dynamic microPET probe for quantitative 90-minute biodistribution measurements in male Fischer 344 rats (n = 2). The spleen retained the highest concentration of radioactive lipid at ~ 2.6%-injected dose per cubic centimeter (% ID/cc) and the liver demonstrated the largest total accumulation (~ 17% ID). The microbubble pharmacokinetic profile differed from free lipid, which is rapidly cleared from blood, and liposomes, which remain in circulation. Additionally, region of interest (ROI) analysis over 60 minutes (post-ultrasound treatment) quantified the delivery of lipid by therapeutic ultrasound from microbubbles to kidney tissue (n = 8). The ultrasound sequence consisted of a 200 kPa, 5.3 MHz radiation force pulse followed by a 1.6 MPa, 1.4 MHz fragmentation pulse and was applied to one kidney, while the contralateral kidney served as a control. ROI-estimated activity in treated kidneys was slightly but significantly greater at 0 and 60 min than in untreated kidneys (p = 0.0012 and 0.0035, respectively). This effect increased with the number of microbubbles injected (p = 0.006). In summary, [18F]fluorodipalmitin was used to characterize the biodistribution of contrast microbubble shells and the deposition of lipid was shown to be locally increased after insonation.
The Adoption of Restaurant-Based E-Service

Restaurant services are currently available through conventional Internet access through PCs, Macs and laptops. However, there is ongoing change at the customer end where the use of Web-ready mobile devices such as cell phones and Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) is steadily increasing. This study evaluated the customer acceptance of restaurant e-services across two types of computing devices: (a) conventional lap/desk devices (PCs, laptops, Macs) and (b) mobile handhelds (Blackberries and Palm Pilots). Findings indicate that perceived ease of use with mobile handhelds is comparably more important toward the adoption of restaurant-based e-services as opposed to conventional lap/desk devices, where perceived usefulness was marginally more important. Findings are discussed within the context of the emerging mobile Internet and how restaurateurs need to better leverage this medium.
TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION EXTERIOR TO A CYLINDRICAL SURFACE

An analytical expression is obtained for the temperature surrounding a cylindrical surface of finite length. The boundary condition is that of constant heat flux and the method of solution involves Laplace and Fourier transforms.
Long-time behaviour of numerically computed orbits: small and intermediate timestep analysis of one-dimensional systems

Abstract The long-time behaviour of numerically computed orbits in one-dimensional systems is studied by deriving a continuous-time “pseudo-dynamics” equivalent to the discrete-time numerical dynamics. The derivation applies to any numerical algorithm which conserves phase-space volume. A conservation law of the continuous-time system (conservation of the “pseudo-Hamiltonian”) guarantees that the numerical orbits are close to the exact orbits, even after an unlimited number of timesteps. The equivalence between the discrete-time and continuous-time dynamics holds only for sufficiently small of the timestep Δ. For intermediate values of Δ (sufficiently large that the conservation law does not hold, but sufficiently small that the numerical orbits are not chaotic) a new “super-adiabatic” invariant Δ is derived, and it is shown that conservation of Δ forces the numerical orbits to lie on smooth closed curves. If the potential energy varies rapidly over a small region, it is shown that very high-order resonances between the timestep and the orbital period T , (i.e., T / Δ = n , where n is a large integer) produce large deviations of these closed curves from the exact orbit. Such resonances also cause extreme sensitivity of the numerical orbit to the timestep.
LASSA: Emotion Detection via Information Fusion

Due to the complexity of emotions in suicide notes and the subtle nature of sentiments, this study proposes a fusion approach to tackle the challenge of sentiment classification in suicide notes: leveraging WordNet-based lexicons, manually created rules, character-based n-grams, and other linguistic features. Although our results are not satisfying, some valuable lessons are learned and promising future directions are identified.
Induction of β-Amyloid-Containing Polypeptides in Hippocampus: Evidence for a Concomitant Loss of Synaptic Proteins and Interactions with an Excitotoxin

Abstract Long-term cultures of brain slices were used to test if the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine induces β-amyloid-related peptides in hippocampus and if such effects are accompanied by other manifestations of brain aging. Chloroquine administration resulted in the appearance of a carboxyl-terminal fragment of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP); the 27-kDa antigen was detectable after 24 h, increased rapidly for 6-10 days, and was eliminated upon drug washout. Immunocytochemical analyses showed that β-amyloid immunoreactivity accumulated in the perikarya of pyramidal neurons, primarily in the form of punctate bodies. These effects were accompanied by a correlated loss (and recovery) of the presynaptic marker synaptophysin and by a delayed reduction of postsynaptic glutamate receptors, while cytoskeletal proteins were unchanged. Acute administration of chloroquine had no evident effects on synaptic responses but prolonged applications caused a decrease in the maximum amplitude of field potentials. Finally, a brief pretreatment with the excitotoxin kainic acid had little effect with regard to APP fragments or synaptophysin, but altered the events following from a subsequent infusion of chloroquine. Buildup of the 27-kDa APP fragment and loss of synaptophysin were more rapid and, more importantly, did not reverse upon washout of chloroquine. These findings indicate that lysosomal dysfunction in hippocampus results in the accumulation of a particular APP fragment and suggest that this event, or a variable correlated with it, is linked to the loss of synaptic proteins. They also raise the possibility that certain aspects of brain aging reflect a synergism between lysosomal disturbances and excitotoxicity.
A compact L-space under CH

Abstract The continuum Hypothesis implies that there is a compact Hausdorff space which is hereditarily Lindelof but not separable. The space is the support of a Borel probability measure for which the measure-0 subsets, the first-category subsets, and the separable subsets all coincide.
Folding and function of a T4 lysozyme containing 10 consecutive alanines illustrate the redundancy of information in an amino acid sequence.

Abstract Single and multiple Xaa----Ala substitutions were constructed in the alpha-helix comprising residues 39-50 in bacteriophage T4 lysozyme. The variant with alanines at 10 consecutive positions (A40-49) folds normally and has activity essentially the same as wild type, although it is less stable. The crystal structure of this polyalanine mutant displays no significant change in the main-chain atoms of the helix when compared with the wild-type structure. The individual substitutions of the solvent-exposed residues Asn-40, Ser-44, and Glu-45 with alanine tend to increase the thermostability of the protein, whereas replacements of the buried or partially buried residues Lys-43 and Leu-46 are destabilizing. The melting temperature of the lysozyme in which Lys-43 and Leu-46 are retained and positions 40, 44, 45, 47, and 48 are substituted with alanine (i.e., A40-42/44-45/47-49) is increased by 3.1 degrees C relative to wild type at pH 3.0, but reduced by 1.6 degrees C at pH 6.7. In the case of the charged amino acids Glu-45 and Lys-48, the changes in melting temperature indicate that the putative salt bridge between these two residues contributes essentially nothing to the stability of the protein. The results clearly demonstrate that there is considerable redundancy in the sequence information in the polypeptide chain; not every amino acid is essential for folding. Also, further evidence is provided that the replacement of fully solvent-exposed residues within alpha-helices with alanines may be a general way to increase protein stability. The general approach may permit a simplification of the protein folding problem by retaining only amino acids proven to be essential for folding and replacing the remainder with alanine.
Recovery of bisulfite-converted genomic sequences in the methylation-sensitive QPCR

Many methods for the detection of genomic DNA methylation states have appeared. Currently, nearly all such methods employ bisulfite-mediated deamination of denatured DNA. While this treatment effectively deaminates cytosines to uracils, leaving most 5-methylcytosines intact, it also introduces abasic sites that generate a significant number of single-strand breaks in DNA. We have investigated the interplay of these two processes in order to determine their relative effects on the methylation-sensitive QPCR method. The extent of cleavage of the input DNA is significant and appears to be an increasing function of DNA concentration. Even so, the results suggest that only approximately 10% of a 62-nt target will be lost due to degradation and targets up to 131 nt will suffer only a 20% loss. More significant losses were found to occur during the subsequent removal of bisulfite and desulfonation steps that appear to be the result of size selectivity associated with matrix binding and elution required prior to QPCR in the most commonly used protocols. For biospecimens yielding <1 microg of DNA, these findings suggest that bisulfite treatment, in current implementations of MS-QPCR, result in low recoveries that preclude reliable analysis of DNA methylation patterns regardless of target size.
A double-dual characterization of separable Banach spaces containingl 1

It is proved that a separable Banach spaceB contains a subspace isomorphic tol 1 if (and only if) there exists an element inB**, the double-dual ofB, which is not a weak* limit of a sequence of elements inB. ConsequentlyB contains an isomorph ofl 1 if (and only if) the cardinality ofB** is greater than that of the continuum.
Race and Inequality in the War on Drugs

Drug use is pervasive, generally private, and of long standing. The social effects are sometimes problematic, but it is a large step to declare a war on drug use. This review considers how that approach came to be adopted in the United States and why it persists despite its evident shortcomings. This war could not be maintained without societal racism and the manipulation of racial stereotypes to make drugs something to be feared. Beneath society's adherence to a failed criminalization approach is a startling indifference to its racial impact, which includes a vast increase in the number and representation of poor minorities in the prison system, particularly young African American males. Tracing the war on drugs to its roots reveals a broader domain in which harsh legislation, prosecution, and incarceration combine to harm and stigmatize minority populations, while a pervasive ideology of color blindness discourages serious discussion of inherent racial bias in the criminal justice system.
Oestrogenic treatment of hypophysectomized male mice.

The effects of estrogen treatment were studied in hypophysectomized male mice. Mammary gland rudiments of completely hypophysectomized mice did not respond to treatment. However if as little as 2% of the pituitary remained intact the mammary gland response was good. The gonads accessory sex glands and adrenal cortex all showed clear signs of regression. Resorption of the public symphysis was not dependent on the presence of anterior lobe material. In such experiments it is absolutely essential to determine how much of the pituitary gland remains intact after operation.
Experiments on the pressure drop created by a sphere settling in a viscous liquid

Experimental measurements were made of the difference in pressure at large distances on either side of a spherical particle settling slowly along the axis of a long circular tube filled with viscous liquid. At low particle Reynolds numbers and for small sphere-cylinder diameter ratios, it was found that the product of the pressure difference and the cross-sectional area of the tube is equal to twice the drag on the particle, in accord with theory.
Determinants of Per Capita Municipal Solid Waste Generation in the Southeastern United States

The aim of this study is to identify and measure the variables which influence per capita municipal solid waste generation in the south-eastern U.S., using the 100 counties of North Carolina as a data set and regression models for statistical analysis. Variables are selected to capture the residential, institutional and commercial components of the municipal solid waste stream, as well as the overall structure of waste management through inclusion of waste disposal fees. An additional goal of this study is to examine the influence of the components of retail sales, including sales of restaurants, merchandise, food stores and clothing stores, on per capita municipal solid waste generation, as it has been suggested that retail industries contribute significantly to waste generation. The results indicate the retail sales and the waste disposal fee are significant determinants of waste generation, while variables to account for manufacturing, construction, personal income, and degree of urbanization did not prove to be significant. Of the components of retail sales, per capita sales of eating establishments proved to have the greatest influence on waste generation. Policy implications are that an increasing effort should be made to focus on eating establishments and to establish appropriate tipping fees if a goal of waste reduction is to be achieved.
Behavior therapy in the home: amelioration of problem parent-child relations with the parent in a therapeutic role.

Abstract The experimental modification of a problem mother-child relationship is described. The child, a four-year-old boy, was extremely difficult to manage and control. Treatment was carried out in the home with the mother as the therapist. The child's objectionable behaviors were observed to change in frequency and topography as a consequence of the treatment and appeared to generalize from the experimental hour to the remaining hours of the day. Nearly a month later, these changes were still in evidence.
Effect of admixtures on the dielectric constant of cement paste

Abstract The relative dielectric constant of cement paste at 10 kHz–1 MHz is decreased by silica fume addition (from 29 to 21 at 10 kHz) and by steel fiber addition (from 29 to 20 at 10 kHz), due to the volume occupied by these admixtures in place of cement. It is increased by latex addition (from 29 to 35 at 10 kHz) and by carbon fiber addition (from 21 to 54 for silica fume cement at 10 kHz) due to the interface between cement and these admixtures. Increasing the carbon fiber content beyond the percolation threshold decreases the relative dielectric constant (from 54 to 49 at 10 kHz).
Multistage bus network (MBN): an interconnection network for cache coherent multiprocessors

Single bus multiprocessor systems do not scale well due to the limited bandwidth of the bus. Hierarchical bus interconnections are scalable, but unfortunately the top level bus becomes a bottleneck for larger systems. The authors present a novel interconnection network called the multistage bus network (MBN). The MBN consists of multiple stages of buses and it preserves the bandwidth properties of a conventional multistage interconnection network (MIN). At the same time the MBN also retains the economic design and fast broadcast advantages of the bus based systems. They show that the MBN performs almost as good as a MIN and is much more cost effective than the MIN. They also design and study a multistage snooping cache protocol for the MBN. >
Fuzzy mining of meteorological data

The process of knowledge discovery is essentially that of randomization. The key to discovery lies in the successful mining of non-trivial attributed databases. Randomizing declarative data for procedural knowledge (i.e., the theory) will necessarily be limited to the syntax of if-then rules. A logic for randomization underpins every theorem defined in any formal consistent system. A set-based heuristic logic for the randomization of a database is applied to a meteorological forecasting problem. The term fuzzy mining implies a heuristic process for database randomization, rather than an admissible process, which is usually intractable. The representation of knowledge in a database is seldom exact. The goal is to rapidly find rules of maximal generality (i.e., so as to maximize their predictive value where not all field values need be specified). Discovered rules may be translated into SQL. In this manner, the records in any database that satisfy the conditions (i.e., the independent variables) in the specified rules can be selected.
Alternating left bundle branch block and right bundle branch block during tachycardia: What is the mechanism?

a e t s i F b c ase presentation 68-year-old woman with a history of paroxysmal atrial brillation was referred for pulmonary vein isolation. fter the pulmonary veins were isolated, burst atrial acing during infusion of intravenous isoproterenol inuced atrial flutter at a cycle length of 230 ms, with ariable but rapid AV conduction. An alternating pattern f left bundle branch block (LBBB) and right bundle ranch block (RBBB) was observed during the tachycaria (Figure 1). What is the mechanism of the alternating undle branch block?
Room-temperature Photoluminescence at 1540 nm from Amorphous Silicon Carbide Films Implanted with Erbium

In the present work, strong room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) at 1540 nm is reported from erbium-implanted and post-annealed amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:Er) films. The stoichiometric SiC films were grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition (TCVD) at 800°C, and then implanted to Er fluence of 3×1015 ions/cm2 using 380 keV implantation energy. Post-implantation annealing was carried out at the temperature range of 550°C to 1350°C in argon (Ar) ambient. The resulting SiC films were characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Rutherford backscattering (RBS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). Clear PL behavior was seen from the annealed a-SiC:Er samples, even at room temperature, with PL intensity reaching a maximum for samples annealed at 900°C. Additional studies of thermal quenching of Er luminescence from a-SiC:Er samples annealed at 900°C indicated that as the sample temperature increased from 14K to room temperature, the luminescence intensity at 1540 nm dropped by a factor of ∼ 3.6. Moreover, the PL spectra of the a-SiC:Er samples did not exhibit any defect-generated luminescence. It is suggested that the lower density of Si and C vacancies in the stoichiometric a-SiC:Er, as compared to its non-stoichiometric a-Si1-xCx counterpart, along with the incorporation of a higher Er dopant concentration, can effectively diminish defect-produced luminescence and lead to a significant improvement in PL performance. These properties suggest that stoichiometric a-SiC:Er may be a good candidate for producing optoelectronic devices operating in the 1540 nm region.
Acquisition and pointing for a Mars optical access link

Optical characteristics can potentially benefit communication links transmitting data from the surface of Mars to orbiting assets because of their high gain and modulation bandwidth compared to radio frequency (RF) links. Furthermore, optical systems can achieve higher data rates and be realized with lower mass and power, enabling the streaming of high definition imagery. In this paper we present a conceptual design for a low complexity, autonomous optical communications link for returning data at up to 250 Mb/s from the Martian surface. The pointing control is simplified because the short distance (400–1200 Km) allows us to use relatively wide (0.6 milliradian) transmitted laser beams. Link acquisition is based on the orbiter transceiver (OT) “blind pointing” a laser beam to illuminate the lander transceiver (LT) on the surface. The LT acquires the link with a spectrally-filtered, wide-field-of-view camera and subsequently tracks the OT with a two-axis, stepper-motor-actuator, to send back a laser modulated with high-rate data. The system design also has a provision for the OT transitioning from blind-pointing to closed loop tracking once it acquires the signal from the lander transceiver. Results from successful ground-based demonstrations performed at JPL, in which the pointing rate required to track an orbiter was emulated by mounting both transceivers on rotating stages, and in which we transmitted live video and pseudo-random data streams, are presented.
Temptation, horizontal differentiation and monopoly pricing

We study the implications for monopoly pricing strategies and product diversity of consumers’ temptation when the differentiation of the product is horizontal. Consumers have an ex-ante ideal product (“commitment preferences”), but they and the monopolist are aware that consumers may fall prey to “temptation preferences” ex-post with some probability. Our results indicate that when consumers are aware of their dynamic change in preferences, the firm cannot take advantage of consumers’ temptation but instead, in order to attract them into the store, the firm must compensate ex-ante consumers for the possibility of yielding to temptation once inside the store. As a result, this paper shows that the firm narrows the variety of products, not offering those products close to temptation preferences. Moreover, it is shown that product prices and firm’s profits decrease with the probability of temptation and with the consumers’ awareness of their dynamic inconsistency.
Model reduction and system identification for master equation control systems

A master equation describes the continuous-time evolution of a probability distribution, and is characterized by a simple bilinear-like structure and an often-high dimension. We develop a model reduction approach in which the number of possible configurations and corresponding dimension is reduced, by removing improbable configurations and grouping similar ones. Error bounds for the reduction are derived based on a minimum and maximum time scale of interest. An analogous linear identification procedure is then presented, which computes the state and output matrices for a predetermined configuration set. These ideas are demonstrated first in a finite-dimensional model inspired by problems in surface evolution, and then in an infinite-dimensional film growth master equation.
Commercial services for providing authority control: Outsourcing the process

SUMMARY This paper examines the commercial services available for providing authority control in online catalogs. It identifies common reasons cited by libraries for outsourcing authority control and examines in-depth the types of authority control services. These include retrospective cleanup of the authority and bibliographic files, ongoing authority control work for newly cataloged bibliographic records and previously cataloged records where headings have changed, and periodic file reauthorizations when there was a one-time retrospective authority control database cleanup, but the library did not contract ongoing authority control services. The three phases of the outsourced authority control process are discussed, including preprocessing, machine matching, and manual record review. Finally, reports produced by the vendors are mentioned and challenges for automated international authority control are discussed.
The Relationship Between Efficacy and the Instructional Practices of Special Education Teachers and Consultants

ABSIRACT:The relationship between efficacy and selected instructional vareables was explored for two types of special education teachers. Teachers were categorized either as direct service providers, who provided direct instruction or behavioral interventions to students with mild disabilities, or as indirect service providers, who spent at least 50% of their time consulting, collaborating, or team teaching with general educators. Significant positive correlations found between efficacy and three instructionally-relevant factors were for both types of teachers. Type of service was related to only one instructional component, Instructional Experimentation. Recommendations for teacher education are addressed.
Formative Assessment and Active Learning of the Neurology Second Year Module (FAANSY) at Emory University School of Medicine (P05.004)

OBJECTIVE: We feel that students receiving lectures that utilize an active learning process would report better understanding of lecture material and have better performance on final assessments than students taught in a traditionally passive learning environment. We utilized an audience response system as an active learning tool. Students anonymously respond, through laptops or smart phones, to questions posed during lectures. BACKGROUND: The literature supports active learning, defined as anything that involves students more than passively listening, as more effective than passive learning. However, traditional lectures in the pre-clinical years rely on students listening passively to the presentation. These sessions rarely involve active learning, in a large lecture hall setting. We sought to determine if modifying traditionally passive lectures to an active format enhanced learning and the educational experience. DESIGN/METHODS: Twenty-six medical student volunteers were randomized to one of two lecture styles: traditional passive or active formats. The latter used an audience response system to engage students throughout the lecture sessions. Data was obtained from student and lecturer survey responses, performance on a subset of relevant final examination questions, and a focus group following the lecture sessions. RESULTS: Students in the control group reported an overall greater satisfaction (3.19 vs. 3.54, p=.035) and understanding (82.5% vs. 89.5%, p=0.003) of the active learning lectures. They spent less time surfing the internet during class (8.9 vs. 15.3 minutes, p=.033). The vast majority of students (∼95%) reported the activity resulted in better engagement during the lecture, assisted learning, and highlighted important concepts. Examination performance and focus group data are currently being assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Using an audience response system to promote active learning was extremely useful for highlighting important concepts, maintaining student engagement, understanding subject matter, and enhancing the students overall reported learning experience. Disclosure: Dr. Lockhart has nothing to disclose. Dr. Khan has nothing to disclose.
Fifty Years of Science Fiction Television

The science fiction genre has long held a place in popular culture, and has gained significant popularity over the past century. This research examines themes of governance, bureaucracy, policy, and leadership presented in two of the genre's longest-running television franchises, Star Trek and Doctor Who. A grounded theory approach is utilized for a content analysis of all the stories from each franchise that have primary or secondary themes related to governance, bureaucracy, or policy. Results are presented in the context of Goodsell and Murray's framework for examining arts and media for public administration, with a specific focus on applications for teaching.