cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE INVESTIGATION OF PROTON MOTION IN SCANDIUM HYDRIDE.

Hydrogen diffusion processes in nonstoichiometric scandium hydrides have been investigated using transient nuclear-magnetic-resonance methods. Activation energies (${E}_{A}$) were found to be strongly concentration dependent with two processes becoming evident as the hydrogen-to-metal ratio ($x$) approached 2. The variation of ${E}_{A}$ with $x$ is interpreted as an effect of non-rigid-band behavior for the electron states. Both relaxation-time analysis and rigid-lattice linewidths suggest appreciable occupation of octahedral sites normally vacant in other dihydrides.
“Work” versus “play” and early childhood care

The ancient dispute over the appropriate role of work versus play in the lives of the young rests on assumptions of children's original nature. Those committed to an innate goodness position have been strong advocates of freedom and play; while those distrusting children's natural instincts have pressed for social control and disciplined work. This paper scans the historical antagonism and contemporary views on the function of play. It suggests that a rapprochement can be struck if we consider play and work on an overlapping continuum rather than as polar opposites. At the center of the continuum—play/work—children take pleasure in activities that they have initiated, but those activities are purposeful and culturally sanctioned. When the home takes responsibility for cultural transmission, play/work is an ideal target for early educational inputs. The ideal must be modified, however, as responsibility for social acculturation shifts toward day care programs.
Coleridge's philosophy of composition: An overview of a romantic rhetorician

Coleridge criticism has a stormy quality about it, as if what we know about Coleridge is something we see only by flashes of lightning over some dark landscape. In Experience Into Thought, Kathleen Coburn says that Coleridge is "irritating to certain tempers, perhaps especially to the curriculum-making academic mind"(67). Her statement is ironic. Coleridge was always working on curriculum. His rage for a system that included the irrational and lucky graces forced him into whole courses about thinking and language, whole encyclopedias of knowledge. Still, the plan in most academic circles seems to have been to place Samuel Taylor Coleridge in the canon as a fragment of history and forget him. After long years of reading literary criticism about Samuel Taylor Coleridge rather than reading his works, it is time to see if there is a Coleridge worth claiming for rhetoric and composition. One problem in validating a Coleridge for our time is reading him. It seems that we have lost the habit of reading his kind of discourse. Perhaps because of his translations and readings of the German Transcendentalists, Coleridge's prose wanders and speculates, opposes its central premises, comments on itself incessantly. Composition scholars see him as an antithesis of the kind of style recommended in our classrooms and in our journals. Also, as composition studies attempt to establish territory in departmental turf wars, Coleridge becomes an easy target for those who would use him to demonstrate how "literary" concerns should not be included in composition pedagogy. As much as some might want Coleridge to go away, he will not. Linda Flower argues that Coleridge's "inspirational" model for composition is a threat to the teaching of composition (Problem-Solving). Ross Winterowd asserts that Coleridge is a primary reason for the devaluation of the "literature of fact" because his theory of composition or rhetoric lacks purpose (64). In both cases, eminent scholars and researchers in the field of composition are reacting to a stereotypical view of Coleridge and his works, as if the "Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner" and "Kubla Khan" represent Coleridge's philosophy and theory of composition. But there is more to Coleridge's philosophy of composition than his poems, his theory of imagination in Biographia Literaria, or his literary criticism suggest. Kenneth
Weighting Improves the ‘New Haseman-Elston’ Method

Elston et al. [Genet Epidemiol, in press] apply the results of Wright [Am J Hum Genet 1997;60:740–742] and Drigalenko [Am J Hum Genet 1998;63:1242–1245] to extend the traditional Haseman-Elston regression scheme [Haseman and Elston, Behav Genet 1972;2:3–19] to include not only linkage information contained in the sib pair’s squared difference, but also information in their mean-corrected squared sum. The new algorithm detects linkage to a quantitative trait locus by modelling sib pair trait covariance as a function of identity-by-descent status. We demonstrate why this new estimator is suboptimal and can in some cases be inferior to the original Haseman-Elston method. We also describe a simple approach to estimation which improves on this new Haseman-Elston method by incorporating variance-based weights into the test statistic while staying within the linear modelling framework. In support of our theoretical claim, we conduct both a sib pair simulation and an application to GAW 10 sib pair data showing that our new estimator is superior to both the old and new Haseman-Elston schemes currently implemented in the analysis package S.A.G.E. 4.0.
Moving forward with effective goals and methods for conservation: a reply to Marvier and Kareiva

We welcome the added nuance that Marvier and Kareiva have included in their response [1] to our analysis [2] of New Conservation Science (NCS). However, we take issue with multiple points that they raise. In particular, we do not believe that our arguments in any way ‘pit good values against each other’ or that we have painted conservation to date as a string of unqualified success stories. Nonetheless, we are glad that they now appear to embrace many of the same fundamental goals, strategies, and motivations that have long characterized conservation.
The N Terminus of GTPγS-activated Transducin α-Subunit Interacts with the C Terminus of the cGMP Phosphodiesterase γ-Subunit

Dynamic regulation of G-protein signaling in the phototransduction cascade ensures the high temporal resolution of vision. In a key step, the activated alpha-subunit of transducin (Galphat-GTP) activates the cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) by binding the inhibitory gamma-subunit (PDEgamma). Significant progress in understanding the interaction between Galphat and PDEgamma was achieved by solving the crystal structure of the PDEgamma C-terminal peptide bound to Galphat in the transition state for GTP hydrolysis (Slep, K. C., Kercher, M. A., He, W., Cowan, C. W., Wensel, T. G., and Sigler, P. B. (2001) Nature 409, 1071-1077). However, some of the structural elements of each molecule were absent in the crystal structure. We have probed the binding surface between the PDEgamma C terminus and activated Galphat bound to guanosine 5'-O-(3-thio)-triphosphate (GTPgammaS) using a series of full-length PDEgamma photoprobes generated by intein-mediated expressed protein ligation. For each of seven PDEgamma photoprobe species, expressed protein ligation allowed one benzoyl-L-phenylalaine substitution at selected hydrophobic C-terminal positions, and the addition of a biotin affinity tag at the extreme C terminus. We have detected photocross-linking from several PDEgamma C-terminal positions to the Galphat-GTPgammaS N terminus, particularly from PDEgamma residue 73. The overall percentage of cross-linking to the Galphat-GTPgammaSN terminus was analyzed using a far Western method for examining Galphat-GTPgammaS proteolytic digestion patterns. Furthermore, mass spectrometric analysis of cross-links to Galphat from a benzoyl-phenylalanine replacement at PDEgamma position 86 localized the region of photoinsertion to Galphat N-terminal residues Galphat-(22-26). This novel Galphat/PDEgamma interaction suggests that the transducin N terminus plays an active role in signal transduction.
The old school of acting and the English provinces

The English provinces served as both nursery and gravesite of the “old school” of acting. This school requires the designation “old” because its members—from Kemble, Kean, and Macready at the beginning of the nineteenth century to Phelps, John Ryder, and Barry Sullivan at the end—clung to the heroic ideal of aggrandized reality in the tragic performance, an ideal rooted in eighteenth century stage practice if not earlier.
Cerebral Perfusion and Cognitive Effects of Aspirin Versus Ticlopidine in Patients with Cerebral Ischaemia

Pharmacological effects of 2 different platelet anti-aggregants were assessed by serial measures of cognition and cerebral perfusion among patients with transient cerebral ischaemia in a double-blind randomised trial of ticlopidine (500mg daily) versus aspirin (1300mg daily). 94 patients were treated with mean follow-up intervals of 22 months for ticlopidine (n = 47), and 24 months for aspirin (n = 47). At entry, both groups were comparable for gender, age, blood pressure, cerebral blood flow, cognition and cerebrovascular distribution of ischaemic episodes. During treatment, cognition was well maintained in both groups. Results showed a significant interaction between gender and treatment with aspirin or ticlopidine (p < 0.03), indicating similar efficacy of aspirin for sustaining cerebral perfusion among men and women, but ticlopidine efficacy was gender-dependent. Ticlopidine increased the rate of change in cerebral perfusion among male patients but decreased them in female patients (Scheffe p < 0.05). Treatment with aspirin was comparable in men and women, whereas treatment with ticlopidine sustained cerebral blood flow more effectively in men (Scheffe p < 0.05).
A stochastic model for the formation of metastatic foci at distant sites

In this paper we derive a stochastic model for the formation of metastatic foci at distant sites. The probability generation functions and hence the probabilities are derived under very general conditions. Some waiting time distributions for the metastatic foci are also derived. These results are useful for modelling cancer progression under quite general conditions.
Activation of early signaling transcription factor, NF-κB following low-level manganese exposure

Occupational and environmental exposure to manganese (Mn(2+)) is an increasing problem. It manifests neuronal degeneration characterized by dyskinesia resembling Parkinson's disease. The study was performed to test the hypotheses whether exposure to Mn(2+) alters cellular physiology and promotes intracellular signaling mechanism in dopaminergic neuronal cell line. Since transcription factors have been shown to play an essential role in the control of cellular proliferation and survival, catecholaminergic rich pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were used to measure changes in the DNA binding activities of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) following Mn(2+) (0.1-10 microM) exposure. Cells that were exposed to Mn(2+) produced five-fold-activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. This remarkable increase was seen within 30-60 min period of Mn(2+) exposure. Activation of NF-kappaB DNA binding activity by Mn(2+) at 1.0 microM correlated with proteolytic degradation of the inhibitory subunit IkappaB(alpha) as evidenced in cytosol. Additional experiments on NF-kappaB reporter gene assay also showed increased NF-kappaB gene expression at 1.0 and 5.0 microM Mn(2+) and this was completely blocked in the presence of NF-kappaB translocation inhibitor, IkappaB(alpha)-DN supporting that NF-kappaB induction occurred during Mn(2+) exposure. In addition, Mn(2+) exposure to PC 12 cells led to activation of signal responsive mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK). These results suggest that Mn(2+) at a low dose appears to induce the expression of immediate early gene, NF-kappaB through MAPKK by a mechanism in which IkappaB(alpha) phosphorylation may be involved.
Molecular dynamics investigation of the lubrication mechanism of carbon nano-onions

Abstract Carbon nano-onions have been shown to provide exceptional friction and wear reduction through a rolling and sliding mechanism of the nano-onions at the interface, but the influence of this behavior on the their tribological properties is not well documented. Understanding the lubrication mechanisms of such nanostructured materials aids in determining their frictional properties and promotes the use of these materials in tribological applications. Here, we characterize the mechanisms of rolling and sliding through which carbon nano-onions provide low coefficients of friction by performing atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of carbon nano-onions sliding between diamond-like carbon substrates. The results indicate that the ability of the nano-onions to roll is inhibited both by increased contact pressure and the presence of a diamond core within the nanoparticles that enhances the formation of interfacial bonds during friction. The transition from rolling to sliding behavior is accompanied by a significant increase in the coefficient of friction.
The spectral dispersion of birefringence, especially of birefringent plastic sheets

It is shown apparently for the first time how dispersion of birefringence (retardation, phase difference or ellipticity) can be measured through the visible spectrum by the use of a Martens type of polarization photometer and monochromator. Dispersion curves are given for several organic thermoplastic sheets including those with both normal and abnormal dispersion of birefringence, and possible uses for such sheets are suggested.
Using integral theory to effect strategic change

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the need for integration of Wilber's all levels, all quadrants (AQAL) approach into the strategy of a corporation. Organizations have incorporated elements of his theory at various levels, but none has fully incorporated all four quadrants. We explore how each quadrant can be used in strategic change to aid organizations in their quest for sustainable competitive advantage.Design/methodology/approach – Using Wilber's AQAL approach, we present suggestions on how corporations can use each quadrant in strategic change efforts.Findings – Several strategic planning methods which try to be all‐inclusive are discussed. Several companies are also discussed that have incorporated progressive approaches throughout the organization. However, no example yet exists of a company that has used a full integrally‐informed approach to strategic change and transformation.Originality/value – The authors seek to present an example of how each quadrant can be used in strategic ...
The relationship between length of Barrett's oesophagus mucosa and body mass index

Summary Background Length of Barrett's oesophagus (BE) is a risk factor for oesophageal cancer. The underlying mechanisms that determine BE length are nor fully known. Aim To determine if there is a correlation between obesity and length of BE. Methods Using a population-based study, 381 patients diagnosed with Barrett's oesophagus between 1999 and 2013 were included. Body mass index (BMI) at the time of BE diagnosis was calculated. Upper endoscopy reports were reviewed to obtain the length of BE. Spearman's correlation coefficient was performed to assess the strength of the relationship between Barrett's length and BMI. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to further examine the association between BMI and length of BE. Results The adjusted odds ratio for each five-point increase in BMI was 1.5 (95% CI 1.24–1.81, P < 0.001). The mean BMI was significantly higher in patients with long segment BE as compared to patients with short segment BE (32.7 vs. 30.3, P = 0.001). There was also a positive trend in long segment BE as patients entered into higher BMI categories (Z = 4.25, P < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between BMI and length of BE (r = 0.25, P < 0.0001). Conclusion The study demonstrated a correlation between BMI and the length of Barrett's oesophagus mucosa. Thus, increased BMI is associated with longer segment of Barrett's oesophagus.
Fusion peptide-phospholipid noncovalent interactions as observed by nanoelectrospray FTICR-MS

Viral infections are propagated by the fusing of the viral membrane with a host cell membrane. Initiation of the fusion process occurs upon perturbation of the membrane of the cell under attack by a subunit of the viral protein known as a fusion peptide. Fusion peptides must insert into the lipid-rich host cell membrane to initiate rupture and merging of the two entities, but much remains unknown about the details of the fusion process. We present detailed electrospray mass spectrometry studies of binding specificities of model fusion peptides P294 and P326 with cell membrane phospholipids, i.e., phosphatidylcholines (PCs, such as 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC)) and phosphatidylglycerols (PGs, such as 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (DMPG)). The fusion peptides clearly bind more strongly to negatively charged DMPG than to zwitterionic DMPC. Detected binding between P294/P326 and PC/PG in 100% aqueous solution was disrupted by addition of methanol, which is known...
Engineers and national security

NO ONE COULD help but be deeply appreciative of the honor of being selected as a recipient of the Hoover Medal. Few, if any, of the recipients will have had such reason as I for a feeling of humility when we compare our attempts to serve our community and nation with the high standards set by the donor of this medal, Conrad N. Lauer, and by the great American, Herbert Hoover, in whose honor the medal was named and who was its first recipient.
Theoretical study of corundum as an ideal gate dielectric material for graphene transistors

Using physical insights and advanced first-principles calculations, we suggest that corundum ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Al${}_{2}$O${}_{3}$) is an ideal gate dielectric material for graphene transistors. Clean interface exists between graphene and Al-terminated (or hydroxylated) Al${}_{2}$O${}_{3}$ and the valence-band offsets for these systems are large enough to create an injection barrier. Remarkably, a band gap of $\ensuremath{\sim}$180 meV can be induced in a graphene layer adsorbed on an Al-terminated surface with an electron effective mass of $\ensuremath{\sim}$8 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 10${}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$$m$${}_{e}$. Moreover, the band gaps of a graphene/Al${}_{2}$O${}_{3}$ system could be tuned by an external electric field for practical applications.
Ancrod infusion for anticoagulation during and after PTCA in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Ancrod is a rapid-acting defibrinogenating agent derived from the venom of the Malayan pit viper which has been used successfully as an alternative to heparin sulfate for anticoagulation during peripheral vascular procedures and coronary artery bypass surgery. We describe the first use of ancrod for anticoagulation before and during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in a patient with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. © 1994 Wiley-Liss,Inc..
Tertiary Volcanic Stratigraphy in the Goldfield and Superstition Mountains, Arizona

Recent work provides the basis for establishing a stratigraphic column for units within the Superstition cauldron of central Arizona. Two new formations are defined. The Geronimo Head Formation is a Miocene rhyolite tuff containing rhyolite, quartz latite, and basalt lava flows. The Superstition Tuff is a Miocene quartz latite welded tuff composed of three members. The Siphon Draw Member, Dogie Spring Member, and Canyon Lake Member were emplaced in order of decreasing age. The Dogie Spring Member intertongues with the Geronimo Head Formation. Numerous radiometric and fission track dates support the field determination of the stratigraphic sequence.
A new metaconverse and outer region for finite-blocklength MACs

An outer rate region for the Discrete Memoryless Multiple Access Channel is given, and is shown to coincide with a recently derived inner rate region within a o(1/√n) term-except in the vicinity of the corner points of the Ahlswede-Liao pentagonal region, where the gap is O(1/√n). The derivation is based on a new metaconverse under the maximum error probability criterion and on strong large deviations for Neyman-Pearson tests.
Phenotypic instability of Salmonella typhimurium tester strains: An example of a plasmid-enhanced genetic drift?

Abstract Strains derived from Salmonella typhimurium LT-2, which are used as tester strains in mutagenicity assays, show significant changes in biochemical phenotypes. The presence of plasmid pKM101 in these strains greatly increases both the frequency of these shifts as well as the spectrum of phenotypes involved. It is suggested that in plasmid-free strains these variations reflect the effects of endogeneously induced mutatons which are amplified in the absence of a functional uvrB gene product. In plasmid-containing strains this genetic drift may be promoted further by the pKM101-coded error-prone DNA repair system. The observation of a plasmid-mediated genetic drift lends support to the suggestion that transposons may contribute to the carcinogenic process.
Children's social status as a function of emotionality and attention control

Abstract A recent meta-analysis found that across studies individual differences in aspects of children's emotionality predict social status [Dougherty, L.R., (2006). Children's emotionality and social status: a meta-analytic review. Social Development, 15, 394–417.]. In the present study we extended these findings by examining the emotion of interest and child characteristics (positive emotionality, attention control, and sex) that might moderate relations between negative emotionality and social status. Based on a sample of 154 middle-class, rural, predominantly Caucasian 1st- and 2nd-grade children, individual differences in interest and happiness correlated with children's social status. High levels of negative emotionality (i.e., anger and/or sadness), however, attenuated the otherwise beneficial social effects of interest, happiness, and attention control. Overall, emotionality and attention control accounted for 24% of the variance in peer nominations for being liked. We discuss implications for the promotion of young children's social development.
Electricity and natural gas use for residential space heating: U.S. experience, 1976–1980

Abstract Energy consumption for residential space heating has been studied for households using electricity and natural gas, based on aggregate sales data for 1976–1980. The ratio of average end-use energy consumption with electricity to that with natural gas was found to be 0.44 ± 0.06, despite little use of electric heat pumps. Together with the results of other studies, this estimate suggests that electric space heating can be used in future construction without requiring more primary input energy (including generation losses) than the average input energy used for gas space heating in existing residences, assuming modest conservation measures. While these results do not establish the relative fuel consumption in future gas-heated and electrically-heated households, they do provide a rough ceiling on the amount of energy required if electricity is used.
Nooit meer dwalen met slimme zolen

Een speciale inlegzool met gps maakt het mogelijk ouderen met dementie die weglopen of verdwalen eenvoudig te volgen en snel op te sporen via smartphone, tablet of computer.
Arterial emboli and malignant disease.

Four cases of Arterial Emboli are reported. Association is suggested be tween peripheral arterial emboli and malignant disease. No definite mecha nism for this association has been established but a malignancy-induced alteration of the clotting mechanism is postulated.In any general hospital, peripheral arterial embolization is not an uncom mon event. Immediate therapy since the introduction of the Fogarty catheter, has become fairly standardized and has been very successful in salvaging ischemic limbs.The long-range outlook, however, is dependent on the identification of the source of emboli and the institution of appropriate corrective or preventive measures.In many clinical reviews of peripheral arterial embolization, the probable source of the embolus could be reasonably established in 90% of the cases. Nevertheless, in each series there remains 10% of cases in which no source of embolus could be identified. 1Over the past two years at The Memorial Hospital we have accumulated a series of patients wit...
Diagnosis and treatment of cancer in aged animals.

The assessment of anticipated tumor behavior and the anticipated morbidity associated with treatment is especially important in aged animals where concurrent agerelated disease is common. Various forms of palliative therapy and their associated morbidity are discussed.
Perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls alters social behaviors in rats

Perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) leads to significant alterations of neural and hormonal systems. These alterations have been shown to impair motor and sensory development. Less is known about the influence of PCB exposure on developing emotional and motivational systems involved in social interactions and social learning. The present study examined the impact of perinatal PCB exposure (mixture of congeners 47 and 77) on social recognition in juvenile animals, conspecific-directed investigation in adults and on neural and hormonal systems involved in social functions. We used a standard habituation–dishabituation paradigm to evaluate juvenile recognition and a social port paradigm to monitor adult social investigation. Areal measures of the periventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus were obtained to provide correlations with related hormone and brain systems. PCB exposed rats were significantly impaired in social recognition as indicated by persistent conspecific-directed exploration by juvenile animals regardless of social experience. As adults, PCB exposure led to a dampening of the isolation-induced enhancement of social investigation. There was not a concomitant alteration of social investigation in pair-housed PCB exposed animals at this stage of development. Interestingly, PVN area was significantly decreased in juvenile animals exposed to PCB during the perinatal period. Shifts in hypothalamic regulation of hormones involved in social behavior and stress could be involved in the behavioral changes observed. Overall, the results suggest that PCB exposure impairs context or experience-dependent modulation of social approach and investigation. These types of social-context deficits are similar to behavioral deficits observed in social disorders such as autism and other pervasive developmental disorders.
In-Situ Temperature Measurement on Cathode GDL in a PEMFC Using an Optical Fiber Temperature Sensor

catalystlayers,theyrequiredsignificantmodificationtotheflowchan- nel plates of the PEMFC and only had the capability of measuring an average temperature across the active part of the fiber sensor. It should also be noted that these Bragg fiber sensors had the added fea- ture of being able to measure local humidity in the cell as well, a key feature for experimentally establishing relationships between temper- ature distribution and water mass transport. However, these humidity sensors were shown to have a relatively long response time, possi- bly significantly longer than the transient response time of internal temperature. Toovercome theshortcomings ofmany previous sensordesigns an optical fiber temperature sensor based on the principles of phosphor thermometry was developed by McIntyre et al. 7,8 The work involved the use of fiber optic probes which were embedded laterally in the flow channels of PEMFC. While these optical sensors are electrically nonconductive and did provide accurate temperature readings there was no information about the invasiveness of these sensors or how they might disrupt the fuel cells performance once installed. The sensor design presented in this work is based on the principles of phosphor thermometry as well which employs the use of thermally sensitive inorganic compounds with phosphoresce when exposed to light. Previous work using this method, while relatively accurate, greatly affected fuel cell performance and behavior, especially water transport with regards to flooding. 9,10 The design presented in this paper overcomes these issues and is shown to provide negligible or no disruption of fuel cell performance and is believed to not affect local mass transport.
Differential involvement of orbitofrontal cortex subregions in conditioned cue-induced and cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) damage elicits impulsivity and perseveration, and impairments in OFC function may underlie compulsive drug seeking in cocaine users. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the effects of fiber-sparing lesions or functional inactivation of OFC subregions on cocaine seeking in rats. Rats were trained to lever press for intravenous cocaine (0.20 mg/infusion) paired with the presentations of light plus tone stimuli. Responding was then allowed to extinguish. Rats received bilateral NMDA (0.1 M) or sham lesions of the lateral OFC (lOFC) or medial OFC (mOFC) before self-administration training (experiment 1) or muscimol plus baclofen (0.1 and 1.0 mM) or vehicle infusions into the lOFC or mOFC before reinstatement testing (experiment 2). The effects of these manipulations on reinstatement of cocaine seeking (i.e., responding on the previously cocaine-paired lever) were assessed in the presence of the light plus tone stimuli or after a cocaine priming injection (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Post-training lOFC inactivation impaired conditioned cue-induced reinstatement, whereas other manipulations failed to alter this behavior. This suggests that the lOFC plays a critical role in assessing the current motivational significance of cocaine-conditioned stimuli or in using this information to guide cocaine-seeking behavior if stimulus-reward learning takes place before lOFC damage. OFC inactivation failed to alter cocaine-primed reinstatement. However, lOFC lesions augmented cocaine-primed reinstatement in a perseverative manner, whereas mOFC lesions attenuated cocaine-primed reinstatement, suggesting that prolonged cell loss in OFC subregions may modulate the propensity for cocaine seeking in a subregion-specific manner.
Development of a novel method to populate native disulfide-bonded intermediates for structural characterization of proteins: Implications for the mechanism of oxidative folding of RNase A

RNase A, a model protein for oxidative folding studies, has four native disulfide bonds. The roles of des [40-95] and des [65-72], the two native-like structured three-disulfide-bonded intermediates populated between 8 and 25 degrees C during the oxidative folding of RNase A, are well characterized. Recent work focuses on both the formation of these structured disulfide intermediates from their unstructured precursors and on the subsequent oxidation of the structured species to form the native protein. The major obstacles in this work are the very low concentration of the precursor species and the difficulty of isolating some of the structured intermediates. Here, we demonstrate a novel method that enables the native disulfide-bonded intermediates to be populated and studied regardless of whether they have stable structure and/or are present at low concentrations during the oxidative folding or reductive unfolding process. The application of this method enabled us to populate and, in turn, study the key intermediates with two native disulfide bonds on the oxidative folding pathway of RNase A; it also facilitated the isolation of des [58-110] and des [26-84], the other two native-like structured des species whose isolation had thus far not been possible.
Influence of the dipole-dipole interaction on velocity-selective coherent population trapping

We analyze the influence of the dipole-dipole interaction between ground and excited state atoms on atomic cooling by velocity-selective coherent population trapping. We consider two three-level atoms in the λ-configuration, interacting with two counterpropagating laser fields as well as with the electromagnetic vacuum modes. The elimination of these modes in the Born-Markov approximation results in spontaneous decay, which is essential in providing the momentum diffusion necessary for cooling, as well as a two-body dipole-dipole interaction between ground-and excited-state atoms. The corresponding two-body master equation is solved numerically by Monte-Carlo wave-function simulations. Our main result is that although a dark state survives the inclusion of dipole-dipole interactions, the presence of this interaction can significantly slow down the cooling process for sufficiently high atomic densities.
Syncope while driving: clinical characteristics, causes, and prognosis.

Background— The risk of syncope occurring while driving has obvious implications for personal and public safety. We aimed to define the clinical characteristics, causes, and prognosis of syncope while driving. Methods and Results— In this case-control study of consecutive patients evaluated for syncope from 1996 through 1998 at an academic medical center, we documented causes, clinical characteristics, and recurrence of syncope while driving. Of 3877 patients identified, 381 (9.8%) had syncope while driving (driving group). Compared with the 3496 patients (90.2%) who did not have syncope while driving, the driving group was younger (P=0.01) and had higher percentages of male patients (P<0.001) and patients with a history of any cardiovascular disease (P=0.01) and stroke (P=0.02). Syncope while driving was commonly caused by neurally mediated syncope (37.3%) and cardiac arrhythmias (11.8%). Long-term survival in the driving group was comparable to that of an age- and sex-matched cohort from the Minnesota p...
Birds of a feather don't always flock together: Identity management in entrepreneurship

Abstract The act of entrepreneurship typically confers ‘distinctiveness’. However, in satisfying the psychological need to be distinct, entrepreneurs may at the same time foster a psychological deficit in feelings of belonging, leading to diminished psychological well-being. Investigating this potential trade-off through the lens of Optimal Distinctiveness Theory, we develop and model strategies appropriate for managing multiple identities, offering an explanation for why some entrepreneurs are able to balance distinctiveness and belonging, fostering psychological well-being, while others are unable to do so and experience entrepreneurship's ‘dark-side’.
Differentiating spitzoid melanomas from Spitz nevi through CD99 expression.

Background: A true diagnostic marker differentiating Spitz nevi (SN) from spitzoid melanoma (sMM) has been elusive. CD99, a transmembrane glycoprotein, believed to play a role in many neoplastic processes, has yet to be investigated in this regard. Recently, the expression of CD99 has been shown in 60% of primary melanomas. Other studies exploring the expression of CD99 in melanocytic lesions have not been performed. Here, we evaluate the presence of CD99 in these two histologically difficult to differentiate entities. Methods: Cases of sMM were selected based on the presence of key microscopic words: spitz, spindled and/or epitheliod. In addition, all the cases of SN over the past 7 years were retrieved. Each case was stained with anti-human CD99 and analyzed for the presence of CD99 staining. Results: Fifteen of 27 cases (56%) of sMM expressed CD99 compared with only 3 of 58 cases (5%) of SN. Conclusions: This study shows 56% of sMM and only 5% of SN express CD99. Eight of the sMM showed strong diffuse staining, a pattern not seen in any of the SN. This study does not elucidate the role that CD99 plays in these melanocytic processes; however, it does show that CD99 can be a useful tool in distinguishing sMM from SN.
Color Vision: How the Cortex Represents Color

Our understanding of how we see color has benefited from the long tradition of visual psychophysics. More recently, models and methods from psychophysics are guiding modern neuroimaging experiments on color vision. Combining the two techniques can lead to discoveries that neither can make alone.
To Live an Antislavery Life: Personal Politics and the Antebellum Black Middle Class. By Erica L. Ball. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2012. Pp. xv, 135. $22.95.)

Amidst a slave nation, free African Americans developed and established a national community, albeit one that was centered in the Northern, free states. That community included a rising—or, as hist...
Spatial encoding and reconstruction in MRI with quadratic phase profiles

Application of a slice-selective frequency modulated radiofrequency excitation pulse in a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging experiment creates a quadratic phase profile along the direction of slice selection. This quadratic phase profile inherently localizes the signal contribution to its vertex, which can be shifted with the application of a linear magnetic field gradient. Different methods for reconstruction of the spatial profile are discussed. The point spread functions of these reconstructions are similar to that of conventional Fourier transforms; one important difference is the elimination of aliasing at the expense of MR signal amplitude when performing 'local,' or limited, reconstruction. Limited reconstruction together with spatially limited excitation combines some of the advantages of both three-dimensional phase-encoded and two-dimensional multislice techniques in appropriate situations. Applications discussed are three-dimensional gradient echo experiments applied to time of flight MR angiography and T2(+)-weighted data collection.
Acute Diaphragmatic Rupture in a Patient with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a rare connective tissue disorder, usually characterized by the triad of hypermobility of the joints, hyperextensibility of the skin, and tissue fragility. Numerous gastrointestinal complications have been reported with this syndrome. However, spontaneous diaphragmatic rupture remains a very rare complication. We report a case of a 22-year-old woman with EDS who presented to the Emergency Department complaining of shortness of breath and left-sided chest pain. She was ultimately found to have a spontaneous diaphragmatic rupture after forceful emesis.
Diamond signs: generic stones and particular gems

Analysis of narratives from ethnographic research with diamond consumers representing the target market (largely middle-class white women between 20 and 50 years of age) reveals how symbolic associations promoted by industry are refracted through interpretations of both adverts and diamonds in general, but shows that local contingencies (basic attitudes and knowledge about diamonds and their production, circumstances of acquisition, and personal histories) are significant in determining meanings of people's own specific diamonds. Far from being batch absorbers of advert discourse, consumers are idiosyncratic, creative, and sometimes playful interpreters, and furthermore may distinguish between these strategies and those suggested by adverts or as performed by others. These findings are in part explicable on introducing for diamond consumption an important distinction between type and token, whereby a token is a specific instantiation of a generic type. This approach contributes to developing methods suppl...
Air transportation simulation: SimAir: a stochastic model of airline operations

Airline transportation systems are inherently random. However, airline planning models do not explicitly consider stochasticity in operations. Because of this, there is often a notable discrepancy between a schedule's planned and actual performance. SimAir is a modular airline simulation that simulates the daily operations of a domestic airline. Its primary purpose is to evaluate plans, such as crew schedules, as well as recovery policies in a random environment. We describe the structure of SimAir, and we give future directions for the study of airline planning under uncertainty.
The Perception of Display Delays during Single and Multiple Keystroking

Two separate experiments were run to determine the perceptual threshold for time delays between key entry and the appearance of a character, or characters, on a VDT display screen. For the single keystroke case, in which one character was entered and subjects indicated whether or not a delay occurred between key depression and character display, the threshold was 165 milliseconds. In the multiple keystroke experiment, strings of characters were entered while typists visually attended to a display screen. Delays remained fixed during a trial. For this case, the perceptual threshold was 100 milliseconds.
The Effect of Instruction on Music Educators' Attitudes toward Students with Disabilities.

Before and after completing a university course for teaching music to special education learners, master's-level music education students (N = 18) were given a measure examining their attitudes tow...
Comparative studies of perfluorinated lubricants adsorbed on hydrogenated amorphous carbon and amorphous carbon nitride

Temperature-programmed desorption and scanning force microscopy have been used to probe the interaction of a perfluorinated lubricant (Fomblin ZDOL) with hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a:C-H x ) and amorphous carbon nitride (a:C-N x ) substrates, two materials used as hard coatings in disk drive products. Temperature-programmed desorption measurements indicate that the nitride surfaces are more reactive toward this perfluorinated lubricant and, as a result, the thin lubricant film is more tightly bound to this substrate. Frictional force microscopy has been used to measure the coefficient of friction of the lubricated surfaces, 0.18 ± 0.02 for both substrate materials, and finds that frictional properties of these interfaces in the low load regime are influenced more by the presence of the lubricant rather than the adsorbed state of the film. Likewise, similar disjoining pressures were measured for the lubricant adsorbed on the different coating materials and suggest that the ultrathin nature of the adsorbed lubricant film dominates this property rather than adsorption states.
Quasireversible magnetoresistance in exchange-spring tunnel junctions

We report a large, quasireversible tunnel magnetoresistance in exchange-biased ferromagnetic semiconductor tunnel junctions wherein a soft ferromagnetic semiconductor $({\text{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Mn}}_{x}\text{As})$ is exchange coupled to a hard ferromagnetic metal (MnAs). Our observations are consistent with the formation of a region of inhomogeneous magnetization (an ``exchange spring'') within the biased ${\text{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Mn}}_{x}\text{As}$ layer. The distinctive tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance of ${\text{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Mn}}_{x}\text{As}$ produces a pronounced sensitivity of the magnetoresistance to the state of the exchange spring.
Dynamics of discrete-time larch budmoth population models.

The larch budmoth (LBM) population in the Swiss Alps is well known for its periodic outbreaks and regular oscillations over several centuries. The ecological mechanisms that drive these oscillations, however, have not been unambiguously identified, although a number of hypotheses have been proposed. In this article, we investigate several LBM resulting from these different ecological hypotheses. We first study a leaf quality-moth population model and then two moth–parasitoid models. Existence and stability of equilibria are investigated and sufficient conditions for which populations can persist are derived. We then provide conclusions based on our analysis.
Ultraviolet Irradiation Induces c-fos but Not c-Ha-ras Proto-Oncogene Expression in Human Epidermis

Abstract The link between sun exposure and skin cancer is well established, but the mechanism of photocarcinogenesis is still incompletely understood. In vitro experimentation has shown that induction of the c-fos proto-oncogene occurs in cultured human keratinocytes after ultraviolet exposure, and c-Ha-ras mutations are commonly present in human skin neoplasms removed from chronically sun-exposed sites. In the present study, the effect of UV irradiation on the expression of these two proto-oncogenes was examined. The sun-protected volar forearm of six subjects was exposed to a standardized erythemogenic dose of solar-simulated light, and punch biopsies were obtained after 1 h and 24 h from the irradiated area and a nearby shielded area. Expression of c-fos, determined by in situ hybridization of histologic cross-sections, was detected in the basal and lower epidermal layers in all biopsies. However, at 1 h there was a marked increase that returned to baseline by 24 h. c-Ha-ras mRNA could not be detected by riboprobe hybridization in any of the biopsy specimens. Our data demonstrate transient induction of c-fos but not c-Ha-ras expression, at least at the timepoints studied, following a modest UV exposure in normal skin. This phenomenon may lead to the subsequent constitutive over-expression and super-inducibility of c-fos observed in cultured keratinocytes derived from photodamaged skin and may facilitate the development of skin cancer.
Analyses of static energy conversion systems for small nuclear power plants

Abstract Small, Gas Cooled Reactor (GCR) nuclear power plants with static energy conversion could meet the energy mix in underdeveloped countries, including electricity, residential and industrial space heating, seawater desalination, and/or high temperature process heat or steam for industrial uses. Analyses are performed of one high-temperature GCR and three intermediate-temperature GCR power plants with co-generation options to calculate and compare the total energy utilizations of the plants. Conversion of the reactor thermal power to electricity is accomplished using static energy conversion units comprised of an Alkali Metal Thermal-To-Electric topping cycle and a Thermoelectric bottom cycle, as well as segmented thermoelectric converters. The calculated total energy utilization of these plants of 95% includes low-voltage (∼ 400 V) DC electrical power at a net plant efficiency of up to 32.7%, and co-generation for residential and industrial space heating at 500 K. Results indicate that the intermediate-temperature GCR plants with a small coolant temperature rise of 100 – 160 K in the reactor core could deliver 2–3 times the electricity of a GCR plant with a higher temperature rise of 340 K, and that all plants could provide for both seawater desalination and high temperature process heat/steam concurrently. In addition, depending on the number of co-generation options employed, the fraction of the reactor thermal power used for co-generation in the high-temperature GCR plant is ∼ 10–30% higher than in the intermediate-temperature GCR plants with a smaller temperature rise in the reactor.