cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Apprentice to Master: Social Disciplining and Surgical Education in Early Modern London, 1570–1640

Due to its ascendancy as the administrative and commercial center of early modern England, London experienced sustained growth in the latter half of the sixteenth century, as waves of rural immigrants sought to enhance their material conditions by tapping into the city's bustling occupational and civic networks. The resultant crowded urban landscape fostered mounting demand for medical services, since injuries and ailments, ranging from consumption to contusions, proliferated within the city's teeming streets and markets. Due to consistently strong patient demand and the conventions of English common law, which stipulated that legal authorization to practice medicine was solely contingent upon patient consent, peddling medical services to the city's ill and infirm became an increasingly appealing--and potentially lucrative--venture. Consequently, London's largely unregulated medical marketplace--characterized by competition for patients, the mounting influence of print culture, and the emergence of small commercial networks--attracted a diverse array of practitioners, including university-educated physicians, guild-licensed surgeons, and a medley of specialist and itinerant practitioners. In the absence of effective institutional regulation, distinctions between medical practitioners and modes of treatment were often difficult to discern due to a lack of clearly defined legal demarcations. In response to such occupational fluidity, the Barber-Surgeons' Company--London's largest body of licensed medical practitioners and the city's only guilded branch of medicine before the advent of the Apothecaries' Company in 1617--endeavored to maintain exclusive control over the practice of surgery within the city. To prevent the encroachment of interlopers and foreign practitioners ineligible for guild membership, Company members devised an array of semiformal educational networks that reinforced their desire to train surgeons as proficient artisans, morally upright representatives of their occupational group, and agents of intellectual traditions ostensibly inaccessible to those excluded from the Company's ranks. Drawing inspiration from Andrew Abbott's notion of jurisdiction in the control of occupational skill and knowledge, this study argues that surgical education in early modern London was characterized by a synthesis of theoretical, experiential, and moral components that enabled members of the Barber-Surgeons' Company to bolster their expertise and erect occupational boundaries. By emulating prevailing paradigms of social disciplining--processes through which civic and guild authorities upheld order and stability within their communities by prescribing conventions of propriety and etiquette--the Company's self-conscious efforts to establish standards of occupational decorum and repress deviance not only mitigated the encroachment of interlopers, but also reinforced the nascent pre-professionalization of London's surgeons. Language: en
Fiber Raman background study and its application in setting up optical fiber Raman probes

Fiber Raman background spectra of different types of fused-silica fibers are studied and compared. The results show the following: (a) all the background spectra are very similar and comparable with Raman spectra of fused silica, regardless of the difference in the cladding and buffer materials; (b) the overall background intensity increases with the fiber numerical aperture but has no obvious relation with the core diameter. Both experimental evidence and theoretical explanation have been provided for these views. A simple and unfiltered fiber probe for surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection with low fiber Raman background interference is constructed, and the optimum configuration of the probe is suggested and discussed based on the results of the background study.
Designing Filters for Fast-Known NcRNA Identification

Detecting members of known noncoding RNA (ncRNA) families in genomic DNA is an important part of sequence annotation. However, the most widely used tool for modeling ncRNA families, the covariance model (CM), incurs a high-computational cost when used for genome-wide search. This cost can be reduced by using a filter to exclude sequences that are unlikely to contain the ncRNA of interest, applying the CM only where it is likely to match strongly. Despite recent advances, designing an efficient filter that can detect ncRNA instances lacking strong conservation while excluding most irrelevant sequences remains challenging. In this work, we design three types of filters based on multiple secondary structure profiles (SSPs). An SSP augments a regular profile (i.e., a position weight matrix) with secondary structure information but can still be efficiently scanned against long sequences. Multi-SSP-based filters combine evidence from multiple SSP matches and can achieve high sensitivity and specificity. Our SSP-based filters are extensively tested in BRAliBase III data set, Rfam 9.0, and a published soil metagenomic data set. In addition, we compare the SSP-based filters with several other ncRNA search tools including Infernal (with profile HMMs as filters), ERPIN, and tRNAscan-SE. Our experiments demonstrate that carefully designed SSP filters can achieve significant speedup over unfiltered CM search while maintaining high sensitivity for various ncRNA families. The designed filters and filter-scanning programs are available at our website: www.cse.msu.edu/~yannisun/ssp/.
A Variable Partitioning Strategy for the Multirate Method in Power Systems

An application of the multirate method to differential and algebraic equations (DAEs) is discussed in this paper. Based on the specific formulation of the power systems algebraic equations, an effective algebraic variable partitioning strategy is developed and implemented. The application of the partitioning strategy to an example power system provides validation of the proposed partitioning strategy in terms of speed-up and accuracy.
MAP Kinase Pathway–dependent Phosphorylation of the L1-CAM Ankyrin Binding Site Regulates Neuronal Growth

The growth of neuronal processes depends critically on the function of adhesion proteins that link extracellular ligands to the cytoskeleton. The neuronal adhesion protein L1-CAM serves as a receptor for nerve growth-promoting proteins, a process that is inhibited by the interaction between L1-CAM and the cytoskeleton adaptor ankyrin. Using a novel reporter based on intramolecular bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, we have determined that the MAP kinase pathway regulates the phosphorylation of the FIGQY motif in the adhesion protein L1-CAM and its interaction with ankyrin B. MAP kinase pathway inhibitors block L1-CAM-mediated neuronal growth. However, this blockade is partially rescued by inhibitors of L1-CAM-ankyrin binding. These results demonstrate that the MAP kinase pathway regulates L1-CAM-mediated nerve growth by modulating ankyrin binding, suggesting that nerve growth can be regulated at the level of individual receptors.
Regulation of the Murine Dδ2 Promoter by Upstream Stimulatory Factor 1, Runx1, and c-Myb

Accessibility control of V(D)J recombination at Ag receptor loci depends on the coordinate activities of transcriptional enhancers and germline promoters. Recombination of murine Tcrd gene segments is known to be regulated, at least in part, by the Tcrd enhancer (Edelta) situated in the Jdelta2-Cdelta intron. However, there has been little characterization of promoters and other cis-acting elements that are activated by or collaborate with Edelta and that might function to regulate Tcrd gene recombination events. We now describe a strong promoter that is tightly associated with the murine Ddelta2 gene segment. EMSAs reveal that upstream stimulatory factor 1, Runx1, c-Myb, lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1, NF1, and E47 all interact with this promoter in vitro. Of these, upstream stimulatory factor 1, Runx1, and c-Myb appear necessary for full promoter activity in transiently transfected cells. Moreover, the same three factors were found to interact with the promoter in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation. We suggest that these factors play important roles as Edelta-dependent regulators of Ddelta2 accessibility in vivo. Consistent with the established roles of c-Myb and Runx factors in Edelta function, we detected low level, enhancer-independent activity of the Ddelta2 promoter in transient transfection experiments. We speculate that the Ddelta2 promoter may play a role as a weak, enhancer-independent regulator in vivo, and might contribute to residual Tcrd rearrangement in Edelta(-/-) mice.
Autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease

Autophagy serves as the sole catabolic mechanism for degrading organelles and protein aggregates. Increasing evidence implicates autophagic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases associated with protein misprocessing and accumulation. Under physiologic conditions, the autophagic/lysosomal system efficiently recycles organelles and substrate proteins. However, reduced autophagy function leads to the accumulation of proteins and autophagic and lysosomal vesicles. These vesicles contain toxic lysosomal hydrolases as well as the proper cellular machinery to generate amyloid-beta, the major component of AD plaques. Here, we provide an overview of current research focused on the relevance of autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction in AD pathogenesis as well as potential therapeutic targets aimed at restoring autophagic/lysosomal pathway function.
Absolute Calibration and Use of a Soft X-Ray Source of Characteristic Carbon Radiation

Measurement of absolute photon yield of carbon K radiation produced by electron bombardment for calibration of grazing incidence grating spectrometer
Fasciculography: Robust Prior-Free Real-Time Normalized Volumetric Neural Tract Parcellation

Fiber tracking in diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images (DTIs) reveals 3-D structural connectivity of the brain conveniently and thus is a viable tool for investigating neural differences. Unfortunately, local noise, image artifacts and numerical tracking errors during integration-based techniques are cumulative. Prematurely terminated fibers and under-sampled fiber bundles result in incomplete reconstruction of white matter fiber tracts and hence incorrect anatomical measurements. Quantitative cross-subject tract analysis, which is critical for abnormality detection, is complicated by inefficient and inaccurate tract reconstruction and normalization from fiber bundles. Because of the above problems, we propose a parcellation method that aims for lower sensitivity to initialization and local orientation error by directly segmenting full white matter tracts (Fasciculography), rather than reconstructing individual curves, from diffusion tensor fields. A fast, robust volumetric, and intrinsically normalized solution is achieved by noise-filtering using a generic parametrized tract model to prevent premature tract termination. At the same time, orientation information reduces the search space, significantly speeding up the tract parcellation process with less human intervention. Detailed comparisons against streamline tracking, shortest-path tracking, and nonrigid registration using synthetic and real DTIs confirmed the superior properties of Fasciculography. Since a normalized tract can be delineated interactively in a just few seconds using the proposed method, accurate high volume tract comparisons become feasible.
Suppression of growth and increased cellular attachment after expression of DAL-1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

The differentially expressed in adenocarcinoma of the lung (DAL-1) gene, which shares significant homology with members of the 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin/neurofibromatosis 2 (ERM/NF2) protein family, has previously been shown to suppress growth in lung cancer cell lines. This gene localizes to chromosome band 18p11.3, which undergoes loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas and a significant proportion of ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS) of the breast. This finding suggests that alteration of gene(s) (possibly DAL-1) within this chromosomal region may be important early in the progression of breast disease. We generated MCF-7 cell lines expressing DAL-1 constitutively or under the control of an inducible promoter and analyzed the effect of DAL-1 expression on growth. These investigations revealed that the DAL-1 protein suppresses the growth of MCF-7 cells and may do so in part through the induction of apoptosis. In addition, expression of DAL-1 increased attachment of these cells to a variety of extracellular matrices. This is the first evidence that the DAL-1 protein functions at the interface between cell adhesion and apoptosis in controlling cell growth. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Declarative aspects of memory management in the concurrent collections parallel programming model

Concurrent Collections (CnC) is a declarative parallel language that allows the application developer to express their parallel application as a collection of high-level computations called steps that communicate via single-assignment data structures called items.A CnC program is specified in two levels. At the bottom level, an existing imperative language implements the computations within the individual computation steps. At the top level, CnC describes the relationships (ordering constraints) among the steps. The memory management mechanism of the existing imperative language manages data whose lifetime is within a computation step. A key limitation in the use of CnC for long-running programs is the lack of memory management and garbage collection for data items with lifetimes that are longer than a single computation step. Although the goal here is the same as that of classical garbage collection, the nature of problem and therefore nature of the solution is distinct. The focus of this paper is the memory management problem for these data items in CnC.We introduce a new declarative slicing annotation for CnC that can be transformed into a reference counting procedure for memory management. Preliminary experimental results obtained from a Cholesky example show that our memory management approach can result in space reductions for CnC data items of up to 28x relative to the baseline case of standard CnC without memory management.
Rehabilitation of the coronary artery disease patient: capturing patients.

T Clinical Practice Guideline of the US Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Cardiac Rehabilitation1 and its companion, Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians: Cardiac Rehabilitation as Secondary Prevention2 identify as the major benefits derived from cardiac rehabilitation: (1) improvement in exercise tolerance; (2) reduction in symptoms of both angina pectoris and heart failure; (3) improvement in blood lipid levels; (4) smoking cessation and relapse prevention; (5) improvement in psychosocial wellbeing; (6) reduction of stress; and (7) reduction in mortality. Despite these proven benefits in limiting the physical and psychosocial disability from coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiac rehabilitation services are widely underutilized, with fewer than one-third of eligible patients currently participating.3,4 The highest percentages were derived from research-oriented centers, where 38% of the US patients and 32% of the Canadian patients with acute myocardial infarction enrolled in the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) trial participated in cardiac rehabilitation. Although many physicians report that they consider exercise training a component of care for coronary patients,5 most patients following acute coronary events are not referred to formal supervised cardiac rehabilitation programs in the posthospitalization phase.3 Over 2 million newly diagnosed cardiac patients have the potential to benefit from cardiac rehabilitation through exercise training and education, counseling, and behavioral interventions after developing multiple manifestations of CAD and heart failure. The estimated annual incidence of patients with cardiac conditions qualifying for cardiac rehabilitation services as indicated by the evidence-based medical guideline1 include: (1) survivors of myocardial infarction, 1 million; (2) newly diagnosed stable angina pectoris, 350,000; (3) percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and other transcatheter revascularization procedures (1993 data), 360,000 (with 54% ,55 years of age); (4) coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (1993 data), 310,000 (with 45% ,65 years of age); and (5) 400,000 patients with newly identified heart failure, some of whom likely have CAD as the etiology. The multifactorial process of exercise training, education, and counseling about risk reduction and lifestyle changes, and use of behavioral interventions, should be integrated into the comprehensive care of coronary patients. Barriers to participation in cardiac rehabilitation include lack of physician referral, personal reluctance to change lifestyle habits, reimbursement issues, and lack of access to appropriate services.
Design of a haptic simulator for osteosynthesis screw insertion

Osteosynthesis procedures require the insertion of self-tapping orthopaedic screws through bone plates and into one or two layers of cortical bone, in order stabilize the fractured bones. Applying too much torque can cause the screw to strip and lose purchase, reducing the effective hold of the screw against the plate. Experienced surgeons have developed a “feel” for the torque-rotation relationship that reduces the risk of stripping. A haptic simulator for orthopaedic screw insertion procedures is desirable for training surgeons to learn this relationship in a virtual reality practice scenario. A one-degree-of-freedom friction-based haptic device was designed and used to present bone screw insertion scenarios to expert surgeon users. Evaluation of the system indicated that realism may be improved through vertical motion of the virtual screw, and device calibration based on measurements in human bone.
Chapter 7 The history of corporate networks: Expanding intellectual diversity and the role of Stanford affiliations

When first asked to write a chapter on “Corporate Networks,” I was flummoxed by the Stanford focus. Unlike many of the other theories in this volume, where a game of word association by theory results in a roster of current or emeritus Stanford faculty members, corporate network has roots in many institutions. Indeed, institutions such as University of Chicago or Stonybrook may make a claim for being at the forefront of research on corporate networks, and University of Michigan is the current home to three of the top researchers in the area. Yet, among the core network researchers, a good number of them either spent their early faculty years at Stanford (e.g., Pam Haunschild, Don Palmer, Joel Podolny) or completed doctoral training at Stanford (e.g., Jerry Davis, Henrich Greve, Toby Stuart, Christine Beckman). And this list does not include those that came to Stanford later in their careers (e.g., Mark Granovetter and Woody Powell). Furthermore, the history of corporate network research is intertwined with many of the theories developed at Stanford during the late 1970s. To understand this influence, I begin with a brief but broad history of research on corporate networks, a history that begins somewhat earlier than 1970 and continues to the present. Then I turn to the question of Stanford's role in supporting this research stream and intellectual life more broadly.
SECs Push Back On Adoption Of IFRS In The United States

For a long time, the United States (US) Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), are considered as the gold standard for financial reporting by companies all over the world. With the advent of globalization of capital markets and the proliferation of the multi-national corporations (MNCs), there emerged a movement for developing a uniform set of accounting standards applicable to companies all over the world in order to achieve uniformity in financial reporting. The movement is initiated by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) which started to issue International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Over the last decade, four alternative methods have been considered by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for a possible adoption of IFRS in the US: outright adoption, convergence, endorsement, and condorsement. Recently, the SEC appears to be taking a step backwards in its policy towards adoption of IFRS. The process involves prohibitive costs to US companies which are already suffering under the ill effects of a great recession. The adoption of IFRS would also impose enormous burden on the academia, the accounting profession, and the regulatory apparatus of the SEC. Also, there is a question as to whether a single set of international accounting standards applicable to all countries is even desirable. The FASB and the IASB have been working on convergence since 2002. The SEC began studying the pros and cons of adoption of IFRS since 2010. But, in its latest staff report, issued in July 2012, the SEC did not include any final policy decision as to whether IFRS will ever be adopted at all in any manner in the US. Furthermore, the SEC, in its report, made it very clear that turning over control of US accounting standard-setting authority to the IASB is out of question. This paper presents the various efforts made so far in aligning US GAAP with the IFRS and the future outlook regarding adoption of IFRS in the US.
Effect of protein depletion on plasma proteins in the dog measured by electrophoretic analysis.

Summary and ConclusionsElectro-phoretic analyses of plasma showed that protein depletion in dogs resulted in marked decrease in circulating albumin, and slight decrease in γ globulin. In contrast to these decreases the a globulin content remained essentially unchanged or increased. The α globulins, however, always increased in concentration, which was in part due to the accompanying fall of plasma volume. The Howe method for the determination of albumin: globulin ratios resulted in higher ratios than those obtained by electrophoretic analyses, because of the contamination of globulins in the “albumin” fraction.
Structured or Unstructured Techniques

Do structured interviews give different answers from unstructured methods of obtaining “motivational” data from consumers? This study provides some intriguing answers.
Pathogenic Properties, and “Vertical” Transmission of the Mouse Leukemia Agent.

Summary1. When centrifugated extracts of Ak mouse leukemia were inoculated into 16 suckling C3H(f) infant mice less than 12 hours old, “spontaneous” leukemia developed in 8 of them at 81/2 to 11 months, and in 5 mice at 14 to 18 months of age. 2. When the centrifugated leukemic extracts were inoculated into 20 C3H(f) infant mice 3 to 6 days old, “spontaneous” leukemia developed in 10 of them, but not before they were 18 months of age. 3. Filtered (Seitz) leukemic extracts were inoculated, in 2 experiments, into 7 C3H(f) infant mice 8 days old, and 2 of them developed leukemia at 23 and 27 months respectively. In 5 additional experiments, leukemic filtrates were inoculated into 25 C3H(f) infant mice less than 12 hours old, and 7 of them developed “spontaneous” leukemia at 61/2 to 9 months of age. These results suggest that the Ak mouse leukemia agent is filterable. 4. In 5 experiments, suckling infant C3H or C3H(f) mice were inoculated with either centrifugated leukemic extracts, leukemic cell suspensions,...
Phylogenetic signal and potential for invasiveness

We hypothesized that the evolutionary stability of insect traits relevant to invasion risk can be used to characterize this risk and the confidence in assigning potential invasiveness. Different longhorned beetle species have biological trait combinations (diet breadth, host tree condition and adult feeding) that predispose them to different degrees of potential invasiveness if introduced outside their native range. Relevant biological information is often not available for newly introduced species; however, the approach described in the present study could rapidly allow risk to be assigned to such discoveries. To test this approach, we used a molecular phylogeny for 56 species of Cerambycidae from five subfamilies to measure phylogenetic signal associated with invasive traits. The biological traits were used to cluster species into seven hypothesized risk groups. Mapping these risk designations back onto the phylogeny allowed us to examine the risk within clades at different taxonomic levels and the stability of the risk designation. We used additional species known to be non-native invasive problems to test our framework. Our method would have correctly predicted the risk of Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) but not Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky). There was significant phylogenetic signal in both the biological traits and the risk category membership. Our approach can be modified for other groups of concern.
Plinian and co-ignimbrite tephra fall from the

A study of pyroclastic deposits from the 1815 Tambora eruption reveals two distinct phases of activity, i.e., four initial tephra falls followed by generation of pyroclastic flows and the production of major co-ignimbrite ash fall. The first explosive event produced minor ash fall from phreatomagmatic explosions (F-1 layer). The second event was a Plinian eruption (F-2) correlated to the large explosion of 5 April 1815, which produced a column height of 33 km with an eruption rate of 1.1 × 108 kg/s. The third event occurred during the lull in major activity from 5 to 10 April and produced minor ash fall (F-3). The fourth event produced a 43-km-high Plinian eruption column with an eruption rate of 2.8 × 108 kg/s during the climax of activity on 10 April. Although very energetic, the Plinian events were of short duration (2.8 h each) and total erupted volume of the early (F-1 to F-4) fall deposits is only 1.8 km3 (DRE, dense rock equivalent). An abrupt change in style of activity occurred at end of the second Plinian event with onset of pyroclastic flow and surge generation. At least seven pyroclastic flows were generated, which spread over most of the volcano and Sanggar peninsula and entered the ocean. The volume of pyroclastic flow deposits on land is 2.6 km3 DRE. Coastal exposures show that pyroclastic flows entering the sea became highly fines depleted, resulting in mass loss of about 32%, in addition to 8% glass elutriation, as indicated by component fractionation. The subaqueous pyroclastic flows have thus lost about 40% of mass compared to the original erupted mixture. Pyroclastic flows and surges from this phase of the eruption are stratigraphically equivalent to a major ash fall deposit (F-5) present beyond the flow and surge zone at 40 km from the source and in distal areas. The F-5 fall deposit forms a larger proportion of the total tephra fall with increasing distance from source and represents about 80% of the total at a distance of 90 km and 92% of the total tephra fall from the 1815 eruption. The field relations indicate that the 20-km3 (DRE) F-5 deposit is a co-ignimbrite ash fall, generated largely during entrance of pyroclastic flows into the ocean. Based on the observed 40% fines depletion and component fractionation from the flows, the large volume of the F-5 co-ignimbrite ash requires eruption of 50 km3 (DRE, 1.4 × 1014 kg) pyroclastic flows.
Abundance estimates to inform butterfly management: double-observer versus distance sampling

Abundance estimates are used to establish baselines, set recovery targets, and assess management actions, all of which are essential aspects of evidence-based natural resource management. For many rare butterflies, these estimates do not exist, and conservation decisions rely instead on expert opinion. Using Bartram’s scrub-hairstreak (Strymon acis bartrami, US Endangered) as a case study, we present a novel comparison of two methods that permit the incorporation of detection probabilities into abundance estimates, distance sampling and double-observer surveys. Additionally we provide a framework for establishing a systematic sampling scheme for monitoring very rare butterflies. We surveyed butterflies monthly in 2013, increasing intensity to weekly when butterflies were detected. We conducted 19 complete, island-wide surveys on Big Pine Key in the Florida Keys, detecting a total of 59 Bartram’s scrub-hairstreaks across all surveys. Peak daily abundances were similar as estimated with distance sampling, 156 butterflies (95 % CI 65–247), and double-observer, 169 butterflies (95 % CI 65–269). Selecting a method for estimating abundance of rare species involves evaluating trade-offs between methods. Distance sampling requires at least 40 detections, but only one observer, while double-observer requires only 10 detections, but two observers. Double-observer abundance estimates agreed with distance sampling estimates, which suggests that double-observer is a reasonable alternative method to use for estimating detection probability and abundance for rare species that cannot be surveyed with other, more commonly used methods.
“Old” Biotechnology to “New” Biotechnology: Continuum or Disjunction?

Since the advent of recombinant DNA techniques and hybridoma technology gave rise more than a decade ago to “new” biotechnology, there has been much discussion of whether the products newly available should be regarded as refinements, or extensions, of previous ones, or as resulting from a technological disjunction. This conundrum is important because of its intimate connection to the question whether existing methods of risk analysis or risk assessment are applicable to or adequate for new processes and products. This is a pivotal issue, because the purpose of such risk assessment is to provide scientists, government regulators and others a measure of the safety attendant to the testing or use of a product, and to provide guidance as to the management of the risk that may be present.
Development and characterization of a human microglia cell model of HIV-1 infection

Microglia cells are the major reservoir of HIV-1 (HIV) within the CNS. However, current models using transformed cell lines are not representative of primary microglia and fetal brain samples for isolation of primary human microglia (HMG) are increasingly difficult to obtain. Here, we describe a monocyte-derived microglia (MMG) cell model of HIV infection that recapitulates infection of primary HMG. CD14+ cells isolated from healthy donors were cultured with M-CSF, beta-nerve growth factor, GM-CSF, and CCL2, and compared to HMG. MMG and HMG cells were infected with HIV and viral replication was detected by p24 antigen. Both MMG and HMG cells were found to acquire spindle shape with few branched or unbranched processes at their ends during the second week in culture and both were found to be CD11b+/ CD11c+/ CD14+/ CD45+/ CD195+/ HLADRlow/ CD86low/ CD80+. Whereas hT-Hμglia and HMC3 transformed cell lines are deficient in human microglia signature genes (C1Q, GAS6, GPR34, MERTK, PROS1, and P2RY12), MMG cells expressed all of these genes. Additionally, MMG expressed all the microglia signature miRNA (miR-99a, miR125b-5p, and miR-342-3p). Both MMG and HMG produced ROS and phagocytosed labeled zymosan particles upon PMA stimulation. MMG and HMG infected with HIV produced equivalent levels of HIV p24 antigen in culture supernatants for 30 days post-infection. Thus, we have developed and characterized a microglia cell model of HIV infection derived from primary monocytes that recapitulates the phenotypic and molecular properties of HMG, is superior to transformed cell lines, and has similar HIV replication kinetics to HMG.
Effects of a Group-Based Behavioral Intervention on Dietary Behaviors in Older Adults.

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of a 12-week, behavioral nutrition intervention on dietary behaviors. Method: Inactive older adults (N = 50) were randomized to a 12-week,...
Patterned auditory stimulation and suck dynamics in full‐term infants

AIM To determine whether patterned auditory stimuli, designed to mimic the natural burst-pause pattern evident in non-nutritive suck (NNS) with variations to the intraburst frequency, alter infants' NNS and cardiorespiratory patterning. METHODS Sixteen healthy full-term infants participated in this study. Infants were fitted with electrocardiogram electrodes and a respiratory belt to measure cardiorespiratory patterning. Infants were offered a custom pacifier attached to a pressure transducer to measure NNS. Prior to the start of the study, a two-minute NNS and cardiorespiratory baseline was attained. Next, three auditory stimulation conditions were presented in the form of sucking clicks at interburst frequencies of 1, 2 and 4 Hz. Each of the three frequencies was played for two minutes. RESULTS Separate repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed significant differences in NNS burst duration (p = 0.013), NNS cycles/burst (p = 0.010) and NNS bursts/minute (p = 0.005) across auditory stimulation conditions. No significant differences were evident in the cardiorespiratory outcomes. CONCLUSION We found that patterned auditory stimulation significantly reduced NNS dynamics and had no effect on cardiorespiratory patterning. The findings further suggest that infants attempted to modulate their suck pattern to the patterned acoustic stimuli by shortening their burst durations with fewer cycles per burst.
Incentive-based voltage regulation in distribution networks

This paper considers distribution networks featuring distributed energy resources, and designs an incentive-based algorithm that allows the network operator and the end-customers to pursue given operational and economic objectives, while concurrently ensuring that voltages are within prescribed limits. This social-welfare maximization problem is challenging due to the non-convexity. We first reformulate the problem as a convex task together with an incentive signal design strategy, and then propose a distributed algorithm for solving the reformulated problem. By doing so, we are able to achieve the solution of the original non-convex problem without exposure of any private information between end-customers and network operator. Stability of the proposed schemes is analytically established and numerically corroborated.
Sleep continuity, architecture and quality among treatment-seeking cannabis users: An in-home, unattended polysomnographic study.

The objective of the study was to describe self-report and objectively measured sleep characteristics of adult treatment-seeking cannabis users. Study participants (n = 87) were adults who were screened for a 12-week outpatient cannabis treatment research program in Baltimore, MD. Participants completed objective and self-report measures of sleep quality. Data were analyzed for the sample overall and after stratifying by sex (54 men, 33 women). Participants were primarily urban, socioeconomically disadvantaged African Americans. Participants were frequent, heavy cannabis users; among a subset of participants assessed, 76.7% used cannabis on the day/night of the assessment. Participants had low rates of other substance abuse and of psychiatric comorbidities. Polysomnography indicated 19.5% of participants received the recommended 7 to 9 hr of sleep, with women averaging more sleep than men. One third (31.0%) had sleep latencies >30 min, one half spent >30 min awake after sleep onset, and more than one half of the sample (55.2%) had sleep efficiency scores of 5 on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Most had average scores on the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes About Sleep (DBAS) questionnaire (M = 51.1, SD = 18.8) that were higher than average among clinical insomnia patients. Women had higher DBAS scores than men. Most participants exhibited characteristics of disordered sleep, and sex differences were observed on polysomnography and self-report measures. Findings extend prior research concerning the association between cannabis use and disordered sleep. Data presented in this article come from Clinical Trial NCT01685073. (PsycINFO Database Record
Heritage Preservation in a Changing Climate: The Potential of Green Infrastructure on the Ile de Saint-Louis, Senegal

Ile de Saint-Louis, Senegal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site is used as a case study to explore how heritage sites can build resilience in the face of climate change threats using green infrastructure (GI), while preserving their authenticity and integrity. The site is architecturally and culturally remarkable, yet its natural and built environment makes it vulnerable to climate change. Using vulnerability and suitability analyses, the site’s climate change threats and GI intervention areas are identified, providing a framework for site managers to use when considering if, how, and where to incorporate GI to increase their site’s climate change resilience. This chapter demonstrates that GI is a valuable tool for a resilient preservation.
Genetic resistance to Marek's disease.

Marek’s disease (MD) is economically one of the most significant diseases in chickens (Purchase 1985). It is of interest that numerous estimates of heritability of resistance to MD are relatively high compared to the resistance to other diseases in chickens or other diseases in domestic livestock. Therefore, it is valid to define and understand the factors controlling genetic resistance, particularly when one can select and use this resistance in conjunction with other methods to control MD, e.g., vaccination and management. Six areas influencing the genetics of MD resistance will be reviewed. Exemplary references will be cited as space does not permit exhaustive citations. This review will generally be limited to the period since a DNA alpha-herpesvirus (Marek’s disease virus or MDV) was shown to incite MD (Churchill et al. 1967; Solomon et al. 1968). The isolation of MDV permitted the differentiation of MD (Calnek and Witter 1997) from other avian tumors, e.g., those caused by RNA retroviruses inducing lymphoid leukosis (LL), myelocytomatosis (ML) (Payne and Fadly 1997), or reticuloendotheliosis (RE) (Witter 1997). Gene nomenclature in this paper will adhere to recently established guidelines (Crittenden et al. 1996).
Spatial Spread of Daily Activity Patterns of Slum Dwellers in Calcutta and Delhi

Only 27% of India’s population resides in urban areas (World Development Report, 1992), but these urban centers contain the bulk of the nation’s commerce, retail, manufacturing, processing, construction, recreation, entertainment, education, administration and service industries, such as banking and finance institutions. All these functions make the cities ideal for the location of socio-economic-political-cultural institutions. Moreover, the presence of such functions also, provides a vast source of employment for unskilled labor. As these functions are dynamic and constantly expanding, cities increasingly attract rural population, who are “pushed” by the negative pressures of famine, paucity of amenities such as lack of water, hospitals, sewage, and electricity, unemployment, and underemployment. Thus, cities which are centers of modern technology, become the hope for betterment for the abjectly poor rural immigrants.
Nitrite and Nitrate in Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury

There is a long and rich history of the use of nitrite for medical conditions. Nitrite has a number of essential functions in mammalian tissues. Nitrite is reduced to nitric oxide in blood and tissues, particularly in hypoxic or ischemic conditions. Nitrite protects from ischemia-reperfusion injury due to modulation of mitochondrial respiration. Nitrite has been shown in animal models to be beneficial in cardiovascular disease, cerebral, hepatic and renal I-R injury, effective for pulmonary disorders, peripheral artery disease and sickle cell disease. Very low levels of nitrite are needed for protection. There are now a number of clinical trials for the use of nitrite in a number of disease conditions. Nitrite-based therapies may provide a safe and cost-effective strategy for conditions of NO insufficiency.
Novel Use of Pipeline Stent Device After Inadvertent Microcatheter Rupture During Arteriovenous Fistula Embolization

Background Onyx, a liquid embolic agent, is the mainstay of embolization treatment of arteriovenous malformation or arteriovenous fistula. Microcatheter retention in an embolic cast is a well-known complication. Rupture of catheter with spillage of onyx is a rare phenomenon but can lead to potential occlusion of the parent vessel. Methods We describe a case in which a patient with ruptured arteriovenous fistula experienced rupture of a microcatheter at the proximal part and spillage of onyx on embolization. A Pipeline embolization device (PED) was successfully deployed, and onyx was jailed between the catheter and vessel wall at the third segment of the vertebral artery (V3 segment). A balloon angioplasty helped to complete the opening of the stent. Results The procedure was uneventful, and the patient recovered well. Follow-up angiogram revealed patency of posterior circulation. The 6-month follow-up angiogram revealed a patent stent. Conclusions Microcatheter rupture and spillage of onyx during embolization of arteriovenous malformation/arteriovenous fistula is a potential complication, and management should be individualized. The unique close cell design of the PED was successfully used to avoid a potentially life-threatening occlusion of the vertebrobasilar system. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time this novel use of PED.
Studying Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrogel Contact Lenses

More than 25 million individuals in the United States wear hydrogel lenses for therapeutic or cosmetic purposes and hydrogel coated urinary catheters and stents are used daily in hospitals. The initial adherence (or adhesion) of microorganisms to these hydrogels during insertion or the rate of microbial attachment in vivo may significantly affect the overall incidence or time of onset of infections. Microorganisms typically adhere poorly to hydrogels as compared with hydrophobic polymers. Hydrogels are three dimensional matrices that adsorb and entrap water. Typically, the higher the water content the lower the initial adherence of microorganisms, but certain polymers are exceptions.
Title IX Investigations: The Importance of Training Investigators in Evidence-Based Approaches to Interviewing

Under Title IX, schools in the United States that receive federal financial assistance are legally required to provide a prompt and impartial process for investigating complaints of sex-based discrimination. These investigations critically rely upon information obtained in interviews. We provide an evaluation of interview training that is presently available to college and university Title IX investigators. Our review finds that while certain core interviewing skills align with evidence-based practice and available research, other suggested practices are at odds with the available science, and additional effective interviewing practices related to the retrieval of memory and the assessment of credibility are critically absent. We recommend a set of evidence-based practices for Title IX investigative interviews that are likely to (a) improve the development of rapport and cooperation with an interviewee, (b) elicit more accurate and relevant information from memory, and (c) enhance assessments of credibility when applying strategic questioning approaches.
Trends in complications of pediatric rhinosinusitis in the United States from 2006 to 2016.

Abstract Objectives 1) Evaluate the changing prevalence of complications from pediatric acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and 2) elucidate factors associated with the development of complicated acute rhinosinusitis in this population. Study Design/Setting Cross-sectional analyses of the Kids’ Inpatient Database. Subjects and methods Children Results Over the decade studied, national estimates for children admitted with acute rhinosinusitis decreased from 8,312 cases in 2006 to 5,592 in 2016. There was an increase in the rate of orbital complications from 8.9% to 19.3% and intracranial complications from 2.2% to 4.3%. Children with both complications increased from 0.5% to 1.0% of cases. Children with orbital complications were significantly younger (8.6 years) compared to those with intracranial complications (12.4 years) and both complication types (12.2 years) (p Conclusion Despite an overall decrease in cases of acute rhinosinusitis, rates of orbital and intracranial complications continued to increase over a ten-year period. Antibiotic prescribing patterns, vaccination effects, and evolving practice patterns may help explain these observations. Further studies warrant investigation into the cause of these trends. Level of evidence 4.
Role of the Interventional Radiologist in Pancreatic Whole Organ and Islet Cell Transplantation

Pancreas transplantation is an exciting therapy which has been used for several decades in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It can be performed as either a whole organ or islet cell transplant. The role of interventional radiologists in the management of whole organ transplants is evolving and includes treatment of postoperative complications and graft biopsy to evaluate for rejection. An in-depth understanding of the transplant anatomy and variations is a fundamental tool in performing these interventions successfully. Islet cell transplantation entails delivery of purified donor pancreatic islet cells into the recipient portal vein. Because of their expertise in image-guided access to the portal system, interventional radiologists play a crucial role in this procedure. The purpose of this article is to review the indications, anatomy, complications, and outcomes of both whole organ and islet cell pancreas transplants, followed by a discussion of the role of interventional radiologists in each procedure.
The dawn of automated insulin delivery: from promise to product

Abstract Similar to technologies used in everyday life, diabetes technology has seen rapid innovation and improvement. The relatively simple insulin pumps that were first introduced ∼40 years ago paved the way for more advanced systems available today, which benefit from finely tuned insulin dose adjustments, calculators to determine insulin dosing, and the ability to determine insulin on board. With the advent of continuous glucose monitors, persons with diabetes and their providers are no longer left to infer glucose trends from a handful of fingerstick tests. Yet, the true revolution in diabetes therapy is based on the marriage of these two systems, whereby insulin delivery is adjusted based on sensor glucose values. Herein, we will review the components necessary to automate insulin therapy. We explore the progression of automated insulin delivery systems currently in development, spanning the testing of these systems in research units, transitional environments, and in the home setting. We conclude with information on the Medtronic 670G system, which was the first hybrid closed-loop system to attain regulatory approval.