cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for dopaminergic and opiod involvement in the regulation of locomotor activity in the land crab Gecarcinus lateralis

Abstract 1. 1. Computerized analysis of the crabs locomotor behavior revealed an initial increase in activity followed by a gradual decrease over a 12 min observation period. 2. 2. Dopamine, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibits locomotor activity. The effect can be antagonized with the dopamine antagonist, haloperidol. This suggests that dopaminergic influences are involved with locomotor mechanisms. 3. 3. FK 33 824, a stable opioid analog, significantly enhances the initial excitatory locomotor activity. Naloxone, a potent opiate antagonist, can block the excitatory action induced by FK 33 824. This suggests the presence of an opioid modulation mechanism in the regulation of locomotor activity. 4. 4. Concomitant administration of the various agents results in the behavioral characteristics of the agonist appearing when the appropriate antagonist is not present. Thus, administration of dopamine + FK 33 824 + haloperidol results in enhanced locomotor activity. 5. 5. Concomitant dopamine and FK 33 824 administration results in enhanced locomotor activity. This suggests that the opioid mechanism is closer to the last step in affecting the organism's locomotion or in initiating activity.
A note: all homogeneous second order difference equations of degree one have semiconjugate factorizations

We show that the second order difference equation on a group G has an i-semiconjugate factorization into a triangular system of first order equations if and only if each mapping is homogeneous of degree 1.
Chemical ablation of ventricular tachycardia in the dog

Sustained ventricular tachycardia was induced in dogs following occlusion-reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. While dogs were supported by cardiopulmonary bypass, the left ventricle was opened and the endocardium was mapped during electrically induced ventricular tachycardia to determine the earliest site of ventricular activation. Phenol (carbolic acid) application at that site necrosed myocardium to a depth of 1 to 3 mm and prevented electrical reinduction of ventricular tachycardia in 9 of 15 dogs. These data suggest that chemical ablation may be used as an alternate means to destroy areas of myocardium involved in the genesis or maintenance of ventricular tachycardia, particularly if these areas cannot be resected surgically because of their size or location.
Strategic Renewal of Organizations

Strategic renewal, although critical for the sustained success of organizations, has received relatively little attention as distinct from the more general phenomenon of strategic change. Like all strategic issues, strategic renewal presents both opportunities and challenges for organizations. In this article, we first define the term “strategic renewal” and elaborate on important characteristics of this phenomenon. We also bring to bear evidence that suggests that strategic renewal has a critical impact not only on individual firms and industries but also on entire economies. We then provide an in-depth example of a company that has successfully renewed itself more than once, namely, IBM. Finally, we examine several different avenues for strategic renewal, involving both content and process, and identify common themes among them.
Combining Single and Packet-Ray Tracing for Arbitrary Ray Distributions on the Intel MIC Architecture

Wide-SIMD hardware is power and area efficient, but it is challenging to efficiently map ray tracing algorithms to such hardware especially when the rays are incoherent. The two most commonly used schemes are either packet tracing, or relying on a separate traversal stack for each SIMD lane. Both work great for coherent rays, but suffer when rays are incoherent: The former experiences a dramatic loss of SIMD utilization once rays diverge; the latter requires a large local storage, and generates multiple incoherent streams of memory accesses that present challenges for the memory system. In this paper, we introduce a single-ray tracing scheme for incoherent rays that uses just one traversal stack on 16-wide SIMD hardware. It uses a bounding-volume hierarchy with a branching factor of four as the acceleration structure, exploits four-wide SIMD in each box and primitive intersection test, and uses 16-wide SIMD by always performing four such node or primitive tests in parallel. We then extend this scheme to a hybrid tracing scheme that automatically adapts to varying ray coherence by starting out with a 16-wide packet scheme and switching to the new single-ray scheme as soon as rays diverge. We show that on the Intel Many Integrated Core architecture this hybrid scheme consistently, and over a wide range of scenes and ray distributions, outperforms both packet and single-ray tracing.
Activation of the Chicken Metallothionein Promoter by Metals and Oxidative Stress in Cultured Cells and Transgenic Mice

Abstract Cis-acting elements in the chicken metallothionein promoter were tested for their ability to direct responses of reporter genes to metal ions and oxidative stress in transfected mouse cells and in transgenic mice. In addition, protein interactions with the promoter were analyzed by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In transient transfection assays and in transgenic mice, 107-bp of the chicken MT promoter was sufficient to direct responses to Zn. This promoter region also directed response to oxidative stress in transfected cells and transgenic mice, but in transgenic mice, maximal responsiveness to oxidative stress apparently involved other elements in the proximal promoter region (307-bp). The proximal 200-bp of the promoter contains sequences homologous to a metal response element (−47-bp), Sp1 binding sites (−70-bp and −161-bp), and an antioxidant response element (−189-bp). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that metal response element binding activity was low in control Hepa cell nuclear extracts, but was induced 6-fold after 45 min of H 2 O 2 treatment. In contrast, Sp1 binding remained unchanged, and no evidence for specific binding to the core antioxidant response element consensus sequence was obtained. These studies demonstrate that cis-acting elements mediating induction of metallothionein gene expression by metals and oxidative stress are present in the chicken metallothionein promoter and suggest a role for increased binding of the transcription factor MTF-1 to the metal response element(s).
Entrepreneur political skill and new venture performance: Extending the social competence perspective

Research on the social competence perspective holds that since operating high performing new ventures is dependent on entrepreneurs’ ability to influence stakeholder actions, entrepreneur social competence is likely critically important to new venture performance. Using a sample of 163 entrepreneurs throughout the USA, we extend such research by examining the entrepreneur political skill new venture performance relationship. Our results suggest that political skill, which is the component of social competence which specifically assesses an individual's ability to influence other's actions within the business environment, is positively associated with new venture performance. Study results provide additional support for the social competence perspective.
Financial Interests and Research Bias

In the last two decades, scientists, government officials, and science policy experts have expressed concerns about the increasing role of financial interests in research. Many believe that these interests are undermining research by causing bias and error, suppression of results, and even outright fraud. This paper seeks to shed some light on this view by (1) explicating the concept research bias, (2) describing some ways that financial interests can cause research biases, and (3) discussing some strategies for mitigating or managing the influence of financial interests. These strategies include (a) using government funds to counter-balance privately funded research, (b) increasing public input into government funding decisions, (c) disclosing and managing conflicts of interest in research, (d) auditing data, (e) expanding access to data. Since it is neither possible nor desirable to eliminate financial interests from research, the wisest policy is to manage and counter-balance these interests for the go...
Equilibrium Models With Singular Asset Prices

General equilibrium models in which economic agents have finite marginal utility from consumption at the origin lead to financial assets having continuous prices with singular components. In particular, there is no bona fide “interest rate” in such models, although asset prices can be determined by equilibrium considerations (and uniquely, up to the formation of mutual funds). the singularly continuous processes in question charge precisely the set of time points at which some agent “drops out” of the economy, or “comes back” into it, between intervals of zero consumption. Not surprisingly, these processes are governed by local time.
Transient heat transfer in batch thermal reactors for silicon wafer processing

Abstract Precise thermal control of multi-zone batch furnaces has become increasingly important in semiconductor industry to prevent defect generation during device fabrication. This work analyzes fundamental heat transfer processes during fast furnace ramping. Model simulations show two significant thermal features: (1) the radial temperature distribution on wafers follows a universal parabolic profile; and (2) a wafer stack produces a strong cavity effect for thermal radiation. An engineering model is developed based on these features to characterize the dependence of wafer temperature nonuniformity on processing conditions, including the ramp rate and wafer spacing. This simple yet accurate model is useful for real-time process control.
On the modeling of robots operating on ships

The decrease in manpower and increase in material handling needs on many naval vessels provides the motivation to explore the modeling and control of naval robotic and robotic assistive devices. This paper presents a simple methodology to symbolically compute the dynamic equations of motion of a serial link manipulation system operating on the moving deck of a ship. First we provide background information that quantifies the motion of the ship, both in terms of frequency and amplitude. We then formulate the motion of the ship in terms of homogeneous transforms. Likewise, the kinematics of a manipulator is considered as a serial extension of the ship motion. We then show how to use these transforms to formulate the kinetic and potential energy of the arm moving on a ship. As a demonstration, we consider two examples: a one degree-of-freedom system experiencing three sea states operating in a plane to verify the methodology and a 3 degree of freedom system experiencing all six degrees of ship motion to illustrate the ease of computation and complexity of the solution. We provide a preliminary comparison between conventional linear control and repetitive learning control (RLC) and show how fixed time delay RLC breaks down due to the varying wave disturbance frequency.
Heavy meromyosin-binding filaments in the mitotic apparatus of mammalian cells

Abstract Heavy meromyosin-binding filaments were identified in the mitotic apparatus of dividing mouse neuroblastoma cells. Some filaments were arranged parallel to mitotic microtubules, but most appeared randomly oriented between the centriolar regions and chromosomes. The origin of these mitotic micro-filaments is suggested to be a cytoplasmic pool of microfilaments or components created during morphological dedifferentiation preceding cell division.
A Comparative Study of Satisfaction With the Police in the United States and Australia

This study comparatively examines three major models of citizens’ satisfaction with the police, using two similar community surveys on policing from Cincinnati, Ohio, USA and Queensland, Australia. It tests the wider applicability of the demographic model, the neighborhood condition model, and the prior contacts with police model and analyzes whether the effects of common determinants on citizens’ satisfaction remain the same across the two international samples. Results from a series of comparisons show that there is a substantial amount of similarity across statistical models for Cincinnati and Queensland, suggesting a general framework of citizens’ satisfaction with the police that could be generalized to other international contexts. Limitations and future directions of comparative research in this area are also discussed.
Selective attention: effects of cuing on the processing of different types of compound stimuli.

Pigeons in a matching-to-sample experiment received (a) element samples (one of two colors or vertical or horizontal white lines), (b) separated compound samples (a color and a line element presented together), and (c) unified compound samples (vertical or horizontal colored lines). In Phase I, test stimuli were the two elements from one dimension; the dimension tested varied randomly when the sample was a compound. Element samples were matched better than unified samples, which were matched better than separated samples. In Phase II, two samples preceded the tests. On EC trials, the first sample (S1) was an element, and the second sample (S2) was a compound; on CE trials this order was reversed. One element of the compound sample was always the one appearing as the element sample on that trial (e.g., S1 = red, S2 = red-vertical). This element also served as the correct test alternative (e.g., test = red+ vs. green) except on probe trials when the correct test was the other element appearing in the compound (e.g., test = vertical+ vs. horizontal). Accuracy varied as a function of sample sequence when the compound was separated (EC greater than CE on nonprobe trials and CE greater than EC on prove trials). This pattern was not observed when the compound was unified. The data suggest that the element in EC trials served as a cue that increased processing of the cued dimension and decreased processing of the noncued dimension of separated compounds. However, both dimensions of unified compounds seem to have been processed regardless of cuing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with problematic spitzoid melanocytic lesions: A report on 18 patients

BACKGROUND Spindle and/or epithelioid melanocytic proliferations that display overlapping histopathologic features of Spitz nevus and Spitz-like melanoma are diagnostically difficult and controversial melanocytic tumors. There are reports of such lesions metastasizing to regional lymph nodes, with a few widely disseminating, resulting in death. METHODS The authors reviewed clinical and histopathologic data on all patients with atypical or borderline spitzoid melanocytic proliferations who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). They examined how frequently histologically problematic or borderline spitzoid melanocytic lesions metastasized to sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) and which clinical or histologic features, if any, predisposed patients to a higher risk lesion. RESULTS Six male patients and 12 female patients, ages 5–32 years (mean, 16 years), had tumors ranging in size from 1.2 mm to 7.9 mm (mean, 3.5 mm) in thickness. Atypical histologic features that were present most frequently included incomplete maturation (18 of 18 patients), deep dermal mitoses (16 of 18 patients), nuclear pleomorphism (10 of 18 patients), and focal sheet-like growth (10 of 18 patients). Eight of 18 patients (44%) had SLN metastasis and were offered adjuvant treatment. One of eight patients with SLN positive results who underwent regional lymphadenectomy had one additional involved lymph node. All 18 patients were alive and well with no evidence of recurrent or metastatic disease after a follow-up of 3–42 months (mean, 12 months). CONCLUSIONS Histologically atypical or borderline spitzoid, melanocytic tumors are diagnostically challenging and controversial melanocytic lesions, some of which represent unrecognized melanomas. SLNB aids in confirming a diagnosis of melanoma and identifies patients who may benefit from early therapeutic lymph node dissection and/or adjuvant therapy. Cancer 2003;97:499–507. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11074
Radial and Regge excitations in unified, grand unified and subconstituent models

Abstract Necessary group theoretic conditions for all elementary gauge bosons and fermions of an arbitrary renormalizable gauge theory to lie on Regge trajectories are reviewed. It is then argued that in properly unified gauge theories all particles of a given spin lie on Regge trajectories. This then implied that a properly unified gauge theory has no local U(1) factor groups, and no massive fermion singlets. A consideration of the general pattern of Regge and radial recurrences to be expected in quantum field theories suggests that the presence or absence of spin 3 2 quarks and/or leptons in the TeV region will provide crucial clues to enable one to distinguish between various classes of unified, grand unified, and subconstituent models. The correct interpretation of such excited fermions will require correlation with the Higgs boson mass and possible radial and Regge excitations of the weak vector bosons.
Influence of liquid structure on diffusive isotope separation in molten silicates and aqueous solutions

Molecular diffusion in natural volcanic liquids discriminates between isotopes of major ions (e.g., Fe, Mg, Ca, and Li). Although isotope separation by diffusion is expected on theoretical grounds, the dependence on mass is highly variable for different elements and in different media. Silicate liquid diffusion experiments using simple liquid compositions were carried out to further probe the compositional dependence of diffusive isotopic discrimination and its relationship to liquid structure. Two diffusion couples consisting of the mineral constituents anorthite (CaAl{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8}; denoted AN), albite (NaAlSi{sub 3}O{sub 8}; denoted AB), and diopside (CaMgSi{sub 2}O{sub 6}; denoted DI) were held at 1450°C for 2 h and then quenched to ambient pressure and temperature. Major-element as well as Ca and Mg isotope profiles were measured on the recovered quenched glasses. In both experiments, Ca diffuses rapidly with respect to Si. In the AB–AN experiment, D{sub Ca}/D{sub Si} ~ 20 and the efficiency of isotope separation for Ca is much greater than in natural liquid experiments where D{sub Ca}/D{sub Si} ~ 1. In the AB–DI experiment, D{sub Ca}/D{sub Si} ~ 6 and the efficiency of isotope separation is between that of the natural liquid experiments and the AB–AN experiment. In the AB–DI experiment, D{sub Mg}/D{sub Si} ~ 1 and the efficiency of isotope more » separation for Mg is smaller than it is for Ca yet similar to that observed for Mg in natural liquids. The results from the experiments reported here, in combination with results from natural volcanic liquids, show clearly that the efficiency of diffusive separation of Ca isotopes is systematically related to the solvent-normalized diffusivity—the ratio of the diffusivity of the cation (D{sub Ca}) to the diffusivity of silicon (D{sub Si}). The results on Ca isotopes are consistent with available data on Fe, Li, and Mg isotopes in silicate liquids, when considered in terms of the parameter D{sub cation}/D{sub Si}. Cations diffusing in aqueous solutions display a similar relationship between isotopic separation efficiency and D{sub cation} =D{sub H 2 O} , although the efficiencies are smaller than in silicate liquids. Our empirical relationship provides a tool for predicting the magnitude of diffusive isotopic effects in many geologic environments and a basis for a more comprehensive theory of isotope separation in liquid solutions. We present a conceptual model for the relationship between diffusivity and liquid structure that is consistent with available data. « less
Analysis of Isotopic Labeling in Peptide Fragments by Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Phenotype in multicellular organisms is the consequence of dynamic metabolic events that occur in a spatially dependent fashion. This spatial and temporal complexity presents challenges for investigating metabolism; creating a need for improved methods that effectively probe biochemical events such as amino acid biosynthesis. Isotopic labeling can provide a temporal-spatial recording of metabolic events through, for example, the description of enriched amino acids in the protein pool. Proteins are therefore an important readout of metabolism and can be assessed with modern mass spectrometers. We compared the measurement of isotopic labeling in MS2 spectra obtained from tandem mass spectrometry under either higher energy collision dissociation (HCD) or collision induced dissociation (CID) at varied energy levels. Developing soybean embryos cultured with or without 13C-labeled substrates, and Escherichia coli MG1655 enriched by feeding 7% uniformly labeled glucose served as a source of biological material for protein evaluation. CID with low energies resulted in a disproportionate amount of heavier isotopologues remaining in the precursor isotopic distribution. HCD resulted in fewer quantifiable products; however deviation from predicted distributions were small relative to the CID-based comparisons. Fragment ions have the potential to provide information on the labeling of amino acids in peptides, but our results indicate that without further development the use of this readout in quantitative methods such as metabolic flux analysis is limited.
Excitability and phosphorylation of muscle and nerve in sodium-free hydrazinium solution.

THE electrical activity of frog skeletal muscle was found to be maintained in a sodium-free hydrazinium solution1,2. In addition, excitability of ventral nerve roots was normal in a hydrazinium solution (unpublished). A series of studies were undertaken to determine the influence of hydrazine on the biochemical properties of conductive tissues, and this communication is concerned specifically with phosphorylation and energy synthesis.
A multi-criteria approach to local tax planning

A city tax model based on the analytic hierarchy process is developed. This model allows city officials to explicitly take into account the existence of multiple decision criteria in selecting new tax options. Opinions from tax experts are used to relate tax plans to decision criteria. The paper explores the feasibility of applying commonly available decision tools to facilitate and improve decision making in local government.
Thermoforming conditions in transparent/opaque coextruded sheet

Processors have encountered processing problems in dealing with thermoforming co-extruded sheet where one layer is semitransparent to incident radiant energy of the heater banks and the other is opaque. An analysis of the radiant heating process shows that significant volumetric absorption of radiant energy takes place within the semitransparent sheet. From the model, it is shown that to minimize temperature excursions within laminated sheets (and thus reduce the tendency for delamination and blistering), heater banks should be programmed to cycle in an on-off mode with a rather short cycle period.
Inhibition of oncogene product enzyme activity as an approach to cancer chemoprevention. tyrosine-specific protein kinase inhibition by purpurogallin from Quercus sp. nutgall

Inhibitors of oncogene product enzyme activity were sought as a prescreen for potential cancer chemopreventive agents. Purpurogallin, a polyphenol from Quercus sp. nutgall, was found to inhibit the tyrosine-specific protein kinase of the human erb-b oncogene product (epidermal growth factor receptor) for both autophosphorylation (IC50 = 27.5 µM) and phosphorylation of an exogenous substrate (IC50 =­45.3 µM). An examination of enzyme kinetics indicated that purpurogallin is a competitive inhibitor of both ATP (Ki = 54.9 µM for autophosphorylation, Ki = 33.9 µM for phosphorylation of exogenous substrate) and the tyrosine-containing acceptor substrate poly(glutamate, alanine, tyrosine) 6:3:1 (Ki = 83.7 µM). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Organotypic Cultures of Human Skin Explants with an Implant-tissue Biomaterial Interface

A novel in vitro culture system of organotypic human skin explants interfacing with external fixator pins is presented. The system was used to observe changes in skin morphology on the skin at the pin interface. To evaluate the performance of this novel system, histological analysis of human skin explants cultured for 5 days at the air–liquid interface was performed. Compared to control explants, specimens interfaced with pins (treated or not with a physiological saline solution) showed a deteriorating basal layer, a disappearing stratum spinosum and increased lost of elastic fibers in the dermis. The model system makes it possible to perform rapid, repeatable studies of living skin response to chronically implanted materials and devices.
Enterobacterial Common Antigen Mutants of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Establish a Persistent Infection and Provide Protection against Subsequent Lethal Challenge

Infection with Salmonella spp. is a significant source of disease globally. A substantial proportion of these infections are caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Here, we characterize the role of the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA), a surface glycolipid ubiquitous among enteric bacteria, in S. Typhimurium pathogenesis. Construction of a defined mutation in the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase gene, wecA, in two clinically relevant strains of S. Typhimurium, TML and SL1344, resulted in strains that were unable to produce ECA. Loss of ECA did not affect the gross cell surface ultrastructure, production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagella, or motility. However, the wecA mutant strains were attenuated in both oral and intraperitoneal mouse models of infection (P < 0.001 for both routes of infection; log rank test), and virulence could be restored by complementation of the wecA gene in trans. Despite the avirulence of the ECA-deficient strains, the wecA mutant strains were able to persistently colonize systemic sites (spleen and liver) at moderate levels for up to 70 days postinfection. Moreover, immunization with the wecA mutant strains provided protection against a subsequent lethal oral or intraperitoneal challenge with wild-type S. Typhimurium. Thus, wecA mutant (ECA-negative) strains of Salmonella may be useful as live attenuated vaccine strains or as vehicles for heterologous antigen expression.
Disital calculation of transient performance of the primary coolant system in a water reactor

In the design of control systems for nuclear reactors, detailed knowledge of the rate of change of temperature in the reactor core is a very important factor. To evaluate this temperature as a function of time, it is necessary to determine both the heat added from the nuclear reaction itself, and the heat rejected through the cooling medium and through losses. The ability of the cooling medium to remove heat from the reactor is dependent upon the rate of coolant flow. This paper describes an application of a digital computer for computing coolant flow under various transient conditions which may arise during normal operation or during emergencies. The method used takes into account the following factors: 1. Inertia of the coolant fluid. 2. Inertia of rotating equipment (pumps and motors). 3. Frictional pressure drops in the flow paths. 4. Pump head flow characteristics. 5. Friction and windage losses in pumps and motors. 6. Transient effects in the rotor circuits of the pump motors.
Geographic variation and systematics of monospermous Juniperus (cupressaceae) from the Chihuahua Desert based on rapds and terpenes

Abstract Random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and the steam volatile leaf terpenoids of Juniperus erythrocarpa, J. monosperma var. monosperma, J. m. var. gracilis and J. pinchotii were analyzed by principal coordinate analyses and contour mapping. Juniperus monosperma var. gracilis was elevated to specific rank as J. angosturana R. P. Adams nom. nov.; J. erythrocarpa var. erythrocarpa was treated as a segregate of J. pinchotii ; and J. erythrocarpa var. coahuilensis was accepted as a distinct species, J. coahuilensis (M. Martinez) Gaussen ex. R. P. Adams. Geographic and chemical analyses of J. coahuilensis suggests that hybridization and introgression with J. angosturana has been factor in the variation of this taxon. RAPDs and terpene data supported the recognition of Arizona-New Mexico populations of J. coahuilensis as a new variety, J. c . var. arizonica R. P. Adams, var. nov . In addition, several terpenoids previously reported as unknown are now identified.
Novel method for the fabrication of gradient‐index plastic optical fibers

A novel coextrusion method has been introduced for the fabrication of gradient-index plastic optical fibers (GI-POFs). In this method, the radial diffusion of a refractive-index-modifying dopant in a polymer matrix is enhanced significantly by a new die design concept. A theoretical analysis indicates that this new method can substantially reduce the material residence time required to obtain a smooth refractive-index profile, thereby increasing the output rate to a much higher level than possible with the conventional methods. An experiment using a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with diphenyl sulfide (DPS) and diphenyl sulfoxide (DPSO) as the refractive-index-modifying dopants has shown an excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction, suggesting that the new coextrusion method is a viable way to manufacture a GI-POF with the bandwidth higher than 700 Mbits/s at a distance of 100 m.
Exciton migration in organic LEDs and solar cells

Triplet exciton migration is a very important process for both organic LEDs and photovoltaics. We have explored a number of new materials in both OLEDs and OPVs and examined triplet exciton migration in these solids.
Antihypertensive Therapy in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Patients with coexisting hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) and hypertension present diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. A retrospective cohort study of patients with HC with coexisting hypertension referred to a specialized HC program was conducted. HC and hypertension were confirmed by strict criteria. Echocardiographic data were reviewed for peak instantaneous left ventricular outflow tract gradients, at rest and with provocation. Symptom control, left ventricular outflow tract gradients, and hypertension control were compared between the first and last visits. One hundred fifteen patients (94 obstructed and 21 nonobstructed) met the eligibility criteria for the study and were included in the analysis, with the mean follow-up duration of 36 months. Because of the treatment strategy, there was a significant decrease in the number of patients treated with direct vasodilators and an increase in the use of β blockers and disopyramide. Twenty-one obstructed patients (22%) required septal reduction therapy. Overall, in obstructed patients, peak instantaneous left ventricular outflow tract gradient at rest decreased from 48 to 14 mm Hg (p
Endoscopic fistulotomy and biliary drainage as the ultimate palliative treatment for obstruction due to malignant tumors of the papilla of Vater

This report describes the technique and results of endoscopic fistulotomy as a drainage procedure in cases of malignant obstruction of the biliary system from bulky and friable growths in the papilla of Vater. Fistulotomy, coupled with insertion of stents, was successful in seven of eight patients and was associated with relief of jaundice. It is suggested that the method be applied when conventional transpapillary insertion of stents is impossible either due to distortion of the papilla or bleeding of the growth on touch.
Automatic and Self-Reported Attitudes in Romantic Relationships

Two studies used response latency measures to assess automatic attitudes that individuals are unwilling or unable to reveal about their partners. In Study 1, participants (n = 51) in dating relationships completed two response latency measures (Time 1) and several relationship self-reports (Times 1 and 2). Participants who faced high barriers to exiting (BTE) their relationship generally showed a negative association between their relationship self-reports and automatic attitudes, and there was some evidence that automatic attitudes at Time 1 predicted relationship satisfaction at Time 2. Study 2 (n = 41 couples) replicated the BTE finding and showed that image-based response latency measures may assess automatic attitudes more effectively than word-based measures. A negative correlation between self-reported and automatic attitudes among high-BTE participants suggests that they may overreport relationship positivity to quell feelings of doubt about a relationship they cannot feasibly dissolve.
Effect of heating, pH and thermoradiation on inactivation of Vibrio vulnificus

Abstract The effects of heating, thermoradiation and pH (5·5 to 7·0) on inactivation of V. vulnificus cells in buffers, oyster and fish homogenates were studied. Cells were more sensitive to thermoradiation than heating or radiation alone. Synergistic effects were observed during thermoradiation of V. vulnificus (107 cells ml-1) at 40°C in buffer (pH 5·5), in fresh oyster (pH 6·2) and in fresh fish (pH 6·7). This synergistic effect was also noted when the same number of cells in fresh fish homogenates were irradiated at 45°C. Inactivation of cells varied depending on the environment and were more pronounced in buffers than in oyster or fish homogenates. The D10 (dose in kGy inactivating 90% of cells) at 25·C was 0·078 in buffer (pH 7·0), 0·125 in oyster (pH 6·2) and 0·187 in fish (pH 6·7), but at 35°C, the D10 values were 0·054, 0·093 and 0·125 kGy, respectively. Low initial numbers of cells (10 ml-1) in pH 7·0 buffer were rapidly inactivated by thermoradiation (40·C) compared to high cell number (107 ml-1) and the D10 (kGy) was 0·024 for the former and 0·047 latter. These D10 values (kGy) were 0·046 and 0·093 in fresh oysters (pH 6·2), 0·093 and 0·109 kGy in fresh fish (pH 6·7), for the low and the high cell numbers, respectively following thermoradiation at 40°C.
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors Increase Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in the Late-Gestation Fetus. • 335

Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors Increase Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in the Late-Gestation Fetus. • 335
H dibaryon formation from Ξ - atoms

We estimate the branching ratio $R$ for the formation of the doubly strange $H$ dibaryon, starting from various states of ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$, ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}d$ and ${\ensuremath{\Xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$$^{4}\mathrm{He}$ atoms. In the latter two cases, very sizable values of $Rg0.5$ occur if the $H$ mass is close to the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ threshold at 2.23 ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c}}^{2}$.
A model description of the adsorption and decomposition of nitrous oxide on clean and carbon covered platinum surfaces

Abstract The bond energy bond order (BEBO) model of chemisorption has been used in conjunction with absolute rate theory (ART) in order to describe the interaction of N2O with both clean and C covered Pt surfaces. The BEBO model allows an estimate to be made of both activation energies to, and heats of, adsorption and/or surface reactions. Combining the BEBO model with ART permits absolute magnitudes of the rates of the various elementary surface reactions which occur when N2O interacts with Pt to be calculated a priori. The rate calculations are made using the experimental conditions of West and Somorjai, namely T = 1125 °K and an impingement flux of ∼1013 molecules/cm2 sec. Under the experimental conditions cited above, the model calculations indicate the following: (a) The Pt surfaces are rather inefficient at dissociating N2O (≲1% of the incident N2O molecules are dissociated); (b) The fractional coverages of adsorbed N and O atoms are small, i.e., the clean Pt surface remains very nearly clean during the reaction (Θn ∼ 5 × 10−5 and θO ∼ 10−2); and (c) The reaction of N2O with PtC is a direct reaction to produce NO(g) without complete energy accommodation of the NO at the surface, whereas the reaction of N2O with clean Pt has two components to produce NO(g)—both a direct reaction of the N2O and the desorption of an adsorbed N atom and O atom, i.e., energy accommodation of the NO at the surface is much more complete. The theoretical and experimental results show very good agreement with one another. The clear utility of the ART-BEBO model in describing numerous other elementary gas-surface reactions is an important conclusion of this work.
Super-Eddington winds from neutron stars

Results are presented from a study of winds driven by a super-Eddington rate of energy deposition near the surface of a neutron star, a condition which may develop following a collision between two neutron stars when more than 10 to the 53rd ergs is radiated during a few seconds. A fraction of that energy, perhaps as large as 10 to the 50th ergs, may be transformed into electron-positron pairs and drive a powerful wind. Using a model of the highly super-Eddington wind, the fraction of energy injected into a wind that emerges as gamma rays is estimated. It is shown that it is possible to reach gamma-ray temperatures with the optically thick winds, provided the energy injection rate is sufficiently high.
Preparing for a Team Project in a Diverse Class of New Students

Semester-long, team design projects are supposed to fun but can appear daunting to beginning engineering students, especially if they don’t know anyone else in the class. This paper discusses how the “daunting” aspect of early design projects has been addressed in a sophomore design course in a BSME program. The issue is addressed from three viewpoints: student diversity, project formulation, and support from the other activities in the class. A sample project is discussed in detail. A survey at the end of the semester indicted that the students enjoyed the class (averaging over 4.5 on the usual five-point Likert scale for four statements about the course), learned (averaging 4.18 supporting improved abilities related to seven ABET criterion 3 issues) and also strongly supported a series of statements about other learning issues.© 2005 ASME
Differential effects of MK-801 on cerebrocortical neuronal injury in C57BL/6J, NSA, and ICR Mice

1. Antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate (Glu) receptor, including [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate], dizocilpine maleate (MK-801), injure pyramidal neurons in the posterior cingulate/retrosplenial (PC/RS) cortex when administered systemically to adult rats and mice. 2. These results have, to our knowledge, only been reported previously in Harlan Sprague Dawley albino rats and International Cancer Research (ICR) mice, an outbred albino strain. 3. Male Non-Swiss Albino (NSA) mice, an albino outbred strain, and male C57BL/6J (B6) mice, a pigmented inbred strain, were injected systemically with 1 mg/kg of MK-801 in the first experiment. This dose of MK-801 reliably produces cytoplasmic vacuoles in neurons in layers III and IV of the PC/RS cortex in 100% of ICR mice treated 4. There was a significant difference in the number of vacuolated neurons in B6 and NSA mice, as assessed by ANOVA. The NSA were not significantly different than previously examined ICR mice, but the B6 had fewer vacuolated neurons than either of the two outbred strains. 5. In the second experiment, male NSA, ICR, and B6 mice were injected systemically with a high dose, 10 mg/kg, of MK-801. This dose has been demonstrated to result in necrosis in the same population of neurons injured by lower doses of MK-801. 6. An ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference among the three strains of mice, and a Fisher's protected t revealed that the B6 mice were significantly different from both the NSA and ICR, but that, with our test, those two strains were indistinguishable. 7. Male ICR, NSA, and B6 mice were tested in the holeboard food search task 5 hours after 1 mg/kg of MK-801. There were significant differences between the strains in performance both pre and posttreatment. The effect of the drug was not statistically significant. 8. These results suggest that there may be a genetically mediated difference in the reaction to NMDA receptor antagonists, a finding which may be important given the NMDA receptor hypofunction hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenic symptoms.
Fibulin 2, a Tyrosine O-Sulfated Protein, Is Up-regulated Following Retinal Detachment

Retinal detachment is the physical separation of the retina from the retinal pigment epithelium. It occurs during aging, trauma, or during a variety of retinal disorders such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, or as a complication following cataract surgery. This report investigates the role of fibulin 2, an extracellular component, in retinal detachment. A major mechanism for detachment resolution is enhancement of cellular adhesion between the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium and prevention of its cellular migration. This report shows that fibulin 2 is mainly present in the retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch membrane, choriocapillary, and to a lesser degree in the retina. In vitro studies revealed the presence of two isoforms for fibulin 2. The small isoform is located inside the cell, and the large isoform is present inside and outside the cells. Furthermore, fibulin 2 is post-translationally modified by tyrosine sulfation, and the sulfated isoform is present outside the cell, whereas the unsulfated pool is internally located. Interestingly, sulfated fibulin 2 significantly reduced the rate of cellular growth and migration. Finally, levels of fibulin 2 dramatically increased in the retinal pigment epithelium following retinal detachment, suggesting a direct role for fibulin 2 in the re-attachment of the retina to the retinal pigment epithelium. Understanding the role of fibulin 2 in enhancing retinal attachment is likely to help improve the current therapies or allow the development of new strategies for the treatment of this sight-threatening condition.
Why disability and rehabilitation specialists should lead the way in patient-reported outcomes.

From the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and the Comparative Effectiveness, Cost and Outcomes Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; University of Washington Center on Outcomes Research in Rehabilitation, Seattle, WA; and Seattle Quality of Life Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
MARTENSITE AND LIFE : DISPLACIVE TRANSFORMATIONS AS BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Martensitic transformations in cylindrical protein crystals are found to perform life functions in primitive biological systems. Tailsheath contraction in T-even bacteriophages can be described as an irreversible strain-induced martensitic transformation, while polymorphic transformations in bacterial flagella appear to be stress-assisted mechanically reversible martensitic transformations exhibiting a shape memory effect. Available information indicates that the geometric, thermodynamic, and kinetic aspects of these transformations are consistent with martensitic behavior. Similar transformations involving the motion of partial (coherency) dislocations under chemical forces may underly the mechanism of motion in higher organisms as well.
Examining a Common Disease with Unknown Etiology: Trends in Epidemiology and Surgical Management of Appendicitis in California, 1995–2009

The study was designed to examine the epidemiology of appendicitis and risk factors of perforation and appendectomy. Retrospective analysis of the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Patient Discharge Data was performed from 1995 to 2009. Patients with appendicitis were identified by ICD-9 diagnosis code. Population statistics from the RAND Corporation were used to calculate incidence rates. Risk factors of perforation and appendectomy were also calculated. A total of 608,116 patients with appendicitis (70 % non-perforated) were included. The incidence increased at an average rate of 0.5 cases/100,000 population/year (p < 0.001), with annual incidence peaking during the third quarter. Children age 10–14 had the highest rates of appendicitis (169.6 cases/100,000). The lifetime cumulative incidence rate is 9.0 %. Appendicitis is most common in whites and Hispanics and less common in African Americans and Asians. Risks of perforation include Hispanic or Asian race, young or old age, and non-private insurance. The adjusted odds of appendectomy increased since 1995 in patients with non-perforated appendicitis (OR 1.5, 95 % CI (1.3–1.7); p < 0.001), but it decreased in patients with perforated appendicitis (OR 0.4, 95 % CI (0.4–0.5); p < 0.001). This is the largest epidemiological study of appendicitis to our knowledge in recent years. Incidence has increased over time and is higher in the summer months. Whites and Hispanics have higher rates of appendicitis, but Hispanics and Asians and patients with non-private insurance, have higher odds of perforation. Surgical management of perforated appendicitis has decreased over time. It is unknown why the incidence has increased, displays seasonality, and varies by race.
“Just trying to relax”: Masculinity, masculinizing practices, and strip club regulars

This article explores customers' understandings of their visits to heterosexual strip clubs and the ways in which those visits become meaningful to them in relation to cultural discourses around ma...
Dairy Imports: How Serious a Threat?

Abstract The consequences of the current Multilateral Trade Negotiations for future U.S. trade policy cannot be foreseen with certainty, but increased dairy imports may be one result of the talks. In this study, the effects of “normal,” “twice normal,” and “high” manufactured milk product imports on the U.S. dairy industry are estimated. The impact on the price and production of raw milk, production per cow, and dairy herd size is discussed. Although increased imports are associated with lower prices which discourage production and herd size, much larger than historically “normal” imports are required to bring about a substantial impact upon the dairy industry over a long time.
Urinary-Tract Infections: Etiology, Microbiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management

The increased incidence of urinary-tract infections (UTI) may be due to prolonged human longevity, increased drug resistance of pathogens, poor resistance of the urothelium, and the existence of bacterial L forms. About 95 percent of recurrent infections are re-infections. The most common uropathogen is Escherichia coli, and the most virulent is Pseudomonas. UTI may be manifested as: a) asymptomatic bacteriuria, b) acute uncomplicated infection, c) acute complicated infection, or d) recurrent infection. Recurrent infections usually are refractory to treatment, and are caused by a pathogen different from the original one. Upper-tract (kidney) infections are difficult to cure, whereas bladder infections respond favorably. Prostatitis also responds poorly because effective drug levels are difficult to attain in prostatic tissue. Results of the antibody-coated bacteria test (ACB) and the bladder-washout test are helpful in locating the site of infection. Detailed outlines concerning diagnosis, management, chemotherapy and prophylaxis provide data on various types of infection and the effects of specific antimicrobial agents and other drugs at different sites in the urinary tract. A current plan for short-course prophylaxis does not fulfill expectations.
INTEGRATION BY SUBTRACTION

ABSTRACT This paper compares two methods for creating definite integrals as mathematical models for certain applications in an elementary calculus course. The standard summation of elements approach, based on addition of products of quantities is compared with a lesser-known subtractive approach, where difference quotients give rise to a derivative whose definite integral is the desired result. Examples include work, arclength, and laminar blood flow.